Okay, we're back. We're live. Hey, Tom Yamachika. Hi, Tom. Hey, Jay. Thanks, Foundation of Hawaii. It's so important that we talk to you all the time, get a handle on things. Otherwise, we lose touch with what government is doing. And the thing that government is doing that we care most about is tax. Tax. Yeah.  Now it's now we've seen what bills the legislature has passed and what bills the governor has signed. Can you give us a pre-see about what happened in the spring of 2018? Okay, so probably the most far-reaching bill that was, in fact, signed is the one relating to Trump tax. Now, the feds made extensive changes to the tax code on their end. We picked up some, but not all. It turns out that the stuff that we picked up for individuals is a lot of the things that people were worried about, like state and local tax deduction. You can't rate it off for feds anymore. You can't rate it off for state either, except if you're in a certain income range. I mean, under this new change in the law? Well, even under the old one. Even under the old one. Under the old one, there was a level at which if you made more than that, you weren't able to deduct state tax at all. And now we're not picking up the Trump tax limits, but we're going to keep the old ones that we have. Yeah. But, you know, in sort of in a larger sense, what happened is the Tax Reform Act made changes. And the question is how many of those changes the state was going to adopt, because the state, you know, annually conforms to whatever changes. In the past, the changes on the federal side have been relatively small, minimal, mostly. This time they were more profound. And the question was, in this session, whether we were going to adopt all of them or some of them or what have you. And I guess the second question, which I'm really interested in knowing about is, you know, there was an opportunistic moment here in the sense that you were supposed to get a break under the Tax Reform Act. And the state wanted to have that. They wanted to have the break. They wanted to take what you gained by the federal changes, right? Right. So let's continue about what else the state did. Yeah. So as I mentioned, the individual deductions for mortgage interest, for miscellaneous itemized deductions, the state will continue to allow those, same as they did in 2017. One thing that we will not look forward to, though, is, you know, how on the federal side, if you were the owner of a business so that you get income passed through by a partnership or a limited liability company or something like that. Passed through. Yeah. Passed through income. The feds gave you a 20% break, right? Because of the lower rates that they are giving to business entities in general, specifically for corporations, they knocked down the top rate from 35% to 21%. So they're supposed to track on the break they gave to the corporations. That's right. The pass through income from small business, LLC, pass through organizations, limited partnerships, partnerships, that was supposed to track on what they did for corporations. But it was not perfect. It was not perfect. And the state's not picking enough at all. So you get no deduction for that at the state level. You will still, of course, get it at the federal level. Okay. So we get stuck on there. Right. Okay.  The two biggest benefits for businesses were the ability to write off new purchased property all at once. You're talking about real property or personal property of both? Mostly personal properties. It's a bonus depreciation or section 179 is what the tax people call it. For federal purposes, you don't have to worry about section 179 at all because you get bonus depreciation at 100%.  In the federal system now? In the federal system now. So the changes of the tax reforming, but in the state? You don't in the state system. You have to appreciate it. So you don't change from before? Yeah, you have to appreciate it. Yeah, have to appreciate it. So we get stuck on that one, too. We get stuck on that one, too. But the bad for federal changes, like the changes they made to what you can write off in terms of meals and entertainment if you're in a business, right? State picked those up. Well, it's the same thing. It's bad on, it's a bad change. What I mean is the federal government made it harder and the state made it harder, too. So by and large, it sounds like when you net all that out, we took a hit individually and small business-wise in the state because of what the legislature did this year in tracking or not tracking on the tax reform act in Congress. Yeah, again, it depends on what you did or what kind of business you're in. But a lot of the changes were unfavorable. Yeah, so that was opportunistic in, well, that's what I call it anyway, in the sense that so now we have the opportunity to take some and leave others so we take the ones that are harder on the taxpayer, the state taxpayer, and we leave the ones that would benefit the state taxpayer. So all in all, the state earns more revenue out of us and gets more tax because of the choices the legislature made. I mean, was this publicized? Did we know this was coming down the pike? Did they enunciate, the state legislature enunciate their modus operandi on this? I haven't seen it. And it's very different from what happened in 1986 when we had that big federal change and we at the state level picked up a lot of it. At that time, there are a lot of revenue tables released in the state. Release those so that the public can take a look and see what were the estimated revenue effects of all of these changes that were coming down the pike. This time, there's nothing. It was just nothing. That's so interesting. And yet, you know, as we know revenue tables were prepared and they were shared with the legislators, but nothing for public consumption. That doesn't give you confidence in government, honestly. Sorry. The other thing is, as you and I were discussing before the show, is that the council on revenues, which is supposed to provide guidance in terms of meeting the constitutional requirement for a balanced budget in this state every year, have found we were doing fine and that we expected to, you know, receive increased tax revenues under the existing system before the legislature ever sat down in January. And they found that we were likely to have a significant surplus this year because of the way things work. And that considered, was there a need to be opportunistic about the effects of the federal tax reform act? No. Well, you know, I'm not sure if I agree with that because I mean, what they identify as a surplus is kind of, you know, what's in your bank account at a given moment. We have large debts. Oh, you're talking about unpaid debts. Yeah, I'm talking about just cost of doing business, you know, regular business affairs, keeping the ship afloat, avoiding an unbalanced budget. Well, again, you know, you have to look at like the state has a lot of employees and we promise them a lot of benefits. Even after they retire or quit or die or whatever it is, we have a lot of post-employment benefits that we promise them. And these benefits are what we call actuarially unfunded, which means if you take a look at the probabilities of things, the likelihood is that we're not going to have enough money to pay them when they become due. And we're talking about actuarially unfunded liabilities in the billions of dollars with a B. Right. Oh, yeah, this existed for some time. I mean, even back in the Abercrombie days, it was huge billions of dollars shortfalls that the state wasn't paying on established liquidated obligations, like the obligation to fund the employee's retirement system for retirement benefits of state employees, for example. And EUTF, which is what we pay them for health benefits after retirement. We're behind by billions. And actually, since the days of Abercrombie, those billions have increased, not decreased, regardless of the health of the tax process and the council revenues, our billions of dollars of unpaid liquidated liabilities has increased the past few years. Yeah. And that's why, you know, last year, about about the middle of the year, you know, the administration comes out and says, oh, yeah, we have this great budget surplus, right, over a billion dollars. And then they go to the unions and they say in the very in the very next breath, well, by the way, it's all gone now. What, they negotiated a deal to give it to the unions? No. It was all it was all it was all it went away in one month. Spent. Yeah. So it was either in the rainy day fund or, you know, here or there, or, you know, paying down the unfunded liabilities. But then it just went poof. Really too bad, because what we're really talking about when we're talking about tax, we meet with you and all that is we're talking about fiscal policy. At the end of the day, we're talking about fiscal policy. Why do you need tax well to pay government expenditures? And how well are we doing that? Well, not very well. We don't pay our existing bills. We do not really plan for a rainy day at all. And we give away a lot of money for purposes that are really not established. It is remarkable to me that, you know, we get in these last minute discussions about, for example, affordable housing or any number of things. And all of a sudden you're reading the headlines that we're we're giving twenty thirty million dollars away to this side of the other thing. Money that we had not planned to give away. Surprise. That's that's that's one of the bills that actually did pass. It's called the Bob and the Cotter bill. I'm sure you've heard of it. It's named after this Reverend who used to be a latest late or and now he's a Reverend and he's an advocate for affordable housing. So, you know, millions of dollars went to these different funds that deal with affordable housing issues and are controlled by HHFDC. And then some tweaks were made to the general excise exemption for affordable housing, you know, fairly minor tweaks. But yeah, there was a lot of money that went to to housing in the homeless this time around. Yeah. Well, you know, it's not necessarily planned. It's not necessarily budgeted. It just comes up. Somebody has an idea and going to the grant and aid program, which we mentioned also before the show, although think tech never saw a penny of any of that over the years. Fact is that some agencies in this state get hundreds of thousands of dollars annually on the grant and aid program, even when, you know, we aren't paying our bills. You mean you mean nonprofits? Well, yeah, nonprofits. Yeah. Yeah. And, you know, and the state isn't doing the work of the nonprofits arguably. So it needs to have these nonprofits out there. But there's a lot of money going out. And it's it's not like anybody is sitting over the nonprofit and saying, well, no, this is how it should work. This is how you should conduct yourself. This is the program that you should do. We're not doing nobody doing that. So may I say largely political in any event. So what we have now is a huge debt to the employer time and system and other agencies, which we're not paying. And we have huge exposure to additional debt going forward. And right after this break, I would like to talk to you about how this is going to happen going forward, how it's going to happen next year and the year after. And remember, between now and the next session is El Nino and is the likelihood, if not the possibility, the likelihood of a significant storm, you know, that would make the flooding in Kauai or in Hawaii looks small. You mean in November? Whenever the hurricane season comes around. Yeah. So anyway, I mean, suppose we have other unplanned for expenses. How are we how are we going to deal with that? I mean, FEMA is not the answer to all our problems. Let's take a short break and let's see what Tom does with that question when we come back. Yeah, Gabriele, the host for Young Talent's Making Way here on Think Tech, Hawaii, we talk every Tuesday at 11 a.m. about things that matters to tech matter to science, to the people of Hawaii, with some extraordinary guests, the students of our schools who are participating in science fair. So Young Talent's Making Way every Tuesday at 11 a.m. only on Think Tech, Hawaii, mahalo. Hello, I'm Yukari Kunisue. I'm your host of New Japanese Language Show on Think Tech, Hawaii called Konnichiwa, Hawaii, broadcasting live every other Monday at 2 p.m. Please join us where we discuss important and useful information for the Japanese language community in Hawaii. The show will be all in Japanese. Hope you can join us every other Monday at 2 p.m. Aloha. It's all about money, money, money. And the fact is the money is not far away from where we sit, not only geographically down a couple of blocks away at the legislature, but where we sit and financially in terms of our individual situations and our collective obligation to pay certain debts. So there's a couple of things coming up, for example, in November before the next session that will affect the Fisk in Hawaii Day. Can you talk about them? Sure. One of them is the constitutional amendment that's being proposed to surcharge real property tax. So right now, but the way it works is the counties have the ability, the exclusive ability to levy property tax so nobody can touch what they do as long as it's regarding property tax. And then the state has their own set of tax systems and so forth. Now, the teachers primarily are the ones that have come up and said, well, geez, our teachers are not getting paid enough and our property taxes are low, so this is a bad situation. And we want the state to surcharge property tax and give it to education. Does that mean it goes to the state to be spent for the Department of Education? Yes. Or is it a separate spending center? Well, that depends on the implementing legislation. The constitutional amendment doesn't really speak to that. That could be really disorganized, actually. Well, you know, there is no guarantee. The problem is there's no guarantee. Right now, $2 billion is being appropriated out of general funds to the Department of Education. And if the ballot measure passes and let's say it brings in another half a billion dollars, won't the legislators be under pressure to repurpose some of that $2 billion? Sure. We've got other priorities in the state. Sure. Other people will be demanding money here. Yeah. Invasive species, homeless, human services, all kinds of stuff. They always do that kind of thing. They always take it and put it in the general fund and use it for other purposes, even if the enabling legislation required them. You know, a perfect example is the barrel tax. Haven't got scotched here. It's still being scotched year after year for things other than the original intention of encouraging energy. Well, the original intention of the barrel tax was to provide a fund so that if we had an Exxon Valdez type disaster off our shores, that we'd be able to respond to it. But that was when it was five cents a barrel. Now it's a dollar five. And that dollar is, you know, a lot of that goes to general fund. Some of it goes to environmental programs. It's just going all over the place. All over the place. It's not what was intended. It's like if you if you leave some money on the floor of the legislature, we'll pick it up. I'm sure they will put it in their general fund pocket as soon as they can. So the same thing here. So the two billion dollars that would come into the counties likely to go, you know, into the general fund, at least a part of it. Yeah. And and that's that's where most of the objection is coming from is from the counties.  I mean, they want to do the slaughtering themselves. They want to keep the money themselves. Of course they do. And apply it to what? Municipal services, but not education, police fire, not education. No, that's that's that's the states. That's why we have a state. Was that a legitimate request time? I mean, you know, you know, the counties can't seem to be doing a good that don't seem to be doing a good job on infrastructure, police fire, security, you know, the standard infrastructure obligations of the municipal governments nowhere in the state are the counties doing a good job on that. And especially in Oahu, don't you think they need the money? They need the money. So why don't they just raise county property tax? Oh, then there's there'll be repercussions for that, I'm sure. Political. And then we'll see those in November. It's right. It's political. I mean, maybe people just don't understand that they can't get the roads paved if the county has no money. Yeah, but at the same time, I think people are tired of of getting their pockets picked every, you know, everywhere they turn. Well, the county doesn't make it doesn't actually articulate advocate for a good understand public understanding of this is one of the problems. I think they don't try to educate the public and the public has lost confidence in government in general. Yeah, I think there needs to be a better job articulating what these are these government entities do and what it costs. And then, you know, hopefully we, you know, through the political process can prioritize these, you know, these these funding needs more efficiently. Well, you think that the education, you know, education, you know, property tax going for education, state education bill is going to or rather amendment is going to work. I mean, will it pass? Well, the analysts who've made their views known in the media say, oh, it'll pass easily. After all, you know, you know, that the question as presented is, hey, are we going to help out our cakey? If if if not, what kind of, you know, what kind of doofus are you? Right. Right. So so everybody's going to help out the cakey. Right. Help out the cakey. Yeah. By that argument, you could just ask for infinite amounts of money. And that's what that's what's basically I have. I remember I sat on the neighborhood board a few years ago and they would come to us. The schools would come to us in the neighborhood and say, you know, we don't have enough pens and pencils. Could you guys please contribute a few bucks, you members of the neighborhood board of the neighborhood to buy us pens and pencils for our schools? What? You're kidding me. We have a budget in the state of what is it, 10, 12 billion dollars. Am I wrong? How far wrong am I? Two two billion, two billion, two billion per year for education. Yeah. And they can't afford pens and pencils. Yeah. So what's what's going on here? That's crazy. It is crazy. And the same thing, you know, here, where OK, it's for the cakey. But wait a minute, you could make that argument for God. Yeah. And if if the you know, if the property tax or charge does bring in a whole bunch more money is it actually going to go to the schools? Right. It's going to go to DOE, maybe. But we'll go to the schools, which is notoriously inefficient. So will it pass? Who knows? What about the tax foundation? What are you saying about it? Well, we're not, you know, into handicapped, you know, you know, lobby for one side of the other. No, but we do provide information and then the information we're trying to provide is, you know, that people have to understand what's what's on the ballot and there are no limits. OK, let's let's move to the other one that's coming up on the ballot. And there. And then there is a an opportunity to have a constitutional convention. So it comes up every 10 years. If the normally the legislature is kind of the gatekeeper and and they're the exclusive ones who can put questions on the ballot for for people to vote on in November. And so in this particular year, it's it's the 10th year, so it's got to go on the ballot and the legislature can't stop it. OK, so and this could be a useful thing when what needs to be done is some, you know, check or reigning in of the size of government because the government is going to do by themselves. Yeah, that's a this will be on the final exam. Government by itself does not reduce governmental expenses. It's like tax. You never see a big well, except in the federal government this year. You saw a tax reform act that reduces taxes. But let me tell you, it's going to catch you later. It's deferred taxes is what it is. Yeah. Anyway, OK, the government does not generally reduce taxes and it does not generally reduce spending. And it generally does not put restrictions on its own power. Right. So a constitutional convention is a chance for the voters to do that if they think government has has run astray. And that's on the one hand, it's possible that the con con could put those restrictions on. But on the other hand, it's possible that the con con could take those restrictions off and spend a ton of money on projects that really are not in the better public interest. And that's possible. So you don't you don't know which way it'll go. And that's, you know, the general feeling seems to be that there's a substantial group of voters who are terrified of con con because of one set of set of facts, set of possibilities. And there's another group of voters who are terrified of what con con will do on another set of possibilities. You get get fear in here. Fear is the operative word for both sides, for all sides of what it might do. Yeah. And of course, the opponents of a con con will try to magnify these fears as time goes on. Yeah, we'll see. We'll see that in all the rhetoric in the newspaper. And also, yeah, I mean, that's that's typically what happens in not only here, but in other states. Yeah. So what do you think? Is there going to be a con con? Well, we don't know. And I would guess that the Tax Foundation of Hawaii has not actually supported one position or another. Right. But but what we do, you know, support having a discussion because, you know, this is obviously a chance to put important policies in place. Maybe the discussion and the discussion at con con will help the public understand the connection between taking long steps that cost money and taxes, where you have to pay the costs of taking those steps. And, you know, I mean, I'm hoping that the public can become more Akamai about that connection. Yeah, we certainly hope so. And that's one of the reasons why why we're here. You know, the foundation exists to provide education to you know, the public and to even law here. So here we are going to be 2019. I guess in large part it depends on, you know, the council revenues again depends on what happens with the possibility of con con. And of course, with this amendment about having a county's tax for education or something that looks like education, right? What do you think is going to happen in the in the session in 2019? Well, in 2019, there are going to be a lot of different faces and depending on how many new faces there are, there may be kind of a different organization or a different field to the legislature itself. And then, you know, maybe it'll change direction. Maybe it won't. But a lot's going to depend on what happens during the election. Yes, the election, of course. How silly of me. That has an effect too. But how does that work? How does the election have an effect on what happens in tax in 2019? Well, again, it depends on on who gets elected. Yeah. Because they're going to watch their positions. You're going to watch what they say. You're going to ask them hard questions. That's absolutely right. You've got to do that. Because it'll cost you or not, depending on their answers. And of course, whether they follow through on their answers. Yeah. One of the things that you want to ask any politician is, you know, if you're concerned, for example, about the cost of living in Hawaii, which is, you know, astronomically high. You know, you can ask these candidates, what are you going to do about it? Yeah. Then you then evaluate their answers. So if I'm, let me sort of distill some of the things we've been talking about. One is I should really follow who's running for office here and figure out what their position is on spending money because the money they spend, it's my money. That's the first thing. The second thing is I really better look at and see how this county billed amendment on education is working and make my careful choice about that because I could get nailed on more tax there and directly or indirectly. And con con, although the cost of con con is not that great, you know, was it $12, $15 million? It's not that great, you know, the problem is it could result in huge expenditures and again, a failure to pay existing liabilities. So I have to look for candidates and propositions that will be disciplined and appropriate to monitor the FISC and to control the FISC if I intend to control the taxes that are imposed on me. What would you add to that? What should they be thinking about between now in November and from November to the next session? Well, one of the things you can think about is, you know, we already have some provisions in our constitution that are supposed to curb spending and how do they work? Do they balance the budget provision? Well, I mean, I think most states, including ours, require that the budget be balanced and that's appropriate because we can't print money. The feds can, we can't. We have, you know, constitutional debt limit, which we always break. We have a provision saying- We always break. We always break. We break the constitution. No, the constitution is kind of watered down so that if you pass a bill saying, you know, certain things, then you don't have to comply with the debt limit. And we do that every year. Okay. So, again, the question is, are we going to pass some constitutional limitations that have real teeth in them or is it going to be just something that is, you know, easy to circumvent? You know, a lot of people feel that the government is an infinitely deep pocket. The government has money to do anything. And so they go to the government, they write to their legislators and they write to the governor and they say, we want this program, we want that program, we want it all. We want you to spend the money. You can find the money. We know you can find the money. What is your advice to those people? Because after all, it's not infinitely deep pocket. It's our money. It's our money. It's not their money. It's our money. Governments don't pay taxes. People pay taxes. So should I restrain myself before I write a letter or go lobby some legislator to do my pet project? Well, you, I think need to understand what that project is, how much it's going to cost. Is it, you know, is there a cost benefit? If the benefit's away the cost, then fine, go do it. But if it's, you know, going to result in just money getting thrown away, then why do that? Yeah. Thank you, Tom. Will you come back and talk to us again soon? Of course. Tom Yamachika, Tax Foundation of Hawaii, keeping us focused on the public fears getting our taxes. Thank you so much.


The world-class field once again produced some top-quality golf and the final round of the PIF Saudi International here at the Royal Greens Golf and Country Club. Matthew Wolfe finishing in 10th place. This a birdie at the 50 was excellent early on but had to settle in the end for an even part 70. A good week for the Aussie, Travis Smythe. This at the 14th, I judge the Aramco shot of the day. A 65 for Smythe. 65-2 for Paul Casey. This at the 10th, very nearly holed out for an eagle-2. A top-five finish for Paul Casey. Sadong Khaganjana finished top Asian. He played beautifully, particularly early on. He was out in 30 in the front nine with the help of this at the 6th. In the end a 66 for Khaganjana. 14 on Dapar and 4th overall. Lukas Herbert was third last week in the Dubai Desert Classic. Finished third again here in Saudi Arabia. This his second into the fifth and another 65 for Herbert. Five on Dapar. Cameron Young was tied for the lead after seven holes. Hold out for birdie at the 16th to keep his slim-hopes alive of getting the trophy in his hands. In the end he had to settle for second. It was Abraham Ansar's week. He got off to a great start. This at the 4th for his second birdie in the first four holes. A two shot swing at the 8th was absolutely vital. Young Bogeyte and so hold this for birdie. And from that point on Pargolf was good enough for the Mexican. On the par 5 18th and 3, happily holed out for par. And a wire-to-wire win. He has looked like the winner from early on in round one. A little shot putt to give Abraham Ansar the PIF, Saudi International Trophy.


Oh, this is the chair I've been using for a year or two. Nice and comfortable, right? No, but now what is this? The new and improved GT Racing GT002 has upgraded my setup, has upgraded my comfort, back, nice, and postured. Thanks to this lumbar support, this head pillow, my neck will never hurt again, my back, nice and relaxed. Not only that, 360 degrees of spinach. Yeah, not the kind that you eat. 360 degrees right there, all the way around. It can go up, nice and high. You're short, you can reach up wherever you want. I'm as tall as a giant. If you're a tall person, you've got to fit into those small desks. You've got both options. Man, I had a long day recording. Let me just lay back 170 degrees, because why not? Chels, I think I might be sleeping in here from now on. Wow, this is so comfortable. You didn't read ab workout? Maybe you can go up? All right, that's now. Now you go up, just get a couple of ab workouts, keep your feet up, keep them high. Look at my arms. My arms are nice and rested. But what if my arms don't want to be rested? Get them out of the way.  One up, one down. Both options. What an amazing chair. It's beautiful. It looks great. Get a nice 360 view of that. Yeah, that's pretty awesome. You guys, check out the link in the description. If you guys want one of these for yourself, you can be as comfortable as me. You can take a nap, whatever you want. What's up, guys? We're back with another epic PSA return video. I'm super excited about this one. We have six cards, including the crimped Trihorn Dragon from the video where we pulled it in Los Angeles. So it's pretty crazy. I'll link that video up in the eye so you guys can see it. If you haven't, let's get into the giveaway. I'll be giving away these three cards. We have Graceful Dice, Skull Dice, and First Edition Banisher of the Light from Magic Ruler. All you gotta do, like this video, be subscribed, and let me know your favorite card from this submission. Let's go ahead and crack this thing open. All right, we got this thing open pretty quickly, actually, which is good. Because usually they're kind of tough to open. Okay, let's see. Oh, I just, I got a spoiler. I got a spoiler for one of the cards. I don't know which card it was, though. So we're gonna mix them up so I don't know which one it was. But we have six cards here. This is kind of a bad sign. Check out the back. I mean, that's just the case. Oh, look, that's the crimped Trihorn. Okay, it's all over the case, but that's okay. All right, let's go ahead and start this thing. This is gonna be a lot of fun. Only six cards in this video. By the way, I'm feeling extra comfortable in this GT racing chair. I don't know if you guys noticed, but you guys should check out the link in the description if you're interested in getting one, because I could highly recommend over the last chair, which you guys will see that I had. But it's pretty awesome. Let's go ahead and start off with the first card. We have six cards, so we're gonna take our time here. We have a Trap Hole from LOB First Edition. So this is a Super Rare. This could be a really cool card. It was super nice, super good condition. Trap Hole. Oh, that is so awesome. First edition Trap Hole. Legend of Blue Eyes. This would definitely be an eight at BGS. I'm just kidding, I'm just kidding BGS people. That's really cool. That is really, really cool. Wow. That is a nice card to get. I have one of these. It was gifted to me by a friend, but it actually is like the weakest 10 of all time. So this is a nice upgrade. This card has pretty, the back centering's not too good on this card, but that's about it. It was really super clean. It had pretty nice front centering. Yeah, that's really nice to see. So now I have another LOB First Edition card. That's really cool. That is a great start to this return. Okay, next card, what do we have here? Magic Jammer from our box. Let me see if I can do this. We have a First Edition Magic Jammer. This card was super nice. You guys saw the B.Skull return. It got a 10. What is that on the, you guys see that? That's on the case. The cases are just, man, they're just nasty over here for some reason. There's stuff all over them. So yeah, that's not looking too good.  It was weird. I don't know what to deal with grading cards and that just stuff on the cases is. Yeah, it looks like they got, hopefully that's not in there. I can't tell. This came back. I'm trying to think how fast this came back. Maybe like, it took a while.  So I sent it pretty soon after that. Maybe like four or five weeks for these. That's normally what it's taking for Express. And the centering's not amazing on this one. Let's see on the back. This one got a 10. Okay, see that just shows you that they don't really care about the back centering because the last two have had bad back centering. This, I just need to clean this slab off. That's annoying. Jimman 10 though. So we got two 10s on our Ultras out of the Metal Raiders box. You guys can check out that video. That was a really awesome video. That's pretty awesome. Cause now I have someone Skull, three B.Skull dragons by the way. Still, so if anybody has a gate guardian, they want to trade for a B.Skull. Hit me up. B.S.A.10 by the way. I would do that. So now we have three Ultras. That's pretty cool. Next card. We have two cards down. Magician of Fate. This is a big one. This card I think was really nice. The centering on the back is not good but as we've seen, they don't really care. But this is side to side, which looks worse than top to bottom. Cause they're just more, it's longer. So naturally it looks worse. So I'm going to guess we might have gotten a nine on this one. But I think it could get a 10 based on it being back centering. Yeah, I got a nine. Okay. I do have this in a 10. I think the back centering actually did get it. It was, it was bad enough because this front centering is pretty good. I don't know. I don't know. Man, what is it? Where are all these little pieces? It looks like they threw in a hayfield or something. Huh. Maybe that was. That's a pretty strong nine. That back centering really did it in. Okay, next card. Oh man. See, I don't even remember where this card came from. I have a blue eyes tune dragon and I don't know where it came from. Magic ruler. What's the centering look like? Pretty good. This is a huge card. The back centering is actually really good. Man, this card's nice. Where did I get this? Okay. Can we get a 10 on this thing? Oh, an eight. I must have missed something. Okay. What did I miss here, guys? All you, all the grading experts. I know you guys are typing it right now. Oh, it's obvious. You don't see that. You don't see that little scratcher that look at his eyeball. It's clearly damaged or something.  But by you guys, I mean like 0.1% of the chat, by the way.  Oh, maybe it's that corner. Yeah, I think maybe that's what it is. I said, maybe it's just the reflection. I don't know why this got an eight. But either way, it's still a nice card because I think a 10 is like $4,000 now. So an eight's still gonna be worth a few hundred dollars. Near mint is expensive now. I mean, it's just tough to get these. I already have a 10 anyway from the one we pulled. You guys can check that one out if you want to check that out. But I don't even know where that came from. So I'll take that eight. Oh, charge of the light brigade. Secret rare. We pulled this against Rime Style. Centering on it was good. Let's see. Yeah, it looks pretty good. Looks pretty good. Let's go over here. Back's pretty good. They got some stuff in the case yet again. Pretty nice card. That sleeve, it makes it look like it's bent. They always do that. Okay, what do you guys think? Think we can get the gym in on this? That'd be sick. PSA nine. Oh, I don't know why though. I don't know why. Okay, let's see. Is this centering off a little? No, it's not off. What do we miss? Maybe the corners. A little bit, maybe a little bit of tiny bit of whitening right there. Tiny, tiny, tiny. Maybe it's on the back. Yeah, they definitely got that in there, by the way. So hopefully that's not the reason it's a nine, but. Ooh, man, that stinks. Centering, back centering's not perfect, but definitely within the back perimeters of 75, 25, or whatever. Okay, a nine. We'll take it. Still a really cool, beautiful card. I mean, just look at that. That's beautiful. Still a really cool card that we pulled against Rime Style. And the final card, you guys can tell right away what this card is. Why did I even grade this, you ask? I don't know. I'm not even gonna turn around. This needs a some serious wipe down. I think that'll come off though, hopefully. Okay, what is my guess for this? I mean, this could get like a two, or it could get like a five. I don't even know how they grade a crimped card because the rest of the card's pretty nice. I don't know. What do you guys think? Well, the rest of those cards grade it so bad at BGS without a crimp. So I'm guessing like a three or something. That's been my guess. Let me know in the comments what you guys think. What did this card get in this PSA return? Wow, that is, that thing's dirty. Okay, here we go. Hit the like button for luck. A five. Hey, that's not that bad. EX five, okay. So that makes sense. I mean, it's got a huge crimp. That's just cool. I wanted it slapped so I could display it and just remember that epic moment. Cause the box, I mean, let's be honest, the box was a disappointment. Getting the box was awesome. Opening this was awesome. After that, it was a disappointment. I mean, that's just how it goes sometimes. And it was pretty rough, but this is the best part of the box in the memory of going to LA. So this is really cool to have, especially graded, even if it's a five. So yeah, for some reason I paid express to get this back, but it's just really cool. That crimp trihorn, that's super cool. We can make this the thumbnail or something. Ooh, blur it out. Yeah, I don't know. Let me know what you guys think. That was a pretty good return. I mean, we got a Jimminton LB card. That's awesome. We got a trap hole Jimminton. That's awesome. And then we got all, after that, we got all the biggest cards really. We didn't do that. I mean, we got a nine. That was tough, I think. This one, I'm not sure where we got an eight, but there had to be something if you got an eight. I say that BGS gave us eights and I didn't think there was anything, but well, there was sinnery. Magician of faith. Yeah, so let me know your opinion unless it's something really dumb.  Just do your best not to say anything dumb. Wow. This was a good video. I am happy we got an LB Super Rare. That's pretty awesome. I'm pretty happy with it. Make sure you guys go follow me over on Twitch. We have been streaming a ton. It's been a lot of fun. I won't be streaming tonight, but maybe tomorrow. So we've been playing a lot of dual links. I've been promoting it like crazy because it's just been so much fun because everybody that's been there, we've had a great time and I've really enjoyed it. Also, make sure you check out that link. Do you guys want a nice GT racing chair? This chair is really awesome. I'm already loving it so much more than my old chair and I really appreciate them sending me this. And that's it for this video. I'll see you guys later. Peace. Elemental hero, dark bright. Boom.


You are clear for launch. And with that, shut down your visors, O2 on, and prepare for ignition to O2. You can copy that and, um... Hey guys, Mr. Rochop here. All right, this is the last lesson in our physical geography unit. Together, what we've done, we've looked at the landforms and the process that create them, and then we've been looking at the factors that create our climate and how climate impacts our ecosystems or our biomes. In this lesson, we're going to examine the major climate types of the Earth using something known as the Copen classification system. At the end of this lesson, our objective is that you can look at the map of the world and together what we've learned about the five factors of climate, identify what type of climate there would be and any region of the world. As we have earlier covered, climate is the average seasonal weather for an entire area, usually described in monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. We can chart a climate using a special type of graph called the climograph. This type of graph shows the entire year's average precipitation and temperature. While colors can change, precipitation is always going to be graph using a bar graph and temperature is going to be using a line graph. From looking at the climograph of each region, we can determine the type of climate that is found there. And what are those types of climates? Well, today we're going to use this classification system that was created by Vladimir Copen. And here's an interesting fact. Remember, Albert Wegener, who brought us the idea of continental drift, was so happens that Wegener was Copen's son-in-law. Small world, right? Anyway, Copen gave us a system that classifies the world's climate based upon the patterns of temperature and precipitation. Comparing these two characteristics, 12 climate zones are identified. At first, this sounds balancing to learn all 12, but it's really not that hard. Fortunately, nine of these climate zones can be remembered by their location and latitude and which side of a continent they follow on. In the low latitudes, we find tropical wet and tropical wet dry. As we go into the middle latitudes, we find five climates, the Mediterranean and the marine west coast and the west side of a continent. And then on the east coast of a continent, we find human subtropical and human continental. And at the top of the temperate latitudes, we find the subarctic climates. And as we approach the poles into the high latitudes, we find two climates, the Arctic and then the polar climates. So those are the nine that we can classify based upon latitude. There are three other climate zones which are the semi-arid, arid and highland climates that can be found at any latitude. Now, to help us understand these climate zones, we'll be using this graphic organizer to make it easy for you. So let's begin at the equator and make our way towards the poles and talk about each climate and their related biomes. Below latitudes, remember, those are called the tropics is where we find the tropical wet and tropical wet dry climates. Now, both of these climates are warm all year long. Tropical wet climates are often found in the islands and the tropics and where the itch doesn't really move very much throughout the year. This creates rains all year long. So a tropical wet climate really only has one warm rainy season throughout the year. Now, you can see by this climate graph how both the temperature and the amount of precipitation is high throughout the year for a tropical wet climate. Now, compare that graph with this one, which shows a climate that has still a warm weather all throughout the year, but now there is a distinct wet season and a dry season. We call this climate tropical wet dry. Tropical wet dry is generally found where the itch will move much more north and south throughout the year in creating those dry wet seasons. Eastern Africa and South Asia are places where you can find this type of climate. So let's talk about biomes. The biome found in the tropical wet climate is the tropical rainforest, such as the Amazon or the Congo rainforest in South America and Africa. Most tropical wet climate areas will receive more than 100 inches of per rain every year and some have received as much as 300 inches over the year. Now, a tropical wet dry climate receives much less rainfall, usually less than 50 inches per year. Therefore, the climate cannot support a rainforest like its tropical wet neighbor. Instead, in a tropical wet dry climate, we find a savanna biome. If you think of zebras and giraffes in the wild, like the pictures I took here in Tanzania, you're thinking about savanna. So that is our two tropical climates, tropical wet with the tropical rainforest biome and tropical wet dry with the savanna biome. Now we move into our middle or our temperate latitudes. Now the term temperate means it has a mild climate where it is not very warm or very cold all year long. Now there are five climates in the temperate latitudes with two in the west coast and two on the east coast. And then we have our fifth climate that stretches across the continent just short of the high latitudes. Now remember that the ocean currents on the east coast of the continent are warm, creating more humidity. This explains why on the east coast of the continent, we have a humid subtropical and a humid continental climates. Humid subtropical climates should be easy for you to remember as it is actually the climate that we have here in Bryan, Texas. Now this climate usually can be found as close as the equator's 20 degrees and extends as far as 40 degrees latitude. And as we look at the climate graph for the humid subtropical climate, we can see the beginning of four seasons with the temperatures being cool in the winter and warmer in the summer. We also see precipitation throughout the year. Now a humid subtropical climate supports temperate grasslands and mixed forests. Remember mixed forest means that you'll have forests with both broadleaf and needleleaf trees.  Usually we find it between 37 and 60 degrees latitude. Now by looking at the climber grass of each of these climates, we find that the humid continental climate has a much stronger seasonal pattern of temperature and precipitation than we find are a humid subtropical climate. The winters tend to be much drier and colder than its summers. Now the major climate factors that form these two climates are once again latitude, but also I think we have the warm ocean currents for the humid subtropical climate and the effect of cold wind currents coming from the poles for the humid continental climate. Another factor that helps form the humid continental climate is something called continentality. Remember continentality is the function of a region being further separated from the ocean currents. The farther an area is from the ocean, the less of an effect that the ocean's currents will have on that region. So these are two temperate east coast climates. Now let's look at our two west coast climates in the middle or the temperate latitudes. These are the Mediterranean and the marine west coast climates. The Mediterranean climate is usually found on the west coast of the continent between about 30 degrees and 35 degrees latitude. It is named for the same type of climate that we find in Europe around the Mediterranean Sea. Now this has four seasons that are marked by a short rainy summers and very long dry summers. For example, here's a climate graph for Rome, Italy. This climate is formed due to latitude, the cool ocean currents off the west coast of the continent, and the high pressure system caused by the Hadley cell pushing down dry air around 30 degrees latitude. For the United States, the Mediterranean climate was instrumental in determining where we get our movies from. See, it costs a lot of money for movies to be made and most movies don't actually want to be filmed in the rain, but Southern California has a Mediterranean climate which has long dry summers, which gave movie makers more time in the summer to be able to film their movies. This is why movie makers actually moved to Southern California and established what we now know as Hollywood. This is just one of the many examples how climate has influenced the settlement patterns of people around the world. Now the biome of the Mediterranean climate is the Chaperral biome which is shrubs and bushes. Now lying closer to the poles between about 35 degrees and 60 degrees latitude is the Marine West Coast climate. This climate usually doesn't stretch too far inland as it's largely influenced by the oceans. In fact, this is sometimes known as an oceanic climate. As with all of our temperate climates, it has four seasons. The temperature will remain mild throughout the year, however it will receive a large amount of precipitation throughout the year, especially in the winter. Now in the Marine West Coast climate we find mixed forests. Now due to the high amount of precipitation that Hadley is caused by rain, but also fog that rolls in off of the cool oceans, we find temperate rainforests such as the redwoods in California. In the redwoods we find the tallest living things on earth. Redwood trees can reach more than 360 feet tall and to support such tall trees, the redwoods are actually really big along as big as having a diameter of 24 feet. Now as usual, latitudes are contributing factor to creating the Marine West Coast climate, but the North Atlantic Drip also helps bring the Marine West Coast climate to Northwestern Europe. So our West Coast climates are the Mediterranean and the Marine West Coast climates.  Now a sub-arctic climate will stretch across the entire continent between 50 and 70 degrees latitude. It's defined by long, barely cold winters with short clear days and little precipitation, which is usually in the form of snow. It receives more precipitation in the summers, but it still remains rather cool ravaging only about 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Now the dominant climate factor here is latitude and the bind we find in the sub-arctic is the boreal forest, which you remember consists of trees specially adapted to deal with the sub-arctic's cold temperatures. So the sub-arctic climate is our last of our five temperate climates. As we move even closer to the poles, we enter the high latitudes and the temperature become even more cold. It is here we find the polar and the ice cap climates. The overriding climate factor here of both of these climates is latitude. The polar climate is found between 60 and 75 degrees latitude and the ice cap climate is found between 75 degrees and the north or south pole. Both of these climates really only have two seasons, polar day and polar night. And the polar climate is short summer and lasts only a few weeks and never gets warmer than 45 or 50 degrees Fahrenheit. But its winter temperatures are truly cold, never rising above 20 degrees Fahrenheit and has low temperatures are down to 40 degrees below zero. Here the associated biome is the tundra as it's quite frankly just too cold to support trees. As cold as the polar climate seems, the ice cap climate is even more unforgiving. Here the temperature never rises above freezing in winter or the summer. In fact the record low temperature is 128 degrees below zero. Now because of such cold temperatures, there is almost no precipitation at all in the ice cap climate. There also is no associated biome because with the exception of bacteria, no life can actually naturally survive these conditions. So on our graphic organizer, we finally can easily divide these nine climates of by latitude. But there are three climates that can exist at any latitude. These are the arid, semi arid and the highland climates. The word arid literally means dry and that's exactly what arid or semi arid means, they are dry. In fact these two climate types are classified due to the amount of precipitation they receive. The arid climate describes any region that receives less than 10 inches of rain per year and the temperature doesn't matter. An arid climate can be warm or they can be cold. Now an arid climate is also known as a desert climate which is the biome that exists here. There are three major factors that creates an arid or a desert climate. The first is the rain shuttle effect which is when mountains will block the precipitation from moving into a region. The second reason for deserts is the dry air of the Hadley cell which comes down to the Earth's surface around 30 degrees latitude north or south. This all by the way explains why so many of the world's deserts are found around 30 degrees latitude. And the last factor is being located near cold ocean currents. Both the Atacama Desert in South America and then the Mid Desert in Africa are located right next to oceans. Yet because they are located on the west coast of their continents the water is cold and receives no humidity for precipitation. The semi arid climate is the other dry climate. The word semi actually means half so essentially the semi arid climate is half as dry as the arid or desert climate. So if the air climate is a region that receives less than 10 inches of precipitation throughout the year, the semi arid climate receives between 10 and 20 inches of precipitation in the year. The factors that make us arid climate also create semi arid climates. This is the reason why we find semi arid regions around deserts where the factors are there but they're just not as strong as they are for the desert or the arid climates. We also find semi arid climates in the middle of continents due to continentality. Now the associated biome for a semi arid climate is the steppe. The steppe is a rolling grassland that is scattered with shrubs and isolated trees. This is also known as a semi arid desert. In fact the largest semi arid region in the United States is found in the Great Plains and early explorers used to call the Great Plains the Great American Desert. Now it is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. So those are our two dry climates. The last type of climate is the one that has been added actually after Copen created his classification guide. This climate is the Highland climate. The Highland climate is found in the world's mountains but really it isn't one climate but it can be several depending upon how high it is in elevation. The climate conditions change based upon the elevation of the mountain but generally are wetter cooler versions of those found at lower elevations. Now because the climate conditions change as you increase in elevation the biomes look very as well. This is known as altitudinal zonation. This means that on the slopes of one single mountain you can have many different zones of different biomes creating different vegetation and different crops. So those are the 12 major climate types of the earth. This also concludes our last lesson on the essentials of physical geography. In our next lesson we'll start putting people on the ground and start talking about human geography but until then keep on learning.


We're going to talk about PolarDB in general. PolarDB is a database architecture for the cloud. I'm still not done. I used to work for Oracle MySQL. Now I work for other cloud, maybe. I provide different databases for users in the cloud. You can use MySQL. You can use MariaDB. You can use Postgres. You can use SQL Server and so on. And also MySQL. We want to build a database architecture that takes advantage of the cloud. When you are in the cloud, you can use special hardware because we are controlling the machines. For example, we can use all the infrastructure in the cloud to take advantage of that and support users in different ways with author scaling and author configurations and things like that. The basic principle of many of these cloud-based databases, you have Amazon has Aurora, Microsoft has Hyperscale and so on. They split the compute from this storage because you want to scale these separately. If you need more storage, you don't necessarily need to add more CPUs to compute. If you need more processing, you don't necessarily need to add a full machine with more storage and so on. This is the basic component of this PolyDB architecture. We have a proxy that is low balancing and is fairly low and stuff like that to the database. The database has a system that hides the distributed storage system. The database looks like it is using a local storage, but actually it is using a special optimize for database storage, which is called PolarStore. PolarStore is starting from the bottom. PolarStore is a distributed storage. It has multiple chunks where the data is stored. All these chunks are synchronized using parallel raft, which is a special variant of the raft protocol that has been developed as part of this project. All the databases have a special label that uses this underlying storage. This storage has to be efficient to a special RDMA network, which is a way where you actually remote memory looks like local memory in a way to the computer. This needs special hardware to get both low latency and high throughput. You have both obtained disks and SSDs in these check servers. The obtaining gives you very low latency. At the same time you can store and get a high throughput from the SSDs. There is some logic to calling this within the storage. Special hardware is used means that you need to have support in your data centers for this architecture. In the beginning it was only some data center in China that supported this. Now Hong Kong also supports this. The data center in Singapore will be able to have this hardware and run PoloDB. As I said, there is a special library on the database side that is used to communicate with PoloStore. It runs in pure user space, so it has less overhead than traditionally applied systems. It is easy to port your database to this architecture. As I said, one of the goals here is to be able to scale storage and compute independently. If you have a traditional MySQL system, you will have multiple replicas in addition to the master. For each replica you will add local storage. Here you have a shared storage so that when you add a replica you only add compute resources. The storage is still the same. You can see that the cost savings when you need many replicas gets higher compared to using a lot of servers with local storage. The replication in PoloDB is also physical compared to the logical replication used in MySQL. In MySQL, if you have logical replication, you will have the bin log, which is the one that is actually sent to the space. You will also write the leader log, which is the physical log that is used to keep the data consistent. If this computer cache, for example, you need a leader log to recover it into a consistent state. In PoloStore, for example, you just have the data under the leader log. The slave gets the data under the leader log from the shared storage. You get much less writing to this than you get in the traditional MySQL application case, where you have to force the bin log into a leader log. This is also an advantage, especially an advantage for dictionary operations. If you have in traditional logical replication, for example, you want to add a courier for some other table operations, it will first run on the master, and then the operation is completed in this log to the bin log. That's the time when it will be replicated to the slave, and then the slave has to execute this operation. The dictionary changes executing on the slave, the log behind it will be blocked. You will not do anything more on this table until it completes. But since we are using shared storage here, it's only the master that actually updates the data files. When the data files are up, the operation is completed, then you just update some metadata, and then the slave is ready to use the same version of the table. So you share that by using physical application, you avoid the latency issues if you have a traditional application. This slide, for example, uses add-column. Add-column is instant in MySQL 8.0, but there are other table operations that still have this characteristic. Also, we can't leave, all of it is 5.6 based, but we are working on calling it 8.0, so we will probably release later this year. Summary details here. With the traditional, you know, the execution of your MySQL, you have a set of transactions, and this transaction needs to be flushed to the review log before you can commit the report back to the client that this transaction has been committed. This efficiently, you use group commit, so you group transactions together, and you do one write, and then you can report multiple transactions as completed at the same time, instead of one write per transaction. In the parallel db, we share the review log, and the slave will pass the review log, and then it will hash on the page ID and put it in the divider between different workers, so that there are multiple workers that apply this review log, and that is very necessary, because on the server side, there are multiple threads actually updating the database, so if you use a single thread on this side, you will have problems keeping up. We know from MySQL application that was the situation until they added some parallelization, and what they can do today is that you can, as long as the transaction was in the same group commit, you know that they are not dependent on each other, so you can actually do that in parallel. But once you get to, but a transaction from the next group commit cannot be executed before all the others, before it has completed, in order to ensure that they are executed in the right order. But here we can have a much lower, higher granularity of parallelism, because as long as it's not on the same page, you can execute in the parallel. The only review log that is actually done is the one for pages that are in the buffer pool or are cached, because we don't want to read other, we don't want to read in pages just to read the log, because the time we will need actually need this page, but already have been pushed to this by the master, so you can save the work of both of them applying the log on the page. So, but what happens if you read what we call a page from the past, we say that the state of this slide replica is the last log that is applied to this page, to this replica. So, if we then read a page in from this, which has an order, order state, we actually have to find the review log that has been cached here and apply that before you actually allow the application to read this page. We also need, but that means that they have been piled up with the review log on the replica of not applied because the page is not in cached, so we need some way to garbage collect this log, so that the primary will send the checkpoint LSA, that is the log sequence number for the review log replica that it has, before that all have been flushed to disk, that it was checkpointing due, it flushed to disk every page that is up to a certain point in time. So, the primary communicate this to all the replicas, so they can garbage collect the old review log. MySQL is using multi-version concurrency control, so there will be cases where you need to read an old version of a page. To read the old version of a page, you use the undo log, which is a logical log that you read and then you revert your changes till you get back to the old version. In order to be able to do that on the replica, you must make sure that the master does not purge the undo log that you might need. So all the replicas will tell the master what is the oldest review that I will support. Make sure not to delete undo log records that are newer than this. This communication is done on the network, this is not shared communication, it's not something that is inherent in physical replication, it is the shared storage that makes it important to do this because what the primary knew when it's storage affects the replicas. So what happens if you read a page from the future? I mean, you have applied T4 and then you read something from disk where T5 has already been applied. The answer is that you never will do that, we will prevent that because the redo log, the physical redo log, there is no way of going back to the old physical version of a page. You have to distinguish the longitudinal version of the page that you use for multi-version concurrency control for the actually D3 structures that this redo log is reflecting. So we make sure by telling the primary what is the snapshot that we are currently on that it does not flush any pages that are newer than this to disk. So that's actually a change we had to do in ODB, to hold back flushing until the read to the replicas has applied the redo log. Note that the replicas are applying redo log all the time so there is usually not any issues with delaying this. So there is only one single master supported only. So the proxy will then split and send the leads to the master and the whitestone master leads to the replica and it will load balancing between the real replicas and things like that and should the master go down it will make sure to reboot request to the new master which will be chosen from one of these replicas. And we also support that if you have an application which first updates something commit and then select that it actually sees its own updates. Because when you do the update you return to the proxy the log sequence number at that time on this and then when they are re-descent the label replica is informed about this log sequence number so that it makes sure to apply enough redo log to be able to return a version of this row that is consistent with both the update or linearly they performed. But in the future what we are working on now is to support multiple masters so you can actually scale your updates beyond what one master is able to support. And you also will be able to use multiple availability zones for your database zones. So that's all. There are some more questions. How conflict detection happens for multiple masters? Okay so I don't have an answer to that. I did not, I did not counter work on that part and this was actually not me I was going to present this but I don't really know much about the future of the plans and how the conflict detection will be performed.


Hello, I'm Wang Pengli from Tyson Cloud. I'm working on KVM for eight years. Today, I will introduce some synchronization problems in KVM. This is today's agenda. First one is boost fragmented WCPU in user mode. The second one is WCPU style issue. The last one is RCU reader permission problem. Synchronization operations in kernel is based on busy waiting. However, unnecessary CPU construction by busy waiting for the scheduled WCPU will significantly degrade performance. For example, TLB shutdown, remote TLB flash. That's a busy wait, which is fine in bare mental scenario. But within the guest, the WCPU might have been pre-empted or blocked. In this scenario, the initiator WCPU would end up busy waiting for a long amount of time. It also consumes CPU unnecessarily to wake up the target of the shutdown. There is a semantic gap here. OS makes liberal use of busy waiting, since they believe their WCPU are dedicated. There is another permission problem called log-holder permission. It arises when a log-holder running on WCPU is crimped by the high weather. Thus, forcing other log-waters to rise running on other WCPUs from the CNVM will perform useless spinning on the two-waste CPU cycles. Intel, since Westmere introduced false-loop exceeding, the processor compares the length of the two ports instructions interval against a pre-side parameter. It determines that the WCPU is spinning if the length doesn't exceed this parameter. Otherwise, the spinning stops. The spinning WCPU yields the processor to a WCPU that can make progress when the spinning interval exceeds a pre-side spinning threshold. The QVM searches the WCPU other than the WCPU that is just printed following the circle. Most SNP call function mainly calls are synchronous, mainly TLB flash and function call interrupts. Both the log-holder and IPI target WCPU are yield candidates now. Intel false-loop exceeding occurs when the spin-lock-watter is in kernel mode. However, IPI receiver can be in either kernel or user mode. IPI receiver candidate in user mode builds to be boosted. Workload like pbzip2 do the TLB shutdown in kernel mode, and most of the time they are running in user mode. In oversupply-rives scenario, it can lead to a large number of continuous PLE events. IPI sender calls false-loop exciting events repeatedly until the receiver is scheduled while the receiver is not candidate for boost. Let's boost the WCPU candidate in user mode, which is delivering interrupt. We can observe 10% performance improvement while running pbzip2 in 96 WCPU VM in another oversupply-rives environment. Next one is visibu-stat by wikafine. Wikafine is a feature inside the scheduler which we attempt to make processes running closely. It gains benefit mostly from catch-hit. One cumule or other visibu inject virtual interrupts to guest through waking up when sleeping visibu, it increases the probability to stack visibus or cumule by scheduler wikafine. A scheduler allows visibu to be scheduled on any physical CPU. This will cause the visibu stack problem that the logweaver is scheduled before the logholder on the same physical CPU. Let's take this figure as an example. The logholder on visibu 0 is limited when it enters the critical section at time 1. Unfortunately, the logweaver on visibu 1 is scheduled before visibu 0 on the same physical CPU, physical CPU 0, until time 2. Thus, visibu 1 has to wait time log wait to enter the critical section. Here the synchronization time spent by visibu 1 is extended by time task 1 plus time task 2. Let's see how often does scheduler stack visibus. We can run all visibu VMs on all physical CPU machines. Run the CPU bundle workload inside the VM. 100% utilization on each visibu. The visibus are easily to be stack in over the derived scenario. Let's disable wikafine visibu process to mitigate logholder permission. We test 3 80 visibu VMs running on 180 physical CPUs, and on the valid server, the ebz score can increase 17% after disabling wikafine for visibu process. RCU risk period in the guest cannot complete while visibu is permitted within a RCU reader side critical section. Thus, cores to synchronize RCU function cannot return. Although cores to call RCU function continue to return immediately, their callbacks cannot be invoked. In external code, can therefore continuously invoke for RCU function resulting in an unbounded quantity of memory that cannot be reused until the risk period completes when comparing between the RCU reader permission and logholder permission. While the usual symptom of logholder permission is to hung all parts of the system, RCU reader permission is that it blows memory footprints. Techniques to handle logholder permission says as into hardware, possible exiting feature can detect a visibu spinning on a log. However, these techniques cannot be applied directly to RCU because RCUs server build reset primitives do not make any state change detectable by provider or hardware. Thanks everybody.