The final item of business today is a member's business debate on motion number 1-2246, in the name of Alec Rowley, on UK Government carbon price support exemption for opencast coal sites. This debate will be concluded without any questions being put, and I would be grateful if those members who wish to speak in the debate could press the request to speak buttons now. I call on Alec Rowley to open the debate. Seven minutes, please, Mr Rowley. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I'm grateful to those who supported my motion and enabled us to debate to take place tonight on what I believe is an issue of the utmost importance for my constituents and for communities across many of the former coal field areas of Scotland. In my own constituency, I have at Crossgates and Muir Dean opencast site and at Kelty, the St Nynian site, and to the west, near Oakley, there is Blair House. For the first two of these, there was thankfully a bond in place when ATA's resources and then Scottish Coal both went into administration, which meant that at least a level of restoration would be carried out, but there is scope for a better level of respiration, even where there is some restoration that has been able to take place. In the case of Blair House in Fife, the drawn-down of the existing bond is critical to funding a viable restoration, and the council is still advancing on that. Initial claims for repayment have been rejected by the Royal Sun Alliance. Further legal advice has been sought on the next steps and actions, including the possibility of court action being considered. Fife Council, like many local authorities, is supporting the proposed carbon tax. My focus today is to raise awareness of the massive environmental nightmare that has been left scarring many parts of Scotland's countryside. I still cannot understand why those companies, namely ATA's resources and Scottish Coal and their directors, have not been under investigation and are not being brought to task for their role in this environmental disaster. However, the point of this debate is to support the proposal for a carbon price support exemption. I am pleased to say that the chancellor has signalled his intention to work with the Scottish Coal task force to deliver a solution for the restoration. The Scottish Coal task force under the leadership of Fergus Ewing has confirmed its back-in to the CPS exemption and is willing to work with the UK Government to design and deliver such a scheme. Although there is still work to be done, that is a step in the right direction for many sites that have absolutely no solution or a very poor solution. Blair House is the best fife example of whether there is no solution without CPS exemption support unless bond funding is resolved. Across Scotland, there are a lot of sites like that. Indeed, the extent and seriousness of the problem cannot be understated. It is on an unprecedented scale some 3,500 hectares of despoiled land, a backlog that represents years of neglect that will take years to sort. Multiple dangerous, unprofiled and uncontrolled water bodies sites that are too large and must defence, let alone secure. Beyond the general flood and the site degradation, costs of essential pumping, monitoring and basic security will represent an on-going cost that most likely will have to be met by local authorities. There is an absolute need to look for a solution and look for a solution now. The problem has been around for two years since the failure of those companies, but communities have put up with the blight for even longer. Problems is worsening as sites flood and aggregate. Dangerous, dangerous and risk are therefore all to see and therefore harder and harder to ignore. The task force has met and been supported by all key departments and stakeholders and no solution or potential solution has been around until now. We should be clear that the CPS exemption is the only solution on the table. The only way to fix a problem of this size is to take a large proportion of the capacity that caused the problem, albeit other operators, and direct that capacity to solving this problem. A problem of the scale needs game changing solutions. Whatever solution is found needs to result in a large part of the current industry capacity being applied to the problem. There is no shortcut or quick solution. The CPS exemption will be a catalyst to focus effort and attention away from greenfield sites to brownfield projects that will deliver restoration. There are two main benefits from finding a solution now First, industry capacity is ready and available today to deal with the solution. Oil and gas price claps have pulled down already weak coal prices. Greenfield projects are reducing the number and operators will focus only on a very small number that are still profitable. It is therefore the ideal time to focus efforts on brownfield sites. Not only is the capacity available but the brownfield sites offer the lifeboat to the industry to see if the coal price recovers. Second, unless that lifeboat can be found then the capacity will decline and disappear fast. Jobs and skills will disappear. More importantly, mining equipment will be sold abroad. The capability to restore these sites will decline. A huge amount of mining capacity will be required to deal with this problem. Even then it will take years. Time and wise, it is a perfect conversion of one, the need for restoration in jobs. Two, the availability of huge capacity to deal with the problem. Therefore, the current market conditions means that the CPS exemption offers a rate and level of restoration that no one previously thought possible. Hard graves have tackled some of the sites but by their own admission due to the shortage of funds they have only scratched the surface. The proposal has the baton of industry, the baton of all affected local authorities. We need to take action and I hope that this Parliament can unite to push the UK Government to agree to sign up to this scheme. Many thanks. We now turn to the open debate speeches of four minutes or so. I call Patrick Harvie to be followed by Adam Ingram. I am grateful for the opportunity to contribute to the debate and I congratulate Alex Rowley for bringing that motion to the chamber. I do not doubt for a moment his commitment to those of his constituents, both his current constituents and those that he represented in his previous role within Fife Council. I do not doubt his commitment to their interests, those who are living with the environmental wreckage of this destructive and deeply irresponsible industry which has been allowed to thrive in this country for too long. I am bound to say that I do not agree with his conclusion about the carbon price support exemption and I will explain why. This is an industry like many others involved in the extraction of mineral resources which has behaved with a breathtaking irresponsibility over many years. I am happy to walk away with the proceeds of that economic activity but abandoning the liabilities, the environmental and social liabilities that have been built up. Sadly, all too often we see those assets then coming back into active use to enrich some other company that comes along but those liabilities falling on the public, the public who live with the results of destructive activity which are not being restored and the liability that falls on the public purse in terms of funding that restoration which does take place. Here we are again with both Governments, sadly, seeming to want to continue that destructive activity, not just in the Scottish Government's decisions but also some reserved functions such as the approach to rail track access, which if it was priced fairly, would ensure that this industry was paying a great deal more to take call on to the railways and effectively we would see an end to opencast extraction. Some people would clearly not welcome that. Some people look at any kind of economic activity which we are over-reliant on, over-dependent on and say, well, jobs are involved there so we must sustain it. We must sustain those jobs. I will in just a moment and I do find it tiresome how often those who point out the fundamental unsustainability of certain industries, including fossil fuel extraction, seem to be the ones blamed for pointing out that unsustainability and arguing that a change is necessary, not just the state of this industry in its own right but also the likely closure whether next year or in a few years time of Longannet, which will deprive the opencast coal industry, of a great deal of its market. We do not need the coal any more because it is not economically, environmentally or socially beneficial to use that in energy generation. It fails every test of modern energy policy, security of supply, low-carbon and affordability. Neil Findlay. Living in a former coal field area, I have been involved in a whole range of major land use issues in my area and I have objected several times to opencast coal applications. Does he accept that there are specific occasions where it is relevant and appropriate to opencast in order to clean up former industrial sites where that is almost the only option? Patrick Harvie. I cannot agree that in order to fund restoration we have to carry on making the problem worse. That, I believe, is what will happen. I will wind up in just a moment if we pursue the policy that is being suggested. Let us face it, we should be unsurprised that it is coming from an industry proposition from the people who want to see this business continue. Hargreaves has suggested this CPS tax exemption. If that is the policy that we pursue then we will create even more incentives for otherwise marginal projects to be developed and for continuation of opencast extraction where we need to see an end to it. I know that it is not popular in all parts of the country, particularly those that have been left dependent on a dying industry, but we need to recognise that this industry is dying if we are going to begin to have the frame of mind that takes us into the development of alternatives. We should be looking at alternative economic uses of these sites, alternative sustainable economic activities in the areas that have become over dependent on this unsustainable one, but simply digging ourselves deeper into the hole that we are in now will make the problem worse, not better. Like RSPB who has sent a briefing about raising their concerns about the CPS exemption, I would argue that there are alternative approaches looking to see the decline of this industry but using public funds to fund the restoration rather than consenting additional opencast extraction as a means of doing that. I welcome the opportunity to debate those issues, but I have to part company on the conclusion. I thank Alex Rowley for securing this evening's debate. I very much support the general thrust of his arguments and observations that he made this evening. That said, I did take some issue with the terms of the motion, in particular the reference to the limited success of the Scottish Coal Industry Task Force, and damming with faint praise came to mind there. From my perspective, the task force has been a great success, bringing all the relevant stakeholders together to ensure, first of all, that the employment crisis created with 700 people thrown out of work was effectively tackled. I think that the failures in planning and regulatory regimes were addressed to prevent the mistakes of the past being repeated. Finally, solutions have been found to restoration of abandoned opencast sites. Clearly, the latter is still a work in progress, but without the task force I doubt that anything of substance would have emerged at all. The subject matter of this debate is a vital constituency interest of mine, given the scale of opencast coal operations in the Ayrshire coal field, which historically has produced over 50 per cent of all opencast coal in Scotland. Consequently, the adverse environmental impact of the collapse of the two coal companies, ATH and SRG, is of a similar scale. In financial terms, East Ayrshire has been left with a notional bill of £161 million to restore former opencast sites to a state agreed with planning, consent and total restoration bond coverage amounts to only £29 million. Some of the bond providers are making life difficult for the council to call down their full value. In physical terms, what we have been left with is 20 square kilometres of abandoned and derelict land pitted with huge amounts of coal waste, many of which have filled with water. Public safety and on-going pollution threats are of a real and immediate concern. In this context, the CPS exemption proposal from Hargreaves provides the only financially viable plan that will provide the best possible solution for the problem comprehensively and in a manner acceptable to local communities. Indeed, Ian Coburn of Hargreaves, who has done an exceptional job in working up the details of the proposal, has made it clear that local communities, as well as planning authorities, must have a significant say in the approval of any scheme that emerges from the tendering process associated with delivering restoration projects. Finally, I want to welcome the declaration in the UK budget documentation issued today that the UK Government will work closely with the Scottish Coal Industry Task Force to deliver a restoration solution. I hope and trust the CPS exemption route in whatever form, and Patrick Harvie should be aware that RSPB favours the CPS exemption scheme of a different kind to the one that is proposed by Hargreaves. I hope that such a scheme will be taken on by the Scottish Coal Industry Task Force sooner rather than later. I do not know if the minister has any more information that he will be able to share with us in his summing up, but I would certainly welcome his response to this development. I now call Neil Findlay to be followed by Murdo Fraser. I want to reflect on some of the local experience that I have had in my area when I was a counciller. The former pochemic call in my area is undergoing huge redevelopment with the Heartlands project, a project that is bringing hundreds, probably thousands of homes, a school, retail, industrial units and a major motorway junction on to the AMA. It is beginning to make progress after a period of real difficulty during the recession. In the middle of the extraction process of opencast on that site, the contractor at that time, Fentons, went bust. We did not suffer from the catastrophic impact of that that we are seeing in Fife, Midlothian and elsewhere. A new contractor came in immediately, and there was continuity in the excavation of the high-quality coal that was there. Work went on largely without a blip. Had that not happened, we might have had the same problems. That was largely avoided by the skill, diligence and abilities of the local chief planning officer, who I believe is advising the task force, Chris Norman. What he did was he negotiated a very significant and a very tight bond that meant that when the hole being excavated for the coal was at its deepest, the bond was at its largest. Therefore, had no new contractor come in, the bond would have covered and fully restored the site. The contractor squealed at that point. They squealed that they wanted to draw down cash from the bond in order to keep their company going. We were under a lot of pressure on the council at that time to give in to that. We refused to do that because we knew that the consequences if the contractor then went bust after taking down the bond would have meant exactly the scenario that we see in Ayrshire, Fife and Midlothian. That was a very significant negotiation that went on in order to ensure that that bond was very, very tight. I think that there are lessons to be learned from that. The point that I made to Mr Harvie, which I think he may have misunderstood, is that on that site, in order to remove a burning bing that had been there for decades that was causing the silver in people's houses to tarnish and God knows what was happening to their lungs and to their breathing, in order to get rid of that contaminated land, the water, the flooding, all sorts of problems on that site, opencast was the only option. It was almost the only game in town.  That was the reality of this situation. How on earth can the only solution to environmental destruction be more environmental destruction? The method in which they were using to deal with the burning bing was to extract, fold the bing into the hole that was there, to extinguish it, to put the burning bing out and then restore the site. It was actually a very technical process, but it was actually one of the few options that was available on that site. Had we not went down that route, I think that we would have still had such a huge environmental disaster on our doorstep. All I say in this debate is that we should learn from what's happened in Westlodiant. Excellent practice went on by the local authority, avoiding the disasters that have happened elsewhere. I don't particularly want to comment on the issues around the CPS exemption and all that. I don't know enough about it. All I'm saying is that where we've had disasters in Scotland in some areas, we've also had very good experience of local authorities acting very responsibly. All those who represent areas where mining has taken place are fully aware of the issues facing the opencast industry. Following world prices for coal have put huge pressure on domestic producers. Moreover, as we move increasingly towards a low-carbon energy system, demand for coal domestically is going to reduce. Just last week, the Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee took evidence about the future of the Longannet power station in Fife. It may close as early as March next year, but in any event it is clear that the plant has no future beyond 2020, primarily as a result of EU emissions directives and carbon pricing. Longannet is still a major buyer of coal from Scottish producers. This creates a headache for our remaining coal companies, among them Hargreaves, who announced last week that 85 jobs are at risk at sites across the country. Hargreaves, based in Durham, have been operating at sites in Fife and Ayrshire, taking over following the collapse of the mining company's Scottish Resources Group and ATH Ardvark in 2013, which Alex Rowley referred to earlier. There is a related issue that Alex Rowley highlighted in the motion this evening in relation to the restoration of existing opencast mines. We are all familiar with the legacy that has been left by previous mining operations sites in Fife and Ayrshire, where companies have gone into liquidation, insufficient funds, having been put aside to allow these to be properly restored, leaving local communities with the dismal prospect of ugly, unrestored sites on their doorstep, potentially for many years to come. Hargreaves have estimated that the remediation of 35 km2 of land could take five years to complete. That work would involve the creation and safeguarding of 1,000 direct mining jobs and 1,500 indirect jobs, but it can only be done if we continue to extract coal from these sites to pay the cost of restoration. The problem is at the moment that the sums simply do not add up. That is why Hargreaves has submitted a proposal to deck and treasury for carbon price support to free up the necessary resources. If successful, the CPS exemption would allow for full restoration of existing sites and an extra 1 million tonnes of coal extracted per annum. That could be done at no net cost to the taxpayer by generating additional fuel duty and predicting existing jobs. The Hargreaves proposal has been submitted to the Scottish Government's coal industry task force, of which I am pleased to be a member. Last year, I wrote to deck with my support for those proposals, which are under consideration in the UK treasury. Hargreaves have worked hard to gain cross-party support for what they propose. Of course, it is very easy for us in this Parliament to be calling upon the UK Government to forego tax revenue, but I hope that Treasury and Deck look upon that favourably, and today's announcement from the Chancellor provides some encouragement. I am aware that the proposals from Hargreaves do not command unanimous support. There have been competing proposals, and there is skepticism in some quarters as to whether the CPS exemption will deliver the benefits that Hargreaves set out. Nevertheless, action does need to be taken. The danger is that without some intervention there will be no restoration of these sites, there will be a loss of jobs, we will lose the skills involved in the industry for good and future generations will still have to live with a legacy of inaction. I hope that we will see progress in the matter, either along the lines of the Hargreaves proposal or in some other manner. I hope that this debate is helpful in advancing that agenda. I close by commending Alex Rowley for bringing it to the chamber. I now invite Fergus Ewing to respond to the debate. Seven minutes or so, please. I, too, would like to congratulate Alex Rowley for bringing this matter to the debate and recognise the strong constituency interest that he has. Like Mr Ingram, I find myself in agreement with most of what he said this evening. The coal task force was, as he set out, set up in the aftermath of the insolvency and administration of Scottish resources, Scottish coal as it was, and ATH. The purposes of the task force were two-fold. First, to seek the re-engagement of as many as possible of the several hundred employees who lost their jobs. Many of them are in parts of Scotland, where there are simply very few other alternatives, if any, and none at the level of remuneration that the employees enjoyed. The first task was re-engagement of the employees. The second task was to find an approach to tackle the considerable problem of restoration of the cold-out site. Those were the two objectives. Mr Ingram has referred to the work that the group has done. I have been pleased to be the co-chair along with Russell Griggs of the group. It has been the largest task force that I have ever chaired, and I have chaired quite a few. I have been very grateful for the contribution of Mr Rowley, of Mr Ingram, of Sandra Osborne, of Aileen Campbell, who is here this evening, of Murdo Fraser, of Willie Rennie, who is not here this evening, of Willie Coffey, of Cathy Jamieson. I mentioned that and the names that I hope I haven't omitted inadvertently, because it has been a cross-party effort. We have, I think, largely put politics aside. I can't think of any of the eight meetings of the task force where party politics is interposed or been relevant, really, and that, I think, has helped to drive forward some of the solutions and achievements that the task force has reached. One of them was to see the re-engagement of 500 people from Hargreaves in just under a year. That's a terrific achievement, given the difficulties, Presiding Officer. I also pay tribute to the other players that the companies involved, Keir, Banks and others who have played a part, and other service companies such as Caterpillar and Terex, who, to some extent, are dependent upon the continuation of this work, and the whole indirect jobs that are dependent upon the sector, up to several thousand jobs, as Mr Finlay referred to, in calling communities. There is a whole network of subcontractors and jobs that are dependent upon the continuation of the work. We had a heavy onus of responsibility, but we managed to play a part in seeing that happen. We voted £200,000 to ticketing issues. We persuaded the ORR to cut its increase in freight charges from £4 to £1 a ton, a great achievement, after we gave the ORR a very significant cross-examination on the task force. Local authorities have made progress in calling up bonds, and they have had successes. It's difficult work, Presiding Officer, and they've achieved that success. Success by working together and leaving the politics aside. The task force, rather than fold, continued because of the new emerging series of problems that are caused by the low-world coal prices model Fraser rightly referred to. The place is considerable further economic pressure on the operators, and, in my opinion, unless addressed by a solution such as is on the table, may lead to the termination of the open-cast sector in perhaps two or three years' time. The proposal that was put by the industry and was adopted unanimously by the task force is that there should be an extension to the existing exemptions from the carbon price support mechanism, the carbon tax. It should be very narrowly defined. Restoration projects would be subject to competitive tender and an open process. The proposal uses coal that remains on or adjacent to the sites to subsidise the cost of the restoration scheme. Extraction of coal would be considered where the extraction creates value and the net cost reduction for a restoration scheme. The coal authority would have oversight, therefore, and provide ballast and an element of control mechanism, which is necessary for such a scheme. The proposal would cover all sites that were left with unfunded restoration liabilities. The definition of often sites needs to be carefully considered, but no sites that should not attract exemption support are inadvertently supported. The starting premise for the objective of the scheme would be to deliver restoration to the level that was consented at the time of failure of ATH and SRG. I am very pleased that, in page 97 of the red book that is associated with the budget announcement today by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the UK Government has made the following statement. It says that it will work closely with the Scottish Coal Taskforce and Industry stakeholders to explore alternative options for addressing the environmental liabilities associated with unrestored opencast mines in Scotland. That is a possible step forward. Therefore, it is one that I welcome in the spirit in which it is offered and the spirit to which I refer that has been pursued, the one that I have followed in the opencast taskforce. The statement does not actually refer to the UK Government agreeing in principle that there should be the exemption that is sought, but be that that as it may, let us hope that that is what is in their mind. Having become aware of that today, Presiding Officer, as the Minister for Energy and the Scottish Government, I will therefore make quick immediate contact with the UK Government to seek a meeting with the Exchequer Secretary, Priti Patel, to press for adoption of the solution that has such cross-party support here in Scotland. I will do so and be able to relay to her the broad-based support of all the main parties in Scotland. I am very pleased to do so. I want to say that, if this proposal does not, or some version of it, is not adopted, then I am very concerned for the future of all of the people who are working in these calling communities. I have met many of them. I have met their representatives. I have discussed this with their union representatives for whom I have the greatest respect. They are terrific people. It has been an honour to meet them. I want to do right by them. I, with the support of colleagues in the main parties in Scotland and working with party spokespeople, will do everything that I possibly can to see this exemption being granted. Calling and restoring go together. Those voices on the fringes who say that you can have restoring without calling, I am afraid, do not understand the reality of it, as has been set out both by Mr Rowley and Mr Fraser. Fortunately, that is a minority view. I am delighted that, in this debate, we have heard very clear, and I think a virtually unanimous view, that we have managed to work together, those of us who display some vestiges of common sense and rationality, to work together, to help those who deserve our help, that elect us here to help them to stand up for their interests and not regard their work as dispensable on the altar of some ideological view. I will do everything within my power to further the very good work that those of us who have taken part positively in this debate have displayed this evening. I will put every possible effort into it, and I guarantee every member in this chamber that that is what I will do. That ends Alex Rowley's debate on UK Government carbon price support exemption for opencast coal sites. I now close this meeting of Parliament.


Welcome to Peter Don't Take Lecture Series. Today let's learn about pulpotamy. What is pulpotamy? Where is it indicated? It's contraindication. How is it classified and what are the medicaments used in this procedure? We know that the tooth consists of coronal pulp as well as your radicular pulp. As you can see in this picture the coronal pulp and this will be your radicular pulp. So in pulpotamy we are dealing with amputation of affected coronal portion of pulp and replacing it with the suitable medicament. We are completely removing the coronal pulp and we are replacing it with suitable medicaments. So let's see how is it defined. It is defined as a complete removal of the coronal portion of the dental pulp followed by placement of suitable dressing or medicament that will promote healing and preserve the vitality of the tooth. The objective of this procedure is to maintain the tooth and preserve the vitality of the tooth. Let's see where all it is indicated. It is indicated in deep pentane and caries which is involving the coronal pulp and the radicular pulp is unaffected. When there is mechanical exposure of the pulp that is when we are removing the caries and accidentally the pulp gets exposed and this pulpotamy treatment is specific when we need to maintain the tooth more than extracting it. And also you will check based on the history of the patient that is pain. The pain should not be spontaneous nor persistent after the removal of the stimulus and tooth should be restorable tooth with tooth fur of the root length and you also check clinically by checking the hemorrhage that is bleeding. If the bleeding is pale red or if it can be controlled easily then we will go ahead with the pulpotamy procedure. So where all it is indicated? Where all it is contraindicated? In persistent toothache, tenderness on percussion or mobility present, root reduction more than one third of the root length, large carious lesion with non-restorable crown, highly viscous sluggish hemorrhage from canal orifice which is uncontrollable and tooth which is close to natural exfoliation. So let's see how this pulpotamy is classified. It is classified into two types that is vital pulpotamy and non-vital pulpotamy. This vital pulpotamy is further classified as de-vitalization pulpotamy, preservation pulpotamy and regeneration pulpotamy. And the non-vital pulpotamy is also called as mortal pulpotamy. There are different materials which you can use for different pulpotamy. So one doubt we get is when do we have to do non-vital pulpotamy. That I will be telling in the further slides. So now let's see the medicaments used in this procedure. First one is formacrizole which is introduced in the year 1894 and in the 1904 the bulky popularized this formacrizole. So it is called as bulky formacrizole solution which consists of formalin, 19% tri-crizole, 35% glycerin, 15% and water, 31%. So here the glycerin is added to prevent the polymerization of formaldehyde to paraformaldehyde which happens if what happens to the paraformal dehyde is present. It causes clouding of the solution. That is the reason glycerin is added. So let's see its advantage and disadvantages. So the advantage includes it is a commonly used or available medicament. It is stable at room temperature, long shelf life, high clinical and radiographic success of the formacrizole pulpotamy. Disadvantages include it is a very caustic medicament and if you use in high doses it is toxic, it causes potential systemic absorption and distribution throughout the body. It has a mutagenic as well as carcinogenic potential. So let's see how this technique is performed. So in any palp therapy procedure anesthesia is must. Okay so we need to first anesthetize the tooth then we need to isolate the tooth which has to be treated with your rubber dam. We excavate all the caries if it is soft with your spoon excavator or you can go ahead with your aerota and then remove the dentin roof of the palp chamber with your high speed non-end cutting bar and copious water spray has to be done. Remove all the coronal palm tissue with a slow speed that is with your number six or number eight round bar or a sharp spoon excavator. Once the cavity is prepared we need to achieve a hemostasis that is using your moist cotton pellet. So take your small cotton pellet dip it in the formacrizole squeeze it and then place it in the palp chamber for about four minutes. Okay once you place this you remove after four minutes and check for the hemostasis. If the bleeding isn't stopped then this tooth is not indicated for your pulpotomy. If the bleeding has stopped then you can go ahead with the pulpotomy procedure. Once this hemostasis is achieved or when the blood is stopped you can place a zinc oxide eugenol either completely or you can put zinc oxide eugenol as a base and then you can restore it with your GIG material and once this is done immediately you can place your stainless steel crown. So this picture summarizes the procedure using formacrizole that is first one says remove the caries complete removal of your coronal pulp then place the cotton pellet which is wetted with formacrizole solution for four minutes once the hemostasis is achieved the restoration is done with zinc oxide eugenol and finally the stainless steel crown is placed. The second agent that is glutaraldehyde. Glutaraldehyde is a common fixative which has been suggested as an alternative to formacrizole for the various pulp treatment modalities. It has a limited shelf life. Let's see how does it work. It produces a rapid surface fixation of the underlying pulpal tissue so it causes a narrow zone of eosinophilic stained and compressed fixed tissue which is found directly beneath the area of application which blends into the normal vital normal appearing tissue apically. With time this glutaraldehyde fix zone is replaced by collagenous tissue that's the entire root canal tissue is vital. The procedure is same as formacrizole once the hemostasis is achieved 2 to 5 percent of glutaraldehyde is applied to the pulp by cotton pellet for five minutes as it causes minimum alteration to the pulpal tissue. The cavity is then sealed with zinc oxide eugenol and then the tooth is restored with stainless steel crown. Let's see its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages includes reaction with pulp is reversible. Molecules of glutaraldehyde do not diffuse out of apical foramin. It fixes tissue instantly and excess solution is unnecessary. It is not known to be cytotoxic neutrogenic or carthenogenic and it has no known systemic toxic effects. So the disadvantages includes it is expensive and it also causes irritation which results in an internal resorption. The next agent is your calcium hydroxide. This calcium hydroxide is antibacterial which causes an antibacterial effect as well as it possesses an ideal pH which has been offered as a prime reason for its effectiveness. The next is your ferric sulphate. It is a non-haldehyde chemical which has received attention as a pulpotomy agent. It is it was proposed as a pulpotomy medicine for vital primary teeth. A coagulative and a hemostatic agent in dentistry it showed promising results as a dressing material for the primary teeth pulpotomies. So let's see how does this work. The ferric and the sulphate ions causes an agglutination in the blood proteins. Okay this ferric ion protein complex mechanically seals the cut vessels thus produces the hemostasis. By forming the plugs that occlude the capillary orifices the protein complex also prevents the formation of blood clots thereby minimizing the risk of inflammation and internal resorption in the pulp therapy. So let's see the procedure. Hemorrhage is controlled by using a sterile cotton pellet under a slight pressure for 3 to 5 minutes. A solution of 15.5 percent ferric sulphate is applied for 15 seconds. You have to note this it is 15 seconds but whereas your formacosol was for 4 minutes this is 15 seconds on the pulp stems using a cotton pellet. Upon removal of the cotton pellet the wound may appear brown and no bleeding should be evident. Then zinc oxide eugenol base is placed over the pulp stems and allowed to set and then stainless steel crown is placed. So next one is your partial pulpotomy. Generally this question is asked for the UG exams that is called CVEX pulpotomy. It is the removal of only the outer layer of damage and hypodermic tissue in the exposed pulp. It is considered to be the procedure staged between pulpcapping and complete pulpotomy. It is a mode of treatment which is widely used in the permanent indentation but less in the primary teeth. So let's see the rationale and the advantages of CVEX pulpotomy. The main advantage of partial pulpotomy is that a successful outcome will allow the continuation of the normal development of the tooth including further root development and maturation. Upex formation and thickening of a thin root walls may occur in engteeth. The tooth following a partial pulpotomy will retain its natural color and translucency in comparison to the coronal discoloration in many teeth undergo after pulpectomy. And partial pulpotomy have advantage over complete pulpotomy in the preservation of cell-rich coronal pulp tissues. So when is this CVEX pulpotomy indicated? When there is sufficient tooth structure is present to allow a proper restoration and a full coverage of the crown with a bonded resin composite strip crowns. Partial pulpotomy is highly indicated in a very engtoothed with a wide open apex and very thin root dentin walls. The disease factor for selection of the partial pulpotomy and its success is a healthy non-inflamed and asymptomatic vital pulp. So there are other few newer agents which are used in pulpotomy is electrosurgery, laser, MTA, bio-dentine enamel matrix derivatives. I'll show you few of the pictures. This is MTA pulpotomy where you can see the coronal pulp is removed. This is a cross-section coronal pulp is removed completely and MTA is placed which is followed by stainless steel crown. This is electrosurgical pulpotomy. This is laser pulpotomy where the laser is used to remove the coronal pulp and this is bio-dentine pulpotomy and there are few reasons for the failure of pulpotomy therapy. Let's see what are the reasons. We might do the wrong diagnosis by saying that the radical pulp is non-inflamed and non-infected. That is one of the main reasons for the failure of pulpotomy and we also use zinc oxide eugenol. So eugenol causes an irritation for the pulp space filling material. An attempt to preserve a tooth with a deep proximal carousal lesion a condition leading to leakage due to incomplete coverage. There's also signs of failures can be seen on radiographic pathological signs in pulp canal obliteration which can be seen in root canal of pulpotomized primary molars in presence however it is not considered as a failure. With this I would like to conclude by saying there are different various medicaments which are used in pulpotomy which everything has its own pros and cons. So basically it depends on a clinic clinician. So choose your material with more advantages than disadvantages. Thank you.


What's good Josh if we're all back out again with another video So we're gonna check out shotsy furious over botches Ronda Rousey demanded to lose a Montez for WWE champ and other wrestling news man. Appreciate all the love and support you guys have been showing on the channel, man We're just trying to run it up. We're so close to 90 K We will be hitting it sometime soon and then after that 100 K on my personal page Saddest to go for this year. So we're gonna check this out by none other than wrestling me and make sure y'all subscribe to them If you haven't already, let's do this name What is going on guys? It is WrestleMania here back with some more news. Join us now as we look at the wildest new stories And rumors you need to know including Ronda Rousey demanded to drop the women's title Montez forward once the WWE championship Alexa Bliss wanted to pretend as a much darker character shotsy gets furious over a fan calling out of botches and much more Be sure to subscribe and hit that notification Interesting videos and follow us on Facebook for exclusive list also check out wrestling.co.uk and on our wrestling channel Incredible now. Let's see the intro and get straight into our first story Now first story looks at Ronda Rousey Demanded to drop the women's title our top story today looks at Ronda Rousey reportedly demanding to drop the Smackdown women's title to Liv Morgan in Shocking fashion Morgan cashed in the money in the bank briefcase on Rousey to win the Smackdown women's title during Saturday's premium live event Nobody saw this coming and according to Rousey's personal photographer Rousey insisted that Morgan would win the title lazy the savage took to his Instagram story to state Respect to Ronda Rousey who never wanted or asked to be champion and demanded that the most passionate pro wrestler be awarded The most prestigious title in our industry if this is true the major props should be directed towards Rousey Morgan is indeed one of the most passionate talents on the WWE roster and fans as well as other WWE superstars have come together to congratulate her Morgan is rumored to be facing Rousey in a rematch at SummerSlam at the end of the month and fans are certainly hoping that Morgan has an extensive run with the title next up. That is a interesting I guess interesting tidbit I didn't know a lot of us didn't know that she requested to drop the title to Liv Morgan That's that's pretty nice of her that's actually pretty cool I guess it makes sense even now with how she Just pretty much like you know once a little one she gave her the title and you know held her hand up So it makes sense why she did that I Appreciate people that come into wrestling or whatnot and not trying to pull the politics and actually Try to get other people over and that's that's pretty cool I can I can only show love and respect for anyone that does that We know WWE management was very big and still very big on Ronda Rousey It's just sometimes they will end up pushing it or Pushing her to the point where it's like yes Ronda Rousey But you know her her like I guess you could say her mystique the excitement of having Ronda Rousey there That's kind of worn off since she's come back So I'm glad that Ronda was able to you know make some type of waves in the back like yo She needs the title and hopefully if they are supposed to have a rematch, maybe Liv could get the win there That would be nice It would not make sense for Ronda to be for her to get the title just to drop the title just a few weeks later And get the title back that that wouldn't even make sense if Ronda would do that So hopefully if they're giving the title to Liv they at least give her a couple wins under her belt before we all know When Charlotte comes back that that belt is going away She's losing that title or hell if Bailey comes back and ends up on SmackDown It's raps that that title is going away So we'll see what they do moving forward Montez Ford wants to become WWE champion There's been a ton of speculation recently concerning WWE breaking up the Street Profits It was reported yesterday that WWE are extremely high on Montez Ford and a singles push is potentially on the horizon During a recent interview with Wrestling Inc Ford revealed that if the Street Profits do indeed break up He has major plans for his singles career and wants to become WWE champion That would be cool revealed if the draft happens and they you know We're forced to go our separate ways. We're definitely going to keep that support there Keep bringing it a hundred percent. I know as a kid speaking for myself I've always had dreams of being a WWE world champion. That dream just never fades away, man You know when you're here I feel like if you're not trying to be the guy or the team then what are you here for besides the money Yeah, still at the same time like you want to create a legacy Would you guys like to see Ford become a single start and receive a massive push into the main event scene and possibly even win The title let us know in the comments down below You know what I think a lot of us at some point in the back here on my new WWE will probably split them up and WWE is definitely going to go most likely to push Montez Ford as a Singles guy, I don't know if they'll push him to be the WWE champion But I could see him Whenever they do split up I can see Montez Ford going for the Intercontinental Championship And winning that and then slowly but surely building himself up Potentially to take the WWE Championship to do this fantastic in the ring. He's pretty good on the microphone He has a lot of energy the fans love him Do they got he has everything he needs to be a WWE champion. It just depends on how they book him the only problem is They don't have enough tag teams in the division right now for them to even really split up So this needs to be after they get some more tag teams in the division for that to happen because if they split up We know where Where Montez Ford is going Angelo Dawkins though, what you do with him? Seriously, man, I don't want him to get lost in the shuffle while one other person really catapults themselves I mean that's usually how it happens when great tag teams break up one person catapults themselves Yeah, the person is kind of struggling. So I don't know what they do with Angelo Dawkins I hope he doesn't get lost in the shuffle if that does happen right now I need to keep them together and I'm still trying Well, I'm still one of those people that's hoping that WWE listens and Have the Street Profits versus the Usos one more time at SummerSlam and a TLC match, man Let's get that move. Let's get that movement going Next up WWE struggling to sell tickets for SummerSlam SummerSlam is just a few weeks away and it looks like the WWE still has a long way to go before the show even sells out According to WrestleTix patron page, WWE still has over 11,000 tickets left to sell for the big event As things stand, SummerSlam is set to be made evented by Roman Reigns Defending his Universal Championship against Brock Lesnar in a last man standing match But there's certainly a lack of interest from fans on social media and it looks like this lack of interest has carried over into poor ticket sales There are rumors that John Cena was gonna wrestle theory at the event, but it looks like Cena isn't gonna be involved So WWE are relying on yet another Reigns versus Lesnar match to sell tickets. Next up, when did that? That's not good. We see we've seen the declining tickets with money in the bank now We're seeing it with SummerSlam 11,000 tickets they need and SummerSlam is like a few weeks away. That's a lot of tickets to try to sell This is this is the problem where WWE they need to continue to push the stars They have you have Austin Theory you have Matt Riddle you have some of these other guys if they would have been pushing some of these guys Prior to What we got with the whole Roman Reigns situation or hell pushing some of the guys that they let go Maybe we be in a different situation who knows but Now they they have they have to rely on Brock They have to rely on the Goldbergs and the John Cena is because they don't have nobody else outside of Roman That's like a huge draw. So We'll see if they able to sell some more tickets see what they do leading up to SummerSlam I know a good way to sell some tickets is to make that tag team championship match a TLC match I think a lot of us would be interested The WWE decided to give Theory the money in the bank briefcase A theory shocked the world this past Saturday at Money in the Bank after losing his US title to Bobby Lashley earlier in the show Theory was added to the men's money in the bank ladder match and he ended up winning the briefcase This decision has received criticism from fans as fans were hoping to see either Seth Rollins or Sami Zayn winning the match Before he wins over much of the WWE audience But WWE are insistent on making Theory the next big star in the company many fans believe that Theory winning money in the bank was a last-minute Decision but surprisingly this doesn't appear to be the case according to ringside news Theory was always planned to win the briefcase at the premium event. The question now is when Theory is gonna cash in There are rumors that WWE is gonna market the possibility of theory cashing and during reigns versus Brock Lesnar's match at SummerSlam But WWE may wish to wait a while before pulling the trigger on a theory world title victory What are your thoughts on theory winning the money in the bank? Would you guys like to see him as champion? Let us know in the comments down below and apparently apparently apparently on Monday night raw he did say that One he's supposed to be having a rematch with Bobby Lashley for the United States championship Then he was gonna be playing on cashing in his money in bank on Brock or Roman Whoever's left standing. So he's put it out there. We'll see if it's successful or not Y'all know my thoughts on Austin theory winning. I don't have a problem with him winning it I just think this is a quick push a very quick push. So I don't know if this is going to Pan out like they think it will because I know they want him to be the next big guy But they're kind of pushing him a little bit too fast in this situation I think he still should have the United States championship and really build that up Built himself up through that before we got to this point I would have been fine if Austin theory won money in a bank next year Well, it's actually announced in the match was in the match as he did some things in the match It would have been okay if he won next year this year. I'm not so sure But hey, we will see how things plan out next up. Nia Jax calls out an indie promotion Oh, I'm a WWE superstar Nia Jax took to Twitter to call out the startup wrestling promotion wrestling entertainment series The promotion which is run by former WWE tag team AOP is due to have their first major show take place in Nottingham, England This month the promotion continues to promote Jax in marketing material despite Jax not even being involved in the show Oh, yeah, the tweet Jax would state I don't know why I'm still on the poster, but I will repeat myself again I will not be at the show. Please do not buy a ticket thinking you'll see me perform or get a chance to meet me I hate that this misleads people The promotion hasn't got off to the best of starts as numerous wrestlers including Chelsea Green and Lana have dropped out and they've been promoting that Jax will wrestle a mystery opponent on the show even though She's confirmed that she won't even be there during the weekend former WWE star Aiden English took the social media to reveal He won't be attending the show as a promotion haven't even paid him and nor they have arranged any accommodation for him next up Alexa Bliss wanted That's not sounding too good at all man. I gotta pay your talent y'all gotta Gotta do better with that like that's it's not sounding good at all to return with a much darker character I like so bliss would undergo a slight character change following the extreme rules pay-per-view last year This would end up going to therapy in a number of segments with the idea that bliss would return to television with an altered persona Since bliss's return Lily the doll has been present for the majority of the sinister and supernatural s elements of bliss's character Have been cut back in all likelihood The only reason that Lily remains a key part of bliss's character is that the doll sells extremely well on WWE shop.com according to bliss during an interview on the out-of-character Podcast when she returned to television a few months ago She wanted to debut a much darker persona than the character she was before bliss revealed I did I wanted to go even darker and deeper I had Jason Baker come out with a sketch and prototype of a different version of Lily which would have been super cool Obviously with creative things always change I'm still holding on that this new version of Lily will come out one day That's unknown what the creative plans for bliss currently are as there were rumors that she may join forces with live Morgan And the two may go after the vacated tank titles However with Morgan recently we now all the time leave them take time moving forward They may decide to pair bliss with someone else And that is if the planned tag team tournament is actually still taking place Let that you have to have bliss return with a new character. I just know in the comments down below I just want this to just be like a normal wrestler Like the whole super power gimmick that wasn't even originally hers I just still find a cringe because it really led to absolutely nowhere literally the fiend had the power Put her in a trance gave her some powers. Then she became more powerful than the fiend. Ah Nah, just leave it out. Just just let it go. That's my personal opinion Let that let it go. Just now give her, you know, give her, you know a different type of gimmick If it worked maybe but I just you can have a dark character without the whole super power mess That's the only thing that kind of ruins it for me because it's just like It's kind of hard for me to take take what she got going on serious, you know, I'm saying so We'll see, you know, if they do change it up But it makes sense why they still have the lily dog is I guess people were buying it on WDM shop details of Stephanie McMahon's talent meeting and a new interim WWE chairwoman Stephanie McMahon held a meeting to inform Superstar that her door is always open and according to fightful select the meeting was well received Stephanie is universally beloved by WWE superstars as well as other WWE employees And it looks like her open door policy is how she naturally operates in a day-to-day role in WWE Stephanie looks to be doing all the right things in her role as interim chairwoman And we interest to see how her role develops as the accusations directed towards Vince McMahon continue to be investigated and fine And that's that's nice as long as she's able to you know You have that that open communication with the talent. I think that's always dope, but once again, it doesn't really matter in a grand scheme of things in my opinion because Vince still is the head of all creative decisions. So it doesn't matter what she say Creatively Vince is still in charge. He's gonna book how he wants to book Doesn't really matter. So that's the only downside But maybe Stephanie can pull some weight pull some strings if she sees something that Vince may be overlooking Who knows but it's cool. She has that open communication with the wrestlers, but As long as Vince is head of head of creative. It does not matter Finally Shotzi responds to money in the bank backlash Oh boy during the money in the bank event on saturday smackdown star Shotzi received a ton of criticism from fans She bought several spots in the match and fans would even claim that she was dangerous and a liability These comments clearly got to Shotzi and as of today, she took to twitter to address the critics In an extended statement Shotzi would declare that everyone had fun and nobody got hurt She added that a lot of matches unpredictable and mistakes can happen at any time. This is very true Star even added that she has fans on twitter telling her that she should be fired and how friends of hers had to wipe the tears away And there's certainly a fine line between fair criticism and outright telling someone they should be released from the company Several fans were quick to reply with support to her statement and even Tyson kid who produced women's money in the bank ladder match Replied by telling Shotzi that she was amazing But they have it folks. I don't I don't know about that I'm all for fair criticism because she did look kind of Kind of a little off in the range. There was a few botches from her But i'm not going to be the type to but I all you deserve to be fired You deserve to lose your job because once again For the most part, she's a safe worker I don't really hear too much about her injuring people and money in the bank ladder matches They are very unpredictable and things happen. So these are not just standard matches They don't that's why they don't really have like ladder matches like that I'm gonna jump because it's kind of it's kind of hard to predict how certain things will play out So I am not one of those people that are for Other people saying oh your trash. You deserve to be fired. I'm all for fair criticism Like age you need to work on some things But I'm not gonna sit up here and be like, yeah, I hope you get fired and on a mean Extra mean comments. Some people were probably saying to her man. Because at the end of the day, this is a person This is a person who has feelings. Y'all may just see a character, but behind that character It's a real person real human being that feels Pain and motion and all the other stuff. So it's like you gotta, you know Some people just be taking it too far when they on social media like just chill out You can say you're two peas, but when we start getting rude and disrespectful with me Like you're not helping the situation now.  So But yeah, this was a cool little video, man A lot of informative things that I did not know what's going on behind the scenes My real question to you guys is How do you guys Think summer slam is gonna end this year. Do you think we're gonna get a cash in like austin theory says we are Or do you think austin theory is gonna hold on to the briefcase just for a little bit longer? And summer slam will end with most likely roman winning and everyone's just been like, all right Shouldn't this feud be over let me know how y'all think summer slam's gonna end this year Because they they they gotta do something to really hype up this show Obviously the potential cash in may peak some other people's interest But I think a lot of people are just tired of seeing rock versus roman one more time So we'll see what they do leading up to some slam So they can try to sell some more tickets, but I appreciate all the love and support row two 90k appreciate y'all kicking with me. See y'all next one. Peace You


The University of Pikeville, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine will be holding a student-led free health care clinic at the Millard Center at Riverside on Saturday, April 13th. You can just show up. You don't need an appointment or anything. Or if there's something that you've kind of been wanting for so long but didn't have the chance to make an appointment, you can drop on it and the biggest thing that it's free. Do you worry about having enough money to last throughout retirement? Give Reed Potter at Raymond James a call. Reed has 26 years experience helping folks enjoy their best life in their retirement years. The clinic will be offering a variety of services including blood pressure checks, glucose and A1C checks, HIV and HEPC testing, gonorrhea and chlamydia testing, sports physicals and vaccines. There will also be optometry students doing eye exams. All this in the hope of getting health care to those who do not get to regularly see a doctor. No registration needed. Just show up.  So that's the great part about it is it's pretty low maintenance and hopefully the whole idea is that it's accessible to everyone. The clinic will begin at 8 a.m. on Saturday, April 13th at the Millard Center at Riverside. Though the event is student-led, it will be overseen by physicians. For Mountaintop News, I'm Kelsea Fidell.


to the compiler, specifically so that I can tell you about how you can use the compiler to make even better tools. So why do I want to do this? Well, I think tools are really important. They're really important for any language's ecosystem because why do you use a new language? Well, you can use it because it's cool and it's fun and it's something that's new. But after a while, you get down to the essentials and you use the language because it makes you more productive. How productive a language is, it's not just about the language itself and it's the libraries that it has and the ecosystems and so forth. It's the tools really help. You can have the best language in the world, but if you have to compile it by hand, you're going to be really slow writing it. So good tools can make a good language, super productive, lots of people will want to use it and that's great. So Rust has some good tools at the moment. Things like cargo, debugger support, these are great, but I think there's scope for making lots more tools and making some really good ones and I think it's just a really interesting thing to hack on and I think it's somewhere where you can have a really big impact on a lot of people's lives by doing this work. So to start with, I want to give you a little bit of a demo of a few tools. This is kind of going to be fun after switch to a different window and a totally different resolution and so forth. So the first tool I want to demonstrate is Rust Format. So here's some code, it's perfectly good code, but it's kind of ugly. There's a few more new lines that you might like. This is kind of confusing having it all on one line. I can't read that very well. So let's run Rust Format, it runs, hey, now it's beautiful. I could have done that by hand, but it's kind of boring and I probably would have missed a bit and that's no fun at all. So as we have a tool, it does it for you, it's fantastic. The next tool is a lint, it's an extra lint, there are some lints in the compiler, but there are some, you can have extra lints and a lint, it's kind of a check, like the checks the compiler does, but it's not essential for kind of the correctness of your program, the soundness of your language, but it might point out where you've done something that might be right, but it's probably a mistake or maybe it's not a mistake, but you could have done it better. So the lint I'm going to show you, it's part of the Rust Clippy, which is like a big suite of lints, and this one, it's going to look at this if statement. This is kind of a typical beginner's mistake, you might say it's like new programmers might do this a lot. It's not necessary, right? Like it's perfectly legal Rust code, but you don't really need it. And we've plugged in the lint, sorry to show you, that means we've plugged in the suite of lints. So when I build this, it's going to tell me, I don't need that. I can just use the predicate, I don't need the whole if statement. I'm going to apologize for this resolution, this is really, okay, that's too much, okay. So final tool I want to show you just now is a tool called DXR, and this is a tool for navigating your code, for searching your code, but we can do a much better job than you can with, say, Grap, or searching on GitHub or whatever. So, okay, I'm going to just search for some string, let's search for this, it's just going to find all the uses, okay, not very impressive, I can do the song with Grap or something, right? But why don't I find all the implementations of a trait, well, here are the three implementations, okay, let's go for one of these, let's find something interesting down here, well, what's this search, well, let's hover over and it will tell me the type, let's kind of jump to the definition of that, and it's going to find, yeah, the highlighting seems to be broken at the moment, that's fine, but it's gone to the right place, right, line 1048, there it's going to show the field search, so I can just jump to definitions like this, so hopefully this is something that's going to make understanding a new code base or a code base, a large code base that you use with often much more, much easier, okay, so hopefully you can whet your appetite a bit about tools, but I promised you an introduction to the compiler and I'm going to go and do that right now, it's going to be kind of high level, the compiler is a big topic, I can't cover it much, so if you've already kind of hacked on the compiler, you're going to find this very dull and I don't know what to do with it. So at the highest level, a compiler is just a bit of software which takes your source code and translates it to machine code, it's just code that can be executed on your machine. Of course, being rust, most of the time it translates it into a whole bunch of borough check errors, but sometimes you'll get machine code. So the rust compiler and most compilers at a very high level, we can break into these three phases. First of all is parsing and then we have the expansion, this is basically how you come from source code that you guys understand into representation that the rest of the compiler can understand. Then we have the analysis phase where, and this is kind of like the bulk of the compiler, this analyzes the code, builds up a whole bunch of information about it and checks it for errors and gives you any of these errors that happen. Then finally, code generation uses the information we built up during analysis and generates that machine code that I was talking about earlier. It's going to drill down a bit into each of these phases, starting with parsing and expansion. So parsing, like I say, you start with the source code and then we gradually refine the information we have about that source code with more and more information until we end up with what's on the right side of the slide. We call it abstract syntax tree, the AST. This is a representation of the source code just in a tree format with the crate root at the top and every item, every expression and sub-expression is a node in that tree. Information about each node is there such as the name of the function and then we have children nodes for things like the arguments and so forth. This is the representations used through the rest of the compiler to compile. So the expansion bit of parsing and expansion is about manipulating that AST that we got from your source code. So for example, if you've got these configuration attributes, then we can, you know, if you don't make the predicate in this CFG attribute, then we're just going to warp off a whole sub-tree of the AST and ignore it forever more. If you've got macros in your code, then we're going to take the bit of the AST, which is the use of macro, and we're going to expand that using the definition of the macro. Likewise with procedural macros or syntax extensions, whatever you want to call them. And there's also some desugaring of language constructs where we translate kind of at the AST level from some kind of higher level concepts into more primitive ones. So for example, if let, we translate from an AST node that looks like an if let expression into a match expression. And there's a few other places where we do that. Okay, analysis. The like analysis is where the compiler kind of gets somewhat complicated. And so I'm going to just kind of like highlight some of the more interesting parts of analysis. First of all is name resolution. So we have this, we've got this AST, but we've still just got like chunks of text. You remember we had the name of that function, but what does that really mean? Well, name resolution is about matching the uses of names with the declarations of names. So for example, like we use bar on the second line here. So we match that with where we first declared bar. And this gets a bit more complicated because we've got scopes, we've got use statements, import, and so forth. But this is essentially all name resolution does. And this happens very early on in the analysis phase. After that, type checking is another kind of important step in the analysis phase. And type checking is about checking the way you expect to get some type.  So if you expect, if you write a function that takes a string, you're going to actually only pass strings to that function. And type checking includes inference. And what that means is that for every expression, every sub-expression in Rust, we infer a type for that sub-expression, even when these have not been annotated, which we don't do in Rust very often, luckily. Part of type checking is trait resolution. Probably one of the more interesting parts of type checking one and something that's quite unique to the Rust compiler versus a lot of other languages. Trait resolution essentially is about answering the question, if I have a method call, like I want to call foo here, what's the actual concrete implementation of foo that gets called? And the reason this is different from name resolution, which I talked about earlier, is that this doesn't just depend on kind of like scopes and imports and stuff. This actually depends on the type of X, which we only know about during type checking. So for example, if we know like the fully concrete type of X, then we might be able to just find exactly like a concrete implementation, and we can just make a really simple static call to this implementation of foo right here. More interestingly, if we only have a bound on the type of X, so for example, we have a trait, and if you hopefully remember, like a trait is just like an interface, it usually doesn't define any kind of implementation of any of these methods, then at this time in the analysis phase in the compiler, then we can't actually decide what, which implementation is going to be used, only the more abstract declaration of the method. And so we kind of like remember this stuff, and later on in the cogeneration phase, then we'll be able to work it out. Similarly, if you've got a trait object, again, you only know the trait, and therefore only the kind of the abstract declaration of a method, but this time we're not going to know until runtime what we're going to call, and so we just have to generate code, a v-table, which allows us to at runtime dynamically dispatch to the right method. Okay, the final chunk of analysis that I kind of want to call attention to is borrower checking. This is really important because it ensures memory safety and rust, which is something we all care about, and is why you might be using rust in the first place. It's also really interesting subtle bit of coding, which I have no time to explain, so we just have to continue, like, just believe it's magic, and you'll be pretty close to the truth, right? Okay, code generation, final phase of the compiler. Most of code generation is actually handled by LLVM, so as far as we're concerned, code generation, we can think of this like there's a translation phase where we take the AST again and the information we acquired during analysis and we translate into a representation that LLVM wants, the LLVM IR, that's the LLVM dragon there, and then LLVM does all the rest of the hard work to turn out the nodes and ones that you can actually execute on the machine. And that's the compiler, right? So you all understand the compiler, I expect your PRs to start tomorrow. Yeah, so back to tools, and so I want to kind of like maybe classify, kind of like define what I mean by kind of tooling, and I want to really focus on what I kind of think of as productivity tools, and I mean that like in contrast to the essential build tools that you have to use to use Rust, such as the compiler, the linker, basically your toolchain. So productivity tools, for example, the debugger, so you could work without the debugger, right? You have a bug and you can solve this just by staring intently at your code or hitting your head on the keyboard, or like print statements, whatever, but a lot of the time using a debugger makes you much more efficient, you can solve your bugs much quicker, so it's a boost in productivity. Also the the links that I showed you earlier, this is another way to help debug your code. Another kind of tool are tools that help you understand the code, so I showed you DXR which helps you kind of navigate and search the code. Also in this category visualizations, if you want to visualize say the dependency graph of your program or the call graph, well the tools can help you do that and help you understand the code. And another category, kind of automating kind of trivial or tedious tasks, so the Rust format that I showed you, or refactoring tools, like these are all things that you can do yourself, but they're kind of boring and they take a long time and the machine can do them for you very quickly and usually just as well. So another way to kind of classify these tools is kind of how they're used or how they're implemented. So one thing you can do is you can extend the compiler, there's a few ways you can extend the Rust compiler. Adding a lint is one way that I showed you earlier, kind of more familiar for a lot of you will be adding syntax extension to extend the language at the syntax level. You can also kind of plug in extra llv and passes, you can extend the compiler. So at the limit you can fork the compiler, you can write your own code that kind of deeply integrates with it and produce a new tool this way. Alternatively you can make kind of a standalone tool. So it could be really standalone, so for example if you want to just count the number of lines of code in your project, you don't need to talk to the compiler, you just like open all the files and count the number of lines, right? Or sometimes you want to ask the compiler for some more output. So for example a debugger is going to ask the compiler to generate debug info as well as the executable. DXR asks for a whole bunch of metadata from the compiler and then these kind of tools can do some processing offline and then do their job whatever that job is. Also in this category and probably kind of like the least well known approach to implementing a tool is to kind of use parts of the compiler as a library. So we want information from the compiler, the compiler knows a lot about your program, right? And so we want to extract that information without having to compute it ourselves because there's no point in duplicating all this kind of subtle and complex machinery in the compiler. And I want to kind of demonstrate to you how easy this is, okay? And to do so I'm going to demonstrate or walk through the implementation of another tool which is for drawing a call graph. So it's going to draw a call graph kind of like this. So this is the redx crate and I'm going to zoom in and so each node in this graph is just a function or a method and we draw an arrow for every function call from the caller to the callee and the dotted arrows are virtual method calls where we don't know exactly what method is called while we're compiling but we know at least one of these methods is going to get called at runtime. So I hope that implementing this is going to be surprisingly easy for you, okay? Like this, it turns out that implementing kind of quite a nice kind of useful tool is actually quite easy. So show you how it's done, if I can remember. Okay, so how's that? Okay, so the very highest level, the way this tool works is we basically want to emulate what the compiler does. So we want to set up with all the kind of command line options and environment variables the compiler would usually run with. So we're running in the same kind of environment and then we want to do what the compiler does. We want to do the parsing expansion in the analysis phase just like the compiler does and then we want to stop and do our thing. Now you could like write all this code out to do it yourself but you know that would be a lot of work and you probably get it wrong. Luckily the compiler lets us kind of get it to do this stuff as a service for us and there's a little bit of code called the driver which coordinates kind of setting up the environment for compilation and then running each phase of compilation in turn and sending the right data between each phase and there's a few APIs you can use for interacting with this process. So at the highest level, we've got this, so there's the driver and we want to run the compiler. There's exactly what it says in the tin and args are just the command line arguments and this call graph calls is just the way that we interact at the top level with it. So the compiler has this trait compiler calls which we're going to implement and actually like I say we want to emulate the compiler. We want to do pretty much what the compiler does and so we don't actually need to override most of the functionality that that trait already does for us. The only thing we're going to do is override this builder method which, there it is, creates a compile controller which gives us more fine-grained over compilation. So I'm just going to show you here what we're going to do, what did I say we want to do, we're going to run up until the end of analysis and then we want to stop. So this is how we tell the compiler that we want to stop at this stage. We don't need to carry on to code generation and then we want to do our thing and so we get an opportunity to do our thing here where we get to set a callback that gets called after analysis and that callback the driver is going to send us as much state about the compiler's internals as it possibly can at that stage. What we're going to do, so again high level, what we want to do is we want to find every function that's defined like in the project that we're compiling and every function call and record some information about these things and because of the methods we're going to need to do a little bit of post-processing and then we're going to just dump it out in a format that GraphViz will understand and the way we're going to find every single function definition and every single function call is we're going to walk the AST that I talked about being the product of parsing and whenever we find a function call or function we're going to record it. So what this looks like, this is us walking the AST here I'm going to go into that in a second then we do our little bit of post-processing and then we dump out in a format that GraphViz can understand. So this is how we walk the AST. The lib syntax trait gives us a visitor trait that we can implement this is a classic visitor pattern which just walks down the AST and gives us an opportunity if we want at each node in the AST to do something and if not it just keeps on walking which is exactly what we want we want to walk the whole AST and just kind of stop on certain circumstances. So for example if we get to an expression then we might want to do something and in fact we want to check if it's a method call and if it is then we're going to record that and I'll admit at this stage that you kind of need to know a little bit about what the AST looks like to know what you want to do here but hopefully like understanding the AST is not not too bad you don't need to understand like how that AST like how source code is parsed to make that or how it's processed later in the compiler. So once we know we're at a node which is a method call how do we get the information out of the compiler? Well there's an API in the compiler called the save analysis API and it's called that because you can do dash, z, save analysis to get all the information it knows but we're not going to do that and we're going to say give me all the data you have about this expression so we pass the AST node to that and then it gives us back a whole bunch of data. We expect a method call data because we know it's a method call and we record that method call data for later and I'm just going to show you what that looks like this this data you can look this these are just structs it's not very interesting you get kind of integer IDs which you can cross reference you get strings for names and types and stuff it's kind of it's it doesn't expose the compiler's internals but it gives you hopefully kind of data that's relatively easy to work with and we're just going to record it we record all the static calls we record all the dynamic calls the the data tells us perhaps not particularly obviously but you can work out which one's which and then we do the post processing and then we kind of dump it out I mean graphbiz does its thing and you end up with a call graph okay so I don't expect you to follow that entirely but hopefully it gives you an idea that it's not rocket science to do this you don't need to understand too deeply the compiler's internals and this is kind of a useful tool you know it's not like it's not perfect it's kind of a toy but it's like something three four hundred lines of code so if you want to know more have a look through that I'll put my slides up and download so you can find the URLs for all this stuff so okay hopefully that's kind of got you a little bit excited about tooling and the things that are possible to do and rust and how we can make the world a better place with all these tools and you now want to get involved so I kind of selected a few tools that are around I'm sure they appreciate contributions I'd encourage you to think of tools that would help you day to day and think about you know create new tools and come up with exciting things and this would be fantastic and if you've got ideas you want to more help more information about how to use these the APIs I've talked about today how to interact with the compiler in general or good projects to get involved with anything please just ping me and whatever medium you prefer and hopefully I can help you out and thanks for staying awake till the end of my talk and that's all thanks


All right, there we go folks. Good morning. Should be good to go across All ends here inside our live trading room and of course on our social streams Facebook live LinkedIn Twitter and YouTube had a small little issue, but I'm good to go now I believe great to see Michael and Lawrence. I'm good to go for all this inside the live trading room for right now So great to see all of us there. Of course, you could tell this is not Fausto My name is Josh love 10 for anyone new at least on social just Fausto is actually in Florida with the great Tom Busby And DTI he's doing their onsite, you know course just like Tom came to ours just last month So, you know, he has a couple of presentations down there in person So, of course, I'll be tagging in for the morning today But with that in mind folks great to see everybody and with that said let's hop right into it because you know There is a lot to talk about today is the beginning of the Fed meetings and you know That will conclude into tomorrow afternoon at 2 p.m. Eastern time. We'll see the headlines come out We'll see 2 30 p.m. We'll have Powell likely with some presser, you know some more headlines that he'll say But otherwise we should get a little bit of an otter market more kind of slow market heading into today into tomorrow morning That doesn't stop us from making money though at least here in the pre-market or afterwards You know the first hour of the market open is still going to provide some good volatility Just a matter of scanning through working together as a team here. So with that said, let's hop right to it We have the pack W ended up making a nice move just now in pre-market took a little while I have some for fun shares left on this But otherwise we took most of our position out just under 11 37 Just actually I'll go over this morning traders talk because today Tuesday inside our live trading room We'll be doing our weekly workshop traders talk and I'll have a lot more time to break this trade down But this was right place right time These are the levels that I plotted from yesterday.  So, you know the cookie crumbled Well ended up jumping off 11 got out under 11 37 mainly and I still have some for fun shares left Hope with the hopeful squeeze up to 12 But yeah, the bank stocks looking pretty strong once again just up or down right they provide good volatility I know if you're more of a long-term investor or just longer swing trader in general You're not gonna be as keen to try and you know by these right away or look to you know jump in on a more Volatile move maybe wait for a little bit more confirmation But with that said, you know with the call-outs that we're making inside our live trading room I'm not trying to hold on to these specifically not from day to day let alone across the day So pack W. I ended up taking most my shares out. I'm not gonna you know Trade this whole position as I'm going throughout this meeting and as we're finishing up and preparing for the open otherwise So we'll see where this could take us But nice trade at least so far FRC ended up making a similar type of move bit of a Fausto flag actually building up there Higher lows up towards just about 15 30 15 25 and broke that top pretty nicely. So nice move there, too Yeah pack W FRC. We'll put on our main list at least to start You know, of course, we would have found those on the gainer side anyway at some point WAL just is a little less liquid. You know price aside. It's just pretty illiquid So I'm not as keen to follow that However, there's others that we could look at key bank You know if you've been following myself and inside our live trading room or when I do the afternoon meetings for Fausto and 230 Eastern time I just I'm a big fan of the stock. I like this. This is a much more liquid trade It certainly will be after 9 30 when the market opens right now. It's on like a bit of a spread, but I will Bet you let's say and well, this will have a pretty tight spread one to two cents spread at most You know, I'd be more keen to follow this key bank trade So I'll put this on our list also with the other two the FRC and pack W All right, so otherwise what we'll do is go from top to bottom We did pretty well yesterday on a couple of other movers actually really quickly before I do that LFC are it's down six percent probably would have found it on the loser side at some point But let's go over this one briefly because we caught this one from the morning and ended up taking us into the close Really well, so, you know popped up pretty nicely over to and really just didn't really pull back I end up just continuing to make the move up towards 250 and then from there flattened So you're not really expecting continuation heading into the close right away Like at 12 o'clock in the afternoon 12 30 you could hope but you're not like expecting it as much You know it already ran up so well, so the odds of a pullback honestly is probably pretty large there Well ended up showing higher lows So the more it does that into the afternoon meeting when Rich tagged in from yesterday I know he put this number one on the watch list. Hey, it ended up making that higher high So at 2 30 if it ends up still looking pretty strong All right, then we'll kind of sink our teeth into it heading into 3 o'clock 3 30 and thankfully this ended up Providing exactly that for us ran up over three up towards 325 in the after hours Again right now, it's like technically down a little bit. It's flat though. It's not like tanking It's not really dropping off and showing weakness just yet. I'll put it on our side list I'll come back to this at the end even I don't mind See what else we got here first like the other three the bank stocks more All right, so let's run it from top to bottom here. I got no water here I actually got back from dropping mom 1110 off at the airport She was here from the weekend into yesterday hence why Rich tagged in from yesterday So I appreciate him doing that But I kind of came back right into the thick of things and I catch my own breath here. I jumped into pack W I didn't even have any time for water All right, what do we got here? CISO Rich did not put this on the afternoon list I think it popped in the after hours if anything, right? See the afternoon move. Yeah four o'clock this thing broke out off news So whatever happens here this thing exploded up over 300% you know hey the cheaper the stock is technically you know the more explosive will make a bigger move percentage wise But look at where it is now and this is showing some weakness here lower highs going into the eight o'clock move It hasn't done anything since Yeah, I mean we have better we have better and easier fish to catch and bigger fish to catch too. That's fine We got bigger fish to catch this is still a small fish, but pretty nice one here. Nevertheless QNCX I know I know Wayne called us out earlier kind of saying hey It looks like a Fausto flag building up higher lows holding resistance roughly around that 132 135 area and yeah, it led to a big pop so nice move easy to say here in hindsight But man, this was on our pre-market list. This was looking pretty good going into the open and with that You know hey, we'll put this on our morning list here too QNCX I keep on writing QNRX QNCX here. Keep it going NVOS cheapy FRC still running up really well I'd imagine the PacW trade to be showing the same strength or very similar Hasn't dropped yet and it's got a blast back over 1150 I'd imagine major resistance up top off 12 So perhaps I'll make that move pretty soon, but still both of them. I like Edible edible eats edible garden I remember edible eats or edible arrangements all those like fruit chocolate, you know in decorative arrangement type of products that you can get Yeah, I mean right now showing a little strength up a little bit this morning But spotty chart not really showing a whole lot here. Otherwise DPST is an ETF regional bank ETF at that so and the others are moving of course the sector is going to move as a whole and You know, hey, it's pretty liquid here in pre-market Actually, it'll fill in a little bit more after the open there level three and level four, of course I just remember that this is an ETF DPST here So, you know, hey, if you got book map and if you want to follow it give it a shot But you know, I'd rather be trading the PacW to be honest with you I'm gonna put it on our list because if you want to trade it It seems tradeable good spread moderately priced obviously for the sector moving up at the highs All right, what else we got here Yeah, cold Feel like that's just a little too speed. Oh, yeah 72 dollars now. This thing's a great swing trade I know Chuck's been killing it here on the swing and also on the day trade at times, too But it's just getting thinner and thinner. So, you know, nice swing, but we'll pass NYCB I didn't put this on our main list just yet.  We talked about that initially there I'll chat you as well just later on today catch up. But otherwise, um, yeah FRC looking good PacW Key and now the NYCB as far as all the bank stocks WAL I'm passing on Don't need to trade them all SCLB not doing much there kind of it's doing something it's dropping off not making the move that we wanted to make I should say but Yeah, and then UBS. I mean a nice pop. It's actually trading nearly 2 million shares so far this morning You know pretty liquid stock for the most part at least over the last several days But you know for right now, I like what we got here. No need to put this one in particular on our list it's up big if you want to follow it on your side list you can but You know probably find one or two more that looks even better from the loser side here Energy drink break not a water break, but that doesn't help the mouth too much doesn't all right. So ALT Let me check out Benzinga pro for this one actually because I didn't check the news on this trade earlier this morning I'll copy and paste for all of us on social media and inside our live trading room. Just give me a brief second here Of course, it's making me reload my Benzinga pro page taking a little time here All right, what do we got ALT trading lower after the company announced results in regards to its phase 2 Obesity trial and 12 week Phase 1b type 2 diabetes safety trial. I'll copy paste all effort here I'll post there on YouTube and social and then just inside live trading room That's the news on this ALT trade down big this morning. We've seen stocks down a lot more So if you're looking for that illustrious dead cat bounce You know there could be a lot more room to see it drop off It is easy to borrow and it seems to be pulling back a little bit here just on the last few minutes So seems like it's showing more weakness now Yeah ALT on our list mainly as a short to begin and then You know perhaps look for that dead cat bounce after if it fails to break lower Or if it makes a false breakdown and a slingshot back up and over support AG silver stock and I know a few silver stocks down today AG being one of them dropping off pretty nicely here So much like with the ALT trade kind of similar timing with the drop off They're not related, but I'm just mentioning just kind of interesting timing there All right, so you know what? Hey cold going up boil going down and boil. Hey if it is easy to borrow that could be a very good trade dropping off very nicely Kind of captain hindsight comment right there right looking at the breakdown lower off of 407 dropping off about 17 18 cents lower already But hey, we were talking about cold how it's not really that treatable as a day trade You know just too illiquid. This is very liquid and it could go lower So, you know what as a short I'll put boil on our list or otherwise again much like with the ALT and AG if they fail To bring lower or if they reverse around 10 15 10 30 Eastern time and That could be a potential play there Tza small cat bear All right, I'm gonna pass on everything else. I think you're on the loser side Nothing else that looks like shortable or trading a lot of volume that looks pretty good Kind of skimming here, but it looks pretty easy to see Maybe the only thing I'll check out is HUBC We've done really well on the stock as a day trade really like from midway last week all the way to yesterday We did pretty well in the stock and pre-market then from there it dived off, but um, I know It's possible to keep this on your side list You know keep it on the side if nothing else moves from our list within the first 15 20 minutes Which I'd imagine we'll find something or a few things from this list here I'd imagine whole reason why we just scan the market for the last 15 minutes, right? But I'd imagine though otherwise perhaps if nothing else is moving around 10 15 or 10 o'clock you take a look at this It's not showing weakness There's a chance right it's possible There we go just dropped my phone all right perfect folks We're gonna wrap up right now so remember today is Tuesday for all of us inside our live trading room That is traders talk a live weekly Q&A workshop that we host every Tuesday morning inside our live trading room So if you wanted to join us go right down to the link on the banner below We'll post that coming up right now on YouTube and all of our social streams right there If you go right down to the link on the green banner below or scan the QR code right there Actually on the on the page you could sign up for our trading room and then there join our workshop for free actually coming up today Any other questions that you would want to send over to our live trading room for that workshop feel free to shoot me a quick email Josh at CT trading comm of course that mainly goes to anyone joining us So I'm gonna post that once more inside our live trading room for Paul Michael and all of our students You folks certainly know like Manuel and Wayne as well But to any of our trial members today included, you know, hey any questions that you have now is your chance now Is your time so at 11 o'clock Eastern time this morning? I'll jump back on the mic after all the smoke and dust clears from the market open And we'll run it back and kind of go back through the trades that were from this morning and answer any questions in between All right folks. All right, so hey if you're joining us I look forward to seeing you there if not, we'll jump back on social media later on this afternoon 2 30 p.m Eastern time just for the afternoon meeting. All right for all of us there right now I'll be back on the mic just coming up in about 15 minutes. I got to get me some water. I'll talk to you soon