I think it's important to start with a couple disclaimers. One, I'm not a geneticist, I'm a social scientist, a lawyer and health services researcher by training. I spent nine years teaching medical students, and so I come to the Genome Institute with a very different perspective of thinking about questions. And so what I want to share with you is some questions that you may want to think about as you look at studies, particularly studies that are talking about racial differences based on genetics. So one of the things that I want to share with you is the beginning. It's in 2003, at the time of the completion of the Human Genome Project, we developed a number of challenges for the future of genomics research. And it's quite interesting that over the four years since the time of that article, that this challenge has continued to be one that I think is extremely important to the field of genetics and the field of science and will continue to be. But I think it's important to recognize that this is an issue that's a challenge and was identified as a challenge to society and as we think about these questions. So the question of understanding the relationship between genomics, race, and ethnicity and the consequences of uncovering these relationships. So as we think about this question from a societal perspective, I think it's important that we think about both history as well as the future. And so, I start with the context. And we can think about the last few weeks. We can think about the last few years. But clearly the issue of race in America is something that's very important to people in our society. And how people think about difference, how people think and discriminate against individuals. Originally when I was putting my slide show together, I thought of having a picture from Katrina or a picture of Don Imus or some other kind of picture that was fairly immediate of how race is always surfaces up in conversations within our society. But race and science often does and we can look to history as we think about that question. So as we think about how we think about difference, how we think about variation in America becomes extremely important. So, I decided to propose questions that you may want to think about as you are talking to a investigator who has just reported on their study or if you're thinking about writing a specific story or a piece that may be on TV, what are some of the questions you may always want to ask? And so I decided to present a few questions for you. And these questions are both from my colleagues within the Genome Institute but also colleagues within the public health and the medical community asking them, what would you ask if you wanted to ask about studies related to human genetic variation in race? So the first question, what was the basis for choosing the populations to study? How did the study investigators categorize or define the study populations? Is the variation peculiar to a specific group, race or ethnicity, or only more common in it? And what are the potential causes of the differences in outcomes beyond genetics? And what are the social implications of misinterpretation of the data? And finally, what is the medical significance of the variation? What does it mean for health or disease? What is so what question? So, what was the basis for choosing the population to study? And I think this is really a challenging and interesting question when we look at different populations across the globe. Is there an issue of convenience or is there an issue of known differences with regards to disease and disease prevalence? How do you think about that? How do you challenge the question of why a specific population or group was identified for the specific study is an important question. And how did the study categorize or define the study population? And this is one of the areas that I'm really interested in for my own research is how people make a determination with regards to how they're going to describe the groups within their studies. So when you think about that from the perspective of the United States, particularly in the history of how we've collected data around individuals and groups within the United States, there has been a change over time. And so I just wanted to share with you some US Census data categories that we've used over the history of this country. And so if you recall back in 1790, we only collected really in two groups. Free, white or other, and slave was how we collected information in our country about groups and populations. But then if you look in 1890, we collected groups by white, black, mulatto, Chinese, Indian, quadruun, octrune, Japanese, quadruun, think about that and think about that related to genetic studies. How do we understand? What are we trying to define? How are we trying to describe people in difference? And then more recently, you can see from our OMB categories, and here I just want to highlight the italics, where within the Census categories, it clearly stated that this is neither a scientific nor anthropological in nature. And then finally, our current categories that we have for the collection of information within our country. And you see the five racial categories, and then the ethnic category, which is Hispanic or not Hispanic. But what changed in 2000 was you could identify more than one race, which I think is extremely important with regards to how we understand people and groups within our country. So another way to kind of describe this is when you think about research studies and studies where we're looking at different populations, we really put people in bins. And we don't fit in bins. We're not all in one bin. And that's the difficulty and the challenge that we have. But that's really the only way you can really do the study. And so the question is, why did you put them in that bin? Does it make sense that they're in that bin? Can you understand that bin? And is ancestry a better bin than our OMB categories of race at times? Or is it not?  So the third question is, can a specific ethnic group, and I identify the HapMap populations, but this could be another group that's identified, be generalized to all individuals within a U.S. census category of people? And so it really raises the challenge, and this really ties with Larry's talk this morning, is the question of our understanding of human genetic variation and thinking about that and thinking about the level of diversity that happens to be in the continent of Africa and how does that fit with our understanding of thinking about different groups? And so many genetic studies have shown that there's clearly more variation within the continent as that only a small group of individuals left the continent to cross the different parts of the globe. And so how do we understand that when we make differences related to skin color and identification? So this is a slide from Lynn Geordie, a colleague of mine at Geneticist at University of Utah, where he does a nice job of really articulating the issue of who's an African-American. And this is based on ancestral markers. So these are individuals that self-identified as being African-American or black. And if you look at the two individuals here, you see that one of the individuals has clearly a majority of their markers that would be identified as African ancestral markers, and the other individual has a majority of markers that would be identified as European markers. I think we probably all know people like that, people who clearly come from various ancestral backgrounds but they identify their identity, their social identity, which is so important and a component of our lives as one or another group, and they make a distinction about that. My own lab is doing work around understanding of how individuals who are clearly multiracial where one parent is European background and one parent is African background perceive their identity and what happens within their clinical encounters around that identity. So this question of how we think about individuals and describe individuals becomes extremely important. But there clearly is a relationship between our self-identified race and genetics, and it's extremely important to understand that, that you can correlate, but it's often imprecise and the correlation of ancestry is clearly more informative. And so this is a challenge both for the researcher and how do you describe your groups and use racial information that can be very valuable social construct of race but also try to be very clear in the ability to communicate when you're talking about an individual versus a group or population. So next question, what are potential causes of the differences in outcomes beyond genetics? And Emily talked a little bit about this this morning and some of the questions that were raised is that we have to be careful and thoughtful. And as a social scientist, these are the issues that are most important to me, is how do we think about the social determinants and what that may make with regards to who has certain diseases, what happens with regards to disease differences and outcomes and morbidity and mortality, that the socioeconomic status issues of transportation, housing, access to service, education, income have so much impact on what happens to individuals in our society. And so when we think about who gets diabetes, clearly the genetic component is an extremely important component but the cultural component, the diet, the issues of access to general healthcare services can be also very important to those issues. So how do we interpret and communicate that to the public? I think it's a challenge for researchers and it's likely a challenge for you. So I wanted to identify one study that was published a couple years ago that you may or may not be familiar with which was published by the Institute of Medicine called Unequal Treatment. And it's really been a profound study in our understanding of health disparities and really raising issues and providing a consensus of data that there's difference in treatment that people receive within our country that is related to the race and ethnicity that has nothing to do with the genetic basis but has to do with how they are treated within a system can have equal insurance but where there's differences in how they're treated. And what does that mean related to health and illness or may not mean related to health and illness? But the importance of understanding that the society and the influence of some of that with regards to what happens with individuals and their health is extremely important. So I wanna share with you a study that was published by Richard Cooper and a group of researchers that I think does a nice job of just kind of raising the case study of why we all have to be thoughtful. And this was a study related to blood pressure in populations of European versus African descent. And specifically, he was looking at the question of hypertension which is often identified as African-Americans and individuals who are self-identified as black as being greater risk generally throughout populations across the globe for hypertension. And so he wanted to look at that from a perspective of whether trying to tease out what may be the differences in different populations. And this figure from the article identifies a number of different population groups. So you'll see here where U.S. blacks are a little over 40% prevalence of hypertension and Nigerians a little bit over 10% and Jamaicans about 25% but you see the highest is from Germany. And so the question of challenges of understanding environment and diet and culture become extremely important in this question. And so it's really a question of challenge that we need to think about all of the issues with regards to how we understand disease and difference within our society. And so that this article is just an example of challenging us to make sure that we don't over focus on the genetics but that we also look at the environmental and the social issues that are extremely important. So the next question is, what are the implications of misinterpretation of the data? And I think that there are a number of examples from history that we can look to but I just wanna give one example that I wanna share with you. And this is from an Ebony magazine in 1966. And I just wanna highlight this article because it described sickle cell disease and it talked about sickle cell disease as a Negro disease. And clearly within the United States the prevalence of individuals with sickle cell disease would be identified as black or African-American. But if you think and now our knowledge that we clearly have across the globe, if you're in Greece or in Saudi Arabia or other parts of areas of the world where there was a high malaria possibility at one time, there are a number of individuals who also have sickle cell disease or sickle cell carriers. And it raises those questions. So this is from JAMA in 1947. And I know this is from 1947 and it's always nice to have 2020 hindsight and to be able to look back. And I think that's the challenge that we all have as we move forward. But in JAMA, 1947, the most significant feature of sickle cell anemia is the fact that it's apparently the only known disease that is completely confined to single race. Well clearly that's not true. And so how we think about this question and I think sickle cell disease, even though it's a single gene disorder, is a great case study of issues of misinformation, of discrimination against a group, of stigma against individuals who may be at risk for something but not have a disease that we can learn from when we think about society, the United States, and race, genetics, and disease. So the next question is, is the variation peculiar to a specific group or only more common in it? And I think this is an extremely important question as we talk about differences in groups related to potential genetic variants. And how does the investigator respond to you as a reporter when you ask that question and are able to interpret their results? So how is variation distributed between populations? Larry talked about this earlier, but again this slide from Lynn Geordi does a really nice job to show that the green bar that most of the variation is within a population group. And so the differences between populations is really very small when you look at the variation that occurs within populations and between populations. And what is the medical significance of the variation? What does it mean for health and disease? It's the so what question, so often for clinical researchers, what impact is this gonna have on the health of my patients? And I just wanted to kind of give you a context on a couple of things. One is an issue that I think has been a milestone but probably a milestone for the wrong reasons. And it gets talked about a lot in genetic and genomic conferences. And it really wasn't a genetic or genomic study whatsoever, even though it raised some questions about potential genetic variation. And that's the issue of the first drug that's been approved by the United States for a specific racial group, which was by-deal. And this is the indication in usage directions where it says by-deal is indicated for treatment of heart failure as an adjunct to standard therapy and self-identified black patients to improve their survival. But the challenge is who is self-identified black? And how do you understand that? And what does that mean from a clinical care perspective? And really are there other things that are going on that we need to learn and understand that may make by-deal very valuable for a lot of populations that would not identify as self-identified black or for individuals that clearly are self-identified black where it has no benefit to. And the question that I'm just really raising for you is that from a clinical perspective, we have to always be thoughtful of the challenge of what does this really mean to improve the health of people in a society, the people that may read your articles, people that may see your TV pieces, or the scientists that interpret others' studies. And so it becomes important that we're thoughtful about these questions. So I'm gonna end on a couple, I'm gonna share a little data from some work that I'm doing, research that I'm doing about how physicians think about these issues, what do doctors think when we think about human genetic variation and genetics and race. And I'm just gonna share with you two quotes from some focus groups that we've done with general internists across the country that I just think are nice illustrative points of the issue. So the first quote is, so I think we clearly know that biologically there are different chemicals and different functional processes going on in African-Americans versus white patients. You have to take that into account. They're going to respond better to one drug more than another, perhaps. This is a physician in Detroit, Michigan. Second one, race is a social construct. It's useful given the historic context. I would not let anybody not refer to me as black, as a black woman. However, I actually do believe that there's no biological basis for that and science proves me out. So we are entering into an exciting period of better understanding the genetic components of disease. And then how does that translate both to society and the public and how does it translate into clinical care becomes extremely important. And I just want to end with a quote from a piece that Francis Crick did in 2003 as part of the celebration of the completion of the Human Genome Project and the anniversary of their identification of the structure of DNA. And Francis Crick made this statement. It was a very powerful but short interview that he did. He was ill at that time. But he made this statement that I think it's important for all of us to remember.  May we learn to use it wisely? Thank you. So we'll start with questions. I got everybody quiet. So actually, so I mean, I actually have a question. Okay. So I want to start sort of biologically at the biological level of the gene, is there a distinction between blacks and whites? Blacks and whites? So no. So I guess the issue is that what is black, what is white? And that there's clearly information and data that supports ancestral differences. And so you can see human genetic variation across the globe that is ancestry link that may have some links with also skin color and other features and traits that you identify individuals from a social construct of race. But our social constructs of race are that, they're social constructs, but they may have valuable information to describe different ancestral backgrounds that are important to understanding human genetic variation. As we go forward, you know, we're gonna be hearing about studies. We've heard the studies on obesity. We're gonna hear some studies coming out shortly about height and from what I gather when this is not unreported information at this point, so this is just for your information. The distribution of that trait about height when you look at the hat map populations is different. So it's different and it's not as prevalent in Asians who are shorter than Europeans who are shorter than the Europeans who are the North African samples or the Western Africa sample. So I mean, what are we supposed to do? How do we interpret that? What are we supposed to do with that information in terms of discussing how these traits that are not diseases vary across the populations across the face of the planet? I think that's a perfect example. And if you think about the continent of Africa and the hat map populations you're above, which is from Nigeria area, so the West Coast. But if you think about the continent of Africa and the height of individuals from the continent, it changes dramatically. And so there are certain tribes and ethnic groups from Southern Africa that are very, very short and from Eastern Africa that's very, very tall. I mean, that's a perfect example that you then couldn't say that individuals who are quote African American or who are black are gonna be taller or shorter or this. So I think that's a great example to show the variation that occurs within different areas of the globe and within one continent. Yes? Years ago, I read and heard of a theory that partly explaining hypertension in American blacks. And I think it went like the blacks in the slave ships who could, many, many died, but the ones who could retain salt the best survived, if I've got that right. And they brought those genes to this country and that explains why American blacks have more hypertension than African blacks. Is that, was it ever true? And is it still true that there?  Pleasing story. Although I've not seen any data that would suggest that it's true. The other issue is that to change allele frequencies, to change frequencies in population takes a lot, a lot of selection. And as horrible as the passage was, it may not have been a strong enough to selective force to actually change the frequencies in populations. If you think about the passage over the slave trade, it occurred over hundreds of years drawing from different regions. So I haven't seen published information that says this is what happened and this is why this might be true. And as you saw, the range of blood pressure varied. It is almost a continuum, almost without regard to continent. So if there are some documented differences, I don't know about it in the genes. And clearly, the environment changes quite radically across Vince's profile from Nigeria all the way to Germany. I don't know if Elaine or Francis has ever seen any scientific publication that said that this might be the... No, because at the moment, we don't have any good examples of genetic variations that have been validated as showing a strong association or even a weak association with hypertension. Those have been pretty frustrating to come by. And at such time as such variants appear, I suppose this could finally be a testable hypothesis by looking at the gene pool in African-Americans compared to West Africa, where the slave trade primarily was conducted. And you could see if there was any shift.  But why wouldn't it have been enough time? If there were a strong pole for a certain genetic type of individual to survive and the others not, why wouldn't that be enough time? It actually comes down to the math of selection and replacing genes or different flavors of genes. In order to get total replacement, it either takes a long, long time of drifting slowly, so little bits of selection over a long, long time, or massive amounts of selection over a short time. Short time in this case would be hundreds of years in that in order to get full replacement so that you had a big shift in the frequency, you may have to have 95% mortality. And the mortality was awful, but it wasn't that high. Once you have people over here and then you no longer have the selective force, it's really easy to have all the wills maintain a frequency. It also fits with the myth of how you could get rid of recessive disease by eliminating the people who are affected. There are lots of recessive diseases that are lethal and people don't reproduce, but there's this huge pool of people who are heterozygotes who aren't affected who continuously replenish that disease population. So in large populations, allele frequencies don't change radically unless selection is occurring over a long, long time, or selection is extremely intense. And there's one example that's been published over the last year in the ability to metabolize lactose. And that's the story where there's an example. In human population, it looks like some populations have acquired the ability to use milk for nutrition as adults, which not everyone can do. And the signature in the genome looks like that that trait is a recently evolved, recently selected for trait. But those are relatively few and far between those examples. One of the things that we're trying to do is use this HAPMAP type data and whole genome association data to look for other signatures of selection in the genome. But there's not a lot of them at this point. Sickle cells, another one, or anything that affects hemoglobin in malaria-ridden areas is another one. But we'd run out of examples very quickly if we went through them. You know, just to put another perspective on that, we do a lot of modeling of population genetic selection in the 150 dog breeds because we do see excess as a particular disease as in one breed or another.  And so we look at exactly these sort of selective pressures and selective sweeps and what breeders were selecting for and what got dragged along with. And the pressure that you have to put on to really change the allele distribution is absolutely dramatic. When we see something actually change, we often see a population that, for instance, bottlenecked during World War II down to maybe 20 dogs, of which maybe only three or four were stud dogs that were still breeding, contributing to the gene pool. We know of examples in the Lee and Burgers where they bottlenecked down to about eight dogs. And so the pressure that the population drops enormously, the number of individuals in the population contributing to the gene pool drops enormously. And then there's a very, very strong selective pressure applied to those remaining individuals. Then you can start to see changes in allele frequency in a population, but it almost takes the constellation of those three events to see some meaningful change. It has to be really quite dramatic. I have a question for that regarding Ireland. The first light-hearted, when will Irish Catholic make it into the OPM category for HapMap? Because I didn't like that when I wrote that in for my SATs many years ago. But regarding folklore and Ireland growing up, we had always grown up hearing that because of the famine and because of the famine years and because of forced emigration and starvation and mortality that the tallest and the strongest were selected to go out on the coffin ships to go and live in Australia and New Zealand and America, that the families chose those who were going to make it. So when you look at the population now in the Republic of Ireland, the stature, the physical stature of the men is less tall and big than today's NFL linebacker. So I've always thought it was an interesting question and certainly never has been, as far as I know, explored scientifically, but I think it would be an interesting area for study. Well, the whole issue with the salt retention and the migration. I mean, if you follow back the articles and really look at the articles, you'll see that this is a hypothesis that there's been no empirical data. But I know that recently there was a popular TV show that had a piece on this. And so this is one of the challenges of how do we understand where the science is today and how we understand some of these differences. Issue a little bit. I collaborate with folks in Ireland and spend a fair bit of time talking to them and visiting. And so I've picked up a little bit the famine statistics. And it's another case where the famine, again, was awful and there was a huge efflux from the population. But the numbers, again, didn't have the selective pressure that we need to actually push allele frequencies. And even if they did, even if you selected all of the tallest, if you remember the slide I showed about the distribution and height, a generation of breeding, for lack of a better term, will essentially have that start to regress to the mean because we're talking about lots of different genes and different combinations. And so on average, tall parents tend to have children that are more similar to the average than they are to themselves to a certain degree, although there's a strong genetic component. The population of Ireland is still not what it was in the famine, but the number of Irish individuals in the world is roughly 10 times the population of Ireland. And my guess is that you won't find significant differences between the 40 million Irish that are outside of Ireland and the five or six million that are there. In forensic medicine, how is it that we're able to identify the so-called race of the victim? Are we latching onto so-called characteristics of curly hair? And do we even know the genome that well that we can identify the gene responsible for this or that? So for answers, you want to start that one out? So as Vince told you, most of genetic variation is shared amongst groups, but the frequency of a particular variant may be different depending on where your ancestors came from. I remember Larry's picture of those colored circles migrating out of Africa and particular variants therefore turning out to be more frequent in Asia or Europe than they might be across the continent of Africa because of a founder effect or just drift, which is another term geneticists use for the fact that the frequency will, especially in a smaller population, not stay constant just by random sort of stochastic change. And if you look across all 10 million snips in the genome and you look carefully, you can find some where the frequencies of a variant are really quite different depending on whether that person's ancestors came from Europe or Asia or in the case of HapMap, the Yoruba in West Africa. And that means that if you simply sample those that are particularly ancestrally relevant with a mere 20 or 30 of those snips, you can make a prediction about a DNA sample whether that person's ancestors came from one of those three parts of the globe. And you'll get it right as long as you're not looking at Tiger Woods. I'm gonna say the exact same thing if you stumble on that person. Right, so if you're given a limited number of options, you should be able to make a pretty good prediction about ancestral geographic origins. To say nothing about whether that is a predictor of race because race is such a murky, baggage laden term that in this instance, I think one should be careful about what you're determining and what you're not. You're really determining ancestral geography of that person's predecessors. And certainly that is being used in some instances in forensics to try to take a guess at what the origins might be of somebody who has left a DNA sample at the scene of a crime, even if you don't have a match, maybe it'll help the authorities in their abilities to try to prioritize who might be the culprit. And they're at least one celebrated or not celebrated depending on your perspective case in Louisiana where that was done. That's quite controversial because certainly, given the fact that many people don't have all of their ancestors from just one part of the world, and certainly when you look at the group that we call, for instance, Hispanics or Latinos, there's a very different kind of ancestral history if you happen to be from Puerto Rico as opposed to Mexican-American, as opposed to somebody who grew up in the country of Spain and yet we would call all of those Hispanics. So maybe this tells more than it should. But of course, this has turned into quite an industry of how people can send in a DNA sample and be told where their origins came from, right down to in some instances, the village in Africa where your ancestors came from, which is quite fanciful since, of course, Africa has not been static over the course of all this time either. And so some of that is people actually making bucks on making predictions that are really not well supported, at least not to that level of precision. One of the things we're anticipating, though, is that as we get more and more information about how genetic variation not only correlates with ancestral origin, but actually we identify variations that are associated with appearance. And you heard about one from Elaine, this gene that's associated with skin color. It's not unimaginable that in the next five or 10 years we'll also identify genes that play a role in facial structure, craniofacial features. And hair texture and hair color and eye color will, if not already getting glimpsed, get better and better so that a sketch of the individual derived solely from their DNA sequence might get better and better. And then that really is going to, I think, turn things upside down in terms of forensics and in terms of privacy issues about who has access to your DNA and what do they do with it.


Hi there, my name is Liz Rice. I run the AirConsource engineering team at Aqua Security, where we build tools to help enterprises secure their cloud native deployments. And I'm here with Daniel Patsack. Hi everyone, I'm a software engineer at Aqua, taking care of our open source projects, including Starboard. And today we want to share with you some background on what Starboard is and describe some of the design decisions that we've made as we've been developing it, and then talk a bit about the way we see Starboard developing in the future. So first of all, the motivation behind Starboard. Meet our friend Dave Loper. He uses Kubernetes and to do so he uses tools like kubectl and perhaps he uses a dashboard like Octon or another kind of IDE interface that uses the Kubernetes API to access the cluster and manipulate resources within that cluster. Now, if Dave is also interested in security, today he has to learn to use a variety of different security tools. They all have different interfaces, they generate output in different formats, maybe some of it is in HTML reports and some is in JSON files. The idea behind Starboard is to bring all these disparate tools into the world of Kubernetes. So we've created the Starboard CLI tool that provides an interface, a familiar Q-Control plug-in interface that Dave can use to run security tools. And it creates the reports in the form of Kubernetes custom resources that Dave can access using Q-Control and the dashboard. So over to Daniel to show us the CLI in action. Right, so I'm going to demonstrate how we can run a Q-Bench as a security tool via the Starboard CLI interface. What I have here is a local kind cluster with four nodes, three worker nodes. And we also have to install Starboard binary. In here I'm installing it from the crew index and we have to initialize Starboard. It's one time command. It is creating all the CRD definitions and service accounts and configuration map. And with that we could trigger Q-Bench scanner. Since we have four nodes, we are spawning four Kubernetes jobs which are scanning and running benchmarks on each node. Once it's done, we could list the results. So as you can see for each node, we do have all the checks run and you can see me that there are some failures. For those who are more familiar with user interfaces or graphical user interfaces, we also developed a Starboard plug-in. And this plug-ins allows us to navigate to the list of nodes, select a particular node and we contributed a CIS Kubernetes benchmark which simply shows the same information as you saw in the terminal. So the CLI allows our friend Dave to run security tools manually through Q-Control Starboard. The next step is to automate this using an operator. So we've created a Starboard operator at the moment it just runs vulnerability scanning on workload resources. So the operator watches for new pods starting in the Kubernetes cluster and it runs a vulnerability scanning tool. We have a couple of options already implemented and what we're talking about that later. Having run the scan job, the operator writes the vulnerability reports custom resource. So over to Daniel to show us the operator in action. Yeah, so let's take WordPress as a sample application. What you can see is a deployment descriptor. But this time I'm going to use a Octant, apply YAML file feature to create this deployment. And now if we switch to the Starboard operator in this is where we run, this is the namespace in which we run the operator itself. And in the same namespace, it spawn immediately a scan job. It is unnotated. So we could actually figure out which workload it is scanning. And it's related to the active replica set of the WordPress deployment. If everything is fine, this job is automatically cleaned up and the operator will create a vulnerability report and associate it with this replica set. So we could also go and see what is going on and what is the descriptor of this image. There is an init container. There is a WordPress container. That's actually the command that we are running. And since Octant is automatically refreshing the UI, it has been completed, switching back to the default namespace WordPress. And here is where we made this vulnerability information available. There is a status card component and the plugin displays the stats. If you want to drill down, we have the vulnerability tab and here is a list of vulnerability items. The operator will also act on the rolling update event. So if we bump up the version of the deployment to see if the newer version has less critical vulnerabilities, we will see that in the same way, there is another scan job in the starboard operator namespace. It is using a different set of labels because now the active replica set for the application has changed. But if everything goes well, you will see the report updated in here. For now, it is still scanning. And here we are. The latest version has only two critical vulnerabilities. And again, we could drill down and see all the details here. Thank you, Daniel. So now you've seen starboard in action. Let's talk a little bit about some of the design decisions that we've taken while building it. And you've seen how security report information is created and is associated with particular resources. And we're trying to generalize handling different types of security report associated with different types of resources. As you saw, we're using labels on the security-related resource to identify which Kubernetes results it relates to. So we can use label selectors to extract the right security information for a particular Kubernetes resource. But we're also using an owner reference. And the good thing about this is that when the owning resource gets deleted, the associated security resource that owns it also gets deleted. We simply don't have to worry about garbage collection because Kubernetes takes care of it for us. Deciding to use this owner reference approach actually settled a whole other design decision for us. We've been going back and forth on whether it would be useful to maintain historical security reports. And by using this owner reference, we know we're going to be cleaning up security resources when the associated resource is deleted. So we can't hold on to historical information. And actually that makes a lot of sense because Kubernetes isn't intended to hold a historical database of things that have happened in the cluster in the past. So there's no reason why it should hold on to security reports from the past either. There are other options for that. Log the information and store it elsewhere outside of the cluster. We also had to make a decision about the name we give to each of the security report resources. Initially, we thought of using a UUID because it would definitely be unique but it's a random string that's meaningless to humans. The alternative would be a deterministic name but when we were still thinking about historical reports we worried that it would be more complex. We could solve the problem but to make those names unique would involve doing something like including a timestamp if we wanted to make it a human readable name. So we initially lent towards the simple solution which was just to use UUIDs and know that they would be unique. Once we decided actually we're not going to store historical reports that will only ever be one security related custom resource related to a particular resource the whole naming issue stopped being so complicated. We could use deterministic names because concatenating the resource type and its name gives us a unique ID within the namespace and it's meaningful to humans. But it also had a useful implication in the implementation, right Daniel? Yes, since we are using the controller runtime library as part of the starboard operator code base which is using a pretty advanced Kubernetes client with its own cache does deterministic names solve the problem of duplicate vulnerability reports that we happen to create from time to time because we were not leveraging this whole caching mechanism. So eventually the resource name like a deterministic name reads better in the CLI interface but also improves the reliability and implementation of the operator. When we first spoke with customers about starboard something they brought up very quickly was role-based access control. Generally speaking Dave should only have access to the security information related to the resources that he has access to. So putting those reports in the same namespace as the resources can make our back configuration pretty straightforward. But as you saw starboard needs to run jobs and we have to decide what namespace to run those jobs in. We decided to do that in a separate namespace for starboard for a couple of reasons. First of all it means starboard doesn't need permission to run workloads in your application namespaces and that's better from the point of view of the principle of least privileges. We want to give everything as limited permissions as possible so starboard can only create these jobs in its own namespace. The other advantage of this is that when Dave is looking at the applications running in his namespace it's not cluttered up with the occasional scan jobs that starboard operator would be automatically creating. Now for the CLI the scan jobs run in a starboard namespace and for the operator they run in whatever namespace you're running the operator in, right? Yes, notice also that not every resource building in Kubernetes is scoped to a namespace. There are nodes and you saw in the demo that we run a cube bench for each node and then we associate a report with a node. So in this case we also distinguish between namespaced and cluster scoped custom security resources. So vulnerability report would be a namespaced report whereas we already mentioned cube bench report or cube hunter report is a cluster scoped resource. So we've seen that in general we're associating a security report with a resource and when it comes to running workloads we actually had a few options to consider. Remember that we're trying to make it easy for Dave Loper to find out the security information about his workloads, his running applications. Now if he runs an unmanaged pod it's pretty straightforward that the vulnerability report is associated with that unmanaged pod. But if we're talking about deployments there could be multiple instances of each pod and if we were to associate vulnerability reports with those pods we'd have duplication. Those reports can actually be pretty large so it could turn into a practical storage issue to store vulnerability reports at this level. So we decided not to do that an alternative might be to think about associating the vulnerability report with the deployment. After all that's the resource that Dave is typically going to be manipulating but there is a problem with this. There isn't always a single replica set per deployment and if we have multiple replica sets they may have different images in their pod specs so we'd need different vulnerability reports for those images those different images that they refer to. So the conclusion is we need to hold vulnerability reports associated with replica sets. When you come to think of it unmanaged pods can also be replaced with a pod of the same name but a different image so for that reason we include a label with a hash of the pod spec so that we can tell if the security report for a particular pod is out of date. Even if we're storing these vulnerability reports per replica set from Dave's point of view he's probably interested in querying it related to his deployment. So we've made it easy to traverse the hierarchy so that you can make a query at the deployment level and it looks up the vulnerability information from the associated replica set and over to Daniel to show us the hierarchy. All right so just to show you the current report that we have in our cluster we scanned all the nodes with kubebench and as you can see we set the owner reference for this report to point to a kind worker node but also you see that it's because of this great kubecontrol tree plugin we see the whole hierarchy of objects it's even more interesting when we display it for the WordPress application. Since we did a rolling update we have two replica sets one of them is active as you can see this ready status here and we also created a two vulnerability reports which are linked back to the replica set and just to show you what we mean by traversing the hierarchy of objects so remember that even though we don't have the report associated with the deployment object we do display this information right because we can do programmatically traverse the tree and display all the vulnerability information right in the user interface. So we've talked about how we envisage starboard being extendable and being used to show security reports generated by multiple different tools. Now let's talk a bit about how or what you would need to do if you wanted to add support for a new security tool into starboard. Over to you Dan. So here what you can see is like a quick explanation how starboard schedules jobs and how you can contribute or security vendor can contribute with its own vulnerability scanner. It's not like a plug and play experience yet but in general we believe that we could support other tools out of the box like we have this reconciliation loop that is constantly watching deployments or pods that are created and then starboard is taking care of scheduling a job adding all these labels that we explained and eventually persisting the report and here what we expect from the vendor is to implement a simple interface to provide a pod template spec. This is where as a prerequisite we expect that your vulnerability scanner is containerized so it could give us its image and then also build up the command that is used for scanning in case of 3D which is the default vulnerability scanner in starboard the command is pretty simple it's like an image reference and then the 3D output converter this is a piece of code that is reading a control pod and it's transforming the 3D model to the starboard model which in this case is a vulnerability report it has its own schema but we can't know what is the model of the third-party tool these two bits have to be implemented separately and if we move to the next slide you will see a simple interface called vulnerability scanner with those two callbacks one is get pod template spec that's the one where you specify what is your image reference and what is the actual command and all the args and the second method is a callback to parse the stream of logs coming from the pod if you intend to reuse all the custom security resources that we defined as part of starboard you could also swap for example Polaris which is used by default as a config-outlet tool so as long as you comply with this schema of config-outlet report you could reuse for example plugin you don't have to build your own dashboard or something like that just fit the data with your tool and we will visualize it for you the same applies for other IDEs for which we don't have plugins now but since the CRD is a common thing in Kubernetes and since we added additional printer columns even the default UI for displaying custom resources in Lens allows you to quickly spot that in a given application you have 91 critical vulnerabilities of course we can wrap it into a plugin but it's already useful and also you can see here are all the labels and the naming conventions that we were talking about so today starboard is extensible it's possible to add support for new security tools you do need to write some code where we would love to get to in the future is the ability to just add new security tools through configuration imagine that it's really a simple case of saying or telling the operator I want to watch a certain type of resource and when there are changes in that resource I want to call a particular security tool and it will generate custom resources of this particular type so adding support for a new type of security tool would be a case of creating a new custom resource definition and adding in the definition the configuration for that new tool so that's the vision of where we want to get with plugability today it is a little bit more complicated you do need to write a bit of code but this is the ultimate goal and we would also be very keen to hear feedback on the custom resource definitions that we've created so far we hope that they're flexible enough to plug in other alternative tools but we're very open to hearing feedback the last thing that we wanted to talk about in terms of the future of starboard is helping Dave Loper ask the question what are the most security most important security issues in my cluster or what are the most important security issues in the particular namespace I care about we want to get to a point where we can summarize the most important issues from across these different types of security report and use starboard to make it very easy for Dave to find out what security issues he really needs to worry about so if that sounds interesting to you you can download and run starboard from github it's also available on the artifact hub and the operator hub and we would love for you to get involved do come and check out the starboard repository on github you can get in touch with us or reach out to us here at the conference we'd love to hear from you thank you very much thank you


Before the onset of the rains that ravaged the country with floods that caused mayhem and destruction in 2018, it was preceded by a long drought that also claimed many lives, decimated lives to conduit lefiniku meja due to hunger and lack of water. Prolonged drought and low rains put among the Mgrisa County in a precarious situation as 430 cattle, 630 sheep and goats were under great risk of dying. 40% of the population at the time required food and water according to the National Drought Management Coordinator in Garisa County, Abdenur Dubu. 40% of the population required food and water. The county had been receiving below normal rains for 4 consecutive seasons, so that itself has put us in a very precarious situation. About two billion shillings were set aside by the government to provide a lasting solution to the miners. It will be remembered the rangus that arose between Muranga and Nairobi County over water supply, where Muranga wanted some revenue for providing water to Nairobi County. We need to do some basic benefit sharing, allowed water as a natural resource in between the various people who are benefitting. And if you benchmark water with the other natural resources, people in Naluk, our friends, Masaimala, all the collections goes to the county government. They collect in billions. The farm was so severe and it kept escalating with about 6 million Kenyans requiring human intervention. While donating foodstuff to hunger-stricken Kenyans, mamangina Kenyata called on all Kenyans in assisting the starving citizens. We need to do our best to provide food for those who are suffering from the same problem. Approximately 2.55 million people were food insecure in March 2018, down from 3.4 million in August 2017, as Kenya continued to face the effects of the severe drought from the previous year and high staple food prices. Sini, First palm tienesing in 2018, atytinal nutrition became critical вы pl Wahildhi dunan Chunna river, Warjianol Kej GOWghyou, sini, inspiring The government came up with a grand plan that would see construction of dams for preserving little amount of water available to be used during the dry spell. The factor is that any little water we have must be managed. Any little rainwater we receive, we cannot continue donating it to the Indian nation anymore. We are The clouds of dust intermittently traverse the plains and cover everything with dust, and then, without warning, the heavens opened. The clouds gave way to incessant rains. When it rained, it poured. The heavens that most fear watered the earth, the soils got saturated, and the running waters merged from the highlands of Mochkena, the Rift Valley, Nyanza region, north-eastern to the coastal Kenya. The above average long rains resorted in massive flooding in 40 out of 47 counties and with time, it became a natural calamity. Hundreds of houses were marooned and thousands of people displaced with 800,000 people affected, including 311,000 displaced, 186 killed and nearly 100 injured by mid-May 2018. Of the displaced children, about 18,725 required child protection intervention and about 46,000 children could not access schooling by mid-May 2018 and 329 schools were hosting people displaced by the floods. The heavy rains continued to wreak havoc in many parts of the country. In Baringo County, pupils had challenges in schooling due to accessibility and submerged classes. The situation in Tana River was devastating as 10,000 people were displaced from their homes after their houses were marooned. Tana River banks could not withstand the vigor of the heavy rains resulting in a catastrophe. Most of the people were displaced but only batches were left. Most children were leaving their homes as they were given food. Most of the people wereoffended by the floods. How many children were left? How many did they have? How many thought they were rich? How many were left? How many people were left? How many people lost their homes? We lost everything, now we are in a makeshift camp. Mandura County was no better from the rest of the country, which continued to face the wrath of the rainfall. The flooding also compounded ongoing diseases, outbreaks like kulebra. We lost everything, which continued to face the wrath of the rainfall. We lost everything, which continued to face the wrath of the rainfall. Asadafiyeti was, as lives were lost through flooding, bridges and roads washed, mudslides, a farm produced destroyed, and fatal accidents occurred along our roads, affecting timber emergency assistance. Just a few words to mention, in Eversha, three people died as their car was swept by waters. So, we were in the area where the flood happened. We were in the area where the flood happened. Three people drowned in Narok County I think that has been happening every rainy season. We were in a landslide, because it was a landslide. We were in the area where the flood happened. We were in a landslide where the flood happened. So was the situation in Obunga village of Kisumu County, where two people were overwhelmed by the waters, as they tried to cross river wire in search of the aquitaine. Blocked sewer lines draining into streets, impassable roads and traffic snarlups were less since in major cities. Nairobi County experienced heavy traffic and flash floods, and merged estates and poor drainage, while in Mombasa County the rains caused accidents along the roads and stored marine activities due to heavy winds and high rainfall. Ironically, the regions that were had beaten by drought and starvation, people would later die of flooding and displaced from their homes. The rains will forever remain etched in the memories of canyons, especially in how over 40 people lost their lives when the Solaipatel Dam blockates embakments and swept their livelihoods down the hill. Children and remain the most affected. Napa mahiika magig yukata zangadyi yung kutu mahiiki hagita la kunt embargo. Wa toto wengini wangu siwaoni, mimi ni kansakisika rao innatya fuka, na kama ni loza mimiama kuna wengini wali perepo, ama kuku ruye dagi sa uru wa toto siwaoni wote. Mimi ni kabeba mutoto muntoka ni ruikuna ni iamusichana wangu, ni karudinai. Di yom toto haki jana wangu nakani pegi asimu, na kani ni ya abiii asewo sho. Wa asya gutafutu al mutoto, We have lost a lot of lives here and this is very tragic. Mur withdrawn clients, maaz immiku qopfu kika w espikan media souls ju wrists in eternal peas desyko50 drautened faaming mdi tombaz Mama bean MARK Kusoka, kwa kwa daka mwenia, niwa maikia kikupudisha ka kwa kppsisha kлюgydo. Kwa kwasida, kwa mwenia kwa k咕ilha kusega kwa kusha mnaikia, and mwenia kwa kusha mnaikia matia kola kisi odoka, 7kwa kusiga kva kusiga na 9kwa kadi kasi. Kwa kusiga niaikia mwenia kwa kusha mnaikia kimi mizu kira kisi wak historians ya yama kamosha ktu ruka 사고, ya kwa kusha mwenia, murenia kika kudu yama m Bread. Hisha and brus condition declined in January due to poor forage regeneration occasion by depressed rainfall during the October to December rainy season, as well as the sunny, dry and hot weather condition that prevailed in January. The average distance to water sources for household and livestock increased compared to December across ISIL counties. Distance was expected to further increase due to the prevailing dry weather conditions. A report by National Drought Management Authority NDMA shows that below average short rains slightly increased the food insecure population from 655,800 in August 2018 to about 1.1 million currently. With the 12 most affected counties having a total of 865,300 food insecure people, the National Government provided a total of about 1.4 million chillings for response during the period of February, March and April 2019. As we speak, the rains are here again. Already there are reports of death following the heavy rains in some parts of the country. Hundreds of families in Akriyamesi village Tesso South Constituency, Busea County was stranded following Ahevedanpua that flooded their homes. The incident was occasioned by the overflow of River Malakisi that has been dry for the past months. According to the residents, properties of unknown value including household goods, pottery and livestock were washed away by the floods. Several houses were also destroyed by the floods. Elsewhere, Narok Road around Soswa area was rendered impassable by flood waters following Ahevedanpua experienced in parts of Kenya. While a mother and her daughter were swept away Saturday evening by flood waters in Kibra area of Nairobi following the onset of the rainy season in the country, according to residents, the poor drainage system in the area is to blame for the disaster. With these continued cycle of floods drought and farming, the question still remains for how long canyons will continue losing their properties and their loved ones due to natural calamities that could have ever be controlled. There goes the biggest question for how long will canyons continue losing their lives and property due to natural calamities that could however be controlled. We are hoping this is something that our government will put into place and ensure we are safe. Many thanks for keeping us company. Coming up next is Waimashariki. Stay tuned. I'll see you on Friday. Have a good night. My name is Dereva Hillary.


we were looking at transformation to the stationary reference frame, we started off with the machine description in the three phase and then from that we went on to the aß0 reference frame both aß0 for the stator and aß0 for the rotor and we said that the 0 sequence is most likely not there so we can neglect the 0 sequence component. And this aß0 reference frame then has two axis one is the aß0 axis that of the stator and then you have the aß0 axis that of the stator. The aß0 axis has an MMF oriented along its direction due to an aß0 coil and then similarly the aß0 axis has another MMF oriented along that and we also then have an aß0 axis and then aß0 axis which is at 90 degrees to that so you have a aßr coil and an aßr coil. So this is a representation of your two phase machine neglecting 0 sequence component and for this we can write the expression in terms of voltage equals r into i plus p of inductance matrix into the i vector v is in the aß0 reference frame for the stator and aß0 for the rotor i is also aß0 here and aß0 there. The inductance matrix we have seen can be written by observation and the inductance matrix can then be written as L let us call it aß0 so that there is no confusion. The inductance matrix can then be written as Ls of the stator to distinguish this from the self inductance in the three phase case let us call this as Ls bar and then there is a question of mutual inductance between the aß and bß axis and we observed yesterday that that is 0 so the mutual inductance is 0 let us give some more space here so mutual inductance is 0 and then you have aßr into cos of ?r representing the mutual inductance between the aß and the aßr axis and then you have –msr sin ?r represents mutual inductance between the coil on the aß axis and the coil on the aßr axis and the second row would then represent the flux linkages or the inductance of the aß axis and since the two coils are identical on the aß and bß axis the self inductance term is the same and then you have between aß and the aßr axis so that is sin of ?r into msr bar and then you have msr bar cos ?r and then here you have msr bar cos ?r and then this is –msr sin ?r and then here you have msr sin ?r cos ?r here you have the rotor inductance there is no mutual inductance between the aßr and bß axis because again they are at 90 degrees and therefore there is 0 here and then lr here so this is the inductance matrix neglecting 0 sequence components if 0 sequence component was there you want to include that then you would have one column here extra one column here extra one row here extra and one row here extra only the term coming here will have an entry and that corresponds to the leakage inductance of the stator and similarly here there would be another entry which corresponds to leakage inductance of the rotor we already know that from the earlier derivations that we have done going from three phase to two phase now we can see that this inductance matrix can be conveniently divided into four sub matrices so this matrix we can call as l11 this sub matrix l22 this is then l12 and l21 obviously we can see that l21 is equal to l12 transpose. So this expression v aß equals ri plus p x li describes the electrical system of this two phase machine and we see that the inductance matrix depends on the rotor angle which is what we observed in the last lecture and in order to get rid of that we said that one can transform the rotor to a stationary axis having observed that the rotor angle arises or occurs in this description because the rotor is moving with respect to stator and looking at the mmf produced by the rotor a r axis and the ßr axis at a given angle ? yesterday we found that the same mmf could have been developed by two coils that are placed here one on the a s axis along the same axis a s another along the ß s axis. So if we consider two fictitious coils one along a s axis and another along the ß s axis both representing together the mmf that would have been produced by the a r and ßr excitations then these two mmf being equal one can define a relationship between the flow of currents here we will call this current as i this is the flow of current even though this coil is along the a s axis this flow of current is determined by both a r and ßr and therefore we will call this as current flowing along the a axis due to the rotor currents both the rotor currents so we call that as i r with the subscript a similarly here the current that is flowing is i r with a subscript ß so we define the relationship yesterday between the two currents i r a and then i r ß this relationship we found that it was cos ßr – sin ßr sin ßr and cos ßr multiplying i a and i ß these are the currents that are flowing actually in the rotor of course in the two phase axis of the rotor not the three phase machine and these can then be equivalently thought of as being some currents the same mmf being produced due to these two currents which are flowing now these currents are flowing in the pseudo stationary fictitious s winding and the ß s winding so having defined this we can now observe that if you know these two currents you can get these two currents and similarly if you know these two currents it is feasible to get those two currents how can you do that you need to invert this and bring it over here and you see that the determinant of this determinant of this is simply cos ßr – sin ßr which is 1 and therefore the inverse of this is simply the transpose of this and therefore if you call this by the matrix C22 then we can say that i a ß is equal to C22 transpose ßr a ß so this enables you to go from a ß to fictitious coil or fictitious coil to a ß and as we observed yesterday this does not have zero sequence if we have zero sequence that does not go through this equation zero sequence is retained as it is so you need to add one row of zeroes and one two zeroes here with the diagonal entry being one and the same zero sequence therefore comes here. Now this defines a relationship between i variable here and i variable here we would like in this case in order to transform the variables from the rotating reference frame to the stationary reference frame then we would like to have power invariancy which then means that v a ßi a ß transpose x v a ß you would like it to be i r a ß transpose x vr a ß this is the power in fictitious coils this is the power in a ß coils in the rotor and therefore if we have to get this we can now use this relationship and then say that replace this expression that is C22 transpose x i r a ß this whole thing transpose x v a ß equals i r transpose a ß into vr a ß which then means that i r transpose a ß into C22 transpose transpose a C22 into v a ß equals i r transpose a ß into vr a ß so looking at this expression we then conclude that vr a ß equals C22 into v a ß therefore the transformation for voltages is the same as the transformation for this i a ß here and i r a ß here are related by this C22 similarly here also it is related and therefore we have defined that relationship between this voltage and fictitious coil voltage. Now having defined all this we now need to see how we can apply this to this expression for the two phase machine. Now we want to transform only the rotor to fictitious coils here the stator is already stationary and therefore if you transform the rotor to stationary here then all these four are stationary with respect to each other we hope therefore that the rotor angle will not appear in the equations that is what we need to verify now and therefore we will define an augmented matrix C which is 1 0 or let me put it in a short form this is the identity matrix U which is 2 by 2 and then 0 matrix and C22. So having defined this then we can now define these two that is i r a ß equals a ß of this at the rotor and a ß of the stator this is therefore equal to C ß i a ß and a ß similarly you would have the relationship v r a ß of the stator a ß of the rotor is equal to C ß v a ß and a ß or if you want to put it in an expanded form what this matrix simply means is that v a v ß v r a v r ß is 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 cos ß ñ time ß r 0 ß ß ß ß so that is what this relationship means and therefore we see that we are going to retain the stator voltages as it is there is no change in the stator variables the rotor variables however undergo a change from the a ß axis of the rotor to a ß fixed on the stator. So these two variables are pseudo stationary variables in the stator reference frame these two variables are in the rotor reference frame similarly one can define this these two equations are similar now using this we would like to see what would happen to the machine description if we use these two equation and substitute it back in our machine description that we wrote. So our machine description was v a ß a ß equal r i a ß a ß plus derivative of the flux linkages now substitute these equations V aß is nothing but C inverse x Vr aß aß and therefore we can substitute it there this Vr aß aß is this matrix where aß is stator variable and the rotor is also referred to aß so we have C inverse Vr aß aß equals r into C inverse Ir aß aß plus derivative of L aß aß multiplied by C inverse Ir aß aß so having substituted this expression in the original machine equation voltage equation this is what you get and in order to get Vr aß aß you need to multiply by C matrix throughout and therefore you can multiply this by C and multiply this by C as well and here you have C inverse appearing if you look at the matrix we have here C inverse is going to be C transpose as you can see from this therefore that should be easy to observe otherwise I would leave you to verify that C inverse of this is indeed C transpose and therefore this can be written as Cr C transpose Ir aß aß plus C times P of L aß aß C transpose Ir aß aß now this is what we need to expand and we will try to do that now this matrix Cr C transpose is fairly easy to simplify I will leave that again to you as an exercise it is easy to show that this matrix is nothing but R and therefore this part of the expression is fairly easy we need to focus on this part of the expression therefore that can now be written as I times R aß aß plus this expression can be written as C l aß aß C transpose P of Ir aß aß plus C times P of L C transpose into Ir aß aß so we need to evaluate this matrix C l C transpose and C P l C transpose which we will try to do now let us try to simplify the expression we will consider the term l aß into C transpose so this can be written as l11 l12 l21 l22 l21 is nothing but l12 transpose so we will make use of that here into C transpose is nothing but identity matrix 0 0 C22 transpose so this is l aß aß C transpose so this can be written as l11 l12 P22 transpose l12 transpose and l22 P22 transpose so what we need to evaluate are l12 C22 transpose and l22 C22 transpose so l12 P22 transpose is nothing but you can see that l12 has MSR dash that is common so we would take that out and the remaining terms are cos ? R – sin ? R sin ? R and cos ? R multiplied by C22 transpose and we do not have the C matrix here so let me write the C22 matrix here C22 was cos ? R – sin ? R sin ? R and cos ? R and therefore the C22 matrix is cos ? R sin ? R – sin ? R and cos ? R this whole thing multiplied by MSR bar is this term l12 into C22 transpose so this can this is therefore equal to MSR bar the first term is cos ? ? plus sin ? that is 1 and the next term here is cos ? sin ? – sin ? cos ? so that is 0 and here you have sin ? cos ? – sin ? cos ? is 0 and sin ? plus cos ? is 1 so l12 C22 transpose reduces to a fairly simple matrix that is what you have. The next term that you need to get is l22 C22 transpose l22 is not depending on the rotor angle it is simply LR LR00 and therefore this can be written as LR multiplied by the identity matrix 2 by 2 into C22 transpose which is simply LR – into C22 transpose so it is the same C22 matrix that you have multiplied by LR having defined these two then if you look at the expressions that you have there are two things that we need to do one we have determined l ? ? C transpose and we now need to on the one hand pre-multiply by C on the other hand you need to differentiate this and then pre-multiply by C so let us first pre-multiply by C and then we will do the differentiation so if you now pre-multiply this by C what we are trying to do now is C L ? ? ? C transpose so this is identity matrix 00 C22 multiplied by this term is what we have determined earlier so that is l11 l12 C22 transpose is what you have as MSR bar into identity matrix U and then you have l12 transpose l22 C22 transpose is nothing but LR bar into C22 so that is what you have and if you multiply this what you get is l11 the first term reduces to l11 the second term reduces to MSR multiplied by identity matrix the third term reduces to C22 into l12 transpose and the fourth term here reduces to C22 LR C22 transpose remember LR is a scalar it is not a vector and therefore this reduces to the scalar LR dash into C22 C22 transpose and we know that C22 transpose is nothing but the inverse of C22 and therefore this term reduces to LR into identity matrix here you have C22 into L12 transpose we have already determined L12 into C22 transpose so this term is nothing but the transpose of this and this is already MSR into U and therefore this is nothing but MSR into U so we have determined what is CL ? ? ? ? into C transpose that is nothing but this matrix so we will now keep this aside for the moment and focus on the derivative of LC transpose so we will write this somewhere on the board we will write it here so CL ? ? ? C transpose is nothing but L11 and then MSR bar into identity matrix MSR bar into identity matrix and this matrix is the same as L22 so we will retain it as L22 and we can remove this expression now we need to find out the derivative of LC transpose so let us try to do that the derivative of LC transpose so yes L ? ? ? ? into C transpose is L11 L12 transpose L12 into C22 transpose was this so that is MSR into U and this one is LR bar into C22 transpose now if you take the derivative of this expression each of these terms has to be differentiated derivative is with respect to time and you see that L11 the inductance matrix here that is the first sub matrix here this contains only fixed elements there is not anything that is varying with respect to time and therefore the derivative of L11 is 0 so the derivative of this is equal to 0 in the first place this does not vary with respect to time MSR into U MSR bar into U you can see this matrix there is nothing again varying with respect to time therefore that is also 0 L12 transpose L12 is a matrix that is varying with respect to time because there is a rotor angle and rotor angle is going to change continuously as the rotor rotates this will vary with respect to time so this is P L12 transpose and here you have C22 again has the rotor angle here therefore C22 also varies with respect to time so therefore this is P LR bar into C22 transpose and now let us evaluate those expressions may be we will do that here we do not need these anymore so we will do this here P of L12 transpose is nothing but the derivative of this expression so if you look at this MSR bar is there everywhere that can be taken out so MSR bar and then you have this term derivative of cos ? is sin ?r and then you have derivative of sin ?r that is cos ?r and then you have derivative of – sin ?r that is – cos ?r and then you have derivative of cos ?r which is – sin ?r so you have – sin ?r multiplied by d ?r by d so this is then the first term there and the second term there involves derivation derivative of C22 transpose C22 is already there and we need to look at C22 transpose so P LR bar into C22 transpose is then LR bar multiplied by cos ?r derivative is – sin ?r and then cos ?r here – cos ?r and – sin ?r multiplied by d ?r by d we need C22 transpose so I have taken the transpose cos ?r becomes – sin ?r this sin ?r would go there and the derivative is cos ?r and the other two terms so this is what you have and what we need to do now is to evaluate the last term we need to find out C of P L ? ? ? into C transpose and therefore let us do that C is identity matrix 00 C22 multiplied by the derivative of this as we have already written down the first two terms are 0 and then you have P L12 transpose and then you have P LR bar P22 transpose this is what you have and this term then simplifies to 0 multiplied by 0 is 0 and then 0 multiplied by 0 again is 0 the third term is 0 plus C22 into P L12 transpose and the last term is C22 P LR C22 transpose so we now need to evaluate this term and this term so let us do that we do not need this expression anymore so let us get rid of that so essentially then we need to multiply this matrix and this matrix by C22 that is what this expression say so let us do that C22 is cos ?r – sin ?r sin ?r and cos ?r that is C22 multiplied by P L12 transpose P L12 transpose we already have here and therefore that is MSR bar multiplied by – sin ?r cos ?r – cos ?r – sin ?r multiplied by d ?r by d so that is going to give us MSR bar into the first term is cos ? – sin ? and plus sin ? cos ? therefore this term is 0 the second term gives you cos ? plus sin ? and that is 1 this term gives us – sin ? – cos ? therefore this is – 1 and the last term gives us sin ? cos ? – sin ? cos ? therefore this is 0 so we have found out this term this is nothing but P22 P L12 transpose that we have found out the next term is C22 P Lr C22 transpose we have to make use of this so C22 P Lr bar C22 transpose is nothing but cos ?r – sin ?r and sin ?r and cos ?r multiplied by Lr bar you keep that separately and multiplied by this term which is here so – sin ?r cos ?r – cos ?r – sin ?r multiplied by again d ?r by dt so that gives us Lr bar multiplied by the first term is cos ? – sin ? plus sin ? cos ? therefore this is 0 and then you have cos ? plus sin ? that is 1 – sin ? – cos ? becomes – 1 and then you have sin ? cos ? plus sin ? cos ? – sin ? cos ? therefore this is 0 so we have now evaluated all the sub matrices and we need to put them together to see what it looks like so let us do that assembly here you have C P L ? ? ? into C transpose is what you are going to have and this is if you see the first two entries are 0 matrices so you have 0 here and 0 here the next two entries are available in these two places the first entry is Msr bar I missed this d ?r by dt is Msr bar into a description like this 0 1 – 1 0 so let me write this slightly bigger accommodate that this is Msr bar into 0 1 – 1 0 and then here you have Lr bar again into 0 1 – 1 0 so we have evaluated all the sub matrices that are of interest so let us now put all these equations together and see what it looks like which we can do it again here so what we now have is Vr ? ? of the stator and ? ? in the rotor referred to the stator side is nothing but R into I R a ? a ? plus C L a ? C transpose into P I is a matrix which is nothing but L 11 and then Msr bar into U and this is again Msr bar into U and then L 22 P I R a ? a ? plus this matrix which is 0 0 Msr bar into 0 1 – 1 0 Lr bar into similar 0 1 – 1 0 this multiplied by d ? r by dt multiplied by I R a ? a so now you see that this matrix does not have the rotor angle in it this matrix also does not have the rotor angle in it the resistance anyway does not have the rotor angle in it therefore the electrical description of the system now does not have the rotor angle involved unlike this inductance matrix where you had the rotor angle inside so we can now try to compress all these equation and try to write this as the in a form which is similar to what we did earlier the so called operational impedance form operational impedance matrix where we will expand this term V a V ? remember the stator variables have been retained as it is no transformation to the stator variables and then you have V R the rotor variable variables have been transformed on the one hand to the a axis of the stator and on the other hand to the ? axis of the stator we have we are going to write this as V equals some Z multiplied by I so we need to pick terms from this description and then put it here so the first term here will come from the first term of this R matrix first term here and the first term there so the first term here is the resistance of the stator that will come and then you have the self inductance of the stator L11 matrix remember has an LS bar and LS bar so you have plus LS bar into P it is going to multiply the vector I then the second term here will not have any entry the resistance has entries only along the diagonal of diagonal entries are 0 so there is nothing due to the resistance here also there is nothing here the 2 to 1 to element is 0 so the second term would again be 0 and then there is nothing coming from here as well therefore this term is 0 the third term here nothing would come from the resistance matrix whereas here it is MSR bar into identity matrix and therefore this is MSR bar multiplied by P and then the last term is again 0 there so going in this manner if you select the appropriate terms from all the matrices and combine them what you would find is here again it is 0 so this entry is RS plus LS bar into P and then 0 here again and then MSR bar P and here you have MSR bar P and then MSR bar into Omega R this term comes from the matrix here MSR bar d theta R by dt I am writing as Omega R and here it is RR plus LR bar P and here you have LR bar multiplied by Omega R and here you have minus MSR bar into Omega R coming from this term and then you have MSR bar multiplied by P coming from this term and then you have minus LR bar multiplied by Omega R coming from here and then the last term here is RR plus LR bar multiplied by P so this is then the operational impedance form of the electrical equations zero sequence component as we have been mentioning earlier has been left out if the zero sequence component is going to come in that we have left it untransformed and therefore you will have another row here and another row here one column in the middle here one column in the middle there would be only the diagonal entries here and here which will correspond to RS plus the leakage inductance times P and similarly there RR plus the leakage inductance of the rotor times P. Now this matrix is then the operational impedance matrix in the stator reference frame why stator reference frame because the stator coils are already there in the stator of course the rotor coils have now been referred to the stator by having fictitious coils a and b so all the coils are now in the stator and this description will then give you the behavior of the machine as seen from the stator this description is more easier to handle because the impedance is here are not dependent on the rotor angle and therefore if you can write this expression again as the same equation as R into I plus an inductance matrix L alpha beta alpha beta PI plus another matrix which you call as g omega R into I g matrix L matrix and R matrix are not functions of the rotor angle and therefore it is easy to solve them on a digital computer these matrices being fixed. So that is one of the advantages of having the description in this form now it so turns out that by remembering a few rules this matrix can also be written by observation and by understanding those rules this matrix can also be extended to different situations we shall see how to do that in the next lecture and more utilities of the system description of this kind we will stop here for today.


Attending space camp as a teen sparked a lifelong love of space for Japanese native Nobu Okada. Getting an MBA at Purdue gave him the skills to launch his latest company to remove debris from space. I am Nobu Okada, founder and CEO of Astroscale. Thanks to Purdue, I could change my passion for space into creating a new business of a space debris removal which nobody has done before. I was born and raised in Japan, but I really wanted to expose myself to American culture as well as diversity. It might sound strange, but this is the first time in my life to understand teamwork. That teamwork actually changed me and it was a giant leap for me. I learned I know how to do everything by myself. We can form a team and we can dream big. I had been working at the Japanese government. I decided to quit the government and decided to find a new path. I joined a consulting firm and after that I run two IT companies. I'm running a space company right now. This is my third company, Astroscale. One footprint which Purdue allowed me to leave behind is to develop technology to remove space debris and resolve the regulatory barriers and create new business models. When we started this company, people told me there's no proven technology, there's no market, there's no favorable regulations. And now we develop technologies and regulations. I think that is kind of an example that Purdue people see as a way to inch away to tackle the difficult problem. That was Nobu Okada. Look for more stories at purdue.edu slash footprints.


Well, I think it's good to think about our ancestral environment and the necessity of fasting. All right? Now fasting is something we all do overnight, every night, while we sleep. All right? And it's a very natural part of our physiology. But think about the natural environment. Here's a quote from a Jesuit missionary who was among the Indians of Canada in the 1630s. And he said, I saw them in their hardships and their labors suffer with cheerfulness. I found myself with them threatened with great suffering. They said to me, We shall be sometimes two days, sometimes three, without eating for lack of food. Take courage, Chahine, let thy soul be strong to endure suffering and hardship. Keep thyself from being sad, otherwise thou wilt be sick. See how we do not cease to laugh, although we have little to eat. All right? So it's very common among hunter-gatherers you might go three days without food. All right? And it's similarly with animals. All right? Animals don't have food available every day. What happens to our bodies when we fast like that? Well, we can actually see this in cells. If you put cells in culture and you starve them for three days, what happens? The cells just shrink in size. All right? So all of these cells, they cannibalize themselves and they shrink in size, but they're still fully functional. So everything the larger cell can do, the smaller cell can do. All right? And that's how we maintain full functionality. Our bodies, after a fast, we're designed to cannibalize ourselves, shrink our bodies, but we retain full functionality. So we can still go out and hunt, fight, whatever we need to do. And this is very basic to biology. And what's the implication for us? In fact, it's crucial to our health to go through this fasting and feeding cycle because when we're fasting and cannibalizing, that's actually a very smart process. What happens? Our bodies look around for everything in our bodies that we don't need, like bacteria, viruses, like damaged mitochondria, damaged things. We don't cannibalize the healthy tissue. We cannibalize the unhealthy tissue. If you never fast, you're never clearing up those infections, those damaged materials. All right?  All right? And when you feed, what's the point of feeding? You need to give yourself the nutrition. You need to rebuild all that tissue. And the mistakes people make in diet, they never fast, so they're never cleaning things up. And then when they feed, they're eating things like those cookies that don't give them the nutrients they need to rebuild whatever they cannibalized. And so they're gradually breaking down their bodies and damaging their health.


We began with the thanks and the praises of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala saying alhamdulillah. And we think and we praise Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala because he has allowed us to come here on this blessed day of Juma'ah. And him allowing us to come here on this blessed day is a mercy and a blessing from him for us. And so every moment that we spend in this gathering we should be training our hearts to constantly be gracious of him. And there shouldn't be a single moment that we spend in this gathering except that our hearts are in remembrance of him subhanahu wa ta'ala and that our hearts are grateful to him subhanahu wa ta'ala. Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala says in the Qur'an wa huwa ladhi ja'ala layla wa n'ahara khilfa ta'al liman arada in yadzakara aw arada shukura that he subhanahu wa ta'ala is the one who has created the night and the day and he has them alternate one after another. And this night and day and its alteration is for a specific purpose. It's for those people who remember him subhanahu wa ta'ala ayyadzakara and those people aw arada shukura those people who are grateful to him subhanahu wa ta'ala. So as we live in these times as we pass in our lives we need to remind ourselves of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and always be grateful to him subhanahu wa ta'ala. In this time that we live in the nafs has been given authority over God and his messenger and religion. The nafs, the self has been given authority over every single person. The nafs has become the authority over your own self. Our tradition teaches us to manage our nafs, to train our nafs, to guide our nafs. Yet in these times our children are being taught how do you let your nafs control you?  Ignoring the commands of Allah, ignoring the commands of Rasulullah sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. In addition to the praising and the divinity of the nafs that has occurred in our time we have succumbed to materialism and we have succumbed to idol worship. Except the idols are no longer the statues during the time that the pagans of Makkah used to worship. But the idols have become those individuals and personalities that our kids worship on TV and in the radio and on YouTube and in sports. They have become the idols who we worship. They are the people that our children chase after. This is the type of time that we are living in. Along with the divinity of the nafs, along with these idols and this materialism that has surfaced we have also begun to chase fame and humor and popularity at the expense of others.  These are the videos that are most popular. Our talk show hosts, our comedians, what do they do other than make fun of people? And they do it for the purposes of popularity. They do it for the purposes of fame. They do it for the purposes of gaining opinion from people. And then you see this same behavior in our children where the students will get together and pick on one person, bully one person, make fun of one person, make sly comments about one person because it gets their friends to laugh. These are the type of times that we are living in. We've given power over to the self. We've given power over to these idols that we worship today and we've given power over to those who make us feel good. All of this is without a purpose. All of this is in vain. All of this that we are striving towards that makes us feel good, that makes us feel happy. It has no benefit for us. We have lost our vision of the Akhira. We have lost our vision of Allah and we have lost our vision of Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam. The Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam knows this about us, that we want to be pleased, that we want to feel accepted, that we want to feel good. And the Sahaba went through that same feeling. They wanted to feel love. They wanted to feel acceptance. They wanted to fit in. They knew they were strangers. They knew that they were different. So they would come, Ya Rasulallah. Ya Rasulallah, Dulla ni'ala amal. Ida amiltuhu ahabbani Allah wa ahabbani an-Nas. Guide me to an action, Ya Allah, that if I can do this action, Allah will love me and the people will love me. The Sahaba asked for this. They wanted to be loved by the people. They wanted to be loved by Allah. They wanted to feel accepted. The difference is the way that we go about it is disgraceful. It is shameful. It's demeaning. But Allah and His Messenger give us the answer. Qala Rasulallah, Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam. How does he respond? Is hadfid dunya, yuhibbuka Allah. Was hadfima, ainda an-Nas, yuhibbuka an-Nas.  Leave off everything in the dunya and Allah will love you. And leave all, all attachments from what the people have and the people will love you. And so our approach to fitting in, our approach to being loved, our approach to feeling that sense of belonging is in doing the opposite of what we want. Is to give it up. Give it up and you'll get what you desire. But we need to give it up with the right intention. We need to give it up with the idea of doing it for the sake of Allah. And the things that we have been given to have gratitude for those things regardless if Allah increases us or decreases us in those blessings. So yes, we can seek out love. We can seek out acceptance. We can seek fitting in. We can seek belonging. But attaining these things is by leaving the dunya and leaving what the people possess. The dunya includes all of the attachments that we have to this world. It includes the attachment that you have to your family members when it comes in place of Allah and His Messenger, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. The attachment that we have to money when it comes in place of Allah and His Messenger, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. The attachment that you have to fame and popularity when it comes when it comes in place of Allah and His Messenger, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. So to give up those things for His sake, subhanahu wa ta'ala. And what do the people possess? The people possess your access to fame. The people possess access to your recognition. The people possess access to your acceptance. The people possess access to your belonging. Leave those things that the people possess and then the people will love you. So we have to come to this harsh truth, this harsh reality. It's the truth and it needs to be heard. And it's not gonna feel good to hear it. But it's the absolute truth and we have to bring it into our hearts and that is that no one in this dunya cares about you. No one and nothing in this dunya cares about you the way that Allah and His Messenger, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, care about you. No one can love you more than Allah and His Messenger.  That is the harsh and bitter truth that we have to accept. No one and nothing care about me the way that Allah and His Messenger care about me. Let that sit with you as much as you think so-and-so loves you. As much as you think so-and-so cares about you. As much as you think that you owe so-and-so this and so-and-so that because they did this and they did that. The reality is it all goes back to Allah and His Messenger, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. That is the reality that we need to live with. That is the reality that exists in this dunya that we are living in. That does not mean that we go about not respecting people. That does not mean that we don't go about loving people. That does not mean that we don't interact with people in the best of manners because the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam was sent to perfect our character and to perfect our manners. So we act in the most beautiful and in the most excellent way with everyone, our parents, our children, our spouses, our siblings, our teachers, our students, we act with perfection. But in our heart we recognize Allah and His Messenger love me more than anyone in anything in creation. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam has made more dua for every single one of us. For every single individual in this gathering. He has made more dua for every single individual in this gathering than all of creation could have made from the beginning of time till the end of time. No one has prayed for you more than him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. And no one ever will pray for you as much as him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. Every blessing in our lives is a mercy from Allah. There is absolutely nothing that we can possess in this world except that it is a mercy from Allah. Everything you have is because of Allah. Everything you do is because of Allah.    Yet what is our relationship with Allah and His Messenger? How do we interact with Allah and His Messenger sallallahu alayhi wa sallam? That's why in the ayah, he says subhanahu wa ta'ala Those people that remember Allah and those people who want to be grateful to Him who are these people? Wa ibadur rahman. The humble slaves of the most merciful. The humble slaves of the most merciful. Wa ibadur rahman. That is your reality. That is your truth. That is your existence. You are these two things.   And the one that owns you, the one that commands you, the one that cares for you, the one that loves you is known as ar-Rahman, the most merciful. That is who you are. And that is who you are going to return to.   They have given us everything. It is time that we abandon everything and go back to them. We abandon the ideologies and go back to him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. We abandon the role models that we have in this life and go back to him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. We abandon the possessions that we have and go back to him. We abandon everything that we love until we love him more than anything else. Did Umar radiallahu anhu not say, O Rasulullah, I love you more than everything except for myself. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam sent him away and said, come back until you love me more than even yourself. Have to love him sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and then act upon that love. And not just because I'm saying it, but come to the realization that they love you sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and him subhanahu wa ta'ala they love you and they have had more mercy upon you than anything in existence. We owe it to them to love them. We owe it to them to have gratitude towards them. We owe it to them to follow them. We owe it to them. So that is the message insha'Allah that we should leave with. That is the message that we need to hold on to. Spread to our children, spread to our parents, spread to our cousins and our uncles and our aunts. Tell them Muhammad sallallahu alayhi wa sallam loves you and me more than anyone and anything else and Allah loves you and me and has shown mercy to us more than anyone and anything else. What then can we do to respond? We must follow. We must follow. We must obey. We must come back to these teachings and give up everything else in this life for their sake and their sake alone. May Allah forgive me and you and the Muslims. May Allah forgive him. He is the Most Forgiving, the Most Merciful. All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the worlds. May Allah's peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions. O you who believe in Allah and say a harsh word that will improve your deeds and forgive your sins and those who obey Allah and His Messenger have a great success. Allah and His angels are praying to the Prophet. O you who believe in Allah and pray to Him and submit to Him. May Allah pray to our master Muhammad and our family and our master Muhammad. As you prayed to our master Ibrahim and our family and our master Ibrahim, you are the praise of the Majid. Our Lord has given us in this world a good and in the Hereafter a good and a good and a punishment of the Fire. Our Lord is Most Merciful, as is the Lord of the Young. Our Lord, do not let our hearts be destroyed after Our guidance and leave us with Your mercy.