Everybody forced here rip in 2023 Bowman draft baseball choice in super jumbo seven box makes your number eight pick your team style Got ammo with the Cubs Anton with the Reds Charles F diamondbacks Chen Z braves Chris S Tigers Chris L Phillies Christopher S with the Pirates those two Chris S Chris Chris S Tigers Christopher with the Pirates. That's what the the names are input as Darren with the Nationals Edward P Royals Frank with the Rays Gabriel C Rangers Jeff B Astros Jason a White Sox Jeffrey H Mariners Joe H Orioles Jonathan L Mets Kuban Guardians Logan with the Cardinals Matthew BU Marlins Matthew B E Yankees Matthias with the Jays Michael P Rockies Michael T with the Giants Michael Y a is Nathaniel with the Red Sox She with the Angels Sunigawa Dodgers Tony Y Brewers William C Padres and Jantau with the twins Six box case of choice so that one right there. All right, let's do this y'all Jake and Lane are live off Maddox live everybody rip in mixtures right now They got a jumbo case over there with plenty of spots left So there's only like a handful left in ours plenty of spots out over there plenty Same style of mixers here except they're doing jumbo box with the choice case All right, here we go. Good luck everybody. This is number eight here paper base split even in these mixers Emerson base That is a bowman glass match off with the Cubs on the insert here women glass match all Then a green grass at 99 do know for the Reds Alfredo.  There's a green refractor Paul Skeen's draft insert Pirates Paul Skeen's number to 99 fractors of Croel Lord Denton Reggio Vakero Redfield Zavala Forester a Cade cooler first woman base auto for the Braves Skeen's insert and Blake Mitchell and has everybody doing I asked that earlier and I don't know if anybody answered. I can't remember Think someone I think someone said good Lot of people watching make sure to like the stream Sparkle first woman Quinn McDaniel for the Giants He's been a good day. We've hit some really nice cards green paper to 99 Max Clark Tigers fractures of Romero for mellow Arias Davis Vargas Meyer Honeyman Mires a tie Floyd Reds first woman base auto Reds in the tie Floyd get a big hit in here. There's super jumbo Max Clark Spencer Jones And a jacobo heat over there Lane came over complaining and now I blew paper to 499 is do know for the Reds Got a future lunar crater Carlos Jorge to 199 for the Reds Max Clark refractors of Whitman Riley Keener Thornton Walton Mejia Salted Bond in Bergoglia, Enrique Bradfield base auto we go owes first woman base auto Oils orals are hitting recently now louder and Taylor. Oh, that's a nice color coming up here. Come on Jay Clark base woman glass Max Clark for the Max Tark Tigers and Sabayos rose gold at 10. How about that for Atlanta? I knew was something we hadn't seen before There we go. Congrats to the Braves here rose gold number to 10 saving Sabayos Look at that one in a mag Aqua pink to 199 K Denton Rockies on the paper Fracture Justin Crawford Phillies rhymer for the Red Sox green Vitrano bowman Maraudis trusser Wiggins Winnaker first woman refractor auto to 499 for the twins brain at Winnaker 45 at 499 Felden Celestin and Ethan solace choice time Okay, okay You want all the paper base? You can buy a box and get all the paper base and there we sell the paper base spot in jumbo case breaks All right, we go a is first woman auto Jonah Cox go A's Ninja really Joshua geez man a base first auto Ralphie Velazquez for the Guardians So he has both he has a base insert and then the insert auto the He has 81 total autos that were put in there The autos have gold orange red and super and then The base he has as well a base insert Choice first auto Wyatt Langford rangers She's bangerang Hey, I'm dude three of 150 big card, Texas Gabriel C. Oh, congrats. Congrats. I'm seeing a foam piece in this one interesting Gold shimmer to start us off is gonna be braves drew Hackenburg auto Hackenburg out of 50 33 of 50 I'll give the checklist so you can find the pack gods for all the Brady stuff tops usually puts pack gods and all their Checklists at the post Wish Panini would do that All right, next up is a base first woman autograph saving some bios for the Braves and Choice here first woman out of Jacob Wilson for the A's Yeah, dude eight of 150 Great hit for the A's That'll get mad as well. He's gonna roast the dolphins today. Yes. Yes, you will Yes, you will blue refractor first auto true blue their Maui Ohuna for the Giants He's gonna say it's like dude. What are we doing 87 to 150 Maui Ohuna? Whatever it is gonna be something like that. Yeah And agey hawk will be like yeah, they stink.  We love to see that 12 of 25 Yeah, we started off with a lot of blakes we back with him now Edward P Gorgeous orange waves good sig to Big time card that's going in a bag Sean good morning Sean green lava first auto Johnny Farmello for the Mariners 89 of 99 Go Mariners nice green lava Farmello Good hit there Mariners goodness product, dude and a refractor first auto Dylan head Padres as well now 415 to 499 It'll feel like morning all day for me. I'll still feel like I'm waking up. Yeah Feel like I'm just waking up until I go to sleep later. I'll take a nap and I'll play for all mm-hmm, and that'll be Just tired tomorrow morning Mets base auto AJ Ewing Next is a choice parallel 250 first woman auto Hunter Holland for the Reds 132 of 150 and A first woman auto for the Rocky Sean Sullivan. That is a green on top green lava Braves auto Cade cooler Green lava Cade cooler 80 of 99 with the Braves Refractor first woman autograph for the White Sox Jacob Gonzalez Nice Gonzalez hit there 409 of 499 you're gonna yell at siege and you get home. Good idea, Jace They said they were playing in ranked seeds, and they were like this is a nightmare Yeah, does it sound like a no ranked anything sounds like a nightmare. Yeah Choice first auto for the D-backs Jack Hurley numbered 43 of 150 on the back of the break I'm gonna try to log nine hours of that tonight Yeah, I'm sure I had like close to like 10 hours of playtime like the first two days or something like that Can you beat it? Can you beat that mode like you max out like I'm running out of things Brewers and A's last two teams on number three just Brewers and A's Last two jumbo cases of the day as well. They're six to go on the one after that Light blue paper to 499 is do know for the Reds aqua pink dent into 199 That's Jorge to 199 reds Paper Max Clark green. Let's go one there. Skeens green green skeins green screen green screen green to 99 is do know green grass autos of Sullivan Ewing Sabayos Velasquez Jonah Cox Bradfield Ty Floyd Kate Cooler Andrew pink me Factors to 499 of winnaker Dylan head Jacob Gonzalez to 150 of Hurley Holland to 150 a Huna to 99 cooler for mellow Rodden Mitchell to 99 as well in the insert gold shimmer of Hakenberg Jacob Wilson choice to 150 awesome hit for the A's here Choice 150 Langford Rangers Rose gold Sabayos to 10 for the Braves and an orange way first auto Blake Mitchell for Kansas City Some big-time cards right there Big-time cards. Thank you very much everybody number nine coming up


Welcome from the maintainers of Falco to its maintainers' track. During this talk, we're gonna move on, like real Italians do, to show you the amazing things that happened to Falco in this community in 2020. Last but not least, we're gonna dive into the contribution of the libraries that gave Falco its magic to the CNCF. Yes, we finally did it! Contributing Labescap, Labesins, the kernel module and the VPF probe to the open was one of my innermost desires since the first day I started working on Falco. Anyways, I'm Leonardo Di Donato, as you probably already know, one of the maintainers of Falco. Feel free to just call me Leo, but let me give the floor to another Leo. Hey, I'm Leonardo Grasso. Initially, I started as a Falco contributor and became a Falco maintainer during the last year. The other Leo and I are here to present the excellent work the maintainers in the whole community are doing. Let's start with a bit of history. Falco was created as an open-source project by Cystic in 2016, and it was donated to the CNCF in 2018. Finally, in early 2020, the CNCF promoted Falco to the incubation level. Falco has been the first ever runtime security project to be promoted to the CNCF incubation level. Yay, 2020 Falco started to fly really high. It was an extraordinary year for Falco and its community, and I guess 2021 is gonna be even more remarkable. In just one year, so many goals have been achieved. Even through the time would not be enough to tell them all, we will strive to share the most important with you. First of all, the Falco release process is now fully open-source. Maintainers propose themselves during our community goals so that they can lead the next Falco release. Which happens roughly every two months. Having an open-source release process was a mandatory requirement that came out from the process to move Falco into the CNCF incubation level. Now, and for almost a year already, every merge in the Falco master branch or every git tag on it triggers respectively the release of a development version of Falco or the release of a stable version of Falco. We use the git tab milestones for the stable versions. We enforce a current and precise somewhere to a versioning scheme. We finally split the Falco drivers version from the Falco version. We ship the RPM tarbol packages and container images on the Docker app and on the Amazon ECR gallery. But don't be scared, the process is fully automated. We set up release teams for stable releases only to ensure that all the preconditions are met and nothing's gonna break. Yeah, we are really serious about it. We documented the whole process in the release.md file to take a look at it. In the meantime, join our community goals every Wednesday and propose yourself to be part of the release team for the next Falco stable release. 2020 was also the year when the effective number of contributors to Falco and the Falco security repository grew so much. I guess it's the effect of the pandemic, right? Not sure about this, but hey, this year we had contributors from Amazon people, Delta 3, IBM, the list goes on. Yeah, it's thanks to them that we had the worst power to complete an open infrastructure to handle everything around Falco and its projects from the contributing workflows to the build system and to the test suites. I want to thank all the Falco Infra working group participants publicly. Two of them, Jonah from Amazon and Max from Delta 3 are now maintainers of the Falco Infra and I'm barely capable of expressing my gratitude to them for this. Hey Leo, can you explain what's concretely the Falco Open Infra? Sure, it's a Kubernetes cluster kindly provided by Amazon on the CNCF AWS account on which we run a fully-featured Pro instance. It's fully reproducible and all of its source code is in the testing for a repository. We use the Pro plugins to run our Hoyana bot. We also create Pro jobs to implement build and test pipelines for various projects. For example, this is how we ship more than 3000 pre-built Falco drivers to our users. Oh yeah, do-do. But we also use it to create automations. For example, I recently created a Pro job to automatically update the list of all the maintainers of the Falco security organization. Yes, I saw it. It inspired me to create a Pro job for automatically generating manifest files to deploy Falcon Kubernetes. Although we have provided some examples, those examples were usually not really up to date. But I knew our Falco M chart was working fine and could generate those manifest. So I said, why not automatically generate them when the M chart gets updated and I did it by implementing a Pro job? Thanks to our infra, we don't have to update them manually anymore. Awesome, Leo. Anyways, time to stop talking about our in-house CICD systems. In the deck you can find some useful links, especially the blog post on the AWS blog about Falco creating an open infrastructure with Pro on top of EKS, or my talk about Pro at previous Cubicons. Okay, let's talk a bit about how we renewed the way we distribute artifacts. By taking advantage of the infra, we organize how we store the package and the pre-built drivers. You can finally find all our officially supported art, the fact at download.falco.org. Yeah, we build driverkit to let our users manually pre-build the Falco drivers. Then we created that drivers build grid, which sources links to two slides before, using driverkit on top of our Falco infra. This means that Falco pre-built drivers are possible thanks to Pro and Kubernetes on AWS. Take a look at download.falco.org in the drivers directory to find all of them. There are so many. By the way, recently we also migrated the packages, initially published on the intray, which now is no longer a Bible. Basically, from now on our user can find all they need in one place, which is fully managed by Falco maintainers and bagged by our infrastructure. Okay, we have talked about many topics, but I believe that now is the time of the most exciting, probably the most important, think that happened in February 2021. All of the core components of the Falco stack are now part of the CNCF. As you already know, we announced that the contribution from Sysdig of the kernel model, the EBB probe and the libraries to the cloud native computing foundation. The source code of these components has been moved into the Falco organization. This contribution is fundamental part of a broader process of completely open sourcing one of the more complex and widely adopt EBPF programs, focused on runtime security, together with two fantastic libraries for enriching kernel events. The whole process is outlined in a proposal that Lorenzo and I presented and discussed with the Falco community during the past year. You can read it in the proposal folder or the Falco repository following the links in the slide too. These components are at the base of Falco, which mainly operates on top of our data source, system calls. The drivers, either kernel module or a EBPF probe, collect the system calls. Then the collected data needs to be enriched before being consumed by Falco. In the enrichment phase, the few libraries with synths and libscap take place. This contribution completes the effort of making sure that community worldly homes Falco and all its underlying components, it took a bit of time because it involves separating the pieces that were initially part of Sysdig and making them independent. But from now on, also other projects can benefit from them. We are thrilled to see what folks will build upon these libraries. And there is more. We are actively working on making these components even more awesome and consumable by the community. For example, we are improving the build mechanism, implementing a robust test suite, documenting the API and many other things. So stay tuned. Our part is over. While you watch Thomas speaking of its fantastic Creature Falco sidekick, we go grab some really good Italian espresso. We'll wait for your questions at the end of the talk. Ciao! Welcome to the second part of Falco RNG. In this one, I will show you how to connect Falco to your own ecosystem and how to go further with it with an example of a response engine. I'm Thomas LaBarisias. I'm currently an SRE at Comto, an European New York. And I am a Falco contributor for two years now. Not for the current GIN because I'm not a C++ developer, but with the website, the communication. I'm writing some blog posts and I'm trying to help people on slack about their issues with Falco. I am also the creator of Falco Sidekick, the tool for helping you to use Edge with Falco. Falco currently uses file different outputs, GRPC. We provide ClientLibrary, Mingo and Python. File, STD Out, which is commonly used by FileBeat, 3ND or other log collectors in Kubernetes. Shell for sending full pipe your events to the program you want. And HTTP is basically a webbook with the event as output. Falco Sidekick uses this last one because it's an HTTP proxy waiting for an event from Falco in JSON format. So the idea behind all your Falco instances. I remember you that Falco is a demand set. So you have one Falco by node in your cluster. All your Falco push their events to Falco Sidekick, which is a deployment, not an event set, not a cycle. And Falco Sidekick exposes primitives and points for metrics. It's convenient because this is a central point for all events from all Falco. Then Falco Sidekick pushes this event in a fan out mode to all outputs you have set. You can even filter the destination by priority. For example, you want to record all events in an elastic search as logs, but only notify your own call utility team for priorities above critical. It's possible. Another useful feature of Falco Sidekick is the possibility to add custom fields to events like the region or data center. With a large number of available outputs and more and more are added by the community each month, thanks to everybody. You can really connect Falco to your current ecosystem and easily take advantages from it. For now, we have around 30 different output chat services, Slack, Mattermost, Rockchat, Chat, Discord teams. Sorry. And we have log systems, lucky, elastic search, dot watch logs, queue or streaming systems like NATS, Azure Hub, Kafka, Amazon SQS, Fast, Cubeless, OpenFast, Amazon Lambda, Genitive, Metrics with Prometheus. I've already told you that you can also have Metrics that can send to IntlixDB or Datalog. And for alerting, we have a lot manager from Prometheus, but we have also PajeroDuty and OpsG, and we are currently integrating VictorHops. You can do more with SMTP or email, etc. So with Falco, we can detect threats, with Falco Sidekick, threats or at least bad behaviors. With Falco Sidekicks, we are able to get notifications, but we can do more with some of the outputs I've just mentioned to you. So we've functioned as a service, Amazon Lambda, Cubeless, OpenFast, and Genitive through the CloudEvents integration. You can react to these threats and try to mitigate them as fast as possible. Here for a demo. So imagine this is your website, you're below the website, is running with CMS from the market, whatever which one, and I will emulate a shell running inside. So what happened? Falco has detected a shell has been spawned in your code and sent the event to Falco Sidekick. So Falco Sidekick after sends the event to two different outputs, WebUI and Cubeless. And Cubeless behind is its function called delete pod and the pod has been effectively deleted in less than one second. We can check in the UI. So here we go. We have a message in event. For the whole terminal shell in computer, we have all details, which pod, in which namespace, what image was used somewhere, which command line has been started, which croc has been started in the pod by room, root, etc. We have timelines to, etc, etc. So no, Radica will take you through the Falco website internalization process, really hard world. She will elaborate how Malayalam translation is progressing and helps you get started with translating Falco website to your own language. Thank you. Hi, I'm Radica, a technical writer with SISTIC and with me as a prize guest, Shreeda who contributes to the Malayalam translation effort. As we know, diversity and inclusions are the core principles of the CNCF ecosystem. As its incubation project, Falco aligns and functions in the fullest expression of this principles. As we recognize internationalization as a powerful tool to facilitate openness and participation by breaking language barriers, Falco encourages and stands for internationalization effort. With three projects near completion and one underway, Falco is leading the way. And today we would like to share with you how we do internationalization the Falco way. If you are translation enthusiast and would like to contribute to a cutting edge runtime security project, this is for you. First thing first, before you initiate your translation project, do read our contributor guidelines. It helps you understand about our community, how we function as a community and how we celebrate each other and our achievements. Next thing we would advise you to read is our translation guidelines, which is still underway will be available to you shortly. It should help you to get started with each steps you require to do to do your translation project. Now coming to the GitHub. For the Falco website repository. Don't forget to legarily sync your work with upstream repo. Start with small chunks of conceptually related content. Once it is complete, create the pull request. You can manually assign the language labels in the PR comments. It is a good practice to refer to the other language project as a starting point for your translation. Don't forget to choose your favorite language key part. See if it gels with the market editor that you use. If not, don't worry. Simply use a Google Doc and its language option. Then copy the content over to the market editor and save it. As a first step, identify the language code associated with the language you are trying to translate to coming out to the translation project. There are four directories of files that you want to focus on. First thing is the website content directory where all the language directory reside. For example, here is the Malayalam directory. We have started with the documentation docs directory where allowed getting started and third party and so on have been completed. Make sure that you create a non file which list. Who are the approvers who are the reviewers for your translation project. If you look at the Falco website, there is a general honors files listing all the approvers and reviewers for this Falco website project. Similarly, you should create one for your own translation project. The next thing you must focus on is the internationalization directory where you can see that there is a YAML file. You can see for English, Japanese, Korean, Malayalam and Chinese. For you, you must create one for your language. So if you look at the Malayalam YAML.YAML file, you can see that this is nothing but this is the translate content for the websites homepage. So when you do that, you will have a website homepage in your own language. The next file you should create or you should have a section is the config.toml file. This is the file that all the configuration option for the static generator huger. So make sure that you create a language subsection for your language. For example, you can see for Korean, Chinese and Japanese and see for Malayalam and so on. So make sure that you create a similar subsection for responding to your language. I think I have covered what are the major things you should focus on when you start translating. One point to note down is that when you start translating, make sure that all the directories must have an index.empty file, which is the landing page for that particular topic. For example, the docs directory itself has an index.empty. And when you go inside deep into subdirectories, each one will have an index.empty, which would correspond to the landing page for that particular topic. I think I have covered most of the things I want to cover, except that when you do the PR request, make sure that your description is complete. The type of PR is uncommented and explained to the reviewers what you are trying to achieve. For example, what this PR for and for example here, Shridha's PR which says it's for alert documentation and it's translate alerts and third party sections within the Getting Started directory. And if you're thinking what you have to start with, start with the Getting Started section, that is the first document anyone who is new to Falco should start reading. So when you start your translation project, start with the Getting Started documentation. So with that said, I will give it to Shridha and let's see what she has to talk about her experience working for contributing to Falco. Shridha, over to you. Hi, I am Shridha, an intern for the Falco Internationalization Project. I work on the Malayalam translation. I'm from India and I'm a postgraduate in mass communication. It has been a great experience working with the talented bunch of contributors and learning about open source community, the internationalization process and all the nuances of open source software development. Falco is looking for contributors and we have a great team. It's a great platform for beginners to get exposure and learn by contributing. I encourage you to come and join us. Thank you. And Shridha, we are looking for contributors and if you have any questions about internationalization, do reach out to us and let's grab a coffee and let's talk about translation. Thank you.


I got up to five


Good morning friends, in this lecture let us learn about continuous casting process. This continuous casting process was first conceived by Bishammer in the year 1958, later it gained popularity during 1960s and it is used to cast long ingots, square billets and many more what is a complex sectioned components and this is the simple principle of the continuous casting and here is the ladle in which there will be molten steel or some other molten metal will be there and here there is a tundish means a reservoir of the molten metal. Below the tundish there is a mould, this is the water cooled mould will be there. So, from the molten what is a ladle the molten metal will be poured into the tundish and from the tundish and it will be passing through the mould, where there will be cooling system and it will be cooled down. So, slowly the solidification is game increasing you can see here. So, slowly there will be it will be moving and there will be rollers will be there and these rollers will be rotating and you can see here by the time it comes here it is totally solidified. Then it will be further moving and here it will be cut using some torch or any hexa it will be cut and here this is the finished slab. So, it can be a cylindrical slab, square slab, hexagonal slab or any other what is a section. So, this is the simple principle of continuous casting. So, before going what say further let us see the classification types of the continuous casting process. Broadly they can be classified into four types one is the vertical continuous casting, second one curved continuous casting, third one horizontal continuous casting and the fourth one strip continuous casting and the first one the vertical continuous casting is subclassified as vertical downwards continuous casting and the other one is the vertical upward continuous casting. Now, we will see all these one by one first we will see the vertical continuous casting under that let us see the vertical downwards continuous casting. So, this is the vertical downward continuous casting means the solidified billet or the solidified bar will be travelling towards the bottom towards downwards. So, that is the vertical downwards continuous casting. So, here we can see this is the furnace in which the molten metal is there and this is the tundish means a reservoir a local reservoir which accommodates the molten metal. Now, below the tundish there is a graphite mould is there you see this is the graphite mould. Now, the molten metal from the ladle is poured into the tundish and from the tundish the molten metal will be flowing through the graphite mould. As it is flowing there is a cooling system is there and also there is a crystallizer because of that it solidifies as it is going out of the graphite mould and by the time here it comes to the place called secondary cooling and here it will be further cooled. Now, further it still comes down and here there are roll supports are there. So, these will be rotating like this and another roll will be rotating like this. So, because of that the solidified bar will be coming down. So, after it is completely solidified you see here here there is a saw. So, it cuts periodically. So, the solidified bar and the cut bar is taken and it is sent for the further processing. So, this is the simple principle of vertical downwards casting continuous casting and here we can see it goes like this. Now, what are the applications of vertical downward continuous casting? The vertical downward continuous casting machine is also used for manufacture of copper, brass and bronze bars, tubes and sections. So, these are all the different components produced by vertical downward continuous casting. Second one under the vertical continuous casting is the vertical upward continuous casting. In the case of the vertical downward continuous casting the solidified bar is coming downwards, but in the case of the vertical upward continuous casting the solidified bar goes upwards in the opposite direction. This was developed for faster manufacturing of thin bars or wires during the nineties of the twentieth century. This is the what is a schematic of the vertical upward continuous casting and here this is the tundish means a local reservoir of the molten metal and this is the ladle. Now, we pour the molten metal from the ladle into the tundish. Now, here is the system that after solidification it will be pushed to pass through the graphite mould. You see here is a graphite mould. So, it will be pushed to pass through the graphite mould then what will happen it will be coming upwards. Now, here there is a crystallizer and also a cooling system will be there because of that the solidified bar will be moving upwards slowly it will be moving upwards. Yes, once it comes to this section it is totally solidified then there is a roller support is there these rollers will be rotating and they will be further pushing the solidified bar upwards and here there is a saw. So, this saw cuts this solidified bar periodically or at the desired location. What are the advantages of upward what say vertical upward continuous casting it results in higher casting speed. Physical properties of the gained alloys are better in this case. First one possibility to change fast crystallizer to cool it and to warm it up of the necessity. Applications of vertical upward continuous casting this method is being basically used for manufacturing products of 8 to 30 millimeters diameter means for smaller diameter components or the bars this method can be successfully used. Vertical upward casting is applied for casting of bronze copper and also nickel alloys. Next one let us see the curved continuous casting. So, we have completed the first category now we will see the curved continuous casting. The curved continuous casting the schematic looks like this is similar to the vertical downwards casting, but there is a difference in the case of the vertical downwards casting the bar only comes downwards, but it does not bend. It does not take any curve, but here yes the molten metal from the what say tundish it comes downwards to some extent then it will take a curve and it becomes horizontal that is the curved continuous casting and the principle is almost similar to the previous ones and here there is a ladle which accommodates the molten steel. This curved continuous what say casting process is mainly used for making steel billets. So, here we can see this is the molten steel is here in the ladle from the ladle it comes to the tundish tundish means the local reservoir now here there is the here is the mould here is the mould. So, it passes through the mould around the mould there will be cooling system will be there. So, as the molten metal is passing through the mould it will be undergoing solidification solidification commences. You see solidification is gradually increasing here it here it has started and solidification is gradually increasing by the time it comes to this point the solidification is complete. Now here there is you can see this is the mould and here there is a spray cooling cooling system will be there by means of spray now here there will be support rollers will be there. So, these rollers will be rotating as they are rotating the solidified bar will be taking a curve and slowly it takes a horizontal direction and by the time it comes here it is totally solidified now somewhere here it will be cut using some torch or a saw. So, likewise as the what say solidified bar is coming out it will be periodically cut or it will be cut at the desired position. So, this is the principle of the curved continuous casting applications of curved continuous casting it is used for making steel billets sections bars and so on. Next one let us see the horizontal continuous casting what is the principle here is in the previous case in the case of the vertical downward continuous casting the solidified bar was coming downwards and in the case of the vertical upwards continuous casting the solidified bar was going upwards. In the case of the curved continuous casting the solidified bar was coming downwards and it is taking a curve and it becomes horizontal and here the solidified bar right from the beginning will be moving horizontal. So, that is the principle here now this is the furnace this is the ladle from the ladle it will be flowing into the tundish tundish means the local reservoir and here we can see here is the graphite mould and the graphite mould will have a passage may be a circular passage or a square passage or a hexagonal passage depending upon the requirement and here there is a crystallizer means which cools down and it what say enables formation of the crystallization. Next one here is the secondary cooling yes as the molten metal is transferred from the furnace to the hot what say tundish and it will be flowing through the graphite mould. As it is flowing out of the graphite mould because of the crystallizer crystallization takes place and its solidification starts and by the time it comes somewhere here it is totally solidified and here is the secondary cooling. Once it passes the secondary cooling it is totally solidified and here there are roller supports are there these roller supports will be pulling the solidified bar away from the mould and somewhere here there is a saw. So, this saw again it will be cutting the solidified bar at the equal what say intervals or at the desired location. So, this is the principle of the horizontal continuous casting. What are the applications of horizontal continuous casting making of the thin wires making of rods making of tubes making of strips and what say custom sections and commonly used to cast nonferrous alloys like copper alloys. So, these are the what say typical components produced by the horizontal continuous casting. Finally, let us see the strip continuous casting. So, this is the last one now this is the what say schematic diagram of the strip continuous casting. And here you can see here this is the molten metal from the furnace from that ladle it is being transferred. So, this is the tundish again a local reservoir of the molten metal and here we can see the what this is the what say place where the molten metal will be passing through rollers you can see here this is one what say roller or the cast roller and here you can see one more roller is there. So, this will be moving. So, this cooler this what say roller will be moving in this direction and this will be moving in this direction. Now, the molten metal will be passing through the gap between these through rollers and there will be a cooling system will be there you can see here there is a cooling system between these two rollers. So, as the molten metal is flowing through this through these two what say strips through two rollers by the time it comes out it will be solidifying and here we can see this is the cast strip a thin cast strip is coming out. So, this is the strip continuous casting we are not producing any bars or rods here, but thin and wide strips are produced in this process. Now, the casting rate is you can see here 0.5 to 10 meters per minute maximum width of the cast slab is 1.175 meters slab up to the width of 1.175 meters can be produced. The slab gauge is within the range of 10 to 40 millimeters. So, this is the thickness of the strip 10 to 40 mm applications of strip continuous casting it is used to produce bars and tubes and maximum diameter is 40 centimeters. Next one it is also used to produce wires and the maximum diameter is say 16 to 25 millimeters and what are the alloys covered under this process copper, brass, bronze, nickel, silver copper nickel and precious metals can be what say cast using this strip continuous casting process. Let us say the advantages of the continuous casting broadly whether it is the downwards casting or the upwards casting where it is the curved continuous casting or the horizontal continuous casting what are the advantages in general? It is the it gives us 100 percent casting yield. What is this casting yield? Let us see the principle casting yield is defined as the weight of the casting divided by weight of the poured metal multiplied by 100. So, this is the definition for the casting yield in any of the casting process whether it is the sand casting process or the investment casting process or any other casting process the weight of the poured metal is always greater than the weight of the casting that is how the casting yield is always less than 100 percent. But in this case in the case of the continuous casting we are not losing anything whatever we are pouring we are getting as a strip or as a bar or as a rod. So, here we are getting 100 percent casting yield. Second advantage is cheaper to produce ingots compared to rolling ingots can be produced by rolling also, but by if we produce them by rolling the cost is more. But if we produce them by continuous casting of course the initial establishment cost may be more, but the running cost will be lesser compared to the rolling. Next one in this case using continuous casting we get good surface finish or the better surface finish. Next advantage is grain structure can be regulated the process is automatic it requires less labour. So, these are the advantages of the continuous casting process these are the applications of continuous casting in general long billets of any cross section can be obtained where it is round square hexagonal gate tooth or any cross section can be obtained or that too long billets can be obtained using the continuous casting process. Solid and hollow ingots also can be produced not only solid, but also hollow ingots can be produced. Next one bushings and pump gates can be produced using continuous casting process. Next one production of copper bars or the wire using continuous casting is very easy and it is economical. So, these are the what is a typical components produced by continuous casting. So, this is the what is a gear blank produced by continuous casting this is a cast material without any machining the what is a bar the cast bar or the it looks like this after machining yes it looks like this. So, this is the what is a gear blank of course, this can be cut into several slices depending upon the requirement. Next one let us see the advances in continuous casting process the most important advance is the electromagnetic steering it is also known as EMS. So, this electromagnetic steering or EMS is used in the continuous casting to improve product quality and production. How in EMS your rotating magnetic field is generated whose variation inside steel produces eddy currents. We apply what is a rotating magnetic field because of that eddy current is produced inside the molten metal. Now, these eddy currents produce Lorentz force and subsequently a torque which induce rotation inside the molten metal or the inside the steel. So, because we are producing the magnetic field what is a eddy currents are produced inside because of these eddy currents Lorentz force is produced and because of that there will be rotation inside the molten metal. So, this causes the what is a grain improvement what are the advantages of the electromagnetic steering in continuous casting. It promotes the formation of an equiaxed crystallic zone in the strand we get the it is possible that there may be equiaxed grains or the columnar grains or the dendritic what is a structure may be there, but equiaxed crystallic zone is always favorable equiaxed grains are always better compared to any other grains. So, when we give the EMS we get the equiaxed grains. Next one this EMS causes refinement of the solidification grain refinement can be achieved. So, because of the grain refinement we get the better mechanical properties. Next one it causes reduction in the content of inclusions if there are any unwanted inclusions will be there they will be reduced because of the EMS. Next one EMS minimizes surface and subsurface cracks. So, once we apply the EMS grains will be removed larger grains will be broken into smaller grains. So, because of that surface and subsurface cracks will be minimized. Next one it helps to reduce pinhole and blowhole defects. So, this pinhole and blowhole defects arise due to the presence of the dissolved gases. So, when we cause this what say this EMS what happens inside the metal will be rotated. So, because of that if there are there is any unwanted gas or the dissolved gas it will be coming out. Next advantage is the it reduces centerline segregation. Next one it helps in breakout reduction. What is the problem sometimes when the solidified bar is coming out or as it is going away from the mold due to the rotation of the rollers somewhere it breaks. So, wherever it breaks that is a waste again we have to cut it and we have to dump it in the what say furnace. Now, because of this EMS application this breakout will be reduced. So, that is another important advantage of the electromagnetic steering in the continuous casting. Now, we have seen the importance and applications advantages of the electromagnetic steering in continuous casting. Now, there are three types of the EMS applications are there. Three possible EMS applications according to the position are one is the mold EMS mold electromagnetic steering it is also known as M EMS. Second one EMS applied at the secondary cooling zone. So, this is known as the secondary cooling zone EMS or simply S EMS. Next one final solidification zone EMS or F EMS. Now, we will see this one by one first we will see the mold EMS or M EMS M EMS is usually installed in the lower part of the mold for steering of the liquid steel in the mold. M EMS is either of round or square design and it can be installed internally or externally. Let us see how it is yes, so this is the continuous casting what is a process it is going on. So, here is the mold and through the mold the liquid metal is coming and gradually it is solidifying yes by the time it comes here it is totally solidified. Now, this M EMS is applied here around the mold see here. So, this is the mold this is the mold around the mold it is applied. So, this is known as the because we are applying around the mold it is known as the mold EMS or M EMS. Now, the application what are the advantages of mold EMS? The application of M EMS results into reduction of pin holes, center porosity and segregation in the cast product if there are any pin holes due to the presence of gases they will be minimized. Next one it improves the solidification structure reduces the surface roughness and increases the heat delivery rate. So, these are the advantages of the mold electromagnetic steering. Now, let us see the second type of EMS secondary cooling zone EMS or it is also known as S EMS. What is this again let us see S EMS produces a steering force that pushes the liquid steel horizontally along the cast product width. We can see here it pushes the liquid steel horizontally along the cast product width. Next one S EMS is usually used in combination with M EMS means prior to applying S EMS we should also use M EMS means the electromagnetic steering around the mold. S EMS can be of either linear or rotary type stirrer most common is the linear stirrer is it is where S EMS is applied. So, this is the way place where we apply the M EMS then the what is a solidified bar is coming like this and here is the secondary cooling zone. So, near the secondary cooling zone we place the S EMS setup. As the molten metal solidified metal is passing through S EMS we get the required what is a properties. Now, these are the advantages of secondary cooling zone EMS S EMS promotes the formation of equi-axid structure again very important and most required property equi-axid grains will be getting. Next one it promotes grain refinement in the cast product and reduces the shrinkage cavity center segregation and internal cracks. Next one it also removes super heat effectively. Once we remove the super heat effectively the solidification becomes faster. So, we have completed the first two now finally let us see the third one that is the final solidification zone EMS F EMS. F EMS is generally installed in combination with M EMS or S EMS to reduce peaks in center what is a segregation. So, if we want to apply F EMS prior to that we should have used either M EMS or S EMS. F EMS is particularly efficient when casting high carbon or high alloy steel grades. Yes again here this is the place where we apply the F EMS means after final solidification heat you see here. So, here we apply the F EMS. So, this is the F EMS setup what are the advantages of final solidification zone EMS F EMS reduces shrinkage and the center central carbon segregation. Next one F EMS also improves the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the central equiaxed grains which results in finer grains. Now, with this where we have completed the types of the what is a EMS what is a process we have seen the three types of the EMS that can be applied in the continuous casting process. Next let us see the common mold flexes used in the center what is a continuous casting process. The mold fluxes are synthetic slags constituted by a complex mix of oxides, minerals and carbon issues materials. So, these are the ingredients of the mold fluxes we use the mold fluxes in the continuous casting. So, how these are added these fluxes can be added through the top of the mold on the liquid steel manually or automatically. Yes, in the tundish we pour the molten metal from the furnace or from the ladle just above the tundish we place these fluxes manually or automatically. What are the common what is a fluxes yes it can be silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, lithium oxide and titanium dioxide. So, any of this mix a mix of any of these can be used as the mold fluxes. Now the next question is why we should add the mold fluxes what are the functions of these mold fluxes. So, these are the functions of the mold fluxes one is the thermal insulation they offer us give us the thermal insulation because of that heat is not wasted sometimes we expect it to be in the molten state for some time, but it solidifies why heat is going out, but these fluxes act as the thermal insulators. Next one prevention of re-oxidation there may be oxidation may be there. So, that will be prevented prevention of re-oxidation. Next one inclusions will be entrapped because of the fluxes. Next one most important is they act as the lubricant between the solidified shell and the mold. If this lubrication is not there the solidified shell will be sticking to the mold wall and the solidified shell will be breaking as it is pushed downwards. Fortunately, these mold fluxes act as the lubricants. Next one they also give us the they also control the heat transfer rate so that the what say shell will be solidifying at the required place and at the required time. Next one let us see the continuous casting defects. So, so far we have seen the different types of the casting process we have seen and different types of the what say EMS applications we have seen and mold fluxes we have seen now finally the continuous casting defects. What are the continuous casting defects? We have seen the advantages and applications of the continuous casting, but at times we also get the defects and if we do not know how to control these defects most of the labor and time that we are investing will go wasted. So, we have if we want to prevent this loss we must be aware what are the defects that are likely to arise and what are the factors that are influencing these defects we need to learn. Now, let us learn about the defects. So, these are the what say common continuous casting defects. One is the sticking of the fluxes, second one slag entrapment, third one longitudinal cracks, fourth one transverse cracks, fifth one star cracks, sixth one longitudinal depressions, seventh one transverse depressions, eighth one blow holes, ninth one interruption in the physical continuity and the tenth one shrinkage cavity. Now, let us see all these one by one first let us see the sticking of the fluxes. Yes, sticking of the fluxes will be like this, yes this is the what say a mould this is the mould and this is the molten metal as the molten metal is going down, yes this red coloured one indicates the solidification solidified portion. Now, what happens if there is no sticking it looks like this. So, this is the normal shell formation, but shell distorted by sticking what happens here the shell is sticking to the mould if that be the case it becomes like this. So, here there is a damage to the shell. So, this is due to the sticking of the fluxes. Next one slag entrapment and here we can see slag, slag entrapment is indicated as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 here we can see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 these places the slag is entrapped. So, because of that these slag entrapments they cause some discontinuities in the cast billet means slag is not properly removed from the molten metal. Next defect is the longitudinal cracks they appear due to the unevenly removal of the heat in the mould. They also appear due to turbulent flow of the metal and a meniscus level variation in the mould. They also appear due to secondary cooling too intense or uneven. They also appear due to unequal advanced wear of the mould that leads to a different thermal conductivity coefficient and they also appear due to high casting temperature. Finally, they also appear due to inappropriate behavior of the casting powder. So, these are all the factors that are influencing the longitudinal cracks. So, this is the typical appearance of longitudinal cracks they look like this you see longitudinal cracks means parallel to the axis of the bar this is the longitudinal crack. Next one let us see the transverse cracks these transverse cracks are due to the following the thermal stresses due to the uneven solidification of the crust. Next one meniscus level variation, next one friction of the strand in the mould. So, all these contribute to the formation of the transverse cracks. Let us see the typical application appearance is transverse in the case of the previous one the longitudinal cracks means those cracks are parallel to the axis of the bar. But here these cracks are perpendicular to the axis of the bar. So, these are known as the transverse cracks. Next one the next defect is the star cracks. The causes for the star cracks are the intense local cooling which induce local tensions and the presence of copper at the austenitic grain limit.  So, this is the star crack. Next one longitudinal depressions, so this is another defect the longitudinal depressions are caused due to the following factors the unequal development of the marginal crust. Second factor the steel level fluctuation in the mould and a too large quantity of the metal flux located in the space between the mould wall and the strand. Next factor the turbulent steel flow at the sub meniscus level and the next factor is the uneven and advanced wear of the mould which results in a different coefficient of thermal conductivity. So, these are the typical appearances of longitudinal depressions means these are the depressions parallel to the axis of the job or axis of the bar. So, you can see here these are all the depressions, but their orientation is parallel to the axis. So, we are calling them as the longitudinal depressions. Next one transverse depressions, the transverse depressions are formed in the transverse direction and may cyclically occur in relation to the strand length. The width of the depressions may cover some oscillation marks and the depth can reach several millimeters. The peritectic steels with low carbon percent and high percentage of manganese and the stainless steels are sensitive to the formation of this type of defects due to the much larger contractions occurred during solidification. Yes, this is the typical appearance of transverse depressions. Next one blow holes, blow holes can arise due to the following insufficient steel deoxidation presence of gases, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Next one humidity of the casting powder, quality of the casting powder, percentage carbon, viscosity, basicity, quantity of uniformity of its distribution, quantity and the uniformity of its distribution. Next one variation of the steel level in the mould, existence of moisture in the refractory lining of the tundish. Next one the presence of argon entered in the mould during the injection of argon for filling the nozzle.  Next one interruptions in the physical continuity is the next defect. So, this defect is caused by a short interruptions of the casting process and this defect occurs due to the sudden changes in the casting speed caused by the variations of steel temperature in the tundish, by the variations of steel level in the mould or by the variations of casting mould. It can be removed by shortening the bar that contains it. Yes, this is the what is a what is a physical interruption in the physical continuity. You can see here this is the interruption. Next one shrinkage cavity. The causes that produce this defect are high casting temperature, high extraction speed and high intense secondary cooling. Shrinkage cavity represents a gap of material visible in the cross section at the end of a bar. Shrinkage cavity can be removed by cutting the end of the bar and the defective portion is rejected. This is the typical appearance of a shrinkage cavity. Next one let us see some important terms in the continuous casting. One is the liquid steel transfer. So, there are two steps involved in the transferring liquid steel from the ladle to the moulds. First the steel must be transferred from the ladle to the tundish. Next the steel is transferred from the tundish to the mould. Next one tundish over you. What is this tundish? Tundish is a local reservoir which accommodates the molten metal before sending it through the mould. So, the shape of the tundish is typically rectangular, but delta shapes are also common. The tundish also serves several other key functions. One is the it enhances oxide inclusion separation. It provides a continuous flow of liquid steel to the mould during ladle exchanges. Even though the ladle, sometimes ladle will fill the molten metal and it goes off that time there should not be any interruption. That is why the what is a tundish acts as the local reservoir. Next one maintains a steady metal height above the nozzles to the moulds thereby keeping steel flow constant and hence the casting speed constant as well. Provides more stable stream patterns to the moulds. Next one mould, the main function of the mould is to establish a solid shell sufficient in strength to contain its liquid core upon every entry into the secondary spray cooling zone. The mould is basically an open ended box structure containing a water cooled lining inner lining fabricated from a high purity copper alloy. The working surface of the what say copper face is often plated with chromium or nickel to provide a harder working surface and to avoid copper pick up on the surface of the cast strand which can facilitate what say surface cracks on the product. Next one another important term is the mould oscillation. Mould oscillation is necessary to minimize friction and sticking of the solidifying shell and liquid steel breakouts which can wreck havoc on the equipment machine downtime due to clean up and repairs. Oscillation is achieved either hydraulically or via motor driven cams or levers which support and reciprocate the mould. Friction between the shell and mould is reduced through the use of the mould lubricants such as oils or powdered fluxes. So we are about to complete and before we wind up let us review what we have learned. We have learned the types of the continuous casting process, the vertical continuous casting process, the curved continuous casting process, horizontal continuous casting process and the stiff continuous casting process. Vertical casting process is divided into vertical downwards continuous casting and also vertical upward continuous casting process. So these are the classifications of the continuous casting process we have learned. Next we have learnt the different types of the electromagnetic stirring what is a process we have seen. There are three types of M S applications one is the mould M S, second one is the secondary cooling zone M S, third one is the final certification zone M S we have learnt in this lecture. Next one we have also seen the functions of the mould fluxes we have learnt. Next one finally, we have learnt about different what is a continuous casting debates. With this we are closing this lecture the continuous casting process. Thank you.


At the end of Bernie Sanders' appearance on Joe Rogan's podcast, Joe Rogan asked what was seemingly a half serious question about UFOs and whether or not Bernie Sanders would release that information and declassify whatever information that the US government has about UFOs. And Bernie Sanders gave what was obviously a joking answer. He said, you know, if I do learn anything, you'll be the first to know. And of course, predictably, the media wasted no time in trying to frame Bernie Sanders as a kook and a conspiracy theorist, and if you actually watched a clip, it's obvious that Bernie Sanders probably doesn't think there are little green men at Area 51, although we'll find out on September 20th. But I mean, I think it was obvious that this wasn't meant to be taken seriously, right? It was a lighthearted answer to a half serious question.  Although the problem is that when they talked about this segment, one of their own panelists is as kooky as they were trying to portray Bernie as because one of their panelists was a little bit, you know, open to the idea that maybe there are in fact aliens at Area 51 or aliens that have visited us. And when you find out who this panelist is, it's going to make the story that much more sweet. Time down for our 2020 roundup.  Sanders is promising to reveal information about aliens if he wins the White House. Watch. If you got into the office and you found out something about aliens, if you found out something about UFOs, would you let us know?  Is your wife a UFO nut? No, she's not a UFO nut. It's just Bernie. What is going on? Do you have any access to records? You don't have any access? I don't honestly. I don't know. OK. You let us know, though? All right. I'll be on the show. We'll announce it on the show. Please. So, Dana, he's apparently smoking, right? You see him laughing. Oh, I don't know because I've never smoked it and I don't know what it's like. You only do the edibles, right? I would say that this seems like a rivalry. Yes, just to get me there. Is he trying to bribe for votes, right? Because people want this. They want to know. They want to know. Information so badly. He's like, I'll do it and then he probably won't because the CIA will stop it. There are UFOs. They're living in Bernie's hair. They're really, really microscopic. By the way, every candidate does do this. They say this, but then once they see the files, their brains are erased. Right, right. They're erased so they don't have any memory of it. Right, right. Right, right. You know the Defense Department used to have a 22, I think it was a $22 million program that attracted, it was cut out during a sequester. But I would be interested in knowing if there's some other people here. I don't believe it, Dan. I believe it. You remember the Waco Ranch? The bushes? Yeah. If the moon wasn't out at night, it was pretty black. There was no moonlight coming down. That sky could get pretty black.  But, yeah, Greg's right. Everyone says they're going to give us the big UFO file. These things, they didn't know UFO files. They didn't know. I don't know. That's what our government knows. Listen, the government is, Father Bob Cerrico, the acting institute, had the greatest line ever when they said, it's not the government's too big.  They can't keep a secret. Yeah. I'm not suggesting there may be UFOs or may not be. I'm just telling you, you think the government's keeping the secret? How do you two not know? You guard it. How many presidents? You work for a president? I actually wouldn't tell me. People swore to me, you saw the real Zebruder film. You know who killed Jeff. That's the film, man. I'm not lying to you. I've left. You were in the White House before. But earlier this year, the Air Force, the Navy report is seeing something right alongside of them. No, there was a fly. That's what they want you to think, Dana. And also, another unit saw something over Arizona. So there's something out there. We just don't know.  He could be a space alien. I don't think people need to believe that. I will show you the file. You can do it. You like that? I love that so much because the question was posed, is Bernie Sanders off his rocker? And then there's a couple of jokes thrown in. Everyone is laughing at Bernie Sanders. And then Donald Brazil very seriously chimes in and says, I would be interested in knowing if there are some people here. Well, that didn't work out too well. You're trying to portray Bernie Sanders as a kook for ostensibly believing that aliens have visited us and maybe they're at Area 51 and then your own panelist also believes in that. Now, towards the end, they said, you know, since Bernie Sanders is out there, even if there was something, even if he disclosed that from the public, people still wouldn't believe him because he's so crazy. Really? You don't think that they would believe Bernie Sanders? Most people believe in God. So you don't think they would believe that aliens visited us? Really? Really? Come on. Come on. Now, for the record, do I believe that aliens have visited us because I have to address this since I'm talking about this? No. I think that it's very likely that there are aliens that exist somewhere in the universe because it's just so vast that how could there not, you know, be aliens, but have they visited us? No, I don't think so. I don't think there's enough evidence to determine that. And sure, you know, there's these testimonies from military pilots and whatnot, but just because they see something that is indescribable, that's odd, that's unidentified, that doesn't necessarily mean that the conclusion is that it's aliens. No. My standard for evidence is incredibly high. And let me tell you this, I absolutely want to believe that aliens have visited us because I absolutely love this conspiracy theory. When I was younger, I would watch all these documentaries of people who claimed that they were abducted and I didn't believe it, but I still found it fascinating. I love that type of sci-fi. I mean, I literally have a UFO tattooed on my arm. It's on my body.  I love UFO stuff and alien, you know, stories and whatnot, but just because I love it doesn't mean that it's true. I want to believe. I want to believe in a lot of things. I want to believe that I'm a superhero who can fly doesn't mean that it's true.  Although now that I'm talking about this, I realize that it's probably not a good idea to get this type of thing tattooed on my body permanently because I'm just going to attract people who will start sharing their stories with me about how they were abducted and probed by aliens, but you know what, you live with each life decision. So, circling back, we took that long tangent. Let's bring it back to Fox News. That didn't go too well for them and I thought it was hilarious and really the media's attempt to portray Bernie Sanders as a kook. It's so irritating and look, a lot of these articles about Bernie Sanders with like the funny alien picture in him. I get it, like it's all lighthearted, it's in good fun, but it's also a problem that there is genuinely like this real legitimate concerted effort to portray Bernie Sanders as a kook. Bernie Sanders is called Crazy Bernie by Donald Trump. You know what I mean? So, we just have to push back when we see it, but at the end of the day, you know, I don't think Bernie thinks that aliens exist. He's not some kooky conspiracy theorist, but yeah, I'll leave that there. I'm glad that under Brazil kind of swooped in to save Bernie there.  Too bad. About how wonderful the Humanist Report is. Bigly.


So far, from my testing, this compound is the best daytime anti-anxiety remedy that I've ever come across. So, I noticed after shooting this video that the compound is named MEBICAR. MEBICAR. And I was calling it MEDICAB. So, every time I say MEDICAB, it means MEBICAR. Man, that's such a tongue twister. Hey, what's up, guys? It's Josh here. Today, I want to do a little review on MEDICAB or ADAPTOL. It's kind of called two different things. One of them is probably the brand name. And I got this product in the anti-anxiety bundle, or it's called something like that from Cosmic Neutropics. And I really, really liked that bundle. So far, I've tried every single one, and only one of the compounds didn't really provide too much of an anti-anxiety effect. All the other ones worked in varying dosage and felt very safe. And I pretty much would recommend to anybody looking for exotic anti-anxiety relief that's also not too strong, not overly addicting, and pretty balanced as far as having good effects and not causing too many issues at the same time. A lot of these compounds seem to be like daytime anti-anxiety remedies. It seems to have very, very strong effects on anti-anxiety, but also having some qualities that aren't as strong and kind of like narcotic feeling as the stuff we have in the US. So, so far from my testing, this compound is the best daytime anti-anxiety remedy that I've ever come across, but also not making you so tired that you just can't stay awake or you're only thinking about sleep or you just can't really stay focused. This one was definitely one of the best. Some of the benefits they have online is that apparently it reduces anxiety, fear, tension, and irritability. It can be used during the daytime. It's used to improve disturbed sleep. It's used to help with nicotine withdrawal, and it has a new tropic benefit. It's good for depression with anxiety. It's good for extreme work conditions. It's good for nicotine withdrawal, and it's good for helping impaired memory formation. So it seems actually pretty good for somebody for withdrawals. You know, it's going to reduce your overall anxiety, but it's not going to knock you out. Again, they said it was good for anxiety, depression, and also nicotine withdrawal.  And maybe it also has some other health benefits in there as well. The one thing I do want to say with this compound is it's very hard to dose the right amount. Again, one was perfect for me, but then eventually I would take another one. And if I took it too soon, I would get pretty sleepy, pretty drowsy, but if you take one at the right time and kind of wait four, five, six hours, and then take another one, that was the perfect amount for me. I did notice I was getting pretty tired when I took two, but on one it was perfect. It was barely noticeable, but I always had an improved mood. I felt a little bit more relaxed. I felt a little bit more just normal in my own head. So yeah, guys, of all the supplements included in this bundle, this was by far the best for daytime anti-anxiety. Something like Pick-A-Millen was too strong, way too strong for me, at least on one pill. Trying to do anything, especially with Finnabit, too. I've had some good experiences having really bad anxiety on Finnabit, but generally I use it to kind of relax and knock me out. I wouldn't really use it in the daytime unless it was very, very extreme. This was the kind of like the perfect thing for daytime anti-anxiety. You know, not knocking me out, but providing all the same benefits, too. And if you're somebody coming off of nicotine or any of these drugs or withdrawing, this actually might be a supplement to look into because it doesn't really mess you up too much, gives you a little bit of anti-anxiety, and it just seems to be generally good for getting off of other addictions and other issues. So really like this stuff, Medi-Cab or Adaptol. If there's some other benefits, I'll try to put them on screen. But again, the highest recommended thing I know for daytime anti-anxiety, and I totally recommend this Neutropics bundle from Cosmic Neutropic. I've just been blown away by all the compounds. I had already tried Finnabit, and most people want to try Finnabit at some point. You get a little bit in the bundle. You get a lot of other supplements, including this one, highly recommended. So if you tried this supplement, let me know down below. Have you tried Picamillan? Have you tried Finnabit? I'd be very interested to see if they're all actually really effective. They all kind of blur the line between really natural and pretty safe, and also very effective as far as I'm concerned. But do your own research and be safe. Anyways, you never know how your body's going to respond to it. Anyways, guys, I'm having a great day out here. Hopefully, having a great day at home. See you all in the next video. Peace.


I've been threatened and I've been told that I'm not allowed to sing, so I'll have to speak now. My boss approves, yes. So I'll be talking about optimal security proofs for full domain hash revisited. This was joint work between myself and Ike Kiltz. So let's start off with a brief introduction. So RSA full domain hash was introduced by Belar and Rogaway and arguably it's one of the most important signature schemes based on RSA. So it bears repeating, so we'll just have a quick look at it. So we start off up here with our key generation. You pick two random primes of appropriate order. Multiply them to get your modulus. You take an exponent in z5n star, mea culpa. Pick a hash function from zero one to star up to zn. Public key is NEH and your secret key is PQ, your prime factors. Signing is pretty simple. You just take a hash of a message, the ETH root modulo n, and that's your signature. So given the message signature pair, you can verify it easily just by taking the ETH power of the message modulo n and comparing it to the hash of m. If it is, then we return one and we accept the signature. Otherwise we turn zero and we reject it. Hey, RSA full domain hash signatures are unique. This is quite a nice property and we'll need this later. So what we'd like is a tight security proof. That means we'd like it to be tightly secure, unforgeable in the chosen message check scenario. And this sort of helps us picking parameters in practice and tightness is important to help us with this as we heard earlier. Sadly, all the known proofs are non-tight. And as we heard in practice, people use 1024-bit moduli. What does this mean in theory? What can we theoretically guarantee? So if we get a little bit more formal now, if we assume that it's T epsilon prime hard to invert RSA, then RSA full domain hash is QH, which is the number of hash queries, QS, which is the number of signature queries, and T epsilon secure. And this is the basic statement of every theorem. So what would we like? Ideally, well, we'd like to have a security loss here, which is the security of RSA full domain hash divided by the security of RSA, to be, well, order of one, which means we get about the full 1024 bits of security. Like I said, we don't have that. So what do we have? Originally, Belar and Rogaway had a proof which was in the order of the number of hash queries, which is about 2 to the 60. And that means, equivalently, it's about a secure as inverting RSA with the 200-bit modulus, which isn't exactly ideal. Coron in 2000 improved it, and he got it down to 2 to the 30, which is the number of signature queries, and we're getting to about 500-bit equivalent moduli. Wow. Not ideal again. And so what Belar and Rogway did is they kind of looked at RSA, they tweaked it a little bit, and they came up with the probabilistic signature scheme, PSS. This is a completely different scheme, and it does have a tight reduction, and here we do get the full sort of 1024 bits. So this sort of begs the question, is there something inherent in RSA full domain hash that we just can't have it secure? Is there just something we haven't seen yet? Well, a decade ago in Amsterdam in Europe 2002, Coron answered this, and he showed that this loss factor here of QS is optimal and we can't do anything better than that. So are we basically just flogging a dead horse at this point? Well, not quite. This is sort of where we step in. We revisit this impossibility and optimality result, and it turns out there's a very subtle flaw in the proof of this result, and the specific flaw is it doesn't hold for small exponents E. So we took a look at these small exponents, and we saw that we could get a tight proof in this area where Coron's proof falls down. The proof is to the phi-hiding assumption, which is normal, which is normally to the RSA assumption, but the phi-hiding is a stronger assumption than the RSA. We'll see a little bit of that later. We then do some generalizations and a few extensions, so there's a bit of stuff to go through now. All right, so Coron's theorem basically states very informally is that if there's a reduction from RSA full domain hash to inverting RSA with the security loss less than QS, then we can efficiently invert RSA. Seems simple enough. So what do we have? We have a reduction here, and it gets in an RSA instance, and it has to output a solution which would be this very X here. And how does the reduction achieve this? Well, it has some help. It interacts with a forger F here, and it simulates to the UFCMA game and uses a forger to help it invert RSA. First of all, it takes this here, which is a public key, sends it over to the forger. There's some communication.  And then using this forgery, we can then compute this X, and everybody's happy. So what we do now is we build an inverter around all of this. That just encompasses everything. And what the inverter will do is it will simulate the forger using the signature paradigm of Goldwasser et al. Essentially what it will do, it will ask the reduction for a signature on some message, rewind the reduction, and then submit that very signature as a forgery. Now, why does this work? If you recall, I mentioned that RSA full domain hash signatures are unique, so there's exactly one valid forgery for every message. So this all works, and it's all good. But sort of the problem is, why does this have to necessarily be a valid RSA key? I mean, why is the reduction restricted to this? Why can't it do something funny and change the key and embed some other numbers in there which would allow it to compute the X better? And when this happens, we don't really know what goes on anymore. In particular, the signatures might not be unique anymore, but the whole sort of protocol isn't well defined. We're not sure what happens. So this is where the reduction sort of falls down, but the good news is we can correct this. We can fix it. What we need is we need certified RSA, which means that the forgery gets this extra public function certified. And what exactly... Well, this leads to the question that is RSA certified and what does it mean to be certified? Well, we say RSA is certified. If we're given any public key, N and E, we can in polynomial time decide if the RSA function, E power modulo N, is a permutation. This concept of certified trapdoor permutation was dealt with by Belar and Jung in 2003. So for RSA, what does this mean? Well, it boils down to a small decision. We need to decide where the exponent, E divides phi of N, where phi is the Euler-Toschian function, or if the GCD of E and phi of N is equal to 1. It's a bit of a simple case, but we'll see why it's important just to see these verses. Well, for a large enough prime that's for a prime E greater than N, this is easy to decide, because this prime is larger than phi of N, therefore it cannot divide phi of N. So we know that that's easy there, but that's a huge prime. It's thought to be hard for E smaller than N to the 0.25, and we'll get to that in a moment, but if we just take that on-phase value for now, we basically have something like this. So we have a value of E increasing from here, and here we have our modulus N, and so in this area here, we know it's certified. Over here, well, I'm not really sure what's going on. And over here, we have lossiness, although to be fair, this was the state when the paper was written. Now, I could kill this myself, and Alexander Mai do actually have a certification procedure for prime E's in this range, so we do know a bit more, but that's future work. So we need to look a little bit more into the lossiness, which is the sort of area we exploit in the... the gap in the proof comes in and we exploit this area. I mean, a function is said to be lossy if we have an alternative key generation algorithm that outputs what we call lossy keys. These lossy keys are indistinguishable from the real keys, and in particular, they define a function where the range is smaller than the domain. For RSA, this would be when E divides phi of n, and we can see that the function is now E to 1. So RSA was shown to be lossy under the phi-hiding assumption by Kils O'Neill and Smith at Crypto 2010, and the phi-hiding assumption itself was introduced by Kashin Mikhali and Stadler in 1999. What basically the phi-hiding assumption states is that if given an n and a prime E, which is less than n to the 0.25, it's hard to distinguish between E divides phi of n and GCD E and phi of n is equal to 1, which is exactly the cases we need to distinguish. So we'll now have a look at our main result and how we use this. So our main theorem very informally states that if the phi-hiding is T''' hard, then RSA full domain hash is QHQSTE, again, the number of hash queries, number of signature queries, secure. For any QHQS with T approximately equal to T' and epsilon approximately equal to 2' prime, just I'll quickly sketch out the proof, and the full proof is in the paper where you can read it. So the first game, Game 0, we have the standard UFCMA experiment, nothing fancy there. We then switch to Game 1, where we simulate H such that we don't need the secret keys for signing anymore, and in particular we achieve this by knowing exactly one signature for every message that is queried. In Game 2, we switch our key generation from real to lossy. This goes completely unnoticed by the adversary, and notice now that the signatures are no longer unique. Specifically, they have exactly E-valid signatures per message. And then what this means is that when we get a forgery, we have a very good probability of collision in the RSA function, specifically 1 minus 1 over E, and this allows us to factor, and in particular that allows us to break phi-hiding. The final security loss is approximately to, it's a little less than 2, which is order of 1, which is sort of what we set out for in the beginning of this talk. If I could just take you back a little. We have this right now, and if we can assume that phi-hiding is as hard as solving RSA, or as hard as factoring at least, then we can... Well, we now do have an ideal-ish security losses order of 1, and we do get the full 10, 24 bits of security that we'd wanted before. So there's still hope, and it still seems to work. Now I'm going to give a few extensions and generalizations we did, and some of this content doesn't appear in the proceedings version, but will appear in the full version of this paper. So firstly, our main theorem extends to any certified trapdoor permutation. So you can build TDP full-domain hash, as long as TDP is a certified trapdoor permutation, and you get essentially the same results as previously. We can further extend this as correlated in his paper, that we can extend from any certified unique signature scheme, which is a signature scheme with unique signatures, and there's this efficient polynomial-time certification procedure that proves this, and to any hard problem, pi. And then we show that if we have these certified unique signature schemes, then this QS bound, you're not going to beat it, because of the certification. But I'll just gloss over those and I'll move to the more interesting extensions we have. Our results actually surprisingly extend to the probabilistic signature scheme as well. In particular, we have quite an interesting result when we extended to probabilistic signatures with message recovery, which I'll just show the signing algorithm briefly. You have a message, concatenate with some randomness, and essentially you just run this two-step FISTO network, and you combine the two outputs, and you take the inverse of under the function, which for our, say, is the E through the modulo n. So most particularly, we have some padding of size k1 bits, and we have some randomness here, which we add to our message. And our results come out like this. One of the five hiding problems is t' epsilon prime hard. Then RSA PSS with message recovery is QHQS t' epsilon secure, where we have t' t' and epsilon equal to 2' epsilon prime plus this small factor here. So why do we even use these message recovery type signatures? Well, we're trying to reduce bandwidth, minimize communication. Normally, you have to send a message and a signature, but with this, we only need to send what we call the enhanced signature. What you do is, and what that allows the receiver to do is we have a recover function as part of the scheme, which replaces the verify, and the recover function will recover the message and verify the signature, and if the signature is valid, it will give you the message. Otherwise, it will output some special failure symbol. So how do we measure these sort of how good it is or how much space we're saving? We use what we call the overhead, and that's essentially the difference in size between the message and the enhanced signature. And what does this mean? Well, there we go. Bala and Rogaway, well, they needed 160 bits of randomness and 160 bits of padding because of their proof, giving them a total overhead of 320 bits. Koron improved this and required less randomness, and as you saw with our proof, it's completely independent of the randomness, so we can completely omit the randomness, giving us with 160 bits of padding. This 160 bits comes from the birthday paradox which we get from wanting 80-bit security. And what seems to be kind of interesting is that now PSSR signatures are comparable to BLS signatures, which is quite an interesting thing we found. So just to sum up my talk now, we revisited Koron's proof and we found the small flaw and we corrected it. We have a tight security proof now for our, say, full domain hash to the file-hiding assumption. We showed some extensions to certified trapdoor permutations and some generalizations, and we have extensions to PSS and PSS with message recovery. Thank you for your attention. I'll be happy to take questions now. We have plenty of time for questions. Then let's thank this... Oh, sorry. Yes. I believe I just said in the beginning we need to have E as prime. What you can do with a composite E, you need to know the prime factorization of E, and then just treat it as multiple instances with each prime factor. That's how you can treat the composite case, but it's not really a good way to go around it. E has to be prime. Comparable with BLS. So the size of the signatures, the overhead you get, it's not really a direct comparison. Obviously, no. But when you look purely at communication bandwidth required, you start to get to comparable numbers for AD bit security, because you have 160 bits there for BLS and 160 bits here for the PSSR, which is the size over the message, as opposed to where in BLS it's slightly different, where you have the message and the signatures still. It's just an interesting comparison we found as we came up with these numbers. You have any? For PSS, the reduction from the standard reduction, let's say from RSA or something, that was already tied. Is it the running time that you improved? So what is the point of going to fight hiding? Yeah, that was already tied. Yeah, that was already tied. That's agreed. But you see, as a result of the exact formulation of the reduction, you get these values here. So Corona improved the randomness even more. And the reason to go to fight hiding is that we can do away completely with randomness. Also, it's not the running time, it's not the reduction, it's the randomness. It's the randomness that we reduced and the overhead in the signature, the message recovery. Okay, then let's, thanks, keep again.


We have beets and we have greens to crush and we need to teach the people something We have to hedge our bets it might turn brown, but the hope is that it's purple I know I know green and red makes brown, but I've heard that beats with Excuse me Beats with green juice makes purple Which is more back in two girls who suddenly don't like green anymore He's six months.  This is a myth dispelled beat plus green juice does not equal purple juice Wait, it's not bad. No, it's pineapple. Here you go, bud. Don't worry. There's no greens in this drink. I'm trying to serve you Brown juice. It's really good and refreshing and I'm glad I came home to make this video Thank you for watching Quick addendum I added granola to this brown juice, and it's delicious It is good it just looks foul say thank you for watching. Thank you for watching


Awesome. This 12pm tutorial will cover downloading and using Ultrasurf. This program tunnels through firewalls in order to give you access to material that may be filtered in the area where you are accessing the internet. Ultrasurf also helps to protect your identity by hiding your IP address and deleting your browsing history when you are finished using the program. The first thing we have to do is get the software. So open up your internet browser and go to www.ultrareach.com. On the Ultrasurf site you can check out the downloads page, the user center, where you can view and frequently ask questions section. You can read some background information about the program, and you can learn about the people who created the program. Here, Ultrasurf announces that it protects your privacy, increases your security, and grants you freedom. What you want to do now is click the green button that says Ultrasurf 9.97 free download. This is the most up to date version of the software at the moment. Now save the file. Once my file has downloaded, I'm going to close the window, close the browser, and go to my file. The file comes up as a compressed file. If your operating system does not automatically open these files, you want to get a program that can open it for you, something like winzip or 7zip. I'm going to double click the file, and there's the file I want. Ultrasurf is a self-contained program, which means that you don't have to install it, and because you don't have to install it, that means you don't end up with any extra files on your computer. This also means that you can put it onto a flash drive and take it with you anywhere. So if you are out at an internet cafe, and you want to maintain your privacy while using a computer there, you can put the program on a flash disk, plug it into the internet cafe computer, and open up the program to access the internet. Now all we need to do is run the program. Before I do that, though, I'm going to copy it and put it on my desktop. Now we just double click the icon of the sailboat going around the world, and the user interface will pop up, shortly followed by an internet explorer browser. I'm going to minimize the browser for a moment. When you open Ultrasurf for the first time, you have to choose one of these boxes here. I chose the first one, and then it connected to the server. If you have a problem connecting, you can click here to try reconnecting. Now I'm successfully connected to the server. This is the options menu, which lets you set a couple of different parameters for the program. You can set Ultrasurf to open up an internet explorer browser automatically. You can have Ultrasurf close the internet explorer browser as soon as you stop using Ultrasurf. You can delete your history, you can delete your cookies, and you can hide the golden lock that shows up in the lower right hand corner of your screen, indicating that Ultrasurf is actually running. You can set your own proxy settings as well, but I'm not going to do that right now. Once you're done with the settings, click OK. The internet explorer browser that opened with Ultrasurf is the one you want to use because it can access block sites and it's secure. I'll show you what I mean. I'm going to open up an unprotected Firefox browser and go to www.checkip.org. The IP address that comes up here is my actual IP address. I'm blocking out some of the numbers to protect my own privacy. Now I'm going to go back to the Ultrasurf browser and go to www.checkip.org. You can see that the numbers here on the Ultrasurf browser are different than the numbers you saw on the Firefox browser. Once you're done using Ultrasurf, you can close it by exiting out of the browser or closing the Ultrasurf program, which will close the browser, remove the lock, and depending on your settings, delete your browsing history and cookies. Now you know how to use Ultrasurf.


Well a couple of notes on the lineup that this crowd at Yankee Stadium will watch tonight. Gleiber Torres we know he was removed from the game last night with back tightness he's in there batting third playing short Aaron Boone said no worries he was actually feeling good last night and is good to go today. Gary Sanchez not in the lineup now we know how hot he's been of late Aaron Boone saying he got a little banged up last night but also with the trip in and getting in at three in the morning and then the day game tomorrow with the night game tonight said he wasn't going to play bold so it just made more sense to sit him tonight put him back in the lineup tomorrow for the day game. Well he was a big part of that offense at Buffalo and Ryan Jack and I've already talked about it there were a lot of electric moments come from behind moments big at bats for the Yankees in that series but it's not all about that it's not all about three games it's about getting the traction to bring that into Yankee Stadium tonight and keep that offense going. Yeah the offense Bob it feels like it started to turn a corner certainly look this team has scored five or more runs in seven of its last nine games after it had scored just five or more runs in seven of its previous 21 games over these last nine games the team has an OPS of 820 they're really starting to find something up and down the lineup and Aaron Judge talked about what it is that the lineup is starting to find. I feel like guys were really controlling the zone that's something I preach I think Boone's preach all of us have preached over the years you know it makes this team so good and so dangerous as one guys really hone in on their zone and don't you know aren't chasing pitches we're getting into good counts you know if they leave pitches early in the zone early in the count or even late in the count in our you know in the strike zone you know we do damage on it and I feel like you know some of that bats that Gary had were have been really impressive Geo or Shell is another one that sticks out in my head you know big G you know had a big Homer you know last night you know so it's just you know when they leave in the zone you know we're taking our you know a swing and getting the barrel about on the ball.