Okay, I want to do warm-up exercises with everyone because we just had lunch, but I'm not gonna embarrass everybody so Welcome to open atrium.edu Using open atrium as a campus internet. I'm Kevin Miller from Cal State Monterey Bay the little Second youngest Monterey CSU campus so Cal State system campus And I just threw this slide in because I just learned this About an hour ago, but we just did a lot of research So if you're interested on how you name your portal we found that out of 2000 so portals we found on campuses because edgy cause let's you search their entire DNS Most people call it my something all right, so a brief history of CSUMB what we did in the past and how we got to the point of using open atrium Actually before I begin let's just get a feel of the room. How many of you know what open atrium is? Okay, how many of you used open atrium? Okay, how many you've installed open atrium? Okay, how many of you like How you can add the how many like how many of you like the dashboard editing experience in open atrium? Okay So Cal State Monterey Bay, this is just a brief overview. So we're a young campus. We have a central IT So our IT our web team is myself as web developer Greg pool who's in the front here Who's our lead and we have a? Another employee Isaac who's works from Portland and who does a lot of administrative stuff. So a really small team and We really started with Portal on our campus using a product called you portal Which I know a lot of campuses use We could never really get it successfully off the ground you portals a Java Java environment. I think yeah, so It requires that expertise and we didn't have it on our campus and it was just kind of ugly and it didn't really work We deployed it for internally for our IT department, but we never rolled it out to the rest of the campus However We then were we were faced with a few things a few big changes on our campus first of all we were switching from first-class Which I still have weird memories of to Google apps for education for all of our email and things like that at the same time We were also switching student information systems from banner to people soft and so We had to have a place for people to start to get their email on the web to use cast to authenticate so they can authenticate once Into someplace and then go off to email to student information system, etc And so we it was clear that we needed a portal and at the time we had kind of a skunk works project going on Making a portal at the time in Drupal five using I Can't remember the name of them at the pre predecessor at a home box. I think it was like Start page or something like that and a bunch of iFrames, so It was iFrames into little applications that were Accessing information and so we deployed that on our campus We ran it for about two years It was pretty successful, but it didn't have a lot of flexibility and we only spent like a month on it So we did a lot of user testing we did out everything We didn't do in the beginning and did actual user testing usability studies sitting down with students did a big survey and upgraded it To using open atrium and the reason we did chose that as our team and I think other campuses should think about as well when faced with using Drupal natively or open atrium as a Intranet is that open atrium gives gave us a whole lot of Things out of the box, so we didn't have to reinvent the wheel So the again the first thing big thing that was driving people to using the portal was was Google It was also our student information system That's my feeling about it so portals on a campus usually Are started by a single client Who has a big voice about what they want and not not necessarily all the time But almost all RFQs RFPs by higher ed never have usability user experience or just being plain pretty to look at as requirements So and I apologize in advance if you any of you are at these universities, but I'm just gonna quickly Show you some portals So you'll start seeing like a I could go really really so the portal It's basically a lot of boxes with stuff in it. It's not very dynamic Somebody's is down apparently You know like oh it's CNN I Like this one browser alert And I don't even it's like Chrome one So portals Oftentimes it's one person who's like the dean of students or the registrar or whatever and they're like I want a place that's basically the just my little stuff and That's all I want So what ends up happening is portals just become a collection of portlets Which is a lot of portal systems call them portlets, which is basically Either iframes and other enterprise systems. They don't like really Integrate very well with the interface and a lot of times the portals are like you saw with like some of the CNN example, etc Like jar with the rest of the page layout and ultimately it just makes really not very beautiful to look at You also have a face with a lot of integration with the student information system so Dealing with that with other prep so yeah, like your proprietary I Don't know if anyone likes their student information system But you have that your proprietary s is usually with its own little way of working with other systems And then you have this proprietary portal and unless it's like something like people soft portal Which is the s is and the portal at the same time, but then you're stuck in people soft land Getting it to integrate with a portal is very difficult. And so we found by I'll go over the tricks we use by using a few tricks to expose Our student information system in a restful sort of web standard way We were then able to be like up Drupal is totally good. We can use feeds. We can use, you know Standard rest environment to get all that data You're also faced with most campuses that the portal becomes a committee project So I ain't name these guys. I wanted my stuffiest home paging Because that's typically what happens in a sort of standard committee environment is people are like I just want my thing on the dashboard and you can't customize it what we heard from our students in our first iteration of portal Before we moved to open atrium half of the screen was customizable by them The other half wasn't and we heard loud and clear from students the number one thing well The number one thing they wanted was that the portal at the time was ugly and they wanted it to be pretty Number two thing was I want to be able to change the colors and number three was I don't like all the crap from the register on the left hand side. I you know, they've emailed me 12 times about it I just I want to have complete control so Registering note those requirements as identified from the user and and having that job with a committee that owns the portal is probably very Difficult on most campuses on our campuses luck campus. Luckily. We're small. We don't have that kind of problem and Typically again most portal implementations have a vendor involved and a vendor based solutions are often times difficult to integrate so open atrium And I'm just gonna have a few more slides and then actually show you the things we've done with open atrium So again, we used chose open atrium because it got us 90% of the way there It came with a dashboard It came with organic groups which our prior version was already using organic groups to replace functionality That wasn't in Google apps, but we had in our old first-class System which was the ability for people to have communications. So we were like open atrium gets us 90% of the way there we quickly found out however that there's a whole lot of things in open atrium Because it just kind of comes with everything We had to either turn off or tweak In order to pour it to actually work as a normal campus would expect it to work And also so we had a lot of challenges things like on Everybody's campus you authenticate with an ID that ID is not your real name that ID is you know You don't walk up to people and this is not my ID because I'm not that dumb to share that but You don't walk up to people and say hey, my name is mill 3828 and so open atrium shouldn't Normally with most things like CAS or LDAP authentication in Drupal It just sets the username as the authentication name. So we used to the real name module which allows you to Do a theme override of user names So it can be any other field So we have a field in their in their content profile for first name field for last name those are set by our our LDAP server when a user logs in But the problem is if you have a module like I'm sorry This Denver altitudes like destroyed my usually supple soft jazz boys I'll be drinking water everyone's mom How do people live this altitude so so Modules that I would they will rename and be named anonymous, but it's uh, it's Well, it's it's a case tracker Modules like case tracker and open atrium actually don't appropriately theme the username before outputting it. It just Literally puts in user the name Parameter of the user. So we had to override a ton of forms and a ton of views Exposed filters in order to actually show a person's real name and make those things behave appropriately So we actually just committed a module Two days ago called atrium real name. We put it in the atrium Features Group I'll show that to you later So we're starting to commit some of this stuff into contrib so right now you can't actually download atrium real name It's basically a huge collection of form overrides and things like that Open atrium because it uses a spaces dashboard Basically, there's a dashboard context for every type of space which can be site-wide user or in a group The problem is this by default. It's kind of like the default dashboard The are users don't need that many dashboards. They just want Their home page that's their customizable dashboard, which normally is their their user dashboard They don't care about The other site-wide context dashboard, which is the one that's usually just set by an administrator So we had to and we're almost done with taking our stuff and making it contrib ready To commit a atrium home module that basically lets you get a home button Because we found a lot of times in testing Users when they were in a group when you click on dashboard That was the dashboard in that group not your own dashboard and they were like It's the same icon and it doesn't make any sense And so that was a very it was seemed like a simple fix but because of the way spaces works Ended up being more complicated We also in our prior instance our prior portal where we had organic groups There were because there was no interest in on the part of anybody to Kind of vet groups because we didn't want to be in the position of saying you you're not a group. You don't you know You're legalized marijuana group doesn't get to you know have a right to exist What happened was we just let people make as many groups as they wanted and those groups could be public or private or controlled and It caused a big problem because we ended up with like 2700 groups within the first year that 2700 public groups and then 4500 private groups that people were creating to do things like manage a shared class project or something Which is fine, but that we had set too many public groups So it caused a problem where people were like which legalized marijuana group should I join or what have you? So we needed to introduce a way an atrium to restrict users to only being able to create private groups And then we just had a simple google doc form that they could fill out to say hey Could you make my group available and all we do is make sure you're not duplicating existing? group functionality So and I'll get back to the slide later, but there's some more stuff to share with you about Later to learn more about open atrium so now I'm going to jump into the demo and hope that the Wi-Fi works So first I'm going to show you our poor so oh My god, I have a hole so the first one another great functionality that we added to open atrium is We use the private message module so every time I kind of go over a feature I'll go over how we with the recipe basically of how we did this so In open atrium this guy right here is called the palette So any block that you set in the palette region will be displayed as a modal dialogue We added some additional functionality for basically create opening those and Automatically when the user views a page and add an overlay div that makes it dark gray So those are the only two things we added and we'll be contributing those back as soon as we can But this is a block that shows we're using private message module and private message tag module so we have Basically a view of a user's message is tagged as important What that allows us to do is send like a message to all students a message to all faculty because you can use Views bulk operations with private message so you can send a message to all users of a role Sometimes we get a list of IDs from our student information folks saying hey could you send this message to students Like saying you have a hold you have to do you know deal with this promptly and The nice thing about these messages is this appears right when you log in you can't even get to your email so it's even more jarring than like Yet another email in your inbox, and they really stand out So we just use private message private message tags and views in order to do this So that way the view of your unread messages of your unread Urgent messages is in the palette region and if it's empty, then it doesn't display So I'm gonna close that The other thing you'll notice is I have pretty flowers on my dashboard So we've created We created a way to create Basically sub themes of the geek ginkgo theme But we created one called photoizer which is basically a sub theme of the ginkgo theme with Some a custom node type so that our folks in our marketing department can upload photographs So we created a theme called watershed because we have a watershed Institute It's right across the street from our office Where they have a lot of native plants so every time you know you load The page slowly over the Wi-Fi you get a different picture about the watershed or we have one About history of Monterey called sepia and it and we you can click and see the big picture We can add like the captions of cypress trees of Monterey or what have you we're actually working on Making one for like athletics, etc. We have some fun ones This is a nice. It's called candy We even I'm gonna just attempt to wireless here Created this one. This is fun So this was our number one most requested feature was I want I want to be able to customize my dashboard And so this is like you can click on the clouds and they disappear The Sun comes up You click on six of them So That was the most commented on feature to answer. I'm gonna go back to the watershed because pretty So those are basic sub themes of ginkgo almost all of them are just CSS You know, this is create a new folder put in some nice CSS so you can give your users a ton of options another feature that we added is what we call links so There's a lot of in a lot of campuses you have a ton of enterprise resources that may or may not integrate with anything And you need to provide simple links to get to those the problem is that users Want to be able to control those because different Types of people have different needs. So the users get by default a List of links Which they can add to their dashboard as an app if they want or it's always available up here in the links menu And these are just links off to other resources. I can customize the list So I can add new other links. So if I worked for our corporation I'd add maybe timekeeping and training if I use blogger a lot. I could add blogger These are only campus resources. We did have people say like I want, you know Pandora or whatever and we were like no because then that gets in a slippery slope But basically we create a link to any campus resource broken down by who you might be And you can add add them from here to here You can drag them around and put them in order, etc. And we'll be expecting writing that as a feature pretty soon we also created a group called campus news and events which is Just a private group where a privileged view can make posts because now that users are able to Customize their dashboard to whatever they want. We do need a way to kind of communicate to them. That's not like a big Alert pop-up box, but just like a here's what's going on on campus And so we just all we did was create a private group called campus news and events And we made a view of those of posts in that group And then just stick it on the top of the dashboard So they can see that our student information system is down as of today These actually get a lot of reads So these on average between six or 800 which is pretty good for a campus of about 4,000 students And you can see here. There's that this is the home module in action I don't have a dashboard tab. I only have a dashboard tab if I'm in a group that I'm a member of so Right now in an open atrium if you install it Chrome has like 500 tabs open, so it's probably unhappy when you install open atrium by default. It uses the context UI Tool to allow you to customize the dashboard when you do that it creates a lot of usability problems because This thing floats over the blocks that you're trying to move It's really annoying and none of our users liked it. It made no sense whatsoever So what we did instead was just use a little bit of JavaScript and a little CSS to say when you click it Slide it over from the left-hand side We also This is actually just you know JavaScript override on a form So there's some hidden radio buttons that are clicked when you select the layout Open atrium by default comes with three layouts and their names mean nothing So we made a little picture of three columns has three columns to split columns Is there equal and a default is like a wide and a narrow and I can change them We had to warn them to change layouts. So every time they make a change it turns red And it's the basic stuff here We also had to When you use open atrium by default all of the categories of applications is by the is Created by the module exposing them So if you make a lot of blocks and share them on your dashboard Using views for example, then it'll be like views as the category That means nothing to the user and we don't want them to see the word atrium at all because even though it's a pretty word They don't need to know that and so We just you we wrote a module again coming out and contribute soon to just Reorder apps into categories like campus information, you know my information, etc So that's make another the usability enhancement Because we touch a lot of enterprise resources that may or may not be available at any given moment or Maybe down we don't want to Just use standard Drupal blocks to expose that information because it might slow down the page load time so We used a module called a Ajax blocks, which lets you basically do this. You'll see when I load my dashboard All the blocks load by Ajax the nice thing. It's using appropriate aria roles here So it is it is nicely accessible and injecting in the DOM correctly So for example our campus dining app, which is basically just a different view of a Google calendar Is can load on its own time because the Google Calendar API might be really slow We also introduced and I'll show you how to do this towards the end in atrium It's in spaces in general. It's relatively easy to create new custom spaces so for example Every role every major role on campus like faculty staff students I'll have a Space that's just for them And that's where we do things like put applications that we want them to be able to access But they may or may not remove off their dashboard because they're like I don't care about You know my list of classes, but they know they can always get to it in their students tab so in faculty and staff I can see my employee ID which I Can share with the world because it doesn't really do anything. I can see my major I Can see remember the links that I showed earlier the links that appear here when you go to customize them It shows a list of the links in Available to you. We also put those links in the tab For each major role So I only see links here that are either campus related or are just related to my Particular role, which is great because I may you know only want to know use Hyperion or whatever Every once in a while and not want to add it to my links And I can see you know posts in a staff and faculty group and in a minute I'll show you the student view which is different And actually let's go do that right now So and these are real Students and applicants, but I changed their names And I did it using the inspector and Google Chrome So I'm not going to click around because then you would see their name, but I wanted to show you Some different experiences for our portal so student staff faculty and active alumni. I'll get the same experience It's pretty much what I showed you they can join and create groups, etc The only people who can't do that are applicants. So we have 14 sorry 16 to 17 thousand applicants every semester and They are all automatically provisioned an account with the campus because they need to be able to log in and see what their status is Etc, but the problem is CMS people soft Doesn't really when you log in it's an empty screen It doesn't really show you what your status is and when you get there the messages are really confusing and make no sense So again, and this actually you can see we have a different Palette that we've constructed here that says oh You forgot to set up your forgot password questions So we also have Again just using standard Drupal blocks and putting them in the palette depending on what's going on with the user We have one that says like you haven't registered for emergency alerts type in your your phone numbers so you're registered and These blocks are so annoying as people log in they actually pay attention to them pretty quickly I'm just going to close that so here's addy applicant So the applicants have a different dashboard and different items that are available to them and you can see here's their Checklist which most applicants they just want to log in to see you know, did you get everything? And I can see Messages and these are messages that are customized Based on what's going on with their application at that time So the idea is they can log in and it's like hey your conditional admit Here's what you need to do. You have some things you have to fill out, etc So and I'll show you in a bit our admissions team are we're basically using the rules module and a custom rules filter To let them have a UI that's like if the applicant has this status and this reason and they're applying in the spring semester Show this message or if they have this checklist item that they haven't completed And it's due in six six weeks and it's a Sunday and We're wearing red boxer shorts show them this other checklist item. So it's nice and very flexible As a student Here's Sarah student This is a real students dashboard So she's added for example. We're using Drupal's It comes with open atrium the feeds module to suck over some RSS feeds from our campus website So that was very easy to make a view of all feeds items that you've a user's flagged So when I can't click on that because I'm not logged in I'll show you in a bit But we've used okay feeds to bring over the data and views to expose that as a block And then let the user Flag the feed so they can flag, you know, I want to subscribe to campus news to information technology news, etc So using views and flag you can let users subscribe to different feed nodes And then just populate a list of their customized news So we can see she's a member of several groups we have the weather and a calendar We have a class schedule which is by default on on the top of the user's dashboard It's great for new students, especially because they can go they can see, you know, the room that it's in And then, you know, there's the map where it's at and Also, we have an island Which is what we call mood it's what we call Moodle on our campus. So sorry we call Moodle Island on our campus So we used islands API to show the user a quick link straight to their island course And that's one of the most heavily used features in my and when our student clicks the student tab You can see we have some things that were there already like her class schedule because she may have removed it off her dashboard But we also show her links to for example our ASAP folks, which is um, I have no idea what ASAP stands for But it's their advising Our advising group who now accept submissions via google docs and leave notes on it and send it back to the person So there's some extra student services that are available in the student tab Which is actually the third most trafficked web page on our entire campus. So they use it a lot They also have links to forms, which is a different system. I won't go into it's not dribble or anything And then they get their student links. So that's a different set of links than Than what staff see you can see and I'm going to click on this is going to be very long Because we're doing network maintenance So we also using feeds A lot of campuses have an IT infrastructure That exposes system status or alerts about what's going on on campus We have the same thing and since it's spring break. We're just unplugging everybody's network and redoing everything So we have a lot of alerts But using This region up here Is called the space tools and you can use context to set a space tool block in that region So this is just a a view of alert items created in a feed that were The start and end time is between it falls around now So you can just use context to place a view into the spaces region and you'll automatically get a nice little list That's the same thing that links is so links is just a view of all flagged link nodes You just drop it in the spaces use some css to add a cute little icon and you're done so for um For groups we did have to construct our own group space very similar to how you construct students staff and faculty space Because the default organic groups view is nice, but it doesn't work when you have a ton of groups so it's Relatively straightforward to make a different kinds of views for the list of the users groups And then just create a different custom space So this space is slash groups as opposed to slash O.G. Which is the organic groups view So we can do things like place a block letting users know how to create a group Allow people to view groups by categories And even show like recent posts in our news and events Another feature that a lot of people use to discover groups is we're using This cool module called radio activity Um radio activity lets you wait content by a wide variety of Of requirements so you can say, you know content. That's Basically what we we call this on around campus is What's hot? What's going on on campus right now? So this is posts on any public group That has The most reads or the most comments etc. So radio activity lets you add basically energy to a node So if a person views it it gets a little bit of energy if they comment on it it gets more energy And then you set a half life so that It gets energy, but then after a day it gets cut gets cut in half So you don't have like The most common node from 12 years ago on the top So a lot of users use this to look at what's going on in different groups There's also an excellent module out there called atrium Gantt chart Which When I'm in a really low resolution so things are running over So we did install the ideation module which allows you to create ideas and filter ideas No one's put an idea in this group. I thought they did So it's a basically a way to collect ideas about a project So we're doing an upgrade to a system on campus our users can put in information About like I'd like to see this great feature And people can vote on it and that's a module that's available right now We didn't write it somebody else did You can install it and it turns that feature on automatically But you can use gantt chart to make gantt charts on cases So this is Basically gives you like a planner view So I don't like gantt charts, but some managers just like freak out when they see that So, um, there's a module called jscant in dribble.org that lets you create gantt chart views basically So it gives you a different display For your views And that renders them out in pretty little gantt charts Which does impress certain types of people Oh, and you may have noticed Are you online great? So we how many of you have heard of olark? Okay, I'm going to do a quick like plug for a company that we love Um, and not just because it gave us a t-shirt. Um, so olark is basically Um, when we rolled out my csmb at the end of Last summer, um We knew we'd have a lot of support questions We'd trained user not trained but we had prepared them for the move But we knew that there'd be a lot of issues and questions So what we did was we purchased a plan with olark. That's olark And it basically there's a module written by the lullabot folks That lets you set an olark code on a page based on context or rules So for example I can go in and anytime say oh, you know, I can read the fact Or I can say help And it gives us live chat the nice thing is um It works with jabber so you can use any jabber client We can also do things like set custom values for the user in the jabber client So for example, if I view a user who's chatting with me For with a support question. I can see their name Their their campus ID if I need to look something up about them I can see their role so I can see if they're student staff faculty and the the olark api allows you to add Very easily any additional attributes you need from the back end system I can even do you want to show them see So if let's say for example, I say how How do I get home? This is one of those demo things that like doesn't work half the time So with olark you can initiate commands so you can say push a user to a different url or What we're trying to attempt here Which you can say bang see and it lets you see what the person sees in their browser And circle items on the screen So There's greg's putting circle on the page Which is we usually ask people's permission before we do this because it freaks them out But it's really nice because a lot of time students are like, how do I find my student ID? And we're like, oh click on student and here it is and they're like, oh great I can't believe I missed it. So We really love olark and and highly suggest it We're actually going to start rolling this out to our student support people in general So students can go on and say where's my financial aid? Why can't I get into this class, etc? So At this point and click I oh I can click to remove them. Wow. Sorry. I just discovered a new feature So some things that we're working on right now Even this is a nice improved user experience interface, but it's not accessible And actually we we were presenting on this project at stanford and a fellow john fallow fallowing fallow Folio, I got it wrong both times Who's really being a sex ability was standing back there watching me And he's like he put his hand up and like john you're going to ask about accessibility and no, this is not accessible at all You cannot move blocks using the keyboard and it sucks and he just kind of not He's like is that accessible now So very we actually have a patch in spaces In the spaces issue queue as of monday To fix this and the way that we're proposing to fix it Is that in the context ui you can get an alternate version? Which is essentially exactly like the administrative Block interface that you are all know and love but is nice and accessible because it has Offscreen but readable weight Values and everything's labeled properly user. It's It's even more useful for people with cognitive disabilities. You might be able to see but have problems placing Boxes in exactly the right place so We're hoping this will get put into spaces dashboard. If not, we'll put out another module to enable this And this point I think we're pretty much Oh, so yes code and On our website the website for this talk, which is Again csumb.edu slash Drupal You'll see on the bottom of the page a link to Resources for this talk. We have a link to a github gist with this code But this is also available on the atrium community site. So for example, we wanted to Let users do this like go off their profile and click change theme, which this isn't available by default And also we were using the cast module which uses a different log out url so There's a nice handy hook called a account links altar Which basically passes a links array and you can add You know here. We're adding change theme as the fourth item on the list So it's a very simple alter hook We do have some blocks on our dashboard that we don't want available to users. So for example as an administrator I can you know look at You run a test applicant checklist if an applicant asked me a question about their checklist I can put in their id and see what they see we don't want that available, of course And we also have things that do other administrative services So you can use a hook dashboard block access altar Which is a spaces hook that allows you to go through the listed blocks that are available for that space And unset them based on whatever you want user permissions, etc We actually wrote our own custom ui form to let us say this block is available to these three roles And once we get it unconnected from all the other stuff we wrote around it. We'll we'll try to commit it um Atrium by default comes with some standard blocks like the welcome video block That shouldn't be in things like the dashboard for groups Which we don't let users edit their group dashboard just because Again for them. They were like it's I can edit this one and which one's mine and it was too confusing So we just made use a standard Dashboard for every group. So using spaces preset altar you can For example here remove the annoying atrium welcome member block So this is how We define things like the student space or the group space, etc Which by default right for for some of these they're blank pages and they're just all blocks set by context So they don't they're not actually returning any data. Although you could do that So you just use hook menu to define your url So if here's a student url and we're putting it in the in the features menu Which puts it up top in the in the buttons And you in this example, we're just using a simple permission To say, you know students can access a student page, but staff can't And then there's a simple menu callback that checks to see if Um The space exists at all in context and if not it creates it on the fly Um And then so when you enable this module go there, it'll be empty, but then you can go into you'll see in context This space available and you can then add blocks however you want and that's Pretty much it. I think we're open to questions now if you have questions, please go to the microphone Or I could do a little dance I have a question for you. Can you hear me? I barely but yeah Hi, I have a question about search Especially when you have the real name and the username Can students search Each other by name or how does it work? We're actually using a apache solar for search We use it for all of our products. So we're actually there's a module called atrium apache solar that changes this form basically to submit to to The apache solar as opposed to the default search module We're also we also Are you circling my screen again? so So we also wrote a view and there is a little bug here with the pager that I still haven't looked at So by default apache solar atrium gives you you know standard search results Filter by group And you can see you know some of greg's posts came up Towards the top, but we also made just a view block that took this argument up here And did a search and displayed it as a list of users Which is great because we can filter out users like Applicants which people shouldn't see for this Because I'd like to replace that screenshot you did of penn state which i'm from penn state And I keep sending messages now back to that Yeah, so I mean this project took it was like two and a half to three months So we were going really fast and we weren't thinking about contributing any of it at the time It was just about getting it done before the end of the summer So we're i'm in the process right now of taking Those pieces out of some of those monster override modules and breaking them into different specific Features, um, so that's right now. We have the atrium real name module which is out And i'm putting them all on the atrium website, which is community.open atrium.org And under here it is the Where's the feature Group awesome sacks already walking this way, so I know we need to talk Yeah, so there's shot. There's a shop resources group in open atrium in community.open atrium.com And so every time we can commit these back we'll be putting them into the feature directory Making like sub profiles or something like that would be kind of hard because it's the d6 thing and so that makes it more difficult And So I think it's probably better to just make because some of these are features that other organizations Not just as higher in ed would want so it'd be probably better to contribute them as separate features And then at a certain point in time say here's a collection of modules that if you want to do this You can download them all separately and install them Yes, I wondered if you had any problems managing line breaks and paragraph breaks because That's been our trickiest bug to work out with our installation in the atrium That's a good question and I didn't go over this but we actually are using And we use this on our external website as well So we're using the actually not the wizzywig module But we're using just the ck editor module and there's a few reasons for that that I won't go into now But basically it gives us we can do some extra javascript stuff to like Provide custom formats, etc So we're using a wizzywig editor because our users would kill us if we didn't and we're also using the wizzywig Format module which lets you do some additional cleanup When when displaying the pages and also do things like say if the alt attribute is missing on image don't show it Which we don't do in my but we do do for our external website So the wizzywig filter module is actually very helpful especially to clean up any kind of crafty code that a wizzywig editor creates Okay, so you use ck editor in combination with wizzywig filter correct. Okay. Thank you I've seen this presentation before but I still want to say congratulations you guys connecting to so many administrative systems is a real challenge and I was wondering if you'd consider Sharing your features on a feature server I think definitely we could share them on a feature server We had our own for a while and never just kind of got around to putting stuff there I think it's still good to have it on d dot o because That there's still that infrastructure there the security stuff Issues, etc. So yeah, I'd be totally open to Have some of these on a feature server some of these modules actually the atrium real name module Which is the only one that's publicly available now is actually not a feature. It's more of a collection of form altar hooks So, uh, I don't know How people would feel about that, but um Yeah, if there was some other central repo we could definitely work on doing that Um, the other thing I was going to ask you about is um your aria roles I'm thinking that you're probably using aria landmark roles the most correct Um And do you guys have a way to um have the form landmark? Um to incorporate that into drupal forms because we we're we're also interested in landmark roles, but we haven't done that yet We're actually just leveraging what um ajax blocks does by default, which is just the Because the only stuff that we had concern about for accessibility via ajax was the sort of dynamic block loading so you know We haven't looked at the form stuff just because we continue to use kind of core drupal form form api stuff Thank you Thanks again for that presentation. Um, are you Open atrium are there any other natural collaborations that that your group is working on with other people in this space of open source solutions in drupal for higher ed? I'm glad so I don't know if everyone here video was asking if um, we were working on other projects for open source and higher ed Um, I'm glad you asked So we're actually in the pro and We only have a few minutes and I forgot to go over something so but Yes, we're working on three different install profiles for higher ed right now One to track service learning high impact practice internship and teacher education Basically, we call it s4, which is student sign up for service and stuff um And that's like csu funded project, but we are releasing it Under gpl. We're also working with trellin on a student oriented crm solution to track students for advising purposes and to prevent retention problems and also in the later future a install profile for Content management system for catalog course catalogs. I should say because a lot of different people are different catalogs so course catalog online schedule um, and textbook ordering in order to help with hoa The hoa law so And those are all at csunb.edu slash drupal Sorry csu So it's a csunb.edu slash I'm logged into the cms Sorry I love that we have delores we're at on our login page. Okay Um, hey, I just had a very quick question So, um, I'm curious to know what other systems were you looking at before you started started decided to go with open atrium And for any other universities that are thinking about using open atrium. What would you recommend not to do? So it's a good question. So we did have experience like I said with um u portal And we couldn't it just didn't it didn't go there. Um, and I mean we did have experience with people soft So we kind of knew what we would get if we had chosen to use the people soft portal Which we didn't like So we There was nothing. Yeah, we switched to google apps, but there was nothing that fit that gap But we never kind of sat down and did a very thorough And Investigation of other ones mainly Not mainly but partially because we work for the state of california and we have no more money so Don't send us requests for rfps because we don't have them but For anybody thinking about using open atrium in the future I think the the The big challenge is getting some of the ux stuff right And also In a lot of other campuses that we've talked to there are several campuses sister campuses in the csu that are wanting to go this route Their biggest challenge is not open atrium itself But in getting their existing enterprise resources to actually talk in a coherent way to other applications Thank you So there is a Both going on at Now basically at 215 in room 503 and it's specifically on moving open atrium to d7 Um, so I will be there and I hope you are too. We also also have an open atrium users group Um tomorrow at 10 45 in room 210. You can see that in the boff list um and I wasn't using power power points So I couldn't use the slide, but if you I'd love it if you gave feedback Um, so the way you can do that is if you go to dripple con.org search for open atrium or What have you find the uh session and click provide feedback? and And yeah Let's get that started now so Yeah, and we'll we'll be around all week and uh feel free to ask us questions. Thank you


So, um, sana, um, hopefully, I'm very, very hopeful na you started to love Glen Kim in a much, much different way na minahal niyong mga Kim ninyo, okay?  It's hard, yes, but you will learn a lot of things here, okay? So, liver function test, okay? So, liver function test. So, last time we did discuss about the anatomy of the liver, the biochemical function of the liver. Now, let's go, wrong spelling. Now, let's go to the liver function alternation during diseases. So, which will lead me now to jaundice, cirrhosis, tumor, rise, syndrome, and the drug and alcohol-related disorders, okay? So, let's start. So, the first one is your jaundice.  John, it is also called ecterus or hyperbillirubinemia. Ecterus, we use the word ecteric or ecterus when we are describing your sample. You don't say when you saw a patient na yellowish yung discoloration, you don't say na, sir ma'am, your ecteric, that's wrong, okay? The right term to describe them is jaundice.  So, jaundice becomes evident when your bilirubin levels exceed 2 mg per dl. 2 mg per dl. And this is how it looks like, okay? This is how it looks like. So, your jaundice can be of three sources, okay? It could be prehepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic. And let me describe to you each one briefly before I go deeper into the different diseases. When we say prehepatic, ang problema ay nangyari bago pa dumating sa liver. So, meaning to say, there is really a problem when it comes to your RBC, either hemolysis or may autoimmune disease, okay? May autoimmune disease kaya nagsasabugan yung mga RBC kaya pagdating sa liver, no overwhelm sa liver sa lahat ng ikokonjugate niya na mga bilirubin, correct? So, in prehepatic, the problem started not on your liver, but with your RBC, okay? In the hepatic jaundice, ito ngayon yung talagang problema inside your liver, which we will be discussing in a short while. So, the jaundice originated because of your liver, either your liver is no longer capable of processing and conjugating your bilirubin, or rather, there is a lack of enzyme or transporter within your liver that is necessary for the conjugation of your bilirubin. Pwede rin naman siyang post-hepatic, okay? Pagkinabi natin post-hepatic, the problem arise after the bilirubin was conjugated, after the bilirubin was produced. Now, it is time for it to be disposed in the biliary tract, correct? Through your go into your intestine, barado daw. Dahil barado dun, naipon ngayon sa liver, naipon ngayon sa system, kaya nagkaroon ka din ng jaundice. It's more like the pre-renal, renal, and post-renal diseases that we are talking about in your AOBF, which I will also be talking about in your kidney function test, okay? In your kidney function test. I will not be handling clinical chemistry too next semester, but I assure you the one that will be handling it is someone that I also look up to. So, abahanin nyo kung sino ang CC2. And aside from that, okay, aside from that, aside from the CC2, hindi na kasi madidiskas dun si kidney function, okay? Hindi na madidiskas si kidney function. Nandapat-dapat madidiskas si kidney function. But ayoko napiliten yung, hindi na natin siya kaya ipagkasha ngahang bukas. Okay, hindi ko na kaya ipagkasha ngahang bukas. That's why I'll be uploading a video na lang din for the kidney function. And then if you have any questions, I'll entertain any questions ninyo about it, okay? So, let's go now to the pre-hepatic jaundice. The pre-hepatic jaundice are usually because of problems prior to your RBC reaching your liver. Usually, it is due to too much destruction of RBC. So, lahat ng bagay na may kinalaman sa mabilis na pagkasiran ng RBC would actually a potential reason or cause for your pre-hepatic jaundice, such as what? Such as hemolytic anemia, malaria, hemolytic disease of the newborn. All of those could possibly cause pre-hepatic jaundice, okay? And in this case, in the bilirubin assay, the one elevated is what? The one elevated is your indirect bilirubin or your B1, okay? Your B1. Si B1 increase. Back it, sir. Okay, babalik ko lang nang mabilis sa ating kuentuhan ng nakaraahan. Natatanda ninyo, itong part na to, some of your heme will be converted immediately to your unconjugated bilirubin on your plasma. That's why your albumin will be collecting it. Your RBC, rather your albumin will be collecting it. That's what happened in your pre-hepatic jaundice. So in your pre-hepatic jaundice, okay? In your pre-hepatic jaundice, so we have here your hemolytic anemia. We have your malaria and hemolytic disease of the newborn. It is dangerous, especially in infants, okay, to have jaundice at a very young age because that would mean that there are a lot or elevated bilirubin levels in their plasma. Why? Makikisulat na lang ako. Hindi ko lang kung nakikita nyo lang malinao because those excess bilirubin will be deposited in the brain. In that condition, we call it kernicterus, okay? Kernicterus. The deposition of bilirubin in the brain is kernicterus, okay? Kernicterus. And maybe some of you will be wondering, sir, sir, sir, is it a type of a delta bilirubin or a direct bilirubin or indirect bilirubin? To be honest, it can either be an indirect or a delta bilirubin, okay? An indirect or a delta bilirubin. Nakakukapa ako. So indirect or delta bilirubin. Makikisulat na lang din ako, ha? Himalitic anemia, malaria, and Himalitic anemia, malaria, and Himalitic disease of the newborn. So anything that has to do with rapid destruction of your RBC instead of 120 days, wala pang 120 days, nasisigiran na si RBC, it is possible na magkos na pre-hepatic jaundice, okay? Pre-hepatic jaundice. Second, we have your post-hepatic jaundice. Sa post-hepatic jaundice ang problema natin na sa dulo, okay? Ang problema natin na sa dulo. Anong mayroon sa dulo, barado yung lagusan, okay? Barado yung lagusan. That is the reason why in post-hepatic jaundice, the usual causes are the obstruction of your biliary trap. Failure of your bile to flow into your intestine. And generally, this is because of impaired bilirubin excretion. Sir, ano pung pwedeng problema? Ano pwedeng problema? Unang una, it can be your gallstone. Gallstone or in medical term, we call it your chole letiasis, okay? Chole letiasis, okay? Chole letiasis. Question, what is the other term for, ano? What is the other term for renal stones? Sige nga, renal stones. What is the other term for renal stones? I am posting it right now on your chat box. The spelling for your chole letiasis, okay? Sir, wag na pung chole letiasis. Okay, some answer, renal calculi. Okay, renal calculi. It is also known as your nephroletiasis. Okay, pag-renal. Renal stones, renal calculi, re-nephroletiasis, okay? And pag sa gallstones naman, that is your chole letiasis. Okay, so moving on. Okay, moving on. With regards to your chole letiasis, it can also be due to your pancreatic tumor, okay? Pancreatic tumor. So pancreatic tumor can also be, of course, for your post-hepatic jaundice. And in this case, the one that is elevated is your, whoops, the one elevated is your direct bilirubin. Sir, bakit hindi mo sinasama si Total Bilirubin? Obviously, elevated na din si Total Bilirubin in cases of jaundice, okay? In cases of pre-hepatic, which is increased, B1. Okay? In cases of post-hepatic, which is increased, your B2. Sir, are you going to say it as B1 and B2? No. I'm not going to say it that way in the exam. So you really have to study the table that I have given you, the differentiation between B1 and B2, because I can call it direct. Then the next day, I can call it slow reacting. I can call it water soluble. Nakukuha tayo.  So moving on, we also have your combined, okay? Hepatocellular combined jaundice. So this is caused by hepatocyte injury, caused by viruses, alcohol, and parasites. So di ba meron kayo mga fasulopsis, buski, mga ganyan-ganyan natin. So all of those could also contribute to jaundice. So this one, both B1 and B2 are elevated. Both B1 and B2 are elevated. B1 and B2 are elevated. So now let's go to your, let's, we're starting to enter the, we're starting to enter the hepatic stage, the hepatic jaundice na. These are the different conditions that would cause hepatic jaundice. Okay? Hepatic jaundice. Tandaan sa utak ha, na ang pre-hepatic B1 si matahas. O, hepatic B2 ang matahas. But pagdating sa hepatic jaundice, pagdating sa derangement in double aerobin metabolism, it can be both or it can be either. Okay? Either. So unang-unang talistahan mga kapating ay si Gilbert. Gilbert syndrome. What is the problem will, what is the problem will Gilbert, what is the problem with Gilbert syndrome is bilirubin transport deficit. When I say bilirubin transport deficit, you have a genetic mutation in the gene UGT1A1 located in chromosome 2 that produces your UDPGT. What is UDPGT? Kahit nakamut ka sa bayan mo kung bigkasin, what is UDPGT? That is your u-redeal diphosphate glucoronyl transferase. O, di ba? So, pag naringigyan ang magulang mo at may anong galing-galing na anak po. So u-redeal diphosphate glucoronyl transferase. So it produces UDPGT. So ang problema natin sa Gilbert, wala nang nagtatransport. At dahil wala nang nagtatransport, impaired ang cellular uptake natin ng bilirubin. Meaning to say, your bilirubin being carried by your albubin, akong tin sa albubin, ito sa albubin, yung dalad-dalad niyang mga B1, hindi niya maipasok sa hepatocytes para makonjugit. Nang kukuhapu ako. So kung meron ng, kung ilalabas mo ngayon ulit yung ating pathway, nangka problem si Gilbert di ito sa bandang ito. Wala ka nang u-redeal diphosphate glucoronyl transferase dahil nga may mutation. Hindi na nakukonjugit yung B2, yung B1, ito becoming B2, kasi nga hindi na makapasok sa hepatocytes. Nakukuhap. So that is a transport deficit. Again, that is your Gilbert syndrome. Sino pa kasama ni Gilbert? Okay. And by the way, dahil dyan, B1 yung increase. Nagigets nyo naman. Later, I'll try to show you a tabular form para maintindihan niya siya. Okay. We also have your triangular nod jar. Crangular nod jar is conjugation deficit. Okay. Conjugation deficit. I think ay Gilbert transport deficit. Hindi makapasok. Dito naman ay nakapasok. Pero ang problem natin dito, hindi na nakukonjugit yung B1. I hope by just saying the definition of the disease, alam nyo na agad kung alo, anoong type ng bilirubin yung increase. So this triangular nod jar is actually a syndrome of chronic, and conjugated hyper bilirubin niya. Okay. Infants can be treated by phototherapy. I guess I was able to explain that last time since that was a question of Pamela na how does phototherapy help people na may mga bilirubin problems? Because dahil na hindi makonjugit sa loob ng kanilang liver, phototherapy would help. Okay. Phototherapy would help. Which lead me to my question. What type of bilirubin is elevated in criggler's nod jar? What type of bilirubin increase in criggler's nod jar? B1, B2. Bananas and pajamas. Okay, correct. It's your B1. Okay. These are your B1. Okay. Moving forward, we have your criggler's nod jar. So, kung mapapansin ninyo, criggler's nod jar, I want you to write this down na, kaya bisyap din to. Criggler's nod jar is the most common and the most severe. Okay. And criggler's nod jar has two types. Type one and type two. Amazing. So, we have type one and type two.  So, meaning to say, eto yung mas malala, type one is more severe than type two. Okay. So, colorless yung bile, positive kernycterus. Again, what is kernycterus? Deposition of bilirubin in your brain. Okay. In your brain. Sabi nga ni. Architectlian, Austria. So, sa ating mga big brains. So, type one criggler's nod jar and type two criggler's nod jar. Okay. Gilbert transport deficit, criggler's nod jar conjugation deficit. Both are having increased B1. Okay. Si criggler's nod jar type two pwede pang normal yung kanyang B2 na hukukapu ako. Pwede normal yung B2 pag sa type two. Pero sa type one, low talaga ang B2. Kasi walang makukonjugate. Not unless, magpafototerapi ang ating mga pasyente. Nakakuha. So, that is criggler's nod jar. Type one and type two. Okay. Type one and type two. Now, let's move on to the other two. Okay. The other two, which are your Dubin Johnson syndrome and your rotor syndrome. Sir, bakto sila pinagsama? Magkamukha ba sila? Magkamukha. Tama. Your Dubin Johnson syndrome, your DJ, ay ko, DJ nalang namin saan. Your DJ syndrome and your rotor are characterized by the blockage of blockage of bilirubin excretion into the canaliculi. This is not post-hepatic yet because the problem here is actually kung kanina, hindi makapasok si Bilirubin sa hepatocyte, ngayon naman hindi makalabas si Bilirubin sa hepatocyte. Bakit? Because they lack your multidrag-resistant, multispecific, organic, and ionic transporter protein. Or your MDR2 slash CMOAT. That is your, that is the entire definition of that. Multidrag-resistant, multispecific, organic, and ionic transporter protein. Sir, kailangan ko pa i-memorize. Sige, basta yung MDR2, basta alam mo kung ano ibig kung sabihin sa DJ, John, sa DJ at saka sa rotor. Okay? So, what's the problem here? The problem is this. Okay? Increase ang ating B1 or B2. Which one is increased? B1 or B2. Sa DJ and rotor. B1, B2. Ang O3 and O4 wala nang sumasago. B1 or B2? Okay? The one increase is your B2. Okay? The one increase is your B2. So, in your DJ and rotor, elevated si B2, and of course, si Total Bilirubin. Although for the rest, actually, increase nalaga si Bilirubin, nalala na pag may John, this na. Right? So, this is your lever, the chura of your lever. So, the, what do you call this? The classification on how we would be able to classify DJ and your rotor sendo is by the appearance of an intense dark pigmentation in the lever due to the accumulation, sorry, due to the accumulation of your bilirubin. Okay? Due to the deposition of your bilirubin. And you can actually see that in your rotor syndrome. Okay? So, makikilagay ako nyan, ha? Sineparito na kung sino si DJ kay rotor. Si DJ may problema sa MDR2 si MOT, pero wala nang dark pigmentation sa lever. Si nang meron, si rotor. Okay? Si rotor. Okay? So, moving forward, ang abang sinabi ko. Okay? So, balik'tad. Balik'tad. Si DJ ang may black pigmentation, si rotor ang wala. Okay? Si DJ meron, si DJ ay mai team, si rotor ay wala. Okay? Si DJ Johnson yung meron. Okay? So, paana na lang. Paedit sa notes. Okay? Last is your lucid result, um, syndrome. So, it is a familial form of unconjugated hyperbillerobinemia. Obviously, what type of bilerobin is elevated? B1. Okay? So, um, this is, um, this is most common. Okay? This is most common um, in your babies. Okay? So, in the prehepatic, guys, nakikita yung screen. So, I want you to master this. Okay? So, in the prehepatic, total bilerobin yung increase at unconjugated. Okay? B1. B2. B3. B4. B5. B6. B7. B7. B8. B9. B9. B9. B9. B9. B9. B9. Okay? B1. Sa hepatic, sa Gilberts, lahat mataas, sabi ko sa inyo, di ba? Pero sa Gilberts, wala ang conjugated. Kasi B1, ang, napansin yung arrangement ito, total bilerobin, B2, B1 nyan. So, normal, increase, decrease at regular na jar, kasi wala ng nakokonjugate. There you go. So, Dubin Johnson. Okay? Sir, halap para si Dubin Johnson sa kasi rotor, hanapin yung mai-team kay DJ yung. Okay? So, eto, John dis in the newborn. Okay? John dis in the newborn, halos ka mukha ni Gilberts. Okay? Halos ka mukha ni Gilberts at ka mukha din ni pre-hepatic. So, you need to read the definition kung ano yung problem. Okay? Post-hepatic, sir, lahat mataas, yes, lahat mataas. An example of that is in your cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a clinical condition in which your scar tissue is normal healthy tissue. Question, how many percent should be abolished in your, in your liver bago siya mag-fail? Okay? How many percent? Ay. Sir, how many percent? Ang sagot dito, 80, 80, 80. May sumagot ng 70. Parang yun, 70 yung kailangan ninyo para pumasa. Okay? 70 yung kailangan ninyo para hindi kayo ma-abolish. Okay? Parang hindi kayo ma-abolish. So, 80 percent, okay, 80 percent yung ating kailangan, 80 percent dapat yung abolish. Okay? So, saan si 16 percent? Ano yung 16 percent na dapat yung tandaang 16 percent? 16 percent, saan siya? Okay, nitrogen content. Very good, nitrogen content. Okay, saan naman siya, no? Gyo ko lang, tama na. Okay, so, moving forward, okay, so, your cirrhosis is most common in mail. Most common in your mail. So, other, this is the most common cost of your cirrhosis is bakt, di ba? Alkoholysem, hepatitis, and your Wilson's disease. Question what? What plasma protein is the problem in your Wilson's disease? Sige nga, what is the problem in your Wilson's disease? What is the problem with your Wilson's disease? Ay, ay hindi po yan. Tama, what plasma protein ng tanong? Tama po, ang tamang sagot ay your okay, 0304. Ano, ang tamang sagot ay your ceruloplasmin. Correct. Ceruloplasmin in cases of Wilson's disease, increase, decrease. What is the matter? Increase, decrease. Okay, what is, anong level? Okay, decrease, very good. So in Wilson's disease, ceruloplasmin is decrease.  And we call it what? The deposition of your copper in your eyes are called what? What do we call that? Ay, mabubilis ang ating mga keyboard warrior. We call that your 0304. Bakit dilin yung tanong ko sa 0304? Okay, caser, flasher, ring. Okay, caser, flasher, ring.  Okay, that is in your eyes.  So, sa cirrhosis kasi your liver can actually regenerate. Kaya niyang gumawa pa ng bagong cells na hepatocytes.  RBS, naiwan sa hema yung otak ko. In cases of copper deposition, ayan, in cases of cirrhosis, rather, yung scar tissues natin. Hindi na yan nag-regenerate. Okay, ganyan na siya. Okay. So, treatment, ano do treatment sa cirrhosis, number one, actually di treatment, but prevention are abstinence from alcohol. Okay, so tap your back. Okay, tap your back. So, next are interferons for viral hepatitis. And also have corticosteroids if you have autoimmune hepatitis. Okay, autoimmune hepatitis. Moving forward, we go now to your tumor. So, when it comes to your tumor, we have, usually these are tumors with poor prognosis. So, we have the first classification which are the primary or the metastatic tumor. So, around 90 to 95% of all hepatic malignancies are classified as metastatic. So, it can move around or it can be, it can be transferred to other parts of the body. So, the second classification is whether it is benign or malignan. So, ayan.   Okay? Those are malignan. So, when we say primary, when we say primary kasi, sa liver talaga nagkumpi sa ang problema. Pag metastatic, nalipat lang sa liver, yung problema. And you would wonder, sir Bakit, if you still remember in your histopath, di ba meron different ways on how your, how your tumor will be, will be transferred. It can be direct contact. I alloy it, dinatanggal yung breast na ipatong doon sa intestine mo. Nalipat, nalipat yung ibang cells. So, makakaroon ng tumor ulit sa intestine naman. Okay. Dahil lang sa pinatong. Direct contact, legit doon doon doon. Uyon. It can also be due to lymphatic o lymphatic na lymphatic metastasis, or it can also be because, ito yun no. May mga tumor cells that are freely circulating on your blood.  So, there's a possibility talaga na those tumor cells will be deposited, will come across your liver causing now the metastatic cancers, okay? The metastatic tumors in your liver. So, ayon. So, moving forward, after your tumor, we go now to your RAISE syndrome, some call it RAISE syndrome, RAISE syndrome, whichever you want to call it, then yang go. So, ito ayon, ginagawan ko ng palatandaan para yung matatagandaan, RAISE syndrome, mahilig sa mga R. Bakit? So, originally, your RAISE syndrome is actually a group of disorder either by infection, metabolic problem, toxic drugs, toxic drug induced that are almost exclusively found in your children, okay? So, ano yung drugs as perine, R, RAISE as perine. Anong mga infections, varicella, R varicella, what other condition, metabolic conditions, gastroenteritis, okay? And influenza, sir, nasi raya yung ano mo, nasi raya yung palatandaan mo. Walang R sa influenza. Pag may influenza ka, diba? Pag may flu, giniginaw ka. So, basahin yan yung, giniginaw ka. So, may R pa din, sa influenza. So, RAISE syndrome, maipilit lang, varicella, gastroenteritis, influenza, giniginaw, okay? And you're aspirin, okay? So, these are the usual causes of your RAISE syndrome, okay? So, last but not the least, okay? So, we all, ayon. So, ayon pa lang. So, antifalopathy, fatty liver, the generation of liver, entrance urinase, elevation are just secondary, secondary effects ng RAISE syndrome, okay? ng RAISE syndrome. So, alcoholic, alcohol and drug related disorder. So, according to Ms. Katryona Gray, diba? I am for it being, so, are you in favor with the use of marijuana, legalization of marijuana, okay? So, I am for it being for medical use, but not so for recreational use. Ayon. So, paborito yan is rinitan, okay? So, this is the most common cause of immune-mediated injury to your hepatocytes, okay? Immune-related, immune-mediated injury in your hepatocytes. So, where can you see it? You can see it, add na yung ang drugs that can cause it. Your acetaminophen, your ethanol, which is the most common drug, okay? Alcohol is considered to be, actually, they consider it drug as well. So, most common drug, alcohol, ayon. So, alcohol, the hydrogenase, and acetaldehyde, the hydrogenase. So, acetaminophen in your ethanol would induce an immune response. And that immune response would be directed against your, will be directed up to your liver, okay? So, moving on. Okay, moving on. So, acetaminophen, sa nyo nakikita si, acetaminophen? Anyone? Sa nyo nakikita si acetaminophen? Sa parasetamol, okay? Sa parasetamol. Kaya ang sabi ni, janloid, ingat. Okay, hindi niyan sinabi mag-ingat kasi pupuntahan mo, mag-ingat sa parasetamol, okay? So, hindi niyan sinabi mag-ingat kasi pupuntahan mo, mag-ingat sa pag-inom ng parasetamol because it can actually cause, it can actually cause intoxication and eventually liver disease, okay? It can cause liver disease. So, ingat, okay? So, kapag wala naman lag nat wag uminom ng acetaminophen kasi bawal, okay? So, alcohol induce injuries. So, you choose your poison, ano ka ba? Black Clay Bells, Mironov, Hennessy, McCardy, or Jack Daniels, okay? So, pili na po ang mga suki. So, alcoholic, fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis. So, all of this are very, all of this are due to alcohol induce, okay? So, you have a risk of having alcohol induce liver injury if you would take 30 grams per day. So, that is three to four drinks per day, okay? Three to four drinks per day. So, imagine that, di ba? Kung three to four drinks ka per day, okay? So, talagang ano na, talagang talagang talag dito. Yung hindi mo na inong nang ilang, nang ilang one, inino mo nang isang ano. Well, di ba? That would cause a liver induce injury eventually. So, when it comes to ano, when it comes to high risk, ayan, so 120 grams per deciliter. So, 12 to 16 drinks per day. So, ang iniinong nila, okay? 12 to 16 drinks per day. So, sabi nga natin, ang highest talaga na risk would be seen if it is greater than 120 drinks, okay? 120 drinks. So, when you reach your toxicology next time, meron tayo dun pag-aaralan na yung alcohol intoxication, nakakatawa yun kasi, based on the characteristic ng lakad ng ano, pag lakad ng, pag lakad ng ano, pag lakad ng isang individual, malalaman mo na kung gano siya intoxicated, okay? So, malalaman mo yung levels ng intoxication ng ano. I don't remember it pa, kasi did not review that. Pero meron gano, okay? So, ayan, dinatawag na po nila si Marb. Si na si Marb? What Marb? Joshua Marvin ka ba? Ah, Marb ba? Okay. Okay. So, moving forward, okay? So, moving forward, ginbulag daw sila mga kapatid, okay? So, alcoholic fatty liver. So, alcoholic fatty liver has a slight elevation, makikisulit ako, has a slight elevation of your AST, ALT, and your Gamaglutamil transferase or your GGT. And a biopsy would show fatty infiltrates in your liver, okay? Fatty infiltrates in your liver. So, I guess I will not be able to discuss na entirely the different test for liver function. But I would, siyempre, re-record ko na lang para ma-aral ninyo, okay? So, alcoholic fatty liver, so, instead na mag-makeup class pa tayo, mag-re-record na lang ako, ha? So, alcoholic hepatitis, ayan. So, moderate, makakikita yung increase na mahayan. So, we have the deritis ratio. So, the deritis ratio is AST, ALT ratio greater than 2. Okay? If it is greater than 2, alcoholic hepatitis siya. Okay. But if it is less than 2, pag less than 2 yung deritis ratio, viral hepatitis siya. Okay, makikisulat ko na. Pag greater than 2, deritis ratio, alcoholic. Pag less than 2, deritis ratio, that is, viral hepatitis. Okay? Viral hepatitis. So, in the scoring system, ayan, meron tayong scoring system na hepatics, alcoholic hepatitis. We have your moderate discriminant function, your Glasgow score, your model for end-stage liver disease or your meld score. Okay? So, ayan, eventually meron din ikaw alcoholic cirrhosis. So, similar to what we were discussing kanina, cirrhosis as the appearance of replacement of your scar tissue induced by alcoholism. Okay? Induced by your alcoholism. So, the time is 11.26 right now. The time is 11.26. So, I'll be cutting this recording para lang meron tayong partition that this video, what we discussed are all about the different diseases related to liver. Okay?


Hello everyone, my name is Tom Schmed. I'm a professor, assistant professor of religious studies here at Fairfield and a member of the classical studies program. It is my pleasure to introduce to you Fairfield's own Dr. Giovanni Raffini. Dr. Raffini is a professor of history and classical studies at Fairfield University. His interests are broad and include Roman imperial history, Greco-Roman Egypt, Christian Nubia, as well as network theory. He's written over 30 articles and his many books have been published with New York University, Cambridge University and Oxford University presses, among others. Notable among his monographs are Social Networks in Byzantine Egypt in 2008, Medieval Nubia in 2012, and Life in an Egyptian Village in Lady Antiquity in 2018. I should also add that he has a wonderful website devoted to Nubian historical sources, which is extremely helpful if you're trying to dig into the history of Nubia. The title of his paper is Rome in the Ethiopian and Nubian Imagination. Please join me in welcoming Dr. Raffini. Thank you. I would like to start my talk today by telling you about some Roman emperors and emperorses and some of their close relatives. I do not usually do this sort of thing. I have made my career as Tom indicated, trying to talk about the little people in the small villages out in the middle of provinces and middle of nowhere. But every once in a while I think that going back to the center and looking at the rulers and the ruling classes can be very informative. Today when we talk about Africa's view of Rome is one of those days for me. Now several prominent members of the Roman imperial family made the trip to Ethiopia in the 4th and 5th centuries. One of them, Zah Mikael Aragawi, brought Pekomian monasticism to Ethiopia after a stint as a Pekomian monk in the Egyptian Thebaid. Another Labanos translated portions of the Gospel into ancient Ethiopian or Ge'ez. In the 6th century a Roman nobleman named Pantaleon spread Christianity south of Ethiopia's Merab River. While in Aximite territory he was sufficiently well known that the Aximite emperor Caleb himself paid him a visit. Pantaleon maintained close ties to his Roman colleagues back home including active contact with Garima, the son and heir of the Roman emperor Masfeanos. When Masfeanos died and Garima himself took the throne, Pantaleon was able to convince him to abdicate and join him in Ethiopia. It must have been shortly thereafter that the Aximite emperor Caleb himself made a pilgrimage to Roman territory to Jerusalem. Once there he meets with the Roman emperor and the two men agreed to divide the sovereignty of the world between their two powers and share their royal titles with each other. According to the Quebran Agast they decided that, quote, for love's sake they were to have the royal title jointly. The king of Rome was to bear the name of King of Ethiopia, unquote. At this point the actual Roman historians in the room are probably wondering what's wrong with me and whether I've had some sort of seizure or stroke because none of this is real. The Roman emperor Pantaleon, Masfeanos, Garima, as one of my former students once put it, these are, quote, unquote, nice stories but they are absolutely divorced from reality. There were of course never any Roman emperors with these names and certainly none who ever made the long trip to Aximite Ethiopia. And so what have I been talking about? There were in most cases key figures in Ethiopian history who came to Ethiopia from Rome and then received retroactive promotions. Becoming members of the Roman royal family or Roman emperors or Roman emperorses through generations of retelling in Ethiopia. Now I have been teaching Greco-Roman history for something like 15 years now and I have to the best of my knowledge never once knowingly made up a Roman emperor. Maybe this is a personal failing on my part, who knows. Maybe I've just never had any need to do it. And with that idea in mind it is worth asking what need Ethiopian authors had to make their saints into more substantial figures in Roman history. One possibility I think I can put forth is this. The Roman empire serves as a prestige vehicle for outside observers. Participation in the heights of Romanity elevates the participant and by extension the importance of the civilization or situation in which that participant ultimately finds a home. Now this is a useful suggestion but I think it only gets us so far. It can explain Ethiopia's view of Romans who come to Ethiopia. It does not explain Ethiopia's view of Romans who stay in Rome. In some cases Ethiopia's view of Rome differs from Rome's view of itself. And this leaves us with another puzzle to solve so let's take a look at some examples and see what we can figure out from there. Now that you've been forewarned of what I'm doing. The famous Christian monk Daniel of Scetis had an encounter with Roman royalty that is recorded in Ethiopian tradition. Now this man Daniel he spent 40 years praying in the Egyptian desert living only off herbs. Over time he came to realize that just none of the people around him, none of the monks around him could compete with his level of self-denial. And his pride took hold of him leading him to think in essence that no one in the world could possibly match his piety. At this point an angel came and told him that the emperor Anorius was a far more pious man and that Daniel should seek him out. When he gets to the imperial court he finds the emperor wearing sack cloth and a monk's tunic and doesn't realize it's the emperor. Seeing him later sitting on the throne he doesn't recognize that it's the same man he saw outside. When Anorius reveals himself to him later he describes his life. 40 years eating bread alone and living only from the fruit of his own labor giving anything extra to the poor. And Daniel deeply embarrassed apologizes for his pride and leaves the emperor's presence in tears. Now two months later Anorius tracks him down and the two men complete their spiritual struggle together dying on the same day. I want to stress a crucial point here. This story is something that survives only in the Ethiopian tradition. Daniel does meet Anorius in stories that survive in other languages but the Ethiopian version has details that are unique to it and it alone. Meanwhile the Greco-Roman tradition of secular historians more generally has nothing positive at all to say about the emperor Anorius. Greco-Roman Christian historians speak of the emperor's opposition to gladiatorial combat and his admiration for the monk Telemachus who tried to interject himself between two opposing gladiators. But they say nothing of Anorius living a monastic life of asceticism. The only evidence that comes anywhere close to this claim about Anorius is the 7th century chronicle of John of Nickeu. John of Nickeu like Ethiopia's Daniel tradition credits Anorius with living the quote life of a hermit while in the palace. He wore a hair shirt under silk clothing which forms the imperial dress and he made his bed upon the ground and fasted every day and prayed unquote. Indeed John records that it was the emperor's excessive asceticism that ultimately killed him. John's account also includes the story found in the Greco-Roman tradition that Anorius abolished gladiatorial combat in Rome after the failed attempt at intervention by the monk Telemachus. More curious for the purposes of today's conversation is the story in John of Nickeu that the quote king of India and his subjects requested the god-loving emperor Anorius to appoint them a bishop unquote. Greco-Roman geographical vocabulary is very slippery but I think it's generally agreed that India in this context refers to East Africa generally and to Aksmite Ethiopia specifically. So the story records that Ethiopia had received Christianity as you pointed out through fermentius but now required a new bishop. Anorius quote rejoiced with great joy because they had embraced the faith and turned to God and he appointed them a holy bishop named Theonius unquote. Let me once again stress what I think is a key point here. There is just no evidence from other sources that supports any of this story at all. No evidence at all outside of John of Nickeu claiming that Anorius received an embassy from Ethiopia or appointed a bishop from for Ethiopia. This is problematic. Sources closer to Anorius both in time and in place would be better positioned to record this sort of story and we just don't have it. And in fact on the face of it the story itself does not really make sense. The Christian church in Ethiopia was subordinate to the bishop of Alexandria which itself was governed from Constantinople in the eastern half of the Roman Empire. At no point did Anorius have jurisdiction over Alexandria or Constantinople and in the embassy coming to the Roman Empire in search of a bishop would have stopped in someone else's jurisdiction first before they ever got to Anorius. Now temptation leads us to look almost instinctively for lost literary sources when you find this sort of thing but I think we have to stop being scholars and remember how real people think. The masses have a memory that is outside of book learning. This memory seeps back in to the books themselves untethered to any lost literary source. People tell stories and they make stuff up when they do so. People are easily confused and they might easily swap one name or place for another especially when dealing with times and places that are far removed from their own. Public awareness of the Roman Imperial elites spread in ways that are really no longer easily visible in the literary sources. Mass memory of late antique emperors for example may come from the selling of images of child emperors to the public to legitimize them. Holding such an image in your hand wondering who this boy emperor is what he does what he is alike we might well fill that void with what my student called a nice story unquote. Now some of what we find in the Ethiopian tradition has simple linguistic or historical explanations translating from Greek into Coptic from Coptic into Arabic from Arabic into Ethiopic this can garble many things along the way. There is a Roman Empress Patricia for example who appears in one other part of the Ethiopian Daniel story. Now in the original Greek version of the life of Abba Daniel we meet a patrician woman named Anastasia. Somewhere along the way her status marker patricia gets confused for her name Patricia and she is promoted from nobility to royalty. Now the historical anachronism that turns a Norse emperor in the western half of the Roman Empire into an emperor in the eastern half of the Roman Empire is a product of a later era with no living memory of the Western Empire a period in which Rome could only mean New Rome Constantinople. And of course some of this Ethiopian material presumably does come directly from lost sources in those earlier languages despite my earlier warning there it is possible if not likely that the stories of the emperor Norius and his reputation for holiness presumably come from such lost sources. Much of Ethiopia's general attitude towards Rome comes inherited via Egypt. This might lead us to say that Ethiopia's view of Rome is not actually Ethiopia's view of Rome but simply one that it is borrowed or appropriated. Maybe I'm not going to argue this point very far. In fact the decision to borrow or appropriate something tells us something itself that Ethiopia found these stories useful in some fundamental way. These sources are lost in Coptic and they're lost in Arabic and they survive in Ethiopic because Christians in Egypt no longer found them useful but Christians in Ethiopia continued to think that they were. But useful how I already gave one answer that Ethiopia used Rome as a prestige vehicle to elevate the importance of its own saints and holy men. But this does not explain the Norius stories which do little to elevate any of Ethiopia's historical figures. I suggested that in this case Rome is not a useful vehicle for elevating Ethiopia but a useful model for Ethiopia to imitate. Put another way the pious emperor Norius as he appears in Ethiopian tradition is a mirror for Ethiopia's church community to hold up to its own emperors to invite its emperors to see themselves in him and to offer Ethiopia's emperors either implicit congratulations or implicit rebuke. I think that these two answers connect quite nicely with two separate strands of Roman elements in the Ethiopian literary tradition more generally. The heroic strand which is exemplified in the Kibernagast and narratives of the greatness of Aksumite kings looks at Rome and sees Ethiopia as present as a great continuation of its great past. The other the confrontational strand in which Ethiopia's church and state stare at each other with suspicion looks at Rome and judges Ethiopia as present as a failure compared to the greatness of its past. Or maybe I'm overthinking things and these are just nice stories who knows. Otto Nugabauer the great scholar of Ethiopian calendars and astronomy once wrote that quote for an Ethiopic author Roman history was of interest only so far as it was directly related to Christianity. Hence the time from Augustus to Vespasian and Titus unquote. I must respectfully disagree. Yes, Ethiopic authors needed to understand Roman chronology to sort out the nativity, the crucifixion and the resurrection, the sequence of events in the Acts of the Apostles. But their interest in Rome and in Roman history did not stop there. It merely skipped 250 years and renewed its interest beginning in the period when Ethiopia itself joins the Christian community. So much for Ethiopia. Now what was going on in Nubia? We have a deep rupture in Nubia, one that creates an ideological gap between ancient and medieval Nubia in a way that we don't have in Ethiopia. Maroitic civilization, what we think of as ancient Kush, the great civilization of Nubian pyramid builders lasted a thousand years before there's just this abrupt collapse of central state power in the 300s AD. What emerges to fill that vacuum in Nubia just south of Egypt is at first a confusing mess. There is a brief but intense competition for control over the Nile Valley between the Nobadai on the one hand and on the other hand the Blemies, nomadic peoples from the deserts east of the Nile. The Blemies were outsiders to the Nile Valley and their attempt to control lower Nubia and the cities and settlements there was not long lasting. The little evidence that we have hints at constant warfare. We have an inscription from Kalapsha hinting at the Nubian view of the world in this period. Silco, who is called a kinglint or basaliskos of the Nobadai in this inscription, narrates his wars against the Blemies who have occupied two centers, Thomas and Tafas. He captured both cities on the third try and the inscription suggests that he claimed control over all of northern Nubia. The ins and outs of this military campaign aren't really the point here. More interesting for our purposes is the fact that this Nubian king calls himself basaliskos or little king, which only really makes sense in relation to some larger or full king. Since there is in this period no longer a Marawitic king, the only real candidate is the Roman emperor. This means that we have a Nubian king describing his own legitimacy in relationship to that of Rome and consciously subordinating himself to it. The image that accompanies the inscription, Silco mounted and crowned by a winged victory while stabbing a defeated enemy, is a type that's recognizable from any number of fourth or fifth century Roman coins. But another male figure just below, presumably another image of Silco himself, wears a traditional double crown and ureas with a ram's head inherited directly from Marawitic royal iconography. So you have royal representation in lower Nubia in this period that is a blend of the Nubian past and the Roman present. Now as these political fragments of Nubia slowly reunited, they borrowed from the Roman past to build a new form of Nubian prestige. At the dawn of the 700s, a Nubian king named Mercurius ruled at Dongola, the capital of Makuria in the Nubian heartland. According to John the Deacon who wrote a few generations later, Mercurius quote was called the new Constantine for he became by his beautiful conduct like one of the disciples unquote. This shows Nubian historical memory building a bond between Roman emperors and Nubian kings. Now Nubians in their own language spoke of Nubia as Dottalo and their king as the Uru of Dottalo, but in other languages particularly in Greek they had a wider range of options. In 883 AD Nubian tombstone referred to the Nubian king Zacharias as Zacharias Augustus. Four years later another Nubian tombstone refers to the Nubian king Giorgius as Caesar. A Nubian monk named Joseph left an inscription also naming the Nubian king Kudanbes Caesar. This inscription dates to April 7, 1322. This is very late. These men have appropriated Roman imperial titles perhaps for prestige reasons or as an attempt to indicate some sort of symbolic continuity with or connection to the original owners of these titles. Here we see Nubia use Rome in a way much like Ethiopia did as a tool or a vehicle to elevate itself, to present itself in relation to its northern imperial neighbor first as a younger brother, Basiliskos or little king, then as a peer and finally as a successor. This is a direct parallel to what Ethiopia does in its own pro-imperial tradition, a tradition culminating in the Quebrnagast in which Ethiopia's kings present themselves first as peers and then as successors to a mighty but then degenerate Roman empire. It is worth asking whether this is a particularly African phenomenon, is there something about African reception or memory of late antiquity about Ethiopian and Nubian modes of transmission of memory that produces this specific effect? While part of me would like to give a positive answer given the theme of this symposium to make Africa special somehow in this case, I tend to think not. Consider two examples. King Atli, a central character in the late medieval old Norse of Vauxanga saga, who is generally believed to be a romanticized version of Attila the Hun. Second, the well-known Ostrogothic king who ruled Italy in the 5th and 6th centuries, Theoterek the Great, who emerges in legend as Dietrich von Bern, a great king forced into exile by his evil uncle, Ermenrich. Dietrich's story survives in a number of old English and old German poems in the Old Norse. So Ethiopia and Nubia remember the Roman world in much the same way that medieval Europe does through a legend that is steeped in oral tradition. So where does all this leave us? I suppose to some degree it depends on whether you are a Roman historian or an African one. In an introductory Roman civ class, I struggle to do better than my own college Roman history textbook did and get from the Gracchi to Nero in the course of a semester. This leaves us precious little time to talk about Rome's afterlife. And when we do, we tend to think of the Renaissance and the long shadow that Rome has cast over the American founding and our own culture in the present. But I think we would do well to remember that Rome's afterlife took other forms and that Rome's shadow can appear in unexpected places. African historians, I think, have a different challenge. I once saw and enjoyed very much a fairly heated exchange between two scholars over the idea of Roman quote-unquote influence over Africa. One of the two remarked that he didn't much like the idea of influence because it created the impression of Romans going off to Africa and then doing things to the Africans. And of course, this just isn't what happened at all. In this story, all of the Romans are dead, right? The people doing the doing are all Africans. So I think we can put this story of Rome in the Ethiopian and Nubian imagination squarely within a broader historiographical trend in which we discover or rediscover African civilizations with active agency and creative control over their own cultures. In this context, Rome is nothing more than a tool, a plaything for Ethiopian and Nubian creativity. Thank you. Now we have time for questions. So is the major distinction to make between the Nubian kings and those in Ethiopia that the Ethiopian kings were not responsible for claiming these titles? It began, it was religious influence that led to the adoption of these titles while in Nubia it was entirely political. In Ethiopia it was an effort to not legitimize up to and never by the religious community to make their leaders better. That's an interesting question and I'm going to sort of choke on that phrase entirely political and stop you right there. Because the more and more I think about all of the cultures I've studied in my career I just don't see the distinction anymore between political and religious and I just get stumped, I can't do it. And anybody who's had me for Roman, Siv or Greek, Siv has probably heard some variation of this rant before that the political and the religious were so deeply intertwined in those civilizations that I can't separate them out. And I wonder if the case is not the same with Ethiopia and Nubia. If I look at the Nubian tradition I see archbishops who are the cousins and brothers of the king. I think, oh yeah, they're religious or political. I don't know how to do it. And the same is true with Ethiopian tradition but in slightly different ways. Some of the key agents of the restoration of the Solomonic dynasty are famous monks and bishops. And so untangling the entirely political part of the question I think almost doesn't work. I've managed to dodge your question completely. Thank you, hold on. And a big round of applause for us.