Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. Today, we're running the first Model Academy webinar of 2024 about Generative AI and H5P. I am Sandra Mats, Model Academy Education Advanced Coordinator here at Model HQ. My colleague, Mary Cooch, Education Manager from the Model Academy team, is also joining me today and will help facilitate the webinar. Today, we are delighted to welcome Spinthor Griffwith, the founder of H5P. To take us through the process of creating H5P content in a fraction of the time it used to take with the help of Generative AI. Spinthor will demonstrate how you can create full and fledged interactive courses in minutes with H5P. So, over to you, Spinthor, and thank you for joining us today. Thanks a lot. I'm very excited to be here and showing you how we can make concentration a lot faster with tools like chat, GPT and other large language models. I'll be sharing my screen now. I'm very happy that so many people were interested in this topic. And I hope you'll walk away from this session with some knowledge that you can put to use right away. That is the goal. So, hopefully, you're already familiar with H5P. I won't say a lot about H5P, but I'll focus on showing you how AI tools can be used in combination with H5P to get new ideas and build content very quickly. The vision of H5P is very important to us, though. We want to empower everyone to create shared and reused interactive content. And this means rich, it means poor, it means people with disabilities, people all over the world. And our goal is that it should be very, very easy for people to build content and also very, very easy for people to share their content with others. So, we're very happy that H5P is part of Moodle Core, makes the future of H5P very safe. Should something happen with my company who created H5P, H5P will still be around. It's a very safe format to build your interactive content in and also Moodle makes it available for both rich universities and large school systems in developing countries globally. So, that's our vision, make it very, very easy to collaborate on interactive content. And then when we let H5P meet AI, things can be done a lot faster, which kind of boosts our vision more or our progress towards the vision. It's much, much easier to build rich content than it has been before when you can do it with AI. And what do we achieve by this? I think we can build content we've never been able to build before. So, we've been dreaming about having these adaptive content for learners. You can send the same content to one learner and the content will adapt to that learner. It can show the material in a more visual way, a more experimental way. It can do tests. It can do hard tests, easy tests. It can really adapt to the learner and building that is possible without AI, of course. It's just so costly, so time consuming that you very rarely see it. I think with AI we will see more and more of that really, really high end content. We also see courses in, let's say, a chemistry course. You might have interactive content for 10% of the course and you would want to have it for 100%, but you don't have the time to build it. So hopefully with AI we can cover the content with interactive content in a much better way. And there is plenty of research that tells us that if the content is interactive, people will remember it much better, understand it much better, it will be much more engaging. And maybe we can also see some more data-driven education. Use AI to analyze the data we get from the content and use it to improve the content so that the content will be better and better and better automatically. So hopefully in the end, this will give us better learning content and then better education. So what can AI do for us? We'll look at it today. Some of it, it can assist in creating drafts. Not good enough yet to just push the button and then give whatever the AI comes up with to students, but it can certainly help us speed things up, create good drafts, and we just spend a fraction of the time reviewing the content instead of building it all ourselves and we can focus on the most creative content. Let's say I handle more mundane tasks. If we are running out of ideas, higher-order learning, for instance, AI can be used for that as well to come up with project ideas for us. And it can also be used to improve things that we've built, improve the language or make things more or less sophisticated, et cetera. And again, very important to remember, AI is not good enough to just trust it. It's very tempting. If you're busy, just use an AI tool, create learning material for the next day and jump into the bathtub, but we have to look through it and make sure that it's good quality. It does what we intended to do. There are no mistakes and the level is correct, et cetera. So that's a little intro to H5P and AI. H5P lends itself very well to AI because the data is very separated from the design and very separated from the functionality. The data is very clean in H5P and I think that is why we're seeing lots of startups and companies now who build AI tools for H5P. I know there's a Moodle plug-in coming as well that will help us build really large resources using AI and H5P together. We are going to look at an example of that built by my team also at the end there, but first now, we're going to look at how we can use AI tool directly at AI chat like chat GPT to build H5P content. So the first thing we are going to look at is single-choice set. So here we... And you can go to this page yourself, hp.org, slash AI, slash Moodle, to find all these recipes and try them out yourself later. So here we have prompts and we have screenshots from the editor. This is mostly to benefit you if you try this yourself and the end result. So I'm going to show you now if we take this prompt and you see that some of the text here is in bold, those parts are those that you are most likely want to change in this prompt. So the subject and all the lights, you might want to change it and also the number of questions and alternatives you might want to change. So we'll copy this text now and I go to chat GPT and I paste in the prompt and we'll just run the normal one first and now chat GPT will create content that we can just paste directly into H4P and get a single-choice set out of it. So this is all we had to do to get a single-choice set about Northern Lights. We can copy it and we can go into H4P, single-choice set. And this is the little trick. So many of the H4P content types have this textual mode and that is what we're going to use to create a content. So I pasted in what I got from chat GPT and when I save it, we have got our single-choice set. So you can do it super quick. We'll build single-choice set very quickly and I'm going to show you just some ideas of how you may change the prompt. We'll experiment a little. So we'll spend a little bit more time on this example than the following ones just to give you some ideas. So the same prompt again but now maybe I want to make this for children and kindergarten. So create a multiple-choice quiz about the Northern Lights. The target audience is let's say five-year-old children and we just need three questions and three alternatives per question. And obviously we can add a lot more instructions here if we want to. So yeah, that's the really, really nice thing about doing it this way.  You can add as many instructions as you want and I'm sure many of us have been using chat GPT and other tools and are quite familiar with writing prompts already. So here you can be creative. You just have to make sure that you keep these last instructions there that tells the tool how to structure the output. One other thing that is nice to know is that if you add lots of instructions, chat GPT tend to start ignoring things randomly. So if you add too many instructions, it might start messing up the format and then it won't be as easy to just paste it in but you have to add quite a few instructions for that to happen. Okay, let's see how this works. So I think the first question here, I'm not sure if my five are old, we know the answer, but the next one is much more kid-friendly and also the third one is quite kid-friendly. So you see that it's changing a lot based on me providing the target audience. Okay, and then we'll go to the next example which is summary. So quite similar, but another content type. Interactive summary is actually one of my favorites because it's very, very nice to put at the end of a session or at the end of reading a chapter or something like that. Just a quick question, Sian. Someone is asking, you're using chat GPT, does the workflow work with other AI platforms, co-pilot, Bard? Yeah, I don't know, but we tested a bit in Bard. I think we had to adjust the prompts a little bit to get the right format, but they do work with other platforms. Yeah, so use your favorite platform and you might adjust a little bit. We're using GPT now, since it's the most well-known and popular. And this is actually interesting because I had tested this earlier and got the perfect format. We are updating our recipes constantly because the interesting thing about chat GPT is that it won't respond the same way to prompts every time it keeps changing and we have to update our prompts to make sure it still works. So this output actually doesn't have the correct format anymore. But yeah, it's nice to know. It's been a continuous battle with them. If you build AI tools also, they can suddenly stop working because chat GPT changes how it responds to a prompt. But we'll build a summary anyway. So here with interactive summary, it is similar. You have this textual mode where you can paste in the text from chat GPT. And what is wrong here is that we asked it to only have empty lines between the sets of statements. And it did that last time, but now it has added empty lines between every statement instead. So we asked it to write five correct statements. And the first statement is always correct followed by three destructive statements, no labels, et cetera. So now I have to format it myself and remove some of these empty lines. This is one set, this is the next one. And when we are done here, I'm going to try to figure out how I can make it not add all these empty lines. I think this is how it should have been. And we say it's still quick. And now we get these interactive statements, which is a really, really, really... If you are tempted to write a summary at the end of something, consider interactive summary instead because then you can have the students think a little and they'll kind of be building the summary instead of you just giving it to them. And so they'll learn a lot more from it and they will still have a nice summary at the end. One instruction that is also attempting to give chatGPT is to make sure it doesn't always make the correct answer the longest. So if you give it that instruction, it won't always be the correct one that is the longest. And it's a mistake we humans tend to do as well when we build multiple choice questions. But yes, this is how you can do it with summary. And the last one I'll show you is drag the words. So it's a bit different. So here we're going to do Northern Lights again and put in the drag the words format. And we're also going to have chatGPT create some feedback for us. When we build interactive content, if we are able to provide feedback as well, there's a lot more learning from it. But it's also very time consuming. So having in multiple choice, you can do the same. You can program in feedback if they chose an incorrect answer and explain why that answer was incorrect. But doing so very time consuming and it's something that we can have the AI do for us. And we just reviewed the suggestion. So here we have it create three paragraphs, three to seven drop balls per paragraph and add the explanations. And we tell it which format to use. So let's see what we get. So it starts writing some paragraphs about Northern Lights and it add dragable words automatically. And this is the third example, but it's also nice for you to know that HPP has many more content types where you can paste in text. Fill in the blanks, for instance, the quiz content type, find the word or what is it called? There is one content type at least where you're supposed to click on, for instance, all the verbs in a sentence. GPT will be able to create content for all of those content types for you automatically. So it is very powerful. And we'll get to see the result of these ones very soon. One of the tricks that I'm using in all of these prompts is output answer as pre-formatted code. So if you want to play around yourself without following the recipes, that one is very nice to add because if you don't have it, the stars, the asterisks here, tend to turn things into bold and the asterisks go away. So if you add that sentence, it's much easier to get the format that you want. And this one looks like having the correct format. So I'll copy it and we'll go here and we'll drag the words, Northern Lights again. And this time you don't have to go into textual mode. Drag the words is already textual. So we just paste in what we got from GPT here and we can save and we can see how it turned out. So now we've dragged the words task very, very, very quickly with the help of GPT. The Northern Lights also known as the Aurora Borealis are natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude regions around the Arctic and Antarctic. These lights are a result of disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar wind, I think. And I'll just fill in the rest randomly and then we'll get to see how this turns out. So we'll submit and here we see we got the first part correct and there is also feedback here on all the answers. Not all of it is super good. So we would have to go in and change it as authors some of these feedbacks and others we can keep. It does help us save a bit of time and obviously on all of these we can add more instructions to get more exactly the content we want. Okay, so that was dragged the words. The last thing I'm going to show you is a bit different. So again, we have seven more and we'll probably update this page with recipes for fill in the blanks et cetera also so that people can use that. The last thing I will show you is where we built a tool for which uses GPT in the background to create interactive content. So what I'm going to do now is take a couple of YouTube videos and we're going to turn them into interactive videos. I'm going to do one with large language models and while I do that, please suggest some topics in the chat that you want me to try to find a video for and turn into an interactive book, interactive session. So if anyone has any ideas on topics, just type them into the chat and I'll pick a random one. I'm going to describe. So first is a large language model. I copy the URL to this video and we go to... This is something that the tool we're building now is quite costly to run. We only have it on H4P.com so far. So I took the YouTube link, I paste it in here in what we call Smart Import and we start importing the video into H4P and I'll be going into the chat. Yeah, we've got a suggestion of TED, TED videos. We've got a suggestion of business meetings, by the way, for YouTube so far. Okay, cool. Biomechanics, wow. What was the last one? Biomechanics? Biomechanics. Biomechanics. Yeah. I don't know whether this... Neither, so that sounds a good one. Yeah, let's see if we find something fairly short here. The AIA will take longer if the content is long. So typically if it is 14 minutes, it will take seven minutes to do. We have a very short one there, maybe a bit too short, but let's try it. One, 24. So long. Biomechanics. So I'll copy that one as well and we'll paste it in here. In Smart Import, Biomechanics. Maybe we'll learn something new about Biomechanics as well today. So while the AIA is transcribing these two videos, this is the process. We upload something, so we could have uploaded a video file or a PDF or a word file, for instance. We could have just pasted in text. We could have added a link to Wikipedia or some other web page, but now we did a YouTube video. And then we reviewed the transcription in the next step. Then the AIA will work on finding the central concepts in the content. And we get to review if we agree these are the most important concepts. And the last thing that happens is that the AIA will suggest content types for us. And we get to choose what to build, do we want interactive book, crosswords, et cetera. So that's how it works. And now we have both of these ready with transcripts. Oh, this was super short. I'm not sure how much we'll be getting out of it, but we'll try. It's even too short for the AI. So I'll just come up with something. We'll do a little trick here and copy the sentence just to make it long enough. So we probably won't get a lot of questions, et cetera, for that little video, but we'll try. And then we have large language models. So here we have plenty of content. I'm not going to go through and read it all now. We've been using this example before. And now the AI is analyzing both of them, trying to find the most central concepts. We have done large language model before, as I said. And this is what it looks like when it's done analyzing and finding some concepts. So here you can see architecture, data, et cetera. Architecture can be many things, but we also see that the AI has understood that it is in the context of large language model, not buildings, for instance. And we are training similarly. And all of these, I think, make sense for an interactive resource about large language models. So I'll just continue it. When it comes to biomechanics, the concepts are ready as well. Unfortunately, only one. I probably should have found another video. We'll see if we find time to do a bit larger video, random video. And we can go with an interactive book and hire other questions about biomechanics. We'll see what we get. I've actually never tried something so short, so it would be fun to see what we get. For large language models, we should have some content already. These are higher-order questions for large language model. We can take biomechanics first, very short, but what did we get? So now we've had the AI suggest for the teacher some projects where you can do higher-order learning on large language models, now on biomechanics. Compose a piece of music that captures the rhythm and the dynamics of human movement inspired by biomechanics. I was trying to have the students create based on the content of the video, develop a training program for athletes that optimizes biomechanical principles to prevent injuries and improve performance. So this is the type of higher-order questions that you can have the AI suggest for you. And now we have a very short interactive book, probably, about biomechanics. So it has the text, the audio as a text, and then you have the video itself. And normally there would be many dots there explaining all the concepts and difficult words in the video. Here we get only one. What is biomechanics? So when biomechanics is mentioned, our definition is added automatically. That's great. Can you just clarify again about smart import, please? So you have to visit that and log in separately in another browser from where you are, or should you just go over that little bit again, please? A question in the chat about smart import. Yeah, the smart import is part of HVP.com, which is HVP as a service. So you can either use it there, it's a paid product, or you can use it in Moodle via LTI. And I also know that there are projects building similar things as Moodle plugins, but you will still need to subscribe to GPT to be able to use them. So in Moodle, it will be via LTI, and obviously it's paid anyway. That's great, thank you. Yeah. And we also have a test here. At the end, biomechanics only involves technology and science. That's probably false. How is the story of biomechanics told in equation steps, rotations, columns, code, and sweat in word sentences and paragraphs? No. Biomechanics is transformed by the present and ambitions are future for a better world in motion. That sounds true. So we get lots of questions built for us based on the content of this video. We get a glossary, but only one word here. Concept card, what is biomechanics? So the student is encouraged to think and then they can flip the card and see if they remember what it is.  Let's go for love, I don't think it's correct. It's a story about us, that was weird. So lots of questions built for us and then we have other types of flashcards. What is biomechanics? What is the foundation of biomechanics? Well, quite a lot of content built on that very, very short video. What does biomechanics encompass? And I would think that if I was actually going to use this for students, I would probably go and delete some of these things that have been made for me and just use the best parts. It seems like a bit much for that little video. And then we have a summary at the end and we have a normal interactive book here showing us how we performed on this one. So that was what we got out of the biomechanics video and we will also have a little look at a large language model which gives a more complete example. It's a much larger video. It's a five minutes video. GPT or generative pre-trained transfer. So we have much more, many more concepts, many more difficult words. What is a large language model? They're all explained. Or an LLM. We have a quiz in the middle similar to what we had before. What are the three components of a large language model? And also usually the distractors are very good. So if you don't know what this is about, it's not so easy to guess. How many ML parameters does GPTG have, for instance? Since this is a longer video, you also get the quiz at the end. So they will be spread out in longer videos. And again, this is the first page out of eight. So you have the glossary here. Makes more sense when you have more than one concept. You have the concept cards. What is a generative pre-trained transformer? And you have a quiz again with multiple choice, true, false, fill in the blanks. The answer to that one million. Here you also, we didn't get this one in the previous one since it had only one, but here you get to track the concepts to the correct definitions. What the right one is here. Does it only work in English, smart import? Just to clarify, it only works in English. Yeah, so far, but we will probably soon have it in more languages. Thank you. It will work best in English still, because GPT and other large language models are best in English, but we'll work fairly well in some of the other major languages as well. And flashcards again, what are some business applications of large language models? Create intelligent chatbots for customer services and assist in content creation. And here we have another summary. So, yeah, imagine building this yourselves. I think this would quickly take a day or two building it on all myself, just putting the definitions of all the words in the video in the right place in the video, finding the definitions, et cetera, takes quite a bit of time. All of the distractors coming up with them, typing it all in, et cetera. It's a lot of work, and this is done in three minutes with smart import. You have a nice draft, and I think if you spend another hour on a five minute resource like this one, it is probably safe to hand it out to students to spend an hour removing things, adjusting things, and you have a really good resource built in several times faster than you would manually, and hopefully with some good new ideas as well. So it's very, very useful, very powerful, and this development is just getting started. It's going to be better and better and better. Okay, so that was the second example, and I'll also show you quickly how you can do this with text, which is also very popular. You might have a page in Moodle, very static page, that you want to turn into an interactive resource. We love very soon HVP. So let's say this is a Moodle page, and you want to add something to it, flashcards or what have you. Then you can copy the text from the Moodle page. You can go to Smart Import or a similar tool, and we have paste text here. So here you can just paste in some text that you haven't had the time to make a quiz for, for instance, and submit it. It's not really transcribing now, it's just turning that into the type of text that Smart Import expects. So we'll continue, and now it works exactly the same as for videos. We will analyze that text, find the essential concepts, and build the same type of resources. Obviously, we can't do interactive video yet. Maybe in the future AI will be able to, we are experimenting with it, to have AI build a video based on the text, but that isn't, it will take some time before it can do that really well. So interactive video and those video based resources won't be options, but many of the other things like flashcards, quizzes, interactive book, higher order questions, et cetera, will be options for this blueberry text as well. So I think our users now, we have like end of last year, we had four to five schools, universities, signing up for Smart Import every week. And now it's two to three so far in January, but quite a lot are using it already. And we see that paste text is very popular. They're using paste text a lot and video a lot. We've got a lot of questions in the chat, actually precisely about Smart Import, great interest in it, kinds of files you can use, does it work with podcasts? Can you, does it work with PowerPoint slides? Can you, do you have to do it only via a LTI or can you host it on your own HVIP instance, such as Moodle? A lot of, just a great interest in Smart Import here in the chat. Okay, cool. I'll try to speak to some of that. So, input formats are URLs, YouTube, video, et cetera. For files, you can use audio files. So I think any type of audio will work really well and we will be transcribing it and we'll be able to build the same type of resources as you've seen. So podcasts should work fine. We do not do PowerPoint yet. We've experimented with it. It actually works quite well for the bad PowerPoints with lots of text. But for those that are not, that are very visual, it doesn't work so well yet. Word files, PDFs do work. You can upload them. You can use it via LTI or you can use it from HVIP.com directly and embed it to any page that accepts un-embed code. So hopefully that answers some of it. Thank you. I will continue with Blooper now. So here we can also go and track the book and maybe we go across Word. And you can also do a standalone flashcard style of cards. So we can ask you to build those three. This typically takes like 10 seconds to build. So now while we've been speaking here, we've made one of our Moodle pages interactive. Or we're building interactive resources for a static page. So this is what the crossword looks like. Don't think we have the time to try to answer all of this. So we'll just show the solution. We'll get Euro, blueberries, appleberries, genus, antioxidants, et cetera. So we quickly built a nice little entertaining resource for our blueberry page. We can add to the page, engage the students and help them remember some key concepts. We have dialogue cards. So we can add this standalone in the middle or at the end of the page. Interactive summary would be really nice too. What's the classification of blueberries? In which hemisphere are North American native blueberry species grown commercially? We think it's North America. Not the best question. For how long have First Nations peoples of Canada consumed wild blueberries? Thousands of years, yeah. And we also get the interactive book, but the starter is textual. We see that we got some headings, the edit we should remove, edit text. And then we got a glossary for our blueberry resource. So here typically if you have a modal page about blueberries, you could choose to just replace the entire page with an interactive book. Then you would get the text on the front page. Maybe you want to add an image or two yourself. That's something we are looking at automating. And then you have a glossary here on page two. And similarly you have the concept cards. So we got 23 concept cards based on those two, three paragraphs. We get the same type of quiz we got track the words, flashcards, et cetera. So a very efficient way to get a good first draft of an interactive version of that static page. And hopefully saves us a lot of time and gives our students our resources that they can remember better and also understand better and find more interesting to work with. Okay, I think I spent a little bit more than my 40 minutes. Should we go questions or other questions? The still asking about smart import really, I don't know if you want to speak a bit more about it but do you want to go on to more general questions now? We couldn't take a couple of smart imports first. Okay, can it handle the translation or a subtitling of a video?  It adds this reader friendly text below the video. It doesn't add subtitles yet. But that is on top of our to-do list now. It's since we are transcribing it anyway, we definitely want to add captions to the video also. Yeah, that is coming. Can you generate a timeline activity from a text? No, smart import doesn't have that. I think if you tried the other method using GPT directly, it would be very, very advanced. You would have to make GPT format adjacent for you and it would be very hard. There is an interesting general question actually from Katarina about copyright aspects, particularly after you process a document with AI and how would you deal with it? I mean, that's not only HP5P specific, but in general using AI and copyright, I think. Yeah, part of the reason that we do smart import, so require that you have a resource already. Obviously, we could just type in a subject and have GPT create a text for us as well. But then you are in much higher copyright risk because GPT doesn't say where it got knowledge from or the wordings. But when you upload the resource, you should know what the copyright for the resource you're uploading is. And we ask GPT to use that as the truth and base everything on the resource that was uploaded to lower the risk of any copyright infringements. So that's the answer to that. I can add to it also that I know that some of our customers use smart import and GPT together. So they can have GPT, they can tell GPT to write six paragraphs of, let's say, blueberries again or something else. And they will copy that text into smart import and turn it into an interactive resource. But then they're copyright risk is higher since, yeah, again, we don't know where GPT got it from. Okay. Is smart import only available for schools and organizations? Manfred asking, I have no idea how much it would cost if I want to use it in my private Moodle site for my students. And in fact, questions about pricing, some people have posted a link, h5p.com slash pricing. If you have a different link from that, we could add that. We don't want to talk about pricing specifically here, but if there is a page on the website where people can look as to how they could purchase smart import, that would be very helpful. Yeah. We are actually, if you sign up to h5p.com, smart import isn't there because it's very expensive for us to, every time it is used, it costs us a dollar or even a little bit more for an average video. The transcribing is costly and the AI is costly. But when you sign up on hvp.com, you'll be able to talk to our staff and they can turn on smart import for you and tell you what the price of smart import is. That's great. So sign up to h5p.com and then you can discuss that. Michael asks, is smart import available via API? Not yet, but that's something we're looking at, trying to make it so that we can integrate it in the hvp.com info model so that you will use the service to create the content, but you will host it yourself and hvp.com will never get your student data, for instance. But it's not available today. Okay, that's great. Also, if you can remind us again which other languages will be integrated into smart import and when, from Frank, you've obviously got people whose first language isn't English you're very keen for this to happen. Yeah, we don't have dates yet. The first languages will be French, the typical large western ones, French, German, Spanish, at least those three will be the first and they will be coming this year, but we don't know exactly when. We don't give out deadlines typically because we want it to have the right quality. That's what decides when it gets released. Yeah, okay, thank you. Looking at the time, yes, do keep the questions coming and I will relay them over to Svin. I can also mention while people think of questions we released the game map. I don't think we've sent out a newsletter yet, but if you go on hvp.org there's a new content type called game map, which is very, very cool where you can build maps with nodes on them and you can decide you first have to do this activity before you can do this one. You can have some nodes required that you have a certain amount of points before they unlocked. You have the concept of lives. So every time the learners do a mistake, they lose a life and if they lose too many, they have to start over. So it's a bit like a Super Mario map that almost gave me fired learning. It seems to be becoming very popular. There's a question about can you do open-ended questions and short-answer questions? Filling the blanks will be the closest one that is supported and you can do fill in the blanks both with the first method I showed and the second one open-ended maybe... Yeah, only true when I showed you the higher-order questions. Yeah. Maybe that's closer, yeah. Okay. From John. Hello, John. Any general advice about training teachers to use all of this? In terms of smart import, it seems to be very easy, much easier than... So some of those who have smart import know that when they train teachers in using H4P, they do it via smart import because they find that it's easier for them to use smart import and then go in and edit and get familiar with the authoring tool through editing something they are familiar with instead of having them start from scratch and build content. So it seems like smart import is quite easy. It's not a lot of things you can click on and do. It's just provide the content and do some reviews and then you get a result and then you go in and edit. So those already familiar with H4P seems to have a very easy transition into smart import. Eric, hello, Eric. We do not have textual input mode in our Moodle H5P plugin. Are there plans to build this into the Moodle plugin? It should be there. It should be exactly the same. So I think you would have to have a very, very old version of interactive summary, for instance, if you don't have the textual input mode. Perhaps you could ask that on the Moodle.org forums then, Eric, and we can have a look for you there. I am looking for some more. Lots of questions here. Outside of content creation, are there H5P tools to correct grammar or pronunciation? I think this is a general question asking about which kind of H5P tools you could use for those kind of speaking activities. Yeah, it would be speak the words and speak the word set. So on H4P.org you find them here. Speak the word, speak the word set. You can use them to challenge the students to say things and then there will be speech recognition that tries to correct them. Yeah, I think I've used that one. I think I've used that one myself, actually. It's good, yes. It's also the game map I mentioned. It looks like this. Wow, that's very impressive. This is a very simple example. It has a lot more features then. It doesn't have to be linear, for instance. All these nodes can open up as you do things. So you can build really cool things with it. We're going to add maybe we have another example here. Here is the solar system, so it's a bit cooler. So you can have content in the beginning. If I do anything correct.  But I can continue. I had to do the one in the beginning first and now it unlocked many other nodes. And also this one wasn't visible before. Now it became visible. And we see the one here requires me to get three points before I can unlock it. So I have to go and visit other nodes to unlock the earth and do the tasks there. I know there is also a hidden one on the other side of the earth that will unlock when I do the earth one. But just make sure you download it to your Moodle and you can use this one. It is also very cool. You can customize colors and everything is built by Oliver Duck in Germany. So one of our community members have contributed to this one. Yeah, he's quite active on Moodle.org forums as well. Any news on the H5POER hub we have from Charika and Manfred is also asking about the H5P hub. Yeah, that project has been almost finished for several years. So I don't have an exact ETI for it. I know we are working on it still trying to finish it. We've had consultants working on it and overfixing the things they did. So hopefully in this quarter it will be completely finished. It is possible to populate it now. You can turn it on in the Moodle blog in the H5P. I don't think it's in the core version of H5P, but in the H5P plugin for Moodle you can go into settings and enable a better version of the hub and both search the hub for content and operate the hub with content. Okay. But the official release hopefully this quarter. Yes, I just wanted to remind people actually that if you are using H5P and Moodle we do have an H5P forum on Moodle.org where you can ask H5P questions specifically related to your Moodle implementation either Moodle H5P in core as it has been in recent versions or the plugin if you have an older version of Moodle. There is a question. I'm not quite sure what you mean do. I'm sorry if I'm not pronouncing your name correctly. Will there be an offline option with H5P content and not an offline H5P author tool because there are a couple but offline H5P content. So do you mean if you're for instance on the Moodle mobile app and then you go offline you can still access it like H5P? Do you know? Do you understand the question? Sorry, Sien. Yeah, I think that if you're using the core version of Moodle you'll be able to use H5P offline. I'm not sure what happens to the grades. We also have on the roadmap Android, iOS and Windows apps for playing H5P files offline and with XAPI support and other features. So when we get to that we will be building plugins or apps for the most common platforms that can play H5P files probably edit them too. And then it will be if you answer them offline and go online the app will be able to sync your results to the platform you're using. Well, that's how activities work with the Moodle mobile app as well. Yes, Ju, if you have the Moodle mobile app for instance you can do certain quizzes and other Moodle activities offline and then as Sien says when you can get back online it will sync your submission and the grades to the website. I've got a very technical question here which I don't understand so I'm just going to repeat it to you Sien. Is there a way we can feed the smart import with contents from our Moodle's RESTful API given a URL? We mentioned API before but if you can understand and elaborate on that. Yeah, I think I understand today that wouldn't be possible we would have to add support for it. We can take URLs for a smart import but then we expect that typical web page with content on it that we can scrape. So it would be a nice thing to have that we had an endpoint you could send content to and trigger smart import to turn it into interactive content. Thank you. Okay, we've time for just if there are any other very very urgent questions I think we've time for maybe just one or two at the most and then I believe Sandra is going to wrap up this really excellent session. Someone also mentioned Moodlebox by the way if you're in an environment where you can't use the internet at all then Moodlebox is a great solution for having your own Moodle and all the functionality including H5P internally in a physical building there. We're getting some thank yous now so Sandra I think that's probably time to wind it up I know you have a few other things to talk about. Yes, thank you Mary and thank you so much Vin for this interesting session and for everyone for asking those very good questions during the session it's been a really interactive session I hope you enjoyed it. So if you have enjoyed this session we'd love you to consider getting involved further and help us grow by contributing to the development of Moodle Academy. You can do this by visiting our Get Involved course which you'll find on the front page of Moodle Academy site you can suggest ideas for new webinars and courses and you can vote ideas on ideas that have been suggested by others already. We're always on the lookout for community members to help present webinars and co-create short online courses and we'd love your help making Moodle Academy more inclusive. So if you're able to please jump into our Translate Moodle Academy course and get started with helping us translate our courses and webinars into other languages. And of course please help spread the word about Moodle Academy by telling your colleagues about the courses we offer and the events we run. When you complete the course you will learn a batch. You will also receive a batch if you present a Moodle Academy webinar like today's session. Educators might like to think about getting involved with the Moodle Educator Certificate. You can take the, are you ready for the MEC course and one of our certified service providers will support you through the certification process. Thank you for joining us today. I hope you find this useful to see you on the Moodle Academy course forums and in our upcoming webinars. If you have any further questions you can write them on the discussion forum in the affiliated course on the Moodle, for the Moodle community to answer. So thank you again for joining us today and thank you to Sveen for being here and we hope to see you soon at future Moodle Academy webinars. Goodbye.


Welcome back to the acting analysis and tips for animators and today I'm going to take a look at the TV show The Undoing. I have seven sequences I want to talk about but fairly early on they're going to go into spoiler territories. I'll put in the warning. I'll let you know. But before I do, hi my name is JD and I do stuff like this. I do acting analysis tips. I do animation analysis tips. I do lectures, rig reviews, proc reviews. You know to drill all kinds of things. Feel free to browse around my channel if you like this, subscribe. If you don't, that's also fine. But if you feel like hitting the like button and the subscribe button and that bell, that would be awesome. It helps my channel grow. But that's it. Let's go straight to the sequences because it's awesome. First up, we have this one here. They has been an incident. Again, I'm going to try to keep this as spoiler free as long as possible. And the news is out. Everybody's here waiting. The parents are here with the kids. But what I'm going to show you here is that they're all, you know, they're somewhat concerned or very gossipy. But there's a body language thing I want to show you. As she comes in here, you have this person who's not quite part of the clique of friends and the gossipy circle there. And what I love about this is they say, hi, they have kissy kissy. And she kind of wants to be part of that. She kind of leans in. And you can see this here. Look at that. Look at her sizing her up and goes, oh, hi. Yes. Looking down again. Yeah. Okay, whatever. And then look at that. The turn and it's almost like she's blocking. She must be adjusting her bag or something, but she have that. Well, I don't want you to be part of this.  And you can see that her reaction as well. She has a smile. Yes. Oh, okay. And you got that exit here. You can see kind of a little blink there. And then, okay, I guess I'm not welcome here. So why am I showing it is just because again, if you have multiple people, you want to think about, are they together or not? Is there something where you want to show that they're together, they're friends or not? There's a divide that someone's very rude. All those things through body language, imposing, and posture. And the placement of the scene where they are, they're blocking someone will tell us something about their relationship. So think about that as you have multiple people and multiple characters in your scene. The next sequence is fairly long and it's also awesome. And this is just the second clip. And right off the bat, it's going to reveal something. So spoiler warning from now on, it goes into like, okay, well, this is the progression of the character and the series, just a fair warning spoiler. So I'm going to screw up through those sections because it's all about him and his reactions. He is here for the first time. He's kind of spooked. You can see the reactions. He's stopping here. Lots of blinking. It's going to be a lot of looking, staring, blinking, just how he reacts. He walks past the cell here and yelling at him. He's reacting like that. And you can see this continues on. So I'm going to screw up through and that's his appointed lawyer. Just kind of waiting. Also love this video. We see him coming and he kind of hears him coming. He just has that kind of slight look over there, acknowledging and waiting, not really fully turning around and then kind of locking. All right, here you are. But it's all about him. So as you go forward here, you can see how he's not super invested in him. He's going to start taking notes and he just wants to say that he is innocent. So you can see this here as he starts looking.  It starts out small, but he starts to explain, okay, right. So what are you going to do here is not talk to anybody. You can see that. All right, well, I don't want to hear anything about what I'm supposed to do in here. I want to get out of jail here and you can see that's that reaction. You can see all the fidgety things. And again, throughout this whole sequence, just look at the progression and the changes that this character is going through. You can see this. He's annoyed. There's all the swallowing, closing of eyes. Don't forget your characters can close their eyes. It's not that often done in animation when I see my student shots. But again, it continues on and explains to him and he spoiler. He doesn't like him at all. So as he goes, all right, well, this is what you got to do. And you can see this here again. He just, he's just impatient. All right, well, I want to tell you this and what can we do? Can you get me out of here? And he explains, well, again, I'm going to spoke too much, but he talks about the bail and what I can do in terms of your innocence. Then you can see he leans in pointing here. All those little things you can see a slight blinks and all that, all of that. And he's completely calm here just watching him and he's not super agitated, but still it's like, all right, come on, do something from here. And he tells him here, all right, well, maybe this, maybe that, but you can see he's fairly relaxed in all of this. And then he will start seeing the switch. So now he goes, all right, well, let's just, you know, let's go through one by one. And he dismisses him in a way while about looking down and focusing back on the list. And you can see this here, how he is annoyed. He leans forward. He's got the crossing of fingers and not right. He gets into this and doesn't quite finish this because back into that, he's got a swallow and it's kind of noisy. All right, well, I got to answer this question. All right, right. And I love this here. This is actually in the sound when he asks him, what about the house? Do you own it with your wife? He says, yeah, I want it with my wife. And I love this reaction and the sound that he makes. Yeah, that's not going to help. And then he continues on. And you can see this, oh, here's the list. That's what I'm focusing on. And look, this is the biggest change here from here. And then later on, he's got all the looks. He tells them, I'm innocent. It's got the swallow. It's got the scanning. It's got the looking. And then bam, do you care? I says, do you actually care? And he's agitated, right? And then as the guy looks up and goes, well, actually, I don't. And that's his quick reaction of, I don't. And then you can see the change here. Just look at that. It's just scanning. There's no blinking. There's nothing else in his body. He realizes, oh, this guy is really not on my side. What a change. It's just, he almost realizes this is going to be really, really difficult. And it's super tiny. You can see this here. Super tiny changes here, but generally, it's just a stare. He realizes this is just not going to go well. And then it's all about him. And you should watch this is great. His deliveries, how he explains that, you know, doctors can be jerks and that's blah, blah, blah. And as he says this here, you can see that slight moment of, wait, what? Did you just say that? And he continues on. And you can start seeing a bit of a change again in this character as he listens, as he tells him all those things that it doesn't like him.  And you can see this here. It was, oh, all right. Well, that's what's going on here. And you can see this change in him turns away, shoulders down. And he like, all right, it's almost like case closed. Okay. Well, this is what this is going to be about. And he just stays put. He just stays eyes on me. I think that's what he says here. Eyes back. I mean, it takes him a while to like, all right, let's do this. Fairly annoyed, right? He goes, okay, let's continue with this. And you can see slight little more changes. They get a bit more, the breathing is heavier. It looks away. This is when he tells him, you don't get to be this or that. He starts to get a bit more annoyed here. And he continues to lay out the plan of what is going to be here. And you can see this, I love those little looks. And then that, just the waiting, this relaxation in the face, in the shapes here, he's almost pleased with himself. It's so good. And it tells him, all right, and you can see this here.  And you can see the slob bling here.  Come on. I'm innocent here. And he's all agitated and like, come on, let's do this to, all right, well, that's what's going to be. It's a long sequence, but for you to think about, again, this is tricky. This is really, really long. Not that you can have this on your shoulder and you're real, this is way too long, but think about the progression of a character, right? It's always interesting to go through contrast where a character starts in one spot and then ends in potentially in another. Also, if again, if you have multiple characters, how do they relate? What's the distance? What's the posture? Do they have mirrored posing because they agree with each other? Does someone suddenly turn away or turn their back? Does that change the dynamic? Is someone leaning back, leaning forward? All that stuff. Think about all that when you have two characters, at least in your scene, and how you can show us their relationship and how they relate and how they feel about each other. Back to this character, he's talking to her. There's a discussion of she asks him what he thinks in terms of her husband's innocence.  I love this. I have this gift of reading people. It's really great. And look at this here. I love this moment. So she asked him what do you think about my husband? You think he's innocent? And he has this thing of, all right, blah, blah, blah. And I love this here. As he goes down, he goes, and then he tells him, I think your husband is a jerk, but I don't think he's guilty. But it's that decision making of, yeah, this is what I'm thinking. I'm going to tell her this. No, I don't think he's innocent. It's just, I love that. Almost that he's patient that that thought process, that's an externalized right through there. That's not in the audience, just him going, yeah. And now I'm going to say what I'm going to say. So think about that when you're lip syncing. And if you're watching my clips, you know that I'm repeating this, but it's important that you don't just stick to the lip sync and animate the character and emotes whenever there's audio there. The character is going to think they're going to make choices. They're going to process information, make decisions. It's going to be, you know, an inner monologue as well. It's going to be subtext to all those things like this. Just to me, adds just an extra layer to the performance that's outside of just matching the lip sync. This one is a bit more about body language. I want you to look at her and then kind of him. He doesn't change really. It's mostly that he doesn't really want to talk to her. His hands are always in the pockets, but look at her. And from the very beginning, let's go back. You can see all the movement is she's so eager. She's kind of nervous. There's a lot of fidgeting. She gets up. She wants to get ready there. She takes a step closer to him. She's leaning forward. She just can't wait. She's so eager to talk to him because he has more information about her husband. You can see this. She almost wants to shake hands. She has a little bit of touching here. They know each other. It's not, you know, a person she doesn't know, but it's all out there. Look at him. He just hands in the pocket. It's completely closed off. Doesn't really want to talk. And this continues here where she has more gestures. She has more moves. She leans in. She almost wants to lean in and she wants to see, what is he saying? Scanning all of this and he just stays put in that same pose, closed off. I'm not going to shake hands. Nothing. And again, this goes back into you have multiple characters. How do they relate? Is someone more interested in the other? What does that tell us if this character doesn't change this pose? What is this pose compared to someone like this here, who's just so eager, leaning forward? So just make sure you have something like this because to me, everything is always about contrast. It's just not that interesting unless it's a very important story point that they're the similar, you know, in terms of posture and behavior and all that stuff. But I like seeing the differences in characters, be it two or multiple characters in your scene and how we will then perceive that and how we learn something from those two characters. And again, body language. This is about him now visiting his dad in jail here in prison. So this is all about what I talk about to my students. Is your character in an environment that is familiar or unfamiliar? He's never been here. He's never seen this. So if you look at him, look at that. He looks up. She's done this before. She's more concerned about him. Obviously it's the parent too. And look at that. He just keeps on looking. Looks around there. Looks around here. Again, I mean, it's kind of cold too, but it's almost a kind of protective thing. It's kind of shielded with his jacket. I'm probably reading way too much into this, but you know, like versus people that are potentially a bit more relaxed as they walk. Maybe that's not their first time. But all of this, look at him as he looks around. He's about to get in here, but he's still concerned or curious about what is this place. Same thing as he goes forward. They're passing the guard. You can see this here. Looks around. He knows he's been told where to go, but he looks here. Looks over there. He's not very relaxed here. Looks over here, but you know, he's supposed to sit here, but he still looks everywhere just because this is new. His unfamiliarity is potentially scary. So think about that when you have a character in any type of environment. If you are putting character in a set anywhere, is this character there for the first time? Yes or no, because that is going to change how they move, how they look, how they behave, and all their acting choices. This is a tiny thing is more about composition and placing characters and awareness. He is kind of alone in this. All the kids are having fun, but he's alone and you know, kind of, it's a tough spot to be in when your dad is accused of murder. But he's that, you know, reemphasizing his big vast area closed up in a corner, but also as kids play and get close to him, not on purpose. They kind of play around. You can see he doesn't want to get touched. He just feels alienated. He just doesn't want to be part of all of that. It's a quick thing, but again, something for you to think about as you put your character, not just in an environment because they won't interact, but with people that are around this. How is this character going to relate to them and behave towards them? Are they like here? Is he going to move away or is he going to be more and more? I want to be with you and play with you. Anyway, you want to look at how does this character behave when other people are around? It just tells us again, one more thing about the character. It's an extra layer than just putting a character here and is doing their thing. So if you have, it pops right into the first frame, if you have multiple characters, I would highly recommend to think about, well, how will your main character react and interact with those? And will that tell us something more about the character and add extra layers without just being kind of a generic performance? And this one is me reading into things. I don't know if that was the goal, but the trial has started. They're all there. You can see the reporters. You can see the grandfather of the kid here. They're all starting, they're all getting ready. What I want to look at again, has nothing to do with acting. I just wanted to bring that in was I like this light here. It's almost like the people here, as they're starting the trial, they're crossing that line. They're crossing into a new world. After this, there's no turning back. This is going to be insane as they have to go through all of those revelations about the characters, what's going to happen again, spoiler, kind of non-spoiler, but I kind of like that visual thing. Is this intentional or not? I don't know. So many times I look at things and go, this is really cool. They go, was that the actual intention? A lot of times I'm just reading into things, but I kind of like that visual thing. Anyway, that's also sometimes the fun of watching those things like reading into this and kind of interpreting what they may or may not have wanted to tell us with the visuals. But anyway, speaking of visuals, if you have visual work, this is so ridiculous. If you have animation that you want me to look at and help you with based on stuff like this, if you like this, if you feel like that's interesting and you want me to help you with your shots and make your shots even more awesome, you know the drill. I got workshops, link in the description with the information you can sign up at any time. And speaking of time, this has been a fairly longer clip. So if you're still watching the whole thing, thank you so much. I appreciate the time that you put into watching my clips and that is that. I will say thank you again. Subscribe if you want or not, like if you want or not, but helps my channel grow. I will appreciate it if you do and if you do subscribe, hit that bell box. You don't miss any of my uploads because I do upload a lot and that is that. Thanks for watching and I will see you in my next upload.


So, what I will do for today and the next day is this topic of pattern formation, will be sort of the last topic that I covered in this course. So, what I will try to do today is to talk a little bit about how patterns form in during development. In particular what I will be talking about this is the fruit fly the drosophila and some generic reaction diffusion systems and then I will do the formal mathematical theory the next to next class on Tuesday. So, one of the generic things that you often see in biology is that regardless of this complexity of constituents and stochasticity, this reaction kinetics and so on you will find very reliably that nature produces these very beautiful patterns and across it produces patterns across the length across length scales. So, for example, this is cells in the inside of a ear think of a mouse which has the patterns on the order of some 5 microns. These are cells on in the eye the rod and the cone cells of the fruit fly drosophila which is of the order of again some around 10 microns. Then if you look at flowers you will often see very beautiful spots and patterns basically that are appearing and these are you know the scales of a flower centimeters and so on. Or you could go to even larger scales and for example, it is the stripes of a tiger or a zebra on the order of a meters where you again you have this reliable. So, here you could think of patterning as patterning of these pigments that produce the C. L. O versus this blackbird right. So, this was a problem that originally Turing thought about a long time back in the 1940s and 50s and he said that given that I see that generically nature forms these sort of patterns across across scales across multiple length scales can one come up with a mechanism which will explain the process by which different different constituents chemical constituents be it pigments be it proteins and so on. They can interact with each other and give rise to these sort of patterns. So, that is the this is sort of background with which he started thinking as it turned out the theory. So, the generic theory is due to Turing himself pattern formation of reaction diffusion systems. It was not very applicable in the context that he was thinking of, but it has taught us a lot of how to think of systems like this. So, I will expand a little more as I go along. So, I will talk mostly in the first a with regard to development. So, for example, when I have a embryo. So, all life starts with a single celled embryo. So, some embryo like this it is homogeneous it is a single cell. Then slowly this embryo will start to divide and you will form multiple cells right you will form multiple cells. And then what started off as this homogeneous ball of cells will develops spontaneously some sort of an order right.  So, there will be an axis that is going to be formed then different cells in different parts of this axis or along this axis they are going to develop differentially and then ultimately you will get a full-fledged organism right. So, the question often is that how do I start off with this homogeneous mixture of cells and how do I spontaneously then generate order. So, one way that one could think of is that there are some spontaneous events within an uniform field within an uniform homogeneous field and this somehow breaks the symmetry that is there in this original embryo and that symmetry breaking then cascades downstream and creates some sort of a large scale order ok. So, there is some spontaneous symmetry breaking with respect to this embryo that sets your let us say the head tail axis or whatever axis and then things it is a complicated process. So, I am just waving hands and saying, but that is a rough idea that you have some sort of spontaneous symmetry breaking that helps you at least get started on this development process. Or another way you could think of is that there is it is not as homogeneous as it looks there is some sort of external signal at some point let us say on the head side that introduces and built in asymmetry and that asymmetry then propagates and tells the organism how to develop. So, that is another possible mechanism yes. So, what it means is that you have some homogeneous ball. Now, let us say the concentration of one species the some species mixed uniformly and homogeneously inside this let us say the concentration of one. So, there are fluctuations in these concentrations because you know whatever stochastic processes are going on. So, this fluctuation let us say beyond the certain strength can sort of generate such that you have more of this molecule on this side less on this side that happens spontaneously. So, in some cells let us say this half gets more. So, this becomes your head that becomes your tail in other cell maybe there is a high concentration fluctuation here and high low concentration there.  So, another way to frame this question is that how in this in this system of different cells, how do cells interact with other cells to detect information about their spatial location in order to form these large scale patterns that is how does the cell over here know that it has to form the head how does the cell over here know it has to form the tail how does something over here knows it has to form the hands and so on. So, it will talk to other cells in order to sort of determine where its relative position is in the embryo and then have an appropriate sort of developmental cascade. So, Turing was this has been this sort of reaction diffusion systems has been used to sort of study various patterns. For example, patterns on butterfly wings is a relatively recent paper where through the use of these systems that we will look at the reaction the equations that we will look at today you can sort of explain these sort of macroscopic patterns and I use explain in a very loose way as I expand the question. So, let me start before I go into the genetic theory. Let me start off by taking this specific example of development of Drosophila ok the video I will play the video separately maybe. So, here is the idea that Drosophila is a common fruit fly. So, here is my Drosophila embryo it looks something like this like an oval. The Drosophila embryo is part of a class of organisms which are called syncytial which are called syncytial in that when it is. So, initially it is a uniform mixture then slowly what happens is that you get cells as you have nuclei started throughout the bulk of this embryo and then at some point this nuclei all move to the surface. So, they all move over to the surface and you have these nuclei coming over here. So, these are all the nuclei they all move to the surface the interior the yolk sort of face separates out and it goes to the inside. So, this is the nutrient from which these embryos will sort of take sustenance. Then as time progresses these embryos will divide. So, you will get more and more embryos, but it is slightly peculiar in the sense that you do not have proper cells until some time later. So, these nuclei are not divided up by cell walls in that sense. So, that is what is meant by syncytial cell walls form after certain number of divisions are taken place. Initially it is like this continuous domain where you have these nuclei sort of multiplying. So, this is what this movie shows we see if I can play this can you see yeah. So, this is the Drosophila embryo. These white spots the fluorescent spots over here are these nuclei and you will see this spots will get as this divide these spots will get denser. So, this is when the division is happening. So, let me here I lose some fluorescent intensity. So, let me display from the front. So, there are very few then as it divides there are more nuclei it divides once more there are more nuclei and so on. It has already established a sort of axis in that there are more nuclei on this side than on this side right. This side will ultimately be it is called it is called the anterior side it will ultimately become the head of the fruit fly this side is the tail of the fruit fly. So, it is called the anterior posterior axis. What is marked is a particular. So, what is fluorescently labeled in these movies is a particular protein called bicoid which I will talk about a little bit. It is one of these precursor proteins that will set this AP axis basically and on the inside what you see over here this dark region is olio. There are no nuclei over here in this bulk and this process will continue. So, here right now there are no cell walls after some time the cell walls will form and you will get proper cellularization and then the level of material content on this side there are actually very few nuclei. So, well there are nuclei, but yes the density is less ultimately it will get of course, filled out there is another thing over here. So, what is labeled like I said is this bicoid protein ok. So, it is correlated with the nuclei because these proteins get sort of localized inside this nucleus to a higher degree inside the nucleus which is why you can see this spherical sort of objects as nuclei. The fact that you cannot see them on this posterior side means two things. One is that initially the nuclear density is low here and secondly the bicoid also actually as I will tell the bicoid is actually produced over here. So, it needs to go over there it has not managed to do that yet. So, that is why you do not see any density. If you allow if you let this process sort of play on here is what the fly looks like at some later time. So, those were within 1 hour or so, about 1 to 2 hours these are much later I think this is an hour. So, 5 hours and so on. So, this is sped up and you will see that various sort of patterns have started forming the thorax and so on of the fly have started appearing. So, this is the dorsal view from the top, this is the ventral view from the bottom and these nuclei sort of separate segregate out into different regions and then you can see the sort of abdominal the marks sort of coming clearly over here. So, it. So, what starts over in this simple from the single single celled embryo, simple single celled embryo it goes through these nuclear divisions and then ultimately as time goes on you have this whole organism emerging. Also if you look at there is another interesting thing let since I am showing let me show. So, this is that initial phase when the cell division cell compartments have not formed the nuclei are just dividing. You will see that the way that the nuclei divide is actually very nice. It forms a the way that it is colored is that when the cells are resting they are not dividing they are colored in this cyan and then when the cells are dividing it is colored in this magenta or purple ok. So, the cells sort of divide in a wave it starts off at this anterior pole then this these divide then these divide then this divide and this wave sort of propagates from the anterior pole to the posterior pole and then again the next division cycle the wave propagates from here to here. So, not only there is sort of pattern that emerges there is also sort of traveling waves that emerges. The question is if I think of this simple sort of a system how do I get this sort of an emergence of order how do I get these different divisions that form starting with a very simple system like this. So, here is one of the proposals. So, the idea is this that let us say there is some signaling molecule which is called let us say a morphogen and that has some sort of a great concentration gradient along this AP axis. So, mostly I will talk about this this is the anterior pole this is the posterior pole. So, if I go like this this line constitutes my AP axis. So, let us say somehow I have formed a morphogen gradient that goes from the anterior pole to the posterior pole like this. So, there is a high concentration at the anterior pole there is a low concentration at the posterior pole ok. Then the cells or the nuclei in this case they might determine their final state in response to the concentration gradient of this morphogen ok. So, if this morphogen is let us say there is some threshold. So, cells which see this concentration above this threshold will become differentiate to become the head. Let us say cells which see concentrations below this threshold maybe will differentiate to become something else cells in the middle will become something else and so on. So, there is some sort of a controlling concentration morphogen which sets up a gradient and other cells. So, the further division or differentiation of this cells follows as a response to this morphogen gradient. But you could then ask that well in the case of Drosophila this is a sort of picture I have in my mind then what is this morphogen gradient what is this basic morphogen gradient and how is that established. So, the basic gradient as it turns out in Drosophila there is a unique answer to that, but it is this bechoid protein it is this bechoid protein that I talked about. So, what happens is that when this embryo is formed the maternal the mother sort of deposits some mRNA in this part near the anterior pole and this mRNA. So, there is some mRNA over here and this mRNA codes for the bechoid protein ok. So, what that means is that there is a reservoir of bechoid proteins or continuous source of bechoid proteins because this mRNA continuously gets read and bechoid proteins are produced at the anterior pole. And you can see that by so this is experimental plots again of this bechoid intensity as a function of this x x being the length along this k p axis as a fraction of the embryo length. So, it goes from 0 to 1 just to give a sense of the numbers this Drosophila embryos are roughly let us say around 500 600 microns. So, 0.2 means 0.2 of 500 microns. So, so this is the bechoid intensity that has been plotted at different time points ok. So, at very early times it is this blue line then as time goes on it rises it rises it rises at very late time. So, this is in minutes. So, this is after 2 and a half hours or so you get this sort of a red line ok. So, you form a concentration gradient initially there is nothing. So, here is my whatever plot of bechoid let me say bechoid concentration as a function of x initially there is nothing. Then as this mRNA gets transcribed and the protein gets produced the protein sort of diffuses slowly ok. It covers out this whole cell and ultimately you get a profile like this. And this you have seen in your I think Midsim thing. So, I gave this Drosophila problem this bechoid. So, this is the context for that basically. So, the so this is a very simple example of a reaction diffusion system a very very simple example in that sense. So, in general a reaction diffusion system is something where you have some sort of a chemical reaction. So, you have reactants and products reacting interacting to specific reactions, but they are also diffusing and that can give rise to patterns in general. So, but before I go to this sort of generic thing you can think of this bechoid as a very simple case of this reaction diffusion system in some sense. The reaction being that this bechoid protein sort of diffuse this sort of degrades. So, it degrades with some rate let us say I do not know some rate kappa ok. It is produced at the anterior pole. So, it has a source and it diffuses ok. So, it is produced over here it diffuses and it degrades which is why it is called the synthesis diffusion degradation model. So, the source is at this anterior pole which I say is x equal to 0 and let us say it is some concentration at this anterior pole. So, I scale everything by the concentration at the anterior pole which I call some maximum bechoid. So, then what this tells me is how this concentration of bechoid evolves in time. So, the rate of change of this bechoid concentration comes because of the diffusion of the bechoid molecules along this AP axis and the degradation of the bechoid. So, I have written tau in terms of tau. So, kappa is basically 1 by tau. So, tau being the lifetime ok. So, it is a first order decay process and a diffusion with the constant with the source at this anterior pole. And then as you have solved this the steady state concentration of this is an exponential profile. So, it is like e to the power of minus x by lambda right where this lambda the characteristic length scale is square root d into tau or d by kappa whichever way you write. So, you get a profile that looks basically like this right you get a profile that looks like this. So, that is the basic idea that we have that the mother deposits some mRNA which acts as a source of bechoid. So, there is already something that sort of breaks the symmetry. Then as this bechoid mRNA gets expressed into bechoid proteins that protein diffuses out and it degrades and because of this diffusion and degradation it forms an exponential profile ok. So, that is the first thing that happens in this whole cascade of in this developmental cascade. And you can do this you can check this for different sort of Drosophila species and you will see that. So, these have different embryo lengths for example, this the common fruit fly which is melanogaster has something around this 500 600 microns. This one is smaller that one is larger, but you get exponential profiles in all of these cases. Yes yes until this point it is still being continuously produced ok. So, another way to write this equation is to say that what was I writing del del bechoid del t is d del 2 bechoid del x 2 minus kappa bechoid plus a source term. So, let me write the source term as something like a source strength which happens only at the origin. So, delta x and which happens for all time t greater than 0. So, I put a heavy side theta function. So, for any t greater than 0 t equal to 0 being fertilization, you are continuously producing this bechoid protein at x equal to 0. In reality it happens for a long enough time that this exponential profile has had a chance to set in. So, as long as the mRNA is there the mRNA itself does not get degraded. It will keep producing bechoid proteins and the mRNA lifetime is large enough that you have enough time to form this exponential time scale ok. So, as far as this graph goes even at these times I think at least till 3, 4 hours definitely it is known that the bechoid protein is being produced continuously. The mRNA was to refuse. Yes. Yes. Yes somewhat different. So, you will have. So, you have to write some equation for the mRNA protein right which will have some diffusion coefficient of its own it will have some degradation of its own and so on. And then this source instead of being a delta x will respond to this mRNA concentration. So, it is a valid model people have done this and they have seen how this how the length scale changes once you take into account that the mRNA itself can diffuse. In the 0th order model what has been found experimentally is that the diffusion constant of the mRNA is relatively much smaller compared to the diffusion constant of the bechoid which is why to first approximation people treat it as a strictly localized source, but people have relaxed that approximation and seen what it gives. It gives something that is slightly better than this model. So, it is good in that sense right. So, you can if you look at this if you look at this exponential profile, you can find out what is the length scale of these profiles and it turns out for example, in Rossoffila melanogaster the common fruit fly. The length scale comes out to be 100 microns and if you put in measurements of these diffusion constant of the bechoid and the lifetime of the bechoid, you get a number which is very close to this experimentally observed value. So, these particular numbers give you 120 microns.  So, it is like a huge variation depending on which number you put in you would get a different length scale, you put in the number that gives you the best length scale in some sense. These measurements are very difficult to do. So, people do frappe like we discussed if you remember in the earlier is not very good people do some fluorescence correlation spectroscopy FCS and so on, but these numbers experimentally. So, inside the cell it is somewhat difficult to sort of do it in a controlled sense because if you do it against the background of all these other nuclei and all other cytoskeletal filaments proteins everything. So, there is some debate about what is the right diffusion constant used, but general agreement is of the order of micron square per second. Nevertheless, the point I want to make here is that what this sort of a theory tells you. So, you can immediately see what are the shortcomings of a theory like this. So, what it says is that this characteristic length scale that I get is D by kappa or D into tau right. It does not matter to me what the length of the embryo is what is this L ok. So, regardless of what L I put I would get a lamp if my diffusion coefficient and the degradation rate were the same I would get the same lambda irrespective of the embryo length ok. And as you saw in these earlier pictures that is definitely not true. If you do different species for example, which have roughly different average length you will see that the lambda scales more or less with the embryo length. So, for an embryo which is larger you will have a larger lambda for an embryo which is smaller you will have smaller lambda. So, simple this 0th order model like this the synthesis degradation diffusion model it explains one thing which is that you get an exponential profile which is observed. So, that is good. On the other hand it cannot explain a few things. So, for example, it cannot explain how this lambda scales with the length of the embryo that is something it fails to do. And just in that context that various of these other models have been proposed that what happens if it is not steady state for example, if I take the time dependent solution of this equation then I will get some lambda as a function of t does that match or if I take this mRNA that the fact that the mRNA itself diffuses. So, the source is no longer a point source, but an extended source then does the length scale of that source for example, come into this lambda and how does that affect and so on.  As far as I know no model has satisfactorily answered this question of how do how do these flies regulate the length scale so that this length scale is lambda is sort of proportional to the length of the embryo itself. Various models are there, but no model completely answers this question.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebrakes.com coming at you with our first Nick Jaspy mystery box. This is break number one. You can see the three boxes behind me right here. In fact, let's mark these boxes right now. There we go. All right, so you see, kind of hard to see, but if you look carefully, you'll see that's mark number one, number two, and number three, right there. Grab my camera anymore, but it's mounted to this desk. But you'll see it, one, two, and three. Big thanks to these folks for getting to the action. We're gonna randomize your names, and then randomize the box numbers and match it with the box number, pop open the box here, we got, very easy. Let's roll it, let's randomize it. Five and a six, 11 times for each list. One, two, three, four, five, 10 and 11 in final time. After 11, there's five and a six, 11 times. We've got Aaron, Gary, and Evan, and then 11 times for the box numbers. One, two, three, and 11 in final time. It's gonna be box three, one, two, three, one, two. All right, so Aaron, you have box three, Gary with box one, and Evan with box two. I guess we'll just go in this order right here. So Aaron, box three, there's right here, box three. There's the Jaspie sticker right there. There's the Jaspie seal right here. Aaron, let's see what you got. You can see the top camera right here. All right, we've got a autograph eight by 10 right on top, and it's, ooh, DK Metcalf, nice. 2019 draft picture and the score design right here. I think, did we get this at the premiere? I think so, there's no sticker right here, but yeah, I think, you can see right there where it says Panini America, you can see the type right there. I think we got this at one of the rookie premiers or something like that, or the swag item or something. That's pretty cool. He's been playing some good football. What else do we have here? We've got a few little boxes here of 2019 tops trading, there's 10 trading cards here. Oh, part of that tops 206 design, which I think are pretty cool. Nice, let me know if you get anything cool out of here. We got three of those. Well, there's some individual cards in here too. You got a hanger box of 2019, 20 Donner's basketball. Now you can, Aaron Billingsley, you can rip this if you want to.  All of this will be sent to you, seal. We've got another box in here, nice. 2016 black gold, 2016 black gold football, nice. You can look for the 2016 draft class in here as well. Nice, and last but not least, some individual cards you can see on the top camera. What do we have? Ooh, a prison collegiate Zion, maybe great some of these, a blue chips Zion, gradeable, another blue chips Zion, one of them's got to turn out to be all right. Another one of the prison collegiates and an NBA debut Zion from Mosaic, nice. I mean, even just these cards raw should sell pretty well. Maybe you want to get these graded too. All right, so there you go, Aaron. Thank you very much. Let's put all your stuff back in here. Thanks for getting involved in Nick Jaspi's mystery box. Let's write your name on this box too. The flap of the box and wrote right up there. You can see on the top camera, nice. How much did these cost? Oh, okay. Seems like a lot more than the value of that, of the price of entry, but Gary Goldberg, you've got box number one. There's box number one right there. You can see on the top camera up there as well. Jaspi seal and everything. Ooh, more individual card in here. Let's see what we got. All right, first off, we got some archives baseball, 2020 archives baseball, sealed. I guess I do, archives baseball is a lot of fun. We got a couple illusions, value packs, some hanger packs. And we've got another box in here, a blaster box of top chrome baseball. That's pretty cool. And we're not done yet, folks. We've got some individual cards in here. We've got this individual card, Ozzy Alves. I've heard of him, he's pretty good. Nice and ooh, some break, $200 in break credit. Nice, remember to do that. I'll just print this list out.  And it's 1992, stadium club, Shaquille O'Neal. Nice, PSA nine, a mint nine. Kalyangi looks there and skinny. Nice, that's pretty strong. Is that rookie Shaquille O'Neal? Thanks, it is 1992. Nice, there's a little draft pick stamp right there on the bottom. Nice, that's really awesome. Congrats, Gary. And check your email for that break credit. It'll come as a, it'll be an automated email from our website. Check your spam folder if you don't see it. There we go, all right, another excellent box. I've got Gary's name on here. Thanks Gary, congrats. And the final box, box number two will go to Evan. Thank you Evan for getting in. We've got two more sets of these that are already sold out. We'll do the, those will be coming up. Thanks everyone for getting in. Keep checking jaskiescasebreaks.com for more mystery boxes in the future. And thanks everybody who read the email blasts earlier in the morning. Cause we announced the mystery box is there first. All right, so you see on the top camera, a bunch of stuff in here. The eight by 10 is the Greek freak, Yannis antitikompo. Kind of hard to, there it is. There's the autograph right there. Nice eight by 10. You got Yannis's big certificate of authenticity right here as well. Nice, pretty cool stuff.  Let's see what we got. We've got Donner's basketball hanger box. Again, we're shipping all this huge sealed Evan. So sell it if you want to. You can pop these open if you want to. This is pretty cool to ultimate baseball. Whatever you would like. It's up to you. These are yours. We've got a optic cello pack. We've got 2020 Donner's baseball. Nice. That's pretty cool. And a couple of cards. First one is KJ Hamler, game day ticket. Cracked ice autograph, one out of 23. I think he's a Bronco with all these Broncos getting injured. Maybe it's KJ Hamler's time to shine. All right. And the last individual card is a dual autograph. Wow, Deshaun Watson and Deonta Foreman. Nice, 33 out of 50. Rough start to the season for the Texans, but Sean Watson, once he gets a decent team around him, is really gonna shine. And there you go, Evan Levine. Thank you very much. Thanks everybody for watching. Another mystery box coming up, and then some breaks and all sorts of other fun stuff on jaspyscasebreaks.com. I'm Joe, thanks for watching. That was Nick Jaspies, mystery box number one. Another one coming up in a separate video, jaspyscasebreaks.com.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebrakes.com and jaspys.com for all personal breaks doing two box 1920 penini chronicles basketball Blaster break for Colin. He's already picked out his boxes now. It's just time to open them up and see what he's got Good luck Colin That is true It is damn near impossible Tree base these are 94.99 Why is that pick you don't think a a silver LeBron worth like four grand is Doing it is a Zion gold a Zion silver Zion auto Zion silver auto. I mean Those are all pulls you can get from retail man. You can argue this all you want Choice has a higher higher end As a higher ceiling like we've we've regularly pulled high-end cards out of retail How many cards I mean? Would you say that the highest end card out of choice?  This is probably a pretty good one to Kevin Durant Prism update pink LeBron James prestige Terrence Davis essentials Steph Curry playbook Darius Garland playbook pink Darius Garland rookies and stars James Harden Chronicles base and go to the Todd's a and Zion. Williamson Luminance That is a huge card Tyler hero Rui Hachimura Cam Reddish Eric Pascal pink XR Terrence Davis Luminance Kyrie Irving Chronicles base pink Brandon Clark Kendrick Nunn threads Jackson Hayes essentials PJ Washington Penini Cody Martin Penini Brandon Clark Hometown hoops Pascal Siakum base Darius Basley Brandon Clark Anthony Davis Luminance pink McKeel Alexander Walker RJ Barrett threads and Jordan pool Same with me money. Same with me, man Yeah, the Durant's huge The Durant is huge Colin they're saying in the Instagram chat that that Durant's probably like a $300 card and stuff Chris, there's nothing to say that that Zion won't lose major value Unlike LeBron who you're saying is already just established But there's also nothing to say that he won't end up like Patrick Mahomes and have his value double Every month for month after month after month. So What's up smokey we just hit a Durant prism update pink The base update Katie is selling for 450 to 480 Wait the pink Somebody said raw that that pink is selling for 300 right now. Oh for 50 or 80. Yeah That's the pink Colin. The pink one is a short print only in these blaster boxes And somebody said that raw it's selling for 300 bucks right now. It's sold for 300 Colin Interstate I'm not sure I'll look after this. I've got I've got at least one more order before you after this The girlfriend just popping the chat I think she's getting ready for work Terrence Davis Coby white pink Coby white rookies and stars Nicola Jokic base Kevin Porter, Jr. Jordan pool Rui Hachimura PJ Washington, Jr. Coby white Darius Garland pink Romeo Langford Andre Drummond pink parallel DeAndre Hunter Rui DeAndre Hunter Kendrick Nunn Zion Colin just a heads up look at the corner on that. That's straight out of the pack I had to flip it around so that would have been down here, right? You can see the the corner on this one wasn't like that So just a heads up man, sorry about that I don't know why that one card out of all of them is like that because obviously that's not like that either Kind of crappy obviously Coby white crusade and Paul George Yeah, I know but It sucks. You know what I mean? Eric Pascal Anthony Davis playbook Yannis luminance pink very nice awesome looking card to Matisse Thible I Just noticed that Anthony Davis is the same way for some reason the other one wasn't a playbook that one is See, that's weird. I don't know why it's only some of them Matisse Thible Not like that DeAndre Hunter That one's fine Cameron Johnson. He's crushing it. This one's the same way. What is going on here? The rest of them don't look like that but see that one too Yannis Kendrick Nunn playbook RJ Barrett recon Jarrett Culver Marquis pink Eric Pascal RJ Barrett prestige pink Kauai Leonard Russell Westbrook Monsieur Little Essentials Kevin Porter jr. Matisse Thible Rui Hachimura hometown heroes P-Track, please don't do that. Don't try to promote your channel or your brakes. Don't do that. I'll ban you Kauai Leonard prestige I mean be smarter than that man Okay, apparently you don't understand goodbye Three times Cool Colin I'm gonna go ahead and include the box with the order that way You can if you want to you can open up a claim with them for those damaged cards the video is on there On it's gonna be on YouTube for them to be able to see it, but I'm gonna include the box from your break You've got the receipt in your email from the order So you can open up a claim with them and see what they can do for you Especially because one of them's a Zion I think one of them was the honest as well I think too so there was there was like three or four of them and they all had the same exact corner So it was really weird. It sounds like it was like obviously in packaging or whatever But go ahead and do that that way they can get everything taken care for you. Okay, but awesome Congratulations on that Kevin Durant after that everything else was was just bonus, but Congrats, dude. Thanks for taking a shot and breaking with me this morning And guys that was 2019-20 Panini Chronicles basketball blaster boxes to for Colin Nice stuff Jasper's calm for all personal breaks Jasper's case breaks calm for all group of case breaks I'm Sean. We'll see you next time


This study aimed to validate a translated and culturally adapted version of the infant feeding intentions, IFI, scale for use in Thailand. The IFI scale measures the intentions of pregnant women to breastfeed their infants. The study found that the Thai language version of the IFI scale had high content validity and internal consistency. This suggests that it can be used to measure prenatal infant feeding intention among Thai-speaking populations.