Good morning. Let me tell you this is this lecture is a prelude to the one on second. I name this I actually picked up the title from a film a beautiful mind you would have seen that, but the purpose is different. If you look back into the history of modern man you can date it back to say two lakh years and that too from anthropology and fossil studies, but what we know of history, but we do not know anything about that man about the mind we just know the skeletons and whatever we found in the digging of Siberia and Africa, but what we definitely know is 40,000 years you know the history of 40,000 years. In southern caves of France, in Andeban, Nikova and in a place called Bheem Pathika near Bhopal, what you find is the first time the expression of human mind they are cave paintings very primitive color taken from leaves and then they have painted simple things like hunting and animals and all that, but that was the first recorded evidence of human expression just nothing is surviving. So, from that time 40,000 years till date till 22nd March 2013 8 o clock in IIT Kanpur, there is only one single robust fact which has emerged from all scriptures, from all preachings, from all art, from all science that the world only means anything if at all is through your mind everything all the drama of the world, all the inventions, all the art all whatever you believe in is there any existence beyond mind your mind shuts off, you are alive, but you cannot make a meaning of it, if the mind shuts off you do not make a meaning of it, if the mind shuts off you cannot create anything you may still survive, but you will not you will be living, whether you will be alive or not the whole boundary between being alive and living and having some meaning I am not saying the meaning is true of also right or wrong, but to make some sense of the world and to create. Obviously, whatever you are using this register you are recording all this is a creation of mind, now the problem is we survive through mind, but we do not know anything about it or we know very little about it, is not it whatever we know of the mind has actually come out in the last 30, 40 years, whatever we know of the functioning of mind has come out in last 30, 40 years, if we look it from the angle of science, if you look at the angle from philosophy they have been describing right from Krishna to the western philosopher, they have what have been they have been talking they have been talking about mind only, how the mind functions, how do you think, how do you love, how do you die all that stuff, but they were all theory there is no way to prove it and then 200 years back some people started dissecting and taking out the brain, so they told us the structure right, then came in then physics butted into biology, the way of biology was that if there is a problem in brain, if there is a deficit then they would realize that this part of the brain is doing this function and you have a problem in other part of the brain some function is lost then you realize that this part was doing this function in your body, so biology starts from top down, it takes the whole thing as a whole, create a deficit and then you correlate it with the part of the brain which is doing that function, physics starts from a different angle and you all have studied physics, so what is the what is the basis of physics, you all can keep talking in between, basis of physics is principles, the whole physics operates on principles, so physics is trying from a different angle from a bottom of approach, they are trying to define principles of brain functioning, biology is trying to define what is the whole picture, but both have not achieved the end till now, why is it so difficult to understand mind, any ideas, the tool to understand mind is the mind itself, so it is like sitting in a painting, you are sitting in a painting and trying to see the whole painting, is it possible, it is very difficult, because one part you cannot, you cannot see here, even if you turn this side to this side will go, so but whatever, so my purpose in the next 30, 40 minutes and you can please keep asking or disagreeing or whatever, is to tell you whatever we know, but then the problem is that at one end is the functioning, one end is the structure and then there is this whole world, in which we have to live as human beings with our brains every day, so all three streams are not making sense to each other and to top it is psychiatry, to top the whole thing is we psychiatrist, we have defined something called illness, we have defined something called sanity, mental illness, there is that and we treat it, without knowing how we are treating, but we are very effective drugs which go and treat, so there is a whole lot of confusion going on, so let us talk about healthy mind this time and let us see what happens to the unhealthy mind, if at all there is unhealthy mind, we really do not know, but the problems, so there is a brain, there is mind and then there is a whole lot of life, so let us see if we can make some sense out of it, this is I picked up from Facebook, the brain is actually this, there are so many hands, they all united still separate and why I am saying we will see as we roll on, if you look at evolution, the first thing to evolve was in the living beings in the animal kingdom, was a part of the brain which is called white matter in cerebellum, even the simplest of structure, what was the simplest structure, amoeba, which is a complex living being, bacteria and viruses have always been there, there was lot of movement, the movement was always there which is called a motor thing, the amoeba if you poke a needle at amoeba, it will retract, so there was always a sensation, so the first thing to evolve was the movement and sensation, which is this part of the brain, second was in the evolution, emotion and memory, birds have memory, birds have emotions, all the animals who cannot speak have emotion and memory, otherwise the birds from Siberia would not fly down to the same lake every year, otherwise the animals would not follow the same route, otherwise then and there were lot of smells, they have a smell capacity, they have a hearing capacity, they have this sound system, pattern recognition, some birds can actually count, so this derogatory statement which was there that you have a birds brain is actually a compliment, birds brain cannot think, but it can grasp lot of other sensation, dogs can sniff, horses smile and cry and they know their track and all that, now the question is, this part of the brain came second, which is called limbic system, so it was like this, is a deeper part which determines the movement, there is a part above that which governs emotion and then comes the human angle cognition, which is all this, all this bumps on your head, this is all thinking brain from ear to ear, but the question is that what happened, we do not have capacity like birds to create sound, all this cooing and this sounds which birds create these all patterns, they communicating, but our capacity is gone, we cannot smell like a dog, we cannot see very far in the dark, what happened in the evolution, I think what nature did is that, it is snapped everything, it took out all this extreme abilities, curtail it down and created a thinking brain out of it, so you have all the capacities what all animals have, you can even crawl like a reptile, you can even walk like a dog, but you can also walk like this, you can hear sounds till a certain decibel not beyond that, you can smell from a certain distance, but not beyond that, you can remember patterns, but not beyond that, so that was a cost which we had to give for this part of the brain, for what we call cognition, cognition means thinking, appreciating, perceiving and all that stuff making a meaning out of life, so this cognitive ability animals have, but I do not think they have a language or if they have a language, they have a visual language and the nearest to us are Orangutans and Gibbons, we have lot of behavior of Gibbons actually. So, we share with many animals, the faculties of awareness, perception, attention, orientation, they all expert, some of them are more expert than us, emotion we do not know, energy and mood, I think they are animals are more mood stable than human beings, I guess so, I do not talk about monkeys in the cities, they have become like us, but largely animals have, they do not have greed also, a lion would not go and kill, if his tummy is full, it is only when the hunger calls, then you go, we can have, we save and invest and do all that because, so again this is the cost, with each cost we have been separating ourselves from the whole flow of the nature, because when you say live like a dog, I actually I do not find any problem in being like a dog, dog is in synchrony with the nature, what is the problem, you are a animal, animals are more in synchrony with nature, they only rebel when you go and poke them, you cut their jungles and do not give them food and all that, otherwise they do lot of things in synchrony city with nature, like if you know about the solar eclipse, even before the solar eclipse starts, even before that, even before our human eye can see that there is some darkness impending and I have seen lot of solar eclipses, I have driven down to Varanasi and all that to see, all this herd of cows and this and they used to turn back and started moving back towards their home, even before it started becoming dark and the birds change their course of flight, they suddenly take a U turn and start going back and that is the first sign that solar eclipse is happening, much before it starts becoming dark and I have photographs, you can always share that, so that means they have some other capability, so this sensation and the whole synchrony city is much better than human beings, but what they do not have is this thing called thinking, we think, we have areas in our brain which can make you think, so how does the mind express, let us bother about ourselves and forget the animals for some time and not compare ourselves with them, although I think if we have the motor brain in us which was high up in the evolution, we have emotions, emotions all across the world are the same, do you know this, do you know of anybody who when they smile you say they are crying, no crying is crying across the world, smiling is smiling across the world, laughing is laughing across the world, irrespective of language, irrespective of where do you live, whether you are urban person or rural or you are living in a tribal area, why is it happening, any idea, we all have the same mother, we all have the same mother, modern man descended from one lady in Kalahari district in Africa, she had four daughters who migrated out, spread into Asia, China, this and that, Chinese all this while was saying that we are different, but they are not different, so our genetic make up, genetic make up determines who we are, the racial genetics is the same, 70 percent genes we share with Africans, Chinese, so on so forth, so if we keep tracing back, we all have the same mother, the single lady whose genes actually went into this four and then they spread out, actually we can measure that, that is it is always assumption, maternity is a fact, paternity is an assumption, still, still, so what geneticists have done, they have measured this mitochondria, this is a small organelle in the cell and seen the genetic changes in that, it has given the number of migrations, mitochondria is one of the very, very stable genetics, it has given the migration, so 6, 7, 9 generation, 10 generations, so that is the understanding today, so that means human beings are genetically connected, so there is some fact when people say all is one, all that spiritual statement which they may be a, it is a reality then, if all is one then all of us are connected, at least we are 70 percent connected, so expressions of emotions is regulated there, so it has to be the same, you cannot find laughing in two different expressions for laughing in across the generation, because all that is already programmed in the brain, nature has done it wonderfully, it has actually done such patterning in the brain that you really do not find it, but as human beings we need to express, so what are the expressions of the mind, biological instincts, all of us have, hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, rage, joy, sadness, playfulness, we all have this, if you are human being you will have all this, in later evolution came thought and language, this is our bone, this is our brain, we started thinking and then we developed language, now why are there so many languages, why nobody knows, but then there are languages within India, you know how many languages are there, and within languages there are so many dialects, they all were used to communicate, all languages are basically to communicate, even that moving of the bird is communication, when you cry it is a communication, when you smile, so what was not happening through words, was happening through emotions initially, but then we got words over it, but when you use words there is something else which came as the language evolved, do birds have memory, dogs, you think they have, yes or no, how do you know, dog can recognize you, so they have, that is what that is the visual memory, dog will recognize you through your facial and bodily and smell and all that elements, with human beings and language what evolved was something called a verbal memory, we started having memory for words, now if you look just for a second, let us go back, what is the word, you say rose, what is the rose, what is it, what is the flower, how does it represent in your head, how does it, you close your eyes, think about rose, close your eyes, think about rose, for a second, so for him it is petals, for you, the color, so he saw a rose, nobody has a girlfriend called rose, some people can think girlfriend called rose, why are there so many different things for one thing, what about different things, just look at a word called rose, R-O-S-E, is it different from a facial pattern, the dog recognizes your face by your facial pattern, we recognize rose by this pattern called R-O-S-E, we say chalk, C-H-A-L-K, this is all pattern, all words wherever are represented in brain through a pattern and there has been some meaning which has been assigned to this pattern in the outside world, imagine the rose would have been called a donkey, suppose somebody started, had started calling it a donkey, you would have called it donkey, who knows, it did not descend from anywhere, so the brain makes sense of the world by two wonderful things, one this is called, I think brain works by using metaphors for metaphors, you have a rose, you have assigned it lot of qualities, color, smell, petals, thorns, this, that, love, is it not, and then your mind learns that, it learns a pattern called R-O-S-E, it learns a pattern called this multiple petals and color and smell, everything is in your head, the moment you hear the word rose or you see it, this is also a wonder, you can either see it or hear it, either way the whole memory will come up, it is a wonderful computer is it not, you put this thing or even if you forget the rose and forget the smell and forget the color, you take out a thorn from that stem, for most people if you prick them, they will immediately go to rose, because sometime in their life they would have got, but suppose somebody has not had a prick of the thorn, they would not know, so lot of things go inside the brain, brain makes a pattern out of it and does this wonderful thing called association, like suppose you say a word called love, just imagine there are 1000 things which have been associated with love, whether they are true or not is not the issue, the issue is your brain know the chocolate is love, rose is love, scent valentine is love, anything. So, out of their general meanings, then people have the specific meaning for love, for somebody that is love, for somebody wife asking for tea in the evening is love, husband bringing a saree is love, so all these are meaning, so they are general meaning their personal meaning, but brain is wonderful, it is still has all that inside, half of fit may be never used in your life, but it is still there, so just trigger it and you will have the whole association, so, but it is all symbols, is there anything more to it, we will just come to that slide, think, I will come to that slide, so once you have this verbal memory, this is the structure of brain, front to back, you have this frontal cortex here, then you have something here, this area is for sensation, where it is written central sulcus, sulcus is somatosensory cortex, this is all sensation, this is all memory, this is all for memory, left side is for verbal memory, right side is for visual memory, so we have everything from birds to reptiles to everything, whether we use it or not is a different question, this is cerebellum where you have all the movement and all those patterns are, normally if you learn by cycling once you never forget it, once you pull, learn to pull a trigger of a revolver you will never forget it, why, because that movement pattern is already stored here, you just have to bring it out, so the potential of mind is tremendous, potential of brain, what is mind will come to that, alright, so and then this area is the thinking, then there is again a division of left and right, you all would have heard your left brain or right brain or your, these are the, see this area is speech, this area, right, these are touch pressure, taste, body awareness, language, reading, hearing, all this has been known by one simple technique, they have studied people who have got brain damaged in this areas, this was the older technique, when there was no physics had not helped us, so at that time when somebody had this suppose paralysis on the left side, they would see and do a post mortem or whatever, then find some blood clot sitting here on the right side and they would know, this is the area damage and this is deficit, that is how they mapped it, but lot of the finer things they could not map, because obviously finer things you would not know that somebody can, somebody can forget names, somebody can forget counting, so somebody cannot recognize phases, these things they could not do it and where did the mathematical ability come from, some people have, some people are strong in mathematics and some people are strong in language, so why this differences, this is a left and right brain, again there is a whole, see it is getting complicated from a simple walking reptile to human beings getting very complicated, so many areas, so many, why does the brain have to have multiple things for one simple thing, if it wants to experience one thing, why have so many centers, that is still a mystery which we do not know, between the left brain is generally considered to be a thinking brain and the right brain is considered to be the brain, part of the brain which looks at overall picture, analytic thought, logic, language all comes from the left side, on the right side is holistic thought, intuition, creativity, not that this stops and this starts working, other right stops and left starts working, it is not that, both are working, both are connected, both communicate with each other, but some people have a stronger right brain orientation, this is all theoretical, there is no way to prove it, I mean psychologists can prove it with tests and all that, but still you would say a very very robust thing, it is very difficult, but largely this is to understand, people who have a problem in the temporal lobe here, sometimes they cannot understand language, people who have on the right side, they lose this thing called tone, there is a thing called, you know what music is all about, there was a pattern, right, this side they lose this thing called prosody, they lose this pattern of understanding. So, but this picture changed very fast, this is the basic structure of brain, dense packing of neurons of 1 million, this one thing is called neuron actually, why I am telling you, you should know what you have made of, this is a neuron and this has 2 neurons connect through this, like this whole long wire and this is a gap and then 2 wires connect, but between the 2 wires is what, between my 2 fingers, what can you see, gap, this is a gap, they have 1 million neurons and they have some more connections, so it makes 1 billion connections, so 1 million neurons make into 1 billion connections. So, it is a huge network in the brain, huge network, it is all connected, but none of them touch each other. So, life is this, if you want in one world, the morning actually I was feeling very sad, I was feeling sad that am I only a 40 hertz electrical activity, because if that ceases, I am off, there is some 40 hertz electrical activity going on in the brain, which keeps the whole life and if you record a EEG from here, brain activity, you will see various waves of various frequency, so what happens is this electrical activity is going on in a neuron, between the gaps is covered by chemistry, so this is electricity, this is 1 drop of chemical from here to here, passes the signal, so within a neuron, it is electrical activity is going on, this is a metabolic pump, so once the signal goes, between a neuron this, there are some neurochemicals, so electrical activity turns to chemical, chemical again to electrical and so on, so forth and through that, the whole body is running, the whole life is running in fact. So, neurochemical activity defines the health, you can read it more if you want or we can discuss it later, if you want any of these things in detail. Physical proof is started coming, when the physics started helping us, now these are all techniques actually, EEG and blood flow MRI, this showed us something, once we started having this, these are wonderful images from brain, you see all this blue areas, these areas we recorded on MRI and imaging, when we give task to people, like if you give a mathematical task, a different area of brain will show this color, if you give a language task the other area, if you make you angry, something else will light up and people who have deficits, like how do we compare, somebody you cannot read, you have heard of thing called dyslexia, they are kids who cannot read it, read the written word, if you light up and give them a written task, ask them to read it, the normal person will have certain areas of brain which will light up, light up means not that a bulb will go on, it will show a different type of intensity in the scan and the dyslexic kid will not have that, so this came handy to us, then we found out, we found out something very very strange, a brain normally if you record the electrical activity, the brain does not work in synchrony, all our lives we are taught bring your harmony in yourself, synchronize your thought, your emotion, this that whatever, but your whole biological substrate on which you live called brain does not work in harmony, it works in harmony, but it is never synchronous, if you record you will find hazard activities going on here and there, somewhere it will be faster, somewhere it will be slower, sometimes it will be alpha wave which is which calms you down, sometimes it will be beta wave which are different frequencies, brain synchronizes only in two, three conditions, one when you are in coma which is not a normal condition, brain synchronizes itself in some stages of sleep, sleep also has lot of stages, we can talk, we can talk on sleep later on, it is a full thing in itself, brain synchronizes in sleep or when people have epilepsy, it is a time when you can find the whole brain into one single type of activity, otherwise it is running into different directions, in fact even now, you might is also running in different directions, so electrical activity that is the tough part, that is the tough part, so it is really tough to bring harmony, synchrony and what all, people ask you to meditate, to pray, to drugs, you will take drugs to, why are drugs, I mean they give a kick, you know why, there are lot of drugs actually what they do, they suppress some activity, so that if you have taken a sufficient dose, your mind will be in one track, so at least you feel some sort of harmony, synchrony even if it is temporary or chemically induced and that is the addiction, because when the mind is so much activity going on, all of us at some point of time, we want to sit still, if you cannot train your mind to be still, cannabis can, cannabis helps you, two pegs help you, scotch helps you, you feel happy at the end of it and that is the reward, then you keep taking it more and more, Dr. Banagal's lecture you can refer to when he would have talked about all this, so this is your life, there is a worldwide web, I have used this thing, because I think we are already in a web, since we were born and you have a brain body mind and the interface is this, now this is real interface or notional is a big question, I am just taking you from brain to mind to our life, how many things we believe in, you believe in truth, honesty, love, where is it, where is it, it is like Steve Jobs cloud, it is like the cloud which Apple computers, everything data is in cloud, the cloud can disappear also sometime, it is a strong field it can destroy it, whatever we believe in, whatever we think, is it real or it depends on us, a lot of it depends on us, if you are in a good mood for example, and somebody bumps in your car, let go and sometimes when you are nasty mood, even if the person visits past you and not touches you, you will stays and get angry and all that, so what is it, is it the external thing which is causing this or is it your insight, plus lot of constructs in which you believe, you cannot show them can you, R does not mean anything, you have to see what you turn your notional thought into product is different issue altogether, you can do something to show love, but where is the love itself, you can get angry and you can hit somebody, but hitting is different, anger is different, so lot of it is like a cloud in our head, and we live life in that, we actually boiled on to real stuff, it will be very little, but as because we live as I said that is why I was saying the whole world is a projection of mind, because you have a cloud of your own, you want to do something concrete out of it and then everything is produced, like pass and fail, it is a construct, where are you passing, where are you failing what, anyway there will be a next day, if you fail life will go on, but that is a notion which has been created, over time we have started believing and following certain constructs which were given to us by and that is our memory, if you wake up suddenly next tomorrow morning, it will not happen do not be happy, that I T will tell you come steady go, no exams, no termination nothing come go, change the system, it can happen, some trimester wakes up in the morning and says one king did that, you know Tuglok, he woke up he says currency changed, he changed the currency, he said we will shift to Tuglokabad, forgot Delhi, some time Mr. Maghrabi said rupee is no more currency of this country and this is the currency, like Hitler said German or superior, everybody believed him, it was a notion again, but the whole country followed his notion and then they did whatever they did, so we tend to follow conventions, we tend to believe what was told to us, but the people who created, they had also notions only, nothing else, nobody knows, the only concrete thing is there is a physical energy, there is law of gravitation and four forces of which physics has defined and the electro chemical activity in your brain, for us that is the truth, between that is the whole world of construct, which some of them have been translated into material objects for our comfort, so we are actually living at that level, what we do of it is the big question, so some people said that mind is different, where is the mind, this is all brain, where does the mind come from then, is there a difference between mind and brain? Yes, so we are talking about the brain till now, electro chemical brain, cosmic, physical laws, then where is the mind, the people before this guy called Dakar, people used to say there is a soul, comes from above, it gets into you, that is your mind, it goes, later people came, they said there is no soul, some people said there is a fluid which circulates, you talk to any yoga guy, they will tell you about Kundalini and all that, nobody has seen that, this guy came, he said the mind is different, body is different, so there was a dualism, nobody knew, body is functioning, where mind is functioning, where, can anybody define mind, what you said is correct, but just define it, put it in few words, what are you doing?  So, if an economist say that a person is rational, if he can achieve what he wanted, given his information, I mean if he can get his means, get what he wants, it is very objective done, so in that sense, a murderer, contract killer is rational.  See, when you are focusing on some object, you are ignoring lot of other things, to ignore is also a choice there, that point of time, so that means, some part of the brain would be involved in ignoring that. So, again there is a parallel process going on. So, in fact, for human beings to do a really, in that strict sense, a total sequential logical things, what we call logic and rational is all defined by our society, which we are living in, they are external things. It appears logical, it appears logical to go, we are address, go to school and study, but that is the worldly thing, brain would be doing 1000 things, even at that time. So, this is not a surprise, surprise, we know computers now, computers do parallel processing, we have built computers, but there is no computer like brain, because it all happens in split seconds, I do not touch you, but what happened, when I did this, within no time you did this. So, the signal went from your eye to your brain, it triggered of this movement, the whole body movement and it would have sense, there is a danger, everything happened, what time did it take, nothing, no computer can match this, till date, may be some day they have more faster processor, but still for that computer to do all this parallel processing together, because for this millisecond your whole being was under threat, the first thing the mind it was protect itself.  So, that means we may not be rational, we may be rationalizing, we rationalize a lot, because of our thought language this and that, but in correct sense to be I do not know what true rational is, they all situationals, they are all people in society into a certain rule, they are breaking the rule or not breaking the rule or doing whatever and then we define, but still amongst this all parallel processing, what unites that, what is your identity, when you go and meet somebody new, how do you introduce, what do you say, what is the sentence you use, I, now if the brain is running in so many directions, if there is so many units functioning, what is this I, where is the I, which I, that is the vexing question people are still working on it called consciousness. So, all these things are united by this single sense of identity, there is some sense of identity in us, where is it coming from, which part of the brain or is it that 40 hertz wave, which I am telling you, there is a 40 hertz gamma wave, which arises from deeper structure of brain, which unites, if that 40 hertz electrical wave is broken by damage to some organ, you get into coma. So, what was making me sad is, the morning was this, that am I only a 40 hertz wave, if the brain area is damaged, this connecting wave is gone, there is no I, till I wake up again and again reconstruct the whole thing. Now, there are lot of theories, as I said there are physical theory, there is a classical theory that reflects action like what we just demonstrated, that you do not use your thought and all and something happens, you react and you save yourself, it is a law of preservation, you have to preserve and then came the lot of non-linear theory, those of you studied chaos and all that would know, there in between this chaos theory came that, there is a complexity in the dimensions, in health it differs, in illness it is a different thing, physics jumped into brain with this thing, they have this explanation called holographic consciousness, each part of the memory or thought represent the whole thing. So, some people who have experience like something called a near death experience and they say they have seen the whole world and all that, that can only be explained by this wonderful holographic quantum theory, that each part of your brain, if activated sufficiently contains the whole, that is holographic and then they said that obviously the basis of quantum is you know quantum theory, all of you, this is the observer, the state of that whatever atom or particle depends on the observer, I never agreed to this, so is it possible for our brain, the question is this, if it is possible that means the observer defines the state, whether it will be a wave or matter, the observer has to define, that is the basis, if it is true that means there is something called human will, so where is my will, this I within me, does it have a will, does it have a will by which it can modify the outcome or the control over emotion or synchronizing the state, harmonizing the various activities or harmonizing the various brain activities. The whole psychology, the behavioral sciences, biology, this is the biggest question we are facing right now and next 20 years are going to tell us this weather, which if you look into Zen Buddhism and Buddhism and Sufism and all this religious and spiritual practices, they always said this, they always said this that by sufficient training with your mind, there is an area of brain called prefrontal cortex, which is here, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, this is the controller of the brain, I will just come to that slide, because that is very important, probably that will be the take home from here, these are psychological, you know we have heard of Dr. Freud, Dr. Freud said that man is an irrational animal, deterministic animal, it will always act according to its instinct, when it will ask hunger, you have to give food, little arthas, you have to give it and there is a powerful unconscious, this is a conscious mind is very little, what we all do with our will and conscious is very little of our life, large part is unconscious, you really do not know where your memories are stored, your mother would have hit you in the bachpan when you were 4 years, may be you remember at 40, when your wife shouts at you, who knows, the dog may be you fell from some high ceiling and you do not go to a height, say next 10 years of life, when the first time you land up at a cliff, you suddenly get same panic, I went to a school to give a lecture, this was a, so this was a convent, the sister took me through a corridor, all was at a certain distance, believe me, as I walked into that corridor, I had some strange anxiety here, butterfly in tummy feeling and you know what it was, immediately my mind took me to, when I got admitted in Mariampur school in lower KG, when I was 6 years old and this happened 2 years back, so in a distance of 41 years, that anxiety and the memory of that anxiety from there, first day in school, same corridor, there was sinking feeling of, I was going to give a talk, she was not holding me and taking me to a class, I said boss what is this, this is brain, but that is a unity, that is unity of me from 6 years of age till 41 or 42, whatever it was, so the question is that, this all is in the brain, whether I can modify it or not is the question, so this is a huge unconscious, this is unconscious mind, we cannot demonstrate unconscious, probably fraud by unconscious mind, memory or whatever we do not know, then they came behavior, they said you can train, you have heard of Pavlov, they have a theory that, I can train your mind, I can give you sufficient stimulus, they said there is no unconscious concept, forget it, we all react to the external situation, because we react to external situation, so we can be trained, am I right, the whole education system is based on this, the whole education system from class lower k g to b tech to p h d is based on behavioral theory, whoever you are, if you have qualified a exam and you have come in, we will train you, we will give you a stimulus, which will tomorrow is a tutorial, you have to study that is your stimulus, your reaction is go study, we train you, all right, so whether you want it or you do not want it or you have unconscious mind or conscious mind, it does not matter, so the whole training schedules of army, of all the conditioning and regimentation of life is based on behavioral theory, forget your will, you are a dog like Pavlov trained, he had a bell and a bread, so he used to ring the bell, show the bread, dog used to salivate, after sometime he removed the bread, he just used to ring the bell and dog would salivate, right, so both are true, systems are based on that and then there are other theories, all right, so this is the biggest question, this is the question which you will keep asking all your life, so better start thinking now, but what we understand of this is, we do not leave anything beyond this, in fact just read it carefully, at multiple levels simultaneous operations are going on, is not it, you had your breakfast little bit, then tea something, nothing good, so the acid would be going on in your tummy, there is no food to digest, it will be hurting your walls, that is going on, whether you are listening to me or to Albert Einstein does not matter, your respiratory apparatus is working, this is all control from brain, your mind is thinking, if you have a class at the back of the mind you will be having that, I have to go to a class, if you have more assignment lecture this that, at all levels it is operating and somebody you may be having your birthday coming up, you may have plans for your party, even that happiness plan is going on, somebody is not well at the family that worry is also going on and you will also be worried what will happen to me after 5 years from here, package, Nobel prize, Oscar, whatever you want in life, all that is going on, there is nothing out in your head, nothing is out, believe me, if it is in your head it is there, your personal hurts, your emotion, so at multiple level this operation is going on, am I right or not wrong, there is no single thing, they all together, in that together you have to choose one thing to pay attention to, like you have chosen to pay attention to me, all rest of your students have not chosen to pay, they would be paying attention to something else, right, there will be some good people who will not be paying attention to anything, happy people, so anyway, so what I am trying to say is that, but what is the factor, the factor is time, in a given time you choose one thing, then you choose something else, what is this time, but is there a time, is there something called time, for you time means nothing, you know what, all your memories define time, you have done something in the morning, you will do something else, because you are doing in a sequence, the mind makes sense of that, mind does not have a clock, in fact clock, this is our invention, is it not, 24 hours is our invention, the whole thing is moving in a cycle, there will be a day, mind is geared to time through a rhythm, mind has a rhythm, but mind has a rhythm to light, to sunlight, and it triggers of lot of secretions from inside, growth hormone, this that temperature regulation, blood pressure regulation, regulated through this light, through night, through day, through night, through day, so in fact there is no 24 hours, 24 hours is a matter of convenience for us, otherwise there is a day, there is a night, there is a day, there is a night, you keep moving in that, but you have memories, what I am saying is that, lot of action, reaction things come from outside, you react to it, you project something, the external thing react to you, but mind still, till we are alive, still projects a unitary sense, the unitary is me, whether you have a high intelligence or low intelligence or whether you are an artist or a scientist or whatever you are, each living being, living human being has a sense of eye, we all have it, that eye gets disrupted in illnesses, but anyway we will talk about that later. How do you know that animals do not have the sense of. Animals also have, we have it, each living being, because otherwise the animal would not save himself, what is the deer saving himself from an lion is attacking, saving himself. So, the first thing, first reaction of our life is to save, so animal has, but what I am saying that, as far as we know now, because they do not have language, we do not know what sense of eye they have, our sense of eye is slightly more than body, our sense of eye is our identity, our actions and belief systems and again, it is again a projection of mind, people have that is the fight, why is the conflict in the world, what is the conflict, there is so many conflicts, because in defining this eye, the mind has stuck on to certain things, which has been transferred to it from the past and we tend to choose, we tend to choose our caste, religion, this, that and we define, otherwise see what is the basic difference in the process, there is no basic difference, artist works the same way like a scientist works, a soldier also shoots, a mercenary killer also shoots, action is the same, again is the context, the context of human beings makes them what, so there can be no pure biology with human beings, people who have a proponent of this theory that everything is biology and we can treat everything with drugs and genetics and all, so the whole concept has changed, few years back people were saying it is only genetics, the whole concept has changed now, they say it is not pure genetics now, they say it is epigenetics, all genes are getting modified by the same old nature and nurture fight, but no human being can be defined without a context, even if it is a single human being in a desert, again there will be a contact as a single human being left in the desert, lot of our identities are defined by our context and our reaction to it, probably animals I do not know, because animals have a different type of habitat and their life still remains at a very, very biological need, fulfillment food and pre production and may be some day, so brain is aware of a very small fraction of what these faculties are doing, are we aware of most of the functions, no, we are aware of just small bit, our actions go to class, eat and we keep responding, but how does all this translate to our life, how does it translate, forget the brain, forget the notional part of the, how does mind work, mind works like this, suppose and let me explain this, do you know of anything in this world which exists in solitary, unitary existence without having a contradictory or complementary counterpart to it, anything, like day as a night, male as a female, a female male whatever, even by the social construct good always as a bad, love always as a hate, anything, there is always a choice, there is always a play of opposites going on, in every most of our, so leave the biology for a second, I am just, how does it translate to our life, because if I define all that I, unitary and fortiered, how does it matter to you, you have to live in this world, to live in this world, you have to have your own constructs, but the constructs are also the similar, if you look at it carefully, it is the same process going on, the conflict is happening because of the external action, deep down it is all the same, so when there is a play of opposites, what does it mean for the mind, you have given two choices, so what do you have to do, you have to choose one, if suppose there is no choice, suppose there is no choice, there is no frame of life, no rules, what will happen, it is easy to live or difficult to live, temporarily it will be good fun, it will be good fun because we already are living in a frame, so for us going to a rule less world will be breaking the frame and becoming free, but imagine a original situation where there is no frame, it is free, it is like a huge vast ocean where you are there, you do not know where to go, we will get into such an anxiety that it will play havoc, so all human minds needs some rules, some definitions, some framework, between that you will choose according to what, between the opposites, you will choose according to your biological rhythm, like let me give us very simple example of choosing, when I said that we are living slightly differentiated and separated from nature, brain works as I said metaphors using symbols, lot of it is symbols only, all language is symbol, language is just a pattern in your brain, symbol and you give meaning to that symbol, so symbol over symbol, metaphor over metaphor, that is one strong process, the other process is the rhythm of the brain, like moving in a cycle with day, night and all of us have different cycles, some of us are night owls and some of us are day larks, some of us function best at the morning, some of us function best at the night, some of us get tired towards the afternoon, some of us to get tired through the evening, this is a cycle which each one of us have in its different, the whole trick is understanding your cycle and adapting your day to get your maximum output, but that is not possible because external rules are different, so you have to adapt to that, so you always choose depending on your biology, your rhythm, your value system which has been given to and told, what is value system in your head, that is your memory, somebody in your class shift told that you should be honest, that is your memory, if somebody would have told you that you have to snatch from the world, somebody's father would be telling you have to go and snatch from the world, you can say that is the wrong value system, you would be saying your value system is wrong, but that is the memory again, between the memories this game is going on, but brain has a wonderful capacity of dividing and categorizing, it will compartmentalize, it will divide time, space, everything, me you everything, brain divides all this and puts in nice categories, so that when you need it, that box will open up and that information will come out, otherwise it is all lying dormant, but brain has another capacity, it is the two words, one is called repetitive and one is called appetitive, the mind has a very very, these things nobody can change, whatever you are doing, what mind does is that, it has this huge habit of, if you get into something, if you do action and if it is pleasant, you keep doing again and again, till it hurts you, if it is not pleasant you will not do it, but if it brain likes something, it will go into a repetitive thing, you cannot stop it and it is also appetitive, this is what I call a monkey mind, the monkey sitting within us, but with all animals, human beings the most, they need to explore, they will see anything new, they will explore, some people explore it to a risk taking behavior, some people just look at it and have a interest in it, but it is no human being who can ignore a new stimulus, suppose I suddenly park a red stool here or a box here, we all will react differently to it, some of you will just look and say, do not touch it, some of you at the end of the lecture, you will want to go and open it or touch it, some of us will leave a child, you will immediately break all the rules and go and open it, so that exploratory behavior of mind is universal, the repetitive behavior is universal, if you get a kick out of something, you will keep doing it, believe me and we all get into habits, addictions because of this kick, because it makes us happy at inflow of chemicals and so what is it happening, their physiological process, there is a memory, we are a historical animal, is it continuous inflow of ideas, let us look at the behavior, the question which again bothers us, are we having original thoughts or are we having borrowed thoughts, are we conditioned or can we create our own behavior, are there answers to it, there are answers if you try to find out, but each one of us has to go back and find and read and see lot of our behavior is conditioned, all this is conditioning, the way we move, the way we dress, the way we eat, lot of it is conditioning, it depends on where are you born, if you are in Kalaari, you would not bother to borrow by a jeans, even that leaf would be enough for you, right, people have their dress dressing up which goes from generation to generation and when somebody breaks, then there is a whole conflict between generations, this is all conditioning, lot of our thoughts are actually borrowed, right, take those borrowed thought, make something out of it, try to create your new thought, but there can be a huge continuity going on, so people who actually think that they have really broken something new are very rare, if you look into the history of thought of human mind, very few people who have really broken the thought, just to give you an example, you heard of Mr. Isaac Newton, when did it happen, which century, around 17th, recorded history of human beings is 5000 years, it took 3700 years for a man to think that if a apple falls, what does it fall, apples would have been falling from ages, it took Isaac Newton, then it took Einstein, it took like so on so forth, it took a man called Lumiere brother to project a cinema, it took a man, some other man to put word in the cinema, so it took the guy who made internet, so these breakthrough thoughts are very rare, lot of us keep thinking through a borrowed condition, but that does not mean that you cannot break it, but to break it you have to know it, to know it you have to know your processes, you have to look into your repetitive and repetitive behavior, and have a try to at least think which way, so the question again is what is sanity, I am just, what is sanity, is there something called normal, is there something called abnormal, when the brain processes are the same for everybody, we psychiatrists work on some very strange assumption, people who are not fitting in through the society, they are disruptive to themselves or to others, they are brought to psychiatrists, we think they are not well, they are not well, we give them some medicines, that corrects the chemistry inside the brain, we have figured out that there is a chemical disturbance associated with a certain type of behavior, that is the understanding of mental illness, there is a certain set of abnormal behavior, and abnormal because it is not fitting into the system in which we are living, and then we have found out, there is a possibility of certain chemical disturbance in the brain, we have found out a medicine to it, we give a medicine, that corrects the chemical imbalance, the person goes back and fits into the society, this is the understanding at present here. That is what I put it as normal sanity is insanity, if there is a normal sanity it is a insanity, because we keep doing a balancing act, because the majority is doing it, that means your mental health is derived lot from the social constructs, lot of things society has told you that this is normal, you cannot do this, so our whole effort and all our IE and simultaneous operation that goes into balancing, and doing what majority is doing, so that obviously is not a perfect definition, it is a definition for convenience, but you do not want to get thrown out, again as I said it was rational or rationalizing, but again look back, what does all this translate to, why all this is Angama about knowing, why do you want to know the brain and mind for 5000 years, 10000 years, why, what is the need, about what, one is brain is repetitive, brain itself is created this problem, and you want to know brain, brain is telling you to go and explore, there is a fruit here, the mind is telling you to go and jump, and you want to understand this mind which wants to jump, what is a loop again, why, what is the quest, now translate this biology to psychology, what is the quest of the mind, why is it just all the time over active and various type of things going on in the head, it is all continuously going on, it never is, brain is one organ once it is on, it only switches of heart and brain and respiration, these three things go on till you are dead, so it is once it is switch on and it is switch off, in between it never sleeps, anyway we do not know the mind, so we cannot ask it, but still translate it into us, forget what the mind wants, what is the need, why do we do things, why do we do things, anything. Like as you already mentioned at brain is in hyper active mode, all things are going simultaneously. Yes, normally four conditions, one is called a, we just call a calm energy, this is called a tense energy, this is a calm tiredness, this is a tense tiredness, we normally live in this four condition, so we are not talking about patients and mental illness, we are talking about normal mental health, we normally remain in one of these four mood states, this is a calm energy where you can be relaxed, you focus and you do more creative work, this is a tense energy where you have to, your tense like exam, exam is a very very tense energy, the very few students who can give a very very calm energy exam, they tense, so all that energy, but that energy propels you to do something, this is a calm tiredness, you are tired, but still you are calm, you want to just snap off for some time and the tense tiredness is that you are tired, gloomy, normally we remain in this four mood state, but still, I mean these are small tidbits, this has to be a larger thing, otherwise as I said, if we are just 40 hertz wave, then it is useless, then we have no control over it, the 40 hertz wave is on, it will go off, relax, we do not do that, that means we, our mind keeps telling us to go and seek something else, we want to understand what is that, what is that, why do we do things in first place, why are you wearing a green color, why did I choose to whatever strange combo I am wearing, why does somebody wear a mundu, somebody wears a suit, Salman khand does not wear anything, what why, you know what, what happens when you do this, any activity when you do, when you get successful in some activity, what do you feel inside, happiness, we do everything for happiness, we do not get happiness is a different issue, because there are other reasons for it, but all over it, otherwise why do you want to become a b-tech, what are you going to do, earth will rotate, it will revolve, sun will come go this, that will happen, we will not be there after 100 years, do a b-tech, you do not do a ambivalent, does not make a difference, will it, all human endeavors, they do not mean, honestly if you ask me, they are all a knot, civilizations have come and gone, you dig down here, you will find huge civilizations flying here, but still in our lifetime we have to do this, because there is a pursuit of, we do mostly for happiness, in larger frame we do things for peace, if you look into and this has been, why I personally do not ignore scriptures too much, not scriptures, all the ancient writing at least in this country and other countries as well, they have been, they have analyzed mind so well, there is a book called Nath Shastra, written by Bharat Moni, it is not a, it is a treatise on theatre, but it is not only theatre, it is about psychology and he has defined Rasa theory, Rasa and Bhav, right, so all life strives for that one final Rasa, which is called peace and joy or Anand, whatever word you want to give it, when that gets frustrated, you get into anger and depression and sadness and all that, so all unhappiness is created, when your one objective of moving towards peace and Ananda is throttle, am I right, just translate this into a daily life, you will know this, you have decided something in the morning, that I will study for 4 hours and your mother calls up and says K B palai, stop your palai, go and do this, so what happens, there is not in a scheme of things, suddenly you get rattled and on a very, very micro level this happens, larger level also this happens, people who become frustrated, unhappy, who go to all this treatment and mental health issues and all that, they are not so much ill, you may call it illness for our convenience, second for treatment, they are not so much ill, it is the whole process of their life is not flowing properly, that may be because of political situation, resources like in this country, all the political struggle, reasons may be thousand, but the basic thing people who go for help, for listening to spiritual gurus, for temples to this, what are they seeking, are people seeking God because of love, how many people love God, that is the fear, so most people do this because their whole process is thought it, it happens to us also, so that is one purpose of life, again you can thought, theory, emotions and the need why, why do you do it, one source of anxiety, what is our source of anxiety, the need is to go to that peace, shanti whatever, achieve your potential, what is the anxiety, there is anxiety in human beings, you all feel anxiety at times or daily, daily, all the time, why you feel anxiety, you, brajuvent feeling. Yes, yes. Calamitation is always in anxiety. Calamitation, why, what is the anxiety? Possibly want to achieve something or do something. At any given point of time, we always want to be something else, something more, something this, something that, something that, so we never tend to be complete in this moment, you never tend to be complete. So, in fact, this is the paradox, this is the paradox. At this point, I want to be this and when I reach there, I again have the same anxiety, then I want to be something else or go up, we keep going up, right. So, that moment of, so how can, if you, suppose you take a track and say, I will go from here, take Kanpur to Delhi, for example, I am going from Kanpur to Delhi, clear, go to Kanpur to Delhi, choose one track by flight, by train, by driving, by whatever, decide one. Now, suddenly I start moving towards Delhi and take a detour some 90 degree and go to some other direction and then again I want to go and then again, I again take a detour. The number of detours which mind keeps taking, so finally, where do you want to, you wanted to go to a certain place and the number of detours have become so much, just by getting distracted and jumping. So, what is our aim, aim is peace. Finally, Shantaras, what we do is, we keep trying to do something else and so in fact, what is happening is that, energy gets frittered, that is the story of most human beings, that is the source of anxiety. But then, lot of it depends on the society in which we are living in. Albert Einstein was sitting in a very peaceful place, he had no work, at least in this patent office, he had all the time to think and imagine, it helped him actually, it helped him. Imagine Albert Einstein sitting in Kanpur, where he had to go and drop off his daughter to the school in the town every day, I am sure all relativity would have gone somewhere. But so, lot of circumstances, political situation, this that helps. But then again, the big question is whether we can train our mind to be like that, even while we are in this, these are six words, can you match them, just make pairs on whatever logic you want. Danger, exploration, escape, fight, acceptance, attraction, loss, I mean they are not in columns, I have just randomly spread them. Danger to attraction, escape and fight to. They are not in a column, so please. So, danger to attraction, escape and fight to exploration and loss to acceptance. Any other combo? Danger for escape of fight, loss for acceptance and since we are having attraction, we will be like exploration. Any other combo? Yeah, danger provides a stimulus, we tend to escape or fight it. When we get attracted, we explore, loss we accept. All right, whatever combo is, what is defining this? There is one stimulus and one action, reaction to it. What is determining it? Now, this is the… View on viewpoint. But when it presents, viewpoint presents, wonderful. But I will tell you something, this is a very, very proven thing that whatever thought process you have, if you are presented with such stimulus without planning, your thought, your viewpoint, everything is overridden by emotions. What is the emotion between danger and escape? It is fear. Between attraction and exploration, it is joy. Between loss and acceptance is grief. So, when we are presented like for a soldier who is going to face danger at the border, at the plant danger, he would have already told himself. But still, when the first bullet is shot, first thing is that fear of death and then you keep responding and shooting and all that. So, all thought, all value system, everything is overridden when the emotion and when the emotion comes, after that you can, few seconds you can rationalize. As I said about anger, this is the vexing question which biology faces now and I will tell you why. I will stop at this and then if you have questions, biology faces this because in the next lecture, we will be talking about mental health and illness and all that. What is happening all over the world and why it is important for you to know your mind, how it functions? Is that in the last 20, 30 years because of the changing, possibly because of the changing socio-political economic conditions, there is a upsurge of what we call mental health issues. By a definition, WHO, 36 percent of Indians have depression and we think that it is much more, we think this much more. There are only 3,000 psychiatrists in this country of 4000 to 1.2 billion, only 3 to 4 percent of 5 percent people who have mental illnesses are able to reach a psychiatrist. WHO says that every second or third Indian by 2020 will be taking anti-depressant or anti-anxiety. There is a sudden upsurge of issues with children and adolescents and youth which you already read in the paper, the shooting in America, the killings, all that stuff which is happening. That is all reflection of the impact of society which it is having on mind and what is also happening is that people are becoming more and more emotionally unstable. They are high intelligent people, achievers and but emotionally everybody is started living on an edge, anxiety levels have gone up and that always increasing the consumption of drugs and medication and prescription drugs and all that. So, the question is whether everybody will be taking a medicine, is it feasible or is it good. So, if it is not good that everybody should be on medication and all problems of life should be sorted out medication, then what will happen that problems of living will also be medicalized. You have an exam, you are anxious, 100 years back also there used to be exams, people used to get anxious even then. So, what we will do is prescribe medicine, it does not sort out the problem. What it does, it changes that interface, you remember that slide real or emotional, it just changes the interface. So, medication will just change the interface, what you do with your life, how will you decide. They used to be trainings 5000 years back in Gurukuls, they were all trainings, they were training the mind to control the emotional instability. Now, if it could happen say 1000 years back and if one man could do it, then I think everybody can do it. If Gautam Buddha could do it, if Mahatma Gandhi could do it or Jesus Christ could do it or anybody or Albert Einstein could do it or Newton could do it. If they could bring that amount of focus in their life, then it is possible, is it possible for everybody to achieve it, not like them, but for their own good. That will save people from medication. So, the big question of understanding both biology, psychology and life, that is the question which we are facing, which psychology is facing, which psychiatry is facing, is the mind trainable. If it is trainable, then we should devise ways by which we can train people to have a better control of over the head. That is the question, that is why all research is getting into positive psychology and how to train people and all. We have examples. Look back into history. We have people who train their mind. We have people who changed from what they were to what they became. So, think, you all young people, you should get into this mode of thinking and it is always good to know a brain and all that. I will stop at this and you can ask me if there is anything. We know very little. So, I will answer you very little to ask me whatever you want or any disagreement. I mean this is not a final or I call on it, but this is I just try to put a whole picture of how it translates. There is a basic process. There is a mind which generates a notional cloud. You take that as your value system as me, this, that, whatever and go to the world. World keeps throwing challenges at you. You keep responding according to your value system, but when there is a surge of emotion, everything goes flat. Learn to train your mind. Use your resources, but that has to go on every minute. So, what was your question? I did not answer it. I will ask that it through a particular part of brain is hypersensitive. So, is it true that the other part of the brain will be hypersensitive? It is what you call sensitive and hypersensitive. You mean that if there is a deficit, there is something else which will be over developed. It happens because see all our minds have potential for everything. It is possible that your language part may be more developed than your drawing skills. It is possible that somebody can look visually and describe not so beautifully. Somebody can write beautifully like mathematicians can do better abstract thinking and all that. Some people cannot do it. Now, all of us have everything. When some people have deficits because of some reasons like dyslexia for example. A lot of dyslexic kids, they cannot make a pattern of the written word, but they can make a pattern of a painting. That is very strange. That is why some smart people who are more wise than us. I also tend to believe it because dyslexia is a creation of the education system. In a very lower class, how are they training? They are training phonetically. That I will say this word stop. So, your stop will come like a phonetic exercise. Suddenly, class 1, they start writing. So, for a small mind to switch from suddenly phonetic to visual, it gets huge disorientation. Actually, in fact, people who have illnesses all over the world, put all secretary illnesses together is not more than 1 or 2 percent.  That is a different issue. Most people do not have brain damage. They are high IQ people, intelligent people. So, that means we are dealing with a normal person who is not so provisioned in reading words, but this kid draws very well. The same process. People whom you are talking about who have overtly developed other skills are the people whose deficits have been converted to their strengths. For one such person, there will be 10 for whom their deficits would have been pointed out to them so much that they would have gone into a well of inferiority complex. So, it all depends on like Sachin Tendulkar is a dropout from a school. Does it matter? No. Why? There will be 1000 other dropouts on the school. Not all have become certain. Raman is a class 9. It does not matter why? Because this deficit of less education, he compensated with the education in music or sport. A lot of dropouts would be selling card pay, all that sub-Z. You do not know because it depends on where were they. When Sachin was not studying, there was a elder brother who told him that does not matter. If you are not studying, do not spoil of your time. Come and run in Shivaji park. Play. Or Raman, somebody would have told go and sit. Play music. For others, people would have told them you do not study, you are like this and shameless and useless and they went into a well they never rose. It all depends on what channel you get into. Plus, this also one should remember that there is lot of diversity amongst human beings. In spite of the 70 percent common shared genes, that one percent gene genetic make up makes us different. All of us are different. We are same like human being process is the same, but the final outcome which we deliver to the world beyond our interface is different. It all depends on where are you channelizing it. Let us accept the diversity. Let us accept that people were different. No two people are alike. So, what you are saying is called people used to say God has sent this, this is weak and that has become strong. It is just because at that point, the person instead of going into a well of despair, the energy was channelized to. Obviously, lot depends on the person wants to overcome the deficit. Depends on the will. That is what I am saying is the mind trainable. Is the human will is that what quantum physics says that the observer. Observer will decide whether the electron is existing in the form of a wave or a matter. The moment you put observer, it turns into wave. If we draw, it is a particular. Is it the human will which will make us decide whether we rise above things or we go. If it is possible, if it is true. That means, in next 20, 30 years is very interesting then. We are stepping into very, very interesting time then. That means, we are at the verge of discovering, defining, deciding, inventing, doing something and any of us can do it. Who knows that this simple way of treating and taking the focus from mental illness of treating with medication. What are we treating to? We treat them and they go back and do the same thing. Again they come back. They do the same thing. Again they come back because we are not treating actually. What we are trying to do? That is why you understand a guru works better than a doctor. You realize that? People go more to a guru and God than us. Why? Can you give me an example? Words best psychotherapy. You have heard of word called psychotherapy. Whereas you do not give medicine to talk. A lot of psychologists and psychiatrists they talk.  It does not change life. Life is changed by something else. Where was the words best psychotherapy? You have heard of a man called Krishna and a man called Arjun. You have heard of it? Arjun said I will not fight. That was the first psychotherapy in action. There is no AC chamber. The doctor was not sitting comfortably on the chair. The doc was also there sitting as a charateer and this man was standing behind. He gave a psychotherapy then and there. In 90 minutes he transformed his life and then Arjun went on to fight. That was the first psychotherapy. The best psychotherapy. It still remains the best. It actually remains the best. But what happens is that you just changes. This transformation psychology and I really have this. When I talk I have this excitement in my spine. Very few things excite me but this excites me because if the mind is trainable then we should be able to discover. I am not saying we will transform the world. It will help few people. At least people will have, your generation, people will, 20, 30 years from now will be able to say that we have achieved over potential. At least some of you will reach that shantras. It is a matter of channelization. Do not never tell a kid that you have a problem. Do not ever tell a kid that you have a problem. The moment you tell a kid a problem, the kid starts paying attention to the problem. The rest of the whole, it is not about skill deficits. It is about skill development. Tell them you are good at this. Go and do this. Carry this along with you. They will do it. Otherwise everybody will become an engineer. Boring world. I will be text from IIT. What do you tell a kid when, sorry for interrupting. What do you tell a kid when, say for example, a story, Cinderella. She knows the story. She is reading the book. But she is not reading it from the book. She is reading the story and making her own. Wonderful. What do you tell a kid? What do you tell a kid? I do not tell. Do not tell. I have a, I know a kid who was telling a story of Alibaba and Forty Thieves. Right? And we like 40-year-old fools. Alibaba went, said Kulja is same, all that. This kid says, let me tell. He says, you know what? My story is different. For the first time he was hearing this. Then he went inside and then he said Kulja Simsim and then he did something and he came out and nobody could open it. So, I asked him, what did he do? He said, he changed the password. He is a four-year-old kid who is telling me, he changed the password. I called up one filmmaker. I said boss, did you ever think that Kulja Simsim was a phonetic password? It was a phonetic password. What is biometric doing? Biometric is taking your fingerprints, eye this, speech this. We all have patterns in our finger and our mind, our EEG, our voice, everything. So, this is a password. That is what I am saying. Who knows this kid may write another Cinderella story or make a film ten years down the line. That may create a new Cinderella. Oh, yes, Cinderella is gone. Who knows? What I am saying is that these kids will learn. As they grow, they will learn what is important from the past to carry. The problem with us is that we carry the past too much.  This is mind. It does not throw. Because you know why? Because it is very, very secure to know the past. It is certain. At least you have seen it. I know this much pain it will cause. This much happiness, let me be there. Future is all uncertain. But these kids go into future. They can play with Cinderella story like me and you cannot. They can change the story of Hanuman like this. They can change the story of Karnisha like this. Because they have got guts. They have got nothing at stake. We will fear even most rational of us. Do not openly criticize God. Why? Fear. Fear. Yeah, we are fearful. We do not know. You never know he is there. With the one percent maybe poh Hanuman and he suddenly. Who knows? Nobody else. So, explore your mind. Open up.


Okay. Hello everybody. I'm Allie. I lead the advanced storage team at Seagate, and we are going to talk to you a little bit today about Kinetic. Kinetic Drive was introduced yesterday. I have some big news this week. It's the first, the world's first Ethernet and key value hard drive has some really important big implications for all of us for storage and for total cost of ownership in storage. We're going to actually do what people say you're not supposed to do on stage. We're going to do a live demo. So Jim and Ignacio are going to come up in a minute. But first I'm going to take you through a little bit about what it is and why we're so focused on object storage. First, we did the press release yesterday announcing the drive. Also, really significant industry support coming along. Some of you may have heard we introduced the technology first a year ago, and that was really for the purpose of bringing the ecosystem along with us. We worked closely with Swiftstack, with Scality, lots of other partners, Ink Tank, Red Hat, because this is truly a fundamental leap forward in storage, and it requires not just that the devices are new, but also the software stacks and the systems. So we're really, this is an industry movement that's happening here, and we're really proud of how far it's come. So why are we so focused on object storage? Kinetic is all about object storage, and the reason is if you start with some pretty standard industry numbers about the zettabytes of data that are going to be created in the years to come, 44 zettabytes is a fairly common number, 40, 44 in the year 2020. And then further assume that about a third of that is probably valuable to companies if you can store it. So you're at 13.3 zettabytes. If you put 56% of that in the cloud, which is the forecast, you're at 7.3 zettabytes, and 90% of that is unstructured. It's object data. So six and a half zettabytes of data that wants to be stored if it could be. The problem is it wants to be stored, but it can't be, because with today's architectures, even commodity gear, there's a budget gap somewhere on the order of about $240 billion, even assuming dollars per gig declines as they have historically done. So we think that for all of us as an industry to realize the opportunity that sits in front of us, we need to totally rethink what the storage architectures look like. And to start with that, we have to start from the device, right? Because you need a different device if you want to do the rest of it differently. So just a very simple picture of what most storage architectures look like today. You have object storage applications at the top. They are forced because of the way the stack works to sit on top of file systems that are today for these use cases, mostly overhead. And then they sit, they talk to storage servers in Iraq, and then ultimately to devices which are tethered by SAS cables, because that's the only way you can connect to a device today. But what's true is that this architecture, and especially these middle layers, were designed for very different use cases, in some cases as much as several decades ago. And we think that today, these applications are just trying to put objects and get objects, predominantly. And yet they're going through all these layers of kind of machinations to get to blocks and sectors and then do the same in reverse. And it's inefficient from a software perspective and it's very costly from a hardware perspective. So Kinetic breaks that paradigm and lets those object storage applications talk directly to devices as first class participants on the network over Ethernet, standard Ethernet. And the way we do that is two key things. So the device is still a traditional three and a half inch standard form factor device. It now speaks Ethernet instead of speaking SAS. So we've added a little chip to the device. That chip does two important things. It speaks Ethernet and it does the space management on the device. We've also added a key value interface. This is really important. The combination of those two things let us eliminate the file system and the storage server. So what used to be two tiered systems in all cases, whether it's Swift, SAF, Scality, any of these object storage systems can now be a single tier. So now the picture looks like those object storage applications at the top, they communicate to devices through open source tools that we've provided and that are now community projects. Open source API, Kinetic is fully available under the LGPL as are a series of libraries that are designed to let the API be easily implemented and integrated into software stacks. Runs today in Swift, runs today in Scality. We're going to show you Swift in a little bit as well as SAF, Bashow, React, HDFS, a number of other applications. And you talk directly over Ethernet over the open source API to devices that are attached anywhere on the network. Yesterday what we announced is a 4TB hard drive, that one sitting right there. We're also going to show you a cool technology preview of an SSD. It's designed to be the first in a class of devices from both Seagate and any other device manufacturers and across tiers of storage. What people need is an object storage protocol that enables total disaggregation of storage from compute and that has really important benefits that go along with it. Principally TCO, so when you pull those storage servers out of the rack, right, because you now have devices attached to Ethernet, you can eliminate a lot of CAPEX, you lower the power of the overall system, you lower the human costs of managing those systems because you've removed this higher order failure domain from the racks, right? So if a server goes down, it's no problem. There's another server somewhere else that can fire up and talk to those devices. And if a device goes down, no problem, that data is erasure coded or replicated and can be easily recovered. So, OPEX is a big impact. Performance also benefits. Many of the use cases we see in object storage is people trying to kind of fill the can as fast as possible. And the servers end up being a bottleneck, especially as people get more and more efficient stacking tons of devices behind servers and optimizing those servers, suddenly it's a bottleneck. Now instead of having that bottleneck, you can gang up a series of devices across Ethernet and really open some of those choke points. In some cases, we're seeing as much as 4X the performance. And on the TCO side, lots of data points, I'll talk to a couple in a minute, but anywhere from 30, 40, 50%, up to 75 or 100% in some cases. Rack density also improves for people who are space constrained, pull out all those object storage servers and put in more storage, right? So that's another important benefit. And then finally, device innovation. Many of you are probably familiar with some of the industry transitions that have been painful in the past. Device level innovation that needs to happen for things like improving aerial density. Those are hard because host systems need to accommodate them. They need to adapt and change file systems and so forth. Shingled magnetic recording is the next one that's coming. We need to do that to get you guys 20 terabyte drives in the future. But it's going to be hard because all the host systems are going to need to change. With Kinetic, we've changed the level of abstraction to the device. So now the application is just putting in getting objects and we worry about the space management. And therefore, we've broken that tight coupling, and we can innovate at the pace that we need to. You guys, the host systems can innovate at the pace the system wants to innovate. And those two things can happen independently. So architecturally, much more agile and flexible. So one case study I want to showcase is kind of indicative of how these customer conversations have been going. As I mentioned, we introduced the technology first a year ago. We have been working long in advance of announcing the drives yesterday with customers and partners. This is an example of a case study that we did with our partner Swiftstack. And this is indicative of the customer conversation. So remember, this is all about scale out object storage.  What they're saying is, my performance requirement is X. In this case, it's 50 megabytes a second. So show me that you can deliver me that performance and then tell me what the cost is going to be. So in this case, the customer said my performance is 50 megabytes a second. My networking infrastructure is actually one gig. So I have an upper bound of 120. Show me that you can meet that. We tested four different configurations, even in the worst case with very, very small object sizes, which is not very practical. We meet their performance requirement. In all the other cases, we actually exceed their networking requirements. So they checked that box and they said, OK, this is interesting. Now tell me about the TCO. And it turns out that in this particular case, the impact is maybe as much as 36%. And remind you, this is not against traditional OEM gear. This is against Swift on commodity systems. So the fact in this customer's case, what they want to do now is say, I can store 36% more data. It's a life sciences company. They know exactly what to do with that data. And now they have the opportunity to get a lot more out of their environment using Kinetic. So I'm going to turn it over to Jim Ignacio. We're going to show you a quick view of performance. It's supposed to be the demo theater. We're going to actually do a demo. And we're going to show you a tech preview. This is not a product announcement, but we do think and we hear from customers repeatedly that there's absolutely a need for this technology and this protocol to span tiers. So we're going to show you an SSD in action. And then we're going to tie into our cluster in Longmont, Colorado, and show you Kinetic working with Swift. Good evening. My name is Jim Hughes, and I'm going to give you a live demonstration. And everybody knows how well live demonstrations go. There are always surprises. What I have down here in this little... Oh, sorry. This is something we call a developer kit, which is a little device that has four disk drives in it, 16 terabytes. You plug it into your office computer, your office LAN, and it gets a DHCP and brings up four devices. What I have down here on the floor is one of those devices. It's getting DHCP from a little Apple airport and it has three hard drives and one Kinetic flash drive. This is the tech preview. This is a very low performance flash implementation. We're using the same processor on this as we use on the hard drive, so we don't expect a lot of performance. And it has a flash drive and a lot of metal. And we're going to demonstrate the difference between those two. So let me bring up the... So what we have is the system level performance. This is one disk drive, another disk drive, and these are two other disk drives. So there's four disk drives. So what we're going to demonstrate is random write performance, random write performance. And we're able to turn around and say, OK, now we have about 60 megabytes per second, 50 to 60 megabytes per second going into that one disk drive. And that's using keys and values. This is not sector level writing. This isn't actually writing at the lowest level. This is writing as if it was in a file system. And down here I can start another drive and now we're getting around, well, a total system performance of about 110 megabytes per second. 110 megabytes per second is the capacity of this Ethernet cable. And that's only two of the four drives being pushed. And this is random write workload, not sequential write workload. This is random write workload, which is a pretty impressive feat as far as I'm concerned. And now we can stop this and we can turn around and say, OK, we want random read performance. OK. And let's go ahead and random read performance. And in this case, this is actually reading the data that was just written and being able to show, again, around 95 to 100 megabytes per second reading this data back. And I'm going to continue to go ahead and stop this. We can write very small blocks, random writes of 10 bytes. What's interesting is the device itself is log structured. So as data flows in, it's immediately streamed to the disk. This means that we get very, very high random write performance. So this is showing about 1,010 byte records. We are randomly writing 10 bytes. We're getting about 1,000 per second and 1,000 per second for a total of 2,200 key value operations per second. Now, that's just streaming the data to the disk. The hardest thing to do, the hardest thing to do on a disk drive is to read random data. So these are two devices. This is two devices. One device is a standard four terabyte disk drive. And the other is the flash device. This is just a 300, a 240 gigabyte flash device, but with the kinetic API. So we're able to read random read 10 bytes from the hard drive and random read 10 bytes from the flash drive. So the hard drive, the flash drive, we'll start, we're getting around 500 key value operations per second. And these drives are just powered up. There's nothing in RAM. There's no caching. And then we can run the same test on the normal disk drive. And the normal disk drive, you can expect, it's a disk drive. It's got an arm. So we're in here in the 40, 50 range. And up there, we're in about the 500 range. We fully expect that we'll have some very much higher performance processors on future flash devices. And that's my demonstration. And it worked. Now it's my turn. I'm going to show you guys a little bit about Swift running with kinetic drives underneath it. Swift has evolved a little bit since the initial inception of the kinetic drives were actually now down to the second generation, second iteration of the Swift code. What we done before I actually show you the code running is we created this concept of proxy object bypass, which allows the proxy server to detect the fact that there's an object server that we need to talk to that happens to be running locally in the same box. And instead of actually going through the HTTP and the whole target and the whiskey interface from the proxy to the object server, which is what Swift traditionally does, we actually bypass the code and call directly inside the Python of the proxy server the code for the object server. That actually gives us much higher throughputs and much lower latency on the operations. There we go. We have slides for that. Awesome. So in the case of the kinetic Swift configurations, the deployments are usually looking at what is called actually Swift apaco, which is a proxy that can only contain on the object server running on the same box. And if you have 10 servers, all the 10 servers are running pagos independently. And the other cool thing about the kinetic servers, like even if you have 180 drives, if you have 1,000 drives or 20,000 drives, each single pago can actually talk to all the drives regardless. It's not like you have one server for 10 drives, another server for another 10 drives. Now, four fingers, awesome. Now I'm going to show you the system running. So top left, what I have is the hdab of one of our servers running in Colorado. It has two chipsets, 12 cores each. So we have 24 cores up there. And now what I'm going to do from another couple of servers is actually exercise the server directly through the Swift interface. And I don't want to remember the thing. There we go. So in that case, it's just one guy. And what I'm showing there is, again, Python is a single process. So on one single thread on Python, that server is putting about 280 megabytes per second into the cluster. And the gigabytes on the other side is actually what's happening on the back of that. After replication towards the drive. So we can see that it's actually outputting to the drives 6.8 gigabytes per second. Now I'm going to launch a second guy from the same machine into the same server. And the aggregate between the two wants to stabilize this a little bit. In this case, from that single machine, it's somewhere on the neighborhood of like 300, 400 megabytes per second in, which is like eight gigabytes per second out. And now what we're going to do is actually start a third guy from another server. Again, against the same pack. And we can see between the three guys, we're looking at anywhere in between. That guy's doing 5.3, 4.2, and 3.3. So let's average to like 14 gigabytes per second coming out of that proxy server into the drive mesh. And in this case, the pack was completely maxed out in terms of CPU. So with those chips, the max thing we can do is about 14 gigabytes per second on the back. And mind you, the server actually only has 20 gigabytes max anyway. The other cool thing is actually the server is connected to 180 drives. So actually the drive mesh, it's operating on a fairly low capacity, about 30% of the total drive capacity is being exercised by this single pack, but it can actually drive almost a 20 gig interface from a single server. So let me close those guys up. The other cool thing is the configuration. And in the case of kinetic deployment, it's actually fairly simple. You create the object rings. And basically, you tell each of the proxy servers, well, each of the object servers that you will configure one per computer or per server that he can talk to every single drive in your infrastructure and off you go. Now you basically do the load balancing at the proxy level. And all your requests can go to any single proxy and from the proxy directly to the drive. There's no extra component in there. Jim? Thank you. Thanks. You're not, Joe. Thank you, Jim. So real live demo, it's working. The key thing there is obviously you saw some performance data. In all the customer cases, what we're seeing is what I described before, which is, OK, oh, that's interesting performance. I see that I'm getting what I need. Now talk to me about the cost. And TCO is really the story here. So we encourage everybody to come see the booth in D11, hear more about it, talk about your specific needs, and then also lots of tools available at developers.seagate.com. There's a fully functional drive simulator there. It'll point you to where to get on GitHub all of the code, which is, again, all open source. And please get involved and come see us to learn more. Thank you very much.