Dear learners, welcome to Krishnakata Hondiquist State Open University. Today we are going to discuss on an important topic of the mass communication discipline. All the learners should know on this issue, that is, how to be a good communicator. We are very happy to have with us today two eminent professors of the mass communication discipline of the country, Professor Ram Mohan Pathak and Professor Subha Surya. Professor Ram Mohan Pathak is the director of Modern Mohan Malabbo Institute of Journalism, Mahatma Gandhi Kase Bityapit Baranasi and Professor Subha Surya is a professor of School of Journalism and New Media Studies, Indra Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. I heartily welcome Professor Pathak Sir and Professor Surya Sir to this program of Krishnakata Hondiquist State Open University. Before discussing on the main issue of this discussion program, we now look on the concept of communication. As you know, communication has always been one of the foundations of the development of human civilization. Any change or any development in the human world is closely associated with communication. In the wake of massive advances in the various areas of science and technology in recent times, communication has taken center stage in contemporary political, economic, social and cultural life. Communication has become one of the controlling mechanism in almost every areas of human life. We can say that it has become the fourth basic human need of the people, next only to the food, shelter and clothes.  So, dear learners, at the very outset of this discussion program, we want to make your concept clear on what communication is. I would like to request Professor Dhulia Sir to say something on the concept of communication.  Now communication is in every sphere, right from the family organization to the top of it, we communicate, all the time we are communicating. But for the programs of journalism that all of you are offering learners, I think this is very, very vast and huge area when we talk about communication. So, I would relate it to the journalism because news media is one of the very, very significant component of communication. News media is in a way news media is only a small component of the overall media industry. It's hardly seven or eight percent of the share of the media industry. But because news media is dealing with the political, the major chunk of political combination takes place through news media. That's why it is very critical, very crucial. Because it can influence the public opinion. It can influence the government policies and programs. So news media in a way is mediating between general public and the government. So it's a development of communication, communicating with the state organs and communicating with the common people. Now that's I think the fundamental that when we talk about communication that as a basic concept we know it very well that communication means there is a sender, there is a coding, there is a message, then there is a receiver. And in between there may be various kind of obstructions in terms of the mechanical noise, your television set is not working, it's faulty, there's no electricity. But second component, the socio-cultural barriers at times. For example, the kind of language that I'm using, I'm an accent, I'm using certain words, I may not be communicating with you. So that's where it's come the question of the socio-cultural advice. For example, the kind of English that is spoken in this part of the country, I think you can communicate very easily. But maybe my accent is not communicating the way you communicate on yourselves. Professor Dhulia sir has pointed out on the importance of communication in the socio-cultural context. Now I would like to request Professor Pathak sir to explain your views on the concept of communication. I think communication is like breathing in our life. Communication starts from the first breathing of the person. When a child is born, communication starts. And when a person is dead, I don't think that the communication comes to an end because it is an unending cyclical process going throughout the life. And after life what is there, it is still to be studied. It is a subject of study. We in Indian mythology, in Indian concept, we believe that even the child in the womb of a mother, he has the capacity to catch the signals, catch the communication process as it is described in Mahabharata. Mahabharata, the last of Mahabharata, the end of Mahabharata could have been else. If the mother of a woman was not slept, if she was awake, then communication would have completed and he would have gone out of that seventh gate which he could not break. And he died and the story of Mahabharata took a turn on that point. So communication is the basic need of our life. Who says we say bread, butter, employment, and housing that is shelter? Those are the basic needs. But how do we know? How one knows that what is roti? How roti is being prepared? How bread is being prepared? How the shelter we can make? I think the fruit which Adam and Eve ate, there is a story that Adam and Eve, though both of them were in a jungle and they suddenly got a fruit. It came down and they ate and they cried. We are naked. The sense of civilization, sense of wearing something that came out of that fruit, we in the field of communication must think over it that so far as I think it was not the simple fruit, simple apple. It was the information. It was the fruit of information which came to them, which they could understand. God knows the source. But authenticity of source we cannot prove. But I think that it was the input of information coming through communication from somewhere and they could understand that there is a need of kapala that is the clothing. Clothing of a man is there. So roti, kapala, makan means bread, clothing, and shelter. These are the basic needs. But moreover, the most significant and most important need is that of communication, better communication, better understanding, and better understanding makes a better civilized society. Professor Pataksha said that when a child born, the communication process starts. But when a person dead, the communication process does not end because it is a cyclic process. So dear learners, we have discussed on the concept of communication. Now we are going to discuss on the focus area of this discussion program, that is, how to be a good communicator. A good communication effort helps us immensely in influencing and winning over people, solving problems, building bridges among nations and societies. So let us discuss on the qualities of a good communicator to begin your journey in the field of mass communication. So I would like to ask Professor Dhulia first about the qualities to be a good communicator, sir. Well, we have briefly discussed that how to be a kind of effective communication, because how to make your message effective. So that means always you have your target audience in your mind. If you're a journalist or you are any kind of a communicator, you may be addressing mouse audiences, but you are dealing with a single person, because it is one single individual who is receiving your message. So first challenge is that when we are drafting a message for very, very huge audiences, thousands of the people, maybe lakhs of the people, then you are drafting a message for each individual, because they are not receiving it collectively. They are receiving individually. So I think the first quality of the communicator is that how you analyze your audience, how you have a very heterogeneous, very huge audience, how you analyze, work out a common message which will be effective for the entire audience, which is very, very huge. If you are working for a television news channel or a newspaper, you are fully aware that millions of the people are watching your message. Now, how to draft that message? That is, I think, the biggest challenge before a communicator. And that's where you need great amount of conceptual skills. You need great amount of the knowledge. You need great amount of the language skills. You need great amount of understanding of the content. If you are writing on some political subjects, then how you make that subject which can easily be understood? As a journalist, I think you are a journalist. You are a communicator, because you have ability to transform very complex kind of information into what we call the news format, that a common man can easily understand. Now, that's why you are a journalist. That's why you are a communicator. You are not a specialist, because a specialist will present very, very complex information, complex manner. Now, he's transferring the knowledge to a very, very small audience. You are journalist, because in a subject like very delicate and complex subject like economics, you are transforming that very complex and complicated information into a news format where you need great amount of the skills. And that news is being consumed by very common people, and they can understand it. That's where the biggest challenge of a communicator is journalism, that's where you have to develop professional skills. I have my firm belief, as Professor Dhulia has rightly said, that one must have command over two things. There are two major areas where we are to be absorbed when we come out of the education area as a student, as a professional. As a professional, one must have command over pen, as Professor Dhulia has very rightly said, that he must know how to write, what could be the framework, what could be the requirement of the audience. So pen, master of the pen, pen is mightier than sword. It's very old saying, but this pen might not be in the picture, because most of the works are being done by computers only. So pen and paperless newsroom concept has although come. But pen means the presentation, the command over language, command over written language. And another area is where anchors, most of the students come and ask, how can I become a successful anchor? So being a successful anchor, one must have command over language, spoken language, spoken words, command over spoken words. And weaving into the thread of that is called thinking, which are the opinion. So that is very well targeted within the framework of an incident or accident or some thing being organized there. So one has to weave it into the several things and to present is in an effective way. The second thing is we are in the age of news stories. From news to news stories, this journey of our news, the basic news, news is sacred, that's an old saying. But news now it is being put, it is being shown, it is being presented over radio and with so many effects, visual effects, visuals and sound effects, and visuals in print media also. But when we present it, we must keep it in mind what is required and the old thing is gone, that what is not to be shown, what is not to be made known to the public, to the audience. We are in the age when each and everything, most of the things within the framework of our ethics, we have to show, we have to show more and more because we are in the age of competition. So the news story must tell each and everything. 5W1H has been the concept, who, what, where, when, why and how. Now one more component has been added to whom, whom from both the sides, whom means these 5W1H and plus whom and to whom we are addressing, their need. We must assess the need. One must have the skill of assessing the need of the audience. What the audience needs? Suppose one TV channel shows one thing from another angle, another TV channel shows the same thing with another angle. So we have to visualize, we have to estimate, we have to assess the needs of the audience, target audience. So the target audience, one thing as Professor Dhulia has already said, the cognition level, we must understand the cognition level. Being a successful communicator, we must know what our audience can understand, what not. If we say something from the western culture and people are not aware, the bullfight might be that in the village areas they don't know, but the Spain people know what is bullfight. But our people may not know. So we have to be very much cautious while using the sentences, while making the language. Another thing, one very important thing that we must keep the general public's language in our mind. There cannot be an umbrella coverage language. A language covering the whole of the country like India cannot be possible. But nearest possible is the concept. We must use the nearest possible concept, nearest possible words which could be understood by so many people. Now we are very happy that not only Hindi, but English is accepting the regional language words. When there was a headline in the Times of India, what does it mean? A word from Punjabi has come to the English most respected newspaper's banner headline. So our words are also going there. That is because of the understanding of the communicator. Whosoever is writing there, whosoever is speaking there, one must understand that these words are becoming very much common, being used in so many languages in Hindi, English, Assamese and other things. Thank you sir. Dear learners, by this time we have discussed so many important issues, so many important topics of mass communication. Now we are going to discuss on an important, very important point in this program that is skill versus technology. Journalists should not be controlled by the technology. That is a very important topic of discussion. So I would like to request Professor Dhulia sir and Professor Pathok sir to say something on the issue of skill versus technology. There is a numerous expansion of media. Now there is market competition as you have pointed out. There are large number of new channels, new papers. And most importantly what Professor Pathok said is that the different kind of packages that are emerging. Different kind of effects that are being used. That technology is offering numerous options and then a journalist is packaging these in the different format depending on the nature of the subject. Now that is where I think technology on the one hand is becoming a bit important. And here I think a great amount of care has to be taken. That technology is being used by journalists. And a journalist is not being controlled by the technology because in some of the new channels I have observed that it's not very conceptual work but it has become very technical work. That means the entire technology you need only speed and that's it. That's why at times language is becoming casualty also. And another important point is that the language of your communication. There is a great amount of dynamism that is emerging in English language, in Hindi, in Assamese, in different languages. It's a very healthy tradition that we are picking up words from here and there developing a very, very communicable that means language. But again I think certain amount of precautions needs to be taken here. For example, there is a split and there is a nature of a language. So some words may fit in very, very effectively. For example, seminar is perfectly okay. It's far better than saying ghosty or some ghosty. So it can be adopted. But then again we have to take into consideration whether that world is really fitting in into that very nature. In Hindi, it's fitting into that. At times otherwise it's say obstruction in the communication because every language has a flow. When you write there is a flow. So don't choose the world which is obstructing that flow in the language because again that will be obstruction in the communication. But at the same time, this very healthy trend that we pick up words, we have picked up station, we have picked up schools, we have picked up meetings, seminars, a number of other words that we have picked up. So that is, it works both way I think. Yes sir. Thank you sir. I want to request Professor Pathok sir to say something about the skill and technology. Skills, as Professor Dhulia has already mentioned here, skills, the basic of this editorial or journalistic skill is that language. Command over language, it is that we are lacking. The new generation of the journalists, it is lacking. Yes. One thing, the other thing is in this competition, in this age of competition of knowing technology more than what we should know more and more, we are forgetting our basics of Indian journalism that is called the mission. What is this mission? Mission is to be true, to be truthful, fight for the cause. One concept was there, check, recheck and cross check. We are forgetting that. Whatever news source in our news portal, in our computer, in our mobile or where so ever, we are in a haste. Deadline is a very dangerous thing. One must be, it is said that no journalist sleeps, journalist never sleeps. So it is all right. But this dagger of deadline sometimes makes us apologize. Afterwards we see that there was nothing and we have no option than to apologize with the audience that it was a wrong thing. So one must be in haste. Journalism is really a literature in haste, but it is literature. Literature means sahit, sahit means in the interest of the society. So, so far as technology, time constraint and other things are there, we must keep it in mind that we have still to follow the rules of the earlier editors, great editors who were the mentors of our large, very respected democracy all over the world, that check, recheck and cross check. We must do it. Otherwise we will put our editor in trouble, ourselves in trouble, the reporter will be himself in trouble and his organization, his or her organization will also be in trouble. So this should be done. Technology, one is expected to know technology. There is no life without technology. But the basic things, the basic science, the pure science behind that, a little bit of that input must be known, how the camera works, what are the basic things there. Just one puts a camera on his or her shoulder and comes out and tries to become a very successful anchor. There are so many. But to study the effectiveness of technology, why people say that I am not a propagator of Discovery Channel, I am not getting anything from Discovery Channel, but the photography, the words, the language, the language component, presentation style, why it is supposed to be one of the best. So they have to work it. One has to work it because as our prime minister, the late prime minister said, there is no way out than to hard work. So being successful communicator means hard work. It is the success in the field of communication, in the field of journalism, is supposed to be hard work and risk. As in Hindi we say, it is talwaar kidhaar pe dhaavanoh hai. Means one has to run on the edges of the sword. So that is a very dangerous work, very risky work. It is not that we are known each and everywhere. So many people fold their hands before us. They pay respect. The respected editors have been. This is the 125th year of Pulitzer. Why Pulitzer is being remembered? Although he was the propagator of yellow journalism. Even then his contribution in so many other fields was also there. So he worked, he dedicated his life. So communication or journalism or journalist has another name that is dedication. One who has no sense of dedication, I think that he or she should not come to this profession to become a successful communicator. Personally, yes, sir. But the original point was skills in technology. That means who controls whom. Whether men control the technology or technology control the men. I think that has become very, very crucial the kind of proposition that we are practicing today. And I think we have to be very clear that what kind of skills are required for what. And totally we can say we need two kinds of skills. One is conceptual skills that we develop through the knowledge that we acquire.  Knowledge means when you acquire more knowledge, you develop your language as well. Because after all, you express your knowledge through the language, your knowledge. Now that's where when we say who controls whom, then if you are trained only in the second category of the skills, which we can say, technological skills. You know how to operate a computer. But you don't have knowledge. You don't have conceptual skills. That what kind of content that you are creating. Now, first is content. Content means your new story. And second is how you deliver it. For delivery, technical skills are required. But yes, both ways. But to create content, conceptual skills are required. Knowledge is required. So you have to combine these two things, conceptual skills and operational skills or technological skills. If you are conceptually strong, then you will control the technology. If you are conceptually poor and technologically very strong, then technology controls you. So now, if you have obtained a program in the field of journalism and mass communication, then what are the requirements in fact? We have been stressing upon the command over the language. Now, again, elaborating further, I think that three major component to become a good journalist and to become a good communicator as a journalist. But you have, first is that you have a content. Then you have to package that content. And then you have to deliver it. Now, what you need it, I would say, it's combination of knowledge, language, and the craft. Now, when I say craft, then I'm talking about these technological skills, these operational skills. When we say communication, then we are dealing with communication as science. When we say journalism, then we are dealing with the craft. Journalism as a craft. Now, that is very, very important that how you combine knowledge, language, and the craft. If it's only craft, then that's not enough. So if we take communication, that means when we say journalism and mass communication, and it plays the professor of journalism in the overall concept world of the mass communication, then that's where we must have adequate knowledge that what really is the world of mass communication. And when we place the journalism, mass communication means acquiring knowledge. Now, education and training. Most of the journalism programs are combination of education and training. Now, there is a stream for very, very critical of training. In fact, Popsi Raspar, who is a renowned educationist, once he told me that he's against training. He said he's against training. Because his training means you are closing the minds. You are training a person so that he can fit in the huge machine of new industry. That you train a dog. So training has to be combined with the education. Education is knowledge. And training is to become fit for a particular job. And it's extremely important that this knowledge, language, and craft has to be combined in a very, very rational manner. Otherwise, things go either this extreme or that extreme. Training is not enough. Education is very, very important. Imparting knowledge is important. Now, for example, if you are reporting press contents of the Prime Minister, he will be talking about all kinds of pursuits from mental security relations with the Pakistan nuclear deal. And if it's one hour press contents, then you can think of it that he will be touching upon every aspects of our natural life, our foreign policy.  You are talking to your audiences. How you pick up that what is the most important? Immediately after that, what Prime Minister said, in one hour, you are reporting in, say, 30 seconds your opening sentence. Now, you evaluate that newsworthiness when you have knowledge of all those subjects. In print media, at least you get a chance to think over. You get so many hours to think about over it. A TV journalist is strange journalism. Now, that is where sequencing is. That's where knowledge matters. So, a journalist is not a neutral carrier of information. A journalist is not a postman who doesn't know contents of the letter. A journalist must be aware of the content that he is delivering. A journalist is a communicator, that's why, because he is gathering information. He's adding meanings to it. He's placing that information a perspective and that he can do only because he is a knowledgeable person. And last part is how you deliver it. That's where the technology comes in. Yes, sir. Thank you, sir. And Professor Julia, sir, mentioned that content is very much important, then packaging. Packaging is also very much important. Yes, of course, we have a content. Then you package that using different technological options. There are various formats of nature of the medium. Exactly. And again, you have delivery. You have numerous options how to deliver it. You have internet, you have newspapers, you have radio, you have television. You have the convergence of the technology now. So, delivery options are numerous now, but content is the most challenging now. Because at times, we discover that in new channels, the content is very important. People are getting huge amount of information, but content is nothing. Nothing. So far as content is concerned, there is one question being raised by students all over wherever I go. Yes, sir. They say that traditionally, there were three formats, three things. So far as the media content was concerned, news, views, and advertising. Yes. There is amalgamation, convergence at this level also. Yes. Convergence at the level of technology, convergence at the level of skills, convergence at the level of ownership, cross media ownership is what? That is a kind of convergence. Convergence. So, now the news, views, and advertising both are being converged into. Students ask, how can we be with the truth? How can we file very interesting human interest stories? Those are related with the panics, the grief of the common man and common people, because we don't have enough space, then enough time for that. I say that you try to file every day one or two, this kind of stories and keep it in your storage. Don't get it vanished. Whenever times comes, people will be accepting those stories that will suffice, that will be giving you consolation that you have done your job, the requirement of the job, of a journalist, a missionary journalist. But don't try to fight the proprietor or the owner of the media. Because of this amalgamation of news, views, and advertising, there is a furore. There is a illusion. Our journalist or communicator comes sometimes in illusion, what to do, how to do. But he must try to understand that he is the carrier of the news. As Professor Dhulia has said, that he must know what is there in the content. He is not just a postman. Not knowing the letter, he is delivering, throwing the letter or getting it signed and handing over it to the people who signs that. But it is, we must know what impact it should have on the society. That precaution he or she must have to take. But so far as the pressure is concerned, now I think earlier it was the pressure on the proprietors. Now it is on the journalist, general journalist, general person working on that. So there is one thing we were just discussing with Professor Dhulia, that giving money or giving some kind of things to a journalist and getting it published or getting his broadcast, it is a kind of bribe. But when it is paid officially through check and one gets published disinformation, what we call it disinformation during those days of cold war, there was a bar of misinformation, disinformation and the real information. So one has to take out what is real, what is right thing. But during that last elections, there was paid news, concept of paid news emerged very predominantly throughout the country. There is a discussion, there is a debate on this. But now I think the whole journalism has become paid. Earlier it was not paid. Nothing in journalism was paid. That was all missionary. So these days we can't expect from a journalist, from a person coming to this course that he will be doing it for charity or on the missionary basis. Bhukhe vajan hoi gopala. One cannot do without having his bread and butter. But having bread and butter and earning, making journalism for earning money with not so prescribed manners in the society, that is the challenge. So one must have to understand that he is the career of truth, career of news. News is truth and not gyan. As one thing I would like to say here that gyan is one thing. Gyan one must weave into it that this is this festival is being celebrated and the background, the legendary stories, the story behind this any festival or anything occurring on this. So that we have to weave into. But we must differentiate between the news and the gyan. News is not a gyan. Media is not expected to provide gyan every time. We must have to put the truth before the audience, whatever is in whatever form it is. For gyan another time space, another space in the print media is required. Now lots of space and time is being provided for gyan also. But a reporter, an anchor is not supposed to deliver gyan. If he delivers gyan only then he may not be a successful person. Yes. I think Professor Dulyasar wants to add something. Yes, sir. But I think as we have been discussing that means that the issue of the paid news. Because we know that in last, I think 15 years, the great amount of commercialism has occurred in the media sector. It's perfectly okay having a business model. It's perfectly okay that the newspaper and the journalism is sustaining itself. You cannot run an organization if it's running in the losses. Survival is. Survival is vital. So a business model to tell the extent is perfectly okay. But in last 15 years, what really has occurred is that it is kind of a Britain to commercialization. When you are tampering with the basic nature of the news story. That means what I would say is that when we say news then there are certain attributes attached with it. Of course, yes. Now what really happens is tampering with this format. That means at times fiction and facts are mixed up in a very post irrational manner. Now I will just cite an example that if I tell a child a story of the ghost, then I am making it clear that this is a fiction. This is a story. But if you tell a child that I have seen a ghost outside of my house, then you are talking a fact. And that is misleading if you are saying that. Here is the distinction that at times because of this commercialization, even the fictional stories. Poor Arjanmen, some kind of superstitious and there was one incident with the most very example of this kind of commercialization that in Madhya Pradesh, one Panditji, he announced that he is going to die at five o'clock or four o'clock in that evening. Yes, yes. And by his Jalampatri, he made that prediction. Yes, sir. And shockingly, two television channels were telecasting live from that spot where that person was going to die. Yes. Fortunately, he did not die. Yes, sir. If he could have died at that particular point of moment, I think we should have taken this country back to at least 50 years in terms of the rest of the thinking. Yes, sir. And there is all chance because one point in a million, there is a chance that he can die because he is focusing on his death. Yes, sir. If I say he is focusing on his death, he can very die because of heart attack also. Yes. Now, that's one example, a grilling example that when fiction is being presented as a fact. And that's, I think, very, very dangerous trend. Mr. Dhulia, should I intervene one instance? Yes, sir. One instance, I am remembering. When one experiment, Big Bang was going on. Yes. When one of the dates was announced that on that same day, the whole universe will go into airs. Yes. One frightened girl died on the same day hanging herself because in Haryana, I think, because she knew that when nobody will be there. She must have lost some intelligence. Yes. So, how, what is the reality? What is the purpose of my being alive? Yes, so I vanished. Yes, exactly. I can also remember the headline of a particular news channel for this, Panditji's case. He said, ask Madhavn Gami or like this was a headline. He had gone through his Dharan Patari. Yes. He predicted that that's why he was trying to communicate that we, everything just in that, when you are going to die, when you are going to bond. Now, that was one phase of the commercialization. That means now, when you say journalism, then as journalists, we do and we have been presenting a news story in an interesting manner. It was always important to present the news in the very, very interesting manner. Throughout the profession, that means it's very, very important that we present the information in a drastic manner so that our readers can read it, our listeners will find it interesting and we generate an interest. Now, in that process at times, we have also been doing dramatization. A certain amount of dramatization is also element when we make something interesting. And then comes after dramatization, comes the issue of the sensationalism. Now, these three phases, we must be very clear that where we are drawing the line of demarcation. Now, this is a territory to make a story interesting. We can take this much element from dramatization. Now, here we are entering into total dramatization. That means we are playing the whole values of the profession. And then comes the sensationalism, the illogicalism, that quoting something totally out of context. Now, one great example that I would like to cite here is that once, Paryanka Gandhi was in Amethi. And during that period, this Abhishek Bachchan's marriage was being debated. And you all know that there is some conflict between Amitabh Bachchan's family and Gandhi's family. That means he has been Rajiv Gandhi and Amitabh Bachchan. One television correspondent, he just inside car, he pushed his camera and he asked her that are you going to attend this Abhishek's marriage? Yes. Now, there was no issue, no agenda, no context, nothing, nowhere from it. That you will go to his wedding. And in this, he answered that you are talking about Fajul. See, sir, you are talking nonsense, not nonsense, but meaningless things. Now, in that TV channel, the slug was Abhishek's Sadhi Fajul, Paryanka Gandhi. Now, that's the blatant, that means sensationalism. In fact, when we use thought journalism, we use sight, hypothetical examples. Now, we have numerous real examples to say that there is sensationalism. Now, today, journalism is indulging in the grabbing attention. It has gone beyond sensationalism. They have indulged in sensationalism at great amount. Now, they want to grab the attention. That a consumer or a listener is just a viewer, is just surfing the channels. They want him just to stop there and watch them. They are showing something which is unusual, which is extraordinary, which is total nonsense, not bothering about the core values of journalism. They want to grab the attention. And then, we start watching it. I do it. It's something very unusual is being shown. To be ahead and to be fastest is there. Yes, because it's interesting, it's entertaining. So, grabbing attention, and then when you grab the attention, then you are TRP. That means how many people are watching this television goes up. Now, this is that age of commercialization that we have entered into. And now, these questions are being raised, whether news media works for public good or news media is purely a business venture. And that debate is going on. And I think these issues are very, very important today. That what is the role and place of news media in our society? As an instrument of imparting knowledge, educating people, informing them, or whether this is a pure, blatant, naked, commercial venture. At times, we do feel that it is becoming a very, very, that means, commercial venture. And the new entrants must keep it in mind. But then, we have a significant section of the media, which is still a series of journalism. And we do think that someday, now, people are also becoming aware. I will set an example that in a train, and one person told me, that initially, when there used to be, say, that Pradha Fast is going to happen. So he said, we used to stop, that something is going to come. He said, now, when we see Ghotar Pradha Fast, we don't watch it. We do because something is coming out. Now, gradually, people will develop that kind of attitude. Ultimately, I think it's the consumer or whether it's citizens or listeners, viewers, that they will become mature and news media will have to take shape, accordingly, because entire news media cannot sell the same product. You have numerous news channels. You may have one, like in America, there is a Fox News channel, which is very sensational. But we have an ABC, NBC, your public broadcasting. So the media escape is very, with almost variety. It's diverse. So people will need different kind of products. And in a real market situation, there will be news or rations who will be offering different kind of products. Yes, sir. So thank you, sir. I will just one more sentence. Now, I will conclude by saying that when you are entering into this profession, please get rid of some of your myths. But don't simply get governed by thinking that this is a word of money and clever. If you really want to be a journalist, just get rid of these myths. Never think that you are becoming an anchor. Intelligent news channel, 90% of the manpower, some of the very senior journalists, they never appear on the screen. It's only 10% of people, and even less than that, who are reported anchor, who appear on the screen. So first is, don't go by this glamour. Glamour means this kind of publicity that everybody will be watching us on TV screen. Get rid of that myth, if you have that myth. Some of you can, but this is not a great deal in journalism. There are so many streams in the journalism which are very, very significant. And second is that, don't think that there is huge amount of money in journalism. Journalism is a kind of dedication, as you said. It's commitment, it's public service. It's addressing your creativity, your writing skills. You enjoy the profession. That's very, very important. And then in journalism, as far as money is concerned, there are some exceptions when people will go to the high bracket of the income in a very quick point of time. But for 90% of the journalists, the progress in simple is that they start from, say, 15 to 20,000 in national newspapers. In small towns, it may be even 5,000, 3,000. And normal progress is that, after five, six years of their career, they are drawing a salary of around 50, 60,000, which is not a very big money, big money. And that is true for the 90% of the journalists. So please, if you have those myths, that this is the climber and this is money, then be rational in your approach. Dear learners, today we have discussed on the various issues of mass communication, particularly on how to be a good communicator. On behalf of Krishna Katta-Hondikoi State Open University, and on my own behalf, I am really thankful to Professor Subhaj Julia Sir and Professor Ram Mohan Pathak Sir for being with us today and for giving their valuable inputs for our learners. Thank you so much, sir. Thank you.


So the talk that you're in is, this is really not the joy you're looking for. And I want to thank everybody for coming here during the dinner hour. I'm Nick, and this is my co-presenter, Sean. And we're going to walk you through some fun journey today. I'm actually personally really excited about this talk, and I know Sean is well. And so I'm going to jump in, a brief agenda just to tell you where we're going to take you, what journey we're going to take you on this evening. So we'll go through some introductions, talk about a little bit about primer history. You know, I personally feel it's really important, and it's very often presentations jump into deep technical concepts from the get-go. We're going to sort of build everybody up to the same level, and we dive into some of the technical pieces. And then we're going to talk about some research motivations. Before that, we'll talk about some mobile user interface do's and don'ts, some implications. We'll do a demo. We're going to have a live demo. And then Sean's going to jump into a deep dive on how our demo works. We're going to do a little different in this talk. We're actually going to show you the demo first before we do the deep dive. You'll see why. And then we'll do a second demo, which will be a lot of fun as well. And then we'll conclude. So some introductions. I'm Nick Prococo. I'm the head of the Sputter Labs team at Trustwave. I started my InfoSec career in the 90s, mid-late 90s, and I was really just started out as a pen tester. This is my fifth DEF CON talk. I actually have one more this weekend with Paul Kerr, who's sitting in the audience over there tomorrow, doing a mobile SSL talk called Getting Sizzard. I'm also the primary author of Trustwave's Global Security Report. And so here's Sean. I'm just a backend developer for the SSL team. So this is the first time I've done anything like this, not quite as experienced. I hope you enjoyed anyway. So what did this talk all about? So this is part two from a talk that I was part of last year. Did anybody see that talk last year? Okay, so a handful of folks. So that really focused on, it was a kernel level root kit. So the whole idea was what are the implications of a root kit getting on a mobile device. And so we explored that and really raised awareness about the risk and implications of root kits on mobile devices, what they're capable of. But we didn't really touch on anything in user land at all. This year, and so after the talk last year, I was thinking I really would like to do another Android talk and what are some things we can do. And we'll talk a little bit about how we actually came to start doing this research. But basically this year, we focused 100% in user land. We just wanted to focus on the user interface, 100%. The whole idea is of what tricks we can play using available APIs. Nothing out of the ordinary. All the APIs that are available in the Android SDK. And then really what did Google allow developers to do? What are some sort of bad things can we do with the APIs? And in the process, we discovered basically a Layer 7 ODE in the process. And so we're going to talk about what that is. So just jumping into primer. We're not going to spend a lot of time here. I'm sure everybody knows what the Android OS is. How many people here have Android devices? Okay, that's going to be fun.  We're not going to spend a lot of time here, but it's a software stack. It's developed for mobile devices. And really, the kernel is Linux. And it's basically all we need to talk about here. And then how has it evolved? Well, they released probably a new OS version a little more than once a year. And a few years ago is when it really started to get good with 2.1, the Donut Declare. And they introduced the slide from write animation that lets them make it seem like you're in the same task even if you're opening different apps. And so that's pretty cool. And then Froyo came out. That one got pretty popular. It was fast and had Flash, which everybody knows is great. And since then, it's been a little tougher than to get updates. They got Gingerbread, and not so many phones have those. And Honeycomb is just tablet only and closed source. So maybe they'll open that one up. Yeah. And so one thing to note here, just to keep in mind that we're talking about on their side, so the percentages we have there is something that, Sean, you pulled from stats from on the... It's from Google. The Google stats, and it's a couple weeks out of date. So it might be percentage points off now. Yeah. So that's the user population. So just something to keep in mind as well. We're talking about updates. So Google actually develops Android closed inside Google. They don't let you look at the code as they develop it. They don't let you submit patches. And then when they release the new version, then they publish a source sometimes. And there's usually... When they do open it, there's a delay anyway. And they give you the stock Android only on a few devices. And usually there's a HTC Sense or other OEM customizations that take a while for them to update. And that's why people aren't getting up on Gingerbread because it's been taking them a while to update that stuff for the newer versions. And they're trying to fix that and work with the carriers to get them to update. But the carriers say they have really no incentive to try that. So we'll see if the updates get better. And they need to because people come up with security updates that need to get pushed out. Right. So what is the Android market? So I'll just take a little bit of this. Basically it's the place where you buy apps. Everybody here in this room has an Android phone or Android mobile device, tablet or whatever they have. That's where you get your apps from. Yeah. And unlike some other app stores that check your apps and have to approve them to get in, which can take some time, the Android market does not approve any apps. And when you submit it, they're available immediately. And they don't check that you're not doing anything malicious before they send it out. They can... If they discover that you are, they can take it out of the market and they can remotely delete it from phones. But it's a less proactive approach to protecting the users. One thing I guess to think about in comparison to Android versus the iOS, Apple devices, I was recently asked, if you were going to have to attack either of those devices, what method would you use? And just sort of interview conversation. And I basically said if I was one of the attack Android users, I would use the marketplace. I would use the Android market. If I wanted to attack iOS users, I'd use a jailbreak vulnerability to go after that user base. So that's a very different model there as well from an attack factor standpoint. So when you're developing for Android, there are just a few basic building blocks that you really want to use to put your stuff together. The most basic unit of an Android app is the activity. That's just a screen that sits in front of the user. All the UI that you build is in an activity. And you can bundle up some data in an intent and publish that intent that other apps can register that they care about that intent, that type of intent. And so, for example, if you open up your email client and you click a link, that link is put into an intent by the email client and the Android system sees, oh, well, I know the app that uses that link so you open directly in the browser instead of requiring the email client to implement their own WebKit view or something. So that's how they implement their goal of having task-based UI with using different apps. And then if you want to run anything in the background, you have these services. So the app itself, once you hit the home button or something and you leave your app, it's not continuing to run unless it registers as a service, which doesn't have any UI in it, obviously, but can perform tasks and network I.O. and play sounds, I think. But when you want to get the user's attention from the background, your service can receive some information from the network and pop up a notification. That shows up in the top bar, and those are pretty easy to deal with. And that's really the primary way that developers should be getting a user's attention when they're not in focus. So when you're making an app, you want to be simple, consistent, and get the user's attention because you want them to use your app. They open up your app to do one thing at a time and really one thing only. So each screen should be focused on one purpose and just do one thing, and it should be obvious what you're doing. Sometimes you're going to be reading a tweet or making a phone call or looking at sports scores. They also need to be consistent. You don't want to have to re-implement everyone else's functionality in your own app because then it wouldn't work the same and it wouldn't look the same. There are other apps to perform the stuff that people are going to be doing in yours and they'll get back to you with the back button and if you send them away then they'll remember that and come back. So you can see on those images there that's a little task. I took a picture and wanted to tweet it and so that's how you do it. You select the share and it lists off everything, all the apps that can receive a picture and act on it and you choose Twitter and then you can go tweet the image. It's also extremely important from a security standpoint because your users, you want them to expect certain activity that are going on in their applications and so there can be security implications of that and we're going to show you some of those. Those images, by the way, that was me tweeting an image of my iPad getting a kernel panic, so that's fine. Google tells all developers not to override the behavior of the back button. They want the back button to behave consistently across everything. So when you send an intent, or someone sends an intent to you and the user expects to hit the back button and go back to the place they came from for this task-based model but in some of Google's own apps they don't really do that very well. This example here is the Google Voice text messaging app. I received a text message from a friend of mine, responded to it and left the app and then got another one. We're having a text conversation with someone else, so I opened up the Google Voice app and they brought me back into this conversation. That's about what I would have expected but then I hit the back button to go back to the list of conversations and select a new one except it brought me back to the same conversation I was already in and I had to hit the back button the same number of times as the number of times I received a text message in that conversation and they probably should fix that. So what's important in getting a user's attention is to use notification and don't just jump in front of them. That's not really what you want to do. A user wants to see and you just really shouldn't do that. But of course that's just a best practice and you don't have to follow best practices on Android. So when we think about sort of research motivation so why did we do this research? This was initially a side effect of some other research that Paul, Paul Kerr and I were doing for the Getting Sizzard talk. We noticed a quirk in one of the apps we were starting to work with and then we started talking to Sean about it. But basically you'll see what we mean when we get further into this presentation but basically a lot of research focuses on breaking things so you want to find some malicious input that's going to cause some bad result. And so the input's malicious, the output's bad and that's a lot of what happens in our industry. But we wanted to raise the question and sort of go down the path of saying what can we do by using good building blocks, good things, good tools, approved, valid APIs and could the output be bad? So that was really a big driver in the motivation. And then the other piece is that mobile often sacrifices security for screen size.  You might be eating some Cheetos and surfing the web. But when you have a mobile device you could be walking down the hall, you could be jumping out of a bus, jumping in a cab, boarding a plane and you glance at your device sometimes very quickly and respond to messages. It could be Twitter messages, you could be on Facebook, you could be any place. And when there's things that go awry it may not be apparent. Sometimes it may not be apparent to security people. It's definitely going to be apparent to your grandma. So that's another piece of the research motivation and then we also want to see how far can we push the end user? How far can we push them using valid APIs to do bad things? And then some of the research implications and so we're going to talk about one of them here and we'll have some more at the end but basically consider the following scenario. An attacker builds an app using approved APIs. These are things that if even if Google was doing some filtering within their app submission process they wouldn't be able to detect. They submit the app to a public app market. In the Google market example it's approved immediately and available for download. The user downloads the app. The apps able to steal credentials from popular apps. The users expect nothing with their device. And so that's exactly what we're going to show you. So Sean's going to do a demo in a few minutes. What we're going to do is we're going to play with an app called Bantha Pudu. I think the original version of the app was a magic eight ball and since this is somewhat of a Star Wars themed talk I told them that we need to call it something like Bantha or Bantha Pudu. And of course you'll see what we put it within this app because it's maybe slightly offensive but you'll see. So we're going to play with some popular apps and you're going to see its credentials be installing while we're actually playing with those apps and logging into those apps. So right over here I have my server over in Russia where I'm trying to steal everyone's passwords. And here this is just some user who went to the market and he downloaded this cool app that everyone was talking about. And so you get a kick out of it. That's a lot of fun. And then you're bored but you're bored and you have to get out of there. So I'm going to go log into Facebook now and Facebook is telling me I have to log in, that's fine. Usually when Facebook tells me to log in I'll just do that. So I'll hit the login button. Facebook seems to be acting weird so I'm just going to leave. And over here in Russia you see device ID on the emulator is always zero. So if this was actually on an actual phone we'd get the real device ID that's unique across all the devices. And then I know that somebody logged into Facebook and here's the username and here's the password I typed in. I guess you're going to have to trust me that that's the one I typed in because they kind of blocked that. And it's really any app that has a login screen. If they can make it, you can make it too. So jump over here on the email. The email client wants me to log in and it's also acting weird. If you wanted to make this a real attack you'd probably not have it attacked so aggressively and as soon as they type in their password you ask them again. You could go away. But here's the one I just typed in there and then jump over Google Voice. Same thing if you want to get someone's Google password. This looks exactly like the Google Voice login screen. And there is that. So any app that wants to let you log in has to ask for your username and password. And if they can do it then someone else can do it. And the problem is that once the user installed Bantapudu or any other app that's trying to be malicious it can run in the background and it can know what app is running in the foreground and it doesn't have to use a notification to get your attention. It can just jump out in front. Yeah, so what we're actually going to do is we're going to do a deep dive. I'm going to run through what you have to do to actually do that. It's painfully not complicated actually. So the first thing is that you need to register the service. You're going to run in the background and the point is to monitor what's happening on the phone. So you register your service and you call it org.android.importantSystemService so if the user goes and looks at their running services they're going to think that's important and it's from Android so I'm not going to quit it. And you see here it's using an intent filter that we'll let it respond to and send some intents. Here I've set up a receiver that receives the boot completed event so every time the phone starts up I receive this and I start the important system service and that way I showed you that I opened up Bantaputa and played with it but you don't have to open it.    And then just set up a map of the package name to the activity, the package name of the app to the activity that you're using to attack it with. And this could be any application. So we just chose these four for this proof of concept but this could be an online banking application this could be a VPN credentials it could be any type of application you want and it doesn't necessarily just have to be credentials it could be a data input field in a specific app that you know is always there or always there on startup and you could ask the user to enter that information that you want to gather from them. So then in your service you set up a timer that's going to run every so often this one's running every two seconds it doesn't have to be that aggressive but it's not an expensive task to check this out. So you ask the system service to get the actual Android system service to give you the activity service and that's going to let you monitor what activities are currently being run and so you loop over all the running activities and here importantly you find the one that has importance foreground that means it's running in front and that's what the user is currently looking at. So as soon as you find that one I build a new intent and I put the... I tell the intent that it's going to be an activity new task so it knows it's going to pop up a new screen in a different application in a new task and it's not going to be in the same stack as their actual task. What that'll do for me is that if they hit home and leave and then go back to the app through the app switcher if I didn't do the new task here they would come back in and they'd come back to my app and that would be the one in the foreground but if I do the new task they'll do that and they'll go back to their app where they were before but I won't be the one in front and then I just start that activity. One thing we didn't show in the demo which would mostly be apparent in many users you typically don't log in to your say Facebook app for the first time so in the real world scenario the person would actually launch Facebook see their timeline on the screen for a fraction of a second and the login screen would pop up. But what you're saying is that what you saw in the demo when you hit login and it went away and there was another login screen and then another login screen on top of it normally you're authenticated to Facebook so there wouldn't be a stack of login screen waiting for you. Anyhow, so you have to when you're building these views some of them leave the bar on at the top some of them get rid of it some of them customize the color some of them just use their own image so you just have to mimic that you just ask Android the same way they do when they legitimately make their app you say I want to use a custom title bar or I don't want there to be a title bar at all and if you're using a custom one you pick which custom one that you built you use this one and it's activity specific so each one of my login each one of my attacking screens looks like it wants to just like any other activity can and this one is crucial to override the back button so that when they come to your login screen and they hit back not only do we want to go back to the app they were in before which would be the default behavior of the back button we want to get rid of this task so this move task to back is kind of like a quit it throws the task you were in the new task we created with our intent to the back of the activity stack that it changes behavior pretty pretty starkly and it it's something that Google may actually want to do in their Google voice app so once we have the credentials we get them to type the user and password in and we ship that off in another intent to our service that's running in the background and when it receives that intent it fires up a new thread it just uploads it to a server that's what Google wants you to do they don't want you doing network I.O. on the UI thread so you just spin it off on a background thread in the service so it doesn't delay the user and if your network is slow you're just going to continue and you're not going to worry that you have to wait to send me your password and here in order to do this stuff Google does require you to have security permissions and the thing is you just ask for them and people go to the market and they see this app needs to use the internet and view the phone's state most apps need to do those things and the boot completed event doesn't even show up in the market like I want to know that you started your phone and Google doesn't think you really need to know that so I have a picture here of what you see on the market website when you when you try to download an app with these exact permissions it doesn't it looks it looks a little innocuous and in some ways they want it to be because apps need to use this stuff they don't want to scare you going away from downloading any app for any reason and here in the I just have a couple more a couple more tidbits for you that sometimes you want to make sure that some of the apps resize the elements on the screen when the keyboard pops up and some don't sometimes the keyboard slides up in front of things if they can do it, you can do it too and no history is it kind of a cool one that way when they leave your app like they come to your app and then they leave it normally if you hold down the home button it'll show you all the apps that you've recently run but if we started up and we ran in the background and were attacking you and then they're switching apps with the app switcher and they see Bantapudu in there and they're like I haven't played Bantapudu for two weeks we don't want them to see that so we tell it no history it doesn't show up in the app switcher when it's not when it's not running so it's kind of cool that you can do that too so we have a second demo here and so what we want to do is we're going to modify Bantapudu remove its credential upload capabilities because we don't actually want their passwords and we're going to submit it to the Android market I guess we hope we have internet connectivity here from this laptop here but they're not watching and then you can download it and try it yourself so you can play with it on your phone but we will guarantee you will be annoyed you should uninstall it pretty quickly especially if you use any of those apps that we're jumping in front of so here I've got my ad credentials receiver I don't have a lot of screen space though so as you can see I am uploading here and I'll just comment that line out so it doesn't actually upload now I'm going to build a package and export it like I said the original version was Magigate Ball I think that's why it's still called that I'm going to call it Bantapudu yes I do that's right if they can make it, you can make it there's nothing special about it I mean this is the one we just packaged at 9.27pm central time so if all goes well everybody in this audience can actually go and download this app somebody took my name I tried that one out a little while ago and it was free so I guess that one is in there as recently so it'll take me a little while to rejigger the package name I have to change a bunch of things around in the code but we'll release this to the market later on we wanted to let you download it right now but it'll be this weekend or next week and there actually is a version of it an earlier version of it on the DEF CON DVD so you can play around with it right now if you want to load it on manually so let's go back into the presentation and basically some other thoughts on how to weaponize obviously the functionality in the app that we released it's not the greatest from an attacker's perspective there are some quirks there are some things that would be annoying to end users but basically one of the concepts is being able to phone home to a server and have that server successfully check for the authentication to make sure that authentication is valid and then send a message back to the app to say stop popping in front of the Facebook application we already know their username and password and then a couple other things is showing the login screen after they've been in an app for a while what is it set at? it's every two seconds it doesn't need to be that aggressive and even if it is if it checks every two seconds it doesn't have to put it in front of you every two seconds it can wait ten minutes while you're using the app and if it's open that long maybe the app wants you to authenticate again that could be a legitimate thing it happens actually pretty often in bank applications want to make you re-authenticate so nobody just picks up your phone and uses it so that exact security feature can be dangerous to get people used to that so then we also we're thinking about this and there's some other uses to this design flaw it's not just stealing credentials so unfortunately this may be coming to your phone very soon app targeted pop-up ads so basically what that means is that if you're in one app and you download an app that has this features and functionality in it they can decide that hey you're in Facebook, I'm going to throw ads in front of you while you're in your phone and you're using those applications the other idea is hijacking competitors apps so someone wants to make a new social network or a new app and they want they don't want Facebook to work quite as well for you for example so every time you open up Facebook some crap pops in front of you and then goes away after 3 seconds or doesn't it just gets really annoying you can just screw with other people's apps and there's nothing they can really do to stop you from doing it another thing you can do is say you're an Angry Birds competitor you can embed a really crappy version of Angry Birds into your app and every single time someone Angry Birds your version pops open in front of them and they decide to uninstall Angry Birds and then there's other ways that you probably can think of that you can be a jerk so some conclusions here that we can talk through really approved APIs can be used to create malicious apps and that's basically what we did here this is specifically a design flaw where these APIs are not restricted in this type of use and Google really has to change that because not restricting developers from doing whatever they want to is a disaster waiting to happen that iOS doesn't suffer from this because you can't monitor who is what app is running and you can't put something in front of the user without their direct intervention and they have different animations for switching between different apps versus switching between views in the same app those are the three key differences that allow this and it's not just this that's the problem it's the fact that developers can do whatever they want on the platform that's our talk I guess we have a little bit of time does anybody have any questions


The sailors of the CureSarge, ARG and the Marines of the 26th MEU began composite training unit exercise, or COM2X, off the east coast of the U.S. July 20th. COM2X is a series of training scenarios designed to certify the ARG and MEU for deployment and perform as an integrated unit. Navy Installations Command is researching methods to reduce energy consumption and achieve SecNAV's goal of 1 gigawatt of renewable energy for Navy installations by December 2015. From solar hot water panels installed on barracks to wind turbines, Navy installations around the world are finding ways to reduce energy use and costs. And finally, the Bonham-Rachard Expeditionary Strike Group completed exercise Talisman Sabre 2015. More than 2 million pounds of equipment were transported to the Australian shore using more than 20 LCACs and LCUs and over 40 Osprey flights from the Bonham-Rachard. For these stories and more, visit navy.mil.


and then it's coming to an end. But really because I see a lot of my friends and colleagues who came here to receive, very prestigious award, to see how much difference our colleagues, our area of the night, have attained. And it is really a testimony of a productive collaboration between Geary and National Partners as highlighted by the chair of our board of trustees, Professor Ben Boone, previous session. Ladies and gentlemen, about a year ago, we started and it features many things, such as international rights and an alumni programming activity in April. Now throughout the year, the theme of, and now here, we ended with a support of Geary. And that was your presence. Thank you very much for your presence, which is.


So my study is about the link between taxation and innovation. What we do is to look systematically over the whole 20th century at the effects of personal and corporate income taxes on innovation in the US. And we do this at three levels. One is on individual inventors. The other is on firms that do R&D. And the third is at the macro state level in the US. So the major contribution of the paper is to produce three completely new data sets that did not exist before. One is the panel of all US inventors since the beginnings of the patent office that we digitized and turned into a panel in which you can follow inventors over time. The second is the panel of all R&D labs of companies in the US with their associated research employment and matched to their patents. And the third is a corporate state level database that gives us all the corporate state level taxes in the US. And so what we find is that innovation is negatively affected by corporate and personal income taxes. And that's true for the quantity of innovation, for the quality of it as measured by citations, and also in terms of the number of inventors who move or live in a given state. And the dampening force is here. So it's not only taxes that matter. Another thing that's a very important factor for innovation is agglomeration effects, which means how many people work in your field in a given place that tends to actually dampen your response to taxes. So that's something you care about, and that will mitigate your response to taxes.


So this is the box for the ultra 96 here with Avnet and who are you? My name is Brian Fletcher I'm a technical marketing director within our engineering and technology group We're happy to offer the ultra 96 in partnership with Xilinx and 96 boards. We're gonna so 249 dollar kit plan to start shipping in April So it says reach further design Do all kinds of People are gonna do interesting projects with this, right? Yes, they are so it's a I think it's an interesting kit Especially for 96 boards. It's it's the first one with the with 64-bit arm and FPGA logic So I think that'll that'll be very interesting to people in the whole point with with using a Xilinx So see is that you can take your bottlenecks that you typically encounter in software and migrate those into the Into the FPGA fabric that's on the SOC and achieve anywhere from three to 8,000 times acceleration that that you wouldn't be able to get with the within the processing system So does Avnet work on all the different components and putting in together into a board and do everything and stuff and sell and distribute? What is the Avnet? Yes, so Avnet is a is a electronics component distributor We have many Great partnerships in the in the field. So on this particular board, you'll see that we're using micron For the LPDDR memory. We've used delkin devices for the micro SD card We have micro chip on the board So you have many many different components Yeah, actually most of the interesting components are on the on the bottom side of the board But you can see we've got this nice little thermal bracket to to help mitigate some of the some of the heat. So we've got a This just this metal plate and then there's a there's a fan running on the bottom So the Xilinx device the LPDDR The USB 5's for micro chip a lot of those are on the bottom side of the board and As because potentially people are coming running the FPGA maxed out constantly. It's nice to pull it off Yes. Yeah, I mean like like any high-performance Processor, you know, we we developed this assuming we might need to dissipate up to eight watts And so that's that's what we've targeted and we think we've got a great solution This app let's provide and say people start with this do a cool project Are you talking about PCB design? Yeah, absolutely, so so we have a design services group within avnet called avid and in fact We have a lot of experience in manufacturing in designing and manufacturing Customizations, so it started with raspberry pi. That's done within one of our one within one of the avnet companies so we already have that model where we could take this design and Get into a Services contract with someone to modify it to fit their needs and then mass produce it for them So then there's a price depending on how many quantities are and stuff like that Yeah, depending on the complexity of the change will determine what the NRE charge is and then based on the volume and what they've requested to add will determine how expensive the Custom board is That would be very interesting. Yeah, we'd love to see that happen. I mean, we're also targeting our existing our existing customer base We're partnering with 96 boards specifically because we we would like to start working more with software engineers and Showing them what this is this type of hardware is capable of doing Yes, yeah, absolutely Yeah, that's that's the great thing about it is is you get the best of both worlds you get the you get the the arm quad-core a 53 processing system that does all the traditional Linux and processing things that people are used to but then you add in the FPGA which gives you the Somewhat, you know, it's very flexible very powerful You can create your own custom accelerators a custom co-processor Custom interfaces to basically anything out there. So it's it's incredibly powerful And I think it'll be really interesting to you know to this group of people that are used to Improving performance only by increasing clock speed or adding cores. That's no longer the case with this board We increase the performance staying with our same processing subsystem But moving our bottlenecks into the FPGA fabric and creating creating our own custom hardware And you supply all the portfolio from Xilinx. This is just one of the fpj chess, but there's some bigger ones, right? Yes. Yes. So Avnet is Xilinx's Xilinx's Number one distributor globally. We're the only global Xilinx distributor So we work very closely with them. We offer their full portfolio of any FPGA any piece of IP Any tool chain that they offer we offer through through Avnet And that's also exciting that they announced a couple days the next generation is going to be seven nanometers and up to 50 Billions resistors, but so people start working on this Yes, absolutely, I mean the base the base architecture the the concepts those those haven't changed for you know 20 years, but There will be definitely some new new twists and features in the new architecture, but it's it The investment that they make with this architecture will definitely carry over to the to the next architecture as well


As part of your first lab, you're going to be doing measurements, basic measurements and you're going to be using some basic lab equipment to test the accuracy of certain glassware. So I'm just going to introduce you to certain techniques and to certain, the use of certain instrumentations that will help you in order to do this lab as accurately as possible. So first I'm going to introduce you to how to use a burette. So this is the whole setup of the burette apparatus. This particular cylindrical glass is called a burette. It has a stop cork that will allow liquid to flow in, will basically flow out of the cylindrical glass itself. It is held in place by a burette stand which has a clamp on it, a burette clamp which allows the burette itself to be adjusted up or down depending on your level, your comfort level. So I'm going to start by first showing you how to add a certain amount of volume to this burette and then subsequently use the burette to add a specific volume to another container. So normally we use an Erlenmeyer flask when we are measuring using a burette and the burette is also used for titration. So you will see as time progresses when we do a subsequent titration lab that you're going to be actually using the burette to add a specific volume of liquid to the Erlenmeyer flask and this is going to continue until an endpoint is reached. So this one I'm just going to show you how to add a specific volume of liquid to this Erlenmeyer flask for accurate measurements. So first what we're going to do is to adjust the burette so that I can add my liquid to the burette. So I want to bring it down as much as possible, the burette, so that I can add the liquid using a funnel so that I can accurately, without spilling, add liquid to the burette. And I'm going to fill it to this 20 ml mark. And I'm going to add it gently so that I can minimize spilling off the liquid. So actually because I want 20 ml to be in the burette, I'm going to add it a little bit above the 20 ml mark. And that is so that I can get the most accurate measurement coming out of the burette into my Erlenmeyer flask. So one important thing I wanted to mention about the burette is that unlike some pipettes where the gradation starts from 0 up to 50, the burette actually has increments starting from 0 at the top to 50 at the bottom. The burette would normally, the pipette would normally have gradations from 0 at the bottom to 50 at the top. So I'm going to adjust the burette again so that I can adjust the liquid volume to the desired 20 ml mark. And as a result, take out 10 ml of the liquid, add that to the Erlenmeyer flask. So I gently turn the dial. So another important thing here, the stop cork is in the off position when the dial here is horizontal. If I want the liquid to start flowing out, the dial needs to be not horizontal. And to get the maximum liquid coming out, you can have it being completely vertical. But because I don't want it to flow too much, I'm going to gently turn it until liquid starts flowing out and until it goes to the 20 ml mark. So I got to the 20 ml mark. And the important thing about the burette is that you want to make sure that the liquid fills the tip to the tip of the burette so that the accurate volume of water will be placed in the Erlenmeyer flask. Another thing to note when you're measuring the volume, you want to make sure that your eyes are in line with this curvature formed at the surface of the water. And this curvature is called the meniscus, so you want to make sure that your eyes are in line with the bottom of the meniscus. The bottom should be in line with the volume height that you want to stop at. So I'm going to take out 10 ml, so that means right now I'm at 20 ml, and I'm going to let out fluid that will get me to the 30 ml mark. And again, I do this cautiously so that I won't let out more than I'm supposed to. And I make sure that my eyes are in line with the level of the water, surface of the water. And then when the level gets to the bottom of the meniscus, I'm going to stop. So I delivered 10 ml of liquid from the burette into this 120 ml Erlenmeyer flask. So this is how you can use a burette to transfer a specific volume from the burette to a flask.


Hello, welcome to the online course under NPTEL braces titled Risk and Reliability of Offshore Structures. I am Dr. Srinivasan Chandrasekar from IIT Madras in the Department of Ocean Engineering. I will be conducting this course for you online. Offshore structures are generally built for extraction of various natural resources. The design concepts are changed over the decades. One has to really recognize that there are many intrinsic uncertainties such as material properties, analysis methods and design procedures which need to be addressed rationally. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of reliability of offshore structures using probabilistic tools become very important and need of the are for both industry and academia. This course will focus on the important step towards capacity building for design and development of offshore platforms for oil and gas exploration. The course actually aims to improve the confidence level of the participants and their preparedness for the profession. Offshore activities on one hand lead to increase in social wealth and on the other hand make society vulnerable to risks equally. An offshore engineer is therefore usually accountable for the decisions made during the progress and execution of his project. A hallmark of professionalism is therefore to quantify these risks and benefits involved well in advance. The key focus of this course titled Risk Assessment and Reliability of Offshore Structures will focus on analysis, design, inspection and planning risk involvement and of course reliability in every walk of this profession. Examples and tutorials will be also discussed in detail to enhance the understanding skills of the course. Lectures through and through will be delivered in classroom style using blackboard to ensure a slow and steady upkeep of the concepts with detailed examples and discussions. The whole course will be taught in three modules. First module will focus on concepts of probability, sampling statistics and plausible reasoning. Second module will address fundamentals of structural reliability, various uncertainties involved in the design and analysis and different levels of reliability. And the third module describes risk assessment and reliability analysis of offshore structures with classical examples. An exam will be conducted also at the end of the course for enabling issue of certificate by NPTEL IIT Madras. This course of course has no prerequisite and open to all disciplines of engineering and applied sciences. I hope to see you in the classroom back when the course starts. Please register for the course and get the maximum benefit from this course from NPTEL portal IIT Madras. Welcome to the course and thank you.


Okay, you got to load it biggest thing is again shot is I'm gonna get down here, right? Over here now.   Now look at the path See how I've got more time. See how I'm coming through Boom, that's where that's how you connect on a throw. You've got to think about The left side look at my look where my shots gonna be left sides gonna be down here See how this isn't really turning we don't turn so much here's This is about your maximum point of rotation This Stretches more then I stay behind it see that That's what I'm trying to get Okay, so loading really coiling loading up. All right


Good afternoon, I'm Commander Tim Wookie, the commanding officer of USS Freedom. This afternoon I'm standing on the starboard bridge wing of the USS Freedom as we're participating in Carrot Malaysia 2013 with the USS Tortuga and the landing force of Marines that are landing on the beaches over the horizon there just south of Quantan, Malaysia. Last week the Navy's Facebook account had posted several questions from viewers and fans of the USS Freedom and I would like to take a brief moment here to answer some of those questions. One of the first questions is, I noted that I noted the crew training when Freedom was in final days of construction. Could you briefly discuss how the crew is progressing and what you are particularly proud of concerning training a new crew on a new class of ship as well as a new style of fighting? First off, a new class of ship, a new training for this ship is very unique. We have a trained to qualify pipeline that is as we get a sailor into the program, the LCS program, they go through an extensive training program. That would be for school house training as well as synthetic training. So when they do show up on part of the crew and on the ship they are ready to stand their watch which is different than on other ships where they have to sit that watch as under instruction before they are qualified. But I'm extremely proud of this crew. This crew has been training not only in that training qualified pipeline but as we deployed across Pacific leaving on the 1st of March in San Diego and came across we've had several new sailors that have trained on different watch stations that they weren't necessarily trained for prior to coming on board. That shows the flexibility of our sailors and their ability to adjust and adapt to the different challenges that they face on board the ship here. They add flexibility to what we do out here. The second question, what challenges do you face commanding in LCS as opposed to any other ship? What milestones are expected on the ship's first deployment? First off, commanding officers of any ship in the US Navy face unique challenges and unique opportunities and experiences. The LCS and US's freedom are no different. Different here though on the freedom some of the unique experiences we have and the challenges I face are developing these lessons learned. How to best employ and operate this ship forward as we are operating this ship forward in the southeast Asia region. Developing those lessons learned so I can feed that back into different ways to train the crew, different ways to man this ship and different ways to equip the ship from a maintenance aspect, from a training aspect, as well as from an operating aspect. Those are some of the challenges we face. Unique challenges not hard challenges but something that we look forward to to provide feedback so the next crews and the next ships that come offline are even better than what we're facing here with the US's freedom. The third question, how does your ship mission differ from that of a destroyer frigate or other naval vessels? Well frigates, destroyers, cruisers, other surface combatants are multi-mission platforms. Those multi-missions could be anti-air warfare, anti-surface warfare, anti-summary warfare, being able to conduct warfare across a wide spectrum of naval operations. The littoral command ship US's freedom is able to do various types of warfare but is more focused on one type at a time in the littorals where those other ships will operate mainly out in the blue waters which is in the deep ocean. We operate close in the shore with focused mission packages whether that be a surface mission package to conduct anti-surface warfare or a mine hunting package to hunt for mines or an anti-summary package to hunt for submarines in the littorals. So we operate close in the land an area that the US Navy really hasn't operated in in the recent past. The fourth question, some news reports indicate that you're undergunned, your opinion. Now different ships are built to handle different types of threats. Aegis cruisers, Aegis destroyers are built to handle the an anti-air threat. A lot of cruise missiles coming into the strike group and to be able to defend the strike group against those type of threats. Mine hunting ships are handled or built to hunt for mines and find the mines. Amphibious assault ships are built to land marines ashore and to assault the shores. Littoral combat ships are built to fight in the littorals, built to carry out those missions in the littorals in the shallow waters close in the land where destroyers and cruisers cannot operate. We can carry out those missions and we're built to be able to handle and defend ourselves in those areas with our 57 millimeter Bofors cannon which is part of the ship which is able to put out a high rate of fire with a gunnery fire at 220 rounds a minute. We also have a rolling airframe missile which provides point defense against an air attack against the ship. So the ship is built to operate in the littorals and is equipped to conduct that operation. The final question, what are some of the challenges and benefits of having a small crew? Having an optimally manned crew onboard the USS Freedom which numbers 53 core crew personnel and then with the surface mission package we have aboard they bring 19 personnel and then the aviation department brings another 19 personnel. So all in total to handle the operations of the ship for the ship, the mission package and the air department that's a total of 91 personnel on board. This size of ship is about the size of an Oliver Hazard Perry frigate which total is about 200 personnel. So we only have 91 personnel on board the ship. It is unique and that is a good way of putting it. We are well cross trained to do a lot of different jobs on board the ship. So that's what's really unique about having an optimally manned crew. The training that the crew goes into to be able to conduct a myriad of different jobs on board the ship. Whether that be a culinary specialist being able to cook the food and prepare the food for us at one moment and then being able to go up to the flight deck to land and take off a helicopter and then going on to a crew-serve weapons mount to handle the 50 cow or M240 machine guns or to go on the line handling to handle the lines. You can apply that concept across the board to any of the ratings or any of the personnel on board the ship. We are trained to do a lot of different jobs on board the ship. So we are cross trained, very high degree cross training on board the ship. So that's what really is unique about the manning of the ship. In closing I'd like to thank everybody for their questions. There were a lot more questions that were asked in the blog, but I picked about the top five questions to answer. I appreciate the enthusiasm and excitement about this ship and this class. USS Freedom is out here doing some very important work out in Southeast Asia. Right now we're off the coast of Malaysia doing current Malaysia 2013 doing a lot of good work out here. A lot of hard effort has been put into this ship and we're doing good things to support current Malaysia 2013. I appreciate the support and if there are any more questions I'm sure we're able to answer those. You can post those on the Navy Facebook website.