So we've gone through TCP flow control. That's what the last last week's lecture what we're on and We're not going to go through any more detail But we've mentioned earlier that TCP has a reliability mechanism in that we send data We expect to receive an act back if we don't then We'll retransmit and there are some details about when to retransmit basic and fast retransmit So the really the three main features of the TCP the reliability mechanism how to retransmit when flow control which is about making sure we do not overflow the receiver computer and Congestion control which is what we're going to go through now And that's about making sure that we do not overflow the internet the network Because TCP is an end-to-end protocol. It's between one host and another host Flow controls to make sure that the source host doesn't overflow the destination host But between the hosts are routers. I have our network a path and those routers have limited capabilities Congestion control is to make sure that when the sender sends its TCP segments We do not overflow the capabilities of the routers along the path that is inside the network Avoid congestion in the internet or in the network. So we're going to go through how TCP congestion control works First by looking at the causes of congestion and then how do we respond? Congestion is easy you you experience it every day especially driving if you drive to this campus recently as you arrive on to turn left into Industrial Park here on Tivon on Road. There's always a lot of in the last week or so. There's a lot of Traffic piled up. There's a traffic jam at the intersection. Why is there a traffic jam at the intersection? Where are we out there? There's constructions. Okay, specifically what why compared now compared to maybe a month ago Yeah, there's construction on one part of the road, which means you're right Is decrease the the lanes? Okay, normally there was Three lanes available one lane turns left into us and two lanes go straight ahead and Now it's cut down to two lanes because they're doing some road works and the result is that cars line up for a long time at that intersection and they we have A long delay to wait. This is an example of congestion in a road network traffic congestion the same concept applies in in the internet Except of course, we don't have roads We have our paths between host and source host and destination host and we have the routers sort of like the intersections so the reason for the congestion at the intersection out the front is because Coming in to that intersection or that yeah the intersection there the traffic lights If you go back back to St. Carlos the intersection there the bridge there There are three or four lanes of traffic coming in and Then it cuts down to just two lanes So we've got a lot of cars coming in three or four lanes of traffic coming in and they all need to pass through an intersection which has just two lanes So what we can think is for this intersection the rate at which we can send cars out We only have two lanes of cars that can go out But coming into that intersection or at least going back a bit There's three in some cases four lanes of cars coming in and of course you cannot Get any more out of that intersection than two lanes worth So the rate of cars that come in if it's greater than the rate at which we can send out then cars start piling up and The queue gets longer there at the intersection and when the queue gets longer. What happens? A your car must wait for a long time before you can turn or keep going so your delay goes up How would you avoid avoid that How would you avoid this congestion Go on a different route. Okay. Don't go through that intersection. We know that there's going to be congestion there So go on a different route and go on a different path to avoid it. Well, it's not so hard It's not so easy to avoid here because there's only one way into Bunker E So but in general if you take a different route through the network through the road network You can possibly avoid that congestion Okay, we cannot take a different route. So what can be done to? Deal with that. How could we reduce the congestion at that intersection with assuming we cannot take a different route? Reduce the rate at which the cars come into that intersection. The congestion is because Only two lanes can go out. We cannot change that that's fixed If the number of cars coming in is larger than two lanes In some period of time then we start to get cars queuing up So the only way that we can deal with that to reduce it is to somehow Get the cars to slow down coming in to this intersection maybe at a previous intersection slow them down there so that rate at which cars arrive is no more than two lanes and Okay, then that moves the problem effectively back to the previous intersection So if we can tell the previous intersection don't let cars come into this portion of the road Greater than their speed then they will not pile up at our intersection and That can continue on The same thing happens in the internet where it turns out our routers Which must send data across a path? Congestion may occur at those routers Data comes into those routers the routers can only send data out at a certain speed if the rate at which data comes in Exceeds the rate at which they can send out. There'll be congestion at that router What will happen is that the data will queue up in the inside the router the router will have a queue some buffer space as the data or the packets arrive at the router if They're arriving too fast they will be stored in the queue the queue will build up increasing the delay of those packets How do we avoid that Send the packets on a different path. That's one way if we cannot do that then try and tell the one that's sending the packets to us to slow down and In the same way to avoid the congestion at our intersection Somehow get the previous intersection to slow down the traffic come into our portion of the road So tell the one before to slow down its sending rate and if you look at the internet and a path between Now if we return to TCP Our routers our circles our hosts our source hosts and destination hosts Sources sending data to the destination if we're getting congestion at this router here Packets coming in too fast then one approach to Assuming we cannot take a different path one approach to reduce that congestion is to tell the previous one to slow down Don't send so much because the amount coming into this router exceeds the the rate which I can send out and eventually Who is sending the data will it's a source TCP that is sending the data So in the internet congestion control relies on telling the source to slow down So that it stops overflowing the routers inside the internet So if it congestion is experienced in the internet With TCP there's a mechanism so that the source TCP can reduce its sending rate and as a result it reduces its sending rate and The amount going into the router decreases and therefore there's no longer congestion So that's the summary or that the idea of congestion control Congestion occurs if the amount coming into the routers exceeds the rate at which they can send out What happens is that the queues build up Eventually if the queue is full of packets packets will be dropped Is that as the queue builds up the delay goes up? That's bad for some applications and if the queue gets full and More packets arrive packets will be dropped again. That's bad for applications and especially for TCP So to avoid that congestion When it does occur Tell the source to slow down We need to go through and explain how TCP detects that congestion and how it does slow down And see how that impacts on our performance So let's go into a bit more detail about how that works So what causes congestion in a network now in the internet? when the number of packets being transmitted through a network Approaches the packet handling capacity of that network. What does that mean? So here we're talking about number of packets now not number of cars or it's easier to deal with packets packets of data being sent When the amount coming into the network exceeds how many packets That network can carry the capacity of that network The capacity of the network or the packet handling capacity is some speed at which this network Or a path can deliver packets The capacity if the amount coming in exceeds that will get congestion for a particular network What is the capacity of that network? It turns out it's very hard to determine It depends on many factors because The capacity of a link is easy to determine It's usually a characteristic of the technology the capacity of the link between two computers This may be 100 megabits per second But when we have a network with many links, what's the capacity of that network? Well, that's much harder to determine So even though we say this It's sometimes difficult to know what the capacity is in advance It may vary even. So we say congestion occurs when the amount transmitted through the network or coming into the network exceeds the capacity or approaches the capacity approaches the limit one thing we'd like to know is okay if the capacity is here and the sending rate coming in is low and Then we increase the sending rate as we approach the capacity. What happens? That is what are the negative impact of that? Well, we may guess that our packets may be delayed at routers We may get packet drops by how much is is an interesting question that We will see when we look at TCP what we want to do is Avoid congestion We don't want congestion So congestion control aims to keep the amount of packets coming in Less than some level such that if we approach the capacity the performance starts to drop off the performance in terms of delay and throughput So if this is the capacity of our network We would like to keep the sending rate a little bit lower than that Such that the performance is still good Because if we increase the sending rate a bit more than the performance may drop now, what is that level? How much lower than the capacity should the sending rate be again? That's difficult to determine but just the concept in the internet Congestion is caused by too many sources trying to send data at too high a rate Coming back to my Network here. It's a simplified network Routers normally have multiple More than two links. They may have two links, but some routers will have multiple links to other routers Okay, so this concentrate on this router. There are multiple links to other parts of the network There may be hosts up here down here everywhere They're all sending data if we look just at this output link from this router. It has some capacity Let's say give it a number ten megabits per second. That is router R can send out At ten megabits per second and let's say that there are many hosts sending Towards this router. So there's packets coming in or data coming in from these other directions so if The sources connected to these routers are sending in a such that the combined rate coming into this router Approaches the capacity of the output this ten megabits per second Then we'll start to get congestion Too many if there are too many sources trying to send data at too high a rate That is there are many sources here sending data all going in this direction Many here sending such that what comes into this router Starts to approach this output capacity Then packets will start to be queued at the router They'll be delayed and possibly even dropped if the queue limit is reached So Too many hosts sending at too high a rate causes congestion the result Packets get dropped at routers. That's a bad thing because When packets are dropped for TCP When we don't get a packet to the destination TCP will eventually retransmit So if we don't get an acknowledgement so the data packet is dropped It doesn't get to the destination the destination will not send an act so the source will eventually retransmit Now that can be a problem We've sent a data packet it was dropped because of congestion our response send another data packet retransmit if everyone keeps retransmitting Then that also causes congestion because it's another transmission. It's more data being sent so if we lose packets and TCP then retransmits those packets Then again, we get congestion at the router and if you keep re retransmitting more retransmissions causes more congestion and More congestion causes more packet losses because the queues fill up at the routers and more packet losses lead to more retransmissions and if you keep going eventually Everything that's being sent is just a retransmission of some original data and nothing is delivered and the internet fails So if we don't have some form of congestion control with the current mechanisms for TCP Eventually that everyone would be sending too much data and nothing would be delivered to the destination and The internet would not work as it does today So a key part of how the internet works and performs is how TCP performs its congestion control How when we recognize congestion somewhere in the network We get the source to slow down its sending rate if we slow down then we reduce the congestion until it disappears so that's TCP we aim to reduce the rate at which the source sends to avoid congestion or control congestion, let's Look at a different example before this one You don't have this but very quick. I think you'll see the point here's our router and It's got an output link and there's two input links coming from A and B a Router some output link A and B want to send data packets in this direction and A and B send packets at some sending rate and then we'll vary it and see what's the impact that Sending rate. Let's put some numbers to this. Let's say the output rate of this link is Let's say 100 kilobits per second. Okay, so 100 kilobits kilobits per second is the output rate of this link and What do we have? Let's say our packets for simplicity a 1500 bytes ignore headers and so on but let's say a packet is 1500 bytes long What's the output rate in? Packets per second the output rate is given in kilobits per second. What's the rate in packets per second? How many packets per second can my router send? 120 I can't remember the calculation. Let's go through. All right. We need to convert to the bits. Okay 1500 bytes How many bits? 12,000 One packet is 12,000 bits Okay, one packet is 12,000 bits We can send a hundred thousand bits per second One packet is 12,000 bits. How many packets per second? Approximately Approximately eight eight packets per second or sometimes written as PPS Packets per second It's just another unit if we know the packet size we can also express the speed in or the rate in packets per second In most cases the packet size may vary so it's not so common, but some devices will Report in packets per second Eight because eight times 12,000 is 96,000 bits So about 100,000 it's eight point something. Let's keep it simple The reason I converted to packets per second is because sometimes it's easier to think okay How many packets and in these diagrams? I'll draw a packet at a time. Don't worry about the rate in bits or bytes, but the packets that we can send so If we have a link rate We can convert that to a packet rate if we know the packet size Any questions before I write wipe this off. It's just the a conversion convert our rate to bits per second in that case and Divided by the packet size Let's record it in packets per second My router every second can send eight packets as it receives a packet from either a or b It may have some Q in the router so some memory packet comes in and If it's not already sending a packet it will send that packet out If it's currently transmitting a packet then that one that comes in will be queued for a short time And then send so you send one packet at a time at a speed of eight every second what I've drawn on this picture is an example of a and b over time sending packets They arrive at the router R and R sends them out the third line is a R transmitting the packets coming out here and The top two lines at a and B sending packets in you'll see a collision. Yes, let's get to it Now when does a send a packet? Let's say a is some computer that you're sitting at Using a web browser B is another computer of your friend. When do they send packets? Well, it depends upon the user what's happening at that computer, but let's say it's random Okay, they send packets at some random interval so a sends a packet and then Sometime random time later within some range it sends another packet so it may vary as the interval between sending packets in this example Let's assume that a is sending At an average rate of one packet per second and so is be an average sending rate average means It's not necessarily sending one packet and then one second later sending another one and One second later another one, but if you measured over say a hundred seconds There'd be about 100 packet sent The interval between them may vary But on average one packet per second being sent Router can send out eight packets per second When does a send packets? I've just randomly chose some time slots here So I've tried to create this diagram. So here's one second. There are eight intervals here Here's another second. So here a transmits a packet It arrives at the router and the router transmits that packet out. So this is a packet coming out and there's nothing transmitted because A is not sending anything B is not sending anything the router does not send anything out Until B sends a packet the router sends a packet And then some time later B sends an another packet the router delivers it and So on and as you noted before in this instance A and B send a packet to the router at the same time. What happens? So two packets think that two packets arrive at this router at the same time The router can only send one at a time out. So it chooses one. Let's say randomly and The other one waits in a queue and The other one is transmitted after the first one. That's what I've tried to show here Two packets arrived at the router. The blue one was sent first. The green one was put in a queue and Then the green one was sent in the next time slot. So there's a small delay incurred here when we get This case of they both sending at the same time There's a small delay for one of those packets at least a queuing delay It's not a collision like we think of wireless LAN because remember there are two physical interfaces here It can receive both of them at the same time Because that two cables coming in it receives on each cable or each interface puts them both in memory and Immediately transmits one While the other one waits in memory and then transmits that one the focus on wires You can do the same with wireless, but there are separate interfaces We don't have collisions on the the radio medium medium Let's change the scenario increase the rate at which a and b send to two packets per second So the first simple example they were sending at one packet per second Let's increase the rate at which they send and I've just gained randomly chosen some slot slots some time slots when they send a Sends a packet then a bit later. It sends another one b sends to here and you just follow through okay the router Receives from a and sends immediately Everything's okay We get this concept of two packets arriving at the router at the same time So one has to be queued and then sent so a small queuing delay and Here it's a little bit worse two packets arrive The blue one is sent the green one is queued The queue one is then the queued packet is then sent But at the same time another packet arrives. So that must be queued as well and then sent Okay, so there's two packets waiting in the queue, but not at the same time there Increasing that sending rate What was the impact on the performance there? How could we say increasing the sending rate impacted upon the performance? What changed in this very simple case between the first one where they're sending at one packet per second? To the second one where they're sending at two packets per second any packets being dropped Not not really they're being queued, but there's nothing that's discarded by the router The difference is that there's a slight increase on the average delay If you look at the delay of every packet in the first case Just one packet had an extra delay in the queue in the second case increased sending rate Three packets in this simple example had an increased delay So a small increase in the delay in this case the router is going okay because it has an Output capacity of eight packets per second But we're only sending about half of that in this case. We're only utilizing about four packets per second Four packets per second coming in So here's the an example where A is sending at an average rate of four packets per second B is sending an average rate of four packets per second the capacity that the router can send is eight packets per second And we see what happens Here we're lucky and that they're sending at different times so the router can immediately transmit And we're lucky, but it then here AMB send at the same time one of them has to be queued. So this is the queue down here When that green one that was queued is transmitted there are another two that arrived so they also have to be put in the queue and Sent in the next slot one at a time the blue one here this green one transmitted here in the meantime another one arrived and All right, we'd have to keep going, but we see that the packets that must be queued is much more than in the previous case so in these simple examples we see that as we increase the input rate the input sending rate the Queuing delay at the router increases And it gets more complex in this, but especially when you have multiple coming in What's the output rate in this case? How fast is the router sending? Approximately eight packets per second it's fully utilizing its output link its output link supports a capacity of eight packets per second Coming in is a total of eight packets per second We get to send out we set for a space here pretty much eight packets per second So that's good We're a hundred percent Utilizing the capacity the bad thing is that the delay is going up So that's the bad point here Whereas in the previous one With a smaller input rate Our efficiency was low. We were only sending about four packets per second, but the delay was also quite low, which is at the advantage Increasing the sending rate increases that delay AMB sending at eight packets per second Router all right. This is simplified the router is still sending at eight packets per second out But many packets being queued as One is sent out another two come in the queue Become infinite size, okay Yeah, why did we alternate basically I? Couldn't be bothered keep drawing this diagram, okay? so We see as we increase the sending rate the queue size will get larger now in practice a router has a limited queue size It's fixed So Let's say we have a limit on the queue size we can only store four packets no more So here's our queue size limit Once we have four packets in the queue and another packet arrives We'll have to drop a packet So there'll be nothing that we know more than four packets in the queue So in the same as this case if we had an infinite queue size the queue would get larger and larger but in practice the queue size is limited by the amount of memory we have and Packets will be dropped So these empty boxes indicate packets that are dropped and as packets are dropped in TCP Eventually The source will have to retransmit those packets. So these Rs indicate Some packets are being retransmitted They're not original packets, but they're retransmit retransmissions of those original packet drop packets leads to retransmissions and less original packets being delivered that That is trying to demonstrate that We need to maintain the sending rate below some level Such that the queue size is small enough to not cause a large delay and not cause packet drops Okay, I am B send to the router at the same time Two packets arrive at the router Let's say they're in memory as they arrive the router can transmit only one at a time Which one does it transmit up to the router in my example? I chose the blue one first but so in my case I chose so Blue and green arrived transmit the blue one first the green one goes in the queue Then in the next time instant, there's the green one to be transmitted. That's this one Plus another to arrive and put in the queue. So take it first in first out so This one is in the queue the next to a rock that arrived go to the end of the queue and The first one is transmitted It's a normal approach Which one is transmitted if they both arrive at the same time it's up to the router to choose You wouldn't impact on the performance in this case So that's congestion or that the the impact of congestion increase Queuing delay increase delay for our applications increase packet loss and That's bad for performance So somehow we need to tell a and b to slow down When we detect something like this happening tell a and b to slow down and that's what TCP congestion control does these few slides are Trying to demonstrate the same thing. I will not go through them in any detail. They try and put what I explained in those pictures in Using a different example and using some different notation, but they have two inputs a and b to a some router and They're sending and that they try and analyze. Okay, what happens to our performance and Try to consider different scenarios I would rock go through them The analysis can get quite complex when you have more complex networks What we just covered is one router two inputs one output Here's a very simple network, then you can start to analyze and see well what the performance will be We're not trying to do that analysis queuing theory is an entire topic some You could take one course to study it Where do we get to? what generally can happen is that if This is the sending rate the simplest weight of you this diagram if this is the sending rate The amount coming in and this is the throughput the amount coming out here then We have some capacity which is not shown on this diagram We have some capacity as we increase the sending rate our throughput is okay. It's a proportional We increase the input then the output increases as well But then we approach a point nearing capacity of our link and It turns out that because we have packet drops and retransmissions the throughput approaches some capacity and in fact if you keep increasing the sending rate Because you have more and more retransmissions the throughput drops off That is if you just keeps increasing the sending rate without congestion control eventually the throughput will drop to zero Because everything is just retransmissions. There's no original data getting delivered So that's bad having a throughput of zero when you have a capacity of ten megabits per second is very bad So the idea in congestion control is to make sure that the sending rate the amount coming in is Somewhere to the left of this point If a sending rate is past this point, then we see our throughput goes down But if it's below to the left of this point Below this value then the throughput is proportional to the input sending rate So we need to manage the sending rate such a throughput doesn't approach this capacity and then drop right off Called to called sometimes congestion collapse the network collapses That's just the concept there that the theory behind that will not go through so Let's summarize what we know. Does this summarize very useful? I think this doesn't capture what the main point main point is that as we increase our sending rate queuing delay goes up potentially packet drops go up and Without congestion control if we have packet drops we have retransmissions which is more data being sent and Less original data being sent and the throughput will eventually go down So we need to keep the sending rate below a level which causes too many packet drops and too many retransmissions That's the main point Or in this diagram keep the sending rate below this level Which sees the throughput drop off again the number of outgoing links here Yes, but normally what you can do is treat them independently that is when I look at this router It's connected to many other routers. So there's traffic coming in all directions Imagine there's traffic coming in this direction going out here coming in here going out there depends on who's sending to who You can normally analyze Consider just one output direction look at all the sources sending on that output link and analyze from that perspective and Get similar results to what we're trying to show in the example, but of course There may be no congestion on this output link, but there may be congestion on this output Okay, so it does depend upon who is sending what if we think now from TCP's perspective from one source To one destination what we care about is this path only We want to get our data across this path We don't care this router sending out here and out here But we care about the router sending across this link But that will be the speed at which we can do that will be impacted upon what's being sent into the router so we do need to consider the whole network, but We can normally in terms of analysis consider one output link at a time That fully answers your question Anything else any questions arrive late maybe congestion at the traffic intersection So we need a way to control congestion how Quickly some approaches Somehow tell the sender to slow down that's the idea to basic approaches and to end congestion control That is the end systems the source and destination are involved for example the destination Tells The source to slow down So in the path between source and destination if we detect some congestion Then somehow the destination will inform the source you should slow down To avoid congestion and we'll see that's what TCP does The alternative is That the routers themselves play a role in congestion control and as this router detects congestion it tells the previous router to slow down and So on So the routers detect congestion and Inform the previous hops in the path to that there's congestion therefore slow down and there's this sort of back pressure Because if I tell the previous one to slow down Eventually that will tell the one before that to slow down and eventually will tell the source to slow down So network assisted congestion control involves the routers detecting congestion and Telling others to slow down We're going to focus on End-to-end congestion control. That's what TCP uses in the internet Network can network assisted congestion control is only used in very specific networks Not in the general internet for example in one network owned and operated by one organization Let's look at TCP So what we need is now we've got a TCP source running on this computer destination on this computer that source is sending data to the destination and Across some path then if there's congestion In the internet in that path then we need to somehow tell the source the sender to slow down to limit its sending rate So the sender limits the rate at which it sends based upon the perceived network congestion If this one thinks there's congestion in the network it will slow down and We'll see also if it thinks there's no congestion Or the congestion is going down. It will actually speed up its sending rate So it will adjust its sending rate depending upon what it perceives as what's happening in the network If there's a lot of congestion slow down your sending rate if there's no congestion increase your sending rate and If congestion occurs then slow down again and sort of you get some feedback and adjust the sending rate accordingly, that's the idea for that to work We need some algorithm to say how the TCP sender should adjust its sending rate How should it slow down? When should it slow down? By by what amount should it slow down if it's sending at a hundred kilobits per second and There's congestion detected Should it drop to 50 kilobits per second 25 kilobits per second 99 kilobits per second So by how much do you slow down when there's congestion? We'll have to cover that The other problem is How do we know that there is congestion in the network? this perception that The source doesn't know the set of routers between it and the destination If my computer is the source and the Facebook web server is the destination What are the routers between my computer and Facebook? I don't know I could run some tests to try and find out But it may be different today than tomorrow So How do I know if there's congestion in the internet or at least in my path between source and destination? We need some way to measure that and how do we respond? So there's some algorithms for responding Maybe I confused them. How does it limit the sending rate? Is not how it responds. So the congestion control algorithm is how to respond if congestion is detected How do you respond? How do you limit the sending rate is? Well in TCP what do we use to make sure that or to control the sending rate? slightly different as we'll see in Flow control how is the sending rate controlled? Remember the sending rate when we looked at TCP flow control What limits or controls the the sending rate some window? What was it called? a WND the advertised window we said if we remember back at one stage we said in TCP flow control We had this advertised window a WND and That was a value that was set by the destination that tells the source. How many bytes it can send per round trip time? so the sending rate for flow control was controlled by this parameter the advertised window and we did some calculations and saw the the throughput or the sending rate was Advertise window divided by round trip time We cannot control RTT, but by controlling the advertised window. We control how fast the source sends we need a similar mechanism in congestion control and We'll introduce a congestion window CWND a separate variable parameter So the source or TCP has both flow control and congestion control. We treat them separately, but they are interrelated So from flow control The amount of bytes the sender can send is limited by the advertised window Okay, in fact, there's also this other window called the congestion window So in fact the amount of bytes that you're allowed to send is Limited by the minimum of these two windows So with flow control we have the advertised window. We'll see with congestion control We have the congestion window So the source TCP has two parameters now The advertised window is set by the TCP destination When the in flow control when we send it an act back the window It's just called the window in that field TCP header The window is sent in that act and that's the value for AWND the advertised window The destination advertise how many bytes you're allowed to send according to its buffer size. That's flow control This is a sieve now there's another parameter congestion window and We'll see there's an algorithm for determining what value that should be And in fact the amount that the TCP source is allowed to send is the minimum of these two The number of bytes or outstanding bytes before we have to wait for an act is the minimum of the advertised window and the congestion window We have two values now We're gonna focus just on the congestion window the flow control is The flow control algorithm sets the advertised window Let's assume the advertised window is very big Let's say the window the buffer size here at the receiver is 10 megabytes and it's always available That means the advertised window value would be 10 megabytes and let's assume that that's very big compared to the congestion window Congestion window is always smaller than 10 megabytes, which means the minimum of the two is always the congestion window The sending rate although it's not shown on the slide the sending rate Let's make some more space right this clearly Approximately so for flow control. We have an advertised window That controls how many bytes I can send before waiting for an act With congestion control. We have a congestion window which also controls how many bytes we're allowed to send We're in fact allowed to send the minimum of those two The minimum of the advertised window and the congestion window is how many bytes were allowed to send before waiting for an act So the sending rate is Approximately the minimum of those two divided by the round-trip time That's the same as we used when we analyzed flow control The sending rate was our advertised window divided by round-trip time Well now it's a bit more complex It's the minimum of the advertised window and the congestion window Divided by the round-trip time whichever one's smaller What the slide says here if the buffer at the receiver is very large The advertised window will be very large Let's say always larger than the congestion window as a result the sending rate if we look just at congestion control Will be the congestion window divided by the round-trip time. We had a question How does the TCP send a limit limit its sending rate? well the answer adjust The value of the congestion window if we want to send more increase the congestion window and If we want to send less because there is congestion decrease the congestion window if AWND is 10 megabytes and CWND is 1 kilobyte 1,000 bytes the minimum is 1,000 bytes Sending rate is 1,000 bytes divided by round-trip time If we're allowed to send faster increase CWND to 2,000 bytes for example will increase the sending rate so that's the first point in TCP congestion control the source controls how fast it sends based by adjusting Adjusting CWND the congestion window that was the answer to the first question Later or after the second question we will come to see well How do we adjust it? What value do we set it to? But first how do we know there's congestion in the network? How do we know there's a router dropping packets or a queue is going up? How do we perceive network congestion? Well, TCP makes an assumption we assume if I send data and I don't receive an act or more generally I detect a packet loss I've sent some data I Don't receive an act in time therefore there's I assume there's a packet loss TCP sender assumes that packet loss indicates increased congestion Which makes sense in in simple cases? Because what we said is that when congestion goes up There's more chance of packet loss Okay, we saw on these diagrams When the sending rate is small the queue size is small no packets lost Increase the sending rate a little bit more congestion, but still no packet loss Here high sending rate a lot of congestion we get many more packets dropped So the idea is that if there are packets dropped Lost that indicates there's congestion in the network So what TCP sender does is whenever it detects a packet being lost It assumes the congestion is increasing and it responds accordingly and now we come back to Our understanding of TCP retransmission scheme There are two ways that we detect a packet loss basic retransmit and fast retransmit With basic retransmit. There's a timeout. I send my data. I'm waiting for an act I'm still waiting. We're waiting for an act No act arrives in some time period. I time out. I assume that packet was lost Yeah, that's one indicator of a packet loss. You don't receive an act within a timeout period But we also saw that there was this fast retransmit scheme Where I send some data. I Receive an act with one act number. I Receive a second act with the same act number and in fact I've received three duplicate acts Under that case I assume my packet was lost So there are two indicators of packet loss and we'll use them as to determine how to respond Okay, quick test What is the sender going to do to CWND? What is the sender going to do with the congestion window when there's a timeout? So I'm the sender. I've sent some data. There's a timeout. I'm waiting for an act timeout What do I do with CWND and the hint? The answer is either increase keep it the same or decrease There's a timeout. Okay What what's our goal? So I've just sent some data There's a timeout that tells me that a packet was lost Well a packet being lost tells me there's been some increase in congestion and Where there's an increase in congestion I need to slow down Okay, when I detect that there's a lot of congestion there To reduce the congestion. I need to slow down my sending rate So the answer is we decrease the congestion window When there's a packet loss I need to slow down to avoid more congestion So to slow down to reduce the sending rate. I reduce the congestion window Round trip time. Let's say it's fixed Sending rate is the minimum of the advertised window and congestion window divided by round trip time If there's a packet loss, there's more congestion when there's more congestion. I want to send less I want to reduce my sending rate To reduce my sending rate reduce the congestion window So there's the first method for responding if there's a timeout reduce the congestion window What if there's three duplicate acts? What do I do if there are three duplicate acts? What will the sender do? Was that a guess? Again, if there are three duplicate acts the sender will do what? What does three duplicate acts mean? Three duplicate acts. I don't know if we have the slide but was the the mechanism for fast retransmit It was that case where I sent many packets I received an act with one act number and then I see received the same act three more times three duplicates and Then I retransmit the reason I retransmit is because that's an indicator of packet loss So if I receive three duplicate acts It's also an indicator of packet loss and I also decrease decrease the congestion window compared to the timeout How much do I? Decrease by Decrease is the answer for both of them both of them. We decrease the congestion window Now compare them Let's note this We got timeout Means there's a loss means decrease the window CWND and similar three duplicate acts also means a loss and Also means a decrease of the congestion window There are two events That indicate packet loss to the source and in both cases we decrease the congestion window We do some other things as well in fact Which of those two cases? Do I decrease the congestion window by more? Which one causes a larger decrease in the congestion window So the hint is that they decrease them in different ways One of them decreases more than the other which one timeout why With a timeout again Timeout means data loss for sure. So does three duplicate act Okay on the right track The idea is that in most normal scenarios the The event of three duplicate acts will happen most of the time Okay, that is I send a lot of data It's likely that I'm going I'm going to just receive three duplicate acts if if some of my data is lost but if for example multiple packets are lost if I don't receive three duplicate acts I may Have a timeout So like you said if there is more data loss Then I may not get the third duplicate act before the timer expires So when there's more loss It's Possible that the third duplicate act will not come but eventually a timeout will occur so what that indicates is that The event of three duplicate acts occurring is an indicator of a small amount of loss The event of a timeout occurring is an indicator of a large amount of loss With a smaller amount of loss There's a small increase in congestion Therefore, we have a small decrease in the congestion window When the timeout occurs, that's an indicator that there's a lot of congestion Maybe there are many packet losses more packet losses means more congestion. That's bad and The way to respond if there's a lot of congestion is to slow down a lot That is decrease the congestion window by a large amount large So in fact we respond differently depending upon which of these two events occur That's the idea All of this relies on the fact that a packet loss Indicates there's congestion in the internet or in the path It's not always true in many networks, it's true But think of your wireless LAN With wireless LAN, I'm sending from my laptop to the access point maybe to some server What causes packet losses? You did some experiments last Last assignment you I don't know if you tested packet losses But you may have noticed the variations of throughput maybe packet loss in iPerf In the wireless LAN, what do you think may cause a packet loss? Interference so poor signal collisions between other people transmitting so if everyone's out in the cafeteria doing their assignment at the same time Then there may be collisions and packet loss across the wireless link That's That's not caused by congestion at the router That's caused by the characteristics of the wireless link. So it's not an indicator of congestion So a packet loss in some cases does not mean there's congestion in the network so normally in The internet in most cases if there's a packet loss it indicates congestion But not all cases in some networks a packet loss is an indicator of something else happening something bad, but not congestion and in those cases TCP may not work well Because TCP assumes if there is there is a packet loss. There is congestion and I slow down and And I don't know if you've noticed but in some cases when you download large files across a wireless link If there's a poor signal Many packets lost Your throughput your download rate can drop very low So you get bad performance and that's because of the way to TCP response So there are three things that we need to cover with TCP congestion control How do we limit the sending rate? answer Change the congestion window this parameter Higher value higher sending rate lower value lower sending rate How do we know there's congestion? packet loss and in fact two types of packet loss packet loss due to timeout packet loss through due to three juptica acts What do we do? When we have a packet loss, how do we change the window? Well, that's what we'll cover tomorrow the algorithm for how do we increase and decrease the window upon packet loss and other events We'll start that tomorrow Let's stop there. If you have questions we can discuss Tomorrow will cover the algorithm for increasing and decreasing the window and Finish on the performance of TCP. Hopefully tomorrow you


What's up guys take down here with my first vlog. I'm gonna attempt to do this vlog today I got a couple places to go. I'm gonna go to the post office. See if there's anything there. I got a run I'm gonna get a burrito at Kasada's getting really hungry and Then go home film a video later on So I just want to capture everything I'm doing today. I'm not gonna do daily vlogs or weekly vlogs I just want to do one see how it turns out see If people are interested in that and then I'll go forward from there pretty much I don't have the capability of doing vlogs often because I don't have my own vehicle This is my parents vehicle. So early in the spring. I'll be getting my own vehicle That'll be able to limit my transportation Also later this year early 2019.  So right now. I just I'm not able to do all that yet because I also have a job. So I don't do much especially since it's winter, but let me just show you this view really quick So I'm at the local beach Perfect spot for a starting vlog still all icy still winter Not too bad nice calm day not raining. It started to rain a couple minutes ago though. I was scared I thought I was gonna ruin the vlog but I might as well just head over to the post office see if I have anything there to record a video with See what we have and then I'll be right back So now I am home Nothing was at the post office worth mentioning bills. That's it I was hoping for something to unbox or to taste test, but I don't have that planned out for later on So you'll see it before and after that Clip later on Just had my casadas had a spicy chicken burrito jalapenos or sour cream Really delicious got a large set of coupon for it for it. So I'm full I wasn't gonna show you all of that. I wasn't gonna show you I wasn't gonna show you guys Me eating it because I thought that's that's just You know a little bit could be come across as a little bit disrespectful.  Don't know if I'll record anything And then I'll show you the clips later on of My taste test video tonight and that's not gonna be up until first week of April that's how far in advance I'm trying to do this just China It's easier to do that than to rush videos and be like I have to get it done this this this I get it done in advance Then I can relax Just quickly editing a video while I have a couple minutes of free time Not much to it. I'm just letting it play through now making sure there's no mistakes. I Know I am using movie maker. That is what I use actually it comes out pretty good in my opinion, but That is that Okay, I'm back finally nearing the end of the day It's now my regular scheduled recording time I only get a couple of short. I'm on a tight schedule for recording in that so Today's video probably not gonna be up until a couple weeks. Maybe next month Who knows trying to plan out my stuff ahead of time, which you guys already know that and it's the big game jerky stick so Alligator wild boar kangaroo ostrich and buffalo. It's gonna be interesting never tried them before never tried any of those animals before So it should be really interesting. All right, so I just filmed the video I was telling you guys about they have chose five this time I'll probably do another one in the future, but Give you a quick look of that Where are we here? Just an overhead shot. This is the aftermath for it not giving any spoilers away I'm not gonna let you look at the lineup really close and see which packaging is which because I still have it set up the same way as I ended the video, but I Really enjoy doing stuff like this Doing taste test videos unboxing videos I'm plan on doing four big videos what I call big videos a month Whether that's an unboxing or reading my old raps or sharing my old Beats with you guys or doing a taste test or anything along those lines. I plan on doing one each week So that's for a month And I really really do enjoy it as you can see I'm not wearing the gray t-shirt Whenever I do videos like this and I film different videos back to back to back. I do plan out What shirts to wear cuz I don't think I should be wearing the same shirt for every video that that makes sense People are gonna be like well, you never change your clothes and I do it's just I usually record a lot of videos in one day So I changed my shirts just so people I don't make sense to have that for the videos Especially if I plan as far ahead in the future for my videos as I do But I have one video left to make and I'm gonna relax for the rest of the night. It's already 7 o'clock so Not too bad great day easy day did some editing did some other stuff But the next video I'm gonna be recording right now. I'm not gonna even say anything other than this in it It's talking about can does minimum wage And how it's affected me personally. That's why I want to make the video I want to get the awareness out that it's not the greatest thing to increase the minimum wage if you're not getting any hours But I'll leave a link actually never mind because I don't know if that video is gonna be up before this one Or if this one's gonna be up for that one So just stay tuned on the channel for that if it's already up go watch it if not stay tuned because it's coming out soon So I hope you guys did enjoy my first vlog. I know it was probably not the greatest I didn't do much today, but I just took you along for the ride Probably shorter than I thought it should have been or it was going to be or what I had planned But I didn't want to take you into the post office and there's nothing there anyways I didn't want to take you into the restaurant because I was in and out literally in a couple seconds They're pretty quick. So Hope you guys did enjoy this video. If you did, please leave a thumbs up Let me know if I should do more vlogs in the future Maybe when it warms up and I'm actually have a lot more stuff to do in a day on my days off Maybe I'll get more footage that way. This was all stuff for one day So maybe next time I'll put together a couple days. Maybe in a two weeks period. I'll put a whole bunch of stuff together film a video like that But now it's the end of the day. I'm going to relax gonna edit this video probably tonight or tomorrow But before I do that Get into the night off with some Call of Duty World War two playing online TDM maybe I'll get into some work simply that since I first got it That's about it. Ah I'm excited 2018. I did say I was going to try new things and Vlogging is one thing that was on my list. So Hopefully I'll do more in the future. That is in your court now You guys can decide whether or not I should attempt it If you guys are interested in that right away Maybe I'll try to jump on it and try to do more in the future soon If not, if I don't see much interest then I'll just gradually record some stuff when I'm out and about But I'll leave this video here. See you in the next video. Hope you guys did enjoy peace


Okay, there we go. Sorry. I was giving my spiel on how I don't usually stream to the same game two months in a road and I realized that OBS was not reporting anything. What's up Gabriel Jan? Yes, thank you MJ. Yes, I was on mute. Actually, I wasn't on mute. The setting for in OBS di na kaset yung mic nung tama. So I've been playing this game for like a long time guys. Okay, wait, let me check. Actually, I need to take notes. So where I am in the game is I gotta deliver a nuke to Mountain City. Okay, so there's Mountain Not City. I'm here. I already have the nuke, which came from over here, from the distribution center south of Nott.  So a same person would connect this road and wherever the heck this goes and go like this, right? But then I noticed that there were like these hard to find road makers here through the mountains. So there's a gap in the mountains. There's a road cutting through them. So I'm like, that sounds more fun. Let's do that.  Like super, like to get up here. It was insane. That's what I did last weekend. And then the resources you need for these particular, oh, like you can even, you can even look at it already. So like, you need 6,200 metal, 7,000 ceramics compared to like this one on paved. It's like a third, roughly a third of the cost. But I figured since they put a route here, there must be some benefit. Like overall, feeling ko, kasi hindi ko pa na explore to, feeling ko sobrang haba nito route nato. Ito mas direct, mas, ano lang, mas effort lang.  This one, not so hard, but still hard. And now I gotta do this one. So the problem now is, I don't know if I have enough ceramic, yun lang naman yun e. Okay, let's check. Like my whole stash is here.  So, and you gotta do the math. Look, there's the antimatter bomb, which is already 6% damage. Good job, porter. So I have metals. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. So no problem. The problem is the ceramics, which I need basically 7,000 of. And I only have 2,4. Sorry, yeah, 2,4. 2,880. Yeah, see, this isn't gonna cut it. So for this gaming stream, basically I need to find more ceramics. Now, I could claim it, although I've been claiming left and right. Like how many, oh, I'm out of chiral crystals also. So see, metals, no problem. It's ceramics and chiral crystals na hirap na hirap ako to find.  Usually, oh, here we go, yeah, need a truck. Usually, the mules have some kind of resource. But I don't, you know, it's not some, it's random. I don't know if it's ceramic. And since we're going, what can we do? All of these guys are 5-star na eh. Not much going on, really. Do I have my gun? Yup, there's my gun. Okay. All right, so we're gonna go out and, what's up, Anton? Pula pa rin yung credit card installment, Anton, pero the POS guys promised this week and I'm gonna follow up. I'm gonna message them tomorrow to follow up. Because that BPI 0% installment, so we've been waiting for that a long time. All right, so let's hit this mule camp first and let's see if they have ceramic. Resin, special alloys. These are not the droids we're looking for. All right, gotta, no point in engaging these guys. As fun as it is to run over mules and stuff. P'ya, pero grave, grave the effort to get the, how is it? How is, how is Hogwarts legacy? I like Harry Potter. I'm a fan. I've read the books and I've watched the movies. I don't know, nando, if, um, I don't know if I would enjoy the game. Like, am I that big a Harry Potter fan? Although the gameplay looks okay to be honest. Sorry, truck. Oh, you can't. Jump, jump. Yup, yup.  Why can't I jump off the highway? Like, is that not a senior quest? I'm sure lots of people wanna drive their trucks off highways. Here, here, let's do it. Grabe daman yung, all this time I thought like, I was steering because I thought I might run over something, but then the highway pala prevents you from even falling off. Oh, I need chiral crystals too. Yo, and ceramics. Okay, gotta hit this camp. Gonna hit this camp and steal their stuff. From the stuff nga I've seen online of Harry Potter, parang okay naman siya. Did I get him? Did I get him? Nope. Oh, you're still alive? I literally, you're still conscious, rather? I literally hit you with a truck. Do you have ceramics or just resins? I'd be super annoyed. Come on. It's been a while since I got into a fisticuff.  Oh, maybe.  Wait, wait, wait, wait. Where's my gun?  Oh, it's not good. Run, run, run, run. Get away from the gun first and then, where is my gun? Did I not bring it? Oh, that's dumb. Why did I not bring my gun? Mm-hmm, mm-hmm. Okay, okay. We are losing consciousness. It's got a bit feisty. Nah, you daman arrange nang brilinin. These ceramics better be worth it. And where is my gun anyway? I mean, not that I don't enjoy, oh, the physicality of body slamming someone or kicking them while they're on the ground. Saplay ang magnayay.  Okay. Oh, oh. Did I leave my gun in the truck? Nice tackle. Now finish him. So you can get to the next guy with a gun. Are you seeing the blocking his cover? No, there's one guy behind me. Oh, there's another guy there. Man, there better be a lot of ceramic for all this trouble. Oh, the guy behind me took up the gun. Oh, flailing around. It's kind of silly sometimes. Like, I really don't have a gun. And I have a favorite level to... Crap. I really do not have a gun. Where did I put it? I have a favorite level to... I have a favorite level to rifle now. Okay, got one more there. And... I'll do it a little fashion way. Where's the other guy? Oh, the... Yeah, it's kind of silly sometimes how... So you take out one gun in placement and then you have to run back to the other one because somebody else has... started manning it. Good workout. Here we are. And now the other gun is going off. Okay, let's get rid of this guy first. It kind of uses me. Think about the physics of this. If you're... Oh, I must have hit that guy before because he went down really fast. Imagine just like you're... Sometimes carrying a lot of stuff when you engage these people. Why are you resting? Was I not enough of a threat for you? Man, there better be some ceramic here. Welcome. These guys would like duffle jackets of armor and... You gotta time it. You gotta... You can't just keep hitting him. You have to... Get their defenses down and then hit them. Alright, that should be enough. Yeah. Come on, guys. Alright, we need... Ceramics. Metal. We do not need... Sa play ang magnaya. I know, right? It was also very... The boost in content na it's just actually sunod-sunod one after every day we had new stuff. To be honest, not ideal, but we committed to... We had our usual CD-Kota and then... A bunch of the items that we were waiting for from the other brands also came in. So... Yeah. To be honest, not really an ideal situation pero... What was important to me was that we... Okay, gotta drink some water. We still did what we promised we would do so we met all of our obligations and things like that. But... It really was crazy. I feel bad for Ren na...  The crush of videos that we had over the past two weeks and actually we have more lined up but then now that it's March 1 no need to go... no need to go nuts. You need to be? Sure, why not? I think you're allowed to relieve yourself after that battle. Which one is the P? The P is number four? No? Which one? Oh, yeah, yeah. P is number one. All right. Let's P on stream. No? P? Let's do this. We are having difficulty P. Oh, sorry. Apparently Sam is shy and won't P with people around. You just knocked them out. They can't see you P, man. You can't afford their... All right, all right. Let's go to the quarter here. Maybe let's try about P in the quarter. Here, here. Are you okay with that? All right. Oh man. Oh man, my bladder was full. All right. I give an appreciation in the podcast and in real life. Subrio 3210. Is that a reference to your first cell phone? I think that was my first cell phone back in the day. Nokia 3210. I'm sorry Sam. I didn't know you had to P so badly. All right. Let's pick up the metal. Okay, there's the... Better be good stuff inside here. Ceramics. Not that great. Sorry. My daughter came in. I actually have been trying to get her interested in... in gaming, but so far no luck.  So she's almost three now. So she better... better get started soon. I do remember the Alcatel. I didn't have an Alcatel but I think one of my good friends had one. May text ba yun? Pwede ba magtext yun? Like, did it have the... did it have like a keypad? Hey, where did I leave my truck? Where is my truck? Man, we're kind of dating ourselves. We're talking about Alcatel and 3210. Is my gun in the car?  All right. Into the truck with you. All right. The next post box is... just over there. Where? Where? Medyo malayo. Let's take the car. What's up there? Any mo old cell phones back in the day, no? Like, you had the retractable antenas and then, yeah, you could really like... you could... you could extract them way up. Like, they were... they were real antenas back in the day. Ang problema ko ngayon. Chiral crystals. I mean, even after... Like, I have a theory that I'll use the jump to get back. You can use fragile... fragile jumping ability to get back to the... paano stage one type. The one across the lake. So I didn't really get to collect the chiral crystals there. Pero hindi ko pa... up, there we go. Hindi ko pa na subukan. I mean, you know, this isn't the best haul, but, yeah, I'm really... it's really hard to get ceramics. You can also send more as code on that phone. Is that real or is that just a dig night so old? Alright, where's the last post box here and there? Yeah, in this game, you know, you gotta work for it. You can do a truck. Although it is nice now with the guns. Like, you feel you can go toe-to-toe with the... with the BTs. You can kind of clear them out of areas and stuff. Before, it was really a frightening event coming across a BT. Pero ngayon parang kaya niya. Oop, there's the post box. If I had my gun, which I don't know where the heck it is. Like, I had a favorite gun. Where did it go? Well, I gotta go back to the distribution center anyway to... to find my gun.  Ha! I got so excited. Like, wow.  That's the stuff in my truck.  I take it back. Eh, why do I have so little? Like, why do... where's my stuff? Oh, see? Like, yeah, one... there's only one... I'm seriously under-equipped. I don't know what happened. The game is... all right. Wait, let me get my bearings. A lot of people criticize it na it's boring at the start when you're just walking, but I... I enjoy the... I actually enjoy the walks. Or the walking part anyway. Like, the walking simulator part. This is kind of like the grindy part, though, where you were trying to get the road system up and you need a lot of resources to get it up. The backstory is super interesting. Parang very creative views of... like, it's really a unique world. And then how... So it's a death stranding, but it's like a take on... it's like stranding being the beaching of whales and you have the beach and things like that.  So parang daming... daming subtext and nuance to the story of the game. I should charge. This from the guy who just spent like the previous 15 minutes beating up on and PC characters, right? But the story is interesting so far. If a little... Sometimes when you're watching animators, parang malabo yung plot. You can't quite understand how you got from point A to point B. So simula nung death stranding parang ganun. I didn't quite sell it for me na... Sorry, spoiler alert, if you haven't. You're actually the son of the president of the U.S. but the way they make it appear, the president wants to see you. And it doesn't say like your mom wants to see you. I mean even though like all of the characters know that she's your mom, parang weird lang for me. Parang pilit yung ganun na connection. Okay, well we got 2,000 ceramic from that. We need close to eight, I think. So not the best but not bad. Please, where is my stuff? Oh, here is my stuff. Here is my stuff. Wait. You go into my grenade pouch.  Yeah, there is my gun. You guys, yeah, should be in my blood bag. Utility pouch. You should always have enough blood bags. Sorry, I think you know the last time I played was ended at like 3 AM last week, last weekend. So baka di ko na proper. I didn't properly stow away my gear. Alright, let's hit the two other let's hit the two other camps. I know, right? Look at my driving. It is therapeutic in the sense especially when you're not in a rush. Yeah, you're just walking and you have to do a delivery and and then it kind of zooms out. There's an auto zoom feature when it's kind of like those long walks. It is kind of therapeutic. Although now I am a little impatient to see where the story goes since I think I'm around mid-game and there has been a lot of okay, we hit this, this and we're going to hit this and this. There's been a lot of oh shoot, I need to recharge nga pala. There has been a lot of repairing stuffs of me-carting material and metal and ceramics around traipsing around wherever. It's been it's been yeah. Well, you need different sub, Lou Franco. You need the different materials for different things. Ceramic is used in the construction of these roads and I'm trying to build roads through the mountains and they take a lot of resources so like you can see over here this one costs almost 7,000 ceramic and ceramic is not easy to find. I mean metals wise I mean metals you can find resins, chemicals you don't really use them a lot. Actually, the only resource talaga na is super like it's problematic is a I mean problematic that you run out of is ceramic and chiral crystals alright, we're going to beat up these guys again but chiral crystals once you harvest from the balloon guys there's like a bunch of okay, let's just clear out clear it out first oh but parang ay wala naman ceramics dito okay, meron naman okay you can just basically in game it's like supposedly if you kill people the corpses if not properly disposed of can cause a void out so that's why the emphasis on knocking them out instead of like physically you know using guns to kill them but I don't know how they square it with with that I mean you you run people over I mean those guys are goners man hey hey hey that's not oh crap crap that's not nice that's not nice kick hey down you down okay sports love okay let's let's okay we're in a crossfire all right oh he has a gun why don't bring a gun to a fist fight fine let's bring out my gun do enjoy using the gun okay tag nga bag nga like early game it's all about like being stealthy but now it's just like we're gonna run in gun with my rifle that shoots rubber bullets all right should have kept me in front of you no not particularly although to be honest this difficulty level is normal I knew it was a long game I didn't want to like stress out over oh my this is so long so the actually not to add I I find it a little easy but I mean the difficulty level on normal seems a bit easy but I want to put it on hard kasi nga it's such a long game baka if I get it put it on hard it'll take me longer and then I'll never finish the game all right that it special alloys I do not need special alloys I need ceramics like this like that ceramics any other ceramics before I hit the oh ceramics okay not bad not bad just gonna load them into the truck like I think the difficulty of this game isn't so much the the combat it's yeah it's supposed to be more like just experiencing the game world like avoiding the bts gathering resources trucking things around yeah you're like a you're like a grab delivery guy another interesting themes though yun nga ceramics forgot what the elder gives you all right ceramics maybe should go up there and then anything else resin special alloys but there were more in here there there a good hole not bad where's ceramics notice I can pick stuff up from afar now because that's I have the gravity gloves courtesy of a blatant rip off of half life actually it's not blatant there it's like an homage that there they really they really sinajan nila yung allusions to half life they even have the half life symbol and stuff I'm ducking down because if I don't the container will knock over okay let's get outside yeah it's happened before that I'm not I hear you Norman Reedus yeah so it's happened many times to me already that I've been in a tent and my the stuff on my back has just been so tall that they hit the top of the tent the ceiling and then so the items got knocked over so I admire the attention to realism even though it is annoying alright I think it's oh we haven't we haven't hit this post box is this is that the one? oh no no nah I don't think we still have these two post boxes right so there's one there where's my truck okay let's get the truck oh sayang BB likes to double jump one more time BB ah there there three likes from BB we are trying to improve our relationship with the baby we're carrying because oh wait I'm getting bitten so I gotta put citronella spray got everything to try to get these mosquitoes off my back okay second post box ceramics not so much oh but there we go okay one last one last post box really I picked up somebody's cargo why would I do that I'm no porter no luggage guy well I guess I could try to make it back to Lake Nott City and then see your own ceramics it's amazing how much stuff you can put in this truck what do I have what did I pick up what did I pick up I don't know I got that notification I picked up some cargo I didn't pick up any cargo all right let's go to the last new camp nearby going the right way yeah pretty much let's visit the engineer and see if he has stuff to give me and after after we get enough ceramics we just need we just need all right still down to that we just need some chiral crystals straight path a little to the left hello fellow porters deliver lost cargo oh no no we want to keep all of that do you have any ceramics engineer oh you still have chiral crystal and you do have ceramics have you been holding out on me engineer yes I need all of it I think last time I visited this guy parang nakihiyap ako to get everything ngayon na nang hiyahiyap kiting ko na lahat all right na I'm getting 640 plus 80 is 700 oh crap tiga tiga I'm a little worried kasi na oh wait wait tama naman oh sorry I didn't load it on the truck I'm worried kasi na makubusan ako ng space in the truck so we gotta recycle some of these smaller things recycle all right and then we gotta we're gonna tear it down like we're gonna make it 160 24 24 8 times 3 24 8 times or 3 2 kaya bang 8 3 2 dami kasi 2.5 lang yan no that's too much okay let's put this back and put this back see why doesn't this update in real time that's the thing 3 3 2 minus 160 hulang ata tayo ng 3 let's see oh no it's still excess ah doesn't move oh yun sakto so if we remove one no ya see wait na ceramic is too valuable to be wasted I thought di kasi nagbabago in real time I mean the tally doesn't change in real time so you have to do the math on your own there this should be okay 28 28 plus 16 29 plus 160 is 3060 but you want 3 2 wait let's just do this see I'm consolidating all the small pieces I might just have load on the truck how do you know how much load your truck can take I'm always so paranoid about how much stuff I can cram into the truck where do you see it see it says x11 and then I'm going to have x11 but like ating maximum niya kasi it depends also on the size diba so you got these stuff here wait na 2896 we need to get 3 2 hirap when you start doing math okay this should do it there sakto ha my math teacher will be proud of me that I can do arithmetic half load those bars in the back where where which bars wait wait wait okay let's see let's go back to the recycle the bars in the back which bars in the back which back here these bars are these actually they're not just Anton talk to me man because I really need this because so confused I'm super confused by like how much stuff my my truck can hold like the vehicle can hold see those bars in the back like these bars like these bars di siguro yung white light siyata yun niya ito parang decoration lang ang atayon like like this stuff parang decor lang ang atayon on the car oh oh like these things these things on the truck oh okay okay this is actually functional you have just made my death stranding experience much easier it's not also found on the motorcycle takis na aso pistofo the designers they show you clearly like how much stuff you can still put in the vehicles ah these things okay okay wait ah okay let's see we're at five bars now so I'm gonna claim four large ceramics yeah yeah let's do that ceramics where am I so we can do three tomes so we can get four yeah yeah yeah oh okay okay oh you're right the lights do change awesome that is super useful you know that's the thing about modern games I hate it that they never explain stuff to you you know back in the day parang when you played the game and you read the instruction manual you'd be okay but now they expect you to figure it out on your own and stuff oh now I can't stop looking at it now it's like right there ah that's super useful thank you that is super useful oh oh oh like it's only 40 ceramic but I'm gonna because if I run him over I might damage it oh you even have a gun but okay so that I think that's um that sticky bolus gun or something just so I won't you also have ceramic oh this is gonna be a good you know ay tanga bobo alright alright oh oh port's down port's down oh oh oh gunfire everywhere key down oh I slipped oh there's like some oh crapper let's figure you first you got my BB upset why did you get my BB upset alright calm down BB calm down they're just a no they're just mules okay let's get out of the range of the I mean let's take cover behind the truck and then oh whack this guy alright e down one more okay the truck will cover us while we kick this guy alright anybody else coming up from behind generally if the guys are carrying like the guys in the area are carrying stuff that's usually a good sign like that's the predominant kind of resource you'll find inside the camp so I'm excited I think we got everything na mano hmm alright it's prudent to take them out first sub Mark Lester Navarro sub Luigi Wilwaco yeah you know that's the thing about like if you have a camera set on the screen you can kind of get a little sense of like the how good the monitor is the size and stuff but if it's just like in video audio that you pipe in you really can't can't appreciate ay ay that's not oh you have ceramic also I'm sorry I didn't mean to startle you seems almost unsporting kicking a man while he's down surprise see I don't use my gun why do you guys like suddenly bring out your guns unsporting I tell you on the other hand it's an transfer me to improve my aim ah that was it come on guys just starting to have some fun those gloves super useful metal metal no metal metal no metal no ceramic what's going on what's going on like you suddenly stopped obeying me container repair spray more ceramic no no I want them ceramics oh I'm annoyed now it's just all it's just all metal oh crap na hype up panaman ako to the other one oh there's the ceramic double jump for BB oh miss the timing yeah yeah my current goal is to complete the mountain route to mountain city this is useless all metal aw man this site panaman ako okay I gotta go in a little bit but overall this is a pretty good run I see some carol crystals up ahead let's go get them I do need carol crystals also although as I discovered last game those those um those floating balloon guys would die really fast they are beside are usually under them are a bunch of carol carol crystal patches so that was also relaxing just to whack them I mean I mean basically yeah you just you shoot them your gun has a long range and it's not a lot of peril involved in in taking them out I think that's about it though not much up here alright let's make our way back to port nut city and see if we can if we'd have any ceramics behind there syunya we need something like close to 7000 I think yeah yeah I mean I know you I know there are two ways basically like up the mountain and then here's a flat lands but the masokist in me wants to do the mountain route so I've done this which is this was insane itong uc route 41 to 8 grab it that was insane I'm hoping and then the other ones still they still need a bunch of other metals and stuff oh yung metals medyo okay pe yung ceramics talaga yung mahirap pe which is why I'm hitting the mule camps now I've always wondered doesn't this damage the truck I don't guess we're going to find out not like super spectacular but okay alright let's see what the I can't stop looking at those lights now thank you Anton oh no I want them ceramics anything oh well this will this will increase you know okay gotta collect ceramic and then it will get available at the thingy how much ceramic is here all of this is just like normal stuff I mean we've done it before alright let's do the I have a truck don't need no floating thing running behind me oh just why didn't we recycle this one are we allowed to recycle lost cargo parang alright we'll just be accepted at order so that we can get more ceramic and then it will become available at the location oh it's the one down here I remember doing this mission although I was much lighter back then I mean I didn't have the exoskeleton and everything let's see if we can do it without I remember doing it with a bike actually does that make more sense? should I just get a bike parang dino mahirapan ah but look at all this lovely ceramic yeah what's my weight now 153 kaya pa oh but I can only I can only manage three so it's like three trips maybe just get a truck I mean get the get one of the motorcycles you can do that oh I can bring the truck in okay okay let's get the truck nice slide Norman Reedus okay let's try to get the truck in I actually have done this mission before the truck would be easier oopsies not bad alright I finished na at yeah okay nyan it's a lot of ceramic I hope I think after I'm done naman naman I mean how many more roads how many more roads do we need I mean I mean how many other road segments could there possibly left but to get to oh no no on back on back yeah even the truck is full okay should be enough okay I think we got everything I mean did you not have some other guy who could possibly have taken all of that why did you need me alright looks good just making sure did you have anything behind and actually I should be getting dinner soon so let's just drop this off and then we can call it a day bum bum bum up anyway I got my jollies in by knocking out them mules bum bum bum bum oh good job let's call Mark Lester bum bum bum na it would really make my day if those materials become available at this city make delivery confer excellent that's so good I hope that mission just keeps coming I hope that mission is becoming available again and again now time to claim those things we just chucked over that we just hauled ass from 3-2 so 4 maging 4-9-4 it's amazing how much stuff you can fit in that truck 4-9-4 oh mayanon pa to oh excellent so mo that's not ceramic sup urban day yes you can get a shout out watching from Romblon Food Panda Apocalypse Edition oh my god the road for mountain out goes round up to the weather station and back to distro center south of lake nut I think wait uh I think I've done those segments I think oh somebody brought my cargo back for me thank you but I don't need it now sometimes people also put in material here and stuff so I do like to check and let's claim more materials first of all we do need more kyle crystals and we need ceramic 2-4 4-9-4 okay alright good job how many is this 13 800 times 13 10 times 800 is 8000 3 times oh that's 10400 alright we have enough we have enough oh I'm excited so we gotta bring this back to the distro center so let's do that then I'll save and then saing na man we might as well if the distro center needs anything the distro center does not need anything but the craftsman is so easy to get to so we might as well I mean it's on the way might as well do that as well I mean you know it just adds to the porter like your abilities as a porter man those lights super useful thank you Anton alright let's hit the craftsman then hit the distro center and then we can oh kulang pa rin ako nung chiral how many chiral crystals do I have where do I see that chiral crystals hibayon sa cargo parang hindi alright how many do I need because I could go balloon hunting okay okay let's head to the craftsman then let's see what we can do about finding some chiral crystals actually I do want to go back to the previous stage because hindi ko pa na tapos yung hindi ko pa na 5 star yung the wind farm so the completionist in me wants to go back yeah and that's pretty fruitful I mean we got a bunch of ceramics ready for that next leg in the road building except I think we do still need chiral crystals let's see if we can do something about that alright let's just deliver this to the collector on the right collector has a big horizon zero dawn fan as am I at least you rack up more legendary wala ng wala ng chiral crystals or ceramic dito why thank you I can always use more grenades let's just put them in the private locker for now 5 star na rin siya na yung you know I guess I could do that just for fun next time auto maraming bts dun we gotta anong let's use the bots deliver this to the chiral artist studio because she is not 5 star yet and I would like to get that 5 stars and I mean well let's go back to the distro center not bad I think we have enough metals and ceramic now it's the chiral crystals na problema top rocket programmer I'm sure you're using the monitor for work as it was designed to be madam so so conscious of ceramics I'm like I'm gonna even get that one down below yung 40 but I think ok na tayo get inside porters there's time for the first time I saw these guys I thought they were mules so I tried to run them over sorry other porters alright let's just check how many chiral crystals I have I definitely have enough ceramic already sorry thinking oh I have 6000 chiral crystals 64 I think I have enough wasn't it just 3000 let's check it yeah 3000 62 metal and 6930 ceramics 6930 kung tiga 800 like I just want to make sure there's no wastage 8 times 648 48 8 times 756 64 there's a little wastage cause 64 plus 8 8 times 864 9 times 8 is 7 2 so medyome 270 waste so how anal am I wait let's let's let's do this properly I need 8 ceramics 8 times 864 so I need 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 kao balika and then the metals I need 69 64 wait actually I have a picture of it on my phone I have 64 now I need 530 tapos metal 62 okay so let's do 6000 metal 1 2 3 4 5 6 tapos on the truck now I still need 200 metal yeah this is the gameplay of ano nickel and diming and then I hate it when I get the calculations wrong sorry I'm thinking so tama na yung metal since ceramics I'm at 64 I need 7 so I need like 600 medyome wastage pa konte if I get 640 pero I'm not that I'm not that anal let's forget all of the chiral crystals na rin what's up jv yeah I'd like to do that although parang the most efficient would be just those balloon tingis this balloon tingis seem na do like there's a lot of there are a lot of chiral crystals underneath the bottom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 times 864 plus 640 7000 yeah we should do that alright I gotta go start dinner but this looks good we can actually next time I'll log in the game we can head up here and make that road and hopefully it's just like konte na lang konte na lang how many other pasikot-sekot can there possibly be like agan pa siya like this one I made this one and I'm like then it must go straight here no it has to go like that and then it goes loop back there like this one probably like have god knows what loop like that here or something but anyway yeah alright thanks for joining me for our first game stream of March I'm gonna go have dinner now thanks guys stay safe oh shoot ay nag exit na ako sorry as it's pwede magtadong this Friday as it's first Friday catch you guys then bye


Yeah, we're at the track covering the Sport of Kings in the show this week. Champion trainer Jason LaCosta lands his first Jamaica 2-year-old stakes win in a surprise score for his 9-1 entry, interesting times ahead. At the Garrison Savannah, Barbados' lottery trophy win for Sir David Seales Renaissance Frolick that clinches the trainer's title for Andrew Nunes. While in TNT, it's that champion combination again, Jockey Brown Boudram Singh and trainer John O'Brien linking up for a big gold cup tramp. And at Goldstream Park, more sunshine for Barbadian champion trainer Safi Joseph Jr. in the Sunshine State. Our opening story in the last At The Track show for 2023 from Jamaica. Holiday racing's biggest K-Manus Barker traction this week was the Jamaica 2-year-old stakes, the Boxing Day feature with 10 starters going a mile and worth a hefty 4 million Jamaican dollars. Leading trainer Jason LaCosta with 6 starters, his most fancied entries, number 2 come home to me at 7-2 and horses 7-8, Fast and Furious links at 5-1 and the 7-1 bet, Bannadura. It's Richie Azan's 9 horse, Miss Cherry the favorite though, at 2-1. Number 5 Matuso and number 6 interest in times ahead, the only colds in the field among the fillet dominated entries as we join Brown Rickman's call down the back stretch. Bannadura out in front, tested by Matuso ahead separates them, they fly past the 6. Come home to me races next, some 3 lengths back with Run Julie Runner for company. Fast and Furious links races up next, in behind those that's interesting times ahead. A break of 2 back to Rosetta, they leave the 5. Buttercup races on the outside beginning to make ground, Lucy in the sky, Miss Cherry just aboard the back and now asked to improve as they arrive at the half mile and speed will now be added to the race as they run the turn. Bannadura trying to slip away from horses, Run Julie Run now moves quickly down into 2nd and chasing Matuso, fading back just a bit. Interesting times ahead, wound up for Run. Just on the outside that Fast and Furious links come home to me races with Lucy in the sky. Miss Cherry has a lot to do from there along with Buttercup and forget Rosetta at the moment as the field turned for home in the Jamaica 2 year old stakes, they leave the top of the lane and Run Julie Run now scoots through and grabs the lead. Interesting times ahead down against the rail, it's Run Julie Run tackled now by Interesting times ahead and Interesting times ahead, kicks and gets that lead. Run Julie Run left the length and the half back. It's Interesting times ahead inside the final 16th, who holds the advantage under the bustling Philip Parchment. They win the Jamaica 2 year old stakes. The richest 2 year old event in Jamaican racing at just over 25,600 US dollars, Philip Parchment aboard the winning cold, Interesting times ahead by Bold Conquest out of the he's the real thing mirror, my friend Lucy, trained at Acosta's first 2 year old stakes win this after getting 2nd last year with Mamma Mia. Liz Acosta's interest in times ahead at 9-1 odds, conditioned by her son Jason in only his 2nd full season as a K-Manus spark trainer and he is 1-3 here with his 5-1 shot, Fast and Furious links 3rd. Run Julie Run 2nd at 7-2, the winning time for a mile, 1 minute 39 and 2-5ths of a second. Saturday's main event on Jamaica's holiday weekend card was the Chris Salmon Memorial Sprint. She's my destiny the defending champion and odds on favorite, but it's Emperor of the Cats boasting a 2 race winning streak in control coming off the final bend. They're about to come into the lane in the Christopher Chris Salmon Memorial Sprint trophy. They're into it now and Emperor of the Cats continues to deny them. Freedom Street is on the rail, she's my destiny and the big weight racing behind. American tap is toward the outside but Emperor of the Cats continues to pour it on under full power. Emperor of the Cats leaves my 4 or more inside the final 16th. This is the Christopher Chris Salmon Memorial Sprint trophy. They won't deny Emperor of the Cats in Chaventowns and they win by maybe 3. Third win in a row this for the four-year-old gelding, Emperor of the Cats claiming apprentice Chaventowns in a board for owner, trainer and breeder, Carl Anderson. As the 2-1 second favorite, Emperor of the Cats, the 2000 Guinness third place last year gets career win number 10 from 20 starts, chased by Freedom Street with a favorite, she's my destiny third. 106 flat the winning time for the five and a half furlong Chris Salmon Memorial Sprint. Barbados' 2023 season closed with Tuesday's Boxing Day card, the Barbados' lottery trophy as the main event, and the Ireland bred Soswaf, who was third in the Sanderlain Gold Cup in March, was the even money favorite. A five-horse field going 7.8 furlongs and dabble-winning Jockey Ray Williams eyeing a front-running win was still setting the pace mid-race with the multiple stakes winner in the USA, Renaissance Frolick, watched in the come box by Dean Springer. Renaissance Frolick has gone on and opened up a four-length advantage to Bejan Azteca, Soswaf has begun her run, Zahid under the pump, vividly hard ridden. They come inside the three-blown marker, and it's Renaissance Frolick who's in front by a length and a half from on the outside, Soswaf, vividly trying desperately to close. Zahid has had enough and so too has Bejan Azteca, and there are no more turns and Renaissance Frolick has come to the front on the ASI, vividly trying to close. Soswaf on the outside runs, battled out. It is Renaissance Frolick under left high drive. Her dog swicks it all, starts to punch him out, vividly with one last desperate search. It's terrible! Lots of lives still in these old legs. The 80-year-old Renaissance Frolick narrowly fends off the late rush from top Jockey Rashid Hughes aboard vividly to score. A winner of three-stakes races at Florida's Godstream Park in his younger days, Renaissance Frolick, on-placed in two sand-delaying gold cup outings, sixth in 2020 and fourth this year, gets his second win in four starts at the garrison. Both these wins in the hands of Ray Williams, who spoke post-race to George Davis. First of all, I want to say thanks to my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ for taking me around here safe and for this opportunity. The plan was, I know they had a bit of speed on the inside, so I know he doesn't need to lead. He's not a crack-for-runner. I planned to just let him break, let him see where he's comfortable, and I always thought that maybe the hearts would clear away, but he got so close to them, he was just trying to kind of fight me the whole way, so I took the initiative, I thought it was the best arts in the race, so I wrote him like that, and I also put him in front. He relaxed beautifully, he cleared away from the field, so I was just hoping that when I asked him again, he would give me confidence to go on again, and that's exactly what he did. Sir David Seals Renaissance Frolick by a nose in the Barbados loft-retrofe feature edging vividly at the finish, the joint two-to-one second favorites fighting it out, the favorite so-so of a fairly close-up third, 1.38-6 to the winning time for 7.8 furlongs in a result that clinched the trainer's championship for Andrew Nunes, the Jamaican second title in three years. At TNT Santa Rosa Park on Tuesday, the Boxing Day feature was as usual the gold cup, and as usual a very strong hand for the champion trainer, John O'Bran, starting five of the eight entries, including last year's winner Crown Prince. O'Bran was in fact eyeing his fourth consecutive win in the gold cup, and his entries after dominating the betting Hello World, the favorite Crown Prince Soka Harmony, and this year's triple crown winner in the headlines, the second, third, and fourth favorites proceeded to control the 10 furlong run, picked up in the Combox by John Rupert, leaving the back stretch. After just exhale is making headlines, the two trailers are Princess Aruna and Stroka Vlok at the top of the stretch in the gold cup, and in the headlines is holding them sway, Crown Prince is coming on. Coming up the rail now is Hello World, who gets a dream run. Soka Harmony is throwing it down inside the final 200 meters, and Hello World is coming away. Crown Prince is in second, then comes Soka Harmony, but Hello World is going to get his grade one success. What a fine run from Hello World on their Bran Boudram Singh, who with a Tuesday triple clinched a fifth consecutive jockey's title, despite missing almost six months of the season while riding in Canada. An early season injury had scuppered Hello World's triple crown bid, missing the Guinness and then runner-up to Stablemate in the headlines in the Derby and the Midsummer Classic, but he has no equal here as trainer Bran makes it four gold cup wins in a row. After making headlines, affirmative, and Crown Prince. The Poon tip-stud farms Hello World in his first grade one triumph, scoring by three-and-three-quarter lengths as the even-money-favorite ahead of Crown Prince and 2022 Dabu winner Soka Harmony in a 1-2-3 sweep for champion trainer Bran, 2-9-38 the winning time for the 10-4-long gold crown. To Florida now, where the Barbadian trainer Sapit Joseph Jr. is closing the Goldstream Park racing year in 2023, the way he started it, a champion winning stakes races. Kenneth Ramsey's great Philip B. My Sunshine was a moderately-backed 8-1 bet for Sapit Joseph in Saturday's Tropical Park Oaks, but honor Edgar Zaz maneuvered well from post-position 11 in the 12-horse field, was always traveling smoothly in the Milan 16th run and is about to charge into a winning rail run here under the champion jockey. They run to the top of the stretch. They stack four across the course from the inside. It's speed-trapped the leader. B. My Sunshine got through, breath away down the center, start-up mentality, Alphabella running home with an eighth of a mile to go. B. My Sunshine roused forward to take the lead. On the outside, breath away from between Alphabella. They come home for the wire. B. My Sunshine's still there. Breath away, surging! Sapit's 180th victory this for 2023 in his second-best season in win since moving to Florida in 2011. B. My Sunshine gives the Barbadian 36-year-old trainer his 16th steaks win this term. A winner by a head in the $125,000 Tropical Park Oaks, clocking 1.39.34 for the 8.5 furlong turf run. And before we go, a steaks win to report for the Barbadian jockey, Rocco Boen. No Carracom rider has more wins in 2023 in North America than he has. Aboard the 1-9 favorite shadowy for trainer Tim Ham. Boen was a huge 8.5-length winner of the Joshua Rodasovic memorial steaks for two-year-olds. Shadowy won the $75,000 event over six furlongs in 112.13 giving Boen his 99th win of the year. We've been at the track covering top stories and exciting races. In the sport of kings, thanks for joining us for all of 2023. A happy new year to you now. And check us out again next week.