Hello fellow followers of Christ and welcome to the show that introduces you to the men and women behind history's greatest works of literature. Come along every week as we explore these renowned authors, the times and genre in which they wrote, why scholars praised their writing and how we as Catholics should read and understand their works. I'm Joseph Pierce and this is The Authority. Hello and welcome to this episode of The Authority. I'm Joseph Pierce. Thanks as always for joining me. And this week, we are looking at one of the most famous authors in any language of any time. And that's Charles Dickens. Certainly within the English speaking world, I think it's probably fairly safe to say that he's the most popular author after William Shakespeare. So we're dealing with not just a literary giant in this episode, but a literary colossus, shall we say. I know that a few years back, and of course, these things may change, but a few years back, it was generally agreed that the biggest selling, highest selling works of literature of all time, was probably Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes, the classic Spanish literature, of course, and then A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. And what's interesting about that, of course, is that Dickens has written more than one novel, the fact that even one of them could be up there that high. So that's the best selling, but probably the most influential, not even that, even though that's the best selling, the most influential is probably A Christmas Carol, the story of Scrooge and his conversion, which we'll be talking about in this episode somewhat. And then there's something between what's the best selling and the best, is it necessarily the same thing? So for instance, in the 1990s, there's an organization in England called the Bibliophile Society. And as the title of the name of the group would suggest, it's a society of bibliophiles, in other words, a society of those who love books, a book loving society. So these are bookworms. So they were asked what was the greatest work of literature of all time. And first was I'm pleased to say the Lord of the Rings by Tolkien. Second was Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. I'm also very happy for that. But third, they actually voted David Copperfield. So again, a third novel, best selling, best, most influential, they get different names coming up. And we haven't mentioned Oliver Twist and numerous others that we could mention that all have really impacted the culture. So there's something really phenomenal and phenomenally successful about Charles Dickens. Well, what is the secret of his success? I would claim that the key thing about it is the dignity of the human person that Charles Dickens clearly loves people, not humanity, and not some abstract concept. He's not a philanthropist, a lover of humanity. He is a lover of men, a lover of people. And this the dignity and he sees the dignity of the human person, which is really to see that the Imago dei, the image of God, the person of Christ in every human face and every human person that we interact with. I think we see that in Charles Dickens, this great love and reverence and deference for the dignity of the human person. And specifically, he has a great love of the poor. Obviously something very fundamentally Christian about that. When you just read the gospel, the love of the poor and a really deep love of children. And again, something very Christ like about that, unless you become like your children cannot enter the kingdom of heaven. So in some sense, although Dickens was something of a, what's the word I'm looking for here, a quirky Christian, certainly was a Christian, but on his own terms. So he doesn't fit into any denomination very neatly. But there's no doubt that he had a love of Christ and a love of neighbor. And these are the two great commandments, of course, rooted, as I've said, in the dignity of a person and a special love for the poor and for children. Throughout the authority, we have quoted the great GK Chesterton, who seems to have so much to say in just about everything. And he certainly has a great deal to say on Charles Dickens. He wrote a book called Charles Dickens, a sort of biography, certainly an appraisal and an appreciation of of Charles Dickens. And he also introduced, wrote an introduction, I think, for all of Dickens's work, which we'll also assemble together in in a book. So if you want to know what Chesterton thinks about Dickens, there are two whole books you can read on the topic, but I'm going to select just one passage here. Chesterton emphasized that Dickens, Dickens wanted what the people wanted, because he was at one with the common mind. And let's read what Chesterton says here. This is all a quote from Chesterton. But with this mere phrase, the common mind, we collide with a current error. Commonness and the common mind are now generally spoken of as meaning in some manner, inferiority and the inferior mind. The mind of the mere mob. But the common mind means the mind of all the artists and heroes or else it would not be common. Plato had the common mind. Dante had the common mind or that mind was not common. Commonness means the quality common to the saint and the sinner, to the philosopher and the fool. And it was this that Dickens grasped and developed. In everybody, there was a certain thing that loves babies that fears death that likes sunlight. That thing enjoys Dickens. And when I say that everybody understands Dickens, I do not mean that he is suited to the untaught intelligence. I mean that he is so plain that even scholars can understand him. Nice barbed piece of humor at the end there. Even the critics can understand Dickens. So we have my appraisal in a nutshell so to speak of the secrets of Dickens success and we have probably somewhat more gravitas Chesterton's own view on it. Let's now look at a couple of his novels. We don't have a lot of time. But great expectations. And you know, in order to make sure before I talk about it in my own garbled, faltering way, I thought I would just the opening paragraph of I edit a series of critical editions of great works of literature called Ignatius critical editions with 27 titles in that series and counting, including some Dickens novels a tale of two cities and great expectations. Are there others can't think at the moment. But in many of those editions, we also have a study guide. And in the study guide, we have a section called bare bones skeleton plot. And I looked at this very succinct paragraph. And I thought, well, I can't possibly encapsulate the skeleton plot, the bare bones of great expectations better than this. So I'm going to just read this brief paragraph and then I'll elaborate about the novel beyond that. Great expectations is a tale of one boy's journey from innocence to experience from overzealous ambition to overwhelming repentance from obsession with the external and temporal to devotion to the internal and eternal to be loosed from the Victorian aspiration to become a gentleman and the accompanying bondage of his earthly chains. Pip must become to value goodness and truth over status and show. As pips buildings Roman unfolds, we witness his guilt, remorse, confession, reparation and absolution. Great expectations is indeed a tale of a soul's Christian formation. Wish I knew who'd written that. I've got a few ideas. But anyway, it's a perfect encapsulation before we before we go further into it. So the key thing about this is the story of Pip begins when he's a boy ends when he's a man and the various mistakes he makes and looking at the reasons he makes them. But at the beginning of the novel, he's living with his brother in law, Joe Gargery or Gargery, the blacksmith who's married to Mrs. Joe, where she's called who's Pip's older sister. Whereas Mrs. Joe is has no real love lost for her younger brother, Joe Gargery really accepts Pip as a younger brother or even as a sort of son, he's obviously somewhat older. And he's simple. He's uneducated, but he's kind. He has a genuine love, not MIDI for Pip, but for his neighbor. In other words, he's a good man, a man of virtue, a man of principle, a man of integrity, a man of honesty, but he's simple and poor, uneducated, unwealthy. There's another character who plays a role in the novel, we should probably should overlook and that's biddy. And she's a simple girl who teaches Pip to read. So she's not as simple as Pip is at the beginning. But nonetheless, she again is someone who is poor, simple, unrefined, uneducated beyond the ability to read, and not a high flyer in society, not ambitious. So these are good positive role models at the beginning of Pip's life that he rejects and his love for them, his affection for them is poisoned. And it's poisoned by his association with the two people who live at Sartis House. And I can't help but thinking that that's a great sense of Dickensian humor here, Sartis, the Latin word S-A-T-I-S. It means enough where we get satisfaction. And the thing about Sartis House is that the occupants there, Miss Havisham and her niece Estella, have enough materially. They can be satisfied as regards material prosperity. They are comfortable in this sense, but they are morally destitute. Whereas of course, Joe and Biddy are the opposite, right? They do not have enough materially, they are struggling financially. And yet they are not morally destitute, they're morally rich. And so it's this what what sort of wealth and what sort of health, what sort of wealth is healthy, should we say, is what is what Pip has to discover largely through making mistakes. So he falls in love, if that's the right word, becomes infatuated with Estella.  And she looks down her supercilious nose at Pip because of his poor background. And she sees herself as being superior to him because of her wealth. And Pip falls for this. In other words, that he thinks somehow he'll be a better person if he's a wealthier person. And therefore he becomes poisoned to the simple loves and simple pleasures of the poor, and starts to seek worldly rewards, worldly wealth through worldly ambition. And this is the path he begins to take.  And again, without other subplots, important subplots, Magwitch for instance, these are lots of good things going on in this novel, which we can't possibly encapsulate in the very amount of time we have. But as with most Dickens novels, there's a wonderful point of what Tolkien called you catastrophe. So this is the word that Tolkien invented. So the opposite to catastrophe, the sudden disastrous downturn, bad turn in the story, a catastrophe, something that's catastrophic. Tolkien invented the word you catastrophe, which is the sudden joyous turn in the story. And Dickens is a master at the sudden joyous turn at the you catastrophic turn, leading to the happy ending. In that sense, you know, that Dickens has a lot in common with fairy stories and in the best sense of the word. So it ends with Pip's conversion to, to the viewpoint of of the simple and the holy, such as the blacksmith Joe, and his reconciliation with Joe at the end, he comes to his senses. All right, now let's look at the tale of two cities. And I don't think that I can probably do better than than the few things I've written about it to encapsulate it. So that's what I'm going to do here. Again, the most popular in terms of sales, published in 1858, and set in the two cities of London and Paris, hence the title, the novel covers the years from 1757 to 1794, against the backdrop of the revolutionary fervor in France. Dickens's principle historical source was the French Revolutionary History by Thomas Carlisle, the revised edition of which was published in 1857 around the time that Dickens is writing the novel. Much of the action is centred on some of the most horrific moments of the French Revolution, such as the storming of the Bastille in July 1789, the September massacres of 1792, and the reign of terror in 1793 and 1794. At the broken heart of the novel is the pathetic presence of Sydney Carton, drunk and dejected, moody and melancholy, who falls hopelessly in love with Lucy Manette. His love is literally hopeless and doomed to be unrequited because Lucy loves and marries the mysterious Frenchman Charles Darnay. The two men bear a remarkable physical likeness to each other, so that Carton is almost his rival's doppelganger. Carton confesses his love for Lucy, simultaneously confessing his own disilluselessness and unworthiness. He promises to love her, leave her in peace, thanking her for the joy she has given him, and then makes a prophetic promise which introduces the Christian theme of self-sacrificial love as the antidote to the world's arrogance, hatred and spirit of vengeance. He says, I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you. So, and that's of course how the novel plays itself out, the difference between the self-sacrificial love and the arrogance and ignorance of self-empowerment, the selfishness at the heart and the pride at the heart of the French Revolution, secular fundamentalism, which leads to the guillotine in that case and later to the goulag and to the gas chamber. The novel of course has one of the most memorable lines in all of literature. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, but it also has at the end one of the most famous and most beautiful quotes from literature in the in the words that Sydney Carton uses as he faces the guillotine. It is a far, far better thing that I do than I have ever done. It's far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. I ironically, but also divinely symmetrically, the book ends as it had begun with the imagery of resurrection from the dead. The first part of the book is entitled record to life, an allusion to the fact that Lucy's father, who was thought to be dead, had been discovered to be alive.   Seldom has a novel had a happier ending. And we'll move now to the discussion of the third of the of the three works of Dickens that we can look at in this episode of The Authority. So we've had great expectations. We've had a tale of two cities. We're now going to go to the one which is probably the most influential and that's a Christmas cowl. And this really does have something of the mark of of a fairy story about it. It's a novella as opposed to a novel. It's short. It's certainly very sweet. And for me, one of my favorite works of literature of all time, I love it for its simplicity and the profundity within its simplicity. So it's my favorite of all the Dickens's work. I'm not saying it's the greatest. I mean, it's slim. It's brilliant. Obviously, obviously, it's not as complex, convoluted, multi layered and structured as some Dickens's other works. I think at root, one thing we love about it, it is a type of one of the best known of Christ's parables, the story of the prodigal son. It's a conversion story. It's that we learned throughout the story of Scrooge's wandering away from the goodness of his youth. There was absolutely suffering in amidst that. But there was also love. The love of his sister, the love of his fiance, the love of his employers, some of his employers. But he turns his back on that in pursuit of gold, golden greed, avarice. And then, of course, it's the story of his return to Christ, his return to the father. So that's we see Scrooge as a type of prodigal son. And that certainly part of its timelessness is the fact that it taps into these timeless lessons that are so powerful. And let's just say something very, very, very, I think that we need to bear in mind here, if you want to understand why a Christmas coward is so powerful and why the parables of Christ are so powerful. And it also shows us why literature, great literature is so powerful. Because I hope I'm not being too controversial when I state that the prodigal son is a work of fiction, that the prodigal son has a real life historical character never lived, nor did his father, nor did his brother, nor did the servants, nor did the pigs. It's a figment of our Lord's imagination. It's a work of fiction. It's a work of literature, when it's written down. And yet, it's so true that whenever any of us, from the time that that story was first told in the Gospel by Christ himself, to every time we've heard or read it every generation since then, we see the prodigal son and we see ourselves. And we don't say the prodigal son is like us. We say we are like the prodigal son. In other words, that that somehow this fictional character is more real than we are because he's the type of which we are the archetypes. Sorry, the he's the archetype of which we are types. So he's the original and we are copies. So what what Christ does first of all in choosing to teach some of his most powerful lessons through the art of storytelling, he's sanctifying and endorsing through that sanctification of the of the art of telling stories. He's also showing how stories are the most powerful way of conveying truth. Of course, the true story, the story of his own life, death, resurrection, ascension into heaven, that is itself a story, it's a story that happens as a fact in history, but other stories that can reflect that story. All right, so back to to Christmas Carol, I want to go to the beginning of it. The story begins with the cold hard fact that the Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley, is as dead as a doornail. Quote, this is a quote from the story, there's no doubt that Marley was dead. This must be distinctly understood, or nothing wonderful can come of the story I'm going to relate. If we were not perfectly convinced that Hamlet's father died before the play began, there would be nothing more remarkable when he's taking a stroll at night in the easterly wind upon his own ramparts, then there would be in any other middle-aged gentleman rashly turning out off the dark in a breezy spot, literally to astonish his son's weak mind. I think the connection here, the Dickens draws with Hamlet, Hamlet, the supernatural dimension Hamlet is significant. Shakespeare in Hamlet and in Macbeth, and Macbeth is really an anti-Hamlet, it's what Macbeth goes in the opposite direction to Hamlet, Hamlet starts in a place of despondency and desolation and ends up embracing the gospel and laying down his life for his friends and his country in an act of self-sacrificial love. Macbeth begins being lauded as a hero, and then through succumbing to worldly ambition, becomes a mass murderer and philosophical nihilist and suicidal. But what they have in common is the supernatural engagement in the story, which is crucial, which tells us that the story itself is about supernatural realities, not merely natural realities. Hamlet's father has been murdered. Nobody would know that Hamlet's father had been murdered, unless Hamlet's father had told Hamlet, his son, that this was the case. Hamlet's not going to believe that, because he fully, he knows that the, that the ghost could be a liar, a demon who's not really his father at all. So he tests it, test it empirically, and proves that the ghost was telling the truth. So what Dickens does is exactly the same thing. He sets up at the beginning a supernatural reality at the outset and at the heart of the story, that the story cannot be understood except supernaturally. And Mali, I would, I would suggest, is not a soul from hell, but a soul from purgatory. Now, why do I say that? He's clearly suffering. He's clearly suffering for his sins. But he's a penitential spirit. He's sorry for his sins. He's repentant. He wishes that he had done otherwise. He says that mankind was my business. So the love of neighbor was his business.  Aristotle says that the definition of love is seeking the good of another. Mali appears because he's seeking the good of Scrooge. He wants to save his business partner from the same fate that he is suffering. That's an act of love.  So I would argue that Mali like the ghost of Hamlet's father and the fact that when he's introduced, Dickens introduces Hamlet's father who states explicitly he's in purgatory would suggest that Dickens had this in mind, but I can't prove that. But certainly theologically, that would seem to be inescapable. But if, if Mali's a deceased, a deceased mortal suffering purgatorily for his sins, the, the, the ghosts of Christmas past, present and yet to come are angels. They're not mortals. They're not mortal men who have died, but they are supernatural beings who are sent as messengers and Angelos, Angelos, Angelos, Angel from the Greek means messenger. So the three ghosts are three angels and they're not angels in a general sense. We could, we could even say that they are guardian angels because they're not showing for the most part at least. They're not showing Scrooge the, the ghosts of Christmas part. So they're not, they're not, they're not showing the ghost of Christmas past doesn't show Scrooge Christmas past. He shows Scrooge the ghost, he shows Scrooge, Scrooge is Christmas's past, right? It's the ghost of Scrooge's is Christmas. And again, ghost of Christmas present. The, the, for the most part, although he does show them other people, these are people that Scrooge knows and of course the ghost of Christmas yet to come shows Scrooge ultimately his own destiny if he doesn't repent. So I'm going to conclude with a conclusion about a Christmas carol and again I'm going to just read what I've written about it, this paragraph to conclude our discussion of Charles Dickens. The final aspect of a Christmas carol which warrants mention, especially in light of its poignant pertinence to our own meretricious times, is its celebration of life in general and the lives of large families in particular. The burgeoning family of Bob Cratchit in spite of its poverty, or dare we say because of it, is the very hearth and home from which the warmth of life and love glows through the pages of Dickens' story. At the very heart of that hearth and home is the blessed life of the disabled child Tiny Tim, which shines forth in Tiny Tim's love for others and in the love that his family has for him. His very presence is the light of Caritas that serves catalytically to bring Scrooge to his senses. After his conversion, Scrooge no longer sees the poor and disabled as being surplus to the needs of the population who should be allowed to die, as in our own day they are routinely killed or cold in the womb, but as a blessing to be cherished and praised. For this love of life, even of the life of the disabled, especially of the life of the disabled, is at the heart of everyone who knows the true spirit of Christmas as exemplified in the helplessness of the babe of Bethlehem. And so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless us, everyone. And God bless you. Thanks for joining me in this episode of The Authority. Please do join me next time and until next time, goodbye. God bless and good reading. This has been an episode of The Authority with Joseph Pierce, brought to you by Tan. For updates on new episodes and to support The Authority and other great free content, visit the authoritypodcast.com to subscribe and use coupon code authority25 to get 25% off your next order, including books, audiobooks, and video courses by Joseph Pierce, on literary giants such as Tolkien, Chesterton, Lewis, Shakespeare, and Bellach, as well as Tan's extensive catalog of content from The Saints and Great Spiritual Masters to strengthen your faith and interior life. To follow Joseph and support his work, check out his blog and sign up for email updates and exclusive content at jpearse.co and thanks for listening.


The following is a presentation of TFNN, the Tiger Technician Hour with your host Ezil Chapman. Call now. Call free at 1-877-927-6648. We're looking at the Dow up 21 at 39,335. It's so interesting that the Dow has had so many divergent stocks, making all-time highs and others doing well and then suddenly dropping sharply 10-15%. This tells me that you've got a very mixed market. You've got a number of aspects within the market that need to be monitored closely, but as far as the sell mode is concerned, we won't get anything until you see the S&P futures. There has to be bad news. It impacts the market and the futures have to be minus 58 to minus 62 and the S&P, the Dow must be down 373 to maybe 425. A rally attempt is just initiated. It can't get any traction and it closes down sharply. Then the next day and then overnight of course overseas markets get nervous, then they sell off, then the next day the futures are down sharply. Market tries to rally. It makes us arch formation, dreaded age tries to rally, then fails and then takes out the low of the day and closes down horribly at least two consecutive days. We haven't seen anything like that. We've seen one day, sharp declines and immediately you see the market higher. We've actually even seen sharp move to the upside in the market stores. When I talk about a short-term sell signal, I'm looking at just purely the technicals and in the Dow, you can see even now there's a struggle. It made this high of 39,089, went into the Chapman Inc. track repellent zone, pulled back two sharp down days and today it's meandering up 36. I wouldn't be surprised I said subscribers. I wouldn't be surprised there's a bit of a balance here but the whole thing is I'm going to go to this chart which we've just faithfully looked at and used as a kind of a benchmark so that even when I'm looking at short-term sell signals, the big impact, the most important aspect is that this nine-period moving average is still positive. Look how high it is above the 14. To get a real sell-off you'd have to see the Dow to get this green line, the nine-period moving average, I'll move to this chart here because all you see are the three trend lines. This is the gray is the Dow. This is a daily chart and that's got the intraday action. The green is the nine-period moving average and the black is the 14. Look how many times it's held the green line and then bounce. It wants it twice. It goes underneath it, even takes out the black 14-period moving average and then goes back again. Even here, back in early March, twice down in March you've had sharp sell-offs and the nine-period moving average just refused to even consider going pink which would be a negative. So this is the short-term, let me just go to this chart to show you exactly what I'm thinking. The short-term sell signal is based on the Dow. This is what I show subscribers, the white charts right here. This is what I show subscribers every day. I give it an analysis, a synopsis of what we're looking at. I'm basing it always on the Dow. It implies the same kind of parameters for the S&P and the other indices because that will go together, right? But when sell-offs occur, one needs the other but we don't know yet if that's going to be the case here. But look, the 120-minute chart is in a sell mode. It's dropped sharply. It's got the support here at 39,002.1. That's Chapman Wave, automated support levels. It hasn't gotten there yet. So it's holding quite well. So I needed to show you that just to show you, explain what I'm looking at. So we've got a sell signal in the Dow daily. We've got a sell mode in 120. But wait a minute, the S&P hasn't done that. The S&P is still acting really well. Look, here we go, SPX.X. There we go. S&P holding at the higher range within two dozen points of its all-time high. 5261 is trading at 5231 points from making a new all-time high. But you are starting to see a little bit of a deterioration just in the lines, the angles that are being formed. The 120-minute chart went to its 40-period moving average tested at four times. That's 420-minute miles trying to balance here. And the 90 is over the 14. The magnies flat, but it does maintain the last major signal, which is still in up mode. The stochastic is still at 85%. That's really strong. Our unbalanced volumes pull back and relative strength is not making the highs it had been making in February and March up until now. It's making lower highs. And those are just hints to say it's getting a little bit tired, but that's all you can say. So far, nothing to see. QQQ, same thing. Look, left side chart daily, holding very well. Up $1.79 to 446.58. The magnie flipped back to positive. The relative strength is weak, but it did manage a little bit of a bump up. Stochastics at 78%, under the 80% level. So this is kind of a warning and the unbalanced volumes weak. So this is still holding well, but there are signs that if there was a pullback below 442, it's at 446.81 right now, that would start to roll over making kind of an arch formation. But the weekly chart, leg D, still very strong. A move above 449.34 by one penny extends as leg D and a leg B in the monthly IWM. IWM has been holding pretty well. It hasn't really shown leadership, but it has broken out of the long rectangle that has been in for over a year. It's trading at 206.68 up $1.12. Good action, but what's really interesting, there was even a round number open the other day. But let's just get to what it is right now, 206.64. That round number was a 207. It has made a peak D already. So you can see when we're looking at the rotation to the Chapman wave notations, we've already got the D is where other things can happen. The objective to get to the D, once you get to the D, you have to monitor it closer. Well, you've got the IWM and you've got the QQQ. It's still only in, you know, we go QQQ is still only in leg D. It hasn't formed the peak D, but it means you've got an acceleration in the notations. All right. Now, within that, with that said, let's go to XLK. This is the S&P Select. This is the Select Tech Spider fund, making a little double top, 212.35. Back in early March, the mid-March, it goes to 200. I think it was just pennies under 211.93. 40 something cents. Okay. So and a peak E already in the weekly charts. All right. SMHs. SMHs, up $1.31 at 228.40, holding very well. It's gone into the inside track, which was the repellent zone and the propellant zone and the repellent zone. And now it's a repellent zone once again. This is going to be very important because if it starts to fail, it'll only fail if it closes any day in the next three sessions below 224. 223. I'll be back. That was a 41 S&P's 14. Yeah. A little bit of a bounce going on here. If you're looking for potential trading setups in the stock market, then Rocket Equities and Options Report is a newsletter you should try. Tommy O'Brien delivers options and equity trades when the markets present them using a combination of fundamentals and technicals. Sign up for Rocket Equities and Options Report today with a 30-day money back guarantee so you have nothing to risk. For all the details and to start your subscription today, visit the front page of TFN.com. TFN educating investors. 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Just visit the front page of TFNN.com. Let me just say in the Chapman way methodology that PIGD, the fourth highest peak is where other things can happen. Look at the five-minute chart. It's about 5,300. You've got your PIGD little double top there and a pullback from the 5,300 down to the 5,285 level. Now it's starting to rally again above the 200-period moving average. And the 10-minute chart was also a PIGD and came all the way back down. And now the 200-period moving average is trying to act as a support level. And you can see it's tackling it in the one-minute chart. How long does it take to push away? And how much does it push away? It's going to be the key. And we're looking at, yeah, there's a one-minute chart pushing away. The next level would be 529596. That'll be resistance. Let's see what happens there. Okay, let's get back to our story. So a question came in about CLSK. Is that right? CLSK is Clean Spark, Inc. Data Centers run on low-carbon power support, the Bitcoin area. So you can see the Ushai Pat. Now this is something that, as a development of the Chapman Wave methodology, one of the reasons why, I mean, it is just so fascinating. And the fascination itself and the challenge is really what is so exhilarating, I find. And one of the reasons why I've spent so long and so many years just notating learning about the navigation of the Chapman Wave, learning different patterns. And one of the things that's happened, and there are certain patterns that make themselves obvious only by the number of times that they occur. And for the last, I would like to say six weeks, but I've got a feeling time flies and it's probably almost three months. I have seen cup formations whereby the speed of the left side decline from a P-D-E-F, left side high, starting to form what could become a cup formation. As long as that left side low is held, you can start to count another Chapman Wave inside that and that it very often goes to a D above the left side high. This is that I had a terminology for it way back. I used to call it the drop bucket pattern where you make double tops. It's like a backhoe that lifts up, all the gravel lifts it up, lifts it up, and then just drops it. And that's the cup formation. And what's really important is that you need to close at least two or three times out of three consecutive days, at least two of those days, you need to close above the left side high. So this is the second day we're above the left side high of the February 27th high. That's 2345. Yesterday we went to 24, just over 24. I think we had 2408. Today's high so far is 23.79. And what's really important about this, normally I would do a left side, right side price time match and I always start off saying well maybe the rally that made the first cup formation is the one. And then what I do is I grab the right side, see if it matches. So this is green right there and this is this is pink left side. So you've got yourself one cup formation that's already formed. It got the exactly right and now it's gone above it and it's a leg E in the weekly chart and the leg E in the monthly chart. It's a peak E in the 120 minute chart.  I have to type them in and most of the time it's a very simple thing just counting each successively higher peak. D is the objective to go from a bicycle to a buy mode and D other things can happen. Woof! Did that happen here? Another peak D. Woof! And this went to either E slash B or E. I'm calling it E4 now because just the continuation of the nine period exponential moving average.  I didn't have a chance to get to it about clean spark ink and I've got a couple of questions today about it coincidentally different people and what about it? Actually what is the exact lost question that I had on it here? Where did it go? That was peak E had that. I've got it right. I get peak C on a DADC on SK. Whoa, whoa, whoa. Oh wait a minute. So let me just do this because this is what we usually do on Fridays. I do technical Friday. No, let me open this up for you and you can see exactly what I did and it's very consistent. You need to always do this. Your objective is to take the lowest bar. That's the starting point at every peak after that gets counted. Well this is A after that peak E. I think we agreed peak E that'd be starting from this low that was the low of the 5th of March at 14.78. So that's a peak A and it's usually gray because it hasn't gone above that peak E and it hasn't gotten to a C yet. That's an A. Look, this is the starting point. Remember you've got to count each peak from the low bar. It's the only objective you have. It's not a difficult thing to do. So that's an A, but that's an A. That's a B. That's a C and there's your D. Why do I do that? Because I want to get to D as quickly as possible. I don't want to think of it as a C waiting for a D. So I found over the years it's actually about 10 years or 12 years now from my original conception where I used to count A then this would be B. No, I found it's really important to count every peak from that low. So this is already at a D. There's nothing to say, oh, D, you got it. No, it's just a D. And now you've got to see, look, the 9s over the 14. The price is way over the 9. The MACD is good. Stochastic is flat at 84%. On balance volume is not overboard. It's good. And the regulatory strength is rounding with the price, not as strong as it was back here in February when it was only in the 18s, but still good. Okay, I hope that's clear. Let me just check if you've given a little, I stand corrected. Well, I'm the inventor of the waveform, so I could say anything. No, that's that, you know, that's that's traditional stuff. And now that I've gone through you're probably saying, oh, yeah, yeah, that's right. Okay, so that doesn't mean to say, oh, you've got to be careful. But the 120-minute chart is what you need to monitor. And that 120-minute chart made a beautiful left-side-right-side time, not a price, but a time match to that PD. Now it's extended with the technicals. Very good. Stochastic is at 91% in the 120-minute chart, 84% in the daily chart. All of that's really good. So what I would look at is I say, where is support? Where is the resistance? Where would I say, got to take a little bit off? I don't see anything just yet to say take anything off. What I would say is the low today is 2235. If it starts to take out 22, I don't want to make it too tight. 2180. Then I'm just going to say to you, I still don't think I take my original position off. But if you think of it as a trading aspect, and then the objective here at PD is to either take just a tad off or make a stop on some part of a little lower down. It's really quiet. You haven't got any indication yet. So let me just, as we go to the quick, let me get a good point up. A good point is trading. I'll do a notation of this when we get back, but it is trading down 1,155. I can explain it shorter term tops. And I'll talk about it with you. If you spend any time online researching trading techniques on how to begin your trading journey, you've no doubt come across many folks who push forex trading as a way to make big money quickly. Unfortunately, there are equally as many stories of these so-called forex professionals just looking to make a quick buck off aspiring traders without actually teaching the ins and outs of the forex market. This is what sets Teddy Keck stacks the Tiger Forex report off the riffraff. Every Monday, former Chicago mercantile exchange member and author, Teddy Keckstad releases his Tiger Forex report newsletter, where he dives into the complex world of forex and takes time to actually teach you his methods that have made him so successful in the fast paced and rewarding world of forex trading. Furthermore, all subscribers receive access to archived live streams of teddies, where he provides university level education to help you in forex trading. All first time subscribers receive a 30 day money back guarantee. So what are you waiting for? Forex Awaits. Many trading newsletters attempt to focus on a narrow set of equities or commodities. While this works for some, it oftentimes misses many opportunities that possess huge gain potential. But how is an independent trader supposed to scan the entire market looking for these hidden opportunities? One simple answer, the opening call newsletter. 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I'm just checking emails, my various email sites. Okay. So what I was doing, Roger, is the Bitcoin at $69,775. So there are three patterns that we're looking at here. One is that we've got a G slash C in the Chathamway methodology. Oh wait, someone asked me about the inside. Oh, am I going to be able, oh, I'll do that right now. Very good question. Let me write that down because I remembered it. I remembered it and then I completely forgot it with the last question that came up. So let me just put that down. Was it an instant restart in hood? Another question was Tesla, I've got that down. And the question here is Bitcoin, BTC. Oh, got it. Okay, we're all set. So in the Chathamway methodology, if there was an instant restart, it doesn't have to always be. Sometimes you can get instant restart within two or three bars where it goes to a new leg E, then it go E slash A, but sometimes it actually restarts by itself. This is four bars, but it has the same characteristic that the nine period moving average is just so strong. And the MACD, the nine period differential, is so strong. And the stochastic is over 80% so strong that all of a sudden they start to decline, but that nine is still holding you tight right there. And that's important. So I'm calling this a G stash C, meaning there's an alternate count. And I need more evidence to call it a G. And at this particular point, it's still an active G stash C, meaning there could be such number one. Number two is I'm about to sneeze, don't sneeze. So you see this over here? The cup formation. I don't want to go into it right now just to say that it tries to get back to the left side high. But if it fails at a peak A or B, and then takes out the left side low, that's called the dreaded H. And you've got to be really careful because that can come down as much as the height of the arch to the base to the downside. We know none of this right now. All we know is that there's a radio that's been attempted. You've got a doji candle peak F. I'm not even calling it an alternate count at this particular point. It's the nine is so strong that I'm going to keep it calling it at this point an F in the weekly chart. And it's a leg C in the monthly chart. I don't have to do anything about it. It could be an alternate count. I don't need to do that. All the technicals are strong enough to say you could pull back. I'm anticipating a higher high sometime in 2024. How long the duration of any pullback is depends on the distance between the 9-period moving average and the 14-period moving average when and if it declines to go pink. And then you still have to look at the weekly chart. So this is an extremely strong instrument, the Bitcoin. So as it stands right now, if this fails, if it goes to a C, then it's a real good chance it's going to go above $74,415. It's a continuous contract. Maybe at the end of the month, the price changes, but I'm keeping it right now as it stands at $74,415. GBTC has almost the same pattern. That has made a peak. It's $65,61. So some of you maybe don't get the futures. So let me just do this. This is the Bitcoin investment trust. And this one did have a chapter of instant restart. And here I have no choice but to say G slash C because it's confirmed. I can do it very legitimately. It's part of my methodology. There's no changes. I'm just doing what I do all the time, right? Now what's really important is that if this GBTC, Bitcoin Investment Trust, to fail, it isn't just at the price has to go under, I'd say this particular point, under right there, the nine-period moving average is at 50.29. Yeah, 50. Is that eight? It's hard to see. Oh, it's 60. 60.29. I'm a C. I'll put my glasses on. And see if it's any better. It's not that much better. Maybe a little bit better. Okay. 60.32. And the black 40-period moving average is at 59.52. To get that to become negative, you'd have to see a price close below 55. We're at 62.20. To go to 65, that is a monster pullback. So all I'm saying is that the scene is set for some kind of a slow rollover. If the 65.61 level is not taken out, so we don't have a session on Good Friday this Friday, let's call it. I'm going to go all the way for a week's time. Tuesday week, if the GBTC has gone to 66, that's really good action. If it pulls back and is starting to move under 58, that says be careful you're starting to rollover. Okay, make it simple. So the question came in, what do I do if I'm long GBTC? At this particular point, I would give it another day or two. It depends where you get. If you are long and you've got a really nice profit, just in terms of money management, right here, when you have a question and an inflection point potential, I'm just going to say to you, take a little bit off. If you ask me the question, I'm answering the question by saying take a little bit off. For instance, we keep doing that. We've done that, our DBA, this is our DB Agricultural Futures Fund. We've added from the 13s, we took a 77% gain this morning and one of the tiny little positions took off. It's trading at 24.67. And I also showed, I gave my subscribers the whole makeup of the DBA because it was so interesting. I couldn't understand quite with the commodities, soft-grain commodities going down so sharply recently. I just couldn't understand it, but look at this. This is called COCO. The COCO contract is making a little doji candle as we speak right here at an unbelievable, I think it's an all-time high. It was tutoring along just three months ago at 4,000. It's at now 9,830. This says to me that there's a really good chance that COCO is going to pull back. I can't tell you yet if it's going to be one of those huge Eiffel Tower straight up, straight down things. But I do believe that the 8,600 area where there's key support is going to be tested come the first by the first week of April. That's the way I'm looking at now in terms of time. But look at that. And look at this. Wheat to start to move higher. Look, there's wheat off the bottom. It's not moving great, but it's moving off the bottom, which helps. Soybean also not great, but it's moved peak A, peak B, peak C. It's trading down today, but it's been trading high. And corn. Corn, as we say here. Went to a peak D and it's now holding time. But you've had a couple of things that have really moved sharply and have helped. So I've got that out the way. I wanted to talk about it. I was a question came up. So I'm putting them in the categories of overbought, meaning Bitcoin and COCO. Okay. I've got some other questions that I need to get to here. But let me do this right now. I'll put it up so I don't forget. The question is, if you start in Robert Hood, and I'll talk about it as soon as I read it. That was up 65. Gold Report. As a precious metal, gold is still king. It continues to hold the most effective safe haven and hedging properties across the global major trading hubs of the London OTC market, the US futures market, and the Shanghai Gold Exchange. The Gold Report. Tom O'Brien publishes his weekly gold report every Monday morning for subscribers, consisting of coverage of the XAU, HUI, GDX, the dollar, bonds, the South African RAND, as well as 25 different mining equities with specific buy sell recommendations. The Gold Report. New subscribers get a 30 day money back guarantee so you have nothing to risk. Subscribe to Tom O'Brien's Gold Report newsletter now at TFNN.com. As Tom O'Brien has brought all important market news to you in one single newsletter, Market Insights. Market Insights provides a daily overview of what's happening in the indexes, bonds, gold, and more. Follow along with Tom daily as he analyzes the components that affect the overall movement of the stock market, giving insight into how each one plays either a bullish or bearish role. Tom also analyzes specific equities that he believes has the potential to make huge returns, and his track record proves his analysis right. All first-time subscribers receive a 30 day money back guarantee, so what are you waiting for? Don't let the market leave you in the dust. For traders who crave risk, directions daily leveraged and inverse ETFs provide opportunities to magnify short-term perspectives with up to three times a daily leverage, utilize bull and bear funds from both sides of the trade, and trade through rapidly changing markets. These are highly leveraged ETFs with daily resetting designed for short-term trading, not long-term investing.  For up-to-date pricing and performance, go to Direction.com. Investing in the funds involves significant risk and should only be utilized by investors who understand the impact of leverage and actively monitor their portfolio. They are not designed to track the underlying index or security for more than a day before investing. Carefully consider a fund's investment objective, risk, charges, and expenses contained in the prospectus available at Direction.com. Read carefully. Distributor, Foreside Fund Services, LLC. This program is brought to you by Vista Gold, traded on the NYSE American and TSX under the symbol VGZ. It's just an instant restart from peak D at 17.62 in March in the Robin Hood equity. No, it's not because it took one, two, three. It's the fourth bar. It has to be within three bars. That doesn't mean to say you can't get a brand new buy signal to buy mode that goes to a D. It's just that this particular technique, when you've rallied and the speed with which you, on the fourth highest peak, the speed with which you break to a new recovery high is so intense that it happens within two or three bars. It means there's enough momentum to go even higher, and very often it goes four bars higher. This has gone to a G slash C. Even though I said it isn't an instant restart, I'm just labeling it because the nine-period moving average is still a fantastic way. It's 18.38, way above the 17.89, 14-period moving average. Remember what I was talking about, that sell signal to sell mode in the general market really needs the S&P and the Dow together and the NASDAQ just to drop huge and then try to rally and then fail and close at the low of the day and then repeat the same thing the next day. You get there two days in a row. That's serious stuff, not one day. With that said, I'm just going to say to you this is going into the Chamber of Insight Track repellent zone. It's looking really good. If I had to do this purely visually, I'd say there's an arch formation forming and that just says there's a good chance that within two weeks time, we're looking at Robin Hood. If it hasn't broken above 21, very likely to be between 15 and 14, maybe 15 and a half and 14 and a half. That's the way I'm looking at it. There's a leg E in the monthly chart. All right. Next question came about the GLD. So the GLD went to a peak D. The other day, it's pulling back from the Interday High today. And I don't want to go through the whole thing I spoke about yesterday about countries are buying gold, not silver so much, but gold from what I can read and ascertain. But the general public is heavily short. A lot of people are short. Anyone is not a country. There are a lot of shorts. The level is the ratio seems to be quite high. I'm not looking at that. What I'm looking at is the action of gold as it relates to the geopolitical scene. That's the way I look at it. And I don't believe that you get longer term secular moves in gold unless everything lines up correctly. If it doesn't line up, you get these sudden big spikes, and then they give it back. But now this is what I'm impressed with. You see the nine over the 14, how high it is. See how the price is still above. But you see that we spend some time, since that very big rally into the March High, into the GLD, this is the Spider Gold Trust. And look how different this is to the GDX. The GDX just cannot get out of its own way. Excuse me, let me just take some tea. Yeah, and in the Tiger YouTube, Jeff says, Carl Quintanella says, ratio of corporate insight is selling to insider buying is at the highest level since the first quarter of 2021. You've got other people that are talking about the highest level of bullishness, et cetera. Let's just look at the charts. I mean, I've spoken about this. I would to subscribers that I'm getting huge insider selling in a particular stock that we have, which has had a spectacular move. And now it's just kind of gone sideways. But lately, even with all the news of 10 million, two or three loads of 10 million dollar cells, the stock has still gone up about 10%. So I put that into a category that says, when everything's going with you, you want to look at what's positive and everything's going against, well, not you, but the stock, you want to see what can help push it to the downside. So far, it's certainly not doing so. I'm just setting that aside. But I'm going to say to you that the GDX, which is the gold miners, I might be completely wrong, but I've watched gold, I mean, I'm from South Africa, so I've watched gold for years and years. I mean, we have Krugerans, but the whole issue here is that I like to see the gold miners move higher and a good concerted effort amongst the gold stocks, not one or two isolated stocks doing very, very well, and the others kind of doing nothing or actually faltering. I'm not quite seeing that yet, but maybe I'm not looking at enough of the gold stocks. I know Tom looks at the gold stocks intently. It's his specialty. I think he's got a special coming up today. It's worth listening to Tom, but I am going to say to you that I do. My own personal preference is that I like to see the GDX. Look at this monthly chart. It's in this downtrend. It's just kind of stuck. Look at the weekly chart. It got repelled from the Chapman Wave inside track repellence. It's acting quite nicely. It's on the 200-period moving average, but that's not... Look at the difference between this and the gold chart, GC. Look at this. There's the gold chart. If I can get it right, there it is. Look at the gold chart. It's above the Chapman Wave inside track repellence in a leg D. It's gone to a peak C in the daily chart, and the monthly chart is improving a lot. I like to think of it that there's a geopolitical aspect to gold and that we might find that silver doesn't track yet the same as gold. It'll play catch-up, but there's a chance that we'll start to see something in the Middle East that countries who think of this as an economic geopolitical instrument that they can use are building up reserves because they don't see things quite as well or they're not as sanguine as, say, many people. So that to me says the gold stocks then should move if gold does keep holding well. So the question is, is this some kind of a sell signal? And I'm just going to say to you the sporadic, the move to the upside and then holding and taking six or seven bars to pull back and then having another spike and they're making us slightly higher low, not yet a higher high, tells me that gold is in play. I think to me that's the most important thing. For subscribers, we have had a gold stock. We got out of it. We haven't got back to that gold stock. It actually has done quite nicely. But I think as not an insurance policy, but as a trading position, I don't yet see anything in the technicals that are saying to me that gold is done for now. And then later on, I think gold is in the process of building a base. I haven't yet ascertained other than to say, I look at this as for those of you who have some history behind you and families who were in Europe or wherever who survived because they had gold in the heels of their shoe and that's how they could pay to live. Gold is something very instrumental in that case. Maybe that's changed with Bitcoin, all other things that are out there. I'm looking at gold and I'm saying the fact that it's held with the dollar isn't fantastic, but it really has gone up against gold. And it's still holding pretty well. It's done only five ticks today. It's not falling at all. It's holding well. It just says to me, gold is in play. Now, how you handle it is something different. So the question was asked, is it possible, if not likely, gold price peak March the 20th and the current ready phase of the October gold bottom at 1810. Now it goes a consolidation pattern into July. I'm just going to say to you, it might be sideways, but until gold starts to actually trade, you can't just zip under it. It actually trades under 21, 20 or 2100. I think it's in play more sideways as an insurance policy for some of the big times. That's the way I'm looking at it could be wrong. I'll be back. That was up 85. Traders and investors of all skill levels with top notch investing systems, strategies and techniques. It's time to protect and grow your money with insight you can trust. Join us live Monday through Friday during market hours for exclusive content that moves with the markets. At TFNN, we bring the trading floor to you. 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And I suspect that this is the group that we're going to have to monitor really closely if there is some kind of a pullback coming into the early April area timeframe that is, because if you start to see stocks like Shopify, Wayfair, some of those, the kind of the online shopping area, if they start to hold well, and tomorrow I hope I remember that I want to look at the RTX, the RTH and the XRT, those are the retail sector stocks. But in the meantime, so Wayfair is holding very well. I would just put it this way, if you're a long, you belong for a while, I would, I'd hold that long position. I'd be looking to add if there's a pullback between 58 and 56, but give me a yell, let's look at it together, because I think that this is the one that in this quarter, maybe going into the end of the summer, this is where I would like to see stocks like a Wayfair start to push and lead, and that will be part of the IWM, the Russell 2000, I don't know if they're in there, but this is the characteristic I'm looking at, to lead by going into the 95-105 area. That is a long way to go, but in the meantime, you still haven't even got to the 70s, so that's the first real area. So right now it's holding well, I wouldn't do anything, let's look at it again in a couple of days time, if it holds 62 over the next few days, that's actually pretty good action, that's Wayfair. So folks have a wonderful rest of the day, I'll be back to come a little later on, check out my opening call daily newsletter, stay tuned for Steve and all the great programming coming up today, see you tomorrow.


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My name is Nate. I work here at Google on the Android WebView team, and I'm here to talk to all of you today about What is Android WebView and why do we care? So this is Chrome University, but We're at a talk called Android WebView and how is this Android WebView thing connected to Chrome? well, Android WebView is a project in the chromium repository and The idea behind this project is we want to bring the best parts of chromium to the Android platform So that all Android developers all around the world can take advantage of the really cool stuff We have here in chromium talking about blink v8 multi-process browsing architecture, you know all this really great stuff and You may be wondering well, how does this actually affect me? Like I said, we're a project in chromium, which means that your work here in chromium Depending on you know the the code you're writing where you're writing this code might actually be impacting all of these Android apps all over the world So if you ever tried to ship a feature in Chrome or you've tried to ship a new feature in the web platform You're asked does this get supported on all of our support OS is all of our platforms and the very last one in the List is Android WebView Okay, so what actually is this Android WebView thing that we're all apparently contributing to? So Android WebView is an Android view and an Android view is really just a fancy word for a rectangle It's a visual rectangle that shows up in Android apps. It's a rectangle that the user sees there's all kinds of views There are text views for showing text image views for showing images and a web view is a view for showing the web web contents and Beyond just being a rectangle we come with hundreds and hundreds of APIs spread across dozens of different Java classes The Android developers can call to configure this web view to interact with it to kind of poke the web contents in Whatever way they need to So what does this actually look like in reality? So you can kind of think of web view in four very broad use cases And some of these might surprise you so Over here on the left. We've got a picture of Gmail and here we are we call this the embedded use case So Gmail is primarily an Android app, you know implemented in Android views But those emails are arbitrary HTML. So it makes a lot of sense to use a web rendering components It's actually render that HTML The second case is maybe the most obvious You know Android comes with this web view components. It knows everything about the web Navigation JavaScript rendering all of it. So it makes a lot of sense to try to Build a web browser with a component like this It does most of the heavy lifting and you just wire up a URL bar some buttons and some things like that This third case Maybe some of you are familiar with it. There is an app framework called Cordova I believe it was previously called phone gap and the idea here is we have all these developers out there in the world Who know the web platform? They know how to build a website? HTML JavaScript CSS all that good stuff, but they want to launch a mobile app. So Cordova is more or less one giant web view your entire app lives in this web view You get to write code in your favorite language and this web view You know runs everything all your business logic is in Java and everything you see there as beautiful It is as it is is all HTML. There's not a single native Android view in there except for the web view holding everything And a fourth case that is very important is Advertisements there's a huge network of web-based internet ads and it makes a lot of sense to Not reinvent the wheel. We have all these web ads out there Let's just reuse them in mobile ad frameworks and we use a web view to show that content But you may be surprised at all the times you've encountered web view sometimes it really Fits in seamlessly with the rest of the Android offering. So Here are a few different scenarios You may have hit on your Android phone and you may be wondering well, which of these are web views and which aren't So if you've ever set up an Android phone, you've probably gone through the setup wizard You've added your account to the phone That's what we see here on the left and it looks like a simple text input and you know, there's a next button Seems pretty straightforward. There's this Gmail compose. Obviously. This is a huge text field where you're writing the content of your email Nothing too surprising there if you're reading an email it might have a link you click on the link you navigate to that page This is pretty obviously web content. We went out over the internet. We fetched that URL And a very similar use case user experience. We've got the Facebook app You're scrolling down the news feed click on a link that your friend posted and you know, you're seeing that URL So which of these are actually web views? It turns out most of them are that very simple Google sign-in. That's actually just navigating to a website You know, it's just navigating to a mobile site and you're using the web right there This Gmail compose it feels like a text input. It's actually a web view You're actually editing a DOM tree when you're writing your email. That makes sense. We're making HTML in the end This third thing is actually not a web view even though it feels like it might be you know, we're in the Gmail app We're looking at a web page. This is actually a Chrome tab this is something called Chrome custom tabs and this is an offering that we work on elsewhere in Chrome and That's running in a totally separate process. It has a back button to go back to the rest of Gmail It feels very much like you're in the app, but it is actually Chrome The fourth thing even though it's the same exact user experience is actually not a Chrome custom tab Facebook decided that they like this concept of this you know in app browser But they want to implement some of that UI themselves and they're using a web view to actually do the heavy lifting for the web content So web view is used everywhere and basically every app you've ever used in ways You may not have noticed for a huge variety of use cases that you may not as developers actually be expecting and There's two points here that I really want to highlight There's a huge opportunity for impact. You know be like I said, this is a Chromium project I'll get to that in a moment But we all have the opportunity to contribute to this so the huge opportunity for your features to have a positive impact on the ecosystem But with this comes a lot of responsibility We need to think about all these different use cases and make sure that this feature makes sense for all these use cases because they are quite varied and Then just to give you a very brief look why are people drawn to this web view thing? What's so enticing about it? These are some of the differences perhaps with something like Chrome custom tabs we have some APIs to interact with this web contents and You know the API as you might expect are there You know, there's an API to load a URL and this is analogous to typing a URL in the URL bar and clicking go You navigate to this page Kind of not surprising There are callbacks about the page navigation life cycle saying the page started loading the page finished loading You might use these in a browser app to tell the user. Okay. It's done. You know ready to use this web page and Sometimes loading goes wrong. So we have some error callbacks. These could be network errors HDP errors Security errors, you know, you name it. We've got callbacks for it. But this is all kind of basic Web view provides a lot more control for app developers more control than you might initially expect so we have APIs to inject JavaScript and execute arbitrary JavaScript code to interact with the DOM tree and the web contents We have APIs to give direct access to the cookie jar. You can look, you know, exactly at what cookies are there You can modify cookies Clear all the cookies, whatever you want We have full control over the net stack we should intercept request This is a way for the application to modify a request cancel a request Totally fake a request to a fake page or you know substitute the response with whatever they want So the app has quite a bit of power when it comes to Android web view Now this might seem a little bit scary for us in Chrome land You know, we don't want apps fiddling around with web contents But you have to remember the app is the browser in this case You know, just like your browser has access to your cookies. Well, the app has access to your cookies It's understand why this isn't, you know, a huge problem. I think we can dive a little bit deeper into what I call the technical guts So I think it's important to understand. What is the trust model here for Android web view? The very first thing we have to mention is that the browser process is the app process when an app wants to load an Android web view It starts calling these API's All of our code gets loaded into the app process. We share the same address space There is no process boundary between us and the app. So we trust the app entirely And this aligns very much with our goal We want to bring the best of Chromium to the Android platform We don't want to be, you know, enforcing what the app can or can't do You know, we just want to expose the best parts of the web platform and help the app take advantage of these But this is okay because each app is roughly equivalent to a different install of Chrome So if you have the Gmail app and the Facebook app, they're each going to have their own cookie jar They're each going to have their own HTTP cache and everything's pretty isolated and Within an app you can think of each web view as a tab So each web view is allowed to have access to the same cookie jar in this app just like all your tabs would you know share this state Now one of the things you have to understand about Android web view is we are an Android view and with this comes certain privileges and certain responsibilities so One of the drawbacks to being Android view is that we have to integrate very closely with the view system and One of the issues here is that the view system is this huge hierarchy this each tree structure of different Android views And they all get called Their on-draw method all gets called at the same moment and everybody has to render synchronously Into the view tree and web use no exception and sometimes this means we have very slow graphics operations that are blocking but This is unfortunately one of the consequences of being an Android view One of the other issues is that when Android rolls out new features We want web view to blend seamlessly with the rest of the Android platform We don't want you to notice if you're looking at a web view versus a text view unless the developer wants you to notice So when Android launches smart text selection or text magnifier or autofill Web view has to support it in exactly the same way And this is to give the user a very consistent experience app to app And One of the perks though of being an Android view is that we get to write APIs and these APIs are available to every Android application And this is our opportunity to expose the best of the web platform And the example here is we have an API to control and configure the service worker that's shared between all the apps web views But Android web view is of course more than just an Android view. It's also a chromium thing So what exactly do we mean? Some of you may be familiar with this diagram on the rights Except for the little markup I have at the top. This is the chrome layer cake And chrome is all the way at the top We have content right beneath it and there's a bunch of other Lower layers. This content is out of date. I didn't try to fix the lower layers But the top of it is so accurate. We have a content layer and a chrome layer Well, Android web view is not chrome. Android web view is a separate project But we are a content embedder, which means you can swap out the chrome layer and replace it with the android web view layer And we are a top level directory in chromium Android underscore web view So we're a content embedder and this means that if you're working on any of these lower layers the net stack If you're working on the web platform v8 all of your contributions are Instantly inherited by android web view and this is really great because as we're evolving the web platform It's really nice that web view is able to take advantage of this and give this to android developers But again, this is a double-edged sword One of the issues is that if you're designing a huge architectural change or you're changing some core service You have to ask yourself does this service make sense for android applications? Does this architectural change benefit android web views all over the world all over the android ecosystem? So like I said, we're a content embedder and one of the really great things In the content layer is chromes famous Multi process architecture. We do multi process browsing where we've got a browser process all these renderer processes It looks more or less like what we see here. We've got some utility processes for services network service gpu service There's a whole bunch of others. This is perhaps a too simplified version Uh, and this is what chrome looks like and web view has sort of a similar architecture But before we get to that, I think I should talk about a slight caveat chrome sometimes looks a little different on low memory android devices All these extra processes come with some memory overhead and we don't want to be spending too much of the user's memory So what we do is we run some of these services in process and the advantage here is we avoid the memory overhead But it comes with the trade-off of stability security. We can't do sandboxing on these processes But this is the trade-off we decided was right for chrome for android, but we still have more or less the same thing with the renderers So web views architecture is actually quite similar to chrome's low memory architecture We still have the Browser process as I mentioned before this is shared with the app. This is the app process We run the network service and gpu service in process among many other services Uh, one of the main differences here is that we have a single renderer process This is different from chrome where we have the opportunity to isolate all these different sites from each other Web view doesn't have that opportunity right now We're looking at expanding this some multiple renderer processes But with each renderer process comes more memory overhead And given that there's so many web view apps out there It doesn't quite make sense To apply the same policy for web view as we do for chrome I would just take up too much memory One of the other points that I will mention here is that uh, Right in the title I say android o plus So what I mean here is that recent versions of the android operating system orio pie And you know, hopefully all the future versions use this architecture For technical reasons on the earlier versions of android lollipop march mellow and nougat We have to have a different architecture and it looks like this Uh, maybe I should have led with this diagram because it's so much simpler Uh, it's all in one process So we call this an in-process renderer runs in the browser process And the obvious Issue here is we're not sandboxing web content in the renderer from the browser process This is even an even bigger issue because if this renderer gets compromised It's not just the browser, but it's really the entire app that can be compromised So this is kind of why our team worked very hard to launch the out of process renderer for android orio All right, so now that we kind of understand a little bit about what web view is what it looks like to users, you know, the technical guts Uh, hopefully everyone wants to launch features for the web platform and architectural features for web view too So what does that actually look like? So the developer workflow is actually pretty similar to chrome for android We work pretty hard to make it very consistent and you're compiling an apk. You're installing it Anyone who's worked on chrome for android is probably familiar with this But if you're not we have documentation for how to work on this You just need to grab an android emulator on your computer or an android device here at google But one of the Issues with web view is that the web view apk only implements these apis and that in itself is not so interesting You want to start calling the apis? So you do need an app to actually use web view and the like I said, there's a bunch of android apps out there on the google play store But if you need an android app You can use the web view shell, which is a very thin wrapper around web view. It implements a browser type app Now if you are designing your features for web view, there are some fun challenges Unlike chrome where the viewport is basically the full or the web content is the full size of the viewport Android web view could be any size. It could be quite small. It could be quite large This was a fun challenge. We got when working on safe browsing and bringing this to web view We wanted to make interstitials Meaningful and have a very good user experience Even when web view is quite small. So this was our solution And we just detect the size of the web view But there are also some very weird restrictions that you might not be expecting Web view runs in the app. So if the app hasn't requested internet permission Well, web view doesn't get that internet permission. So we Have to operate under the assumption that internet might not be available Sometimes there are network configurations that web view has to respect That you might not be expecting in chrome land Another interesting restriction is that we can't create our own UI we can't create our own pop-ups. So if you're implementing javascript alerts or dialogue boxes Web view has to request that the app creates this because the app gets the final say on whatever UI shows up to our users Now if you've designed a feature for web view, you may be wondering how does it go out to our users The release process is exactly the same as chrome for android We release the same exact version on the same day to the same exact users Sometimes it's even in the same apk, but I won't get into that now chrome and android chrome for android and android web view are both pre-installed on google devices We've pre-installed the same exact version One of the issues here is that if you're implementing a feature It's not enough to make sure it works right on chrome. You have to make sure it works right on web view too And if there's a bug in web view and you have to respin for this bug Well, you have to respin for chrome as well. We're pushing new chrome updates to all our users And of course same release schedule means we have the same channels We have canary if you want to verify quick fixes. We have dev if you need to Check for crashes beta if you want to look at metrics data and of course stable when we launch to the bulk of the population And on the subject of metrics web view also supports the same metrics infrastructure we use for most of the other chromium projects If you want to log metrics use the same histogram logging functions and macros If you want to look it up in the dashboard, it's platform equals android web view If you want to roll your feature out with finch also called variations or field trials Then again, it's just platform equals android web view And if you're working in one of these lower layers content layer base something like this We know about all the feature flags to find there So, you know, you can use the exact same feature flag you've already used and just add platform equals android web view It's the list in your finch config So it's really really consistent So I'd like to thank you all for your time and hopefully when you're designing your features in the lower layers Or if you're even adding chrome only features you think about bringing them to android web view


Hi and welcome to the session. I am Shashi and I am going to help you with the following question. Question says, find the coordinates of the point where the line through 5, 1, 6 and 3, 4, 1 crosses the YZ plane. First of all let us understand that vector equation of a line that passes through two points whose position vectors are A vector and B vector is R vector is equal to A vector plus lambda multiplied by B vector minus A vector. This is the key idea to solve the given question. Let us now start with the solution. Now first of all let us assume that the point A has coordinates 5, 1, 6 and point B has coordinates 3, 4, 1. So we can write line passes through A having coordinates 5, 1, 6 and point B having coordinates 3, 4, 1. Now position vector of point A is vector A which is equal to 5I plus J plus 6K. Now position vector of point B is represented by vector B which is equal to 3I plus 4J plus K. Now from key idea we know vector equation of a line passing through two points is R vector is equal to A vector plus lambda multiplied by B vector minus A vector where A vector and B vector are position vectors of given two points. Now we know these are the components of A vector and these are the components of B vector. So we will substitute components of A vector and B vector in this equation. Now we can write R vector is equal to 5I plus J plus 6K plus lambda multiplied by B vector that is 3I plus 4J plus K minus 5K.  Subtracting corresponding components of these two vectors we get this vector. Now let P be the point where line AB crosses YZ plane. So we can write let P be the point where line AB crosses YZ plane. Then position vector of the point P is of the form YJ plus ZK. Now let us name this equation as equation 1. Now we know points AB and P lie on the same line or we can say they are collinear. So this point must satisfy equation 1.  Now equating the coefficients of unit vector I, unit vector J and unit vector K in this equation we get 5 minus 2 lambda is equal to 0, Y is equal to 1 plus 3 lambda, Z is equal to 6 minus 5 lambda. Now let us name this equation as 2, this equation as 3 and this equation as 4. Now from equation 2 we get lambda is equal to 5 upon 2. Now substituting this value of lambda in equation 3 we get Y is equal to 17 upon 2. Similarly substituting lambda is equal to 5 upon 2 in equation 4 we get Z is equal to minus 13 upon 2. Now we get the coordinates of point P are 0, 17 upon 2 minus 13 upon 2. So these are our required coordinates of the point. This is our required answer. This completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care and have a nice day.