and welcome to this session on Newton's laws of motion. So till now we were discussing about various types of forces and hence we concluded that Sir Isaac Newton came up with his famous three laws of motion. But before we take up laws of motion given by Sir Isaac Newton, it is also important to understand what happened before Newton. So who all were there, who all scientists were there who have given laws of motion and what was world following till then, till 1642 as in the year when Newton born and it was late 1660s when Newton came up with his laws of motion. So before that what was happening is what we are going to discuss in this session. So there was a philosopher named Aristotle and he was a Greek and he existed in 4th century BC. So he was from 384 to 322 BC. Just a trivia for you Aristotle was also the teacher of Alexander, so the famous king of Greece. So he was the person who was a philosopher, he was a polymath basically. So he was an engineer, a philosopher, a physicist and all at that point in time and he came up with his laws of motion from the observations which he had around him at that point in time. So this is we are talking about 4th century BC. Now what was his laws of motion and what was the elements of his laws of motion, let us discuss that. So what he thought was the substances making up the earth were different from the substances making the heaven. That means earth is made up of different type of material and heaven, the other part of the universe is made up of some other material. And hence the laws governing the motion of the heavens were different set of laws than those that govern motion on the earth. What it means is whatever we are observing in earth or whatever laws of motion are there here on earth, it will be different from whatever is happening let us say on Mars or Venus or even Sun and any other part of the universe. That is what he said. Then what he was talking about is this also that dynamics is the branch of physics that deals with motion. So this is you can now see the history of the word dynamics. So this is coming from that time and it was branch of physics that deals with motion was primarily determined by the nature of the substance that was moving. So hence as you can see if the substance is different, the laws followed or obeyed by that particular substance will be different. So that is what Aristotle is saying. So here you can see there is an apple tree and there are raindrops which are about to fall from clouds. So let us say the apple is falling from the tree and let us say the raindrops are falling from the cloud and what Aristotle is suggesting is since apple and water are made up of different substances, hence they will obey different laws of motion. This is what he is proposing at that point in time. Now you can reason out why is he saying that and what is the logical sense to all of that and today we know that all of this is not true but at that point in time we cannot expect that there are enough experimental tools or even for that matter there was no methodology of researching about all of that. Fair enough. So let us go further into it. So what is he is mentioning further? So he is saying that a stone fell to the ground because the stone and the ground were similar in substance. So that is what now he is saying. He is saying that a stone is going to fall on the ground because stone and the ground are made up of similar material. Similarly, smoke is rising away from the earth because in terms of the four basic elements and what are those basic elements you would have heard that fire, earth, water and all these, there are four basic elements which were there during that time they used to believe that everything is made up of those four basic elements. And now Aristotle is saying that it was primarily, the smoke is primarily air that is the substance of smoke and substance of air is same and hence smoke will go towards air. So that is what Aristotle is suggesting. It is as good as saying that like is attracting like. Now similarly, the most contentious part of his theory and today or later on when Galileo refuted it and when Aristotle, our Isaac Newton also refuted it was that objects move as long as they are pushed. That means if something is moving that means it is constantly being pushed. And today we know that you don't require force to keep something moving. You only require to start and stop it. If there is no friction, it will continue moving. So this is what we know that but earlier that in that point in time when in 4th century BC his observation is that the particle are moving or the objects are moving because a constant force is being applied onto it. Now he could not see that there is something called friction which actually opposes the motion and later on it was clarified by Galileo. Now then came Galileo. So you can see that till 15th or 16th century BC, there is no much or not much development in terms of laws of motion. And this is the time when Europe is undergoing some kind of a transformation when renaissance is happening other things in the European society where they are challenging all the beliefs that were established during that time. So Galileo comes and he challenges Aristotle in laws of motion. So he is an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer. So you can see that during early days people were involved in more subjects than what today we people are doing. And he refuted Aristotle in laws of motion. He said that whatever Aristotle is suggesting is not correct. And he asked this question that if push is required to continue motion then what pushes an arrow once it leads the bow. So what is that thing which is making the arrow go on continuously in one path if the archer has released the string or the arrow has left the bow? Then who is pushing that arrow? That was his question. He proposed his own ideas and he said that he proposed the theory of inertia which we now know as Newton's first law of motion. And he said that a body continues to be at rest or uniform motion because of its inertia. There is something called inertia which keeps a body at rest or uniform motion. So that was he suggested. And this theory became the foundation of Newton's laws of motion. We all know that the first law is nothing but which explains inertia. So anything which is at rest will continue to be at rest. Anything which is undergoing motion, uniform motion it will continue to do so till an unbalanced force is acting externally on it. So we will deal with them in detail when we are taking up Newton's laws but this is what Galileo has observed. So Galileo was very famous for his thought experiments. Now what are thought experiments? You actually concede the idea. I don't really do it but you concede the idea and with logic you try to prove the idea. So what did he suggest? He basically took the inspiration from a pendulum. He said that he said that if there is a pendulum and it is hanging from the ceiling. And let's say this is the bob and you take the bob in one direction and release it. So what happens? It starts swinging, isn't it? And interestingly it raises to the same level from ground. So let's say this is the ground level and this is the extreme position. So the bob comes here and the bob comes here. So in both the cases the extreme positions, the height attained from the ground are same. That's what he observed. So he tried to replicate this experiment using a hemispherical bowl and rolling a bowl on that small marble on that and he suggested that if this is the ball here, if released it will come and it will stay here. And it was common observation if there is no friction between the surface of the ball and the hemispherical bowl. So this is what he said that if the bowl is there it will come back come to the same height and it will stop there. Now he suggested what if we have a different setup. Let's say this kind of a setup is there and now we have extended the path of the bowl which is going to roll over and basically it's an extended hemisphere as you can see. Then here also he observed that the bowl when released goes to the same height. So it goes to the same height. Now it takes more time and it is covering a larger distance but again, because there was no friction he observed and later on you will also study under something called conservation of energy that the potential energy is going to be same initially and the final or total energy rather is going to be same initially and finally now since the kinetic energy initially is zero in this case and finally also it is zero because it has attained the same height it is coming to a halt momentarily so hence the initial potential energy and final potential energy must be same and hence it attains the same height. So if there is no friction between the two surfaces then the bowl is going to come up to the same height. Now he stretched his imagination and he said now let's go to this kind of a setup. This kind of a setup. Now what you can see is only the first half of that extended path for the rolling bowl. The other half is not shown in this diagram and imagine that it is infinitely long. So if it is infinitely long then the bowl which is rolling will never be able to come to the same height. It will continue moving like this. It is going to continue move continuously like that. So it will never stop or it is trying to attain the same height but it is never getting that height. So it will continue to move. So imagine that towards a long distance. After a long distance it will see the upward curve but then every time it reaches the upward curve you take that curve away from the bowl. So this bowl is going to continuously move. Isn't it? That is what Galileo observed through his thought experiment. So guys what is the summary of the entire discussion then? So we have two stalwarts. One was Aristotle and another was Galileo and there they are around what some two centuries almost two million almost two millennia away. So Aristotle is saying force is required to continue uniform motion but he could not attribute the slowing down of moving object to friction. So he could not see that objects are slowing down because there is something called friction which is acting between the two surfaces. While Galileo observed that force is required only to start and stop the uniform motion you don't need to apply force continuously to maintain the motion. For example a spacecraft which is moving in space right now for example you know you would have heard of the spacecraft Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They have crossed the solar system now so they are moving on their own. So we don't need to really apply any effort to make them move. So how are they moving on their own? So that's what Galileo observed that if there is nothing to stop them they are going to continue with the same velocity. And finally he said that an object slows down because an external force either friction or air resistance acts on it. So this is the summary of the two people or the laws of motion given by the two people. And then finally who came into the picture? Sir Isaac Newton. So it was him who took the baton from Galileo and came up with his three laws of motion. Not only he gave the qualitative analysis or qualitative view of laws of motion he also gave mathematical view of that. So he explained the three laws using mathematics. And while doing so he contributed significantly in the field of calculus. So today we know that calculus. He was one of the early contributors other being got rid of limits. So these two people are known for developing the body of initial body of mathematics calculus. And now today we are using this subject in multiple other fields as well. And interestingly Newton was born in the year when Galileo died. Okay that was the year 1642. So 1642 was the year when Newton comes on earth and you might be astonished to know that when he was giving this laws of motion it was a plague outbreak in London and because of which he had to go to his hometown and there is where he had a lot of time to brood over all these natural phenomena and finally he came up with lots of lots of laws and theories in physics as well as mathematics. I hope you got the glimpse of the historical background of laws of motion. Now in the next session we are going to discuss Newton's laws of motion one by one in a much detailed manner. Thanks for having patience to go through all this and keep watching. Thanks a lot. Bye bye. Take care.


What's good George the boros back again with another video so I'm gonna check out what happened to the children of dead wrestlers now This is definitely a touchy subject death is a it's a part of life, but it's most of the time unfortunate and Untimely especially when it comes to wrestlers who have children You know these said wrestlers made a legacy and a name for themselves and then something happens and now The children are you know left without a parent or you know someone that that a lot of the wrestling community love and appreciate it and They're kind of left without that that that person and it's just tough It's tough even just death outside of wrestling death in general. It's just a fact of life, but it's it's never easy So we're gonna check out what happened to the the children of wrestlers that have passed away Appreciate all love and support man. We're gonna get right into this one But the sport has claimed a lot of lives like any death many people are affected and some of the most impacted are the children So what happens for kids of wrestlers who died young? Let's begin with umaga while his wb career only lasted about three years The Simone bulldozer accomplished a lot in that time and made a name for himself in june 2009 umaga was released from his WB contract about six months later tragedy struck umaga's wife found him unconscious at their home He was rushed to the hospital where he passed away the cause of death being two heart attacks Umaga not only left behind a wife, but four children and unfortunately his family fell into poverty This led to umaga's son. Isaiah thought to gain a rest at the age of 15 For Henry and robbery he ended up getting put behind bars and spent six years in prison in march 2022 Isaiah was released and thankfully turned his life around He became muslim and is now following in his father's footsteps in december 2020 Isaiah started training at booker t's school reality wrestling Then in june 2023 the fourth generation wrestler mays debut as zilla fattu Isaiah also paid tribute to his late father by using umaga's signature Simone spank Hey, man, uh shout out to zilla man. Um, he's doing his thing. I believe he's uh um set up in houston right now if i'm not mistaken or not I'll follow him on instagram instagram and a few conversations with him Um, definitely at some point we will try to get him on the intercutch podcast to you know Have a uh conversation with him or whatnot. So we're gonna try to definitely set that up But shout out to him just making it or you know making a way, you know We we have our situations where you know, we end up in places and and In uh situations where not supposed to be in or you know, things happen life happens But it's how you overcome those issues and situations how you overcome the struggles and to see him out here In the wrestling biz and and making a name for himself I love to see it and i'm looking forward to seeing what where his wrestling career takes him Not many people know this but andre the giant had a child Didn't notice russimov was born in 1979 while robin did have regular contact with her father She only got to see him five times in her entire life This is partially due to the strange relationship between andre and robin's mother Despite this andre did his best to give his daughter the best life possible by paying child support and setting up a trust fund for her Today robin lives in cl washington and while she has never been involved in wrestling She does look after her father's legacy any time andre the giant's likeness or name is used in anything Robin has a say and also gets royalties from it. Most recently. Oh, she should She's been consulting on an andre the giant biopic Unlike everyone else you'll hear about in this video Chris Benoit is actually responsible for the death of one of his children In june till the seven the former world champion killed his wife and seven-year-old son and then took his own However, benoit had two children from a previous marriage David who was 14 and megan who was 10 after chris benoit's death Both continued to live with their biological mother in edmonton, alberta after staying out of the public guy for over a decade David benoit became more public doing interviews and appearing at wrestling shows He discussed interested training. It was even booked to be in a match Currently david is in edmonton working in the oil industry chris benoit's daughter megan has been a lot more quiet though In fact, it wasn't until 2023 that megan benoit had an instagram account Now 26 year old shared a few pictures of her and her father beyond that though not much is known about megan Wow, which once again I understand why You know They kept them out of the the public eye because Obviously there's gonna people to have opinions and you know, it's To them it. Yeah, it's it's a heinous thing that what their father did at the same time It's not like their father was bad to them. Of course. They love their father.  So they're the fact that they're trying to make the best of it kudos to them, man In 2019 the wrestling world was hit hard by the sudden death of ashley missaro. Missaro joined him in 2005 I remember that he researched competition She spent about three years at the company but left in 2008 The reason was so ashley could care for her then seven-year-old daughter Alexa who was sick tragically in may 2019 Missaro took her own life in the wake of her mother's passing a go fund me a setup for Alexa missaro The campaign raised $100,000 that went to Alexa missaro's education as of right now Ashley missaro's daughter is currently a student in smith town new york While Alexa hasn't given any hints that she wants to become a wrestler She has did some work as a model which is what her mother did as well Owen Hart's death was one of the most sensational in wrestling history due to it happening during a live broadcast Hart was meant to make a superhero like entrance by being lowered from the rafters of the arena and into the ring However, there was a malfunction and oan fell to his death He left behind a wife and two kids a seven-year-old son and a three-year-old daughter in the aftermath Owen Hart's children were each given three million dollars in a settlement Owen's son oge is now 31 years old in 2023 He's currently attending a school in london studying to get his phd in human rights law Oge Hart is also an artist guitarist and world traveler Owen's daughter Athena turned 28 in 2023 in 2016 She graduated the degree in journalism and also obtained licenses in nutrition and personal training Oge and Athena have not been involved with wrestling in any capacity, which is understandable For sure until 2022 when oan Hart's children as well as his wife were in attendance for AEW dynamite Who had begun hosting the oan hart cup tournament in 2021? The news of luke harper aka brody's dad was very sudden and very sad The former Wyatt family member passed away due to a rare condition called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Which causes lung tissues to thicken and unable to function at the time of his passing harper had two sons eight-year-old brody and three-year-old nolan Nolan will be trained six in december 2023 and in august 2023 the son of the backwoods brawler started kindergarten Nolan is hoping to become a video game programmer while his older brother brody is already following in his dad's footsteps In the aftermath of brody lee's passing the oldest son brody lee jr. Made his AEW debut He soon joined his father's faction the dark order and started being called negative one AEW even signed luke harper's son to a contract that will become valid on january 17th 2030 his 18th birthday That is of course if negative one decides he wants to pursue a career in wrestling Even though he which is pretty cool. If he ever really wants to do wrestling. He already has a guaranteed contract I do remember that and that was a cool thing that tony con Uh in AEW decided to do so Once again, rest in peace, man. It's just It's sad. Yes. There's some beautiful, you know stuff that comes from this You know the children being taken care of and being able to live their life and enjoy their life The best way they can but it's still ultimately sad, man Tired for years the ultimate warriors death was still shocking for many The reason was that warrior had just made his return to money night raw before his death Making it even more tragic was that warriors wife became a widow and his two daughters were left without a father Warriors oldest child in bianna trained 23 years old in 2023 while his youngest madigan will be 21 While both haven't stepped inside the ropes yet Indiana did get into the highly competitive colburn school as a belay student Currently indiana attends the university of texas at austin where she's majoring in youth and community studies While also working as a professional caregiver the ultimate warriors youngest daughter madigan is pretty private about her life But it's assumed she's in school as well. Shad gaspart's death was both tragic and heartwarming Definitely sad too. The former WWE wrestler and his son were swimming at venice beach in los angeles When they got caught in a strong rip current lifeguards came to help them But gaspart told the guards to save his son first while gaspart's 10 year old son Aria got to safety shad was swept away and ultimately died gaspart's son is now 13 years old.  He sacrificed himself to save his son Rest in peace, man And keeps people posted through his instagram account Even though he's still in middle school aria is already in the gym and lifting weights It's possible to see aria gaspart inside a wrestling ring, but it appears his love is for football and basketball Either way, it looks like aria is making his dad proud and doing what he loves For sure died only about four months after he got released from his w2b contract After a roughly five year long career with the company, holly was let go in june 2003 in november of that year holly took his own life After receiving divorce papers from his wife crash left behind an eight year old daughter named patty But luckily she was taken care of crash's storyline cousin molly holly helped raise funds for patty's education As of today crash holly's daughter lives in santa claire, california Where she's working on gainer g ed and currently works as assistant manager at little caesars Brian pilman blurred the lines between fiction and real life so much that when he died Some people didn't believe it at first the loose cannon passed away alone in his hotel room at the age of 35 On the day of a wb pay per view pilman had six children two stepkids and four biological and unfortunately They were not well cared for his daughter britney and only son brian pilman jr Were physically abused by their mother's new husband and at times didn't know where their next meal was coming from Tragedy struck the pilman family once again when brian pilman's stepdaughter alexis passed away younger than their father When she was in her mid 20s alexis wanted to get into wrestling and began training She started working as a valet and manager and even got an opportunity to work at a tna impact wrestling show However alexis's life came to an abrupt end before her career could take off in november 2009 alexis was involved in a failed car crash and she died at just 26 years old There is good news though. Both britney and brian pilman jr are doing much better britney graduated from college in 2016 and now runs her own clothing store called ash haven co in edgewood kentucky She's also married and has a two-year-old son britney has even attended wrestling shows to support her brother at the age of 23 brian pilman jr laced up his boots and began training He quickly made a name for himself and within a few years joined aew in july 2023 The second generation wrestlers contracted spidered and soon joined wwe He's currently performing at nxt under the name lexus k 11 miles Yep, and this is i love that video package. They have for him It looks so dope very creative him trying to make a name for himself. I love it. It was it was cool So it's gonna be very interesting to see what they do with him in nxt Hopefully, they really utilize him and give him the push that he potentially deserves, man Where brian pilman died another wrestler would die on eddie greerow's passing Recipes ready, man Hit the wrestling world hard, but it hit his family even harder Eddie left his wife vicki guerrero as well as three daughters Latino heats oldest shawl guerrero got into the family business and wrestled for wwe In 2010 shawl signed a contract with wwe and started training at the development system fc w which later became nxt She wrestled under the name rakel ds, but her career was short-lived She ultimately left wwe in 2014 due to an eating disorder. Thankfully, she recovered and in 2016 Shaw got married to wwe wrestler aid in english. Oh, she isn't an active competitor right now Shaw is still involved in wrestling doing renouncing and commentating for a number of companies including aw Shaw is 33 years old as of 2023 and currently lives in chicago That's awesome has several years working as a burlesque dancer Eddie guerrero's second oldest child shawl and guerrero didn't become a wrestler But does tell stories in her own way the 28 year old currently lives in houston texas Where she works as a client coordinator and the medical aesthetics provider ideal image as well as a freelance photographer and artist Additionally, shawl is a content creator posting videos to tiktok and her photography to instagram Okay, that's cool. Sherilyn is not on good terms with her mother vicki and her sister in april 2023 Sherilyn posted a video to tiktok where she said she got assaulted by her stepfather in early 2020 According to sherilyn both her mom vicki guerrero and her sister shawl blocked her from their phones Sherilyn added that vicki basically sided with her husband after sherilyn posted the video Vicki responded by saying her daughter was a hostile narcissistic person among other accusations Eddie guerrero also had a third child from a different relationship Kayleigh guerrero wasn't even four years old when her father passed away Despite that Kayleigh was accepted by vicki as part of her family The now 21 year old is a special effects makeup artist for film and seems to have a specialty before it's also worth mentioning That's it just it just sucks that the family's feeding like that.  I hate to hear stories like that, man You know morella has a daughter in jvb right now to see her why that's man It was cool to see some of these kids or most of them being able to you know move past such a tragic incident They're not kids anymore. Obviously they're adults and living their lives or whatnot But you know the vicki guerrero situation that one kind of sucks because you hate to see that, you know, I'm saying Uh, especially, you know with eddie being gone for so long We know eddie wouldn't want to see his family like that. So Damn that that's that's a sad one. But like I said at the beginning of the video death It's a part of life. You know, it's it's gonna happen. There's no way to avoid it All you can do is make sure you cherish the moments and and the loved ones While you're still here or cherish the people that you care about while they're still here, man So comment down below. Let me know some other videos you want me to check out I appreciate all of this for you guys for showing on channel road to 150k and I'm still gonna spend you to rest in your world Appreciate you. I can give you me. See you next one. Peace


Income tax 2022-2023, unemployment compensation. Let's do some wealth preservation with some tax preparation. Most of this information comes from the Form 1040 Instructions Tax Year 2022 Instructions for Schedule 1, Additional Income and Adjustments to Income, Additional Income section, which you can find at the IRS website, IRS.gov, IRS.gov, when looking at the income tax formula, we are once again looking at line 1, that being income, remembering that the first half of the income tax formula is in essence an income statement. Although a funny one, we've got income up top, the equivalent of deductions down below to get to the bottom line, usually net income, but this time taxable income, our objective being the opposite of a normal income statement, where we're trying to get the taxable income as low as possible, installation for low income housing, as opposed to net income, we're typically trying to get as high as possible. So we're focused on the income line. So the question is, is this item we're thinking about, in this case, unemployment compensation, something that needs to be included in income, or is it exempt from income? Now unemployment compensation in its name says compensation. So you would think by that term, it might be something that would have to be included in income, but you also might think that this is kind of a welfare or benefit kind of program. So maybe it would kind of support accounting instruction by clicking the link below, giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website, broken out by category, further broken out by course, each course then organized in a logical, reasonable fashion, making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Defeat the purpose to get money from the government, which would then have to be taxed and then you have to pay it back to the government. However, normally unemployment compensation is generally going to be a taxable event. Obviously this happens when you're in employment and then you cease employment and then the state in certain circumstances may be able to compensate you for that unemployment compensation. The general idea of that policy being that a sudden loss of employment can be kind of a shock, employable or very employable and you might need some temporary wages in order to find and seek and get employment elsewhere. So it's kind of supposed to help in that kind of transition period. But remember, there's a difference between the federal government and the state government. So usually unemployment compensation isn't something that makes sense from a federal government standpoint, because even if they were to apply that on a federal level, how would they possibly do that in a fair way given the fact that the states have different living conditions and so on through the cost of living itself is already a complicating factor that would make that a difficult situation. Usually those types of things happen on a state and local level, which makes a lot more sense to me to do that kind of thing of course at a state and local level. So you have a situation where there's an income from the state that of course could be an untaxable kind of event from the federal income tax type of system and that is generally what we have. Okay, so where would it be reported? We've got the Line 8 other income from Schedule 1 and we've got the Schedule 1 then where we have the unemployment compensation. We'll compensate money up front. Now the unemployment compensation, you're generally going to get a form just like you would for any other kind of potential income from if it was the state that gave you the unemployment and that form might be a 1099G type of form. Now in prior years due to the whole COVID pandemic type of thing, there was this whole weird thing with the unemployment where they tried to basically say that the unemployment or part of the unemployment is not going to be includeable in income due to the whole crisis and due to them basically saying the government is shutting people down. So obviously it's not your fault if the government says you cannot work due to social distancing and so on. So then they tried to say we'll try to give a benefit to people by not having the unemployment they receive as a taxable event but they kind of put that in a little bit late. So a lot of people still filed with the unemployment in place and then the government was trying to fix it but that new law was not updated so now we're back to the normal situation where the unemployment is going to be included. Now also just note that unemployment for the last couple of years has also been an area where fraud has kind of come into play because we have all these people that are likely unemployed and the fraudsters came in and tried to take advantage to try to receive unemployment compensation for those who possibly didn't file for unemployment but possibly could qualify for the unemployment. So if you do receive like a 1099 G then then and you didn't get any unemployment then you're going to want to to address that because somebody probably got paid unemployment and basically stole your identity which means you've got an issue with regards to the state that they stole your identity and possibly if they could steal your identity there they might be able to use your social security number and whatnot to file a fraudulent tax return. So you could take action on that. We saw a lot of like tax news last year that was that was concerned with this type of thing so just be aware of that. Okay line seven unemployment compensation you should receive a form 1099 G showing in box one the total unemployment compensation paid to you in 2022 report this amount on line seven. So usually it's a pretty straightforward type of thing. If you're a tax preparer usually you deal more with the questions than with the difficulty of doing the data input the data input usually being fairly straightforward. The questioning being hey look I lost my job I got unemployment compensation why should I have to include that in income and it's like well because it's compensation you have to include it in income generally and it is what it is usually and then the other issue of course is going to be if they got a significant amount of unemployment compensation oftentimes they didn't withhold on it. So when you're a W2 employee you have to fill out that W4 form so the employer acts as the tax collector on your behalf takes your money from you before it even touches your pocket and they give it to the IRS directly. The unemployment isn't required to do the withholding you can request to do withholdings but most people don't so if there's a significant amount of unemployment then it's possible that that's going to cause a situation where they they have underpaid their taxes due to not having any withholdings. However also just note that if someone got fired in the middle of the year or laid off or whatever you want to call it in the middle of the year then the withholdings that they had for that that part of the year so if they had withholdings for like three months of the year and then they got laid off after three months the withholdings for that three months are going to be very high compared to three months of income because because remember we have a progressive tax system so it's not like they got taxed at 15 percent you know evenly no matter how much they earned if they were projected to earn a hundred thousand dollars but they only worked for three months then the withholdings that were withheld from them are going to be based on a hundred thousand dollar salary the yearly salary but they didn't earn a year's worth of salary therefore they're going to have with over withheld and then they're going to pick up the unemployment compensation which they're probably not going to withhold anything on and so maybe those two things balance each other out but that's you know again it's a messy situation to try to predict but those are kind of some things to just keep in mind. So caution so if the amounts reported in box one of forms 1099g is incorrect report online seven only the actual amount of unemployment compensation paid to you in 2022 so in other words if you got unemployment 1099g but you didn't actually get unemployment that's possible that's an indication that fraud might have taken place you would like to like any incorrect 1099 go back to the issuer of the 1099 correct the problem there if possible telling them to give a new 1099 to the government to the IRS because otherwise the iris is going to have an unmatching 1099 from their side to your side what you don't want to do is report an incorrect amount on the return but if your 1099 doesn't match the tax return the iris will almost certainly you know question it because they're going to say hey i got a 1099 based on this and you're going to say yeah but it was wrong and you're going to have to go through that how do you not go through that you try to go through the issuer of the 1099 tell them to give the iris an updated 1099 with the correct information on it so if you made contributions to a government unemployment compensation program or the government paid family leave program and you aren't itemizing deductions reduce the amount you report online seven by those contributions so if you are itemizing deductions see instructions for form 1099g if you received an overpayment of unemployment compensation in 2022 and you repaid any of it in 2022 subtract the amount repaid from the total amount you received enter the result online seven also enter repaid and the amount you repaid on the dotted line next to line seven so we've seen a similar situation in prior presentations in that if the amount on the on the report the 1099 is incorrect then if you report something less than the amount on the 1099 the iris will probably have a problem and make a correction for you if you enter an amount greater than the amount on the 1099 the iris is probably not going to have a problem with that because now that's going to result in you paying more taxes if it was legit legitimately amount less than the 1099 then you want to show the math you want to say hey here's the amount from the 1099 here's me subtracting the amount because i repaid part of it because they overpaid me and so then the iris can still tie into the amount on the 1099 but see that you then reduced it and hopefully that'll be enough information to to not have them you know trigger a recalculation or anything so if in 2022 you've repaid more than $3,000 of unemployment compensation that you included in gross income in an earlier year you can see repayments in publication 525 for details on how to report the payments so now the issue is well now i had a repayment of unemployment compensation if it was in the current year then i could of course just reduce the repayment in the in the current year but if it was applied to a prior year what do you do do you amend the tax return or is there some way that you can adjust for it in the current year if you fall into that situation again publication 525 find it on the iris website iris.gov iris.gov tip if you received unemployment compensation in 2022 your state may issue an electronic form 1099 g instead of being mailed to you so in other words if you don't get it in the mail but you got unemployment compensation it may be that you just didn't get it because they give it to you in some other format such as a digital format so you want to make sure that you're reporting your unemployment income and that you could find the form to help you to do so because if you don't report it you can't just tell the iris well i didn't get the 1099 because the iris will certainly have gotten the 1099 and that won't that won't fly right they're gonna they're gonna correct your return almost certainly so check your state's unemployment compensation website for more information


Hi guys, welcome back to my YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosal here. Short notice surprise interview today with Professor Barry Lunt who's based out of Provo, Utah at Brigham Young University Barry is an expert in computer storage and is dedicated. I think Barry write most of your career all your career to to this fascinating field I came across Barry as one of the key Participants in the M disc revolution. I've done a couple of videos this week about the M disc It's a archival grade storage medium. That's a modified version of the blu-ray and DVD intended for long-term storage I've spent the best part of today burning M disc. So it's very fitting that we're talking today, Barry So I'd love to hear a little bit about this this M disc project because it has a cult following on Reddit but Outside of the mainstream, how many people are out there using M disc for archival storage at the moment? Well, that's definitely a good question. Unfortunately, I don't have a good answer for that I'm no longer involved in the company or the sales of the product And so I don't really have an insight into what kind of market it's reaching something I've you know, I had this thought earlier in the week about Storage that is kind of fascinating that I mean if you look at where we've gone in the last 10 or 20 years in terms of Going from floppy disk that could hold about one megabyte to You know, I've seen there's one terabyte micro SD's on the market and the hard drive market now goes all the way up to 20 terabytes So how is it exactly? that we've evolved so quickly in this respect in terms of making storage more compact and yet when it comes to this Subject of data and bit rot which I think that probably most casual computer users aren't even aware is the thing It seems to be M disc is the only project. That's really kind of tackle this directly. Why why why why is there such a discrepancy? That's a very good question and It's a question that I myself wondered back when I first started working on this area of research I think the simplest answer is that most people care about storing more and more of their data They they want to be able to store everything that they create and never have to worry about deleting anything And so the pressure for sales has been to create denser storage media Rather than something that will last forever because both people don't worry about that and the cloud has certainly diverted our attention away from Permanence because the cloud tells us it will be there forever where most people don't worry about The length of the storage they just want it to be there for when they next the next time they need it You know the the thing about the cloud that you know the the adage among backup people is that the cloud Isn't backup, but certainly it seems to me as if m discs could be used in a modern backup approach that may be the onsite The onsite backup is on M disc and then they're using cloud for off-site So is that a is that a use case that that people are doing out there? The M disc can certainly be used for backup purposes as well as local storage There's no nothing that prohibits it from servicing both communities. However, the M disc Was designed as DVD, which is a capacity of 4.7 gigabytes, which back in 2008 was a substantial amount of storage That's when we came up with this We followed on with the Blu-ray, which is 25 gigabytes We have not been able to Increase the capacity of the discs and we would prefer that they store a terabyte So they haven't become a mass storage device simply because it can't increase the density for reasons I don't know that we want to get into So they work well for local storage because people's storage needs are relatively small But compared to an enterprise needing to store terabytes The capacity is just not there for optical discs regarding, you know verbatim and these other manufacturers. So are they How does it work exactly because Milaniata is no longer in business, right? So these guys have the trade secret or you know, how does it work exactly that other manufacturers are manufacturing M disc nowadays? The arrangements were made before Milaniata went out of business for verbatim to license the technology and therefore Manufacture the M disc under license from Milaniata So although the company is no longer operating the license remains in effect. So yes verbatim is a licensed manufacturer of the M disc Inorganic layer. Can you just try explaining for those who haven't heard of M disc? What is it that makes M discs different than your average DVD or Blu-ray? Yeah, that's another very good question one that I was asked many many times back in the day So recordable optical discs are quite different than the ones that you buy in the store Let's see that I buy a CD or a DVD or a blu-ray disc in the store that has content on it Such as a movie or a concert or something like that When I buy that disc it is made by a very different manufacturing process In terms of the materials that are used as compared to recordable optical discs So if I buy it in the store already has a content on it. I cannot change that account overwrite it It's immutable and actually those discs will last a very long time The estimated lifetime on that based on some studies by the Library of Congress is over a thousand years Well, that's wonderful. That means that we we know how to make something that lasts a long time We just don't know how to make a recordable So if I wanted to record something by that process for my own personal use I would have to buy a million dollar machine. So that's not practical So I buy an optical optical recordable disc and the poster that I sent you has at the bottom of it a Confocal microscope image and a scanning electron microscope image of a recordable optical disc On the left side, you can see the marks you can see the ones in the zeros on the right side You see no marks You just see the trenches or tracks as we call them of the optical disc and you can't see the physical data So the point of that picture is that when and a recordable disc is recorded it the laser Impinges on the die that is in each of the tracks and causes that die to be less Reflecting so you see the dark spots and you see the light spots in the image there And so those are the ones in zeros and that's been changed by the laser of the optical disc recorded but those those Images are made or excuse me those marks are made in a die that is organic And of course it has to be a light sensitive die Which means if you store these discs in the light the light itself will cause further degradation So when you need something that's that's not light sensitive Then there's also not changed by temperature and humidity On the image of the poster that I sent you on the right is a scanning electron microscope picture of the M Disc and you can see the dramatic difference you can see or clearly see the ones in zeros So what we've done with the laser is we've ablated the recording layer. It's no longer an organic diets in organic Which means it's not subject to further degradation by environmental issues such as temperature humidity and light and And of course, you know from that your reading that we've done tests of that We the Naval Weapons Research Center in China Lake, California did tests on our M disc compared to the very best recordable optical discs using accelerated aging including light temperature and humidity and our discs came out unscathed literally unscathed Where all the others came out either dead or the number of errors that went up exponentially and they were almost Unrecoverable so that you have the difference is the recording layer the material that's used to absorb the laser light And the way that the laser light changes the recording layer so in our disc those changes are physical and Permanent irreversible and I you know I saw a video on the millennia to page that you were on a hike and you saw Hieroglyphics carved into stone. Can you just tell me about that and how that provided inspiration for this means of writing data? That's a wonderful story Yeah, I was Not too far from where Provo, Utah is is a place called nine mile canyon It's I guess it's about an hour and 45 minutes away and when in 1996 I had a chance to take a group of 16 and 17 year old youth To that canyon for a couple of overnight campouts and one of the features that drew us to that canyon where higher glyphs Excuse me not hardest petroglyphs petroglyphs by the way means marks made on rock Petros rocks by the Indians the Anasazi Indians that were there Two three thousand years ago We don't know for sure how far freemont Anasazi or freemont Indians And so the first time I ever walked up to one of those and got to see it and touch it You can see that what the what the marks are is that the rock face has been aged by the sun and the weather over millennia and Darkened and if you chip away a thin layer about a millimeter thick is all of that dark layer You expose a light layer of rock So when you look at the petroglyph you can see that it's made by a chipping process where you remove the dark layer and expose A light layer and my mind immediately thought oh, that's just like optical disc That's how we record data on optical distance an optical contrast light spot and the dark spot and I thought oh You could do that with lasers and and I didn't think anything of it until 2005 When I was making a backup copy of my Digital pictures because I finally had a digital camera and I thought these pictures are precious to me I want to make a copy of them and I realized well I can't Copying it from a hard disk drive to another hard disk drive is kind of like Taking something that's in a glass bottom leaky bowed and putting it in another glass bottom leaky boat Meaning if the boat hits a rock it's going to break and fall apart and crash and so everything's lost And it leaks so that eventually the boat is going to sink because it's leaking and thought well Okay, that hard disk drive is rather Not a very good way to do that and I realized that optical recording discs Of course, we're not permanent as well and then I knew that we've about had flash drives But I knew that flash drives weren't permanent and that's it magnetic optical and Solid state or flash drives. Those are the only three technologies we have and none of them were permanent and so I thought few This probably matters to other people too They want some permanent way to store their digital data And that's what got us involved in starting the research and later the company millennia Could you tell a little bit about what mdiscs are being used for nowadays? Who's buying these things would it be sort of governmental archivist? What are the typical use cases nowadays for mdisc storage? Yeah, so my understanding is that the typical use case now is backing up data for Long-term storage or what we call offline storage Sometimes called cold storage Meaning that it's data that does not need to be regularly accessed Which is the typical use case for individuals for non Commercial entities. So if you or I for instance want to store Something that we want to pass on to our grandchildren or great grandchildren or further generations beyond that Before computers we would do that simply by writing it down in ink Income paper will last thousands of hundreds of years if not thousands of years So that's a permanent way to pass that kind of stuff on But up or excuse me digital data is quite different than that and none of the technologies until the mdisc We're capable of storing it for hundreds or thousands of years So the typical use case is that you and I could record whatever we wish on the mdisc Put it in an attic die And then when our great grandchildren find about find it assuming they have a drive that will read it still in those days The data will still be there and that's the only use case that That we envisioned at the time, but it certainly found some adoption in commercial enterprises as well So barry, are you aware of other projects that are kind of like the mdisc? We're talking cold storage For long term Archival use or is mdisc the only project of this nature? Yeah, so we envisioned two other different markets Products rather one was what we call solid state storage And the second the other one was magnetic tape storage, but not magnetic, but it would be optical tape So what we were doing was looking for ways to take the kinds of storage media that we have today and make them permanent We did not find any way to make a hard disk drive permanent because of the ways that hard disk drives fail Their their technologies are like a glass bottom boat They they leak a bit and they are very prone to catastrophic failure And that's a mechanical issue and we were not able to resolve that But we did come up with permanent solid-stage storage. We have some patents on that And that means that we take transistors as we have in integrated circuits and we Take a fuse and we're all familiar with fuses. You know that a fuse that that is intact will conduct electricity And a blown fuse will not conduct electricity. Well, that's what we call contrasting states or An intact fuse and a destroyed fuse so we can call those ones and zeros and make those into bits And the good news is that we can make those fuses extremely tiny And therefore put millions or even billions of those fuses on an integrated circuit And that would become what we call a flash drive today flash drives are not permanent They are non-volatile, but they do not last more than about 10 years But on our envisioned product The fuses would be blown and that would be a physical change that is irreversible And that would last for well over a thousand years And we have patents on that as I've mentioned and that has been developed into a commercial product Although it is not yet completely available because the entity that has developed this Is using it for their proprietary purposes and they've not released it for the market yet So that's the solid state storage And product that we've envisioned the other one as I mentioned is optical tape And we have not developed that one at all the envisioned technology Back in 19, excuse me in 2008 would have given us a storage capacity of about one terabyte on an optical disc excuse me an optical tape cartridge like the lto tapes that are used for backups in magnetic storage today But that one terabyte we don't see a way to increase that capacity Where magnetic tapes continue to increase their capacity. So we've not developed the optical tape idea yet So, Barry there, you know when when I when I tell my friends about my adventures in backup and mdesk People will look at me like I've two heads and say have you not heard of the cloud? um, so how would you respond to those who argue that you know with stuff like The ability to easily put up copies of data into aws and back plays that there is no need for Permanent storage media anymore because you know the cloud has got a crazier redundancy What would your response be to that? No doubt that the cloud is a very very good solution in all commercial cases by commercial I mean Let's say if I have a company as long as the company is in business my company will be paying Money to aws or any other cloud provider to keep my data But as soon as my company goes out of business aws is not in the business of being uh What is it philanthropic and giving away storage and maintaining storage for someone who doesn't pay for So as soon as my company goes out of business and stops paying Whatever cloud service provider they were paying that data is no longer guaranteed to be there Well, that's certainly the case for us as individuals if I die I'm not going to have some kind of provision in my estate probably to in perpetuity pay the cloud provider to store my data It's just going to be gone. They they don't do it just because they love us They do it because you pay pay for it. So the cloud is a paid storage solution. They are not a free storage solution Uh barry, let me just say thank you very much for taking time on behalf of all M disc fans out there For doing this interview. It's been very illuminating to understand a bit more about the technology The need for us and where things might be evolving. Thank you. Daniel. It's been great to visit with you


Lacroix Group and its ecosystem are building the future of industrial electronics in the design and production of industrial embedded systems and connected objects. At the heart of its smart industry strategy, Lacroix Electronics is now experimenting with predictive maintenance on its own assembly lines with the help of ST Microelectronics and its AI ecosystem. Its first production line implementation of the Condition Monitoring Technology is being done on the reflow oven of an automated line that solders components on PCB boards. This oven braces solder paste to solder the components and needs regular cleaning due to the evaporation residues. However, the amount of deposit varies greatly depending on the products being processed, so it is extremely hard to predict when is the best time for maintenance. Companies would usually schedule periodic maintenance at a reduced time period to make sure the ovens are always in good operating conditions. This however is not optimal and the maintenance is costly as it holds the full production chain for several hours. Predictive maintenance systems can bring important optimizations for the entire production activity, which totals 26 ovens in four countries for Daiqua Group. Daiqua Electronics is now experimenting with a solution based on ST Microelectronics STM32 microcontrollers running software libraries from Cartesian and ST Partner. This solution measures the vibration patterns of the oven fan and detects variation of the ventilation that is correlated with the cleanliness of the oven. Daiqua's team installed an electronic board next to the oven fan, which measures patterns of the vibration sensor and processes them in the STM32 L4 microcontroller using Cartesian's NanoEdge AI library. This library is able to learn normal vibration patterns directly on the microcontroller itself without any connection to the cloud. The board installation was very easy. It is an ad hoc board using a vibration sensor that doesn't require any connection to the equipment in place. This training phase is performed after each maintenance session once the oven is clean. Then the library runs embedded machine learning algorithms to determine abnormal vibrations resulting from high amounts of deposits inside the oven. By monitoring the status reported by the board, the maintenance team can decide in real time when is the most appropriate time for scheduling maintenance operations. This solution brought by ST Microelectronics and its partner Cartesian is being optimized by Daiqua and is very promising. So Stefan, what did you learn from this predictive maintenance setup installed in your factory ovens? We learned that we gained significantly cost-wise in our factory by anticipating the maintenance operation. Of course there is an advantage to better organization of our maintenance team, but the most interesting gain for us is the increased efficiency of our production line. How did you implement AI on the STM32 microcontrollers for predictive maintenance? In this particular case, we teamed up with Cartesian and ST Microelectronics. We used NanoEdge AI Studio to automatically tune the machine learning algorithm. What is also interesting for us is that this type of algorithm needs very little resources and can run on our general purpose STM32. In complement of the Cartesian anomaly detection, the STM32 cube AI is bringing an easy and fast way to implement neural network for anomaly classifications. So Stefan, do you think this is something that you would likely continue to deploy on your factories? Yes, for sure. We have already identified some other equipments for which using vibration sensors coupled with AI will reduce undesired line now. So Stefan, any other ideas where using AI solutions will solve problems outside your factories or any other lacrosse businesses? We believe that there is a huge market for smart sensors by combining any kind of sensors. Okay Stefan, so what do you think about rejoined forces to meet our customers and help them to reach faster time to market? It's a pleasure.


Welkom back. This is why in the morning. My name is Ram Magukko Iwaroli. Iwaroli you are just joining us. You are just in time for of course the next part of this conversation. It's all about youth and politics today with Meshako Chenon Kalebi Kenyan joining me in studio. Before we went on that break we were talking about democracy and of course there is the 44 billion Kenyan, a whooping 44.2 billion Kenyan shillings that is going to be used for this coming election. Taxpayers money is going to be used and of course Kenyans need to know this kind of things and of course be part of this conversation. The hashtag is why in the morning at Ram Magukko at Y254 channel do you agree with what Meshako is saying? Do you agree with what Kalebi is saying? Of course we shall sample your feedback a bit later on. Let's wrap this conversation up. You are saying something before we went on that break. I'll give you time to have a final word in regards to that particular issue before I move to the next story. So briefly I will just say this that this year's election is not expensive. If I compare 2022 elections with 2017 elections, 2017 elections in the first round I think it took 40.9 billion and the rerun cost us 12 billion. So it was more expensive than what we are perceiving this year. So what am I trying to say? I'm trying to insist that the election can even be more expensive but provided there is transparency there is a clear indication that democracy is in play. And for this year we have even seen more agencies coming up. The corruption effect is on play this year and that's why we are seeing more leaders being subjected to investigation. And this something that also needs financing. We also need agencies like the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission. They also need financing to ensure that they have election malpractices in accordance to the elections act of 2011. And this something that is in relation to what we have been talking about. I think so quickly I would love to correct something that is said. In 2017 we did not have a rerun. The Supreme Court of Kenya said conduct a fresh. Fresh means a new election in line with the constitution and all applicable laws. So we had a repeat election and that is why that election was so expensive. It is another thinking for somebody to compare a 2017 election and a repeat of it with that which has not been done. This is what I'll say. If we need to make elections expensive as they are right now they must be verifiable. That means that when my vote is counted it must be properly recorded and then properly transferred according to constitutional remit and properly announced by a qualified personnel. So that if that is not done then the financing goes into zero. The entire process then goes into the dustbin of history and we have to repeat another election with the same cost. So the cost of this election is not basically on the financing. The cost of it is on the democratic process that it has to go through. Okay. Of course this debate I'm sure it would end today but we shall visit as you proceed. The cost of this election yes over $44.2 billion is it worth it? Is it going to help us? We are looking at matters concerning security even when it comes to public education because civic education Kenyas need to know about this particular process what you need to look out for. It is one issue that of course we shall take a keen interest on but even as you proceed let's move on to the next story. Yes, we talk about a two-host race but other people are saying you know what we have also other contestants who are vying for presidency the presidential candidates argue that there is a poll that you know came out that you know what during this particular elections we are going to have a two-host race and of course between Azimio one Kenya leader Raela Odinga and deputy president William Ruto for the Kenya Kwanzaa Alliance. So last week these polls were taken and of course despite this we have other candidates who have come out and said you know what we are also running we have Safina Patti presidential candidate Jimmy Wanjigi we have Roots Patti presidential candidate Professor George Wajakoya we have other people like Ruben Kigame who is also there and of course they have also come up with the different promises George Wajakoya said you know what we know that some aspirants are thieves that's what he said some aspirants are thieves, liars or whole fake certificates we know that some have made us fight and hate each other but we praise them we take their money, we vote for them this time let's decide on who is the best let's install a government of values and he is saying that we need to legalize BAM he has been training all this time so let's talk about this we always talk about the one Kenya Kenya Lions Kenya Kwanza we talk about democracy what about the people who are vying for presidency that we are not mentioning each and every now and again from my perspective I think democracy has given them the opportunity to present themselves as candidates where the two host race kind of you know tag is coming is the kind of numbers that you are able to macho from all over the country so that you remain the talk of that kind of election and if you see if you look at this election that is facing as we obviously have as Mio and Kenya Lions coalition and UDA which is actually so much popular than Kenya Kwanza unfortunately enough being the front runners because of the kind of numbers they are able to macho country wide UDA more popular than Kenya Kwanza yes according to the poll UDA is part of Kenya Kwanza yes and it's more popular than Kenya Kwanza you need to read that UDA's party was more popular than the coalition itself so I mean just to come back on what I was saying so it is basically because of the numbers that they are able to macho from all over the region and that is where they remain a two host race we are not saying the rest are not bringing numbers that are able to shake anything and especially where you have 48 presidential aspirants I mean that's a very big big number but again it really comes back to numbers like we normally say so as a Mio and Kenya Lions and you know KK are able to bring on board a lot of numbers ok my word will be this you must qualify to be a host but for now others are calves and the reason as to why I am saying this is that is a no in terms of I am not aspiring to be a president but that is my perception of things are they the cows that Junaan Muhamed was referring to in parliament maybe so in this one field I will concede with my brother Meshakia that being a host in my own perception being a host comes with the numbers that you are able to macho and if you don't have the numbers then automatically you don't qualify to if you don't have the numbers how could you be president and one very important aspect that you must consider you may want to become a president saying that I want to become a president is so easy but you must in the words of the late president you must also be able to know where are my love where do I have numbers where do I need to concentrate more energy on instead of just telling us that you want to become president so if we elect you to be president yet your party does not even have grassroot members then you go to parliament which motion will go through that you have conceptualized so it just comes with the numbers that you are able to macho that is what qualifies you to be a host otherwise it's a let me call it if Kalonzo decides to get to the race of which it's like he's not that stable from the other day we hear that he wants to go back to Azimio the other day we hear him unveiling his candidate so it might be a 3-horse race basing on the numbers that you are seeing but not cows the other ones yeah they are not cows I have said they are cows they are horses that is my perception I am waiting for you to say no I will not seek indulgence on that because the issue that I am looking at here is their people their candidates their human beings and their Kenyans is it fair to refer to them as cows? is it also fair to call these other two horses they are also human beings so in relating this matter to a house what is the young one of a house it's a calf therefore if you have no matured numbers then in relating to a house then you are a calf thank you even with the issues of numbers the other thing that I wanted to add is we are getting into presidential debates and we will then realize that the apportioning of those presidential debates is done depending on the numbers that you are bringing on board so obviously you will see Ruto and Rayla will have their own session and then you will have the rest having their own session so that is the entire culmination of a two horse race the numbers it's very very important but there is also something that I wanted to say that is mentioned before finish about the entrance of Kalonzo into presidential ticket first of all that is not even assured right now they still have issues with the registrar of political parties and IBC and all that but even though if he comes as Kalonzo I am not certain whether he is still going to be a horse in the race because he will need Athara campaign between the remaining time but again he will need to prove to us the approval rating of Kalonzo right now is so low his attitude towards politics recently has been so demeaning with a lot of inconsistency this man is the worst inconsistent man Saudansaharan north of Limpopo he did this in 2017 he is even worse ended this year who is going to trust Kalonzo with their vote he is exercising his democratic right democracy does not say you be inconsistent and that inconsistency then takes away some of the vote away from him I mean even within his wukambani backyard I am so sure there are people who look at that kind of inconsistency and say this is not a leader worth leading our region so there is that aspect of if Kalonzo goes for the presidential ticket he might just cause a rerun which again is not even guaranteed infact in this election I don't think you are going to have a rerun but still let me digress a bit because we are coming to Kalonzo side but let's finish the part of the other aspirans because the registrar of political parties are so far clear 38 yes and I am looking at the numbers that these 38 will attract in their different regions we may say they don't have the numbers the way we perceive but it's also a perception of the media the way we are portraying could they also have a place in this particular coming elections they do have a place by the virtue of them presenting themselves for election first of all that is taken care of but I'm telling you these 38 won't even marshal 500,000 votes around the country they are probably going to get 5 or 10 votes I mean this has happened in the past I am drawing my assumptions from his history so we are not going to see 38 drumming up 500,000 votes not really you can you can touch on the Kalonzo issue and the 38 are people that have been cleared by the RPP let me first begin with Kalonzo I'll discourage you from underrating Mr. Kalonzo number one Kalonzo Mosioka in as much as he seems inconsistent he has a very key role to play in the 2022 elections and that is why every single coalition be it the Azimio One Kenya Alliance be it the Kenya Kwanzaa they are trying to woo him to their side because they know that he has an impact to play well, he might not have the numbers to become the president but I think he has the card if you have Kalonzo on your side right now you can be safer because remember we have Karua anyway let's drop it for another day you want to open up another box discuss it on another day I want to give you guys to have a final word about this particular conversation but I'm giving you 30 seconds each let me start with you Kaleb and then I'll finish with you Mashak thank you so much in my parting shot don't look at the election cost try to embrace what is right and what is right is fighting for a transparent and clear election come 2022 moreover the leaders who have your interests at heart don't elect moneylanders don't elect people with whom your resources are not going to be secured don't elect people with whom the future of your generations will come to cry after thank you so much and to Rambuko and to the media station thank you so much and continue empowering youths let the voices of youths be heard thank you so much Mashak I think in this election like any other election we are called to make the right choices I'm a student of history and economics history does not demand that we use a lot to get the right history we just need to get it right at the polling station through voting and we will have restructured our history from a retrogressive kind of nature to a progressive call to all the youth to all the mothers to all the fathers to all the women to every beloved citizen of this country to wake up on the 9th of august and make that key decision that will shift the narrative of our economy the narrative of our leadership and the narrative of our democracy thank you so much that is Mashako Cheno and Kalevi Kenya in this particular conversation on youth and politics thank you so much for coming and honoring the invitation as understand and Ashikuru and of course I want to say a big thank you to each and every one of you that has been part of this conversation but still democracy is an issue that as Kenyans we need to talk about because some Kenyans have not yet registered for the coming elections do you know that is your democratic right we still need to talk about democracy well that business to the end of this morning conversation right here on youth and politics we still have much more coming up my name is Ram Aguko stay tuned to I in the morning


Hello, I'm Holly Daley. Some of you may know my husband, Sergeant Major of the Army, Daniel Daley. One of his most important jobs is to take care of soldiers and their families and ensure that Army families are both ready and resilient. The Army recognizes that the challenges soldiers and Army families face are complex and diverse. As such, the Army recently asked the RAND Corporation to survey Army spouses in order to learn more about the challenges you face and the help you need to meet those challenges. Many of you may have received a postcard invitation from RAND to participate in the online Today's Army Spouse Survey. Please log in and complete this unique and important survey. Your participation is voluntary and confidential. It only takes about 15 minutes to complete the survey. By sharing your experiences and insights and the lessons you've learned, you can help other Army families with the same kinds of challenges that you have faced. Tell us about the strengths and the weaknesses of Army programs and services. What helped you and what did not? Soldier readiness plus family readiness equals mission readiness. On behalf of Dan and other senior Army leaders, thank you for being an integral part of America's Army. Army strong.


Hello, my name is Philip Campbell. I'm a teacher and the author of Story of Civilization by Tan Books. My job is going to be to take you through each chapter of the textbook and help draw out the main points, review, and offer different insights to help you better understand the material. In this book, we're going to be looking at some of history's very earliest civilizations. So let's dive right in. How did people live in the very beginning? Well, there were no cities. There was no farming. There was just nomads. What's a nomad? A nomad is a person that doesn't really have a home. The first people were all nomads. Rather than live in cities, they wandered around. They hunted. They followed the animals. They were hunted wherever they would wander. They gathered berries or other things for food. And so they're always on the move, never settling down in one place. But this isn't civilization. And in this book, we're looking at civilization. When did civilization start and what is civilization? Civilization really begins when the nomadic peoples begin to settle down. They begin to build cities. They begin to live in one spot. That's what gives us civilization. And this began to happen around 7,000 years ago. It didn't happen quick. It took many many centuries. What caused people to settle down? Why did they stop wandering and settle down in one place? Well, we have to remember they were wandering to find food, to chase animals that they needed to eat, or find things to collect, berries, whatever. What happened was they learned how to farm. Once you farm, you can grow food in one spot and you don't have to wander around anymore. And so once people learned farming, they started settling down and people began gathering together and the first cities arose. Where were these first farming cultures? I'll tell you what, they were near rivers. Not just because rivers provided water, but because rivers tend to flood. And when the river floods, all the rich sands and the soil and the nutrients that are in those rivers will wash out over all the lands on the side of the river and make those lands very rich for farming, very easy to grow crops on. Now, if it's easy to grow crops on this land, that means that you can grow more of them and that you can support more and more people. And so more and more people started clustering together by these rivers. What rivers specifically? Well, especially the Tigris and Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, the Indus River in India, the Yangtzee in China, and the Nile River in Egypt. These are the great river valleys where civilization begun as people began farming more intensely and living together in bigger and bigger groups. So how did this change things? Well, the biggest change was once people came together in cities, not everybody needed to farm anymore. The land could produce more than enough food for many people and allowed others to do other occupations, such as being soldiers, being woodworkers, coppersmiths, weavers, or merchants. Merchants were people who loaded up the goods produced by others, maybe crops, maybe pottery, and they load them on ships or caravans and traded them with with other cities. And in this way, through trading different things that were produced, different advances spread. People learned how to do different things. One of the most important advances of the early civilization was writing, because once you can write, you can learn to communicate ideas more easily. If you can write a story down, it can be passed on from generation to generation. But if you just have to tell it over and over again, it's harder for it to be passed on. So once writing developed, this is really when civilization starts to take off. How did writing start? Surprisingly enough, it started with the merchants, these men who were loading, you know, jars of olives or pottery or things like that under these ships and trading them up and down the rivers. You see, when they loaded their ship full of goods, they had to keep track of how much stuff they had. And so they would take little clay tablets and make little marks on them to keep count. Eventually, these marks got more complicated and eventually they started turning into symbols that represented things. And before long, you have the beginning of a real writing, a real written language that was able to pass on information. And once people were able to express themselves in writing, then things began to really get complex. People could write ideas, ideas about religion, about government, about life. And so knowledge began to grow. So this didn't happen quickly. It happened over many hundreds of thousands of years, many times by trial and error. In this chapter, we mention a man named Shuka Latuta who's trying to learn how to farm. He throws a bunch of seed in the ground and then the wind blows down from the mountains and blows it all away. And he tries this again and again and the wind keeps blowing his seeds away. Who knows how many generations of people tried to do the same thing before someone like Shuka Latuta gets the idea hmm, I'm going to plant some trees and bushes to break the wind so it doesn't blow my stuff away. And so in the story Shuka Latuta plants trees and all of a sudden his garden becomes beautiful and grows all sorts of marvelous trees. So that's just an example of the trial and error of how early people had to figure out how to farm, how to build, how to do these certain things. All this happened probably between 4000 and 3000 BC. But by 3000 BC, you definitely had civilization on all these major river valleys. In our next chapter, we're going to take a look at one of the first and greatest civilizations, that of Egypt, which grew up along the Nile Valley. So hang in there and we'll pick up in chapter 2.