webinar in just a minute. We will just wait about a minute for everybody who's entering the room to come in, and then we'll get started. Okay, good morning, good afternoon, and good evening, everyone. My name is Vinny Desiderio, the Postal Operations and Safety Expert at the Universal Postal Union. On behalf of the UPU, I would like to take this opportunity to thank you all for taking time out of your busy day to attend this important event on road safety. Please accept my apologies for the English introduction. The webinar will be given in Portuguese as advertised. At this point in time, I would like to introduce today's speaker, Mr. Jose Guilherme. Mr. Guilherme currently serves as the chair of the UPU Security Group's Road Safety Expert team. As you will soon see, his passion for road safety runs very deep, and he's clearly a leading authority in this area. He has won several awards for his efforts and is widely viewed as a premiered expert on this topic on a global scale. We are very fortunate to have the opportunity to benefit from his depth of expertise and brought experience here today. Without any further ado, please take it away, Mr. Guilherme. Good morning, good afternoon, good night. I know that there must be people written and assisted in many places, and that's why you can't just say good morning, good morning. Thank you, Vincent, for your introduction. This is a webinar in Portuguese, aimed at the public who speaks Portuguese, and we are going to start today a series of webinars on road safety in the area, as I have said with many of you. We tend to promote good road safety practices in the area. Today, the CTT is here, we will certainly try good practices from other operators from other points of the world. I have a problem. Before we start, a request for you to have the desire to ask questions, to put questions, but use them only, unlike what is here on the slide, use them only, the question and answer separator, questions and answers, and not the chat separator. In the end, we will have a part to try to answer some questions. However, I hope that there are many questions. If not, if not, we can respond to all of them. We will have the opportunity later to respond by email or by other way. This session is being recorded and the presentation and the recording will be available in the link, in the link that will be broadcast and where you can get this presentation and the recording itself. We will have four parts. The first two are necessarily small. We talked about corporate photos in the world, about post photos and the sustainable development pillars, about the safety program of the city and in the end, just a slide about some ideas we are thinking about developing and we are starting the development in the EU. About corporate photos in the world. What I intended to convey and I say this for a long time is that beyond looking at an automobile fleet of all types of vehicles that have a strong impact on climate issues, we have within the millions of vehicles a very important fleet for its type of use, for the number of people involved, the company fleet, companies that have fleet and that part of them is a transport and distribution fleet. We are talking about about a total of about 1.4 billion vehicles, just the rest of the state vehicles and of these about 30%, about 400 million vehicles are vehicles of goods, transport of mail and all kinds of cargo. This fleet has a much greater impact in terms of global consumption, in terms of consumption, because it is a fleet of all types of vehicles, vehicles of greater dimension, that consume much more and we can estimate up to a maximum of 70% of the consumption of all corporate photos is in this fleet dedicated to cargo and distribution, transport and distribution. We are talking about a fleet that has naturally an intense activity characterized by successive stops, high usage times, therefore, very different from the other fleet of the particular. And with the impact, which is also naturally important in safety and in the safety of the road to the road. It is important to remember that annually more than 1.35 million people die in consequence of the following road to the road and we still have 30 to 40 million people left, some with a lot of gravity and consequences for the rest of their lives. And yet, another very important question, which is whether this is responsible for the first cause of death of young people. We lost many young people on the road, on the roads, and that is a good point. Naturally, the postal frauds are an important part of this fraud. We have to think that the postal network is a very important network, it has an enormous dimension in the world. And we are talking, according to the UPU numbers, of 2020, of more than 5 million workers in all postal operations. There are those in which we have to add other millions of contracted companies who also work in the postal operations. It is a very important network of stores and an intense activity, with great effort, and therefore I usually say that if a vehicle is good for the colleagues, it is good for any type of use. We are talking about a fraud in a minimum of about 1.5 million vehicles and we do not have numbers, there are no numbers about the postal operators in the airport. In a very estimative way, I would say, with little funding, but with examples of other operators, in the minimum we will have about 5,000 deaths per year and tens, I believe, of hundreds of thousands of flights and some with gravity. And when we talk about frauds and postal frauds, we cannot forget the goals that are really sustainable because we are in a fight against time to reduce the impact, if possible, to reverse the change in climate change. There is a set of goals that the United Nations have set in society and it is important to say that the real aviation security has to do with almost all of these goals. There are only two or three people and I dare not say that they are all, but I dare to say that they are almost all. And I will give two or three examples to clearly understand what I am saying. When we are talking about poverty, number one, we are talking about workers who, when they have an aircraft accident, die or get seriously injured. There is a whole story that that family has. And if we were to talk about contractual and not very solid relationships, we are certainly going to give someone, a family for a life of misery for the rest of their lives. This will have an impact on the beauty, on hunger, on education because those children of workers will not have access to the best conditions that the parents certainly want them to have. And that is why, as the UN says, the real aviation security is a responsibility of all of us. And all of us can do something in companies or outside of companies. There are several proposals here, but we are talking about companies. We are going to talk more about companies. It is also important to talk in the Stokelm Declaration that a group of many people of society and that almost all of the UN nations and other governments in the world get together for the first time to talk about this role of aviation in the United Nations. And putting ambitious and important goals in the next decade, which is the one we are in right now. And in the consequence of this movement, I am going to talk to them, namely to the politicians, to the governments and to the companies, all sectors that develop their own programs of aviation security. It is important to say, we are in a time where, unfortunately, we are talking a lot about sustainability. And I am used to saying that there is no sustainability without aviation security. Air security, as we have seen, affects most of the goals of its sustainability and, of course, that we have to act this year. The UN developed this plan, developed a plan for the next decade of aviation security action, in 2020 and 2030, put significant challenges to society and to the countries, to the companies. It strengthens the importance of a holistic vision for aviation security. And it clearly represents the importance of the pilots to achieve their goals. We are talking about 300 million vehicles, 400 million, but they are vehicles with intense activity. If we act in a fleet, we will certainly contribute a lot to the security of our transit. And I recommend the formation of all contours, without forgetting the smaller ones and always the smaller ones do not stop being very sensitive. And now we are going to talk about the rules, about the program of the rules and, in particular, about the rules. Starting by presenting that we are the universal operational operator in Portugal. We are led by the government in the press and commuters distribution and we also have a strong definition of activity. We are an important employer in Portugal, more than 12 employees. We have an important network, a network of stores with a lot of offers to customers and we receive daily about 130,000 customers. We have a big fleet for the country that we are, a country that is compared to other great countries in the world. But in Portugal we have a fleet that is one of the biggest in the country and to which it is still to be counted as the entire fleet that works in Portugal. The own fleet is about 4,000 vehicles of a global activity of 70 million people. In its total amount of employees we are talking about about 150 million people. It is a company that has a notable work in the field of sustainability and we are, for example, with a strong commitment to electrification of the fleet and we also have a strong commitment to the role of the plane. We started in 2015 thinking that we had done a lot of things in the role of the plane but we had to have a different reality in the role of the plane. A global reality playing into all the components where we can influence and contribute to reducing accidents. In 2014, the year before at the beginning of this program, we had 447 accidents with 17,000 daily jobs. 17,000 daily jobs are about 100 people that we had at the time in hospitals or at home to recover from accidents. And we had about 1,200 accidents with large materials. The direct cost at the time of calculation was 2,4 million euros. However, we know that a global cost of accidents is much greater if we count everything that is lost because there is an accident. The impact on the transit, the vehicles stopped because they have to wait for the vehicle to be deployed and the impact on the family everything that has to do with the consequences for the life of those accidents. Therefore, the global cost is much higher. The specialists speak 5 to 5 times the direct cost. We are talking about about 10 million euros. Just to have a reference, a recent study of the National Authority of the Republic of Portugal calculated the costs of being installed in Portugal. We have a very high level of construction and we have done a great reduction in the last few years but this study points that a death on the road has a cost of about 3 million euros and the cost of accidents in Portugal in global terms has a huge cost that can be compared to the budget that the country has for example in an area such as education or health. We are talking about very high costs. We are organizing in the GTT for issues, as I said earlier, it is important that the areas that are more all the areas that can contribute to this effort are made in the areas where they are only specialists. Therefore, if we had an important problem in the vehicles we would have presented people connected to the fleet and to the equipment, if you buy them. In the part of the training we naturally joined the knowledge that there were of the specific areas, especially the human resources and we worked on communication but all this in a more detailed way. The first work we did was a day of our kind. It was important to understand not only the cost, as we saw in the case but also the type of accidents. Why is it important? It is because only when we understand the type of accidents we have we can build the solutions that help us reduce these accidents. Then we looked at the control of the accidents, the information system we had and we verified the need to improve a lot of things and we always have great attention to these issues because as long as people enter and exit so that the information is not so correct. And especially opportunity, that is, in the exact time. Nothing serves to know that this is the year that we had accidents today. It is important to know the information at the right time. We are a vehicle and naturally we analyze all of the security equipment and we introduce alterations while analyzing the accidents. We verify that there were many accidents with new engines. They are the ovens, so in fact the World Health Organization said that the main cause of death of young people is the car accident, the main cause of death is not natural. And that's why we defined a specific model for the new engines. In the general training we put, we revised all the training that we had given and we changed communication means because the important thing is to reach people and to reach people we have to think that they are on the streets most of the time and there is a clear difficulty of having them in the room for a long time. And that's why we had to work with our area of communication to sensitize all people and also act in a specific way. We worked with the knowledge and the knowledge is also a very important aspect of our of our of this program because we want to show that it is possible to drive every day to do the distribution of the rail and not have accidents and fortunately we have many teams and many counters that don't have accidents and that's why we did a recognition of the best teams and we made a specific action published with visibility of recognition of the best teams and the communication as we talked about recently is extremely important. We had indicators during this time during these years we reviewed indicators and created new indicators this is a characteristic of this program is that we are learning we are verifying we are adjusting there are new realities there are new vehicles we have to adjust the work we do the control is not only done with indicators or with the knowledge of accidents it is also done with the analysis of the fault and the verification of safety it is first made by the services by the drivers that use it but above that we also have an action to complement the fault management which is very important to have the certainty that it is in condition and if we find any serious anomaly typical in terms of gravity if there is any anomaly the vehicle is stopped and only returns after this anomaly is chosen it is a very important work that this is done and the important is to have the results if there was a work that is great and there were no results I will not have this work but in fact we have had results in these years 2015-2021 2022 we do not have final numbers but in any case they are very similar with 2021 we reduce our absenteeism because of the air raid in more than 80,000 days in terms of finances we are talking about the value of the air raid as I said earlier this was only one part of the direct costs we have other direct costs then we have the other indirect costs then we are talking about certainly 20 to 30 million euros was reduced in 2015-2020 but this is not only numbers we have to have the notion that these are also lives the suffering that is avoided is the good being family and colleagues this is what is most important in fact to avoid accidents avoid consequences sometimes they are lasting at work and there is also to admit that this is a program that also contributes to the image of the company the company assumes its objective to be a responsible company a company that works for sustainability and also has this component that is important just to see it quickly we started with 17,000 days of work lost in the previous year at the beginning of this project and in the last two years three years that was already in 2022 we have about 6000 days of work lost in a significant reduction and even so in this period we had more activity and the loss was even more significant and therefore we can see this later in another indicator also important when we started this project the accidents with the cause of the plane were the main cause excuse me the main cause of this lack of labor and it was reduced this is the other system the yellow line is the other system the left the center lines the blue line presents the absenteeism of the accidents with the cause of the plane in 2018 we achieved the lower level of the other line in 2019 2021 I don't know but we managed to keep it low in 2019 we had a fatality unfortunately a few days at the end of the year and eventually colleagues who are accompanying us unfortunately we had an accident in which a colleague of ours died and that's why each death situation translates into a recording of this moment another very important indicator which is the days of absenteeism per million km related to absenteeism with the cause of the plane with fronting activity we started in 2014 416 days lost per million km and in the last two years and in 2022 we will be very close we took this number to about 100 100 days per million km I know this number of other frontings and it is important to say that the fronting is a case it is not possible to make comparisons even between rows it is not possible to make comparisons the frontings are different they have different types they have different operating conditions and now the important fact is to see this evolution throughout the time we have already seen what was done before just to pay attention to an important aspect which is in fact we significantly increased the sensibilization and the formation of the plane in 2014 we had only 600 participation in the year we started but in 2017 we had reached 10,000 participation what despite the population that we have the number of workers who are using was not and with that concern that I recently referred to review the way we grow everyone we review the communication and we go up to values that have been established but in order of 30 to 35,000 participation here you see a huge amount of training that the company did and it is important to say that the workers who are the most important people who have a very important role in this project and it is to highlight this contribution on the other hand we have several types of action I also wanted to say that the action practical defensive on the track and with instructors it has been done with conductors as accidents that is, we do not give practical training to all the people that would be impossible but we give practical training that has more accidents and the historical and two or three years passed in the following years the number of accidents that they have is significantly more reduced than actually the advantages of this training sorry, sometimes this happens this all contributes to something that is done every day and that is done with respect which is to have all the consciousness that the situation of the plane is a responsibility of everything it is not a responsibility of all that it is not a responsibility of a department it is a responsibility of all the company and in its activities it wants to buy vehicles it wants to do the work it wants to go to the road to drive all of us contribute communication all of us have a role in this chapter and that is why we are all important it is fundamental to see this spirit it is called the culture of safety on the road and it does everything and it improves everything there is a list of a set of actions you will have more access to presentation and recording whoever it is I will not enter even because I already said the best part of this question I just wanted to highlight the aspects that are unique that are different on the one hand multidisciplinary interventions in teams with more accidents it is a dynamic program I already said that that is, we are learning sometimes we learn with mistakes we do we have to take the conclusions and change it is a program with continuity that happened in 2015 it continues and we have the awareness that when you stop a program of this genre this sincerity will return immediately we have a lot of information about accidents we have an intensive collaboration of all levels of system I will soon refer to the role of the operational system of the operational spheres very important and it is fair the role of the executive commission of the administration of its CEO and it supports a program of this type and it is fundamental that it happens and the recognition through the Rival Showns which is a unique aspect with recognition not only we distinguish the best teams in Rival Showns as well as the best teams in terms of efficiency in driving communication it is done with the resources of all the members but always thought to reach the public or the public I do not know how to comment the the population we have and above all what is important and we will transmit is that sincerity is not a fatality it is not anything that happens because it has to happen and there is nothing to do on the contrary the results we showed that naturally gives work to many people certainly everyone with this spirit have a lot of work to develop a program of this type but the most important here is the human lives and we managed to reduce the accidents and this is always possible only the image of the page of our page in our internet we give access to all the content we develop in this program to all the people in the company through a page we have on the internet and where we have access to all the documentation these are images of the driver's challenge I will not pass now the images, two videos are here first it should not have time second I have to receive the control of this presentation and therefore if we have time I will come back here we collaborate initiatives of European and national character in this case it is the European day that we mark with the contribution of our president we mark a day in which all the teams are invited all the people from the central services transport are invited to assume their commitment in public by assigning a document in which they show in front of everyone in the image in all the images we have people colleagues who are on the street to show their commitment to those who pass and we divulge naturally this program has been recognized it is very important that it is the incentive the work you do the most important is the results but to be recognized the work all of us we appreciate and the fact of this program to be recognized as a victory for the CTT and for the whole team that I referred to collaborate in this program in 2017 we had the first recognition of the European CPC does a very important work in the CPC in Europe in 2017 also of the Paraguay Institute of Brazil and also does work in the professional of the CPC in 2018 we won the prize which is the prize of the CPC of transport and security for the CPC segment in 2019 the CPC the CPC of the CPC of the Paraguay Institute and the CPC manager in 2019 the CPC the CPC magazine program in 2021 we received the recognition of the CPC in 2021 we received the prize of the CPC of the World Safety Award which is one of the most relevant and significant worldwide and last year we were nominated for the second time we didn't win, but who won nominated for the prize of the CPC we have many challenges the CPC goes through many challenges and starts with e-commerce which will require us much more flexibility type of different charges and we have to know this challenge with the maintenance of care with the CPC with the pre-occupation of the CPC and there is obviously a huge dimension of challenges in the daily and the last slide not the last but the one is to talk about what we are starting to do in the U.P. the first is this webinar and the next ones in the spread of good practices around the world another relevant and important work which is the construction of a guide for the implementation of the program it is a guide as I said all the faults are different all the companies are different naturally the solutions of one fault cannot be the same the solutions of the other they can combine a set of recommendations a set of examples of good practices and to be able to help other operators implement their programs another important aspect that we are going to do in the tradition of the U.P. which is the collaboration between the post operators we all work a lot in certain areas for example in the security which is a fundamental area and we really work a lot in the security we also want to encourage and develop the collaboration between the post operators there will be training to be responsible for the development of the security programs we will help the people who will develop these programs we also want to make the recognition of the good works that exist that are made and for that the idea is to create a prize of the U.P.U. for the security of the area and to make from 2024 a regular way a conference of the U.P.U. for the security of the area and obviously we always have the support of the top staff who are at the level of the operators who are at the level of the U.P.U. and it is important to say that these proposals translate the will of the U.P.U. to create the group of the security of the area so that this work of the CBC and so that there is a program of the U.P.U. aligned with the Global Program of the World Health Organization and all the decisions of the UN in this area. I want to thank all colleagues who are watching are close not reaching 300 but I do not know exactly when I will be at this moment is the number more but looking at the participation I would like to highlight the participation of Missambique of Portugal, of Brazil and also of the Angola colleagues who are watching, Timor, Viné and São Tomé I imagine that Timor at this time is a very strange time to be attending a webinar I would say that they are inscribed people from 53 countries which is very interesting and I would like to thank the U.P.U. Vincent Down Irina all the support all the support in this program the presentations will be available in the link that you can that will be broadcast and what I can not show I will see it on my computer, but it is very strange there are many memories we will give account of certain things and we will ask that later a evaluation of this webinar and of the work itself also in the English version in these links that you will see or that you will certainly see I think and I think that in relation to the questions I will pass the word to Vincent I do not know if we have time we have time I spent three minutes we still have a few minutes Vincent are some questions Oh Jose, if you would like to open up the floor to questions people can put the questions in the question and answer box at this time so you do have a question in there can you access the question and answer box Jose? I think we have if you go down to the bottom of your screen you should see Q&A if you click on that it will open the box and right now there are two questions in the box I am seeing them but I do not know if you are seeing if you can answer live that would be wonderful and then I will just click them as you answer them so the first one in the case is Prince Pace I have I have so we have some questions about Oressio Parquinho a colleague of Mercedes asks about the main issues of the 17th century in a very clear way I can say that it is the fault of two wheels the main responsible for the laborers and in relation to the material accidents we have a lot of small things small stocks handcrafts but and then we have more serious accidents there are high-quality issues unfortunately we do not have we do not have a lot of accidents but the objective of the decade is to reduce the amount so we have a very big challenge really here you see a question of Pedro Montenegro my friend Pedro Montenegro and I do the same question I think I already answered I did not have respect for the vehicles the most frequent accidents on the road regarding the vehicles heavy vehicles and vehicles of two wheels I do not have here a grid where we do this analysis that Pedro Montenegro is referring in fact we have an analysis done by type of vehicle passengers heavy vehicles we clearly see that the circumstances in which accidents happen are different the two wheels are falls are basically are falls the accidents of cars we are talking about small touches the heavy vehicles have less accidents but also when there are accidents are accidents obviously with higher costs I am here to try to understand I apologize the infrastructure of the company in the second floor where are they we are talking about the vehicle Vincent is here to ask Vincent do you want to answer no I'm sorry you are talking about Mr Santos this question yes yes you are telling me the question in English is how is the company's infrastructure managed in terms of road safety so I believe that is directed to CTT Jose in your experience we we generate viaries what naturally the access we look we see to overcome situations of risk we can do an important work which is to gather and contribute with information about the problems on the road so that the authorities the entities that have the responsibility can solve them because as we have a lot of people on the street we can do this work too Mr Fernando is not to say the question the advertising double is asking what is what can be done to reduce the accidents of two wheels first we already reduced the accidents of two wheels very significantly and this with the basis in the actions that were described now we have but we still have a lot of accidents with the vehicles of two wheels we today we are looking at the solution a solution possible is whenever it is possible to reorganize a service to be able to do it with another type of vehicle there are three cycles, two cycles and from the electric vehicles to be used but this involves the organization and we are in this discussion with this challenge Paul Baptista asks if the accidents are more in the distribution of the transports the lack of distribution is very large the transports in the CDT have a smaller dimension naturally there are more accidents in the distribution of the transports Paul Afonso Paul Afonso my colleague born in 1748 asked when he showed me the graph about the formation of sensibilization the part of the sensibilization the sensibilization consists of the real information given to everyone that is we are talking about we have a set of contents that we share monthly with a frequency of two in two weeks usually with a period which is the holiday which is Christmas we share a set of themes that go in physical and digital and that are distributed to the teams to all the teams we also have contents all the magazines of the company of the company also have a page of the CDT with themes and therefore we have a general communication plan for the whole company which is prepared at the beginning of the year considering the accidents and special circumstances such as the rains the winter we have this program then as I said specific questions for other specific segments of the population Jose can you let us know what question you are on at this point so I can click them off in the box did you answer them all maybe I don't know what I have lots of questions here and so I know there is Mr or Mrs. Dabo's question regarding the two wheel vehicles did you answer that question yes I did yes I did but I have well-seeded what is the determining factor in the cause of road traffic accidents maybe this will be the last question that you answer if we have one minute ok the determining factor as I said we are roads and roads and road traffic are working in a productive complex we have to manage and work in an extremely complex stressful we have to distribute but we have to find locations where to park what we have to do for this equation is the road safety the concern we have with security translated into a set of aspects I could be here talking to Mr. it would be very interesting but I don't have time in this moment we could eventually think about other opportunities Vincent, I think we are I think we are at the limit I will pass it to my colleague Vincent, do you want to close to tell something more if you just allow me to thank you on behalf of the UPU for putting together this incredible workshop I hope everybody online enjoyed it and we had a very large number of attendees and what I can say about the questions is we are going to copy down these questions and hopefully get answers to people via email once again, Jose, on behalf of the UPU thank you for this fantastic job and this incredible message of safety everybody else have a wonderful afternoon thank you thank you if we can all stay online here we will just make sure we get the questions and then Jose I will try to get them in the format to you tomorrow you did close to the public I believe Irina asked that we start our videos so she could get a picture but I'm having difficulty doing that I don't know if Jose, okay okay, no worries, no problem it's possible Irina, you sent me the I don't know if it's possible who attended the webinar the list you mean yes, I will send it to you today or tomorrow okay, when it's possible okay, thank you to all and I'm sorry for all these problems Jose it was wonderful, it went off without a hitch and you got a lot of questions I've been in a lot of webinars where there's no questions or so it's really good you had an engaged audience so it's a pretty important topic, it's great to see these folks were engaged and it's great to see them asking these questions and you were answering them it was a surprise for me to see 53 countries in this in the register I believe I think the most we had was about 80-80 I think 90 at one point, I think I remember seeing 89 as the top number for a Portuguese only webinar that's a huge number from my point of view, Don I don't know if you can comment on that yeah, it's very big I can I can tell you we are talking about in Angola and Mozambique we had there is a big interest in this program I did know if the transport minister of Mozambique was in the list I didn't see yet but I know they are very interested and but they would like to to use this program also for other companies like telecommunications state companies Jose can you I know you could turn your camera on before can you please try once more yes if arena can get a picture of just you, I think that would be no, I can turn it on now that Jose turned it on oh really? do you want to go back to slide one yeah, the beginning please the beginning one moment arena, you got to join us okay this is the what you want let me get my background going it's done, thank you oh, I see okay okay we'll talk later and share the feedback of course the feedback one minute it's very important yeah, Jose, I'll go through the questions that I was able to copy and paste I'll try to get email addresses I'll get you that tomorrow probably by tomorrow afternoon okay, okay you can answer them at your leisure I would help you answer them but I don't understand I guess I can go through Portuguese but I think it's more important for the expert to answer it's specific to CTT yeah, very much so I'd like to shake your hand if we were in person it was a wonderful event okay bye bye bye, thank you to all thank you


Hi, welcome back to Fill 320, Deductive Logic. I'm Matt Brown, your professor and today we're going to be talking about symbolization in SL. We learned last time about the basic connectors of SL, including how they can be used to translate or symbolize various kinds of sentences. In this lecture, I'll show you a variety of example and talk about how to think through the translation process. Let's start with one we saw last time, but didn't talk very much about, which is unless, and this is described in detail in Section 2.3 of the textbook. Unless you wear a jacket, you will catch a cold. You will catch a cold unless you wear a jacket. We might say either of these sentences is a version of, unless JD. So how do we symbolize this? Well, one of the things the sentence says is that if you don't wear a jacket, then you're going to catch a cold. We can think about it this way. If not J, then D. But unless also means that if you do not catch a cold, then you must have worn a jacket. It also means this. What it doesn't mean is something like this. If you wear a jacket, then you're not going to catch a cold. You might still catch a cold. You don't know. Could other things could happen. So that's not going to do it. Actually, what is useful is that these other two conditional statements are logically equivalent to each other, and to a simple or, a simple disjunction. Now, as Magnus says in the textbook, you might worry that the or here should be an exclusive or. But the sentences actually don't exclude the possibility that you might have both. That is, you might wear a jacket and catch a cold. So jackets don't always protect you from all the ways you might catch a cold. So it doesn't need to be an exclusive or. Inclusive or will do it. So this is the easiest way to remember an unless statement. You don't have to get worried about the order of the statements as you do when you are dealing with your conditional forms. And since they're all equivalent, it's a fine way to translate it. So that's some of the thought process we might go through as we think about how to do these translations. I'm going to take you through an example now from the practice exercises. This is from part A. I'm going to take you through a few examples here just to, again, think a little bit more about how we use these, how we do this translation, symbolization process, right? First off, let me say this part here at the beginning of the question, this is what we call a symbolization key. This is what allows us to move from English to SL or vice versa. It tells us what sentence letters we use to represent our atomic sentences, right? So let's look at this problem. We have M stands for those creatures are men in suits. C, those creatures are chimpanzees. G, those creatures are gorillas, right? So our first one, number one, those creatures are not men in suits. That's a pretty straightforward negation of M, right? So we use not M, right? Question two, those creatures are men in suits or they are not, that is those creatures are men in suits or those creatures are not men in suits, right? Here we've got a simple kind of M or not M statement, right? So the disjunction and the negation are sufficient for those. So you have to think as you do the translation process, how does the they are not relate to our atomic sentences? We've got some, you know, we've got some pronouns here we gotta connect up, right? Let's look at number three. The either or here, right, is equivalent to those creatures are gorillas or those creatures are chimpanzees, right? It doesn't look like two sentences, right? You just got two nouns, gorillas or chimpanzees, but we have to sort of expand it out into those creatures are either, those creatures are gorillas or those creatures are chimpanzees. And then we see we can translate it in this way. Let's look at another example, not from our practice exercises, our homework problems, right? These are some examples from Hurley's concise introduction to Logic textbook. So credit to Hurley. I want you to pause the video and look at these three questions and try to work them out on your own. Create your symbol key and try to try to give the translations for these three sentences. Let's see how you did. Let's start with number one. How are we gonna create our symbolization key for this statement, this sentence? Well, we've got a simple sentence here. Pharmaceutical makers conceal test results. Let's use C to represent that, right? And then they are subject to substantial fines, right? We say pharmaceutical makers are subject to substantial fines. Cash out our pronoun there. We'll use the sentence letter F to represent that atomic sentence. And then we've got a simple if then, if C, then F, right? Let's look at number two. Here we've got a both and, right? Psychologists and psychiatrists do not both prescribe antidepressant drugs. So we've got the both and there. So these conjunctions are pretty safe bet. We also have this not, right? So which do you think is the main connective? That's what I want you to think about. Let's create a single symbolization key. Psychologists prescribe antidepressant drugs, right? O, we use O for that. And psychiatrists prescribe antidepressant drugs. We'll use I for that, right? The not remember is a negation, right? So we don't wanna put that into our atomic sentences. We wanna pull that structure out with the logical connective. So, and then let's go back to the question. What is the main connective in the sentence? I think what the sentence is trying to tell us here is that it's not the case that both psychologists and psychiatrists do this thing, right? Prescribe antidepressant drugs. Rather than saying it is the case that both of them do not do it, right? So that is to say, I don't think it's, I don't think our main connective is an and. I think our main connective here is the negation. Negation goes outside of the parentheses here, right? That's saying it's not the case that both psychologists prescribe antidepressant drugs and psychiatrists prescribe antidepressant drugs, right? And so the not is our main connective. It applies to the conjunction, which is inside. The other way we might translate is we might say not O and not I, right? But I don't think that's what the sentence is saying, right? It's possible that one or the other could under this translation, and I think that's the right way to go. Let's look at number three. Human life will not perish unless either we poison ourselves with pollution or a large asteroid collides with the earth, right? We've got an unless here and remember with unless the easiest translation is just an or. I think this is the main connective of this sentence, right? And then we've got a basic atomic sentence here. Human life will not perish. Let's use L to represent that. We poison ourselves with pollution, right? That's another atomic sentence. Let's use P for that. And a large asteroid collides with the earth, right? We'll use A for that atomic sentence, right? So we got three sentence letters. We've got an unless as I think our main connective. We've got another or here as well, right? But that or is gonna be connecting these two things on the one side of the unless, right? I think we finish it out like this. Human life will not perish or we poison ourselves with pollution or a large asteroid collides with the earth. Because of the way that or works as we'll talk about in future units, it doesn't matter too much which way we translate where we put our parentheses or even if we have parentheses. But for now, I think this is the best way to think about how to translate this. And if we had some other connectives in here like a conjunction or a conditional that would matter, the order would matter more. Let's look at this argument. We can translate or symbolize not only sentences but arguments, right? And that's gonna make a big difference to us as we think about the use of formal logic, right? So if Socrates is a man, then he is mortal. Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. Very standard kind of argument, common example, right? Let's look at it here. So let's create a symbolization key. Let's use S for Socrates is a man. Let's use M for Socrates is mortal. We've got a simple if then, if Socrates is a man, then Socrates is mortal. Socrates is a man, therefore he is mortal. That's all it involves. That's all symbolizing an argument involves. Let's look at a more complicated one. There'll be rain only if it is cloudy. If it is cloudy, then there is moisture in the air. There is moisture in the air if the wind is blowing. Therefore the wind is blowing if and only if there will be rain. There's several different kinds of conditional statements here, ifs and only ifs. So I want you to pause the video for a second and see if you can figure this out on your own. All right, have you got it? Let's see how you did. So first we need our symbolization key, right? Let's use R to stand for there will be rain. Let's use C to stand for it is cloudy. We use M for there is moisture in the air. We use W for the wind is blowing. I believe that colors all of our atomic sentences that are embedded in this argument. Now how do we symbolize the argument? Well, we start with there'll be rain only if it is cloudy. Remember that the only if goes in this direction. If it is cloudy, then there is moisture in the air. That's pretty straightforward. There is moisture in the air if the wind is blowing. There's no only in that statement. So the if goes in this direction, right? It reverses the order from the way it is in the English sentence. And then therefore the wind is blowing if and only if there will be rain. That's a by conditional. So that goes like that. Now this is not a good argument by the way. If you think about how the argument works, it doesn't actually really do the job, but it's a good translation of this bad argument into SL. So those are some examples, but the best way to learn this process is to try it yourself. So what I want you to do is I want you to give the practice problems a go and let me know if you have any questions. But before I end the lecture, let me show you how this process works in Carnap. Just give you a few little examples and let you go from there. So here we're looking at the chapter two, part A, practice exercise. And I've put some general instructions here just to give you a sense of how this works and including the different ways you can use your keyboard to represent our main connectives. So we talked about these problems already at the beginning of the lecture. So you wanna give it a go, right? What you need to do here is you need to first, if there's text in the box, you need to delete that and then you try out some symbolizations. So those creatures are meant in suits. Let's put the M in there. You can hit enter at any time to check and it'll say, okay, well, not quite. Let's try again. I forgot the negation. Those creatures are not meant in suits. Let me scroll back up and remind myself how negation works. I can use a minus or a tilde or a not. So let's use a tilde and then check it. Perfect match it says. So then, now don't forget for every question you need to hit submit. Oh, I already did it before. So, but that's my go. How about this one? Those creatures are meant in suits or they are not. So those creatures are meant in suits. That's M or they are not. How do we do the disjunction? Oh, we can either do, we can do like this. The using the slash and the backslash on our keyboard or they are not. That is a negation and M. Let's check it. Correct, Karnap says. And then don't forget to submit and that says I submitted it. Okay, so that's how we do problems in Karnap. So give it a go on your own. Let me know if you have any questions or any issues as you try to work on it. And I will see you in the next lecture. Bye.


Hello, Anne-Marie. Hi, Jean. Hello, everyone. So I want to start by asking about the role, how you see the private sector and the social sector in a larger frame. I've just written a column for the Financial Times talking about a new ecosystem for solving public problems. And that's what we do here, right? Where policy walks. Policy is one way you solve public problems. The problems of workforce, the problems of education, whatever they are. And just to set the stage, back in 2006, you wrote an article with First Lady Laura Bush and with former President Bill Clinton. So it was an interesting array there. And you said the private sector can lead with innovation and capital. Non-profit groups can apply solutions where they're needed most and governments can help expand those solutions on a global scale. So I wanted to start by saying, do you still think that or how would you frame that today? That was 2006. We're 10 years on. You get to modify or revise. Great place to start. And by the way, I want to thank you for your leadership, Anne-Marie, but also for the important role that New America plays in vetting out some of these things where we bring different ideas together, different sides of the table, et cetera. So you heard, I got started in the private sector. But in understanding my private sector role, when we looked at AOL, was it a business? It was. But its primary mission really was to democratize access to ideas and information and communications. And it was really, at the end of the day, a community business. And I think from that perch, we looked across, we were here in Washington, and we looked across society, and we did see sort of a divide between business, government, and nonprofits. And I think we became very animated with the idea of what it might look like if all those oars could be kind of rowing together, each taking advantage of their own strengths, but really in more of a collaborative, big bet vision kind of way as we deal with the daunting challenges. So following that article, the following year, we did some important work around sort of what we call citizens at the center, or citizen engagement in solving problems. That then went on to lead to a summon on innovation that we did working with the White House. And the whole point ties in very closely with some of the themes we're going to see coming out of this conference. When I came from the private sector into what we call the social sector, I looked around the table as we were devising ideas and plans, and too often didn't see the very people we were trying to serve, didn't see them at the table, didn't hear their voice in the mix, and yet they were the ones living the problems or the challenges. And so I think that really struck us, and this really is what inspired this work around citizen-centered approaches. And so we did this summon on innovation with the White House. The President wrote a presidential order compelling the agencies to engage citizens as they looked at the challenges that they were trying to address. Out of that came something some of you may know today called Challenge.gov, where at any given time there are hundreds of challenges that are put out across the nation from the agencies saying, you know what, chances are the smartest people in the world aren't in our room where we're devising these things. And chances are citizens know these problems better than we do sitting under fluorescent lights, either at a non-profit or at the government. And so Challenge.gov throws challenges out there. We've had some really great stories around citizen engagements that have just led to amazing innovations. So I have to say it is stunning in a conference on the next social contract to hear you say, so our innovation was to encourage government to talk to citizens about solving their problems, right? If there's supposed to be a social contract. Right, exactly. It should start with that, right? It should start with that. That tells you something really fundamental about how the policy ecosystem is apart from the people you want to serve. So government, if there is a solution, government can scale it. You said government can engage citizens in developing solutions. Can government itself innovate? Is there a... Yes, no question. They can and they have. Again, going back to my sort of chops in the private sector, we have the internet because of the government, right? We have so many things, so much in aerospace. We owe to the good work of DARPA and others. This kind of innovation continues today. But I must tell you, we just heard a long talk about policy and the role of policy. And I think the work that we've been engaged in around policy and looked at how do we sort of drive solutions forward, we think of policy as an empowering framework and encouragement.  Because our work, particularly in trying to drive innovation and these innovations focused on key daunting challenges out in our communities, we've used policy as an important tool as to how we build and encourage the right actions in communities. And so I think too often when citizens, when organizations think about policy, they think this, right? They think it's very limiting. It's telling me what I have to... More importantly, what I can't do. And we're saying, hey, don't look at it that way. It is a powerful tool. If you can find certain ways to leverage the strength and what government is best at to enable good things to happen. Thank you. And that is, I think, one of the things a new social contract has to do or the next social contract has to do is to move past a vision of public problem solving only as law and regulation. Absolutely. As you say, as an empowering framework. The Case Foundation does a lot of work around the country. So you are way... And around the world. And around the world. Yes. Right? Talk about some of the places you see the sectors working together and innovating. Some of the bright spots that you have identified and are amplifying. Sure. Well, you know, there's this new movement. Some of you might be quite familiar with called Impact Investing. And really the whole idea is a new class of entrepreneurs and a new generation of companies coming forward that are specifically focused on social impacts in the core businesses that they do. Well, going back to policy being empowering, the GA put a task force together on Impact Investing and I had the privilege of serving on the US advisory board to that task force that was global. And there, what we simply did was looked at policy opportunities that could help this sort of growing trend of companies who at the end of the day are focused on ESG, good treatment of workers, you know, addressing things like education, transportation, energy. We could go right down the list of really significant sectors that affect how we live every day, our quality of life, and bring benefit to citizens. So we put together a number of different policy recommendations that we announced at the White House less than two years ago. And when we kind of put them together, they were very aspirational. It's like, wow, if we could get to this place, maybe things could really begin to change here. So, you know, I tend to be maybe too optimistic in most cases and I thought three to five years we'd be like so happy if we could get these underway. But what's happened is inside of 18 months, those policy changes have been enacted and I'll give you one example in pension funds who are huge sources of capital, okay, for new innovation and for new companies, etc. They were not even able to consider impacts when they made their investments. Now, consider that many pension companies would love to align everything they have with the benefit of their pensioners or the communities that they serve, but they were specifically restricted by policy to do that. So now you've got two funds you could invest in. They both are showing promise. You can't even consider if this one might benefit your class more. So that policy got changed in the fall. I was with the Secretary of Labor in New York and he announced that and we expect some really dramatic changes to come forward. New capital going to these kind of companies that can benefit society. And so I have to use that moment for a commercial break for Bretton Woods to a new America program that is that that policy change enables, so it's a, to Michael Tillerman leads it and it's an effort to get the major asset managers around the world to commit up to one percent of their investments in the social sector, in impact investing in development finance and civil society finance, and that change has been essential to make that something they can do and consumers or investors, I should say, can then look at that. So it is a great example, in that case, of a small regulatory change which many people in this room know how important to find, you know, to get down to that little lever, and all that comes open. So in terms of specific social impact investments, or maybe let me bring you more to the United States, are there specific cities that you see or are regions that are doing particularly in America?  So we could talk about Detroit, for instance. What's happening in Detroit is a strategic plan that was put together by that combination of sectors around a table, together along with citizens, okay? And as you see the new Detroit play out, it's really coming from a shared collaborative vision of what the new Detroit needs to be. And, you know, I, in fact, I'm so impressed by it because a few years ago I took our entire Senior Case Foundation team and we did a delegation to Detroit. Now, normally we'd be going to, like, you know, Rwanda or something to look at what's going on there. But in this case, we felt like it's so important to be paying attention to this new model in America today that we really needed to see up close and personal what was going on. And I think a lot of people aren't aware that Detroit is on the move. You know, and Detroit was once a really great city in this nation. It still is, but I mean an extraordinary city. In the 50s, if you were an engineer in America, there was one place you wanted to be and that was Detroit, Michigan. Silicon Valley was mostly a peach orchard at that point, okay? It was a, the car industry was all of that. It was the Silicon Valley of its day. You know, it lost a lot of things that had going for it. There were some really bad policies. Business did, you know, make some bad decisions, etc. And, you know, ultimately the city struggled. But it's been really beautiful to see the collaboration that's trying to bring it back. I love that. And I love the idea of, again, this bottom-up participation. So a collaborative vision. Exactly. Not city hall fixing it, but rather bringing together all the sectors and figuring out a shared vision that people are committed to. Right. So we've talked a little bit about what you just said as you were describing that. You said philanthropy and nonprofits. And I think that is important. We often talk about the civic sector, the social sector. There are lots of different players, right? The philanthropists, the foundations, the advocacy organizations, the research organizations like we are. It's a very diverse sector. And in 2012, so in 2012, you wrote another article in the Stanford Social Innovation.  But this one, I have to say, hit home for me right now. That's why I wanted to ask you about it. So you essentially apply the startup philosophy to philanthropy and to nonprofits. So the idea of, you know, think big, experiment early and often, iterate, and make and fail your matter. I'm going to come back to that. I think you're going to fail. You're going to learn from your failure. And you argue, you know, this is how we should be thinking in the nonprofit sector, either giving money or taking money. So I have to say, I looked at this and I loved it. But I was reminded of when Secretary Clinton briefly thought about having a reward at the State Department for failure, for the part of the State Department that had failed. And they had the courage, risk-taking. We need all of this. And then somebody sort of said, you remember Senator Proxmire's awards. Let's just imagine how that plays out in the Washington Post. Yes, the Secretary of State is giving an award for who has failed the best with taxpayer money. It doesn't translate. And the foundations who support us who are wonderful don't always think that taking their money and failing with it is not the right thing to do. So I wanted to ask you, how do you, this big, hairy audacious goal, how do you actually change the culture to make that happen? We've obviously been at it for some number of years now. And what Ann Marie is referring to is sort of a campaign that started as a campaign called Be Fearless. And essentially it was calling the social sector to really adopt more of the kind of principles that you see that are present now let me just sort of set the stage for you a little bit. And we have a very diverse audience. I have often said if I'm spending my $100 I can be wild and crazy. I can do whatever I want. I can decide my own risk tolerance or whatever it is. But if you give me your $100 suddenly I'm going to grow really conservative with it. Think about a couple of sectors. Government is somebody else's money. Non-profits, they get grants from organizations. Philanthropies, most of the larger established philanthropies not only have someone else's money they're now managing, but someone else's legacy and reputation. And so I think without meaning to this led to a really, really conservative way of going forward. But when you think about it shouldn't philanthropy be the highest risk capital because we're taking on the highest challenges that exist in the world. But I could also understand at a very human level in government if you take a risk and fail it's called waste, fraud and abuse. No one says that innovative effort didn't really play out. Next thing you know you're going to have hearings. And so I think part of it was true. So part of it is really just coming to terms with the fact that guess what? Innovation does not happen without risk taking. I wrote another blog just two weeks ago that said how to de-risk risk. And essentially if you think about risk as R&D trying new things, piloting, well guess what? In those realms you actually don't expect that you're going to hit a lot of them out of the park. What you're really trying to do is try new things on the hope that maybe one scores. And I think if we could just flip the mindset a little bit that no matter what the institution is or the sector they're in if they're trying to innovate they're going to have to take risks let's call it R&D. And if they're taking risks there is a chance they may fail you have to grow comfortable with that and not sort of beat them over the head when it happens. But the more important thing is we say fail fast and fail forward. And the idea of that is move on and make sure you and hopefully people who come with entrepreneurs all the time it's a big part of our investment both personally and at the foundation.  I'm more inclined to invest in an entrepreneur who's on his fourth than I am the one that's out there on their first. Why? Because I think failure has taught them a lot and they're better off for it. And so it's just a well understood kind of way of thinking and it's a little bit more foreign and established sectors. And so as you were talking I was thinking this is my parenting philosophy which is not oh please go out and fail but it is definitely of course you're going to fail that's not the issue. The fact that you failed meant that you tried and what is often hardest actually is getting your kids to try and it's because they're so afraid to fail. So I want to push you a little further on that. Does that mean then greater support for unrestricted spending? So one of the things that's happened of course is that that conservatism means you want to be very clear what you're investing in. You want metrics. You want to be very clear about what the deliverables are all of that which I fully understand. But it means there's no room to try something in your face. There has to be a certain amount of unrestricted funding. And for every organization and I spend a lot of time with boards and we spend a lot of time almost teaching if you will some of the be fearless approaches what that really means is you have to understand your own risk tolerance and so for some organizations they're so far over on the conservative have to have the data have to have every T crossed I dotted could you try one thing could you dedicate one percent of your budget and we say we have a love-hate relationship with data. We love data just like anybody else and nothing is better than having confidence because you've looked at data and you know where to go. But that's not innovation. If you have the data that's not innovation. Innovation is when you don't actually know what's going to happen because you're trying something new and in that case we say we are the data. We will become the data through what we do. And so when you look at how to sort of take these principles and apply them to a budget or to an organizational approach you can say well some percentage is the sure thing where we have the data and you know there's enough research to tell us we're on the right track a small percentage in every organization has to decide what that looks like you know for their own sort of risk tolerance level should really be we are in pilot mode here we are in D mode here we don't have data to guide us and there's a Kumbaya moment where we know that and no one gets fired when it doesn't work or you know what I'm saying and I think those are really healthy conversations that we've really been trying to have with our sector and I can tell you in the four years that we've been at this and we've had a beautiful collaborative that's come alongside it's quite striking to see what's happened in philanthropy because of it. It's meaning that different foundations are coming together. No question we talk openly now about innovative approaches and being intentional in trying new things and taking risks. So shift gears for a moment and think about one way of thinking about the work you've done and other foundations are doing is they're finding lots of examples of stuff that is great. Yes. And we you know we now really over my lifetime you've had this explosion of NGOs you know anybody you know their roommate could create an NGO of smaller ones of civic enterprise civic entrepreneurs on the ground the problem with that then is how do they scale and that's something you've thought about a lot of us have thought about and one approach that I find particularly exciting in various ways and I just was reading Sally Osberg and Roger Martin's book on social enterprise called beyond better and talking about scale as building networks.  So I wanted to ask you about that and specifically what does it take to make the network go in other words if you're going to actually assume there are a bunch of different organizations they're all doing social impact work of some kind or other. I'm going to link them together but how do you make that an actual ongoing concern rather than just a dead database. Yeah so I think again you know organizations, institutions have to embrace it as an approach meaning they're checking themselves as they take something on what is our network effect going to be and who do we need to partner with you know partnerships and particularly in the nonprofit world have been harder to come by because there's this sense that we're all fighting for the same dollar but I do, I feel better in recent years that there's an awakening to the fact that we can be stronger together even if we don't have 100% of the pie at the Case Foundation our approach is absolutely cross sector. So for every major initiative we undertake we must have a private sector partner a public sector partner in the nonprofit and we have just seen the power of this kind of network effect in driving big change and you know you talked before I reference the government you know can really do some remarkable things at scale so you know you just have to kind of figure out what are the areas of expertise or sort of assets that aren't represented by your own organization if you're really after something and then who do you need to put around the table that's kind of obvious and I will give you an example of this so the National Geographic Society is 128 years old but when the then new media was coming along which at that time was cable they were quite concerned about getting disrupted by cable now they were a venerable institution they were doing quite well thank you very much they had this magazine but they saw where the world was going and they knew they had to adapt and so they joined Venture with Fox 18 years ago to deliver the National Geographic Channel and in those 18 years that has represented the lion's share of funding that funds all the cool stuff we love about science exploration and education I would not I really have to tell you I'm just not sure is like I tend to think of myself as a little out of the box but I wouldn't have guessed that a non-profit could align with a major company to basically further its mission extend its reach and sustain its business model and that's what it did so we call that reach beyond your bubble and our be fearless work and that means who's not at the table who don't you know who can really do some of those things I just talked about for you and what you're trying to do and it's powerful have you found you have to fund what I call partnership brokers I see you can create a partnership but it won't last unless somebody is there constantly you know you have to nurture these things it's business development I mean it's partner management no question but you actually have to pay people to do that in other words that that's a role that we need to create I can tell you the case foundation part of what our people are paid for is to nurture those relationships those networks and in some cases just even help others ideate around what networks could benefit them so yes I do believe you have to have dedicated resources that are about supporting the network and partners but again if you put your business lens on it's a no brainer that you do that every day you would never have like a network of partners and not have someone tagged with that's your job is to make sure that's successful so it's really just adapting some things that we see in other sectors that are almost secret sauce items and bringing them over to the social sector that's interesting it is obvious when you say it in the private sector but I will just say you know again from the point of view of non-profit where you have programs and everybody has their dedicated role it's hard to realize wait a minute we need people whose job it is to put things together and similarly the citizen thing because again from business I had a stint in consumer marketing and you just would never build a product or a service without hearing from your prospective customers but to do that it takes intention and it takes work and it takes someone managing that so if you're going to bring citizens into the work that you're engaged in someone's got to be responsible for what does that look like and what are they saying and have we checked with them lately? So let me ask you a final question because we're getting flashed at so just think big and optimistically for a minute and talk about how you could envisage a a system or a society where we are providing basic services for citizens where we have innovation participation with all those sectors how do you see that ecosystem if you could wave a wand and imagine a different model of citizens getting what they need and a role for government and the private sector? Yeah so this month we're going to host something called MCON here in Washington it's a six year old conference made up just of millennials and we've been funding one of the largest study each year of millennials around social good and how they see sort of the world and addressing social challenges and so it'll be you know a few days here in DC we'll have about 600 with us and we'll have 50,000 engage with us online it started as a virtual conference and so almost any subject I'm coming anywhere to talk about I will say it's nice we're all gathered here it's nice we all have these ideas but in some ways I feel like we could get out of the way because this next generation they just I'm telling you all the silos all the baggage all the limitations and reasons why not that we have they don't see okay I spent a lot of time with this generation teaching in universities at Case Foundation and all the work that I do and I think they envision a very different world the structures don't work for us anymore you know we grew up in a world where there was like business government and that social stuff that's not how they see it they really don't they don't want to even be restricted to thinking about sectors as we look at business structures today it's quite possible that everything we know you know will be upended in the generations I hope that's the case because there is a better way to care for our citizenry to make sure that the things we're doing benefit society you know in impact investing I've said that my vision is when there's no qualifier on impact because all investing will think about values and how people are served by it so I'm actually really encouraged because of the time I spend with the next generation and I think that they have the ideas we should be listening to that's a perfect note on which to end join me in thanking Gene Case that's perfect


There's some good news and there's some bad news to Michael Pittman's profile. The good is that he had a lot of production last year catching 101 balls for almost 1300 yards and 11 touchdowns. And he's got awesome size, standing at 6 foot 4 while weighing over 220 pounds. The bad is that he's not in early-declare, having played all four years at USC, and he really didn't have a big season production wise until he was a senior. Those are both concerns. Fortunately, those negatives may not be that big of a deal. He did what he did in 2019 with some strong target competition, and he's got one comparable that really really stands out in a good way. And that's Brandon Marshall. Like Pittman, Marshall didn't have great production until his senior year, which gave him a bad breakout age. But like Marshall, Pittman should be able to win in the NFL with physicality and athleticism. It's a best-case scenario comp, but that's the kind of prospect that we're working with.


Autolight and its 98,000 dealers bring you Richard Widmark, Kathy Lewis and Elliot Lewis in tonight's presentation of Suspense! Tonight, Autolight presents part two of the first radio dramatization of William Shakespeare's tragic history of love and death. Othello, our stars, Richard Widmark, Kathy Lewis and Elliot Lewis. Doing some gardening? Yes sir, half, and here's my favorite plant. Well, that's an Autolight Stayful battery. Sure, the power plant for quick dependable starts. And unlike other plants, this one needs water only three times a year in normal car use. Oh, it's a daisy, Harlow. And fern away the best battery blooming. It never gets bushed, eh, Harlow? Right, the Autolight Stayful is tougher than a cactus. Fiberglass retaining mats protect every positive plate to reduce shedding and flaking. And give that famous battery longer life as proved by tests conducted according to accepted life cycle standards. So visit your Autolight Battery Dealer, the expert who services all makes of batteries. To locate him quickly, phone Western Union by number and ask for operator 25. I'll gladly tell you the name of your nearest Autolight Battery Dealer, where you can get an Autolight Stayful, the battery that needs water only three times a year in normal car use. And remember, from bumper to tail light, you're always right with Autolight. And now, Autolight presents transcribed part two of William Shakespeare's Othello, starring Richard Widmark as the Ago, Cathy Lewis as Desdemona, and Elliot Lewis as the Moor, hoping once again to keep you in suspense. The scene is cypress. Othello has returned triumphant from the wars, now to govern the island with his wife Desdemona. The ensign, the Ago, jealous of the position held by Cassio, the tenant to Othello, plots revenge on both Cassio and the Moor, whom he hates. Two things ought to be done. My wife Amelia must move for Cassio to her mistress, Desdemona. I'll set her on, myself the while to draw the Moor apart, and bring him jump when he may Cassio find soliciting his wife. Ah, that's the way. Do not devise by coldness and delay. In happy time, Ago, you have not been a bed then, Cassio? Why, no, the day had broke before we parted. I've made bold, Ago, to send in to your wife. My suit to her is that she will, to virtuous Desdemona, procure me some access. And I'll devise a mean to draw the Moor out of the way, that your converse and business may be more free. I humbly thank you for it. I never knew of Florentine more kind and honest. Good Lieutenant, I'm sorry for your displeasure, but all will sure be well. Pray you come in. I will bestow you away shall have time to speak your bosom freely. I am much bound to you. Be assured, good Cassio, I will do all my abilities in your behalf. Bounteous Madam, whatever shall become of Michael Cassio is never anything but your true serve. Oh, sir, I thank you. Before Amelia here, I give you warrants of your place. Be assured, if I do vow of friendship, I'll perform it to the last article. My lord shall never rest. I'll intermingle everything he does with Cassio's suit.  Madam, here comes my lord. Madam, I'll take my leave. Why, stay and hear me speak. Madam, not now. I'm very ill at ease, unfit for my own purpose. I'll do your discretion. I like not that. What do you say? Nothing, my lord, or if I know not what. Was not that Cassio parted from my wife? Cassio, my lord? No, sure. I cannot think it that he would sneak away so guilty like seeing you coming. I do believe to see. Oh, now, my lord, I have been talking with a suitor here, a man that languishes in your displeasure. Who is it you mean? Why, your Lieutenant Cassio? Good, my lord, if I have any grace or power to move you, I pray you call him back. When he hence now? Yes, faith so humble that he has left part of his griefs with me, I suffer with him. Good love, call him back. Not now, sweet Desdemona, some other time. But shall be shortly. The sooner sweet for you. Shall be tonight for supper. No, not tonight. Tomorrow dinner then. I shall not dine at home. I meet the captains of the citadel. Why then tomorrow night or Tuesday morning, Tuesday morning night or Wednesday morning? Name the time, but let it not exceed three days. In faith he is penitent. When shall he come, tell me a fellow? No more, let him come when he will. I will deny you nothing.  Shall I deny you? No. Farewell, my lord. Farewell, my Desdemona. I'll come to thee straight. Amelia, come. Prediction catch my soul, but I do love thee. And when I love thee not, chaos is come again. My noble lord. What do you say, young one? Did Michael Cascio, when you wooed my lady, know of your love? He did from first to last. Why do you ask? But for a satisfaction of my thoughts, no further harm. Why of your thought, young one? I did not think he had been acquainted with her. Oh, yes, and went between us very often. Indeed. Indeed. I, indeed. Do you discern ought in that? Is he not honest? Honest, my lord? Honest, I, honest. My lord, for ought I know? What do you think? Think, my lord? Think, my lord. My heaven, he echoes me, as if there was some monster in his thought too hideous to be shown. You meant something, I heard you say. But now you like not that when Cascio left my wife. What did you not like? If you do love me, show me thy thought. My lord, you know I love you. I think you do.  Therefore, these stops of yours fright me the more. For, Michael Cascio, I dare be sworn, I think that he is honest. I think so too. Men should be what they seem. Certain men should be what they seem. Why, then, I think Cascio's an honest man. Nay, yet there's more in this. I pretty speak to me as to thy thinking. Good, my lord, pardon me. Though I am bound to every act of duty, I am not bound to that all slaves are free to. Utter my thoughts, why, say they are vile and false. You conspire against your friend, Diago, if you but think him wronged, and make his ear a stranger to your thoughts. It will not for your quiet, nor your good, nor for my manhood, honesty, or wisdom, to let you know my thought. By heaven, I'll know your thought. Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock that meat it feeds on. Why? Why is this? Do you think I'd make a life of jealousy? No, Diago. I see before I doubt. When I doubt, prove, and on the proof, there is no more but this away at once with love or jealousy. I am glad of it. For now I shall have reason to show the love and duty that I bear you with, Frankers spirit. Therefore, as I am bound, receive it from me. Look to your wife. Observe her well with cassio. Wear your eye thus, not jealous nor secure. I would not have your free and noble nature out of self-bounty be abused. Look to it. Do you say so? She did deceive her father marrying you. And when she seemed to shake and fear your look, she loved them most. And so she did. I see this hath a little dashed your spirits. Not a jot. Not a jot. If faith I fear it has, I hope you will consider what his spoke comes from my love. But I do see your mood. I pray you not to strain my speech to grosser issues, nor to larger reach than to suspicion. I will not. Should you do so, my lord, my speech should fall into such vile success as my thoughts aim not at. Cassio is my worthy friend. My lord, I see you are moved. No, not much moved. I do not think, but Desdemona is honest. Long live she saw. And long live you to think so. Farewell. If you do perceive more, let me know more. Set your wife amelior to observe. Leave me, Iago. My lord, I take my leave. If she be false, oh, then heaven mocks itself. I'll not believe it. Oh, now, my dear Othello, your dinner and the generous islanders by you invited to attend your presence. I am to blame. Why is your speech so faint? Are you not well? I have a pain upon my forehead here. Faith that's with watching, tulle away again. Let me but bind your head within this hour. It will be well again. Your handkerchief is too little. Othello puts the handkerchief from him, and Desdemona unwittingly drops it. Come, I'll go in with you. I am very sorry that you are not well. They exit, leaving Amelia alone in the garden. I'm glad I have found this handkerchief. This was her first remembrance from the Moor. In recent days, my wayward husband has 100 times ruled me to steal it. But she so loves the token for Othello, conjured her she should ever keep it, that she reserves it ever more about her to kiss and talk to. How now? What do you hear alone? Do not you chide. I have a thing for you. A thing for me? What will you give me now for that same handkerchief? What handkerchief? What handkerchief? Why, that the Moor first gave to Desdemona. That which so often you did bid me steal? Has stolen it from her? No, Faith. She let it drop by negligence into the advantage that I being here took it up. Look, here it is. A good wench. Give it me. What will you do with it that you have been so earnest to have me felt you? Why, what's that to you? If it be not for some purpose of import, give it me again. Poor lady, she'll run mad when she shall lack it. I have use for it. Go, leave me. I will, in Cassio's lodging, lose this handkerchief and let him find it. Trifles light as air are to the jealous confirmation strong as proofs of holy writ. This may do something. The Moor already changes with my poison. I did say so. Look where he comes. False to me. To me. Why, how now, General? No more of that. Begone, you've set me on the rack. I swear it is better to be much abused than but to know a little. I am sorry to hear this. Villain, be sure thou prove my love a scumpet. Be sure of it. Give me the oculoproof. Or by the worth of man's eternal soul, you'd better have been born a dog than answer my weight to wrath. Just come to this. Make me to see it. I'll have some proof. I'll not endure it. I see, sir, you are eaten up with passion. I do repent me that I put it to you. You would be satisfied. Would, nay, I will. Give me a living reason. She's disloyal. I do not like the office. But since I am entered into this cause so far, I'll prick to it by foolish honesty and love. I will go on with Casio lately, and being troubled with a raging tooth I could not sleep. There are a kind of men so loose of soul that in their sleep will mutter their affairs. One of this kind is Casio. In sleep, I heard him say, sweet Desdemona, let us be wary. Let us hide our love.  Monstrous. It is a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream. And this may help to thicken other proofs that do demonstrate thinness. Tear her to pieces. Nay, but be wise, yet we see nothing done. She may be honest yet. Tell me about this. Have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief spotted with strawberries in your wife's hand? I gave her such a one, it was my first gift. I know not that, but such a handkerchief, I'm sure it was your wife's. Did I today see Casio wipe his beard with? If be that. If be that, or any that was hers, it speaks against her with the other proofs. Now do I see it is true. Oh, blood, Iago. Blood. Then witness that here Iago does give up the execution of his wit, hands, heart, to wrong the fellow's service.  I will upon the instant put you to it. Within these three days, let me hear you say that Casio's not alive. My friend is dead. It is done at your request. But let her live. Damn her.  Come, go with me a part. I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant. I am your role forever. Autolight is bringing you Richard Whitmark, Cathy Lewis, and Elliot Lewis in part two of William Shakespeare's Othello. Tonight's presentation in radio's outstanding theater of thrills suspense. Ah, many times the time, eh, Harlow? Yeah, the time to get an auto light, stay full battery, the perfectly performing, peerless producer of prompt propulsion that needs water only three times a year in normal car use. A pretty particular package, Harlow. Yes, Hap and that personable, power-packed paragon is persistently prepared to give quick starting power every time. Fiberglass retaining mats protect every positive plate to reduce shedding and flaking, and give the auto light stay full battery longer life, as proved by tests conducted according to accepted life cycle standards. And what's the name again, Harlow? Why the auto lights stay full. The battery that says right on the case needs water only three times a year in normal car use. Friends, to quickly locate your nearest auto light battery dealer, just phone Western Union by number and ask for operator 25. I'll gladly tell you his name and address. And remember, from bumper to tail light, you're always right with auto light. And now, auto light brings back to our Hollywood soundstage, Richard Widmark, Kathy Lewis, and Elliot Lewis. In the concluding act of Mr. Lewis's production of William Shakespeare's Othello, a tale well calculated to keep you in suspense. Desdemona's bed chamber, early evening. Do you, Desdemona? Well, my good lord. Give me your hand. This hand is moist, my lady. It yet has felt no age, nor known no sorrow. Hot, hot and moist. Here's a young and sweating devil here that commonly rebels. It is a good hand, a frank one. You may indeed say so, but was that hand that gave away my heart? A liberal hand. I cannot speak of this. Come, come, your promise. What promise, Chuck? I have sent to bid Cassio come speak with you. I have a salt and sullen room, offends me. Lend me thy handkerchief, that which I gave you. I have it not about me. Not? No, faith, my lord. That's a fault. That handkerchief did an Egyptian to my mother give. She dying gave it me and bid me when my fate would have me wife to give it her. I did so. And take heed on it. Make it a darling like your precious eye. To lose or give it away was such a petition as nothing else could match. Most veritable therefore look to it well. Then would to God that I had never seen it. Wherefore? Why do you speak so startling and rash? Is it lost? Is it gone? Speak is out of the way. And bless you. It is not lost, but what an if it were. I say it is not lost. Fetch it. Let me see it. Why so I can, sir, but I will not now. This is a trick to put me from my suit. I pray let Cassio be received again. Fetch me that handkerchief my mind misgives. I pray talk to me of Cassio. The handkerchief. A man that all his time has founded his good fortunes on your love shared danger. The handkerchief. Faith you are to blame. Stop. They that mean virtuously and yet do so that devil their virtue tempts and they tempt heaven. So they do nothing to the venial slip. But if I give my wife a handkerchief. What then? Why then to sirs, my lord. And being hers, she may, I think, bestow it on any man. She is protectress of her honor too. May she give that? Oh, to foul and hate. With mine, officer. Let's foul her.  This night, I'll not expostulate with her, lest her body and beauty and provide my mind again. This night, Iago. Do it not with poison. Strangle her in her bed. Good. The justice of it pleases. Very good. And for Cassio, let me be his undertaker. You shall hear more by midnight. Who's there? But, fellow, will you come to bed, my lord? Have you prayed tonight, Desdemona? Aye, my lord. If you bethink yourself of any crime unrecognized as yet to heaven and grace solicit for its strength. Last, my lord, what may you mean by that? Well, do it and be brief. I will walk by. I would not kill thy unprepared spirit. Now, heaven, for a friend, I would not kill thy soul. Talk you of killing? Aye, I do. And heaven, have mercy on me. Think on thy sins. There are loves I bear to you.  That death's unnatural that kills for loving. What's the matter? That handkerchief, which I so loved and gave you, you gave to Cassio. No. By my life and soul, send for the man and ask him. Sweet soul, take heed. Take heed of perjury, you're on your deathbed. But not yet to die. Yes, presently. Therefore confess you freely of your sin.  My lord, have mercy on me. I say amen. And have you mercy too.  Never loved, Cassio. Never gave him token. No perjured woman. You stone my heart and make me call what I intend to do a murder, which I thought a sacrifice. I never gave it to him. Send for him hither, let him confess a truth. He has confessed. What, my lord? That he has used thee. How? Unlawfully? Aye. He will not say so.  Honest, Diego has taken order for him. My fear interprets, then. What? Is he dead? Had all his hairs been lives, my great revenge had stomach for him all. Alas, he is betrayed, and I undone. Oh, strumpet! Weep you for him to my face! Banish me, my lord, but kill me not. Kill me tomorrow. Let me live tonight. Nay, it is too late. Oh, lord, lord, lord. It is Amelia. Ah, no more moving. Still is the grave. My lord! If she come in, she'll sure speak to my wife. My wife. My wife. My wife. I have no wife. I don't speak to you, then. Let me the curtains draw. What's the matter? Oh, my good lord. What now? Alas, what cries that? Then? What? Alas, it is my lady's voice. Oh, lady, speak again. Sweetest, Amona. Oh, sweet mistress, speak. Who has done this deed? It was I that killed her. She was false as water. Thou has rash as fire to say that she was false. Oh, she was heavenly true. Your husband, you at all. My husband. Your husband. That she was false to wed? I was Cassio. If he say so, he lies to his heart. She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. What? Help, help, help, help! You come, Iago, you have done well that men must lay their murders on your neck. What is the matter? Disprove this villain, if you are a man. He says you told him that his wife was false. I told him what I thought and told no more than what he found himself was apt and true. But did you ever tell him she was false? I did.  She fought with Cassio. Iago knows that she with Cassio is the act of shame a thousand times committed. And she did gratify his amorous works with the recognizance and pledge of love which I first gave her. It was a handkerchief. No more. The handkerchief you speak on, I found by fortune and did give my husband. For often with a solemn earnestness more than indeed belonged to such a trifle, he begged of me to steal it. Villainess! You gave it, Cassio! No, alas, I found it and I did gift my husband. Filth, you lie! There are no stones in heaven but what serve for the thunder. Precious villains! Bring his sword from him! I plead, sir, but not killed. I am not sorry, neither. I'd have thee live. For in my sense, there's happiness to die. Othello, you must forsake this room and go with us.  You shall close prison arrest till the nature of your fault be known to the Venetian state. Come, bring him away. Soft you! A word or two, I've done the state some service and they know it. No more of that. I pray you, in your letters, when you shall these unlucky deeds relate, speak of them as they are. Nothing extenuate, nor set down audit malice. Then must you speak of one that loved not wisely, but too well. Of one not easily jealous but being wrought perplexed at the extreme. Of one whose hand, like the base Indian, threw a pearl away, richer than all his tribe. I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this.  Tragic lodging of this bed, this is thy work, Iago. The object poison sight let it be hid. My self will stray to board and to the state this heavy act with heavy heart relate. Suspense! Presented by Autolite, Tonight Stars, Richard Widmark, Kathy Lewis and Elliot Lewis. This is Harlow Wilcox speaking for Autolite, world's largest independent manufacturer of automotive electrical equipment. Autolite is proud to serve the greatest names in the industry. They are members of the Autolite family, as well as other 98,000 Autolite distributors and dealers in the United States and thousands more in Canada and throughout the world. Our family also includes the nearly 30,000 men and women in 28 great Autolite plants from coast to coast and Autolite plants in many foreign countries, as well as the 18,000 people who have invested a portion of their savings in Autolite. Every Autolite product is backed by constant research and precision built to the highest standards of quality and performance. So remember, from bumper to tail light, you're always right with Autolite. Next week, a story based on fact. The true report of a man who lost a jar which contained the destruction of a city. It is called A Vile of Death, and it will star Mr. Lloyd Nolan. That's next week on Suspense. The Abridged Othello was adapted for suspense by Anthony Ellis and Elliot Lewis. The program was transcribed and directed by Mr. Lewis, with music arranged by Lucian Marlweck from themes by Giuseppe Verdi. The orchestra was conducted by Lud Bluskin. Featured in tonight's cast were Joseph Kearns as Cassio, William Conrad as Montano, and Irene Tedrow as Amelia. Your narrator is Larry Thor. Richard Widmark may soon be seen in the 20th Century Fox picture pick up on South Street. And remember, next week, Mr. Lloyd Nolan in A Vile of Death. You can buy Autolite's day full batteries, Autolite resistor or standard type spark plugs, and Autolite electrical parts at your neighborhood Autolite dealers. Switch to Autolite. Good night. This is the CBS Radio Network.


A video from the Ukrainian police shows a doctor seated at his desk while a masked officer counts bundles of cash found stashed in the office about $12,000 worth in total. The televised rate this week on a doctor's surgery in the region is one of hundreds of criminal investigations published by the authorities in a clampdown on a flourishing black market in forged vaccine and COVID-19 test documents. This is the moment Ukrainian police raided a doctor's surgery that is allegedly involved in a flourishing black market in forged vaccine and COVID-19 test certificates. This operation is just one of hundreds of criminal investigations publicized by the authorities. In another case, law enforcement caught a man hawking fake vaccine certifications on social media. Charging $114, he would arrange for a doctor to enter people's names as vaccinated on the national database, according to a statement by the prosecutor general's office. The government has made shots compulsory for some state employees and unvaccinated citizens face restrictions in certain venues. These new rules provided more incentive for those who do not want vaccines to get fake ones. Tatyana Makaylovska, head doctor at the infectious diseases department at Kiev Hospital number three, said buying those certificates was, quote, probably the worst crime committed against the country and our society. If a person has bought a COVID certificate, it means he can get infected but not ill yet. He can then infect a lot of people with coronavirus who will afterwards bring the infection to their families. Then the families will get ill, then some of them with severe symptoms will be admitted to the intensive care units and will occupy beds there and will die. And then the COVID-19 epidemic will never ever end. Ukraine is experiencing some of the highest death rates in COVID-19 in the world. It lagged behind its neighbors in procuring vaccines earlier this year. And now it is struggling to persuade a skeptical population to take them. Only around 7 million out of 41 million Ukrainians are fully inoculated against COVID-19. Surveys also suggest around half of the adults do not want to be vaccinated. Ukraine's Deputy Interior Minister Yevhen Yenin said on Tuesday the country is drowning in forged vaccination certificates. He added that those found guilty would not escape punishment and encourage people to get vaccinated.