So you love creasing. Not a problem. Face crease lets you quickly put creases where you left click. For example, if you have targets set to polygroup island, meaning a group of faces that are all the same color, all sides literally just means it will crease every edge connected to that group. Generally long sides tries to pick all the edges that go horizontal and short sides tries to get all the edges that go vertical, but sometimes it gives weird results, so be careful. All faces means every face that is connected to your target. Polygroup border specifies that only the border of the color group gets targeted, and polygroup inner means everything except the border of the color group gets targeted. All transitions just means it won't distinguish between edges based on their angles. Shallow transitions means any edge that is bent at an angle smaller than this number will not be affected. So if we set this to 100 and left click this edge will be creased because it has a 90 degree angle which is less than 100, but if we set this to 85 because this is a 90 degree angle it will not be affected. Sharp is the opposite, it means if we set this to 80 it means that all edges with angles less than 80 degrees will not be affected. All targets just means that every edge that is connected to the group will get creased. Outer targets means only the outer edge of the group will get affected, and inner targets means only the edges not on the borders will get creased, and outer and inner have to do with deleted faces. All sides just sets to everything, if you set to outer, only edges bordering a deleted face will be selected. If it's set to inner, only edges that are not bordering a deleted face will be selected. Anyway I hope that helps and as always I hope you have a fantastic day and I'll see you around.


and a privilege to address such a dignified gathering here today, all under the umbrella of celebrating success. This is truly an auspicious occasion, not only for us, the graduating class, and those of you witnessing the ceremony, but also those who would have liked to be here, but for various reasons could not be here in person. Congratulations are in order. I am J.B. Philip, valedictorian of class of 2017. For me in particular, today is a dream come true. A college education has always been my dream. So you can imagine my disappointment when I was denied entry into this college upon completion of my secondary education. But I did not give up on my dream, not at all. My failure fueled my ambition and determination. It took me four long years of hard labor to overcome the myriad of hurdles that came my way. And voila, today I stand before you as valedictorian, giving proof of what unwavering faith and perseverance can be. So with great pride and pleasure, we class of 2017 borrow a verse from one of the letters of St. Paul to say, we have fought the good fight, we have finished the race, and most importantly, we have kept the faith. While today is a landmark occasion in which we should rightly celebrate, we could not have arrived here alone.  My fellow graduates, may I invite you to place your hand on the person next to you. Now don't get too emotional there, okay? Unclose your eyes for a while, and as we were advised to do in business class, do a SWAT analysis, try to reminisce, create your own unique memories of the Sa'a Falou's Community College experience that we will take away with us.  Some uplifting, some transformational, some mesmerizing, some amazing, some utterly shocking. Then offer a silent prayer of gratitude and thanks to those who are missed, your family, the entire Sa'a Falou's Community College staff and administration, the library, the canteen, the ground staff, your teachers, considering what they are paid, you cannot thank them enough.  Charles Dickens, do come in from a different era, something that was perfect in his quote, when he said, I could, it was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope. We had everything before us, we had nothing before us, unquote. Permit me to take a few minutes to pay special tribute to the Southern Compass, still the illegitimate child of which I am a product. Whether it be scholarship, commitment, the staff at the Southern Compass are amazing. Some of the full-time lecturers have their unique personalities. For example, Mr. Ogis is like a tube of toothpaste, if you press his buttons, you would see his true color. Mr. Cereie, our walking calculator, knows every X and every Y that Mr. Math has. Ms. Isaac, our English perfectionist, who smiles says the opposite of what she means. Ms. Popo, though so spoken, is hard on the cases. All of those seeds of knowledge and skills have helped who we are, who we will become, long live the staff of the Southern Compass. On a more serious note, there is no other local education institution that I know of that opens its doors at 7 a.m., only the Southern Compass. I vividly remember the confusion in my mind when I saw a 7 a.m. on my schedule as a new student. This must be an error, I thought, until the secretary confirmed that it was indeed correct. But how does my brain begin to think at that ungodly hour when the rest of the nation is fast asleep? But we, the students, adjusted almost immediately and students as far as souffle is easily adapted. I cannot conclude without making a plea for better in the Southern division. One need that should be given priority is facilities for more of what you call extracurricular activities, but I see as enrichment programs for students with an eight hour break between classes. Students need more positive avenues to expend their overwhelming energy. Right now, some are the mercy of uptown liquor store and Sunday beach. The consequences that we are all too familiar with. My second plea goes to the many business houses out there to do more than turning down applications from graduates because they lack experience. Get involved in the business of education by offering apprenticeship opportunities so that students can marry, work, and school. I am now benefiting from a work study experience as an employer at a very prestigious financial institution.  Our society today is inundated with some very frightening sounds and sights and that are presented to us in the papers on our television, on our popular talk shows as the norm. But I have come to realize that there are some outstanding people out here doing some phenomenal things that we can hardly hear about. It is our time to join them. In you, I see great potential to do great things. In you fellow graduates, I see problem solvers, healers, thinkers, doers. I see our own Usain Bolt, our next Darren Sermi, or even our own Bob Marley.  And I am both humble and thankful to be a small part of the movers and shakers. Are you in or are you out? I urge you to trust in your abilities and the unimaginable will become not only imaginable but achievable. Thank you and I wish us all a healthy, safe and happy future. Ladies and gentlemen.


This one, I love it. It is rare vintage 1964 Krylon glowing fluorescent green spray paint If you guys don't know discontinued colors and items that they no longer make can definitely be a bolo Spray paint don't pass it by look it up. Some of it goes for crazy money. Hey fellow buddies. Thanks for watching Amazing, right? All right, let's get started Hey, fellow buddies. Thanks for watching. Okay, this is going to be a bolo category video and I'm gonna talk to you about big money bolos things that glow and This video is so fun I learned so much super excited to share this one with you guys and let's dig right in and get started on some big Money bolos. All right. So the first item here is This vintage Murano uranium swan glow so Murano can be in itself a bolo item But this one check it out. It glows this sold for $286 and 99 cents I always say that I would put the glowing picture first just because I think it looks so cool But this one has really great color to it. So This was a good sale and Oh, wait, no, I'm sorry What did I do there? Let's pull this up. Oh, here it is this swan 286 99 But I want to see this one now because it's sold for 499. Oh We just got an extra bonus bolo here check this out. How cool is that and he glows too? This one is look, oh I don't know what that is Zanetti So Murano art glass How cool is that and those were both good sales because feedback was left and that's how you check for feedback Alright, this is a vintage art deco smoking ashtray Says jadeite glass uranium glows. So look at this amazing vintage piece Check it out. All right And that was also a good sale sold for 600. I'm sorry $400 The next item is this vintage 1967 Casper the friendly ghost bank. It is a blow mold and I wish they had a picture of it actually glowing They do not but still a very cool piece sold for $67.88 and the buyer paid shipping on that one and that was an auction with 11 bids and You can see here that that was a good sale also The next item that sold is this antique vintage rare Cadmium CAD MIUM UV glow rosary yellow fauceted glass and brass Look how pretty that is so it doesn't glow like a green color. It it glows more of like a pinkish peach color Very cool. That's sold on auction for $80 free shipping The next item and that was also a good sale I'm just showing you the feedback so that you know that it actually sold for that price PJ Sparkles Sparklin's purple bear plush Mattel 1989 glowing stars look at this. Oh my goodness. Do you love it? Oh? I want one. I just want one for me $175 on that. I mean how cool is that? I'm guessing it's probably Activated by light so it probably if you put it up to a like if I put it up to my ring light it would probably Glow even more Alright, and that was a good sale The next item. Oh, yep. I was gonna show you this is not a fluke you guys Okay, so look at all of these sold $175 $155 $150 $154 Definitely a big money Bolo, so if you see this plush You definitely want to pick that pick that up. These are not these are build-a-bear And I think the eyes glow on that I want to say I had that in one of my build-a-bear videos So not a huge money Bolo, but a nice nice little pickup. All right.  Here it is Very cool item sold for $98 on auction plus shipping and a good a good sale The next item are these vintage Hasbro Hasbro Play school glow worms and I actually sold some of these that I got out of a mystery toy box that I picked up at A YouTube auction from auctions for you if you're not following auctions for you And you're looking for inventory definitely check her out and Donna telebottolino I will link them down in the description these little glow worms sold for a hundred and three dollars and fifty cents plus shipping So if you see them definitely Definitely definitely look them up some of them individually go for more it just depends on which figure it is and they do have a picture Of them glowing. However, it's not super super noticeable, but they do glow and that one was good and I wanted to show you some others now this one sold on Best offer so I'm not sure what it actually ended up selling for but it actually has the dragonfly and two figures But it's not a flukey thing. These are definitely a Bolo look at these in the original packaging So a very very fun Cool item to be on the lookout for I just wanted to show you that These do go for big money on a regular basis now. There are some that are bread and butter But like this one must be special and harder to find Here yep same one it looks like There's this little guy So just some things to be on the lookout for Original packaging if you can get them new old stock, of course, that's going to bring up the value But again, some of them are just going to be bread and butter if you sell them individually So this is a vintage ready kilowatt glow-in-the-dark Figuring this sold for a hundred and seventeen dollars and fifty cents on auction plus shipping and These dice vintage large one inch Black Bakelite dice rounded corners neon glow. I don't know what neon glow means They didn't show a picture of it glowing So I don't know if these glow under a black light or not But I decided to show this anyway because I wanted to let you know that dice Bakelite dice can be a Bolo I do have a video that shows you how to test for Bakelite. You can search that on my channel But Bakelite bracelets and different forms of Bakelite can definitely be a Bolo but this sold for a hundred and thirty three fifty plus shipping and That was also a good sale The next item is this bog lens and I have sold a bog land mine was not glow-in-the-dark and mine was in horrible Condition and it was still a big money Bolo This guy glows in the dark in the original packaging it sold for a hundred and thirty seven dollars and fifty cents But these bog lands are definitely something to look for they're like you can put your hand in it They're like a little puppet and That was good good valid feedback there This is just the sword from the he-man scare glow Figure this is just the staff. It sold for a hundred and forty seven fifty with free shipping And That was that was good good sale there This is a vintage Heedon or head and crazy crawler glow worm color wooden lure I don't think this actually glows but glow was in the title And I wanted to show it to you guys anyway because some of these old fishing lures can definitely go for big bucks This one's actually marked on the bottom sold for a hundred and seventy seven dollars and fifty cents plus shipping on auction and That one was good Here we have these eight vintage Ross bro white and red trim hard plastic Christmas ornaments So how many of you would have walked right past these Christmas ornaments? Check them out. They sold for a hundred and eighty dollars and twenty seven cents on auction plus shipping And again, that was a good transaction This one I love it. It is rare vintage 1964 crylon glowing fluorescent green spray paint if you guys don't know discontinued colors and items that they no longer make can definitely be a bolo Spray paint don't pass it by look it up. Some of it goes for crazy money hundred ninety seven dollars and fifty cents plus shipping on that one and that was an auction and Feedback positive feedback was left The next item is this vintage matchbox fighting furries Furries captain kid figure ghost glow dark and it says seers Not really a hundred percent sure what this is but it sold for two hundred and twenty seven dollars on auction free shipping Now I did want to show you that this one only sold for fifty six dollars so if you find these you're definitely going to want to look it up to see if you have a big money or just an Fifty-six dollars. I still consider that big money, but there's a big difference between the two there So it probably depends on the figure This is a nine-inch nails vintage long sleeve large glow-in-the-dark shirt this sold on auction for two hundred and thirty dollars and fifty cents and again, I wish there was a picture of it actually glowing and Feedback was left The next item is this ghost face screen mask now this one is Easter unlimited Where you want to look for is underneath the chin you want to look for this It's gonna say fun world division or it's gonna say Easter unlimited These do vary some of these are bread and butter. Some of these are crazy big money And we're gonna I'm gonna show you another one here shortly But this one sold for three hundred and thirty four dollars free shipping with fifty eight bids And this was a good sale positive feedback was left Now this is a Lisa Frank vintage zoomer and Zorbit mini backpack glow-in-the-dark and they Did a picture of it glowing which I love this sold on auction for three hundred dollars and buyer paid shipping anything Lisa Frank Definitely look it up. Some of it goes for crazy money now There are there's vintage like old old which is capital L capital F And then there's older stuff that's got all lowercase some of that is still I think vintage Not sure of the exact dates on all of it But if it's lowercase I did see that the rebel reseller sold something on Etsy for big money That was lowercase all lowercase still sold for a lot now. She did say it took a little bit longer to sell and Then they are coming out with Lisa Frank new items that have the big L and the big F again, which is gonna make it harder for some of us to determine if it's vintage or not so Definitely do your homework before you list because some of it can go for big money All right feedback was left on that one as well positive feedback This here is the vintage masters of the universe This is actually the scare glow figurine or figure not really a figurine toy figure And this was the staff in the other picture that sold for over a hundred dollars This is the complete figure. This guy sold for three hundred and fifty three dollars on auction plus shipping and Positive feedback was left. This here is a huge Victorian So it's a blood and uranium glass. It is beautiful so for three hundred and forty five dollars on auction I just love this This is absolutely amazing and I sold where I saw where a bunch of these had sold over and over this same like look But apparently this one is bigger. So three hundred and forty five plus shipping I don't think there was feedback left on that one, but if you go into the bid history You can actually see they started this auction at who I have a offer on something eight dollars and fifty cents and It got bid up to three hundred and forty five So a good indicator as to whether or not the person paid is you can look at their feedback But what I like to look at is how in demand is the item and it had nine unique bidders and This bidder had over a thousand feedback. So that tells me it's probably an item that is desirable So that's one way that I research These just absolutely mind-blowing crazy vintage lot of two Hasbro kooky spooky finger puppets And I'm like, is this for real? This is one of those where I'm like, huh? 701 dollars On auction plus shipping. That's I I probably would have picked it up because I just it's vintage halloween But there's no way I would have known that it went for that much unless I would have researched this. So I'm like, is this for real? So I did a little research and it is definitely for real. Look at these sold prices Absolutely crazy So I just wanted to show you guys that these do indeed sell for big money This is a 1969 newspaper ad insert It's just the insert. So, you know, there's people that buy old magazines and they and they part them out right here There it is 69 dollars awesome Okay, so here is a vintage screen mask. This one is fun world division. Let me see It's really hard to see but it says fun world division. So you see the difference The other one was easter unlimited. This one is fun world division from what I understand the fun world division go for more This one sold for 994 I'm guessing this is a first generation because it sold from so much, but You can go on youtube and search videos that tell you how to Understand which screen masks go for more. I know it's the shape of the nose I think some of them. It's the shape of the mouth and measurements. I mean it gets pretty detailed but collectors they definitely know and positive feedback was left for that one so pretty crazy This here is a vintage a little happiness blushables bunny plush glowing cheeks. Look how cute it is Oh my goodness. Um, I know that I really enjoy picking up plush Most of it is long tail. Most of it is bread and butter But it is so easy to list and you can usually source it very cheap This one I've never seen is sold for 174.99 plus shipping And that was a positive feedback sale and Here is um, what I searched was uranium glass And here are more of those Real pretty, um, I forget what it was called But I just want to show you uh uranium glass is definitely a big money bolo. I did not go through and verify all of these I'm just gonna kind of scroll through here and show you some stuff But um, I wanted to tell you to check out over the years on youtube They have a youtube channel and they sell a lot of breakables And uranium glass. They know a lot about it They also do live shows on their channel and I know they're over on whatnot also So check them out, but I wanted you to see um Right here where is it how to photograph uranium glass This might be something that you guys are going to want to go and check out if you're interested in selling this type of thing But I just typed in uranium on their channel and you can see they've got quite a few videos just about uranium glass But they are super super knowledgeable about vintage and antique items highly recommend their channel and Definitely go check them out. I will link that down in the description of the video Thank you guys all so much for being here. Let me know if you loved the video Because I absolutely loved it. It was so fun to make. I was like just looking for different things that I didn't know about That glow. All right, you guys There's gonna be a video put up here and here a subscribe and another video down below if you're new here Thank you. If you've been here a while, thank you. Thank you. Thank you and Thanks for watching. See you at the next one


Welcome friends, so yet in yet another very interesting problem solving session we saw this question today and most of you have answered, tried to answer it and a few of you have taken a wrong approach altogether. Most of you have assumed wrong things and then you have tried to attempt this problem but now let us understand what this problem was and what should be the thinking process. So the question was that 1 inch squares are cut from the corners of this 5 inch square. So this was 5 inch square and 1 inch corner was cut out from the square and you have to find out the area in square inches of the largest square that can be fitted into the remaining space. Most of you have done this that you have considered EFGH as the largest square that could be fitted into this remaining space but you did not think of another square which could be of this type A, B, C, D. Most of you have also taken another assumption where you have joined these points, the midpoints and considered this to be the requisite square but it is not the case. So why because in that case if you join the midpoints there will still be some space left between the corners of the smaller square and I will show you what do I mean. Let us say if you are joining the midpoints and let us say this was all 1 inch square so if you join the midpoints like that, do not go by the accuracy of the diagram what I am trying to say is there will be some space left over here. So hence if you see this is the you are limiting the size of the square. Now if you could have brought this line which is highlighted here closer to this vertex, this this corner vertex so that they are in contact then you can actually maximize the square. So hence but if you increase the size then the square would just go out of the space isn't it? If you try to let us say this is the line and you try to move this in this direction then the square would be like that and then it would go out of the remaining space. So hence in that case what you need to do is you need to rotate this and hence once you rotate it this particular vertex these vertices will now come and fit it into the remaining space and if you see this is how the final figure would look like this correct. So this would be the largest area of the square. Now what are these smaller lengths we don't know but we actually don't require also to find it out to find this area. So what will be this area like? So very clearly you can see the area is nothing but area of square ABCD is nothing but area of square EFGH, EFGH plus the area of four triangles. What triangles? Area of triangle AEH plus area of triangle DHG and plus area of triangle CGF plus area of triangle BFE is it not? Now in all these if you notice due to symmetry all are equal in area and not only because of symmetry you can see that the base of all these triangles are same right. So for example in this case AEH, HE is the base so you can see HE is the base then in triangle DHG, HG is the base and CGF, GF is the base and your EBF or BFE, EF is the base and all these bases are equal right because all these are equal because all of them are nothing but five minus one minus one why this five and then you take this one off take this one off. All are three inches long and the height of all these triangles also if you see what is the height here if I have to mention the height this is the height is it in this case this is the height in this case this is the height in this case and this is the height in this case which is nothing but the distance between the two parallel lines right. So hence what is the height clearly the height of all these height is nothing but one inch one inch why because this line is equal to this side isn't it because if you can see notice this is a rectangle so hence this AE will be equal to sorry not AE this this height is equal to let us say let me highlight this so this height is equal to this side or this height is equal to this height like that right. So hence all the triangles will have the same base and same height now can we not find out the area then yes of course we can find out. So what is the area so area of square EFGH is nothing but three square three into three because EFGH EF this is three and this also is three so area of the square is three square plus what is the area of total sum of all the areas of the triangle will be nothing but four into why four into because all the areas have sorry all the triangles have same base and same height so half into base is three into height is one right. So hence it is six so nine plus six is equal to fifteen square inch so this is the solution so answer to this problem is that the area is fifteen square inch okay so in this case answer is C.


Albert Einstein was born on the 14th of March 1879 in Ohm, the United Kingdom of Wottenberg in the German Empire. His father, Hermann Einstein, was an engineer and a salesman who always wanted to influence the decision of his son. At age 5, Albert attended a Catholic elementary school and schooled there for three years, after which he was taken to another school where he received advanced primary and secondary school education. Albert was an excellent student in mathematics and physics. At 12, he independently taught himself Euclidean geometry and algebra, making him reach a mathematical level years ahead of his peers. When he became 13, he had a very serious interest in philosophy and was able to comprehend complex theories that were incomprehensible to children of his age. At the age of 16 in 1895, Albert wrote the entrance examination for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich. His father and everyone else expected the young genius to ace the examination but Albert surprisingly failed because he couldn't meet the required standard in the general part of the examination. A year later, he took the entrance examination again and passed successfully, acing every required part of the exam. He enrolled for a physics and mathematics teaching diploma program which he completed in four years. His father wanted him to pursue a career in electrical engineering but Albert was never interested in that. He felt electrical engineering was below his intellectual standards and he wanted to do something much greater. His father was greatly displeased and lost faith in him for this. When Albert got into the university, he couldn't get the support he needed from his father. He was sometimes devastated making him to perform poorly in the courses of his studies and also causing him to almost drop out of the school. At the time of his father's death, Albert had not achieved anything tangible which made his father consider him as a total failure before he died. Albert was really heartbroken because of this. After completing his education at the university, Albert was not sure what to do with the knowledge he had acquired at the time. However, he kept conducting a series of research and continued expanding his knowledge in the world of physics. Albert's strong desire to do extraordinary things eventually pushed him to greatness. After several years of struggle and failure, he became a prominent theoretical physicist who accomplished groundbreaking achievements such as the development of the theory of relativity and several fundamental laws governing physics. Albert was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. After helping the world to have a better understanding of how the universe works, to this day, he is still labeled one of the greatest men with an extraordinary intelligence that ever lived. Most times, people become great due to their earnest desire and hunger to do great and extraordinary things. When you strive to do great things in life, even though disappointments come your way, you will eventually become great. As Edmond Hillary said, people do not decide to become extraordinary, they decide to accomplish extraordinary things. You can't become extraordinary by just desiring or saying it to yourself. You must make sure you do something extraordinary, something that is out of this world, something that no one has ever dared to do before. People will definitely label you a great person the moment you do something extraordinary. William Faulkner said, Always dream and shoot higher than you know you can do. Don't bother to be better than your contemporaries or predecessors. Try to be better than yourself. Always desire to surpass the heights that you know you can go beyond. Don't limit yourself. You may have counterparts or competitors, but don't focus on becoming better than them. Rather, focus on becoming better than your present self because you are your biggest competitor. Michael Jordan said, You must expect great things of yourself before you can do them. The first step you must take in becoming great is to believe that you are truly capable of doing great things. When you have those beliefs, it becomes the foundation upon which you will build your greatness. Don't stop having faith in your ability to do things that are not ordinary because you can actually do extraordinary things.


I'm going to be talking about how to do basic power analysis functions in R. So R can be extremely useful for running power analysis. It has the potential to do power analyses of many different types on many different types of statistical tests. One of the issues though is that these many different power calculation functions are distributed across many different R packages. There isn't really one package that will do all the different types of power analyses that are as capable of doing. However, there is one package that can be a good place to start for most of your basic functions. This is a package called power, and it'll do power analyses for things like t-tests, one-way novas, regressions, proportions, and correlations. So it has kind of all your basic statistical tests done. Documentation for the package can be found here. I'll also include a copy of the PDF along with these PowerPoint slides in an OSF project related to this, and I'll put a link at the end of the video to show you where you can find that. So the power package has many different functions in it, but all the functions share a couple of similar inputs. They'll all ask for the sample size and effect size. The exact type of effect size will depend upon the test that you're running. A significance level, also known as the alpha level that you want to test against, and the percent power that you want your test to attain. Most tests will also ask for something called an alternative, and this is really where you input whether you're going to be doing a one-tailed or a two-tailed test. So now I'm actually going to show you how to run some of these in R. So here's my RStudio window, and the first thing I have to do is install the package if I don't already have it installed. So I'll write install.packages, and it's called power, spelled P-W-R. I then have to load the package into R using the library command. I already have the package installed, so I'm not going to run this command, but I'll run this till loaded in, and I can now start writing my functions. So the first one I'll show is the power function for a t-test. So that's power.t.test, and as I mentioned, there are a couple of different inputs. There's going to be an input for the number of subjects. This is a t-test, so it's going to want to coincide for the effect size. It'll want a significance level, and it'll want a power level. As I mentioned, it'll also want what my alternative test is, which in this case is going to be two-sided. And it will also want to know the type of t-test that I'm running. So this function is valid for paired sample, one sample, and two sample t-tests. So I'm going to run a two-sample t-test. Now you'll notice I left these four inputs blank, and there's a reason for that. The reason is that this function, I have to specify what three of these are, and it will solve for the last one that I haven't put an input for. And that's because there are different types of power analyses I could run. The traditional power analysis that most people think of is where you input an effect size, a significance level, and the amount of power you want your study to have, and then you ask for the program to solve for the number of samples you're going to need. But that's not the only thing you can do. So I'll go ahead and start with that. So I want the number of samples, so I'm going to put null there, and then I'm going to fill in the other. So I'll have a medium effect size, which is a d of 0.5, a significance level of 0.05, and then I'll set power to 80%. And so now if I run this, you can see it outputs the number of people I need in each group. And it tells me that I need 63.7, so 64 people per group for a total of 128. Now as I mentioned, I could ask it for something else. So I can copy this code, and instead of asking for the n, let's say I know because of my grant that I can only run 100 people. But I think my effect size is going to be 0.5. So what I want to know is how much power will my study have to detect a effect size of 0.5 if I run 100 people. Now, I put in 100, really I should have put in 50 because this n is not the total n, it's the n per group. So I'm going to change this to 50, and I'll run this. And so it's telling me now that I would have 69.7% power. So I would have around about 70% power for this particular study. So I can also run something else. So I could run this exact same thing. But rather than having a two-sided test, maybe I want a one-sided test. So in R, there are two possibilities. There's a greater than or a less than. So you have to tell it the directionality of the test you want. Since my effect size is positive, I'm going to put greater. And this means that what I'm testing is whether my effect size is greater than 0. So if I run this, it's telling me now that to run a one-sided test, I would only need 50 people in each group. So just to show you that you'll get an error, if you write less, I can run this again. And you're going to get an error because the equation won't work. So if I just switch this to a negative sign, I should get the exact same number of people. It's just going in the different direction. And as you can see, I'm getting that same N of approximately 50 people per group. So I mentioned that all the materials for this video are posted online. They're posted at this OSF project, which will house all the online materials for all the different sets of videos we're going to do, as well as some how-tos and examples. So if you go to the index, you can see all the different materials we currently have uploaded. And for any particular one, if you click on it, the hyperlink will take you to the materials for that particular video. So here's this particular project, and there's the CRAN package, the PDFs of the PowerPoint slides, as well as the R code that will be fully annotated. So you can always go back and look at it. So hopefully this has been useful for you. If you have any questions about anything that we went over in the video, feel free to email us at stats-consulting at sos.io, and we'd be happy to answer any of your questions. You can also email us at contact at sos.io with questions, comments, or feedback, if you have any. Thanks.


Bob asks, are miners spending block rewards and mining fees? Am I correct in understanding that miners cannot spend the block reward until after 100 blocks have been mined? If so, is there a waiting period before miners can spend the mining fees, or can they spend them earlier? Bob, you are correct. There is a coin-based transaction, which contains both the block subsidy, which is the 12.5 new bitcoins at the current rate. The fees, all in one transaction, the coin-based transaction, cannot be spent for 100 blocks after it is mined. This is to protect against miners gaming the system with deep reorganizations. In order to do that, they can't actually spend the rewards until 100 blocks have passed, at which point you have a lot more proof-of-work piled on top of that chain. It is much more difficult to reorganize it, because you don't want miners spending the rewards, and then have the chain reorganized. That would cause havoc in Bitcoin. Both the subsidy and the fees, which are in the same coin-based transaction, if you look at a block today, and you look at the first transaction, which is called a coin-based transaction, you'll see that it's not 12.5 Bitcoin, it's more. The amount above 12.5 Bitcoin is the sum of all of the fees remaining in the block. You can check the math, if you want, sit down and add up all of the fees in all of the transactions, and see if it's the same as the difference between the coin-based transaction amount and the 12.5 Bitcoin that is the block subsidy at present. You'll see that it is exactly the same or less. You can have a coin-based transaction that earns less, but not more. So it's one transaction, fees and block subsidy are in the same transaction, and it's the coin-based transaction that cannot be spent for 100 blocks. That makes attacks against the chain of reorganizations enormously risky for miners, because they may never, ever get that fee. If all the miners try to go back to the Genesis block, how much energy do they need to consume in order to change it? The simple answer is the same amount of energy that was used to mine everything in the first place. That's not actually correct. The reason it's not actually correct is because the equipment that was used to mine the early blocks was much less efficient than the equipment that is used today. Instead of taking the same amount of energy, it's going to be a smaller percentage of energy than the amount of energy that was used in the first place. While it will be done a lot faster, because there is much more hashing power available today, the faster hashing won't be that much more efficient in terms of energy used, because faster hashing means more energy is being used. In fact, the amount of energy that would need to be consumed in order to change the blockchain all the way back to the Genesis block is a big chunk of all of the energy that was already used to mine it in the first place. That's one of the necessary security mechanisms that makes 51% attacks, difficult, expensive and unsustainable, and also that makes immutability strong in a proof-of-work system. You mentioned something about immutability of the whole chain being impossible to counterfeit or change because of the sheer volume of work with proof-of-work. Can we maintain proof-of-work with the current energy demands that it needs? Or do we need to move to proof-of-stake and sacrifice this immutability in some sense? Can we sustain proof-of-work? Or do we move to proof-of-stake? If you try to move to proof-of-stake, only a few will follow you. So these types of fundamental principled decisions no longer result in A or B. They result in A and B through the mechanism of a fork, which means there will always be a proof-of-work network as long as I'm running it. I have a choice as one individual to continue to run it. If there's two of us, better. If there's two million of us, great. If it's just me in my basement, I'm the last die-hard supporter of proof-of-work. I've been in that position before. I've been called weird. It's okay by me. The interesting thing about crypto is that you don't have to make that choice. In fact, in the absence of overwhelming support to move to something new, proof-of-work strongly preserves the status quo by forcing a fork, which means we're not going to leave proof-of-work. It's not going to happen at all. It's never going to happen. It might become very expensive to run. In that case, people will turn off their equivalent, the difficulty will go down, and then it will no longer be too expensive to run. It's a dynamic algorithm. How much energy are we using right now? We're using exactly the right amount of energy. How do I know? Because the market has told me so. There are two ways to make decisions in this world. One is to aggregate all of the information available to the market through the power of price. And the other one is to elect someone to make the decision for you. We already have systems where you can elect someone to make the decision for you. This is a market-based system. And as long as it exists as a market-based system, it will aggregate all of the profit and loss decisions made by all of the participating miners, and say, how much is the right amount of proof-of-work? The current amount of proof-of-work is the right amount of proof-of-work, by definition, because the market said so. Great question to end on. Thank you so much for coming. Thank you.


This research paper examined the use of microbially induced calcite precipitation, MICP, for repairing cracks in asphalt concrete. It was found that MICP can be used to successfully repair cracks of varying widths, and that the addition of fibers further increases the strength of the repairs. Additionally, the repairs were shown to be environmentally friendly, as they did not cause any adverse environmental impacts. This article was authored by Ling Fan, Jing Hong Jing, Xu Kuan Ping, and others.