lecture that is on an implementation of Q using array. So these are the learning outcomes. At the end of this session students will be able to explain a linear Q in the data structure. So as we have seen in the previous lecture that is the Q which follows the first in first out a linear data structure. So whenever you are going to add the data into the Q it should be added from the rare end. And whenever you are going to delete the data from the Q you have to delete from the front end. So that's why we required two pointers to keep the record of an Q that is rare pointer and the front pointer. So now we will see the implementation of Q using a C language. So these are the algorithms for the insert operation. So now initial we are going to take the value of rare equal to minus one and front we are going to keep it at zero. So means if the size of an Q is three. So we are going to have the size of Q will be three here that is a of zero, a of one and a of two. Means this is an array size of three. So this is a rare end and this is front end. So while inserting the elements in the Q we are going to insert every time from this rare end. And whenever you are going to delete the elements from the Q we are going to delete it from the front end here. So before inserting the data every time we have to check the full condition that is a full condition. So that is given by rare equal to equal to size minus one. So size is what three and minus one means where that is r is equal to equal to two. But it is not the case where r is pointing where r is equal to minus one. So here we can insert the new element in the Q here. So after inserting the new element in the Q then new Q will look like this. That is 10. So after inserting this 10, so we have to increment the values of r and f here. So initial f was pointing at this position. Now r was pointing at minus one. So now r is going to point at a of zero here. So as we know that front and rare will always point to the, this is the last element and this will be the pointing towards the first element respectively. So 10 is only the element in the Q. So that's why this is the first element and this is the last element in the Q here. So suppose if the user wants to insert one more data into the Q, so the same procedure we have to follow or we have followed in the previous thing. So what things? So we have to check the full condition that is r is equal to equal to size minus one. Now size is what three minus one. So it will come to be a two. But actually now r is pointing towards a of zero and f is pointing towards a of zero only. So the space is still available here because r is pointing towards the a of zero. So 20 can be inserted here and r has been incremented by plus one here. That's why now suppose one more element if you want to insert in the Q that is a of zero, a of one, a of two. So where this is f and this is r. So front is pointing towards the first element in the Q that is 10, this is 20 is pointing towards the r. So one more element if you want to insert we have to check once again the size two. That is full condition r is equal to equal to size minus one that is two. But r is pointing where r is pointing towards one. So this condition is not satisfied here. So we can insert one more element here. So that is 30. So now what happens if this 10, 20 and 30 r is going to increment by one and f will be at same position here. So that's why when you're going to insert the new element in the algorithms step two is what rare equal to rare plus one here. So that's why. So one more if the user wants to insert the new element in the Q here. So we have to check the full condition here. So that is 10, 20 and 30. This is r and this is f. So where r is pointing now r is pointing towards the second and r is equal to size minus one three minus one r is equal to equal to two. Yes, this condition is satisfied here. We cannot insert the new element in the Q. So it will show then these Q is overflow here. So this condition is executed here when this condition is satisfied here. Okay. So f is pointing towards the first element r is pointing towards the last element here. Now let us see that algorithm for the delete operation. So for the delete operation so in the same manner for insert operation we used to check full condition same for delete we are going to check empty condition. So as we have seen in previous Q that is 10, 20 and 30. So f is here and r is here now. So we used to insert the data from rare end and we used to have now going to delete from the front end here. So if you want to delete the element we have to check the this condition that is an empty condition. How we are going to check we are going to check by this that is r is equal to equal to minus one and means the compulsory operation and front is equal to equal to zero. So this condition is satisfied but this condition is not satisfied as r is pointing towards the a of 2 as this is a of 0 and this is a of 1. So this condition becomes full. It is done with r condition that is r f is greater than rare here but this condition is not satisfied this is also not satisfied hence we can delete the operation. So you are going to delete the data from the Q means front is going to increment by plus 1 that is front is equal to front plus 1. So this will be 20, 30 and this f is going to increment by plus 1. Here is r that is f from the deleted position. So front is incremented by 1. So now this is the first element in the Q and this is the last element in the Q. Suppose if user wants to delete one more element from the Q here what happens you are going to delete this means your f will be at this position and r will be at this position only. So now this is the position now suppose user wants to delete one more element. So every time we have to check this condition that is r is equal to equal to minus 1 ending with this. So this is deleted means what happens here r is going to be incremented and this from this. So front will go and initialize to 0 and r will be initialized to minus 1. So 30 deleting this so this goes to this position. So what happens this condition is going to be satisfied because f is at equal to equal to 0 and r is equal to minus 1 here. So this condition becomes satisfied here. So that's why 30 so what happens this condition becomes satisfied that is f is greater than r because r is pointing towards a of 2 and f is going to be greater than a of 2. So this condition is satisfied that's why your Q is in now empty position. So your pointers will be initialized to f equal to 0 there. So now this condition is satisfied here. So that is known as a delete operation. So this is for the display. Now suppose user wants to display how many elements are there in a Q. So now this is f and this is an r. So we can have to write an a for loop for that i is equal to front i is less than equal to rare i is plus plus. So i is at which position a of 0 1 a of 2. So i is equal to 0 this condition is satisfied i is less than equal to rare. Rare is pointing towards 0 means i is less than equal to 2 and i plus plus. If this condition is satisfied you are going to increment means it will print 10. If this then your pointer is going to be incremented by 1. So it becomes 20 in this manner 30. This condition becomes fails means we are going to come out from this loop here. So that's why if you want to display we have to make use of an the for loop for that. So that is i equal to front i is less than equal to rare and i plus plus. So this is for the algorithm for display. Pause this video and answer this question. If the elements a b c and d are placed in the queue and are deleted one at a time in what order will they be removed? So the answer is a b c and d. So what are the drawbacks of a linear queue? So even if there is a space in the queue we cannot insert the data into the queue. For example what we have seen in the video if we have a size of an queue is three elements and we have inserted three elements in the queue and delete some data then the queue has some space. But at that condition we cannot insert the data into the queue because we have already incremented the pointers that is r equal to pi plus 1 here and not we are going to initialize to r equal to minus 1. So what happens? This is the memory utilization problem comes here. Even if there is a space in the queue we cannot reinsert the data. So such drawbacks of a linear queue can be solved with the help of a circular queue. So these are my references. Thank you.


Telegram is a great messaging app. And in this video, we're going to learn how to start a chat, create a group, and create a channel in Telegram. Let's start a chat. In iPhone, upon opening, Telegram has various tabs along the bottom menu. Select Chats to display any messages already sent or received. When you open the program, you will see a list of contacts who recently installed the program. Now let's start a new chat. In iPhone, at the top right corner, press the new message icon here. In Android, you see it in the right corner, down here. Perfect! Now we need to find our contact in the next step. Select Contact. Your contacts already using Telegram will be displayed in a list. Use the search bar at the top to find them. As soon as you press on your contact's name, a blank new message window will appear for you to send and receive messages with them. Your conversation history will also now be stored and displayed within the chats tab under the name of your contact. That's it! Now let's start another chat, but this time a secret one. Use the search bar at the top. For the contact you would like to have a secret chat with, tap on the contact's name once you find it. Now, click here. Then click here. The Start Secret Chat feature will be listed. Tap on it. A dialog box will appear asking you to confirm that you would like to start a secret chat with your contact. Press Start and your secret chat will begin. Your contact will be invited to join the secret chat. Also, you will see a window specifying what the secret chat does as you can see. And that's it! Hey, if you're enjoying this video, please subscribe and share it in order for more people to benefit too. Now, it's time to create a group in Telegram. Let's start a new group. In iPhone, tap on the New Message icon here. In Android, in the lower right corner you will see this pencil icon. Click on it. You will see this view. Now select New Group. Your contact list will now appear allowing us to move on to the next step. Tap on the name of each person you want to add to the group. Notice Telegram groups can have up to 200,000 members. Once you have selected all of the contacts you would like to add, tap on Next. Or, in the case of Android, on the arrow icon here. Give your group a name. And if desired, add a profile photo for the group by clicking on the camera icon. Finally, press Create. And your new group chat will be open and can be found under the Chats tab for easy reference. But let's say you have 200,001 friends. Don't worry. Telegram's got you covered with Telegram Channels. Select the New Message icon in the Chats tab here. Now choose New Channel. A brief message will appear explaining what a channel does. Tap Create Channel to get started. Now give your channel a name. You can even add a description to tell people what the channel is all about before they subscribe. Done? Let's move on by tapping on Next, or an Android in the checkmark. If you would like anyone to be able to find and subscribe to your channel, choose Public. As long as no one else is already using the same words or phrase, you can customize the Invite link here. Telegram will tell you if it's available or not. However, if your channel is going to be Invite only, then use the Private option. A link will automatically be created and can be shared by using the Share Link button. Once you have configured your channel and have a link for it, tap Next, or checkmark an Android. Every channel needs an audience, so start by choosing some or even all of your contacts right away. Then tap Next, or an Android in the checkmark. That's it. Your new channel is live and now broadcasting. This has been Rod from Burn to Learn. Thanks for watching.


Hello everybody. Good evening or good day wherever you are. Welcome in this last live session that we have with Sol Montoya from Hatari Labs. We learned already quite a lot. So I'm curious what we will learn today. We've seen the tutorials and we are prepared. So let's see what Sol has. We are with around 10 people now, but hopefully the amount will increase. Please use the chat to introduce yourself, your name and your country. And if you have questions for Sol, also use the chat so we can look at it and respond. Enjoy the course. See you at the end. Okay, thank you Hans. This is the last class. There were only five classes here in this course. But as I told to Hans, I mean we seem that we have covered a lot of topics. Let's start this. In this class, there is something new on the course. Something new on the course content. So I will share on my screen. Because here, Gabriela has updated the base model. Okay, because we need the base model in order because everybody needs to do... I mean sometimes you couldn't finish the model of the previous class or maybe you did something that was not right. So in order to have a... The aim is to have a great first experience with model. Okay, you need that. And with any other software tool, you need to develop the concept of a great first experience. And what is the concept that teachers need to be able to create environment where students can learn a lot on the first class. Maybe the second class, they won't learn so much on the first class. But the first class is key. If you learn a lot on the first class and I am sure that we will have more groundwater models in the next 10 years. But we are sure that we are going to have more groundwater models. Okay, so let's download the base model, base 1A, that is called model RA. So let's go here on this download. So here I have my model. And then I go to model day five and then say model. Okay, let me check it. Let me check it. Actually you don't need to create this model. You just need to paste this into... Okay, I will download it again. I will download it again. Here I have my download. You can see the documents from other model day five. I paste it. And then I just strap here because I just strap here. This is the base model. So please everybody, strap the model C5 on your day five folder. And then here just open the model 1A. If you open the model 1A, type yes 1. If you open the model 1A, type yes 1. So in my case, they told me, oh, by the way, there is a new version of model news. And there is a new version of model news because it might be that my version was outdated. So let's see. And this happens every time that there is a new version. Yeah. So let's see. I mean, let's go to the website. Open this and say, can't be that there is a new version because actually they do not tell you when is the new version. Yeah. There is a new version. Gans fish. Like I said, it's in German. So it's really fish. It's hot from the oven. Yeah. And what is new? There is a source code. Some of the model news. Model news for this sister. Okay. So, yeah, this version has C sub. This is for compaction. I prefer compaction. Model news uses less memory. Important BCL. What's the users? Subtra. Change the other usage. Ah, okay. They changed the location of the under of the Newton because it was hidden on some part. And then I'm going to say what I had to do it by changing the files. And then they face it in some place more readable. I don't see much. I don't see that much. I see that there were some fixes to bugs and some other stuff, but there is no such a great change. So actually it's quite compatible. Okay. So yes. But it's always worth to be always looking at documentation. So everybody has these on your computer. Okay. Everybody has this on any computer. And let's start the application. Because I think that you have. A model that it is already. Yes. Do you remember that in the last class, the models were already on the, yeah, there is a problem here because this is the last part of the. This is the last part of the, this is the last. They mean, they mean because this is not exactly the, the, this is not exactly the beginning of the exercise. This is the last part of the exercise. So let me check what I can do to create a common because you have for everything already set up. That's the problem. Okay. I can, I can do some, some tricks here. Give me a second. Yeah. Okay. Let's go. Everybody, please go here to this one. And then you will see that all objects that you have here, you have conditions that that define the concept of boundary. You have conditions that they find the native song. Okay. And then you define the active song. Okay. So. Yeah. Okay. So you have what you have is a model that has the topography that has the active song. I mean, no, the inactive song. So this is your inactive song. But what is new here is that there are two, there are two more repetitions that define a regional flow. That is defined as a constant head. Okay. However. Yeah. We are going to define more boundary conditions. Okay. So let's go here and say. Let's go to model. Let's go. Everybody goes to model. Okay. And here on boundary conditions, you are going to specify their recharge. They won't be well. And there will be a lot of transpiration and river. Okay. So everybody will be serious. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich. The rich.  And here we are going to check that we are in one condition that this steady state that takes only one second. And then the second model condition, it takes this amount of seconds that is in fact 63, 115, 2000 divided by, it's two years, two years every and each year divided by 10. Okay, so it's two years divided by 10, so every year you will have 73 days, so in each time step you will have 73 days. Okay, are you here with me? Okay, I hope so. So where we were, model, mode flow time where we are going to have a steady state, and then we are going to have a, then we are going to have a transient, okay? Really? Yeah. And then what is next, the next thing is that we are going to go to file import check file. Everybody, file import check file and here in check file on day five you have data for the first part because, I mean, I'm really sorry because both folders were called data, but there is the first folder that is called data. Okay, and here you have river, okay? Here you have river, okay? And then we are going to open the river. And then here will be set value in the second sense, one set formula, and this will be model top. If you are here with me, please type this three. If you want me to repeat, I can repeat, there is no problem. If you are here with me, please type this three. If you want me to repeat, I can repeat. Okay, so who else is here, who else won? Please, it's interactive and it's your last chance. It's of the last class, and I hope that you were, that you find it informative and helpful. Okay, thank you. So let's go model top. Okay, so the river is located on surface, okay? It's located on surface, but here, okay? We type okay, okay? We type okay here, and this is the river. This is the river, and then if we do double click here, if we do double click here, yeah? Okay, the river is this one, okay? You can change color as a more river-ish color. And then on multiple features, this will be a river. That will be minus one, but this will be from minus one to the end, okay? To the end, conductance will be direct. And here we have model top, model top, minus one, because the river stage is one meter below surface. The conductance, it is 0.01, and the river bottom is model top, minus three, okay? Okay, great. Are you here with me? If you are here with me, please, JS4, if you want me to repeat, I can repeat. If you are here with me, please type JS1. Okay, so the river stage, I mean the water surface is one meter below surface, and the river bottom is two meters below the water surface, okay? And the conductance is 0.01, okay? So just type okay, and that's it. Great, so you have defined your river, okay? And your river, I don't know if you... The river is related to the elevation, okay? So that's why you haven't inserted any type of differential elevation, gradient or something like that, because it's really related to elevation. And sometimes, if your quality of your elevation data is great, you won't have any problems, but sometimes, since we work with other things, or maybe our river information is not accurate, we got some problems here that could turn on some problems in the water balance, okay? Okay, this type of thing. So in order to create the recharge, what we are going to do is we are going to select a square rectangle object, okay? This one is a rectangle object, okay? Let's go to a rectangle object, and this will be RCH, that will be... And the rectangle object has to cover the current extension of the model, okay? It has to cover the current extension of the model. So value of my closed cells, zero, okay? And then we can change color. If you are here with me, please type, yes, five. Manu says, do you not find it big around the river? Yes, you can do it, yeah? However, yeah, you can do it, yeah? We won't do it, but if you want, you can do it by your own. Okay, so here we have the recharge, zero, set value for closed cells, recharge, okay? And let's go here to workflow features where we are going to activate the recharge and the recharge will be minus zero to the end, to the end, okay? And the recharge rate will be 2.85 e to the minus 8. Okay, this is 2.85 e to the minus 8 because this is a... This is a meter per second, but this is actually, I think, 100... 100 millimeter per year, 0.1... 80 millimeters per year, okay? Something like that, yeah? So yesterday I was reviewing some information about one clue. There is another question from Manu saying that this essentially will have effect of... Yeah, I will repeat the step of the recharge. So I create a rectangle here, here, and this will be called recharge, recharge. This will be... You can change this line. This will be zero for the rest of zero. And then this is the recharge that will go from one to the end. And this will be according to 2.85. 2.85 e to the minus 8, okay? Meter per second, that is around 80 millimeters. Okay, this is the first question from Richard. The second question from the discussion will affect the water level? No, it won't affect the water... Yes, I mean it will affect the water balance, okay? It will affect the water balance. Okay, but we could do another object that represents the evapotranspiration, but we can also... This recharge can be also evapotranspiration. Why? Because the evapotranspiration, if you read the documentation, only happens when the water surface is close... When the water level is close to surface, okay? Only when it's close to surface, it will happen, okay? So that's why you can have many boundary conditions on the same cell. According to each requirement, you will have different... According to each requirement, you will have different boundary conditions. I mean, some boundary conditions will be applied, and some boundary conditions will not be applied. I strongly recommend for that to review the documentation, okay? Evapotranspiration. So in here, you will say that evapotranspiration from minus 1 to the end... Evapotranspiration rate is 2.88 10 to the minus 8, okay? And this is... But this is almost as the recharge. Yeah? Is it potential? Is it a value? No. It has to be... Usually, I put the value from the penguin object, okay? And evapotranspiration, then, is the looping depth?  That if the water in the head of the cell is close to surface, or at least 0.5 meters close to surface, evapotranspiration will happen. But if the water in the head is more than 0.5 meters, evapotranspiration won't happen, okay? So if you are here with me, please type, yes, 6. If you are here with me, please type, yes, 6. Okay, great. So just type, okay? Okay. Then what we are going to do is we are going to select with the red arrow this... Okay, that was used to define the recharge in evapotranspiration. And just we are going to hide, okay? We are going to hide because in this part, what we are going to do is we are going to review the water conditions of constant head of him. So for example, we have these... We have these water conditions and these water conditions. Let's open the ones that are on the north. Okay, here it's called CHD high and it's located... I mean, the water level is 4 meters, 0.32 meters below. And here on workflow, it is as well 4 meters below surface. Okay, this is the water level at this part on the side. While on the south of the model, on the southern part of the model, we have also the same as 4.32 meters. So I mean, our baseline provides us that in average, the water level is 4.5 meters or 4.3 meters below surface. Okay, if you are here with me, please type JS7. We are really close to run our model. Okay? You are doing amazing. Okay. And then, well, since this model has some complexities, we are going to check some values of this already... Okay, so let's go to model multiple package and programs. Model multiple package and programs. And here on solvers, on the PCG, let's check that the maximum iteration is 50 and the inner iteration is there. Okay, what is the difference in maximum and linear iteration? Okay, imagine that you will have several iterations to read a solution. Okay? What is an inner iteration inside iteration that will happen without printing the results? Okay? Once you have fulfilled 30 loops of the inner iteration, it will be one outer iteration where you will have results of the comprehensive and the hetero-sever and so on from that loop. Okay? So actually, by defining 50 as outer and 30 as inner, you are running 1,500 times. You are looking at maximum over 1,500 times. Yeah? Okay. And then let's save it. Okay, you can save it. Yeah, we can save it like this. Okay? Or... Or you can change the name. Why not? Okay, so let's check. File safe as. File safe as. So let's call model 1A and then your initial. For example, in my case, it's Saul Montoya. Okay? And your case with your initial. And then just type. Okay? Just to have our own version. Okay? And not overwrite the base model. Okay? So if you are here with me, please type. Yes. Hey. Manu has a question. Say, where can we see the kind of aquifer? Okay, there is a great question for Manu. Okay. Yeah. In the model, or modflow layer groups or modflow layer groups, you will have that everything here is convertible. That means that it can be confined, or confined depending on where the water depth is located. Okay? So what is it? This is model, the groups. And there is the other question for Manu. Say, where is the storage coefficient? Okay. Once you have defined it, any stress period as transient, here on data, on edit data sets, here on data and edit data sets. Okay? These two factors will apply, will appear. The specific yield that is the yield of a confined aquifer and the specific storage that is the yield of a confined aquifer. Okay? And then say, where, and since as your other friends appear that some files are missing, this is because, I think that it's related to objects that are in memory of the file, but since you have changed the project of the project name, but nothing happens if this message appears on your computer. Okay? Are you, are we here? I hope so. Okay. So we have already saved. Nothing happens if this missing files, because everything is here. So just run your model with this ring arrow. Don't change the name file. Don't change the name file. Don't change the name file. Okay? And that this will appear. Okay? What does it mean? Okay? Are you here with me? If you're here with me, please type yes9. Okay? Okay. So let's look at what's happening here. First is the monitor. The monitor says how many stress periods are solved and which is the time of the simulation. And this is very important. Okay? The second says how many cells that at the beginning were confined actually end up as unconfined. Okay? And say that for each iteration, for each iteration you have cells that were confined and then turning to unconfined. And the end as well, and they're, this is also possible. Okay? And here you have this. Okay? You have the percentage discrepancy. And then if you, if you see how many points do we have here, you have 21 points. Why you have 21 points? Because you have one stress period that is steady state plus 20 time steps of the transient that covers two years. So that's why you have 21 points. Okay? So you just close this and in this file, let's go to the end. Okay? Here please go to the end. Okay? Because we are going to analyze the water balance. Okay? So what do you mean, please? Yes, Tim? Yes, Tim? Okay. So which is the first, which is the, of the inflow, the inflow to the system, which are the first, the main inputs. Okay? The main inputs is the constant head that is the renal flow, and then counter the charge. Okay? By doing the conversion from cubic meters per second, cubic meters per second, the constant head actually brings 800 liters per second, and the charge give you 171 liters per second. Why? In the, and the river lead only gives 78 liters per second. Okay? And then as an out, which are the, or where the water goes out of the system, the says that the operation points gets 23 liters per second. The river also takes 242 liters per second, the constant head, I mean the renal flow takes 88 liters per second, and a little part, I mean a minimal part goes to storage. When the, when the amount of the storage is really low, I mean we can talk, but our model is running on state-state. Okay? So, finally, what we are going to do is we are going to open, okay? With this one, with this one, okay? With this one, we are going to open the FHT, we are going to open the FHT. With this one, with that I was going to say, we import the display model source, let's talk about the FHT, and the FHT is here. Okay? And we can, we can import, I mean by default is the last one, but you can select any of your, of the results. Okay? But by default is the last one, so just type, okay? And then you will have the, the same distribution for every cell, in the first layer, second layer, third layer, fourth layer, and this part is dynamic, that's why this does not appear. Okay? Okay? There are some warnings here, but the warnings are related to the other ones, nothing to worry about. Okay? So, if you are here with me, please type, yes, then, can you show a scale with the, with the values? Sure. I mean, you have, when you put your cursor over the, over the grid, actually give you the value here. Okay? If you have, here it will give you the value. However, there is one option here to give a scale, but it's not very practical. It's here. Okay?  Okay? Great. So, let's continue. Let's continue. Okay? Okay, the next, because this is the, the end of the first part. So, let's go to the second part. Okay? And let's open the whole package. Okay? So, for this part, let's go to model, most flow package and programs, model, most flow package and programs. Yeah? And here, let's go to observation. And here, let's go to hop. Yeah? And as well, let's go here on boundary conditions, because, check, yeah, because we have also to activate the weather, because there will, there will be weather on our model. Okay? Okay? Yeah? So, if you are here with me, with weather and hop, that is, this time, that is 11. If you are here with me, yeah. Okay? So, we have already activated the weather and the hop. Okay? That's it. Okay? We type, we press okay, and then, well, according to this, let's go to find import, check file. Everybody, please go to find import and check file. And here, on the data, I mean, I'm really sorry, because both have data, but on the, the, the second data folder, you have the wells here. Okay? So, let's open the well, check file. This is the well, check file. Okay? This has to be imported, a separate object, because we don't want to join the, the object. Okay? And here, on the set formulas, let's go to edit, attributes, let's go to bottom. Okay? Because, actually, well, if you open this, or QoS, bottom is an attribute. Okay? So, you can relate to the, to this, to the attribute. Okay? Separate objects, and set value from the separate objects. Okay? Okay? So far, don't, don't press, okay? Okay? So, set value from the separate objects, bottom. And here on data, let's go to Q at that set. Then, go to features, and select hop-package. It will be time zero. Time zero. The observer head will be hop. The statistic will be zero, that is, there are zero. And this will be calculate, round-down, relative to the first head. And this will be observation. Okay? Yeah. Maybe, this is a lot of steps, so I will do it again. Okay? File, import, check. File. Let's check it. File. Set values intersected, set, single, separate objects, and number of set formulas. One, because this will be related to the attribute, bottom. Okay? That is called, that is also screen elevation, but in this case, it's called bottom. Okay? That is screen elevation. Okay? So, so far, we are here. Value intersected, set, separate, object, bottom. Okay? Intercepted, set, separate, object, bottom. Then, let's go to data, and let's say q, that q will be a new data set. q will be a new data set. And then let's go to feature. Okay, q will be a new data set, but we are going to define this as hope, when the time will be zero, and the observation will be hope. The statistic will be zero, and the observation name will be nothing, and then calculated ground-down relative and observation. Okay? So, if you're here with me, time yes, 12, Maldon says, it is possible to integrate check files into the grid from the beginning on? Sure, yeah, yeah, you can, I mean, there is a great question, man, because in modern news, it really depends when you I mean, when you import a check file. If you are not going to import a check file, I mean, if you import this hope in the beginning, actually, it is possible, but then you get any data from the attributes to the object, I mean, from the years attributes to the object. That's why we have to insert this, at least this hope in this stage because we think values from the attributes from the metadata. Okay? And hope is for observation for piezometers. So, it's like, okay, it's like, okay, and all of these are the, all of these are the all of these are the well, that are on this study area. Okay? We are going to object, hide all objects. Let's go to object, hide all objects because I only want to see my wealth. Okay, so here only, okay, my hopes, my observation points. Why? Because I have to define this, well, define it as hope, yep, but then I have to define this as well, as well as, um, I have to define this as well as, um, as well as, okay? So, I just, what I did is object, hide all objects, and then I went here to show our hide all objects, and then I just select, I just select hope, I just select hope only there, and then, I can select with the, with this one, I can select my whole set of hope because there are plenty of them, there are 16 of them, and if you see there is a square, a dash, a square around the selected object, and then I can, and the, the boxes are solid, and then I do double click here, I can change color, why not? You can change color, you can, and then you go to one of your features, you go to where, and you replace that, and this will affect all the objects, I mean, this is something great because you can affect all the objects, from minus one to zero, the pumping rate is direct, and this will be zero, and from zero to the end, this will be H12, will be pumping Q, will be pumping, okay, so, that's it, and that's where it's here, that's where it's here, because, in both are pumping Q, if you are here with me, please type yesterday, if you are here with me, please type yesterday, okay, so, what we can do now, is that we can save our project, we can save our project, and then we can run our project, so please save your project, save your project, save some files on this, if nothing will happen, and then you just run your project, okay, yeah, we can overwrite our project, because it's our project, it's not the main one, and then here, we find this, because there is a, since there are some wells, they're pumping on our model, for me, I have some small difference on the discrepancy here, but it's not that much, and I hope that you find this okay, as well, so, we download it here, we see that there are some values from the wells that are pumping, and those, and the wells are pumping, they're not that much, so it's 1.31, 7 liters per second, so if you are here with me, please just 14, okay, so what we have done is, we have inserted some pumping to the wells, that is not that much on the water balance, okay, and besides of that, of inserting pumping to the wells, we have also implemented the piezometers, because the piezometers are important for the calibration of the model, okay, so here, we just close this, just close this, and then we are going to model, and then, okay, follow in there, I'm really sorry, I'm going to run it again, because besides of the water balance, once you have the observation patterns, okay, so if you can run it again, beside the water balance, okay, you have as well, the observed and the simulated values, okay, the observed and the simulated values, where you have all your observation wells, and you have your head, that were observed, and then the ones that were simulated, and for some, for some piezometers, some piezometers when dried, what this means to when dried, that the simulated head is actually below and the cell is dry, okay, so when it's dry, it actually brings these values, these negative values, okay, and then we see that the error, we have some values where the simulated is higher than the observed, and then we have some value where the simulated is lower than the observed, okay, yeah, and then I will run, there is a mix, because we have differences that are negative, but then most of them are positive, so I mean the simulated is below, the observed is higher than the simulated, when it's positive in this convention, the observed is higher than the simulated, okay, so we go to data, the digital results, data, the digital results, and then we open the results again, because the FHD as a color, for the end, and type, okay, if you are here with me, please type, yes, 15, if you're here with me, please type, yes, so what we are going to do next is we are going to use some of the functionalities of multiple values to represent the, what we represent there, the, the observed value, so, let's go here to data visualization, here to data visualization, here to data visualization, and here you have the head-observation results, you have here the head-observation results, because why it appears this one, because you have the hop-install, okay, and head-observation results, it goes here, and it will bring you the hop-out file, okay, this is the value that has the, the observed and the simulated values, this is the file that has the observed and the simulated value, and then you can do some stuff for the negative residuals, where the simulated is too high, you can change all the values, just apply the, the default ones, okay, and then, well, this will bring some, these will bring some circles according to the error, okay, so for example, there is a circle for every observation, however, this four point has the biggest positive residual, so I mean the observed is higher than the simulated, so if the observed is the highest simulated, you need more water here, okay, and these ones are the ones that has the highest error, okay, so here you can have even a graph, okay, and this is the identity line, and the purpose of this simulation, or the purpose of the calibration is to place, I mean to do, try the error of the parameters and any other factor in order to put these points close to the, these points close to the, to the line, okay, Manu says, if there is, which is there, I mean, there are some criteria, I mean, there is no standard criteria of acceptance, I mean, there is the normalized root mean square error that it will be less than 10%, but this is actually, I mean, if you are living with flat regions, this is even a very, that is a very, very hard, it really depends on your morphology because if you have flat regions, it's really hard to achieve, while you have bigger differences in elevation, then you, if it's really easy to achieve, okay, there is no consensus on that, okay? Any other questions? If you are here with me, please, yes, 16. If you are here with me, please, yes, 16, okay? Just finally, in order just to, just to finish, we can blow the cross sections and the cross section will be the water table, we can blow the water table on the cross section. This is really helpful because I can show you where the water table is. So just go here, cross section, that says optional model results, water table, and then here we go on water table P2S2. This is water table at the end. So when you put the light here, you will see the water table of your model. And then this water table is different for each. Okay, so this will be a model result, you have just to take the water table, you have to press here, you can change the color, and then you can see the water table in any cross section, okay, because this appears for this cross section and appears for the other one, okay? If you are here with me, please type. Yes, 17? Any chance of... Yes, you can do... press by... I mean, you create the geometry of... you create the geometry of the... of a model, and then import with flow by... there is five models, I think. There is another tool. We have a webinar that when we do that, with a sunny, okay, where we do sensitivity with sunny, and then we are going to organize another one that where we do machine learning in order to model calibration, okay? Well, my friends, I hope that you were... which is... there is... this is a good question. Which is better for groundwater modeling? Besides, because I have seen this, open source and commercial software, what does it mean that they say my software is better, okay? And I strongly believe that groundwater modeling is a key factor for the sustainable. We strongly believe that groundwater modeling is a key factor for the sustainable... for the future and sustainable management of groundwater resources. That is why... and that is why groundwater models needs to be very open and very rational about the software that they use. Okay? And any decision and any comment about the software, about that model has to be taken in mind the advantage and the disadvantage of the baselines of the software involved and of any other factor because we know that we are dealing with nature and living with nature has some complexities, okay? So that is why even that I have some preference I cannot give you any recommendation about which software we use because you need to know you have to be very, very open about the advantage and disadvantage of any open and commercial software. Okay? Okay. Well, that was everything for me. Hans? Yes, so... Let's look at you too. Yeah, that was a great session again. Unfortunately, the last one but I think we have learned a lot. We have done the two last lessons which gave us a lot of results and a lot of thoughts. So keep in mind when you are modeling you are indeed representing a part of reality but it's you as a modeler who has to decide the parameters the packages that you are going to use to represent it as good as possible and what we couldn't do of course in this course is the necessary calibration we touched it in the end when you saw the results so that's something you also need to learn and then the good question about which model software is the best now I always say in general with models you need to have your objectives clear about what you want to achieve and also what are your skills so you'll learn how this... what is your budget if you have to buy commercial stuff how transparent is the model if you need to explain it to others so there are different aspects to that There is one question there in the chat so maybe you can answer that one just came in from Wolfgang Wolfgang I open the data from the console I can see the failure for importation I don't get the seed file Well, all the data is here and this is the data for the first and second and I think that maybe if you give some more try you can have it the whole because this is the same as I custom I have to know the date okay so maybe Sol you can give a bit of a heads up on other courses that you offer because people want to learn more Oh, okay Well, this is... I will share my screen Meanwhile, yeah so I don't have something to share directly on free upcoming things it's summer season, holiday here but if there are new things coming up I will mention it on social media of course and maybe I'll organize something too if it comes to my mind what is useful Well, besides I want to give thank you to you Hans because I have to organize this course and to make it so successfully as it was there was a lot of for say it's not commitment, it's participation from both sides and I think that it was this initially was a success so really thank you Hans for your time devoted to this course You're welcome we are also very thankful for you to give this materials to our open coursework platform it has been an experiment, it has not been done before with that we have externals donating their materials and even giving life classes so if the participants like this format we can look how this works in the future more so also please let us know indeed in the chat if you like this format so we have I mean maybe I say that we were not intended but we are a great resource on groundwater modeling available things still there will be some other people blogging about groundwater modeling we are at least the main one okay and it's not intended or I mean we are not one to be the ruler of the groundwater we just are passionate of what we do so if you want to know more of the most flow tutorials here on our website you have a kind of attack or more flow tutorials or maybe maybe 50 tutorials there are a lot of tutorials in all flow models, flow patterns and so on and by advice since I have learned more flow from the USGS manuals from the USGS white papers this is really this I mean you are learning more by doing these tutorials is much higher okay so you actually will learn more things in less time believe me and I told you from my own experience so I hope that you can take advantage and all our tutorials are entirely free all the files are there and so I hope that you can enjoy them as well that's great Sol so please follow us on social media and also Hatari Labs the newsletters of IHE and Hatari Labs and you can get all the information and updates and we all hope to see you again you have been great in participation active in the chat so thanks a lot hopefully see you next time and Sol hopefully in the future we will do more together have a great week you too


Everyone thinks Anarchy is do whatever you want. A massive lesson that I've gotten out of telling the story. Anarchy just means self ownership. The most peaceful ideology in the world. Was that there really is no panacea.  Most of our people were buying into Bitcoin. Coming in on private jets and yachts. That is going to solve everything. This beautiful paradise can be a beacon of freedom for people to migrate to.  Anarchipulco. Anarchipulco. The biggest anarchist conference. Strip to Mexico. I'm really excited. That is the subject of a new six part HBO docu-series from director Todd Schramke and his wife and co-producer Kim Kylant. The pair spent six years documenting Anarchipulco. An annual conference for anarchists started in Mexico by Jeff Berwick, a political commentator who calls himself the dollar vigilante. All fiat currencies going to zero. All markets just collapsing, closing. I talked with Schramke about how making the film has shaped his view of anarchism and libertarianism and what the story of Anarchipulco can teach us about how to launch successful experiments in alternative living. I also asked him to reflect back on when he found out one of its attendees, a man who called himself John Galton, was murdered. An anarchist has been shot to death. The tragic situation. Rumors spread that other members of the anarchist community may have been involved. There was some sketchy stuff happening behind the scenes. It really was one of the most emotionally complicated few weeks of my life. I mean, my wife and I were that morning, the morning of the murder, going back and forth with John and Lily and the Freemans. We were texting all morning. We were just two weeks away. Less than two weeks or about a week away from our next production trip. And yeah, it was all of a sudden, they all stopped responding. And it was just shortly after that I turned on Facebook and saw that horrific footage of Lily on her live stream. It was just this really, really intense feeling of knowing this was going to change my life in so many ways. And the reason it was so emotionally complicated is because, and it's one of the worst things about being a documentary filmmaker, is that often other people's tragedy can work toward your advantage, which is a really blunt way to put it, but it's true. I mean, I knew this was going to bring this story to a whole new level of complexity and interest, and it proved to be true. And we were the only people out there. We had a small social media presence at the time that was mostly for engaging with the community and people going to the conference so they could know who we were. But because of that, we were the only real outside documentation of the fact that there was this local community that had emerged in Acapulco. So we very quickly started dealing with a lot of press reaching out and trying to get our take on the story all while trying to maintain and follow what was going on within the community and dealing with our friends and family, all begging us not to go to Acapulco again and fearing for our own lives and safety. It's been difficult. It's been challenging. It's fun at times, but at times it's also made me question if documentary film is what I really want to be doing because it's one ethical dilemma after another and in some ways that's what makes it more powerful than a scripted show, but it also comes with a lot of struggle. You saw a lot of media reached out to you after John's death. You portray the framing that the media was running with. It's kind of obvious. An anarchist gets murdered in Mexico doing anarchy. And that was kind of like the headline that you would see, some version of that. Some people featured in the documentary like Jeff Berwick would say, his death really didn't have anything to do with Anarcapulco or anarchy. It was kind of like his. What he was doing outside of that is what brought that in. There's this whole mystery involving a guy who may have been involved with the hit that was put on him. How do you think about that? How do you think about what happened to John and the relationship with Anarcapulco and anarchism more broadly? A massive lesson that I've gotten out of telling the story and experiencing the story firsthand was the importance of embracing ambiguity in life and that there really is no panacea, either technological cryptocurrency or philosophical anarchism that is going to solve everything. And the journey of human existence is just coping with that ambiguity and coming together as humans when we encounter a crisis or encounter tragedy. And I think there is some validity in bringing up the question of, well, isn't this what you get if you don't have rules or laws and you decide you don't want to deal with the police or the government? But it's way more complicated than that.  One question that I think that your documentary does raise is what are the problems that anarchism or anarchy can deal with and what are the limits of that? One of the biggest challenges to that is the presence of this guy who went by Paul Propert. He was a military veteran living a pretty transient life, probably had some psychological issues, a lot of aggression, often making threats to everyone around him, just generally creating a very unsettling and unsafe situation. What do you think about that specific question after all this? You know, you're going to have people who just are not really going to play by the rules of polite society, let's say, and if you don't have a police force or, you know, a state police force, what happens next? It's very, very tempting and appropriate at times to reduce all of the conflicts within the community to problems that are inherent to anarchism or libertarianism. But I really wanted to, you know, and it's the reason that I chose so much to focus on the character-driven aspect of the story and the personal drama that all of the subjects were dealing with rather than focus a lot on the ideology and the nuts and bolts of anarchism and the theory is because I think all of the struggles that the community faced are very universal. It's not like our, you know, broader mainstream liberal democracy has figured out how to deal with damaged veterans and how to deal with severe mental health issues and how to deal with the violence that comes with that. It's something that's continuing to grow in all of our cities across the entire country. So I, you know, really hope that people as they're watching this show don't just think of it as, oh, these people are crazy, flawed individuals, but I hope, you know, instead they can look at the story and see how this little microcosm of a society really is just a bigger, you know, or just a representative representation of all of the problems that we face in our larger society because I think ideologies, you know, I think they're fun. I think they're worthy of discussion. I think they have a place in the world. But I think the most interesting thing about them is not so much what they prescribe as solutions for the world, but what you can learn from the people who are drawn from them and how they serve as a sort of barometer for the pressure that's building within the larger society and they can help highlight and bring out some of the issues that we're facing. So you see that in some characters like Paul who was a damaged veteran and you see it and John and Lily who were victims of a nonviolent, very small cannabis charge and so these are issues that don't just exist in anarchy land. These are issues that are global and universal. Yeah, the question of ideology and building an ideologically based community is an interesting one to think about. Is that the way to form a community? This is something that is not just about anarchism. It's something that's been tried in other forms before and gone horribly awry at times.  One that comes to mind is another docu-series called Wild Wild Country about the Rajneeshi that all built a community around this guru and then ended up perpetrating a huge bio-attack. Does this experience dissuade you from the idea that this is even possible to kind of say, okay, we're all going to intentionally create this community or is it kind of just part of a learning curve and something like anarcho-pucco in the long run really can emerge and thrive? I don't even know how you would exactly measure the success of a community. One could even say that the origin of the United States was an ideologically driven community of people who had a sort of related conception of how a society should be run. I'm not so much interested in the question of whether or not these communities are successful. I'm really just interested in the stories behind them and what a broader audience can learn about themselves by just seeing what these people go through and how they deal with these challenges and hopefully make people think too and introduce them to some new ideologies because, like I said, I think ideologies are fun. I don't think we should just passively look at the world as a fixed thing that we just can't change. I think there's a lot to learn from all sorts of ideologies from across the spectrum and we should be open to them. To me, that really is the conception of freedom after all of this that I hold on to most, which is this idea of having a stateless mind, being able to engage in conversations about ideas that are new and different and take them seriously, which is what I tried to do in the show is not simply write off what these people were saying based on my own preconceptions or what I expected the audience to preconceive and categorize them as something simple and defamatory like Cryptobro but really look into what were the hopes and dreams of all of these people. Do you feel like anyone that is or was a part of that community is on their way to achieving that or has achieved that? There's a lot of really heartbreaking tragedy in this series but is there anyone who's actually really happy and satisfied with their decision and you feel like it's found a balance between living their lives peacefully and the way they want to idealistically? That really is one of the most fascinating things about telling the story and making this series was just seeing all of these subjects, many of whom previously were viewing each other as rivals and enemies really go on the same journey and in the end, even though not all of peace wasn't made with everyone but I think the universal conclusion that they all brought out of their experience was exactly that. They realized that the world is much more complex and ambiguous than any abstract school of thought can reduce it to so it really was a beautiful conclusion to see out of such a really troubling and dramatic experience. That is a very nice conclusion and even Jeff Berwick tears up at the end of there which is kind of touching but Jeff Berwick, the ringleader of all this the dollar vigilante, at one point he says something like, they're trying to make it out like I'm a cult leader. I don't think it's that nefarious but there is a certain salesmanship to all of this. It's not just a community but it is a money-making conference and that seemed to create some conflicting incentives along the way. Berwick is very charismatic and entertaining figure but I'd say his portrayal is definitely less than flattering. What are your thoughts on Berwick's intentions and motives, the guy at the center of all this as somebody who spent so much time with him? Yeah, it's interesting the perception people have had of Berwick. There have been people out there digging up all of his videos and going through and pulling out things that he said that they can't believe we didn't even include in the series because they're so inflammatory. But Jeff is a really, really complicated person and he himself has, and maybe it's just an excuse he uses to, you know, explain why he says so many things that are really inflammatory and often contradictory too but he has said that he doesn't believe anything he hears, which to me means that, you know, most of the time he's really, when he's doing his walk-in talks or appearing on one of his shows, he's kind of just saying whatever comes to his mind and whatever he feels in that moment, which is obviously problematic in a bunch of different ways but it can help you understand who he is as a person, which is just someone who is to the very most extreme, radically skeptical of everything, every single detail of existence, which in turn has created, I think, a lot of the drama in his life. Yeah, and it all kind of raised the question for me, what if it had been someone other than Berwick at the center of all this and maybe that's just, maybe it had to be Jeff Berwick because those attributes are what are necessary to get this thing kickstarted or whatever but, you know, a lot of the people in the documentary talk about the ways in which, you know, the sense of community, they're trying to build a community and that means stepping up to help each other when somebody stumbles. A lot of people in the documentary seem to feel that the community was falling short of that. What was your sense of how the tension between the kind of individualist aspects of libertarianism and the need for a communitarian sentiment played out in Acapulco? That really was, when I was pitching this show, I often was hooking people in by saying, well, what happens when you have a community of radical individualists come together? What does that even mean or look like? And part of my journey in thinking about all of this, though, and maybe it's a bit lofty and arrogant, but I think one of the biggest problems we have in our society, especially in political discourse, is that we hold on to this false dichotomy of individualist versus collectivist, which is, if you just think about it for a few minutes, it's completely absurd. You know, in order to have a healthy collective, you need to have healthy individuals and the other way around the same thing. And I think that is something that this community really started to experience. I think they were holding on to a lot of the ideals of the early libertarian movement, which we discuss is rooted in Rand's philosophy and this idea that rational self-interest and simply engaging in market transactions can solve everything, which I think this community found was just not the case. You need more than that. The reality is market transactions can do a lot, but just like Bitcoin and cryptocurrency, that is just one social tool that we have and we need to look beyond that. I also heard a few people saying, you know, this is supposed to be anarchy. Why do I have to follow these rules? Or why can't I set up a booth right in the middle of this convention floor or something? And that struck me as a very strange understanding of what this was all about. Maybe that was rooted in that sort of immature version of individualism where you're like, it just means I don't have to follow any rules whatsoever. Something I've generally observed in a lot of these counter-cultural communities is that it often starts with a core group of people who are kind of just nerds that are into arguing and debating and this is the latest thing that they're into and they're excited to just meet people who are into it.  And in doing that, you get more and more people who are often troubled and their people are not so much interested in the intellect or the debate, they're just looking for friends and people to be around. So they don't really have the deeper understanding of the arguments of how individualism also means it's not just self-interest, it's rational self-interest. It's thinking long-term and thinking about how maintaining social relationships and maintaining a community and deferring gratification is also a form of self-interest. And I think a lot of people in movements like this don't really get that far and they show up and they're bringing a lot of their baggage from their past life and processing that in real time with these people that they barely know. And in doing that, I think sometimes they may even just use the very, very vague general principles of the ideology they've adopted as an excuse for their sometimes anti-social behavior. One of the really powerful things about your documentary is you do show some of the people within it who are kind of experiencing this evolution in their thinking and maybe that is part of the process here, is like you can't just, you know, all these things might make sense on paper but you kind of got to go live it and learn from experience. If anarchy is feasible as a stable system and I'm not by any means certain that it is, what do you think what happened in Acapulco can tell us about either the promise or the pitfalls or both of trying it under those kinds of conditions where you're kind of rebuilding in like the shell of collapsing institutions around you? I would say the community in Acapulco never really even had a system which kind of makes sense though because anarchism is not really a system, it's an absence of a system which is what we all accept as inherent in our society which is that there is a necessity for an initiation of force against people either through laws or taxation. So these people never really entirely escaped it. I think they used it as a way to evade some of those forces in the world but they were still living in a major city in Mexico with over a million people and they were interacting with the police in some ways more than they were back in the US especially for the Freemans who were living in a pretty comfortable, secured, suburban Georgian lifestyle back in the US.  That was actually what surprised me more than anything the first time I went to Acapulco was just seeing how much of a police presence there is and not just what we think as cops in the US but militarized police who are driving around in trucks with mounted machine guns. It came to me as a bit of a surprise immediately to see that this was the ideal anarchist state. So I don't know if I really learned much in the capacity of the feasibility of something like this. I think, like I said before, my interest was more so in the personal journeys of the people who were drawn there.  The biggest thing I took away was realizing that regardless of what ideologies we hold, what belief systems we ascribe to, no matter what, we have to be looking inward as people and figuring out how to deal with our own mental health, dealing with our own relationships before we can have an improved society. And I think maybe there is in some version of humanity a world in which we all can interact voluntarily and there is no initiation of force but the only way we'll ever get there is if we start dealing with our relationships and become more peaceful, I think first and foremost internally and psychologically and develop our skills and our abilities to negotiate and interact voluntarily and take care of each other voluntarily and step up when people are in need and focus on what's around us and not so much think of the global issues which are important. We need to understand living in a complex globalized economy, what's going on around the world but I think more than anything people need to be out there looking at their own communities and their own families and seeing what they can improve in that capacity because that is truly what we have the most power and control over and I think that is both on an individual level a very, very immediate reward that we can get. If you just improve your relationships with either your partner or spouse or your children, you can find the benefits of voluntarism or anarchism within your own life by doing that and I think that will then reflect eventually on the collective benefits across the entire society. Todd, you and Kim have created a just remarkable series here that I highly recommend to anybody even slightly interested in these ideas whether you love them or hate them I think there's going to be something there to learn and I want to thank you very much for taking the time to talk with me today. Yeah, thank you so much for having me.


I did my M2 in Emo and now I'm currently employed as a junior economist at UECD. Being involved in mostly economic analysis in the work I'm currently doing in the economics department at UECD, I leverage a lot on the skills that I've learned here in Toulouse, especially on my econometrics courses. I had great insights during my empirical IO classes and learned the importance of microdata. Many students from TSE come to the OECD in different directorates. I think the primary skills that you learn here are sound analysis, mathematical background and econometrics, which are used in any kind of economic studies. And for this I believe that the program themselves were teaching very meaningful material and the name of the school as well is very well recognized, both within France but also internationally. And I believe it's paramount for students to try to diversify their portfolio, so not just studying for the course and doing well in their exams but also trying to garner experience outside. If you want to pursue research in economics it's a good idea to pursue some research assistance with professors. And furthermore, specifically if you want to apply for the UECD, you need to be able to vehicle the knowledge to non-technical leaders so also be able to write in more layman terms what you learn in school.