uld you all be willing to make a financial contribution should Trinity School go forward with this with this redevelop with this uh improvement give me a second okay would you clarify again just the uh you you mentioned the the piece about the additional volume of water without the improvement or the re-channeling of the corner could you just kind of walk through that I know you've had some some conversations whether the other staff about us you may not have to be completely averse to what what your understanding that is that that would potentially cause you to have a maybe a little different opinion about the volume of water I think you said something about without that improvement the volume of water would would increase well so without the storm water device being proposed by the applicant with this I'm being required of the applicant if is what's approved tonight there will be uncontrolled flow from every location north of where the device is proposed so the speed of the water the scouring it's uh how quickly the conditions that were shown in those videos where you see high volumes of water running and scouring would definitely be dramatically reduced with the overall total volume of water that would eventually run out of that device slowly controlled would be higher so I'm I I'm answering the then you made a comment something about but without some improvement to the the trinity school right so the the trinity school is making some very modest I think it's adding a small one or two small buildings in the property they would not be required normally to to complete this conveyance essentially along the entire rear of the Hope Creek development which is what's being contemplated here to really help reduce the problem that the neighbors brought to you all tonight so what Mr. Irwin our staff engineer told me was that there's a relatively modest cost to trinity because they're doing other improvements they'll have equipment and and crews deployed so I'm still not sure I'm getting at your question but are there other more substantial improvements that that could be made there that would help the situation further anywhere it really just requires piping and channelization of of the area that was shown in the neighbors video where they're standing water and running water that that be piped similar to what is upstream the first speaker homeowner one I'm sorry I forgot your name sir had showed the the large the three barrel bridge that's really you know very high quality that's 30 plus inch pipe really would be matching that type of pipe downstream to convey it through so that's what that's what trinity would need to do in order to help substantially reduce the the flooding condition that's you have a sense that's that's permittable yes okay it wouldn't be all channelized it would be a combination of riprap and piping but yes it is permittal thank you councilmember cubby arrow thank you I'm sorry you're gonna respond to that first oh okay to the yeah to the prior question from mayor shul so I'm sorry I missed the conversation that was going on in the meantime so our understanding is that the school is working on increasing the channel to match the upstream which I think is currently the issue and you know they're already working on that and basically if that's going to happen then I don't think that there is a financial contribution that that Baker residential could make that would help that anymore if that doesn't happen I think that is something that that you know Baker could consider at that time but right now our understanding is that the the recommended improvement for training school is actively being worked on by McAdams I should also mention that McAdams also is the engineer for Kendrick a stage project and our McAdams engineer is here although he's not working on the Trinity project but the understanding is that's what the school is doing already is increasing the channel to match the upstream so that's consistent with my understanding from talking to our public work staff I guess what I would emphasize though it's it's not clear to me that the city can require the full improvement that's being contemplated it is accurate as Mr. Gosha said that the training park is looking at doing that essentially trying to be a good neighbor for lack of a better term and try to benefit it also benefits their property they're having some of these same conditions that were shown thank you council member Caballero and then council member Freeman thank you I had a quick question because reading about the fence did I hear correctly that it would be raw iron and five feet tall I mean five foot tall it's the black aluminum that looks like raw iron okay it's what the UDO yeah prefers yeah and it's a fence ordinance who prefers that UDO okay in the UDO that's the that's the fence that's listed but you are allowed to do a like a eight foot tall opaque fence I suppose but the one that's mentioned is like a black aluminum fence okay because what I had been reading is that the idea was to have a solid material and not necessarily raw iron I don't know if one of the concerns is you know five feet is actually not very tall so you can still throw things over and critters are still going to come back and forth between the iron you might keep the deer out but if the goal is to kind of separate the wildlife completely from the park that's just out of curiosity no it's interesting that you mentioned that the I couldn't speak to the height I know one of the concerns was dumping like into the park area so maybe maybe five feet is not tall enough I'm not I don't know that there ever was a specific height that was recommended but the part of the issue was actually that this is a corridor a wildlife corridor so the fence does tend to prevent some of those movements and that's not what the intent is the intent is to prevent humans from moving into the park and in that regard I think the fence would work for that and then I have a second question are folks going to be allowed to park the public going to be allowed to park in that cul-de-sac to access that the trailhead right to yeah to the same it's a it'd be a public right of way that that calls that yes thank you thank you councilmember freeman my question was for staff I was just going to ask if you felt like it what it might be beneficial to hold on until trinity park or trinity school actually completed the project to see how the improvements were having an impact in the in the neighborhood before moving forward was Kendrick estates sure I'd really want to leave that to you all's judgment as I tried to state earlier in response to councilmember Middleton's question I look at this as a previously existing drainage issue that primarily pertains to the inadequacy of the stormwater design of the Hope Creek subdivision the extent to which that this this is worsened is modest or negligible because it is improving the scouring and the flow even though there will be some modest increase in the water and that it does appear as if trinity school was pressing forward but if you all want to defer this until that action is completed prior to completed by trinity school we certainly respect that they would have to show on there there's a site plan currently under review they could depict it on the site plan but that they could always amend a site plan to remove it later and so really there won't be any guarantee assure 100% iron clad this will be mitigated until that's installed which would very likely be plus or minus six months at least so just so we're clear on the time timing that would be involved one other quick point on the fence if I might I'm sorry I know that wasn't directly a question Councilman Freeman the design Mr. Goesh referred to is certainly permissible but it's not required by the ordinance you know if it's except for the small portion that would be directly adjacent to the cul-de-sac and you'd be up to 8 feet tall that's which is allowable by the ordinance but the design is permissible that they described and I was just going to say to my colleagues I mean recognizing that the residents in the community aren't against the development they're actually just trying to figure out how to make sure that the water is going to be mitigated and adding a development on top of it does feel like a heavy burden for the residents I recognize that I've had the same issue in my neighborhood I know lots of other residents who've had the same issue including a resident on Tanglewood who's facing the same a similar issue with three above ground sewer raised sewer access in their inflow areas and so just noting there's a lot of unmitigated items that could be brought into this situation that could need to be mitigated just rushing through this process I do want to caution and just ask for more time and recognizing that if Trinity is already working to try and do some mitigation that we at least see what that looks like prior to saying yes to a development at that location thank you council member are there any additional comments or questions from members of the council just one quick question for Pat what assuming we did wait in Trinity what went forward with their their plans bracketing out the political considerations what are the virtues from a planning point of view or or physically are that that could be derived from that in other words would that would that be a good phase activity in terms of actual physical impact on the problem sure so I guess the the x factor here is I don't have a sense really any sense of Trinity's time frame on actually delivering the project site plans are good for four years so the site plans currently under review they would have assuming it gets approved in say the next two or three months they would have up to four years to deploy the about the building project that they have and the the installation of the of the pipe so I just I don't have any sense of what their time frame for to deliver that is and without knowing that it's difficult therefore sets the impact on on this development I mean you you need to talk to the applicant about their needs on that time frame but we really couldn't provide any kind of guarantee and documentable reduction in the conditions you saw until that pipe would be installed and operated for a pretty high intensity of rain event thank you and therein lies my concern I appreciate the animating spirit of counselor Freeman's concern but without a representative here from Trinity I mean two things I don't want to do I don't want to unduly reward a developer I don't want to unduly burden them either and and without a representation from Trinity as to when they know what the timetable is that here I don't I don't know how operational I want that that speculation to be on the decision tonight but I do I do appreciate the as I said the animating spirit of the concern but thanks thank you initial would you like a motion madam air pretend are there any additional thoughts comments great yeah I believe a motion would be thank you I I I'm appreciative of the all the different complicating issues I I don't think I think that the the alternative of leaving this unannexed and county will have potentially a worse stormwater effect on the on the neighborhood then the annexation with a hundred year stormwater treatment and I think that in many other ways this developer has worked very hard to meet the concerns that we asked for all the groups that we asked them to to meet with and I'm impressed with that they need to keep their promises anyway so with that I'll move that we adopt the ordinance annexing Kendrick state will there be any discussion I believe we'll see if there's a second and then yes we can have discussion count to member Freeman so I just want to make note that I think it's important to recognize in 1990 prior to the stormwater regulations being put in place that these locations were all developed in the same manner based on rules and regulations and it's incumbent upon me to also note that that same flood plain was there and it was still developed in and as we move forward noting all of the shifts and changes that have not been addressed around stormwater and the areas or the communities that have been set up prior to that 2002-2003 my growing concern is that we continue to do more development in areas in which we know there is already water issues and there's no plan there's not a clear cut way to address it and I consider I continue to have this issue I continue to raise this issue each time we talk about building where we know there's flooding or talking about moving forward with developments knowing that there's flooding and so I just want to make a note there that I cannot support this moving forward thank you council member Madam Mayor oh are you going to no you would you like to speak I would council member please thank you so much Madam Mayor Pro Tem and I want to thank all my colleagues for their remarks so far I also want to thank all the folks from the general public who came out to share their concerns about the development of this piece of property that's adjacent to what seems like a really lovely park I will express I will admit to some familiarity with this part of the city because for a very brief and lovely time my daughter's attended the trinity school and so I spent a lot of time in the creek that we thought was a creek and now we understand is a drainage ditch that runs through what the what the what the kids of trinity lovingly called the 100 acre bridge which is obviously much smaller than 100 acres but they're kids it's okay and and somewhat familiar with this part of the city for that reason you know we have this job is all about choices and the choices in a case like this are as stark as we see them we've heard from our planning director that the property is developable at a very smaller number of houses on larger lots and that that the stormwater requirements for a developer in that scenario are exceedingly small but we've also heard that developing this property as set forth by the developer in this proposal also has some significant problems and concerns not just for the folks who are downstream from them but also for a hollow rock park directly adjacent to them and I guess my deepest regret tonight is that our forefathers here in Durham did not see fit to obtain title to that property in some way shape or form at least saddle it with appropriate easements that would prevent this sort of development from happening there but that is not where we are today and so we have to figure out what is in the best interest of the city I will point out to something that Mr. Goche said about the fence that struck me a little funny and I went back and looked looked into this in terms of the folks who proposed the fence I don't believe the only concern was folks not being able to toss things over the side although certainly if that was the concerning five foot fence would be wholly inadequate for that purpose it was also so that people could not see through the fence into the development which a wrought iron or a looks like wrought iron fence would also be wholly inadequate and also to prevent the domestic pets of the folks who live in the development dogs but also the most vicious predator we have in our urban environment the house cat that they would not be allowed to have access to the park and impact the wildlife that is there now and so I just wanted to I caught note of what Mr. Goche said and I wanted to make those observations the property is not currently part of the city of Durham we have the decision this body the seven of us will decide whether or not it ought to become a part of this city I don't think we should I don't think we should and exit to be a part of the city I think that if we choose to say no tonight that leaves open lots of alternatives about how this part of the disposition of this property some of whom some of which may be worse than what's proposed here and some of which might be better but I don't think we should fool ourselves about the purpose to which this developer is here this developer is not coming to us saying please let us protect the stormwater interests of this piece of property for you oh city of Durham by by annexing us into you that's not where they're here and we all know that and that's okay that's not your job sorry job to figure that part out I totally get that but I don't think it's in our best interest to make this part of the city not today not under this proposal I'll be voting thank you Mr. Mayor thank you council member Reese so we have a motion and a second madam clerk we please open the vote the motion passes four to three with council members Freeman Reese and Caballero voting now thank you all right second move the consistency snake madam clerk can you please open the vote the motion passes four to three with council members Caballero Freeman and Reese voting now and I'll move the ordinance second let's open the vote the motion passes with council member Caballero Freeman and Reese voting now thank you want to hit the gavel do I get hit I can hit the gavel wow there being no further business before us tonight this meeting is adjourned at 9 53 p.m.


The question has always been why the female species of this particular English willow makes the best cricket bat. So the aim has been for this project to understand the difference between the small features within the structure of the willow and to see how these small differences give rise to particular mechanical properties required for good cricket bats. If you know cricketers they're obsessed with cricket bats so to be here today to contribute in some way to make a better cricket bat I think on the envy of every cricket player in the world at the moment. Each cell is encased surrounded by a membrane of fibers and cellulose and these fibers are kind of intertwined and they create lots of cells that are filled with air and the membrane of these cells they have to be just right not too weak not too strong so when the cricket ball hits the surface of a cricket bat the cells deform enough to spring back to original shape so the ball can basically bounce back the surface. We think we know a lot about why a cricket bat works and now it'd be great to see the science behind actually what makes a great cricket bat. Using the tomography facility in applied bats we are able to extract the 3D structure so essentially it's a three-dimensional microscope that can blow out the tiny little features as small as one to micron. You can actually fly through this beautiful structure the labyrinth of complex patterns and structures and connected or disconnected features inside the material. I'm very interested to see what the end result is with the difference between cashmere willow and and the top grade English willow is why why the players bats are so much different and if you could squeeze in the good and the bad from there I think the possibilities are endless. If you find a good alternative for the English willow hopefully you will be able to produce good quality maybe even test grade bats at a really cheap price every boy and girl will be able to to use top quality cricket bat.


A mismatch between quasi-femi-level splitting and open circuit voltage is detrimental to wide bandgap perovskite pin solar cells. Here, through theoretical and experimental approaches, the authors optimize N and P-type interfaces to achieve open circuit voltage of 1.29 V and T80 of 3585 degrees Celsius. This article was authored by Pietro Capriolio, Joel A. Smith, Robert D. J. Oliver, and others.


Welcome back to all remote centers. Yes, we will start the interaction now. RC 1132 Sri Padampad Singhanya University. Good evening. Thank you for three days session. A couple of questions on text where in all private engineering colleges nowadays do not have freedom to set up their own question to evaluate the students like West Bengal, WBUT is there, UPU is there, then in Rajasthan RTU is there. In this context, we all also see the students have problems sometimes. You know, some derving students don't get good score and some average students also get higher score because of this assessment issue. What is your second? I really like this model that's a flip classroom and I started using it. But the realistic fact is somewhat different than what we are actually trying to implement so that students understand better. But the realistic fact is that students only when comes for exam purpose, then only they look into these videos. I personally have some videos uploaded for the students for different courses. So, looking into this, so what's your say actually? Thank you sir. Okay, so I'll take the second question first which is on students are not looking at the flip classroom videos before they come to class and they look at it only before they exams. So one of the things that is commonly done by, you know, flip classroom instructors is that they sometimes have a small quiz at the start of every class, which test them on some recall or understand level questions of the content in the video that they were supposed to have seen. So that ensures that the student has actually seen the video and is not simply coming to the class for the activities and wasting your time and other students' time by asking questions which are already been addressed in the flip classroom video. The second thing is that if you keep these videos short enough, you can in fact also intersperse some activities in the video itself. Like for example, today's flip classroom session that you saw, it was actually one video with some activities interspersed in between. So similarly, if you say in the video itself, if you say pause here, do this now, that will also help to keep the students very engaged instead of giving them a 30 minute video to just look at like a movie from the starting to the end. Coming to the first question about assessment not being in the instructor's control, that's a very valid problem and really it's not something that can be solved within the scope of a workshop like this. I mean, it has to be taken up at various levels, AICT levels and all and there are people who are doing that and for the present moment, what we can recommend is that if your students buy into the fact that look, this will also help them to get good marks in the exams, in the traditional exams, then they win in both the ways. So that is something that you can tell them. Regarding this issue of assessment, something that almost all colleges have is that the instructor has some percentage of marks for internal assessment and it's somewhere between 20 and 30 depending on the college and university. So that's also one place where you as an individual instructor can implement these activities and give assessment questions that are aligned to your activities. Magdom College of Engineering. Good evening. Madam, I wanted to know how to evaluate the performance level in a rubric. I'm not sure exactly what you're trying to ask. The question was how to evaluate performance levels in a rubric. So if you recall the morning session, we discussed that a rubric has various performance levels and the example that you saw had four performance levels starting from the desired or target performance going down in terms of lower levels of performance. So as a teacher, you define what are the different levels of performance and when a student makes a presentation or shows a project, you match what the student has done. That is, you match the student's performance to the closest level within the rubric. Yes, College Popal. The question is that how we can just a video which is going to be on in the class, whether the students are gaining, how much they are gaining from that particular video. So I think you're talking about a flip classroom where students see the video outside and you want to see what the students learned. So this is exactly what a few minutes ago was explained. One way you can assess students on what they learned from a video is to give them a short quiz or some question, assessment question at the beginning of the following class, which is exactly based on the video. And this activity or this assessment can be kept at a simple or medium level. It doesn't have to be very complex and it mainly tells you whether A, the student has watched the video and B, how much he or she has learned from the video. So a quick example to that is the peer instruction and think-pair share videos that we had in our Moodle. So with each video, there were associated questions which were not too complex. So it was simple, which you can attempt after the watching the video. So make sure that you tie some sort of assessment along with the videos when you give it to the students. Geetham University, Hyderabad. My question is a flipped classroom. Actually how far this flipped classroom is useful for a student of all the subjects in a day. That means he should remember or memorize all the videos of the each and every subject and he should come to the college. And one more thing, if he addicted to the videos, what about the classroom scenario about the faculty? He never listened to the faculty then. So this flipped classroom is useful for the laboratory or theory. We feel that it's most useful for the laboratory. So there are really no rules about whether the flipped classroom should be used for the laboratory or for the theory. If you find that it's more useful for the laboratory, you should feel free to go ahead and use it. So the only point that is being made about the flipped classroom is that we don't want to spend our time giving information to students in the classroom, which they can easily access by themselves. In the classroom, we want to spend time making sure that students are able to assimilate that information and work with that information. So coming to your first question on which subjects and all. So it's basically a matter of explaining to the student that normally they come to class, they listen to lectures, they take homework, they go back home and they do the homework. Here they are doing the homework first and then they are coming to class and doing what would have otherwise been the homework as in the class. So the total amount of effort, if you look at for the student, is the same in both the models. So it's only a question of which is being done first and which is being done later. And then coming to your second question of, will it make the instructor redundant? That is something which we have been talking about in the session all together is that if the instructor's job, if you look at the instructor's job as simply passing on some information to the student, then yes, it will make your job redundant. If think of your job as not just passing on some information to the student, but helping the student to learn something or to apply something or make sense of something in context and you design these activities for the student to carry out in the class after they have watched the videos, then there is no way that it can make you redundant. So the more you are able to contextualize the topic for the student, the more the students will be appreciating and coming to your class even though they may have watched your video earlier. As per assessment, we have the various factor. In our university curriculum, we have the very less than suppose two to three months. So during that duration, how can you evaluate the individual student to assess the individually to the different? So once again, I think this assessment question of assessment, how much percentage is held by the university and how much percentage is held by the individual instructor that will vary from university to university. And all that you can try see it is not possible for us to change the entire educational system in one workshop or in one decade even. So it's something that we can only work on slowly and what you can do is keep wherever you can make a change in your own assessment, in your own course, wherever you have the flexibility, you should go ahead and make that change. And wherever you cannot make the change where it is dictated to you by the university or somebody else, when you just have to live with it and we have to tell the students that look even though the assessment is of that type going through instruction, the way using active learning techniques and so on, this will be useful to you. So none of these workshops are meant to completely change everything. So these are all things that you can add on to your teaching learning, which will make your teaching learning more effective than simply transmitting information in the classroom. Mahalingam College. Greetings, sir. This question is regarding the question of assessment. So learners with different intelligent levels will be in a particular class and what percentage of students at low level should be in the second question? The same thing. And the second question is, whether is there any difference between active learning and active learning? Because of active details learning, the role play methodology will be improved. So whether active learning and active details learning are the same. So my understanding of the first question is that we have students with diverse backgrounds, diverse intellectual backgrounds, diverse motivations and so on. So how should we target our instruction and which blooms levels should we target in that case? So what again, this is a question which is of common concern to a lot of us. This diversity issue is one of those challenging problems. And there is really no one solution that addresses this. Blooms taxonomy, what it does is gives us one possible tool or one possible technique where we can think of questions, we can create questions at various levels and then make sure that there is a variety of levels in the questions that we ask within the class and in the exams and so on. So Blooms taxonomy does not tell us that for students of this level, you must use the blooms questions at a certain level. The overall recommendation is still that do not concentrate only on recall and understand levels because if you look at most university exams today have primarily questions on recall and understand. So the overall recommendation is that do look at all the levels because learning and science and engineering and other subjects is spread across all the levels. So that's as much as we can recommend. We also don't say that keep all questions at the create level. That also defeats the purpose. So for a suitable in a suitable context. So if you have a group project, if you have presentations, do ask questions like the kind that you wrote today morning in your TPS activity. If you have a written exam, make sure you have a mix of all levels and different students will be able to answer different questions. So Vaishnav Institute of Technology. Very good, sir. We want to ask from you what methodology a college can adopt so that the course curriculum for the students can best utilize their knowledge in the industry for designing a new product. Okay, so this is again one of those broad questions to which there is no specific answer. It depends upon the course. It depends upon the subject that you're teaching. See, as teachers, we all agree that that is the grand goal that we want our students to achieve. We want them to learn something that is very relevant and we want them to be able to apply it in the industry. But there is no single answer to that question.  For example, there are I can only give you some examples. So one of the examples that when I teach networking is that sometimes when I see a problem in the industry, I post that same problem to the students so that they can get a feel of, okay, what are the problems that people in the industry are working on. Another thing that you could do is you could invite somebody from the industry to come and give a guest lecture in your course where again the students can get a feel of, you know, what is going on in the industry, what are the problems, how they become ready and so on. So there really is no single correct answer to that. Give them problems, let them do projects which are to the extent that is possible to the extent that you have the freedom that are relevant to building products in the industry and that's about it. That's all that you can do. Roland Institute. Good evening sir. I am from Roland Institute, Bharampur. Sir, actually the time duration to complete the course is very late and the syllabus and the course contents of different Indian technical universities from one university to another university. So in this contest how can we cover the course with video clipping? Okay, so once again, so the question is about how to cover the entire course when we are doing video material or, you know, activities of this sort. So, see, it's one thing to think that we are covering the course when we are simply lecturing and it's another thing for the students to actually acquire that material because as many of you may also agree that students don't necessarily pay attention when we are simply lecturing. So it may not be that, so it's only our illusion which makes us feel that we are covering the material. So in this case what you will find when you implement such techniques either using flip classroom or any one of the active learning, other active learning techniques is that you, instead of the students you know, listening to you in the lecture and then going back to their hostel or homes and studying in groups, that entire studying is happening together. So that is why the material that we are worried about as will not get covered actually does get covered because they are engaging with the material on a more day-to-day basis rather than just before the exam. It's a matter of going ahead and implementing it and then you will realize for yourself that it does get covered. There seem to be a number of questions on flip classroom on the chat. So let me just take a few of those questions right now. One of it says that using flip classroom is difficult because students are coming from various economic backgrounds and maybe they don't have the resources in their homes to watch the videos. So in this case one thing that some people have tried is to actually play the videos in the college itself and maybe for half the class itself. So as a teacher if you are normally used to lecturing for one hour and if you already have access to some of these videos, maybe something that you have made in your previous years teaching or video that somebody else has created, you can play the video in the class for half the session and then do an active learning strategy for the other half. In fact that's exactly how we've been running this particular workshop that within the workshop we've been playing videos and immediately doing active learning strategies. So that is one way you can overcome the resource problem. The other point that some people, these are just comments or questions that which kind of students will flip classroom work. Will it be, is it only the high achievers or the low average students, will it fail for some and again there are no rules here that flip classroom only works for a certain kind of population. If the guidelines are implemented correctly that is pose a video, let students watch a video which is made well according to the guidelines that was discussed today. Make sure that students have watched the video either by means of a quiz or some short activity and then give another activity where students are actually applying this content. This cycle should help all kinds of students. It's not about letting students watch the video and learning everything from the video itself. That's not the point of a flip classroom. So Nanamani College, in a derivative paper like as like in our electrical domain you know, so how we can use this activity tool like your flow means and then your rubrics, how we can implement this kind of tool like a derivative paper and mathematical oriented paper. This is our first doubt set and then the second is that so most of the case we are we are conducting the classes and then it is going the entire course is 4 to depends upon the exam oriented. So if it is the exam oriented means how we can implement this activity tool in such a kind of course. So these are the two queries. Okay, so the first question is about how we can implement this in a mathematical concept. So this question was asked yesterday and answered yesterday. I think perhaps let me just quickly recap. The point here is that in any of these strategies the more as an instructor if you go on telling the less the students are going to listen to you. The more you come up with ideas for making the students do something in the class the more they are going to be able to absorb the topic. So it does not matter whether it is whether you call it peer instruction or TPS or flip classroom or whatever. Find ideas by which you can make students work in the class. That is the basic principle that you have to apply here and that principle you can use your own creativity to figure out how to apply that in a mathematical course. So for example if you're doing a proof you can do a few steps of the proof and then ask the students to do the subsequent steps of the derivation on their own. Maybe do a think-per-share activity and then continue with doing the proof. So this is one way in which you could do that. School of management Uttar Pradesh? My question is if we will use this flipped class technique in our class the students may get disinterested in traditional classes and they will not come for the performance-based activities for the class and we will face absentee in class. So how we can overcome this issue in our classes? Okay so this is again one of the questions which I answered just about 10 minutes ago. That is the concern if you are not going to do anything more in your class than transmitting videos then transmitting information then yes you have this threat that students may not come to your class. On the other hand if we are going to do activities in the class then definitely the students will come because we are going to give them the context of making that information. See what we have to understand in the flipped classroom model is that it's not really a new anything new that we are doing. All that we are saying is that if you look at the entire learning process earlier it was that we were lecturing in the classroom and that had some reason because in the 20th century the information was at a premium. Information was not very easily available to everybody and so teachers were trained to provide that information to large number of students. So in the classroom what we were doing was providing the information and out of the classroom was when the students were working together in groups and you know internalizing that information by solving problems and worksheets and so on. Whereas in the 21st century because so much of information is already available as youtube channels and various educational videos what we are trying to do now is to help them internalize this information by doing the activities in the classroom. So if you get this point across to the students that the reason for flipping the classroom is that what otherwise you have to do in the hostel or in your home without the instructor and the teaching assistant support now you can do in the classroom with the support and it makes your life easy then students are not going to stay away from the classroom. There is only one condition one context in which what you say may be a little valid. Suppose in all assessments exams projects and in all assessments you only ask what's in the video. Then that's not a good situation for students because as you say the students might have less motivation to come to class but if students find out that what you're doing in class is useful to them in some way or the other it even for one situation let's say to do well in the group project they need to do the activities or to do some problem that you give in a quiz next week they need to do the activities in class then they'll come to class. So when you have some when you are setting some question or giving a homework assignment make sure that they the questions cover both the video as well as the activities that are done in class. Truba College Yes sir good evening sir my question is how rubrics can be applied on lab sessions and how to create a rubrics for student assessment thank you. Okay the question is how can rubrics be used for labs in fact rubrics are one of the good assessment techniques for labs because what you want to assess there do fall under multiple criteria and what you want to assess is sometimes more complex than what can be done with a single number. What I'd suggest for labs is to try to identify the various criteria on which you want to assess students. So some of these criteria may be that has the student identified the correct principles to do the experiment have they chosen the correct data values have they plotted the graphs correctly have they done the analysis have they done the implementation correctly so identify various criteria or categories over which on which you want to assess the student and create one rubric item that is one row in the rubric for each of these criteria. If you want to look at some examples again I think if you look at Google and say rubrics for labs on electronic circuits you might get quite a few existing examples but it's up to you as a teacher to decide which criteria are important for your students in your labs. And now I institute Good evening. We want to ask that you know this to when we create this for example this resources through screencast. So normally I mean the assumption is like that we need to have the resources at our end or other student should have this setup where they can use the resources. So perhaps you know normally the assumption is like a student can use those at their end also but I think the students are sometimes having constraint in terms of using our resources. So perhaps we I mean as an institute to make city more knowledge worthy we need to I think in the classrooms have those facilities IT facilities to be fully enabled. So this I think we find it is a little bit of constraint as far as making it available to the wider audience as far as the student knowledge is concerned. I'm just wondering I mean like your views on this. Okay so the point is well taken that the resources are not available to all the students and it's possible that you are dealing with a target population who don't have access to the resources. And the challenge here for you is to you know figure out a way to make them achieve the same amount of learning. So the once again the point here is not on the specific technique or not on the specific resource that is being created. What your I say is always on what is the student getting out of it and if you can figure out a way to get the students like something that we spoke about earlier that if students don't have access to the video you can play the video in the first 10 minutes of your class where you have a projector and you have access to the resources. So in all of these techniques what I would like all of you to keep in mind is that none of these are a single solution that can be applied for all topics for all levels uniform for all types of students in all types of demographics uniformly. So we are not giving you a solution here. What we are giving you is exposure to a set of different ways of doing things and now it's up to you to decide which way suits you for your students and so that is why the teacher is never going to become redundant. We can give these workshops but you have to then think about okay what can I take from this workshop and apply in my own classroom to make my students learn more than what they were learning earlier. So that challenge is actually resting with you. There is no answer that we can give you ready made for that question. One way you can begin to answer this question from what we did in the workshop is to see what we focused on and right from day one and in fact right from our title we've been focusing on the pedagogy and the techniques and the instructional strategies that form the principle of all of what you do in class. One good example of this was the polling questions. So in this workshop we used a view poll but we know that you don't have a view poll in your classes. So we discussed methods of doing polling in your classes. There again you have a variety of options. You have clicker devices if that's available. If you don't have it you can use the paper and the four quadrants that we showed. If you don't even want to do that you can use a hand raise but the principle of using polling questions and getting students to discuss with each other remains the same for all of these tools. So when you go back and look at what you learned from the workshop focus on these principles and these techniques that you learned and then try to translate it into your own context. College of Engineering Bhupaneshwar Good evening sir. Sir can we use TPS or peer instructions for evaluating the students? Can we use these type of activities to categorize the students into different levels? It is generally recommended that these activities not be used to slot students into low, medium, high achievers and not to assign marks to these activities. And the main reason is you want the free student discussion to happen in the peer phase and in the peer discussion phase. Also in the think phase and when students are doing their own vote you want them to actually think and learn and try to connect rather than be aware and be constrained by oh how many marks am I getting for this. So we really recommend that you don't use these strategies for giving marks and all the research studies that exist show that student learning definitely gets improved by these strategies when there are no marks associated with it. Mofakkamja College Good evening. My question is that we have already started implementing rubrics for our labs and project seminars. But during assessments we are facing a typical difficulty in the sense we have to print out 60 pages of our rubric sheets for 60 students and then mark on each sheet and then give it back to the students, collect it back and feed it into our system. Is there a software that can help us out to do this since you are already showing a lot of good softwares to us. Is there a software for rubric assessment? A quick and easy answer to this will be you can put it in Google spreadsheets wherein it is visible to all the students and they will be able to post their markings in that. But the learning management system of Moodle actually has a facility wherein an activity can be created and you can access it through Moodle with both self and peer review. We will be trying to use it in the coming phase to a minor extent because there is a diversity we will not be able to address it to every person. But we will be using this particular module in Moodle called Workshop wherein you submit your assignments and it has first undergo a self review then a peer review finally you will get graded. So the quick and easy answers shared spreadsheets either in Google or some other mechanism but in a larger way it is like you can use learning management systems which already has this facility. So you can also simply project the rubric onto the you know white board or whatever and that's that's the technique which I have used and simply say that this is the rubric and allow people to grade themselves or allow people to grade their peers submission using that and then once you collect it back you can always say that I am going to randomly check and verify whether the grading has been done fairly and all that. So that's also a possibility. So far we don't know how to approach the open and open but in the evening there is a rubric we can now order it thanks for that one and the other one more thing is in the think plan share activity the people here are thinking individually and pairing is not like you said among the faculty and as a coordinator I try to try my best to share their views but sharing is effectively not taking place pairing is not effectively taking place but when I ask for the ask them to share they are sharing with the coordinator their views and other things and the effectiveness of the what's up is only when they desire it will be effective. Thanks for bringing this point to our notice that see it does happen that when people are not exposed to this methodology of think pair share there is a lot of reluctance in the beginning. So irrespective of whether you are doing a workshop for teachers or whether you are taking a class for 150 students or whether it's a class for 30 students the first few times when they encounter this think pair share they always are different about talking to each other. So which is why the most of the pair faces you will notice have a specific deliverable which is different from the think face deliverable. So as a coordinator if you can bring that to the pairs notice so as an instructor what I do in my class is simply walk around and simply encourage them to talk to each other and say that look have you achieved that deliverable which was given for the pair face. So for example in the morning's session there might have been the pair face deliverable of look at activities that have been written and see whether they are of the appropriate higher order levels. So you could as a coordinator simply go around and encourage them to talk about that you know interact yourself with a few pairs and once there is a some amount of noise in the class you will find that the pairs other pairs also start interacting and in the worst case if none of this happens then you know there really is nothing to do you can just say I tried my best. Yeah Perimal college. Sir in the in the previous session you have discussed about teacher A and teacher B that teacher A can discuss the thing in the classroom and the problems can be solved in the as a homework. The teacher B what he or she can do is he can load the video and that video can be given to the student and he or she can see it in the home and come back by next morning and the problem can be solved in the classroom. So which will be a mathematical student? So I assume that the question is for teacher A and teacher B which is better for a mathematical student. So once again I cannot answer at the level of mathematics. It again depends upon the topic. It depends upon what your learning objective is. If your learning objective is simply for them to memorize some formula then perhaps teacher either of the teacher's strategies will work. So if your objective is for them to apply that formula in order to learn something. I think if you do the teacher B strategy and then follow it up with some more homework exercises that might turn out to be the best. So once again like I have been saying since the beginning none of these are a single correct answer type of solution. So this is one additional way. It's just think of it as you have many tools in your toolkit to solve various problems. So we have only given you a few more tools with which you can attack problems that are happening in your classroom. So we cannot say that this one tool will solve all the problems. Depending upon your own subject that you're teaching whatever mathematical topic it might be you have to think about the learning objective. You have to think about whether your assessment questions are what your assessment questions are whether they are matched with the learning objective and then decide what is a suitable instructional strategy for that particular topic. Sharad Institute of Technology My question is from exact point of view how weightage should be distributed among the various level of community level means how many questions from the common level likewise apply level and a supplement question to it that how is it desirable to apply a question create a question in the theory paper. This is a question the question is how many questions should be there in the exam at various blooms levels. And again this is a point we did not discuss too much in the workshop but we did discuss it in one of the question and answer sessions that in addition to creating questions at various levels and doing activities in class at various levels the teacher has to make a decision independently on exactly this point and that depends on your goals and it depends on what all you have done in class. There is a formal framework you can use it's called a blueprint to do this. The blueprint just helps you determine how many questions for each topic at each level and for different types of questions different format of questions whether you want to give a fill in the blank or essay and all. So you make a decision before you write a question paper that you want some distribution. The decision will depend on who your learners are how much you think they have learned during the classes in what way you have taught them what methods you have taught what other assessment tools you have used. So it depends on a variety of factors that are completely in your control and whose information only the teacher knows. So again there is no I'm not giving you an answer to this question because there really doesn't exist a clear answer. There is only the recommendation that do not do only recall and understand level questions and at the same time it's not practical to do only evaluate and create level questions even if we feel that that's what we want our students to do. So judiciously choose a mix of different levels so that the students can answer the paper in the given time and so on. Regarding your second question as to can you give create level questions in an exam it might be better to give it as a project or as a take home assignment depending on how extensive and how complex the create level question is. But it may be possible to write some restricted create level questions so you may give a question where they have to write a part of a program or design a part of a system it may be possible to put this on a test but then make sure that the other questions are also such that the students have enough time to answer this question. So let me give you one example of such a create level question which you can put in an exam. So once again here the amount of time that you give to the students will have to be flexible you can't put create level questions and say that you have to create an answer within one hour. So if you have some amount of open ended time so one question that you know I often used to put in my exams was that take all the topics that you have learned in this course and suppose you have to teach one of these topics to your grandmother okay how are you going to teach the topic. So that's an example of a create level question which actually gives you a lot of idea about how much the student has themselves learned in the course or for that particular topic that they choose to write about. Keep in mind that these questions are very hard to evaluate. So if you are going to have 90 of such answers each of those answers is going to take you a fair amount of time because you will need some kind of a rubric to evaluate a create level question you cannot simply use a marking scheme in order to evaluate them. So given those constraints it is possible to put such questions in even in exams. Rajaram Babu Institute Actually in create level is there any necessity that always to ask open-ended question? So again there is a fine line between create level and apply level. So for example when you ask a student to write a program for let's say a queue of taxis at an airport let's say you're teaching a programming course and you say that look I want to write a program which manages a queue of taxis at an airport. Now at one level it may be an apply level question at another level it may be a create level question but in both cases this is not an open-ended question. The question is fairly closed in the sense that the objective is clear. What is open-ended is that there are multiple solutions that may be possible and there may be multiple correct solutions for this particular question. So that is the open-ended part of most create level questions. It's possible for you to design the question in such a way that the requirements are clearly specified but then the open-ended part will still remain in the multiple paths that the different students take to answer the question. So the evaluation of such questions will necessarily need to account for these variations in their answers. This is a point which has repeatedly come up so let me just talk a little bit about the principle behind what it means to have a cognitive level or a thinking level of students and the activity itself. So if you're getting confused as to should this be the type of question I write for a certain level or what are the rules for writing a question at a certain level I would suggest that you go back to the definition of what students should be able to do at that level. Look at the definitions of levels that were provided in the Bloom's Taxonomy Hierarchy and then look at your learning activity and see if the student has to do those tasks or in order to fulfill your activity. So if you want to ask is it an apply level problem there must be some rule or principle that the student has to apply in a situation that is relatively new. So ask yourself if the learning activity satisfies that. At least it should begin to help you differentiate between the cognitive level and the activity itself. Yeah so MEPCO College So same question if we ask in the exam will it come under same analysed category or it will come under understand category or recall category. If I apply the principle that I just stated what is the student doing in the exam to answer that question. Most likely it will be understand only or perhaps even recall as you mentioned. So think from what the student is doing in order to answer that question and you can make this decision and we think it's going to be at a lower level if you repeat the identical question. On the other hand if you do something which is related but new the student might still need to do thinking tasks at least at the apply if not at the analysed level. Students will use rubrics rubrics during the learning process which means where they will use them they will understand those rubrics or they have to apply it somewhere. Your question was where are students going to use rubrics. So where are students going to use rubrics. So the quick answer is rubrics will give them information as to how they are going to be assessed.  So supposing it is a lab assignment what should be an excellent category of activities or experiments and what is not so advised category of doing the tasks this they will come to know by seeing the rubric in which they are going to be assessed. So K S Rangaswamy College our institution got accredited by N B and the tier one category and also ours is an autonomous institution we implemented outcome based education process in a full-fledged manner. We have already little bit expertise in writing program education objectives course objectives and also we implemented various cognitive levels assessment pattern but we found that in an exam the past percentage is optimally low but we find one major difficulty in implementing these things for heterogeneous level of students or should be the appropriate proportion for various cognitive levels in setting the question paper. So one quick answer to this is the you will have to decide a blueprint of question papers right at the start but see one important thing is that your learning objective has to have an alignment with what you are assessing. So supposing you do all and ultimately your instructional strategies have to be aligned with your learning objective and assessment strategies to make sure that your abysmal score turns into a good number. So if you go wrong at any one place you cannot blame either setting up of learning objectives or setting up of questions for your abysmal record but a quick answer to your question is in summative exams or in semester exams you should not have too much higher order cognitive level questions because at the end of the day they are attempting the exam in a finite amount of time. So the cognitive level that they have to do these tasks have to be matched with the time that they take for answering the questions. So make sure that you have at most one evaluate if not create and the other should be at apply analyze level. You can have some recall or understand level initially to test some aspects but all these should be aligned with your learning objectives and instructional strategies that you have done throughout the entire semester. Yes, Sri Jai Jantra College. Good evening madam. Will you be discussing about will you be discussing course design on the basis of Washington Accord because many colleges are required to design their curriculum on the basis of Washington Accord. Okay, so we won't be discussing that topic directly but what we have done so far in terms of being able to write learning objectives at different levels writing assessment questions and aligning them to the learning objectives these form one major component of the Washington Accord. There are other things in the Washington Accord that is how do you start with program educational objectives and then trickle it down to the course level and unit level that part we won't be discussing in this workshop but the part that the instructor as an individual can do that's something that we've already done in the last three days. Yeah, Kurukshetra University. Good evening sir. Good evening. My name is Puneet Bansal. I don't have a question I have a submission actually many I've seen that many teachers are concerned about the recognition from the government's side but UGC is already implementing all these techniques because UGC has notified that by 2016 every college has to apply for NBAC edition and these rubric course outcomes program outcomes all these are mentioned in the NBAC process. So I hope this workshop will help all of you do that and the goals of the workshop is to train a lot a large number of instructors to do that so that when it comes time for accreditation you're all ready to do that. Strange question actually like leaders in ICT like IIT they're leading this ICT technique implementation in India from the front and this seems strange that like IIT Madras I have seen IIT Kharagpur I have seen they still use this like very traditional classrooms like Chok and this thing. Okay, so again I'm going to go back to the premise of this workshop we are not saying Chok is bad IIT Bombay also uses a lot of Chok I also use Chok when necessary we are not at the same time saying that ICT will solve all problems what we are saying is depending on what all tools you have what at your disposal and what you choose to use how do you use it in the most effective manner that's the focus of the workshop so that's all we'll say about this but the tool itself is not what we are going to be talking about and not what we focus about JC College one more question yeah Madam, can you give your ideas regarding creating a question bank? Okay, a quick and easy way of creating question banks is already being exposed to you Wikis so supposing within your institution you have say 10 faculty in a particular domain they all can have individual wiki pages where they write the questions now wiki is a collaborative tool wherein the others can also go and review these give comments and the faculty himself out by himself herself can revise these questions so at the end of the day so at the end of say one iteration you will have a set of good questions for your domain now what we are trying to do in the ET repository wiki if you look at it are strategies to create repositories of good peer instruction and TPS strategies so we will have activities wherein you create and write TPS activities in the wiki pages this will be copied from your TPS assignments you can just copy it from your TPS assignments on to the wiki and this will be evaluated by a larger audience like for example if you are teaching computer science there may be around 1000 odd teachers as part of T10KT within the domain of computer science and they will all have ability to view your question and we will provide you with rubrics as to how to assess these TPS strategies so at the end of the day you will get reviews from 1000 people yeah so basically if the if all the people use it you will get 1000 people but we are mandating that you review three people so at the minimum you will have three at the maximum you have thousands so this way once you refine these contents this itself will become a good repository so and this is going to happen across the next two weeks so in the online phase and also towards the end of the workshop so can you please tell me the role of the RC coordinator during this time now what should I do now as RC coordinator what you have to now ensure is that all your participants have at least tried out the wiki for trial wiki which we have created just for participants to get exposed to wiki so once all this is done you have to share the usernames of all your participants to us and we will add them to the T10KT repository whereby they will have access to all the T10KT repository resources that you create in wiki University BDT college madam I got two questions first one is if the quality of the student is below average and that these technologies that simply plus and other things are how much suitable how much relevant and second question is tomorrow you is available for any queries and other things direct okay I will take your second query first regarding your assignment queries regarding your assignments and all you have to post in Moodle so there are specific forums for that you can even post in the news forum if you want so if there is a question already you just have to look at it what the response has been given to that question so if the response has already been said you will be redirected to that particular forum regarding your question number one first of all it is it is not advisable that you slot your students into low achievers and high achievers yes students will have some difficulties so what you have to try to do is I mean active learning strategies are one way in which you can bring them up in their level of expertise so if you have a student who is a high achiever and you pair them up with a person who is having difficulty so let us say the think pair share example the higher achiever is going to explain it to the peer and he is going to receive it more openly as it is coming from his friend and this will give you two things one is that the entire classroom environment will become more conducive for active learning strategies second is that you will see a remarkable improvement in the people whom you quote-unquote call law achievers across the semester and this is not a magic pill so you do this once it may not give you the desired effect you have to do it continuously across a semester to see that there has been changes in the student I mean once when he entered the semester and once he is exiting the semester that brings us to the end of the Q and A session


Let's have a look in this lecture at the very exciting topic of linear regression This is import our fancy style sheet there off we go What are we going to require here? We're going to import numpy as the abbreviation in P pandas is PD and then from sci-pi.stats We're going to import this new thing linear regress Because it is a method inside of a sub module there linear regress is on its own And I can just use it as is if I import it this way old friends matplotlib seaborn and warnings matplotlib the magic command there and ignoring the filter warnings Off we go linear regression Now remember when we did the t-test we had two categorical groups But the variable inside of those groups that we wanted to compare to each other were ratio type numerical data then we did the chi-square test where everything was categorical data But what if all the data is just numerical? That's when we're going to use linear regression So we're just going to compare one set of Variable numerical variables against the other set of new numerical variables So just for this little example I've created this regression dot CSV. So we're not doing our we do it in the end But here we're not using our usual MOOC underscore mock. We're going to use Regression CSV and read it in as a CSV Into this computer variable called regdata, which will then become a Penance data frame. Let's run it and have a look. So there we go. It is this two columns PCT CRP pro-calcitonin and C reactive protein Now what does linear regression do? It's just going to plot these two values on the X and Y value. So you might choose either X and either is Y but you're going to Say this is my X value and this is my Y value and I'm going to make a plot so in the XY a dot At the intersection of this X value and this Y value now You set up the X and Y depending on what you want to say with your data But more about that later, but that's in essence what's going to happen There's something really odd about this data set though there. We have not a number So either that was left blank or something weird was filled into our spreadsheet there But certainly I have a CRP value there But not a PCT and here I have a PCT but not a CRP. Where am I going to put this dot? So it's very important with linear regression to get rid of any rows that contain Non-numerical values or nonsense values that is very important So let's go ahead and do that and this is the way to do that I'm going to create a new data frame called regdata underscore 2 the second one I'm going to take my original one reg underscore data dot drop in a and The argument that it takes is subset equals and then the two columns Now watch carefully. I didn't put to reg underscore data right there again. So you're right there again It's a bit of a different way to use drop in a says regdata dot drop in a and Then the argument is subset equals and then just in square brackets the two columns from which you want So if any row that contains and either those columns of value that's not numerical It's going to delete it Now let's look at the data set. So just pay very careful attention to the way to that syntax there So there we go and you'll see beautiful beautifully down both You'll see for instance 11 12 13 was thrown out But for each X value, there's a Y value, whichever one you choose X and Y to be Now, let's just describe this. We just want to see what our data looks like We've never looked at this data again. It does not come from any particular patients. It's just random values So we see that they are now to 26 PCT values And of course, they should be 26 CRP values as well See the mean is 6 and the standard deviation is 2 and for the CRP mean is 61 and standard deviation of 25 We can plot that by our old friend the violin plot from SNS the data that I want to plot this is the Penis data frame and I wanted to group by PCT and CRP and I give the names PCT and CRP and There we go. It's a bit of an odd plot because obviously the values are not very comparable This goes to 150 and this only goes to what was the max there only to 9.8 So it's a bit of a odd plot not a very good plot to to submit for publication. Anyway, it gives us an idea Now here comes the linear regression function linear regress What you want to tell in regress is the X value and the Y value That's what you want done So I want from regs data to the PCT values and from regs data the CRP values But now remember they're both 26 and for each one there is a corresponding other one linear regress gives me back 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Values and I've got to put them in order. The first one is the slope Now let's just look there remember from school the equation for straight line Y equals MX plus C Where the M value is the slope Remember that is how steep the line is that was a positive slope This was a negative slope and the higher the steeper the slope the higher the M comes C was your Y Intercept when you make X zero then why it was just going to be this value that cuts through the Y axis So this is what we're gonna have Initially because what linear regression is going to do linear says line We're going to draw the straight line and it'll have a slope in order to do draw the line It'll have to have this intercept. That's why I call it intercept You can call these whatever you want, but giving them names that are meaningful helps Intercept is going to be this R value, which we'll discuss a P value, which we always want and standard error. It's going to give you back of those five So let's have a look This is one way that we can do it. I'm using the print command here. This remember This is exclusive to Python 3.x so 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 that you have to put these The print command works read differently from the 2.6 2.7 versions. So print the slope of the line is comma when there's a comma there It's it's going to put a space there automatically for you. So don't worry about putting a space there slope Then it's going to put that value comma and then this funny thing backslash n. That's an empty line So it's like hitting return or or Enter twice The Y intercept is It's going to put the intercept the correlation coefficient That was that R value is R value the P value is P value the standard error is standard error Let's run that. Oh It's not going to work because I never ran that command. Let's run that And then this there we go. It would not know what slope is because I never executed the cell So the slope is 10. That's quite a Quite a steep line. The Y intercept is negative three the correlation coefficient is 0.96 P value is 1.2 times 10 to the power negative 15 That is Extremely low P value way less than 0.05 and then the standard error 0.56 So let's plot this the beautiful plot to do linear regression is called the reg plot SNS from seaborne.regplot It takes these important arguments below up We're going to use our appendicitis data set and I'll show you a lot more arguments But most of those are default values I just want to show you how complicated things is and it's complicated in one way But make makes a very powerful because you can change so many things, but these are the quintessential ones you want You want whatever you want the X value to be that's regdata to PCT Regdata to CRP column will be my Y values I want to construct a 95% confidence interval in my graph around my straight line That's a beautiful thing to do and in order to do that now. This is not part of Psykit's bootstrap This is something that's built into regplot So the two are not the same so I can just say CI equals 95 and n underscore boot is 1000 Please do 1000 bootstrap values for me and you remember what bootstrap values are And look how beautiful that graph is Beautiful straight line and you can see most of the data points are very close to this line hence my very low p value so the slope is 10 and So what does that say it would say because I chose remember because I chose This is the wrong way around in the x-axis we have PCT that's quite correct and on the y-axis we have CRP So for every one increase in PCT I'm going to get a 10 increase in CRP. It's very well correlated. So it's this positive correlation Because the slope is positive now the intercept of almost negative 4 remember that doesn't really help us That's just a mathematical thing We can't say when the PCT is zero we can have a CRP of negative 4 so you have to use a bit of common sense there But if we use our y equals mx plus c for this line We have this beautiful predictive model now We can say we can predict the CRP model if you give me the PCT from my data set I can predict what the CRP is going to be with this 95% confidence interval nicely drawn in that light blue there for us So I'm going to take any PCT you give me I'm going to multiply by 10 and I'm going to subtract 4 from that and that's going to give me a CRP value so beautiful model there and now you can see depending on which one you made CRP in which one you made PCT because I can deconstruct this algebraically and get PCT all on its own Or I could have just changed the two values around here that would have given me miss another model to work with Another model to work with let's look at this r underscore value Computer variable that I got back. That's called the Pearson correlation coefficient And that's a number between negative one and one and that tells us how well Correlated these two are with negative one meaning meaning a perfect negative correlation So the slope would have been negative But all the dots fall exactly on that line and positive one irrespective of the slope all the dots fall on it and there's a perfect positive correlation and Everything in between so in this example. We had a correlation coefficient If only I could spell see you just double-click in there coefficient There we go with that work What much it what spelling mistake to make there we go see how easy this to correct a Pearson correlation coefficient of about 0.97 This means the variables are very well correlated indeed And there's a positive correlation as one increases the other one increases We saw our p value there One very important thing is that to remember the dictum correlation does not mean Causation just because that something is so well correlated or two two variables are so well correlated You cannot say that one cause the other it is not proof of causation the the PCT does not the rise in PCT does not cause physiologically the rise in CRP Okay, you have to think about the mechanics of you know What really happens inside of your test tube or inside of your test subject? Let's use our appendix data So let's import again. We've know how to do that and just checking that everything is imported. Okay, no problems there Let's make data set to by dropping the Nase So take data drop Nase from the temperature and white cell count I want to correlate temperature and white cell count and In one cell I'm going to go on to just doing this rich plot now I want to show you how complicated the rich plot can be look how many arguments it takes Fortunately, and there's even more I didn't even put them all in there's a lot of them But remember from the one up top we want the X value the Y value and we want confidence intervals and bootstrap values So that we can have a nice graph that we that we can send for publication. Let's look at that. Whoa Whoa What does that look like so this is increase in white cell count on the x-axis so put white cell count first And then increase in temperature. I could have done it the other way around of course Probably would have made a bit more sense to do it the other way around Let's run our slope intercept our value p value standard error and let's see what these are Let's just see what these are so my slope was open oh for So very slight dies in white cell count It's going to give me raising temperature the r value is very low 0.16 Still a significant p value. They're still a correlation between temperature and white cell count That's very good. And then of course just the standard error So I can write the Y equals MX plus C little model again And you can give me a white cell count and I can predict what the temperature is going to be as I say You could have also done it the other way around there you have it linear regression