it's fry yay and I am so excited um and I am thrilled for this to be another ask and answer show we are receiving phenomenal questions uh from many of our viewers so thank you so much to each and every one of you and also thanks to our presenting sponsors you see them right in front of you on the screen I always like to say you know do us a favor go find them on the internet interwebs internet interwebs they're not hard to find they are very active very front and center all of these companies are out here supporting the great work that you do and they really are here to support you so they're supporting us they are keeping the lights on as we like to say you know they're really here diving into these conversations and episodes 313 14 plus so we're really getting up there in age and these sponsors have been with us along the way and they are here to be with you along your way and your journey especially as we move into the COVID rebound and I'm so grateful for Julia for having the crystal ball of March of 2020 last year to say you know what there's going to be this long time I mean I'm acting like you actually knew what was happening there's going to be this long time shelter in place quarantine and we need to show up to be of service in a consistent way for our community I'm first seeing this is going to be a long time show but let's just call it two weeks and it has been such a beautiful journey such a beautiful roller coaster I'm not so much roller coaster here with the show but as we continue to bring up all of the current events Julia that us personally our sector our community our families have continued to navigate for you know the last year and a half so I'm so excited to play with you each and every day I'm Jared Ransom the non-profit nerd CEO of the Raven Group and as I say I get to play with you each and every day today is my last day for a week I will be back I want you to know I will be back um actually I think I'm doing the show Monday Monday morning and then and then I'm like set and sale so this is my last fry yay until I come back from vacation I love it I think it's great we are going to miss you but we will carry on and we will see you on Monday we have my seat would you would you just take my seat we will we will be here yeah have some exciting news about ask an answer which will probably be revealing next week when you come back but it has to do with um actually a sponsorship that um a partnership that we we've created with ask an answer and we're not exactly supposed to be other way other way talking about it but it kind of involves maybe somebody here on this screen um anyway we're very excited about it very very excited about it as you know um we get crazy questions all the time people email us people ask us when we're out and about I mean and that's only going to escalate now that we're going to be out and about more so anyway let's start off with Antoine from Chicago Illinois we're finally working on our budgets for 2022 and we want to add a line for personal development training since we've never done anything like this what would be a modest starting point we are a small non-profit and have a staff of 14 we've had this question before we have and I just want to honor the fact Antoine that this is of conversation so thank you for seeing this as an opportunity and something of importance to add to your budget I'm really glad to hear that that is coming up in conversation for your 22 budget um and I don't have a you know I don't have that perfect answer but what I would like to say is I would actually recommend that instead of making it a line item for personal development training let's do it for training so that would include personal development professional development a variety of training right and I think in even as we talk about the Jedi space justice equity diversity inclusion you might want to include some training in there therefore it would not technically fall under personal development but I would really go back to the executive team I would also question and survey all 14 people every single person including other stakeholders right so your board I would include your board in the survey I would also include your key volunteers so beyond those board volunteers and ask them where would you like additional training where would you like additional support gather some of that data first and foremost Antoine and then help to figure out okay based off of these results these are the top trainings that we are looking to offer in the new year and then figure out maybe ballpark what those trainings um cost and investments look like I love that I love your whole approach I don't have anything else to add to that other than when when the when you brought this up um I realized going back into my mind here the deep cavernous mind of all this time spent blurs um you know I always think of like personal development training and all that has technically been for those involved in development like sales sales training how to raise more money you know if we haven't done a good job in the nonprofit sector of training the whole body of our organization and looking at some of these things so um I love what you said and I too believe Antoine that in some times you just got to get on the board in in a budget you got to get on the board you got to get into the budget and then even though it might be super modest then you can start you know moving forward and as you're moving through on the budgeting process maybe something opens up in q4 because you've under you know estimated or under-expensed out other items so I have a recommendation for for you Antoine as well as all of you listening the community foundations of your community may actually provide training for this so I was able to secure 20 hours of a consultancy's time to provide governance training to the board so to the board and to the new hire executive director free of charge completely covered from this community foundation those exist in you know in every community so I would reach out and see what's available by way of a partnership and a collaboration secondarily when you look at this ask a couple of your your peers in the in the community right maybe a food bank maybe a homeless shelter maybe an animal shelter are they equally striving for some of this training and perhaps you could pull together your resources and bring connections to the table so for instance I have a really dear friend of mine that does Jedi work and so she's really been working in the nonprofit space truth be told she was my first fundraising boss and now she's doing justice in an equity work and so she works with a variety of nonprofits at one time to really maximize that dollar so that you know and I don't want to say her pricing because I don't really know it but let's just say you want to you want to do something for $5,000 could you bring in a partnership another collaboration in your community Antoine to help meet the needs of your training but also you're now making a bigger impact in your community wow you are the nonprofit nerd thanks sister get out of those glasses and wear them proudly yeah I love what you just said I think that's genius for so many reasons that collaborative smarter smarter not harder yeah oh my gosh hashtag hashtag smarter not harder hey you know what in my office I have a little sign that says that for more than 20 years I like it not that I always follow it but it's there sister okay Ernie from Nashville Tennessee we have several employees who feel we should have some public statements policies that address some of the social movements we're experiencing in our community who writes these and how enforceable are they we have a small organization and only have a part-time HR person great question Ernie I'm thinking Ernie is that HR person Ernie might end up I don't know but uh so several employees who feel there should have some public statement policy I just talked to an organization here in my local community and the CEO actually shared with me very transparently they have not made a stand they have not publicly made a statement and it's not because they don't want to it's because they want to be very intentional in doing so and so they told me you know they were talking to me about being their strategic planner for the year and that's a service that I provide and I asked and I said if this is an initiative that you want to address in in the strategic planning that's not me I'm not that expert now I could bring in my friend that I I recently referenced an Antoine's answer but really about being intentional um and so you know I'm so glad that you have employees who feel that you should put some of this together I would absolutely pull them together for a conversation and continuously ask who else should be at the table whose voice should we be hearing from who has who has not chimed in right I would recommend taking taking your time in doing this the right way and then once you do make that statement what what is your what is your thereafter how are you following up with that right because we have talked Julia so much through the show it's not just about making a statement it's what you're doing after the statement that really counts and really matters so when it comes to actually writing this I would I would encourage you to look at maybe a small task force this also brings together your employees it provides buy-in it provides collaboration it has all that feel good stuff and then I would also address this you know with HR to say here's what we have what does this look like yeah because you know effort and if you're going to do this and you're going to do you know there's something about making a public statement and especially today think about this this is crazy I just just popped into my head you know today is the official Juneteenth federal holiday that was just you know put together very quickly and initiated for today okay so I mean it wasn't put together quickly I mean it's been a congressional concern but it's moved to the forefront long story short you know now there are going to be policies that your organization is going to need to address is this a paid holiday is this a day of service what are the costs associated with this how do you recognize it all of these things and so these are bigger to your point they're bigger issues if you're going to be meaningful if you're just going to sign something that you copy off the internet that says yeah we don't like to do bad things okay that's not I mean how impactful is that going to be but if you are moving forward in a policy format that's a different thing and to your point Jared you need to be very thoughtful and very strategic about it because then it becomes something that you measure yourself by absolutely and so yeah they're they're real costs associated with this too so okay Ernie I love that you asked this question and I would love to know what this journey looks like for you and your organization um okay oh you know what this is a good one I don't even know what the question is but I just saw name withheld state withheld so my favorite it is your favorite yes so in Spanish we use the word cheese mad it's um it means it's like a gossip it's too gossip I just have to tell you yeah okay it's cheese mad we have a former board member who will be running for state office in the fall of 2021 he wants to come and address our team at an upcoming staff meeting what should we do thank you but no thank you you know I feel like we have had a similar question about someone running for office and on the board should they resign from the board during that time of of campaigning so I'm going to say quite similarly here name withheld state withheld um so you have a former board member who will be running for state office and they want to address your team um fairness equality access if if this person does it you then need to allow the others to do it um so I would say thanks but no thanks um what we would be willing to do is to make sure our staff is aware of your campaign and would be happy to share your website or maybe even your current calendar of events but we are not able to have you into the office to maybe um you know uh persuade or influence our company I agree you cannot do this um it is it's really depending on your what level that so this is for state office okay so they're very very strict guidelines for running for office where you can what you can do and what you can't do how about this idea if this board member knows your sector and they are committed to whatever it is your cause is maybe come up with a sector-wide roundtable of all of those candidates to discuss this issue so for example let's say you are this you work in uh animal welfare um maybe you get a roundtable closer to the primary or after the primary you know towards the general whatever and have that roundtable discussion but include all the other shelter or animal welfare services in that pick a neutral spot you know you could do a community room you can do a church um that has community rooms community foundations oftentimes have community rooms to serve that type of a discussion um and then put that together but I think it's not a healthy thing um now would you put it together as the organization or would you ask the candidate to put that together no you would do the the organization because the organization would then all the organization like say the the sector coalition um sectors yeah coalition so in other words they would pre-do the questions they would find the room they would get the media you know involved um they would get different members or stakeholders to ask different questions on the moderator who's experienced in political responses yeah so I mean I think you could really bolster it and the reason why I like that is because gosh how amazing is it for you to have a candidate who understands your service area right and so to get other candidates to learn to become educated about why it's important for them to be addressing your cause on their platform this is a huge win but you have to be very very careful because you don't want to put yourself nor do you want to put the candidate any candidate into a position where it becomes you know negative or unsavory as we like to say in politics cool this is a real that's a great question thank you name with health you know how me how I love that well as we talk about our pandemics and the political divide is one of those and it's not just at the national platform it really does go all the way through into our local community so okay um Shelby from Indianapolis in Indiana just wrote in this is more of a comment or suggestion we have just added a lunch and learning session where we asked staff members to talk about their past nonprofit experiences and share best practices it has been fascinating and super informative to learn what other nonprofits are doing good oh Shelby that is super cool um I used to and I love seeing this when I would hold team meetings with my team this is when I was an employee chief development officer that kind of position I would ask each one of my team members every time we met right like to take turns and to share a best practice similar to this Shelby based off of what they're working on so for instance our database administrator would share with us why it's important that we collect whatever data and put it into the system timely properly you know all those good things and I'm sure that our dear friend uh we're issues here on yours uh Sasha who is here going to speak um that was really cool but then we also had someone that was really in charge of individual giving talk about you know what it is that that they bring to the table what is the best practice that they use and I use that as an opportunity of um of continued growth learning and sharing and uh so I love that you're doing this Shelby I think that's really cool and I think um you know really if you can focus this in on what are those things that your team going back to asking your team I'm really big on this I want are I want you to deliver what is wanted right that is why surveys happen that's why Bloomering Steven Shaddock just launched a technology survey that he's asking everyone to participate in I want you to go to your entire team your entire organization and ask them what they would like to learn more about you can give them choices you know for instance check all that apply and then have an other so that at least the check all that apply Shelby also provides the opportunity to ignite um creativity and other ideas so then it gives the the participants an opportunity to say oh this made me think of this and therefore jot that down and then I would I would do it that way great people want to know how do we do grassroots front fundraising people want to know about you know how do we do volunteer engagement love to share with you what I had um successfully done at a previous organization I love that I think it's brilliant and I think the thing that I like about it and when listening to you it really kind of amplified this message and that is that so often in the nonprofit sector you know the burden of keeping the lights on is squarely placed on the back of the development team and if we are not sharing with our organization that everyone is part of development everyone is a fundraiser um it just creates more churn and burn it creates hardship um it separates our organizations in a really unhealthy way and so I love this idea for all of us to kind of know what's going on I mean I think we can learn a lot from the facility management folks that are sitting next to the you know accounting team absolutely so I love this good job Shelby and you know what if you have um a uh a suggestion or question or comment we want to hear it because um yeah we want to share those things I mean our survey will go out again in the fall so we practice what we preach too and it's it's been really cool to see that and I'm just a huge advocate for that you are and you're good about that you really are okay we run this comes from ooh the volunteer team Pittsburgh uh pick smart pay a okay we run a domestic violence shelter and have a security policy that volunteers need to sign we have added social media policies or a social media policy but we are having problems with volunteers posting about their volunteer work they're proud to work with us which is great but problematic any ideas this is such a great question because you know what this is one of the big things about volunteer services I mean people want to post I'm volunteering I did this you know I mean this is a big part of it in fact I think it's such a critical piece of the pie for volunteer services to have a media wall in where they register or check in their volunteers because that media wall and it doesn't have to be big will get used one of my favorite media walls ever ever ever that I've seen and I thought it was kind of bold and even when I see it I'm very shocked is um this is as the st. Vincent de paul chapter or conference excuse me a phoenix it's the largest st. Vincent de paul um conference on the planet and they have a giant cutout of the current pope that when you stand next to it looks like you're standing next to the pope with their background and it's just it's a hoot but it's it's really cool to see the volunteers that come in and they're like oh I'm going to get my picture photo with the pope yeah let's start my you know my service so anyway this is one of those things it's great but in the the um domestic violence world this is a security issue literally people can lose their lives over this I have found that when you explain this to the volunteers then they understand I don't believe in my heart of hearts that most people realize that when they go to give service in this type of a campus that it can be perilous or that it can imperil other people men women and children so um I think you just have to be you know very uh concise precise and you have to explain up front up front and even if you're ready if you can pre-register or whatever I think it's critical to communicate this I really really do now you this is another thing you can do is you can have a social media wall whereby you get the logo and all that but then you ask them not to disclose that location or whatever and if you're having off campus events definitely I mean that's that's great that media wall for social media great investment sorry Jared I've just been like I know I was wondering if I was going to get a chance I'll be like and seen so I love this I love the social media wall absolutely I love uh you know the reiteration that you cannot share the address and um and so I that needs to be on the onboarding of the volunteer engagement right so it really needs to be part of that communication have them sign it have them understand it I'm thinking just as you know employees do that as well as sexual harassment and other very serious um you know challenges that is something just very very serious that needs to be taken um you know into really sensitive thought but I also think about you know again the way I coach is make this as easy as possible for other people so set the tone and a couple of ways that I would do that is one I would give them examples of what is appropriate and what's not appropriate what is an appropriate post and what is an inappropriate post so that they can literally see what that looks like I would also give them samples of what they could say here's a sound bite here's a stat here's you know here's what you can post and how we would like for you to post share that with them literally spoon feed them with that information um it could be maybe they came in for a mentorship program here's what you can say through your volunteer opportunity as a mentorship program maybe you came in to be with the nursery here's what you can say you know um maybe you have an opportunity to say you know no cell phones are you know kind of like at the gym you know you walk into the locker room and it's like no photography in the locker room thankfully but maybe it's the same thing where it's like you know you drop your phone that can't go with you onto the campus the other thing I want to add into this is hopefully you send out a volunteer newsletter or some kind of electronic communication to your volunteers use that advantageously to remind them you know on a regular basis maybe not every newsletter but every every so often the importance of not sharing you know certain posts or language locations and faces but use those tools that already exist to remind so that we are now being preventative as opposed to reactive right I love that you know I I'm I'm so appreciative that you brought that up because I was in a situation where I was touring a shelter that went into emergency lockdown and it scared the crap out of me I did not know what was going on and I'll confess I had no idea that that this could happen you know I was thinking it was a safe place and all that but I didn't realize that they had external threats trying to get onto their campus to literally cause harm to the people that were in shelter I mean that's how naive I was and you know those that team bless their hearts they knew what to do and they went into action and it was very secure but it was it was frightening and you know I I look back at it now I could have easily been somebody that revealed this location without intent a male intent I just I didn't know right I didn't know yeah education is the key well and I think that's also important right like if you have a Lyft or Uber driver taking you or if you have a friend dropping you off or a family member dropping you off it's really important as a volunteer manager to make sure that you're in compliance and in communication with your volunteers of what is appropriate not just in social media posting but sharing the location yeah exactly it's a whole dynamic that most people just don't ever understand and unfortunately if you do understand it you know it all too well reasons why again I am delighted that we could have this time together Jared you always get my juices going I'm excited yes I love it Jared is going to be enjoying a birthday event today be safe wear your sunscreen I have it packed I have that in a big wide brim hat I will be back on Monday so I'm excited for that and then I jump on a plane to enjoy my birthday which is on Tuesday so also practicing self-care taking some vacation so that I can relax and recharge come back renewed rejuvenated and ready to rock it wow well you know what I love that you do this you're an inspiration to me in so many ways but yeah I think it's super cool and I'm really excited that we'll get to get you back for one more day before we have a little bit of some time off Monday I'll be back Monday yeah if you think Fridays are kooky wait till Monday hey if you've got questions for us go ahead and reach out this is such an interesting piece of the nonprofit show we love it we don't always have the answers we're excited when you share your thoughts and when we can engage other people with this so you really got four main ways to get ahold of us check out our book club we've been adding new books in fact an author just contacted me last night that we're going to be getting in on an upcoming show she's just written a book about loving your board and I'm like well we need to have you on the show can't wait to read that I know it's not a hoot so anyway check out the American nonprofit academy book club it's on our website again to our presenting sponsors without you we would not be here we are very excited to announce that we have just re-signed moves management bloomerang and staffing boutique to go forward with us for the rest of the year and again those are three organizations that have been really supportive of the work at the nonprofit show so we are incredibly filled with gratitude for that hey what a great week be safe don't get sunburned that's my my advice to you my friend and stay well so you can do well we'll see you back here have a great weekend everyone


Hybrid perovskites are composed of organic and inorganic components which can be used as light emitting materials or photovoltaics. These materials have been shown to exhibit chirality, meaning they have a preferred direction of rotation. This chirality is thought to arise from symmetry breaking within the inorganic framework, but the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. By studying the structural isomus of hybrid perovskites, researchers were able to identify the effect of hydrogen bonding between the two building blocks on the degree of chirality transfer. They found that asymmetric hydrogen bonding interactions between the two building blocks resulted in greater chirality transfer than symmetric ones. Additionally, the researchers confirmed this finding experimentally by analysing the crystallography parameters of the materials. Finally, they concluded that the different asymmetric hydrogen bonding interactions derived from different functional group locations played a key role in the chirality transfer phenomenon and the resulting spin-related properties of chiral perovskites. This article was authored by Jaehyun Sun, Seonil Ma, Young Kwon Jung, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


I might come down here as well, as long as you can hear me at the back, I'm not as tall as Jamie. But what I want to do is sort of think about how this economy that we've heard really how much it's going to change, how despite all that change and within all that change, who is it going to work for? And is it going to be one that's sustainable, or are we going to have an economic model that is making it harder for our friends and our cousins in other parts of the world to even have a fighting chance at a good life? And really I think I'm going to take it as given that we all share a very broad vision of a socially just world, a sustainable world. But I want to ask the question that despite all the amazing work that is happening in Scotland, the incredible businesses doing really wonderful things, the amazing community projects, the really exciting policy innovation, and I have to say when I'm in Oxfam offices in other parts of the world and I look back at Scotland, it's very easy to be very proud and to tell colleagues, look what's happening in Scotland, you need to learn from this initiative and that initiative. And then you come closer and you sort of see a little bit of the detail and you see that there are some gaps and some inconsistencies. And so what I want to really suggest is that we are, we might share this vision of how the world can be better. And yet we're sort of like these folks here who are doing all the right things going to the gym for half an hour, 45 minutes every morning without fundamentally changing our diet or our lifestyle. So we're dabbling in some good initiatives, but we're not really linking that together, adding it up to create the sort of structural change, those fundamental deep-seated causes that will enable us to create good lives on a sustainable planet for everyone. Fifteen minutes, yeah, go have a go at that. So what I just, and I can say we're really happy to talk to any of you in more depth about this. I'm going to race through some issues, but if anything sparks your interest, do stay in touch. I can send you references and all sorts of further conversations. So just see this as tip of the iceberg. But what I want to raise is a few concepts that seem to be sort of burning in my mind at the moment. The concept of defensive expenditures, failure demand, which anyone who remembers a Christie commission five years ago will be familiar with, and consolation goods. And the extent to which so much of the initiatives that we have at the moment are, yeah, helping people survive, which is so, so important, but ultimately they are preserving this current system that is doing so much harm. So can we imagine an economy that's doing things differently? So first of all, why is it that we are having to do so much defense? Why are we failing so much? Why are we having to engage in all this consolation? And it's because we've got an economy that externalizes so much of its impact. We've got so many economic actors that are structured in a way that causes them to turn a blind eye to a lot of their impacts. And also that's in a negative sense, but also not think more positively and so hence underdeliver a lot of the positive impacts that can come. And thinking particularly a lot of business initiatives here. We've got a lot of our economic measures profoundly misaligned to the sort of communities, the sort of economy, the sort of jobs, the sort of country that we need to see. So basically we are still, despite all the wisdom and all the knowledge and all the ingenuity and all the passion and compassion in Scotland chasing after the wrong goals. And a lot of that has created an economic model that is far from trickling down, is actually rushing up to those at the top. And so some of these externalities that are costing our earth dearly. And you don't need to look far in a year of sort of record heat levels where the bushfire season in places like where I come from is lengthening, starting earlier, lasting longer. We've got massive spiders and wasps invading our kitchens. When Hurricane Harvey and then Irma and now Maria, when it was hearing a story the other day about kids in Delhi, kids from rich families, who they get driven to school in their cars. And to get from the car to the classroom, they have to wear gas masks. So they don't play outside because the air is just so polluted. And then when they get driven home in those cars, the kids and the other members, other people living in Delhi who aren't from such rich families, who at the traffic lights might polish those tinted windscreens. Those people are starting to show signs of what miners in Scotland 100 years ago would have referred to as black lung. And it's just extraordinary. And it's these sort of pressures on the planet that are causing earth system scientists and folks at the Stockholm Resilience Centre to warn us that we are pushing beyond four of the nine planetary boundaries. And part of that is because of so many actors in our economy are turning this blind eye to so many of the impacts. And this is wheeled out a lot, this cartoon. And these fit little folks sitting around the campfire for those at the back who can't see it. And they say, yes, the planet got destroyed, but for a beautiful moment in time, we created a lot of value for our shareholders. And it just sort of sadly talks about how we've got these wrong measures. And we've got governance systems in so many of our businesses that are making, I think, good people do bad stuff. So we'll come back to that in a minute. I want to, every time I talk about the impact on the environment, I want to show this chart just to remind folks who it is who is putting most pressure on the planet. These are some numbers that Oxfam calculated a few years ago in time for the Paris cop. And we looked at by-income deciles globally, who it was who was causing most emissions of carbon. And really crucially, it was by their consumption emissions. So it took into account their actual consumption, not the production that they had essentially offshored. When you bear that in mind when you hear claims of decoupling. But when we talk into account people's consumption emissions, rather ironically, what it yielded is this sort of champagne glass shape showing that the richest 10% from people around the world, so those folks driving, or who own those cars in Delhi that I was just talking about, but also here in the UK and in United Arab Emirates, it's those richest 10%, which include us, who are responsible for almost half of all the climate emissions. Whereas the bottom half of the world's population emit less than 10%. So just remember that when we're talking about who it is who is putting most pressure on the planet. It is front and squarely our lifestyles, our economic models who are doing that damage. And then we've got this economic model that is geared up around the idea of more and more growth. And yet, there are profound incentives built in to the notion of GDP. And this is summed up, I think, so beautifully by the Canadian economists who I've been quoting for years. Because he says it's so better than I could. And I could do a lecture on the problems and the flaws of GDP as a measure of progress. But he says, in GDP terms, the hero is this chain-smoking terminal cancer patient who's going through a divorce and he crashes his car while he's eating a takeaway hamburger because he's texting and he's got a job as an arms dealer. And the problem is that all these activities are going to increase GDP. And yet, this is not the sort of person who we want making decisions about how our economy is structured, how our communities operate, not the sort of person we want to work with. It epitomizes really profoundly, I think, the perverse incentives in GDP. And there's all sorts of other reasons why we want to critique GDP. This is work done by folks at the social progress imperative. And they've created something called the social progress index. It comprises 53 different measures that they define as social progress, things like human rights, opportunities, fundamental determinants of well-being. And they've mapped that on this index, on the y-axis here. And then they've put countries by GDP per capita along the x. Don't worry about the detail. What's really key is that you notice that at beginning stages of economic development, more GDP per capita really, really matters. You increase very sharply up the social progress index. You get more social progress for marginal increases in terms of GDP per capita. But at fairly modest levels, that increase in that improvement starts to tail out. This is a notion that I learned in first year economics of diminishing marginal returns. We're getting diminishing marginal returns in terms of GDP growth to social progress. And just one example to highlight that to you. We've got Plucky-Og Costa Rica here, really doing extraordinarily well in terms of social progress. Compared to South Korea here, very similar levels of social progress and yet a gap in GDP per capita of about $20,000 US dollars a year. Another way of looking at that is something that's been calculated since the 70s, the genuine progress indicator. And that takes GDP and it subtracts out a lot of the bad stuff like pollution or defensive expenditures like cleaning up environmental harm or drinking bottled water because water out of the tap is polluted inequality and then adds in a lot of the good things like volunteering, green space and so on. And colleagues of mine who are based at the Australian National University, Bob Costanza and others have been calculating the genuine progress of various countries around the world for many years. And you can see a fairly consistent increase in GDP per capita, whereas genuine progress as measured by the GPI has been largely flat and the gaps they point to started in 1978 and we could have a conversation about what came then in terms of economic policies to cause that. And one of the big things that is causing genuine progress to flat line is levels of inequality. And Oxfam's been looking at levels of extreme wealth for the last few years and we've started calculating how many billionaires does it take to have as much wealth as the same half as the poorest population around the world? And when we first released this and we were very strategic with these sorts of things we released this report at Davos. So we first did this in 2014, it was 85. 85 people had as much wealth as the poorest half of the population. And that figure went viral, went around the world and we were completely staggered by it. And then we recalculated again the next year it had come down to 80. And we recalculated it last year in 2016 and it had come down to 62. And we had these sort of internal conversations thinking, my goodness, it cannot come down any further, can it? And yet then when we got updated and better figures from Credit Suisse whose material we use, we know more about folks living in poverty in India and China than we did for the previous figures. And what's dire is that the situation is worse. And so when you add up the number of billionaires whose wealth it takes to account for the poorest half of the world's population it is eight men, which is extraordinary. And now obviously that's a global figure but we can't sit back and feel too smug that Scotland's in a better situation. We've had income going to the 1% has been increasing recent years still one in five people are in poverty. And of course that's a relative poverty line. So you might think, well, Catherine works for Oxfam. Poverty in Scotland is not really bad. But poverty in Scotland is a life of food banks. It's a life of shame and stigma. It's a life of not being able to participate in the school. It is extraordinarily bad and it's completely unacceptable and avoidable. So we can't sit back and feel that Scotland's not too bad. And if you look at something like the Palmer ratio for Scotland that calculates the top 10% compared to the bottom 40% we're looking at a ratio of about 9.4, which is dire. And with inequality comes people hiding away from each other. These are pictures that staggered me when I was in South Africa recently of just the extent to which people are hiding away behind barbed wire and laser fences and higher walls. And this is what inequality does. It causes people to retreat into their enclaves, to their online enclaves on their Twitter feed or to their behind their barbed wire to their gated communities. And we know this is just one example of what Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett documented a few years ago in their book, The Spirit Level. And they've got this index of social problems and health problems and it is dramatically worse the more unequal the country becomes. And I'm sure you'll all be familiar with the work of Jerry McCartney at NHS Scotland who's mapped just for Glasgow the changes in life expectancy as you go from the West End to the East End to the extent that every train station that you go to the East, men lose a life expectancy of about two years and it's a gap of 14 years in just a very short space of time. I mean, I live out in the other university, I could run that in about, I don't know, 50 minutes or so. It's not far, maybe that's a bit fast, maybe 90 minutes but it's not far. And yet gaps of 14 years, just staggering. And so we've got these responses to these levels of inequality, to this dire impact on the planet, to a sense of community alienation, people not feeling that their jobs meet their fundamental human needs, their jobs are a life of precariousness lacking in meaning. You know, we are extraordinarily lucky to come to these sort of conversations in our suits and have it as part of our work and part of our professional life because most people are just struggling to scrape by. And so we get this effort to heal and preserve and humanize the current system and this is this resilience agenda where people are told, do some mindfulness, change your thinking, be more present, change how you respond to the situation. We do too much of that and not enough thinking about what are the structures that are keeping people in bad lives and I think it's extraordinarily ironic maybe that in Scott's Gallic, they use the same word for resilient that they use for long suffering. So be very careful when people are talking about the resilience agenda as a coping agenda rather than just actually how can we create a better economy. Let's get through that. And so what we're doing is what Manfred Max Neef who's this wonderful Chilean economist would talk about is we're reaching for pseudo-satisfiers. We're trying to satisfy our need for security with barbed wire and gated communities. We're trying to satisfy our need for identity with shopping and consumerism. We're trying to satisfy our need for happiness and meaning with pills and drugs. And yet we know that actually adjusting to this sort of economy again is coping, it's surviving, it's getting not beyond day to day but it's not turning enough attention to the structures of that economy. And so Herman Daley who used to work for the World Bank so he's not a sort of crazy radical economist, he would say that notion of diminishing marginal returns that we looked at earlier with social progress indicator. He'd say, do you know that's probably, I'm putting words in his mouth, but he'd say that's a benign take on things. What we need to do is have a conversation about uneconomic growth, about how much of what we spend is healing and preserving and cleaning up and consoling because of the nature of the economic model that we've got. And this is sort of I guess the social democratic consensus that we've had over the last few decades. It's a consensus of get the economy to grow bigger but turn a blind eye to a lot of the damage that is done along the way. Just get it to grow bigger and faster because then you can take some of the growth and the economic resources back from that through taxes and you can use them to heal and defend against and console against some of the damage that was done along the way. And the problem is, I don't know where I got this photo of us looking at it this morning. I think the fact that this guy's giving a thumbs up, he's probably Australian. But the problem is this model is extraordinarily expensive. It's putting avoidable demands on the state when the state should be on the front foot, embracing things like Jamie's been talking about creating this flourishing tech sector and helping us adjust to this new brave new world of technology. It's inefficient and it depends on a growing economy but if we take the science of planetary boundaries seriously then we have got to get our heads around redistributing rather than just growing the economic pie. And so I'm sorry you can't see this but it's a litany of figures that give some illustration to the notion of uneconomic growth. Now of course I'll start with the Christie Commission back in 2012 where they estimated that well over 40% of what local authorities spend is due to failure demand because of our uneconomic model. We've got Joseph Roundtree Foundation estimating that in the UK poverty costs the UK almost 80 billion a year. We've got Jules Pretty and his colleagues talking about the negative consumption externalities that cost the NHS 62 billion a year that are driven by things like ill health, mental ill health, diabetes loneliness, cardiovascular diseases. These are things that if we had an economy that looked after people we could avoid. In the US there's this rise of this concept called guard labour. There's an estimate that almost five million people in the US work in these guard labour sectors and it's things like security guards, a lot of police officers, people working in the defence industry. And then of course when we turn our attention to the environment there is, I mean there's any list of numbers that we could look at to put a pound sign on the damage we're doing to the environment. I've got a figure here from UNEP that says the cost of environmental damage because of human activity is almost seven trillion. Bill McKibben tweeted during the week that already this year that the US has spent 17 billion. That must be right, I'll check my notes. 17 billion on fighting wildfires just this year. So I mean it's extraordinary amounts of money that we are spending because we're doing so much harm to the planet and so much harm to people. So how can we do things differently? Now I've mentioned Manfred Maxneef already and I turn to him a lot because I think he nails it so profoundly. What development should be about? If it's not just incremental increases in GDP, let's really go back to basics about meeting fundamental human needs. Now of course we've got this vision laid out by countries in September 2015 where world leaders signed up to the Sustainable Development Goals that they're not perfect but in their totality and with that beautiful underlying mantra of leave no one behind. They point to a very different vision of the future by 2030 than we would want to imagine. And it's extraordinarily wonderful isn't it that Scotland was one of the first nations to sign up to the SDGs. I often visualize it as a doughnut which is where my colleague Kate Rayworth took the idea of planetary boundaries to create this sort of outer layer of an environmental ceiling and added this inner layer of social foundation below which it's unjust to allow human beings to fall below. So that yields this doughnut shape where we need the economy to operate inside there because in there it is safe and just. Let's skip through. Oxfam is increasingly talking about something called the human economy which we might come back to. And we've even got folks like the World Economic Forum with this big chunk of their website talking about how GDP is a poor measure of the health of our economies let alone the prosperity of our society. And there is a litany of literature around the flaws of GDP and yet we hang on to it. And it's already been mentioned a little project Oxfam ran in Scotland a few years ago articulating a different measure of progress that was based on what people really need to live were and what they themselves say. And there's some really great work going on to work with the national performance framework here in Scotland to make it correlate more closely with the fundamental human needs of people and planet. So changing what we measure is really important. But also at the micro level at companies as well. Now Jack Welsh, the former CEO of General Electric he apparently coined the term shareholder value. And now he's warning us that shareholder value is the dumbest idea in the world. But I don't want to suggest that I think profit and being a successful viable business is a bad thing. What worries me is when profit and shareholder value is the pure ends in itself. And it puts those blinkers on decision makers because of those internal governance systems that are geared up to deliver profit. What we could do is reconceptualize businesses where profit is a vehicle to another end to. Okay, thank you. Things like benefit corporations and we've got this flourishing of different models of business that are suggesting if we could just put equivalent priorities for businesses, social objectives, environmental objectives, I mean cooperatives are great examples of boring slide isn't it. But this is Mondragon in the Basque region of Spain. And what's fantastic in Scotland is we've got a flourishing of these sorts of initiatives. You know, SKIOS, there's a lot of work and it was announced in the program for government more investment in supporting these sorts of pro-social business models. These is the sort of economy that we need by 2030. There's a lot more of these guys and less of the sort of Jack Welch sort of characters. And we've got to think about how we do work, how we design jobs, how we share. There's, you know, the pretty unhappy elements of work, how we share those tasks, how we renumerate, have renumeration correlated to social value rather than just market power. How we share work in terms of time. And the simple things we can do, like de-taxing labor, you know, shift the tax base to wealth that will change the incentives that people who are designing jobs ultimately face. And then of course, and again, this is an area where Scotland is wonderfully on the front foot, is the circular economy. You know, really moving from that take, make, waste to the circular economy where we cherish things where, I mean, wouldn't it be great if by 2030 the mining companies operating in Scotland could be mining piles of waste rather than the ground itself. You know, getting all that ore that is in piles of discarded mobile phones. This is what the circular economy is about. And again, there's a really nice hints towards that in terms of, you know, we had the drink bottle deposit scheme and how we think about what sort of products we need. There was an article in The Herald on the weekend saying that Scotland is becoming a nation of car sharers and that epitomizes that. We don't need to own a car all the time, but if we could share it with each other, you know, then we still get to our destination, but we make much better use of the sunk cost in building that car. I just wanted by way of finishing go back to that idea of getting it right upstream. Now this is the sort of this social democratic consensus that we have had. This Heal Preserve, this tax, this Grow the Economy Faster tax money out of it and channel it into building these sort of blocks to maybe closing the gap, using building blocks, using our transfers and our welfare system to try and lift people up because those big gaps have been created by the economy. And this is of course important. You know, I wouldn't want to suggest otherwise. I work for a humanitarian focused organization. This is fundamentally important because it helps people survive. But I also think we can do better in terms of removing those gaps and actually not letting those gaps open up in the first place. Challenges, it's not an easy task. And while there is plenty of amazing stuff happening in Scotland, amazing businesses, amazing community organizations, amazing policies, I've already listed a couple of them. There is a big gap between rhetoric and reality and even between the policies themselves and their implementation. We've got selective short-term, long-termism. We're good on infrastructure building, not so good on thinking about other, you know, really upstream root causes. We've got an incoherence in terms of we've had this great ambition around climate change and then we're still talking about reducing air passenger tax and getting every last drop of oil out of the North Sea. There is too much parroting and groupthink around economic orthodoxy. And we were talking earlier around, you know, next time you're in a meeting, play bingo every time someone just says we need more productivity without thinking about what that's productivity is about, who is getting it? And really, in a world of planetary boundaries, do we just need to create more and more stuff? So start, you know, redefining productivity would be a great start. And of course, the grasp of growth. Now, we've got a lot of enlightened policymakers here who have cottoned on to the fact that faster GDP growth is dangerous and unjust because it's not doing the job we wanted it to do. So we're putting some nice adjectives in front of growth. We've got inclusive growth, green growth, shared growth, low carbon growth, sustainable growth, balance growth. And I mean, it's almost getting to the point of low fat, organic growth. But we still can't get ourselves to conceptualize sharing things better, doing things better upstream where we don't need all that growth to heal and console and defend against. So Rob asked me to think about some of those priority sectors. And this is just, I'll finish now, that Scotland is focused on and are they the right ones? And I'd suggest though that, you know, it's not so much the right sectors, but how they operate and who they work for. So if we're thinking about the food and drink sector, will it be one where we're talking about flourishing small local businesses, or are we going to be looking at a situation where we've got these massive multinational companies who kill off small farmers, who throw their weight around on health bodies operated by the government that happens in other constituencies. So we've got to be really careful about how these sectors operate. If it's about creative industries, will they be industries that enable everyone to find their niche, rather than just churning out these little worker bees and sort of identical clones from our universities? And I think, you know, Scotland again has got a good record on that. So I'm optimistic there. Will our sustainable tourism and energy really be serious about sustainability? Will we talk about a frequent flyer levy? Will we talk about recognising that social justice and climate justice demands that we cannot take every ounce of oil out of the North Sea? Will our financial and business services, will they actually be structured in a way to serve the local economy, to serve small, those small farmers that we've talked about, to serve small businesses, to incentivise those pro-social business models, rather than just seeing investment as an opportunity to harness some money and suck it up to the owners of capital? And will those life sciences that we're talking about, will they be at the forefront of driving that transition to a circular economy? And will they use their knowledge that they create for prevention, rather than just healing? And finally, and I am really optimistic here, will our universities teach people to question and to challenge and adapt to the sort of economy that Jamie's laid out? You know, in terms of protecting the person rather than position, rather than holding on to brownfield industries, but helping people see that they will have secure livelihoods. They'll be able to move into new sectors and compassionate individuality, rather than just homo-economicists. Thank you. Thank you, Catherine.