Welcome to All Hands Update, this is today's news. Petty Officer 2nd Class Alejandro Salabaria, a Navy corpsman with 2nd Marine Raider Battalion, will be awarded the Silver Star Medal for his heroic actions during a 2014 deployment to Afghanistan. Salabaria was serving in support of Operation Enduring Freedom when his team was engaged by a rogue Afghan commando. He maneuvered into the kill zone, using his body as a shield to protect a severely wounded fellow corpsman. Salabaria then engaged and killed the rogue commando, rendered aid to the injured and coordinated their evacuation from the area, saving his team. The award ceremony is scheduled to take place at the Marsock Headquarters aboard Stone Bay Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, February 5th. Auxiliary Expeditionary Fast Transport Ship, USNS Chokhtal County, arrived in the US 5th Fleet Area of Operations, making it the first time a ship of its kind is forward deployed to the region. You can read more about what's happening around your Navy at Navy.mil.


Welcome to the addiction recovery channel. I'm Ed Baker and I'm your host. I'm very pleased today I couldn't be more pleased than to have as our guest Dr. Nora Valkov. Thank you doctor for being on the show Yes, Dr. Valkov is the director of what will soon be it's not official yet but it will soon be the National Institute on Drugs and Addiction at the National Institutes of Health. NIDA is the world's largest funder of research on health aspects of drug use and addiction. Dr. Valkov's work has been instrumental in demonstrating that drug addiction is a brain disorder. This is a very big deal. Thank you doctor for that. She received the international prize from the French Institute of Health and Medical Research for her pioneering work in brain imaging and addiction science. Dr. Valkov's professional distinction is unparalleled. She is a national university of Mexico City recipient of the Robin's Award for best medical student of her generation. She was chosen as Time magazine's one of Time magazine's top 100 people who shape our world and Innovator of the Year by U.S. News and World Report. She's one of 34 leaders who are changing health care by Fortune magazine. So I'm just I couldn't wait to read that because I'm just so impressed with your career. I want to thank you deeply. I've been following you for a long time. I read your blogs. I read your blogs. I tune into videos whenever I can get my hands on them and I'm honored that you're on the show. Well I'm very happy to be here and it's a pleasure for me to be part of it. So thanks for doing it. Yes. I want to Dr. Valkov. I wanted to begin with something of a personal nature. You know it's obvious to me and anybody who's been you know watching you and following your career that you're deeply motivated from from a very genuine inner place that that you're you're energetic.  So I'd like you to share with me and with my audience what is it that that called you to this. What is it. What is it that drives you so. Well I think that and I think that we've spoken about it in the past and we always try to get simple answers and to complex issues and what drove me to the field and my passion is we all have in terms of personal experiences. Also there is a scientific one and then as a position to my experience as as doctor and seeing how we basically completely neglected individuals with substance use disorder and to me being taught medicine in a way that made absolutely no sense and then when I went into psychiatry this I was exposed to the same situation where we were not taught how to even screen for substance use disorder at least so how to treat the substance use disorder in the patients that were being admitted to the in patients psychiatric unit. Most of whom had substance use disorder problems. So this was to me antithetical to anything that that actually speaks about quality medicine from the scientific perspective. I've always been fascinated by the human brain and what is it that makes up uniquely humans and what is it that makes you uniquely as individuals. Each one of us and there is a process that I value enormously which is the capacity that we have for self-determination and the notion that we can make a decision of what we want to do with our lives and carry through and yet addiction destroys that capacity in ways that are really very difficult to understand from the perspective or from the perspective if you have never been addicted just from observation they are extremely impossible and so scientifically this is something that is amenable for inquiry and study and so I was fascinated by the notion of with the advent of imaging technologies to be able to investigate the function of the human brain when someone becomes addicted and to compare that of the function of someone that does not have the problem and to try to set the systems that get engaged that get disrupted by exposure to drugs and link them to the actual behaviors that emerge when you become addicted and then there's that personal element that in my family on my mother's side there is history of alcoholism. My grandfather actually only belongs to me until my mother was was dying from cancer and she told me the story because otherwise it was a secret that my father care father my grandfather had actually had a severe problem of alcoholism and had gone to treatment and relapse and in the last relapse unable to contain that self-hatred by his inability to contain his alcohol drinking he killed himself and this was something that was revealed to me as a secret in a way that was very very devastating but the other one my uncle my favorite uncle apart from everything else he was an extraordinary man but he also suffered from alcoholism and that led him to be rejected by the family in in ways that that I felt were basically reflected that stigma that we have for addiction and that notion that we believe that the person is responsible for their acts the penalizing attitude the assignment of attribution to the disease process to the person so there was the personnel that I had lived through and that basically did not make any any emotional sense to me and too was was associated with a very strong price in my family of suffering and of secrecy the second from the perspective of science the opportunity that we have to uncover what are the systems that actually enable us to have self-determination and the third one which was the one as a physician to to sort of figure out what is it what information do we require in order to change a culture in the helper system that has neglected and stigmatized substance use disorder and this was particularly important because by not dealing with it as a health condition in the helper system we open the door to perpetuate the criminalization of people that take drugs which is extraordinary deleterious and promotes the stigma so those are the personnel the scientific and the physician my professional one as a physician reasons why I am so passionate about this issue yes a perfect storm has unleashed you know an incredible career and we're all indebted to you first of all I'm sorry to hear of course about your grandfather and your uncle but thank you for being frank with us about your your personal life I really appreciate that you know so the three on three levels you became deeply motivated to pursue an understanding of addiction and treatment for addiction I know I guess it was 2010 I think it was the American Society of Addiction Medicine released its definition of addiction that was heavily weighted there was some genetics involved but heavily weighted toward brain circuitry now were you care I'd like to just like have an addiction 101 I'd like you to maybe go through that initial definition dopamine the dopamine system inability to inhibit impulses that but then in 2019 there was this whole level added which was really very gratifying for me to hear the level of life experience how life experience can affect ones being prone toward addiction and one's ability to recover from addiction and then more recently your recent blog on pre-addiction I think is fascinating could you could you summarize that if you could yeah so let you first one need to keep the one on one on addiction and addiction is the situation that emerges when the person has such an intense right for taking drugs that they actually neglect other activities that are necessary for their well-being and that their urge is so so strong that it's actually leads to this compulsive pattern of drug self-administration with an inability to stop despite very adverse consequences so if you understand it from the perspective of neurobiology why is it that a person finds themselves in such a situation what the research has shown us is that the repeated administration of drugs in people that have vulnerability and the vulnerability can come actually from have had a very adverse childhood experience and in fact we know that a very childhood experience are one of the the factors that has the highest contribution to overall addiction clearly there are a genetic components and like him for example in my case in my family there are factors that makes us vulnerable and I suspect like God that research is showing that some of those genetic factors that make us vulnerable are basically allowed is reflect the way that we may respond to adverse environmental conditions so I am not an alcoholic I don't suffer from any addiction but also I've been very privileged in my upbringing had I been brought born in a condition of childhood adverse experiences I may have been at high risk of becoming addicted from those two factors so what is it that these predisposition factors are brought by adverse childhood experiences or by genetic itself how do they impact these behaviors well we know to start with that the reward system which is the one that motivates our action is disrupted by repeated administration of drugs we also know that if you are exposed to stressors that also disrupts your reward circuitry and this is fundamentally modulated by dopamine so dopamine which is activated by drugs with repeated administration leads to what we can simplistically call tolerance so you stop reacting to other regards that are less powerful but dopamine also modulates our frontal cortex and the frontal cortex is what we need in order to make a decision of what is the best behavior for me to do in any given circumstances and I can choose this is the best option for me right now and you come up with a plan to do it if the prefrontal cortex is not working properly number one you are not going to be in a good position to make the optimal decision of what should be the next choice in your behaviors and even if you make the right choice if the prefrontal cortex is not functioned properly you will not be able to carry it through and as a result of that what you have is a very malignant combination and intense right to take the drug because the reward system has been harmed by the use of repeated drug and that inability to self-regulate or to actually have optimal choices in behavior because your prefrontal cortex is also disrupted as a function of the effects of drugs in the dopamine system so you have very strong urges to take that drug and a very significant impairment with your capacity to make decisions and carry them through so this is at the essence of the symptomatology that we see in a person that when they become addicted when these systems get disrupted then you are that explains why even though the person consciously don't want to take that drug anymore they just cannot stop it so these are at the basic basic essence and the other aspect that I do want to add in terms of understanding addiction because it certainly helps us it was important in ultimately what happened to my grandfather that he ended up killing himself is the notion that as the disease process becomes more and more and more severe you start to isolate yourself and you actually you lose the capacity of well-being you will start to become depressed and very anxious and and you start to seek the drug and not not even to have a good sensation but just to feel normal so that enhance sensitivity to stress and the vulnerability for negative emotions then confounds the picture further making it harder and harder from people suffering from addictions or from why we now call substance use disorders to be able to seek help and to sustain the treatment and and so the path of these resistances in a way continue to take drugs so that is in in in a sort of one-on-one in terms of addiction then you asked me the last question which was why how do the concept of pre-addiction and why we are urging these new new proposal which is a proposal that actually Dr. Tom McClellan, Dr. George Cook and myself put for in a commentary there was a release I think it was released yesterday of today but the idea basically was born out of a sort of the notion of again copying what other interventions in medicine have done that have been successful specifically the idea of pre-addiction came from the idea of pre-diabetes that was first instituted in 2000 when the endocrinologist realized that people there were certain biomarkers that while the person was not diabetes if there was not an intervention there was a very high probability that that person would end with diabetes but on the other hand if they intervene in these very early stages they could obviate all of the pathology linked with diabetes and that's why we basically and and the beauty of it also was that it was recognized as a condition pre-diabetes with the advantage then you can put resources in order to cover for that intervention that's necessary to improve the behaviors that will lead you to interrupt the course from pre-diabetes into diabetes so so our thinking was akin to that can we identify a condition where the use of drugs is actually harmful but it does not fit the criteria of a substance use disorder in such a way that we can intervene and obviate that transition into a more moderate or more severe substance use disorder with all of its associated devastating consequences and and and to the extent that we can consolidate number one we can have healthcare providers screening and then doing the interventions that are appropriate and they should be reversed for you and to the extent that we can start to in a discourse that we feel open to speak about pre-addiction this also should help antagonize that stigma that still permeates for addictions in general i i read about i read your your blog on the subject and i read also the the paper that you wrote the blog on i was fascinated by it what fascinates me is the continuing evolution of this definition of of addiction in 2019 when the american society of addiction medicine revised its addiction there were some commentaries that i i happened to read because i was trying to follow it closely and in those commentaries they began alluding to what you're talking about but in a different way they were suggesting that the term addiction be solely relegated to late moderate and severe substance use disorder and it's been my experience in the field and and tell me if it's been your experience too that the word addiction began being sort of a like a broad definition of everything from very mild substance use disorder to the most severe substance use disorder and in that way it lost its specific specificity i've come into contact with many people who because of that they see people in early stages of the disease who enter into spontaneous remission where they make a choice i had a consequence so i'm not going to take drugs anymore and they do it sometimes those people are defined as people with addiction so it causes the public to kind of think all people with addiction should be able to just decide not to do it and it feeds into stigma have you have you seen that have you had that experience absolutely all the time and i think it is also clinically very deleterious because the concept is is when you are we are putting most of our resources towards the severe substance use disorder but if you look at it in terms of consequences now we're seeing for example that a very significant portion of people that are suffering from overdoses or from the negative consequences of drug taking people that could fit the criteria of a mild substance use disorder are not that their their symptoms don't justify the administration for example of medications and so nor the administration of an admission into an inpatient setting so they get neglected and there is very little research work that has been done specifically to the mass of substance use disorder which is the majority is that the largest number of cases and it's also that the early stages of the disease process in which any intervention can interrupt it and can save the person's life but again we're not putting the resources on it we're putting the resources in the more severe and and so to me one of the things that was most valuable that i value the most about the dsn5 diagnosis for substance use disorder is that they became very explicit about severity mild moderate or severe and and by doing that they are opening up the door for us to try to figure out um what are the appropriate interventions dependent and that's the severity of the disease condition and so currently for example at nida we're funding research to try to understand what is it that the best intervention should be for someone that we would call pre-addicted to opioids or could also fit that criteria which would fit the criteria of a mild opioid use disorder where it is not justified to give them methadone where it's not justified to give them buprenorphine so what alternatives are there available that lead to the best outcome so this is an area that needs research and it also by creating the evidence one can develop guidelines and then one can get reimbursement for those services so this is this is why i actually uh resonated very much with that concept as a means to bring attention to a stage in the early stages of the disease process of addiction and that whereas we call addiction the severe soft lung use disorder we want to bring attention to that mild soft lung use disorder which in that definition really is not addiction itself is the early stages is the pre-addiction basis yeah thank you thank you for that work and i think that's going to be important moving forward into the future of health care for people who use drugs in america and i thank you for that you know that so what about the present though dr valkov when we when we look at the present it's overwhelming i think you use the word tsunami and um i think you've uh used the uh triple wave theory then you have dan chikaroni who uh researcher out in california who's added the fourth wave of the quadruple wave meaning methamphetamine and other stimulants well we're we're up against something today in america that you know and i know and my viewers know is just unprecedented what about that what about the present um i think it was near 108 000 people in 2021 correct was 108 000 people yet the equivalent of 35 world trade centers in in one year i think it's a person taken from us every 4.8 minutes what what about that what are people on your level thinking about that what is your hope for these people who who are taken from us at such an accelerating rate what what what's your what's your opinion on that well i mean obviously i think that we um these these terrible numbers these tragic numbers um are clearly in a way brought up the urgency of the issue across multiple agencies and and across people that come from very very different backgrounds because it cannot be ignored and it cannot even ignore even with also the the very high numbers of deaths that we have seen with covet and tragedy um both of those issues are very present and right now they account for an equivalent number of deaths so but they are very different in multiple circumstances and yet they should share the element that that individuals that are most vulnerable are the ones that are highest risk of its most adverse consequences which of course is dead the the the issue what it tells us is that it's not going to go away just by itself that it requires attention and that it requires the interaction and the cooperativity of the agencies that is not going to be one single approach and solution that's going to solve the problem for the ability and the capacity that we have to tailor the best interventions to provide the greatest support to people that need it and the communities so we have to stop being so inflexible in many ways that in many ways that's the way that we have dealt with addiction in general either it's total and absolute abstinence or nothing or you basically end up in jail or incarcerated those practices have not solved the problem and in fact the problem has gotten worse we also need to embrace the fact that what is going on in our country reflects certain social circumstances that are making people vulnerable to taking drugs and as we were discussing about what are the issues that lead you to vulnerability and just we discussed genetics or you scared me very clearly it is very likely that the reasons how genetics are basically expressing that vulnerability relates to the environments in which you find yourselves and I didn't say it just physically I do believe that if I had been born in with multiple childhood adverse experiences with my genetic background I could have ended up with an alcohol use disorder and by the way quite severe so understanding the social components that are engaged in the trajectory of addiction and the responsibility that we have as a society to face them so that we can provide alternatives and buffer them in ways that are not making so many people vulnerable to drugs and substance use disorders that would be what I would say that the COVID pandemic along with the over those crises is forcing us to look into in order to solve it I strongly believe absolutely that it is solvable that there are actions that if we implement that we put the resources and we sustain we definitely can control and overcome the overdose crisis but we need to put the resources and we need to continue to work together I mean here is not that me yeah I'm the science agency therefore I'm going to tell you what to do I build the science such that it can hopefully guide policies so that it can inspire others to take the treatments into the community and it's been very frustrating to build up evidence of prevention interventions of how to protect children and adolescents for taking drugs that are not being implemented so the evidence is out there but it's not being implemented so that's to say why how do we transform that willingness of putting the resources that are necessary to substantiate the structure to protect people from from drugs and and if they do have a problem with a substance use disorder to help them protect them from overdosing and dying and all of the negative consequences and to help them achieve recovery because recovery is clearly achievable and that's a message that I would like to say most people and this is something that people don't really know most people eventually achieve recovery the problem is that that can take many many years and in the process they can have very very negative consequences that can actually jeopardize their life and their health and their families that's why it becomes so important to do aggressive interventions it's just like when you have cancer right your your physician your health system does does not make a mouse around it just basically comes up with a plan and provides the resources that are necessary we should be able to do the same thing with substance use disorder I mean I I couldn't agree with you more you're probably familiar with Dr. Jew Young Park from Rhode Island Brown University she's written a paper on the social determinants of addiction more and more people are speaking about this and that's encouraging to me because I've been in the profession for a long time I'm in my own personal recovery since 1984 so I've been a student of this for practically half my life years ago no one was talking about the social determinants of addiction they were talking about weakness moral failing you know criminal personality that that was what that was what addiction was associated with so because of people like you and research like the research that you do and your teams do the consciousness is slowly raising but like you I'm frustrated too because we know so much but we don't act a lot on what we know for me in my community what's happening in Vermont today we're seeing a lot of people die from overdose we've had the highest rate in overdose increase for 2019 20 and 21 second to us is Kentucky and then West Virginia it's very very sad for my state we lost 215 neighbors in 2021 in my county we lost one vermonter a week 51 vermonters in 2021 so this is a state mind you where we have widespread use of naloxone very behind getting naloxone all over the place we have incredibly very low barrier access to buprenorphine medication for opioid use disorder we have fentanyl strips we have a safe syringe programs we have wound protection kits we have harm reduction up to a point but even with everything we are doing we have we have recovery centers in every county open seven days a week no charge where people can go and find their pathway to recovery we have very very active a a na all over the place but even with all this the rate of death is accelerating so when I look at that I I wonder well I want to move into harm reduction now because that seems to be the type of intervention that's designed now for the present to reach those people out there who are in the shadows suffering from maybe from lives of persecution early adverse experiences stigma how do we reach them dr. valkov when you think of them those are the ones in my view those are the ones that are dying a poisoned unregulated drug supply that's that's what they have access to what what are we what are your thoughts on that because I know you think about it all the time you have to what are your thoughts on that yes I think about it all the time and I think that in many ways ultimately we have certain beliefs and thoughts that are basically fed by the circumstances that we live and one of the aspects that I think that you were alluding that accounts for why we're seeing such a high rise in mortality including in vermont has to do with the fact that the access to drug contaminators with fentanyl has just accelerated and while we had seen a very significant rise of fentanyl since 2016 it was predominantly used to contaminate heroin and yet now we see that most of the drugs in the elicit market are contaminated with fentanyl and these poses particularly high risk higher risk because people that are taking opioids like heroin have tolerance to the opioids so even if they take a very potent drug like fentanyl it definitely be absolutely can harm them or if you have no tolerance you are certain that it's going to harm you like you're very extraordinary high risk much higher risk of overdosing that if you have some level of tolerance so we are seeing that the very dangerous drugs that currently are out there in the elicit drug market is making people vulnerable to overdose deaths that in the past is not that they are taking more drugs is that they are getting exposed to more lethal drugs and that is contributing to increases in deaths all over the country and and the very tragically too we saw for the first time starting in 2019 a doubling in the number of adolescents dying from fentanyl and and the use of of heroin the use of methamphetamine cocaine among other lessons is extremely slow low is the lowest that it is that it's ever been but they do take prescription drugs and and whereas in the past prescription drugs do have harmful effects but many of them do not produce overdoses but now if they do get their hands on an elicit prescription drug that contains fentanyl they are a population at risk for overdosing and this is what we hypothesize is causing the bear more than doubling in the number of teenagers that are dying from overdoses over a two-year period so fentanyl is changing the game changer at many many levels and we need to as a society and I think this is where your questions were coming how do we take that into consideration when determining our action plans to protect individuals I mean obviously ideally of course we want them to reach recovery but if they are not ready what is it that we can do to protect them so that they do not die in the process and they never ever get the chance to recover because they die so how can we protect them and that is we're upon the and the administration has embraced these as as an important target harm reduction interventions that can help people where they are in their trajectories whether we like it or not not not every everyone is ready for treatment and there are many factors that determine your level of readiness at any one given point but we need to act and think with humility and understand that the circumstances of people are very diverse and that there are going to be individuals that no much no matter how much effort we we place upon are not ready for treatment so how do we protect that you know and that reduction comes to play you know so I I think in one of your recent papers you talk a little bit about that you talk about fentanyl test strips you talk about certainly safe syringe programs there's no doubt about the efficacy of safe syringe programs preventing all kinds of health consequences you know I wanted specifically you mentioned overdose prevention sites and I I know it's a controversial subject I know this the data isn't clear on it but you know you know of alcove and and and and you you must know a lot about it you must have an opinion on it now you know that in Rhode Island legislation has been passed there are two sites scheduled to to open you know that in New York I had Kalin C she's the senior program director at on point in New York I had her on the show recently they have a site in Washington Heights they have a site in East Harlem and they have two mobile vans that go into the Bronx where I was born there so there's this stuff happening in America and the data the only data we have in America is from on point and it's looking good they've reversed many overdoses they've had thousands of uses they've decreased the the public use of public injection the public disposal of syringes so I don't think you have research on that yet if you do share it with me but but just knowing what you know initially about what's happening in New York what do you think about that is there a place for overdose prevention sites in in America let's if we could just forget about it's kind of impossible but forget about the Department of Justice for a minute okay just make make believe that there were no legal blocks to overdose prevention sites do you see a role for them in America well and you're asking me and and my perspective I mean because we are a science agency I guide my answers in terms of data because my own what my own beliefs on these things is not what is relevant what is becomes relevant is where is the data and you are speaking absolutely Vancouver and we've been funding research to determine the benefits of the in society in Vancouver and it clearly has shown that it is not they've never had a single overdose test and they don't model into estimate that they basically save approximately 50 lives every single year not only that they are actually because it's a comprehensive program they are able to engage people in treatment so and they also have shown that they are not only effective in preventing HIV but this effect is so large that actually has reduced the incidence of new cases of HIV in the whole community of Vancouver so the data from Vancouver shows very positive beneficial effects there is data that has also emerged from Australia also showing that it has saved an equivalent they have seen more cases it started to operate I think it was in 2000 so it is at least four years earlier than the site in Vancouver and they also have not observed a single case of an overdose and I have called actually I called the Vancouver site it was like three and a half months ago to find out because the Vancouver has also a very serious problem with fentanyl where there things have changed with fentanyl where they may have seen overdoses associated with fentanyl they haven't seen a single one no one that goes to these sites has died they've seen overdoses absolutely they've seen many overdoses they've seen many overdoses but not a single case of death and so in that respect you start to say well from the structure that these sites are placed in big cities they seem to have very positive effects also these safe injection sites safe injections I take drug administering sites or overdose prevention centers are all over the world I mean I'm highlighting Vancouver and Australia because that's where we have the most data but there are at least 100 sites throughout the world that have been operating now for many years and what I think is telling is that we are seeing more and more being developed and I think that it's also telling that in Canada we started with the site in Vancouver my understanding is that they have now more than 30 sites operating not comprehensive like insisting by Vancouver but actually nonetheless providing places where people that can administer drugs safely the question is how much all of that is translatable to the United States so we have been funding the site in New York that opened up to try to evaluate the outcomes and from what we are hearing in New York they basically have been able to say several people that overdose which of course is what they are one of the reasons why one puts these systems in place these places in place so but we need to now that they are going to be several other centers that are likely to be opening in Rhode Island in Pennsylvania and San Francisco it would give us an opportunity to understand whether there are differences between these places depending on the city depending on their resources provided by by these safe injectors like all the safe injections like safe at the overdose prevention centers and the cost associated with them because if it's a very comprehensive center of course it's more costly but on the long term it may give you a greater investments because you're providing the treatment as opposed to some of these mobile safe and license for administering drugs that are less costly but cannot provide all of the services that could benefit patients suffering from substance use disorders so there is a movement and sometimes what happens is that the practices that were tend to be propagated and if indeed it is shown and it is economically sustainable because that has been one of the questions that are to me is important let me know of the sites that have been evaluated are in big cities where you have a relatively high throughput of individuals coming in and out if you build one of these places in a rural area you can start to see why it may not be optimal because you don't have enough utilization to justify the cost and and where you also have limited resources that can be invested on something else because that's again when you're making decisions on how to optimally provide the help that people need that is always whether we like it or not unfortunately the issue is we're all working we're all working within certain projects and we need to within those projects operate to try to get the maximum benefit well thank you and I understand that and I'm just thrilled that your agency is looking at it and researching it and I'm you know to hear you speak about it and speak of it in such positive terms is very encouraging to me I had some statistics from from New York from Kailin Sea this is at six months so November 30th to June they had the 1400 participants 1400 24 000 uses they reversed 350 350 overdoses and only had to have an ambulance involved five times and the complications weren't the overdose they were in addition to the overdose the the um the medical system the emergency room the emergency departments have been relieved of like an incredible amount of activity in each overdose in New York there's two detectives assigned to each case each one of these cases did not need any detectives so the cost savings in terms of medical um hospital stays uh ambulances and police work was was phenomenal so that's just in six months showing a great uh cost saving so so that's very encouraging but as you're saying that's that's in New York City can that be scaled to a a rural environment namely Burlington is what what I'm I'm concerned with my my hometown right here we have 43 000 people living in Burlington and we did a study of overdose fatalities in the Burlington area we have a heat map that shows they're very densely concentrated right around the Burlington area and where there's a lot of public transportation so we have a kind of a a location picked out where what would be optimal for an overdose prevention site we have the support of the mayor of the city council the state's attorney the attorney general um and and countless citizens now in in the NIH of report of 2021 they they recommend they recommend following the American Medical Association's recommendations and the American Medical Association recommended that there be pilot projects pilot overdose prevention sites set up where there was support from the community and a perceived need in the community and that they would be followed in research to see if they work so in my view we we we had almost one Vermont to die a week in a small area Burlington which isn't in county in my view if we can raise the the funds we should be allowed to implement an overdose prevention center an overdose prevention site it should be researched and we should see whether or not it works I don't think that anybody should really make an assumption that it can't be scaled to any environment and I I don't I don't I don't see how that could possibly be true yeah I know but you're speaking of what you call rural and there's rural and rural and I was thinking for example in terms of some of the areas in West Virginia that you basically have nothing and you have people so far away from one another and there is no transportation is so that's what I was thinking I wasn't thinking of a place where on top of everything else you have a very very densely concentrated population where you are seeing the overdoses and that also you've identified a site that is reachable these are conditions that lead you to believe that you will sustain that use of that facility and and but but that's unfortunately not the circumstances in other places that have pieces in the Appalachia region for example where they actually have difficulty even getting access to teachers and to healthcare minimal healthcare so there is there are areas that are very remote where this is that again they don't therefore there the question is what is the most valuable intervention how do we provide the help to those individuals that are in these remote areas so we can protect them so but in the way that you describe your community it seems that it is reasonable to predict that the social facility could be justified and that it could provide the benefit that you're intending to provide and you you should research it thank you thank you we are and the other thing I think you mentioned you've mentioned resources a number of times and you know believe me I have no idea on your level what what it's like you know with the limited resources and the amount of work you have to do however it's kind of ironic Dr. Valkov that that that right now because of accelerated overdose deaths over the past 20 years we're seeing a lot of money coming into the state the opioid wholesale distributor a class action suit 58 million dollars is coming into Vermont over the next 18 years the Sackler family there'll probably be more money coming in through that stream the Biden administration just passed a one point what four 1.5 billion dollars like specifically earmarked for harm reduction so I mean all these allocations are a result of tragedy and that's what I think is ironic but the fact of the matter is that we have more resources now at our disposal than ever before my fear is that this money will not be spent on primarily on an immediate and efficacious approach to overdose death but it'll get filtered out to lots of other things because that's just the way it is when funds become available everybody wants some of them for good reasons but I see this right now this point in history as as kind of a perfect storm of opportunity we have a tsunami of death but we also have a rising tide of resources the the the if we can just focus those resources on the ones most at risk I think we can get through this point in history and then move on to some of the wonderful things that you've mentioned about prevention and early intervention and early addiction and you know intervening earlier in the process and saving lives earlier and saving money in the long term that's that's just the way I um I see it do you have any views on that yeah no one I wish I could tell you just you're absolutely right we let's focus on these very severe people that we have in order to prevent them from dying and the reason why I do not I'm basically think it's not so simple is that now as I was saying at the beginning we're seeing people dying from overdoses that are not coming with a severe opioid use disorder that may be occasional users of drugs and that includes the teenagers that we're observing that includes of the older people that seek out medications in the illicit market because their clinicians are not providing them to sleep better or to actually for pain and then they overdose so we are seeing the complexity over those crises forcing us to see that if we want to decrease and reduce the mortality we have to tackle both the severe but also the mild substance use disorder that is not so simple as it was at the beginning and that's why I again and I was saying we need to be thoughtful on strategizing how to maximize the resources that we have so that they have the greatest impact and while money is coming in what I can I always look at it in terms of that relative amount of money that is coming to address the overdose crisis versus the amount of money that is coming for the COVID crisis I mean there's absolutely no comparison and I do understand that there are differences in magnitude two to a certain extent but there's no proportion and in my view and I basically very supportive of putting the resources for the COVID and to me it has been wonderful to see that vaccines are available to anyone that testing kits are available to anyone that antiviral and that's the way that we should be dealing with an issue of substance use disorders treatment available to anyone that needs it and interventions that are tailored to the situation of the person and yes indeed for the COVID this is an important very important component let's prevent it so these aspects are to me a lesson on how to basically take a process that we have realized we need to put our heads together in order to give the resources that ensure optimal outcomes and and we have not brought it anything close to that with overdoses that we draw up and and because I think it is they are not considered at the same level of importance addiction as a disease is not considered the same level of importance as infectious diseases or Alzheimer's or cancer and yet it is it's devastating and unfortunately you know tragically this is true but but but we have to end now I have a few minutes thanks thanks to you people like you I think of John Kelly I admire John Kelly tremendously Vivek Murthy there are others who have really stood up against stigma over the decades and you're one of them and um you know I just thank you for your leadership I thank you for your your your piercing analytic skill if and your your the way you stick to it I thank you for this interview and educating me and my audience I thank you for your generosity you know to give us an hour of your time with the kind of schedule you have is just really something that we're all I'm sure deeply grateful for dr. valkov so thank you for your career thank you no thanks and I appreciate the opportunity to speak with you and your father thanks very much thank you


Okay, good afternoon everybody. First I would like to thank the organizers for the very interesting school and also the opportunity of this talk. So as you see on the screen, I divided my talk into three main parts. First I would talk about the inflationary models involving non-ability engaged fields. Then I would focus on transfer fluctuations during inflation in the presence of the gauge fields and eventually I will present leptogenesis scenario based on inflationary models involving non-ability engaged fields and finally I will finish by conclusion the first two parts are actually based in this course. So we are proud that our current measurements of CMD and large scale structure are in great agreement with the concept of inflation and moreover inflation provide a plausible physical mechanism for explaining the origin of the large scale structure. But you know, despite the observational successes of the inflation paradigm, the nature of the inflationary pack is still poorly understood and we hope that the next generation of experiments actually answered some fundamental questions about the mechanism behind inflation. So in fact the scalar field's lower models, although they are the simplest possible models of inflation, maybe not the whole story of the physics behind inflation. So yeah, maybe this new physics involves some new fields and in addition to the inflow of the fields. And on the other hand, the field theories are the widely accepted framework for building particle physics models and beyond standard models. So in view of this ever-present, every energy scales of non-ability engaged fields then that's a natural question to ask what is the role of engaged fields during inflation and in the physics of inflation. So in order to actually answer this question, first I would answer these two questions but of course I don't have enough time to answer them, I just briefly go through them. The first one is how to preserve the spatial isotropy in the presence of the gauge fields. Because if I have a vector field, of course it would break the isotropy of the space. So this is the first question, the second question is actually how to break the conformal invariance. If I have conformal invariance in my system then the vector fields will dilute and they cannot actually make sizeable contribution in the physics. I would briefly talk about the first question but there are some models already in the market that answer the second one and actually in the concepts of non-ability engaged fields it's actually have been non-engaged inflation model and common natural model. So before that I just want to mention that I'm interested in Einstein GR gravity minimally coupled fields in four dimension and we do respect gauge symmetry. So I'm not talking about vector inflation models. For simplicity I will set the non-ability engaged group to be SU2 but the idea is quite general so you can use any kinds of non-ability engaged fields. If I start from this general Lagrangian so GR gravity and this term which is actually involves some scalar fields and some non-ability engaged fields then fortunately in the presence of the non-ability engaged fields it's possible to have an isotopic and homogeneous solution which is this one this is where scalars are quite trivial but for the gauge field we have this solution so I can set the gauge field in the temporal gauge and then the solution for the spatial part would be this one. This is the scale factor and the Psi is a somehow effective scale field which is proportional to delta. For later actually for what I would tell you later note that the Psi is not an actual scalar but it's a pseudo scalar and then when I would talk about the tensor perturbation we will see that the pseudo scalar would lead to some parity at interactions in the tensor perturbation action. So because I don't want to talk about any specific model let's consider this general actions there are some scalar fields and some gauge field interactions here and in this setup if you study the tensor you study the cosmic perturbations there are some interesting features for this model first of all there is a non-zero scalar anisotropic inertia so the body potential would not be zero in this model. For this we had this talk about the lensing effect and actually it is common to consider that any deviation from this equality is associated with modified models of inflation but in presence of I mean interaction time that are coming from any fields but scalar fields would lead to this scalar anisotropic tensor and then this system has a sizable tensor to scalar ratio and there are some parity odd interaction in the tensor perturbation which leads to chiral gravitational waves and also the systems generally violate the lifespan and then we have the violation of the consistent relation in our system. I only have I mean actually from these things the most robust features are from the tensor perturbation so let me focus on the tensor perturbation the second part of my talk so if you perturb your metric around the FRW you would have this term which are the famous gravitational wave terms and I'm only considering the tensor perturbations and then here if you have just a scalar field this delta phi is just a scalar term so it won't have any tensor perturbations but here we have a gauge field as well and it has some tensor fluctuations for itself and because of this tensor fluctuation it contribute to the tensor parts of the anisotropic stress and it modified the field equation of the gravitational waves like this so let me just intuitively tell you what are the effects of this new charge as I told you before this term that there are some parity odd terms and there are also another interaction I just keep these two bonds because of this parity odd interaction then I cannot actually diagonalize my system in terms of plus and cross polarizations of the gravitational wave but I need to use that I need to write the system in terms of right hand at the left-handed polarization circular polarization and because the contribution of these two terms are different for the different polarization of gravitational wave then the evolution of the right-handed and left-handed polarization would be different and in order to be more precise here for example we have this right-handed and left-handed solutions for a specific model of inflation involving gauge fields and if I zoom in on these super horizon scales here you can see the right-handed and left-handed polarizations are different after horizon crossing and for instance in this specific setup the right-handed polarization gets some kinds of enhancement and it leads to parity odd correlations of EB and TB to be non-zero in this setup and okay so I'm sorry but and then let me just emphasize that in this system the right so the right-handed and left-handed polarization are not equal to each other anymore and inflationary models involving non-abiliang gauge fields generate intrinsic chiral gravitational waves so this leads me to the third part of my talk which is which I'm gonna talk about the leptogenesis scenario based in this models as you know our observable universe is highly matter dominated so I mean as far as we see our universe is made of matter and there are no I mean there are no that much anti-matter in our universe and we can formulate this actually to this asymmetry by this area parameter which is of the order 10 to minus 10 so for something like more than 50 years this asymmetry between matter and anti-matter with a simple is a mystery for physics and of course we expect that big bang generate matter and anti-matter with the same race so near a standard model of particle physics nor general relativity cannot give us any answer why this is the case that we actually observe this asymmetry and so we need a dynamical approach that starting from in totally symmetric initial condition gives us this asymmetry which is called barrier genesis but within the particle physics setup it's easier to generate it first in the left hand sector and then transform it to the barrier sector the so-called leptogenesis but the standard approach of leptogenesis is to is actually to modify the standard model by adding some massive right-handed neutrinos which after that decay generates some initial leptogen asymmetry so in the standard setup we need to actually some physics beyond standard model and they usually happen after inflation in the era because the source of parity violation in this system systems are not active during inflation so they usually happen after inflation but then there is this nice scenario of gravity to leptogenesis by Alexander Peskin and Chef Diabere they actually proposed a scenario of leptogenesis which is actually happening during inflation and within the between the standard model of particle physics so they know they don't add any kinds of right-handed neutrinos and the scenario so the idea is that using chiral gravitational waves and by means of gravitational anomaly in the standard model they find a net leptome number density so so here the point is that after talking about all this remember that inflationary models involving non-avilion gauge field generate intrinsic chiral gravitational waves so I don't okay I don't need to add any anything in this setup to generate chiral gravitational wave is for free so let us use this present to make some so the gravitational anomaly in the standard models actually gave us these anomaly in leptome number than the leptome number current in terms of this parity odd interaction of gravity gravitational part the so-called gravitational chair and Simon interaction and as far as the number of the the difference between right-handed and left-handed leptomes are different which is different in the standard model then that would give non if you can actually generate a non-zero r r tilde r then you can find a non-zero net net leptome number but the point is that if you start from a gr with and just write these gravitational waves with any interaction then for the it would be zero because there is no source of parity in your setup but here okay so so here I write this net leptome number in terms of this integral and as you see it's proportional to the difference of right-handed and left-handed polarizations which yeah so again in the inflationary models with non-avilion gauge field this term is automatically non-zero so it leads to net leptome number and let me just show you briefly this is right-handed and left-handed polarization of gravitational waves and as you see there is this different I mean there is a the sign of the right-handed left-handed polarizations are different so they are slightly different with each other and then this leads to a net lump number I summarize it here and as you see it's proportional to this psi which was the source of parity violation in our system so let me summarize here so I told you that it's possible to have inflationary models involving non-ability engaged fields and they respect the isotropy and homogeneity of the FRW background and then the presence of non-ability engaged fields during inflation leads to the following robust prediction that can leads to sizable transfer to scalar ratio which is almost impossible for inflationary models with only scalar fields and then we have intrinsic hydro-gravitational waves and parity-odd correlations which has interesting observational consequences and then the system generally violates the lifespan so with a small supply and field value we can have sizable transfer to scalar ratio and we also have the violation of the consistency relation and then at the end I present a leptogen... I showed that it's possible to make leptogenesis scenarios based on using inflationary models involving non-ability engaged fields which are leptogenesis scenarios during inflation and without any extensions of the standard model of particle physics and thank you.


tradition Wow, okay. I really didn't expect you to come back like that But we're gonna go with it. Hello people of the internet. My name is Johnny and welcome back to help wanted Surprise to be back, but we have some new information if we go over to the price counter and Remember this TV screen. Yes, it's had a quite the run. Oh, let me just Inhale my brother's quickly Yeah, if we press this button we can find something very very interesting. Oh That's hot how close can I get? Oh boy Okay, wow, that's a lot closer than I first thought look at that. Oh my god those if you guys cannot tell other wizards they are officially coming To help wanted and I'm super super excited now We are here to discuss some possible theories for how they are going to be implemented obviously Well, maybe not obviously. I don't think they have changed this picture right here as well for night 2 for nap 2 That's besides the point. I Don't think they're gonna add them into the for nap 2 playlist. I think they're done with that Little speck of dust. I think they're done with this and they're gonna leave it as it is They might change foxy over to withered foxy, but that I'm not sure of I think The way they're gonna be put back in or just put into the game in general is they're going to add a new feature Right here. So we got from F1 2 3 Dockworms pots and service then repair and then night terrors. I think there's going to be one Extra one that they're going to add when the wizards do come into the game And it's probably going to be called like the wizards or something totally original And actually if we go into nightmare mode and go back to the prize counter We can actually see it a lot better. Oh, let me get over there. This is as tall as I can go You can see it clearly out. That's my window foxy pretty body and then back there It looks like that might be chica, but it's kind of hard to tell and these are the wizards You can tell based off foxy's ear Freddy's model you can just tell it's his withered model in general and then possibly the one that is giving it away The most is Bonnie space being missing. Yeah, so my belief is that they're going to get their own playlists full of Probably for minigames if I had to take a guess because they can have you know foxy Freddy Bonnie and chica And that can be the normal mode minigames. I they're probably gonna put it at After event repair. I think they want to keep the night tailors as the final one because when you go into the nightmare mode Pizza party should be the last one you come across. So it's probably going to be right before night tailors if I had to take a guess or Oh, no, it's gonna be in this section right here with these three It's gonna be in there somewhere. I think what they could do for nightmare mode. I'm not entirely sure they could do With a golden Freddy they could do that because he's in the game or they could just combine all of them I don't I really hope that they're not going to have it be Like for naff to I really hope they do something different Then you being in the fnaf 2 location and you having to put on your mask when they come into the room because they've already done that I feel like that would just be a cheap excuse to get the withers in there So I hope they do something different Parts and service while that would also be a reuse. I would like that. I think that would be cool. Maybe um, Maybe nightmare mode could be mangle. I know they're not a withered But they could actually know they ought to have a mangle mini game Maybe not. I don't know Kind of hard to tell because we don't have that information that much information on it All we have really is this teaser to go off of which by the way This is a fantastic way to tease new updates for the game having it up here on the screen. That's just incredible. Where is the basket? What's down there? Okay Yeah, now we have heard rumors about a possibility of a Halloween update whether or not this is it I have no clue whether or not this is going to come out before or after The update the Halloween update. I'm not sure. I really do think they are going to get their own playlist Because I'm gonna go back down because FNAF 2 was already jam-packed as it is. You got the toys foxy Mangle BB the puppet you got all those characters in there and I think adding in That would basically be almost doubling the amount of characters. So I feel like that would be a bit a bit too much for some players Because they're all gonna be people that don't know FNAF that are that maybe will play I wanted just because it's a cool fun VR game Yeah, I do think it's gonna have its own playlist because it has the right amount of characters for it and Even with event repair, you know, there's only two here and then a nightmare mode There's only two here unlike some other ones where there's four or there's just one The the numbering per playlist differs a bit So I think they really could just have foxy Bonnie cheek on Freddy being a normal mode Playlist and then either Golden Freddy for a nightmare mode, which would be freaking awesome. Oh I don't know something else Again, there's not much information to go off of Also, the reason why I'm talking to you guys while playing help on is just because I missed this game I had the best times playing it. I didn't have a Did not fun with you though.  They are also most likely going to be updating the gallery to add in these new characters Oh god Where am I? Where am I? I'm back here. Yeah, they are definitely going to add in the new characters to the gallery So you can see all the withered models in you know, they're full 3d form Which not only is going to be awesome, but now people can use the withered models as you know Models for their games or models for their videos or whatever Which is going to be absolutely fantastic. And that's really Really all we can guess right now. Let me just get the Let me just get it back up here. Look at that That's really all we have to go off of unfortunately They probably will release more teasers and more information about it as time goes along so Either this is part of the Halloween update or it isn't it's pretty simple if it is that I'm guessing around Halloween time We'll get the update if it isn't I'm guessing maybe within the next few months we can get this update because they have all the models done you can see Foxy Freddy Bonnie and What I'm guessing to be chica so they do have all the models done I don't know if they finished all the mini games that they're going to be a part of or all the Animations that they're going to have and help wanted. I'm not sure if they're finished with that So based on how much they've done. I think It's pretty safe to say within the next few months We can expect this update to be released But that is basically all the information I have on this update I know a few other youtubers are doing some Update videos about their opinions and what they think this update will gonna be is going to be so you guys can go watch those Now because I'm gonna shut up and end the video so get excited Again, my guess is when the within the next few months we can expect this update So stay tuned for that and I will of course be playing it when it goes live But thank you everyone so much for watching and I will see you all on the flip side Goodbye, it's kind of difficult to do the outro with headset on


Hello. Hello, everyone. My name is Michael Sanin. I'm a senior software engineer at Microsoft. And I'm the manager of Lonlock, which is a new Linux terminal, which was in Mainline, which was introduced in Mainline last year, in the 5.13 kernel. And this talk is about other dates since then, which is mostly about some improvement on the file access control types and some ongoing work for the support networking access control types. Okay. So, also some important news, just not directly related to the kernel, but which are important, well, useful for everyone, is that Lonlock is now enabled by default in some Linux distros. So, for example, Ubuntu, Fedora, Arch Linux, Pine Linux, Gen2, which is the Fedora configuration, and others are ongoing. For example, the Chrome OS is working on supporting Lonlock too. So, just to understand a bit. So, at first, Lonlock was a MIMAM variable product. So, the extreme version, which was ported in a 5.13 kernel, only contained a subset of what Lonlock could do. And, well, it was required for, of course, to minimize the code, to minimize the review, to minimize the condition, to minimize the tests, which are already better enough. And, yeah, so, over the time, well, Lonlock is kind of a journey. And, yeah, it is an incremental development. So, one other feature I just tried to explain is some limitations that were, what, that are still there, and how we can, well, lift that. And in the second part, yeah, I will talk about ongoing work for, well, to support network access control. But first, let's recap bits. What is sandboxing? Maybe not everyone is on the same page. So, sandboxing, especially security sandboxing, is a security approach to isolate square components. So, you can imagine content might be either an application, container, or a set of processes from the rest of the system. So, nowadays, we know what isolation means, lockdown, stuff like that. But concerning application processes, we should keep in mind that even trusset application, trusset process, can become many issues over time. So, that's a really important point. Even if you develop your application, you control it, and the user may trust you and trust your application. Well, because of bugs exploited by attackers, well, it may change its behavior and become many issues. That's why there is sandboxing. And the two main properties of sandboxing are, well, to follow the disparage principle, which is to not require more privileges to drop access that you already have. So, in a shell to not use saturated binaries. And another important property is that these policies, because they should be accessible to everyone and anyone, they could also be accessible and used by attackers. So, being able to enforce a security policy should be innocuous for the rest of the system. And we should also be able to compose different security policies because you have multiple applications, and each of them could use and enforce a security policy dedicated for their use case. So, from the beginning point of view, it is really, well, a composition of different and independent security policies that may be loaded over time during the lifetime of the system. Okay. And here, what is Linux? So, Linux is a monetary access control system which is kind of special because it is not dedicated to the system administrator or the Linux distro mainers. There, Linux is a set of features which are used through free schools. And, well, it is dedicated to app developers at first, but, of course, it can be used by users, by system administrators, too, and so on. And, yeah, it is able to add built-in and sandboxing into applications which will help to follow the logic, the behavior of the application. For example, you may configure a web server which access, well, directory containing HTML files, and so it is HTML for this server to read all the files in the directory, but it may not be legitimate to read whatever secrets may be in the slash home directory, for example. Yeah, and another important point is that so it can be used for sandboxing your own application, but we should also consider trusted, well, third party component. So this might include libraries, but also, well, services. That may or may not be as trusted as your own developments. So, yeah, we have some solution for, well, secure supply chain, but sandboxing is also another layer of security. Let's go for the first part of the talk. Lifting the file reprinting limits. So this is mostly about the rename and the name syscalls. Initial rename is to be able to move a file and well, link to create new paths pointing to the same content. Initially, the files that make some types which were supported by Unlock were mainly to control execution, read-write to a file, to be able to list a directory, or remove some files from it, and to create files according to that type. For example, to be able to create a regular file, name pipes, and stuff like that. So to be able to enforce, specifically, well, for an unproledged ecosystem, we need to be able to identify file hierarchies. And that was the first challenge because we cannot rely on excellent attributes on file. We may not be able to rely on paths because, well, assembly process may be executing in a specific namespace, so you may not be aware of the full absolute path of specific hierarchy. And, yeah, so it may not be able to write to a file or to a file system. So that's the reason why Unlock uses a kind of an fml iNode tagging. So on the fly, an application reaching to some DAX itself can identify set of files, set of iNodes, in fact, and put some restrictions on them, or to be more correct, some exceptions. And, yeah, so we also should keep in mind that there's multiple independent security processes running on the same system, so each of them may identify the same file hierarchies and you should be able to, well, identify these hierarchies but for this specific set of processes. Let's start with an example of FilesM4C composition. So that might be more clear. So Unlock enabled to have multiple security processes at the same time for different applications, but also it enables to create nested sandboxing. Because you may, for example, have a system service that launch and sandbox itself, and after, let's say, it is an SSH server, after a user connects to this server, well, a new process might be spawned and new restrictions could be added to this specific process. So this way, you can have multiple layers of security processes. In this first layer, it is quite a generic security policy which mostly restricts execution to the slash-dev directory and the home user directory and some directory like TMP, and bars that may contain cache files or temporary files. The second layer, for example, when there is a launch picture application, could be, well, the developer might think, well, my application only need to access some cache files which are in the home directory, .cache slash app, and well, my applications might access some of its configuration files in a read and write way because you might want to change the configuration through your application. And because it is an application dedicated to display pictures, well, you know that you should be able to read some files, some pictures in the picture directory. So that's a second layer. And once the user wants to open a specific file, this display application could create another layer of security. And at this point, well, the application knows that only specific file here, the cool.jpg file, should be accessed and in a read and write way. But the cache directory might also be useful, well, to store some passing of this picture. But the configuration might not be required and other accesses to the files are the same. So here we have three layers and now let's see how the canals identify if an access request is legitimate or not. At first, it looks for, well, the target file, which is in this case a cool.jpg file. So the third layer allowed to access this file in a read way. Then it is okay for the first layer, but it's still two layers, we mean. So the canals continue to pass to the parent directory, which is here the pictures directory. And the thing is, well, the second layer allowed this directory to be read, so it's okay. And there's a check. And at the third check, well, going to the parent directory again, the canals found that the home directory is in fact allowed to be read to. It was, well, it is allowed to be written, but only for the first layer. And that's not requested, so that's also scope anyway. But the read request is legitimate for all three layers. So that's good, it is allowed, and you can view a cat picture, that's good. Okay, but the thing is, Landlock relies on file arcs to identify files and to map access to this set of files. So it also means that we cannot, we may not be safe while modifying these file arcs. Because if you identify something with a specific path, but you rename this path or you move the directory, well, that might change stuff. And that's especially the case for renaming and linking. And that's one of the most annoying limitations which probably be, for example, generate containers to use Landlock as is. Well, to use Landlock until now. So let's see an example of what could go wrong here. And when I had explained everything here, the current rules, I will ask a question. Here it is a sandbox with three rules. The first one is to allow, well, read access to the home directory. The second rule is to allow write access to the work directory. So the work directory can be read and write because the parent of the work directory is the user directory. And the third rule is to allow files in the tools directory to be executed. So it may contain a set of scripts and stuff like that. And what could go wrong if the user want to link the tools through file to the work foo file? Does anyone have an idea? Yeah, so, yeah, that's correct. The answer was, well, until it is a way to gain more privileges. So it's kind of a privilege escalation. So accessing the foo files through the tools directory only allow execution and read. But accessing the work foo file, so the foo files through the work directory allows, well, only read and write, except that the handling I note and the handling data are the same. So this kind of mirror, which gives on the one side the ability to read and execute a file and the other to write to the file. So this would allow, if it was allowed, to read, write, and execute a content which might not be what we want for this use case. Now enters a new access control types, which is called an unlock access fsrefer. Well, to refer to something, to refer to an item. To be able to link our name file, it is now required to have this access types for specific hierarchy for the source and the destination. But it is not enough to be able to link our name file. Well, of course, you should be allowed to write to destination directory and potentially to remove some file from the source directory in the case of the rename. And last, but not least, well, we need to be sure that this will not lead to a kind of privilege escalation. So the kernel checks that the destination directory will not give more access right to the file which already allowed on the source directory. Okay, so let's get the same, quite the same rule sets and see how we could allow this workflow. This kind of strange policy, but it forces the example. So we still have read access to the home directory, but we also have the new access type. So the refer, the FS refer to the home directory. We still have write access to the work directory, and the third rule still has, still gives access to the tool directory in an execute way, but also in a write way, which is kind of weird because you can put whatever you want in the directory, execute it and write. So let's look for things about, to explain how to link, well, which kind of check the instrument to link a file from source to a destination. So, yeah, here we can see that the tools foo file inherit the read, execute, and write access, and the walk foo file only inherit the read and write access. So these are subsets of the source, the allowed source files. Now, how does this work from the kernel point of view? Well, the kernel first check, well, browse the files like it does for a common access, access quest. It starts by the source path, which is here the tools foo file. Look for some access rights. So here, again, it is only for one layer. So you may keep in mind that there is potentially multiple layers. So we got to the primary tree, which is the tools directory, and there we collect, at the bottom left, you see, we collect the write and execute access rights, and then we continue to the primary tree and we collect the read and refer access rights. And we continue until the first moin point. So do you have an idea why we can stop at this moin point? What is special about moin points? We name and links. Yeah. So you cannot do hard links. You can do links. So we name, I mean, quickly we name a file from one tree to another if there are two different moin points. So that's kind of a small optimization, but it's interesting anyway. So here we are. For the source path, we collected four access rights. Now the canal checks for the destination path and check, well, collect here the write access rights and the read and refer access rights and then stop at the primary tree. So that's it. We can see that destination, indeed, are a subset of the source access rights. So that's okay. We can link a file or even rename it. And so this walking, this path walking, was also a reason why we needed to switch, well, to limit the number of layers. So right now the number of nested sandboxing is 16. So I think it's enough for most use cases, maybe not all, but that's pretty good, I think. Yeah, so again, we need to take into account that this kind of path walk is to collect all the access rights for all the 16 maximum layers. And yeah, so 16 layers max. One other thing to keep in mind is that when you rename a file, you may get an eaccess error code, which is when, well, the permission is denied, or an xdev error code, which is when you want to link a file from one point to another one, which is denied by the channel. And so this is interesting because if you want to move with the MV command line, a file from one point to another, well, if the destination is denied, well, even creating a new file will be denied. So if the deny comes from Langlock, which made such check, well, it returned an xdev error code in the case of creating a new file will be allowed and removing the source file will be also allowed. We'll see an example just after. And so we also introduce a new ABI version, which is version specific to Langlock. So Langlock enables use space to get some information, which is important to enforce the best security approach. So this works simply by calling a syscall here, so the langlock-crate-doolset with a specific flag, a langlock-crate-doolset version. So this way you can, well, application can get and understand the features which are supported by the ring channel. And yeah, so it's again required because we are in a sandbox environment and we want to enforce as much as we can, because application developers don't know everything that they can do. Okay, let's quickly go to the last part, the networking part, which is developed actually by Konstantin. So I think he's in the chat. In actual, the idea here is still to be able to restrict the process and to protect processes outside of it. So it's not a system-wide firewall. So in actual, here, we want to be able to control the what, so what application can access. So in practice, TCP ports or UDP ports, for example, but the who, the IPs, might be more difficult. So that's not on scope for now. And, well, that may get changes. So yeah, that may not be really even for a sandbox anymore. So this interview, the sixth session was sent some days ago. And in actual, there's two new access sites. The TCP connect and the TCP bind. So you can create a rule with this access type and also add a port. So to access to connect to a specific port or to bind to a specific port. Okay, so there's some questions which aren't solved yet. But if you have any idea or wishes, we can discuss about that. So here's a list of some questions that might come later. Okay, let's switch to the demo. So here, I hope you see enough. So we are on a video machine with a new channel and with, well, network supporting stuff. And we have, so let's say one sandboxer. I copied old sandboxer 2 to show the difference. Okay, so here I will launch a shell, bash, with the initial version of Linux. So without the fsrefer access file. So here we are in a new sandbox. So you cannot read your directory, but you can go in slash TMP and read what's inside and create files. Good, okay. So let's say you want to move this file. So for example, you'll create a directory and you'll move A to X, A. But before that, let's look at the i-node, the effective i-node of this file. So, well, you can see it. And if you want to move A to X, A, this works, great. But I just told before that it was denied. But in fact, this is denied with exdev. So the MV application knows that it cannot create a name, cannot create a link. So what this application does is that it copies the content of the file, it creates a new one, and we move the old one. And you can see that by looking at the i-node of the new file, which is different. So it's not the same file, actually the same content. So it works, but it may not be as efficient. So let's do the same stuff with a new sandbox. So we go in the same directory. Still, well, it's the same file, so the same i-node. But let's copy this file here. And then you can see that it is indeed the same i-node. So it's not magic trick. It's really the same file which was renamed properly. And so launch a new version of the sandboxer. We should also include here new rules that you can see. This is LLTCB bind and LLTCB connect. So this means that this new sandbox shell can only bind to the port 2000 and only connect to the port 3000. So we can check that quickly. If you want to connect, let's say I listen here to port 2000. So at the top, I'm outside the sandbox. And at the bottom, I'm in the sandbox. So if I want to connect to this port, it is denied because it is only allowed to bind on this port, not to connect. So that's the other port. So let's listen to this port. Now this works. And well, we can do the same if you want to bind to something. So here this port will work. But if you want to bind to another port, it will be denied. And if you want to connect to something else, it will be denied too. OK, that was it. So what's next? Actually, the map is short time to add new audit features to be able to easily debug the sandbox. And to also add new access control types, so for networking and processing, and to improve performance, which will be good too, of course. In the medium term, well, it is, again, to extend what already exists. In some use cases, it may be to be able to follow a denied listing approach. So for example, to allow every access except your dot SSH directory. OK, that was it. It was a bit more long, but I hope you understood. And yeah, it was interesting for you. Do you have any question for the networking stuff or something else? Great. Yeah, one question. What the networking? Yeah, I can share with that. So in a shell, that is big enough. But let's try. So that's the code of the Sunboxer. And so here are the... OK. So in a shell, we create a rule set here. So, OK. At the middle, you can see there's a rule set with handled access FS and handled access net. So both of these still contain a set of flags. So, for example, here, this... All this flag for system controls. Not very clear, but you can find it on the KALSUS code. And then we populate this set of handled access rights. And in this case... Well, it's... Well, the rule set get populated. And yeah. So the network part is here. You create a long log net service ATTR structure and set which action are allowed. This part get populated later. And a field which contains the port, which is allowed in this case. So it's there for tpConnect or tpBuy. And once you set, well, you add a rule. With the Linux add rule syscall, the rule set, which was created before. And you specify this net service that you want to add. Well, it is a type of the rule. And then, well, the definition of this service, which is the action and the port. So yeah, that's maybe not the best example. But yeah, feel free to look at the source code. I mean, the sample source code. Thank you.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late sports cards for 23 top star wars signature series 20 box case break number 17 random hit style Way this will work is we've got our 20 participants here We also have a random daughter window where our hits are going to get copied into As we are doing the break Donnie's going to be typing in a description of all the hits One through 20 once it is all set and done all the hits have been shown They'll be copied back into this random org window. We'll roll the dice say it's eight times We'll random the names eight times the hits eight times copy them over Whatever hit is next your name is what you will receive. So good luck guys. Let's do it a lot of pressure on me here, pal That's the case Make sure Pedro Pascal, I don't know off top of my head j-mart I don't know Okay 101 inbound now See the quad dude Yep Uh starting off the 50 or a sing 39 of 50 Uh macho and uh God barrage barrage. Oh Much skill So talented much skill. Wow Thank you some victor. I appreciate that. I've been practicing Sweet as a cool rick olly I just buy k I don't even open them.  Excuse me, uh chris parson's is four long Darth Maul would be sweet pull the Darth Maul to like n I think A few cases back. I know we pulled one of the 50 Maybe that was it, uh, we've got to b1 from visions Uh jaden walledman is Is that what it's supposed to be? That's what it smells like. Ah That's what they call them in the visions toby. Yeah And I know This over here's spreading out honestly Base or a sing this time Refractor auto jamey king is or a sing. Wait, is that who's the first one then? It's or a sing Oh, so that's the voice actor for claw wars All right, I was like, wait a second now that makes sense I'll put for um, this one. I'll do voice or I'll do animated. Okay, uh imperial security officer Phillip alexander imperial security officer from mando bead the pod racer announcers bead auto scott capuro I'd like to memorize some of these actors. Yeah Scott capuro is Yeah, I was gonna say that's your podcast you watch right luminara unduly no olivia diablo it was um I think it was like one of those youtube like oh This kind of like Whatever It's gonna be admiral akbar Version b We're all here for the sick two tubes full I think the second one I pulled. Yeah, he's in there every now and then Got a green bartender. It's gonna be uh allen graph eight of 25 on the bartender green Akbar let's let's make it happen mic. Let's make it happen for my there's even peel Um, mackayla cattrell and the phantom menace even peel Of course clone trooper number five Next up we've got blue lovey Uh 18 of 50 from the last jedi lily coal is lovey. So big is that ct 0005 lovey blue, uh christen Fracturado That is carrie jones is christen. I think I really spelled out how I'm looking at it right now. Yeah Next up is panmachnero good Uh chrystal clark from force awakens panmachnero good From clone wars angeli parent as adiglia twilight major domo refractorado twilight major domo Stop is gonna be a trio two tubes There he is. There he is. Uh, this is out of the mag And I don't want to mess with it, but we'll send an empty box and wrapper with that one. Sorry about that How did they I have no idea how that happened? Yeah illegal made that joke when you weren't here on saturday I don't know. Well Thanks for covering for me. Uh, nami gima version b 36 out of 50 That's gonna say you made that same joke on saturday when you weren't here. That's pretty good That's pretty good illegal. I'll start doing that now Bowen draft first edition's candler No, this one's actually uh snowball. Oh cool. Cool. Cool. We got two chrome blacks. So nice. Yeah, we got a lot of that in now So that's gonna be awesome Illegal you acting up. Yes. He is grand mop tarkin version b guy henry Grand mop tarkin last box quad Come on, baby It is uh septan vanik version b uh joseph uh Alton septan vanik one sec. Let donnie get that last one typed in All right guys, we're gonna do the random gonna roll the dice three times one two three Jeff l down to jessio And three times on your hits one Two and three that's bead down to oris sing Got jeff l bead billy s nama gima nami gima blue E and s with luminarah unduly adam k bartender green 250 paul b with uh, lovey blue to 50 twilight major domo. We've got uh Shannon d with rick oley matt t even peel adam k christ santon john w grand mop tarkin Francis d with the oris sing francis d as well with forlam kevin p with to b1 phil l admiral akbar lindsay h paymentionero good francis d adi galea michael e adrio two tubes in sefton vanik Ens imperial security officer officer and jesse l with the oris sing blue to 50. We got these copied over guys That's it


I'm Salvatore Bobonas and today's lecture is Wikipedia data and its sources. We all use Wikipedia, we even rely on it. Even as a university researcher and specialist in comparative data analysis, when I want a quick data summary, I turn to Wikipedia. In general, Wikipedia data are highly reliable and well audited, and any errors, omissions and vandalism are easily spotted. Wikipedia is especially useful for comparative summaries of data from different sources, really it's just a fantastic tool and people who say not to use it are frankly being pedants. Wikipedia is indispensable in the 21st century. It's especially good for comparative GDP data and other headline data series. It can be less good for more obscure figures.  There's no large paid staff updating Wikipedia data on a daily or monthly basis. It's all volunteer labor and so the biggest, most headline grabbing numbers get done regularly. Other more obscure data series may be updated rarely or may not be in Wikipedia at all. Now ideally, Wikipedia data are always referenced to the original sources. If you're just using Wikipedia casually, for example, if you want to know for a classroom discussion the comparative life expectancy in the United States versus Brazil, sure, check Wikipedia. If you're doing professional research, something for a corporate audience or for a research audience, an academic journal or if you're writing a school paper, definitely always go to the original source. Wikipedia will tell you where they got the data, so just go to the place they got the data and get it again for yourself. Wikipedia may not always have the most recent or best quality data for data series that are not heavily used and I'll illustrate some of this in the illustration today. So let me just go to Wikipedia. I'm going to look up, without even saying Wikipedia, I'm going to go to Google and look up a list of countries by GDP per capita. And you'll see without even asking for Wikipedia, Google automatically assumes I'm looking for things from Wikipedia. I have two options here, list of countries by GDP purchasing power parity and list of countries by GDP nominal. I'll start with the nominal series. These are based on current exchange rates and if I scroll down, I will see three different sources of data, International Monetary Fund, World Bank and United Nations and these are all on a most recent available basis. I can sort by country name or leave it sorted by rank. I'm going to sort each of these by country name so we can very conveniently see some of the differences. All three of these are GDP figures, note slightly different year but World Bank and United Nations are theoretically the same year and we'll see some differences.  Brazil in the World Bank series is 11,612 US dollars per person per year. In the United Nations series, it's Brazil 11,387. So not a big difference, 11,612 or 11,387. What is Brazil's GDP per capita? Well that's a difficult question. These are different series reported by different agencies. Note that the IMF series for 2015 is much lower. Just because the Brazilian Real, the currency has declined substantially between 2014 and 2015 and so Brazil now appears poorer in US dollar terms than it did. If we want to avoid some of those problems having to do with exchange rates, we can go to the PPP series, the Purchasing Power Parity series. Purchasing Power Parity is a way of adjusting for the cost of living in different countries. Then I'll switch to alphabetical order. These are IMF World Bank and CIA World Factbook as sources. I'll compare the IMF and the World Bank data again for Brazil. If I scroll down a little bit, I see Brazil at 16,000 dollars per person per year in the IMF series, 15,800 in the World Bank series. So again, very similar. Notice how the PPP, Purchasing Power Parity series gives a higher value for GDP per capita than the exchange rate based series. This is because in general, poor countries have lower costs of living than rich countries. As a result, when converting to dollars, poor countries appear to have greater income per person because the cost of living is lower in those countries. Now, if I look for some other series, lists of countries by life expectancy. Again, Wikipedia comes up as the top choice, and once again, if I scroll down, I get a very nice table of countries' life expectancy and then broken out for female and male life expectancy. And if I sort by country, I can get figures for specific countries. Brazil's life expectancy is 75 years, 79 for women, 72 for men. So far, so good. These data were for 2013, published in 2015 by the World Health Organization, and here is a link to the underlying data. So very well-referenced, a very nice data series. Now, let me look for data that are less robust. So if I look for lists of countries by women's education level, that's maybe not as you commonly use the series, though it is published by various organizations, including the World Bank. Here Wikipedia's data, Wikipedia gives data for 45 countries, but they're unreferenced. The list is incomplete and only includes countries with average years of school or 12 or greater. Why? We don't know. Where do the data come from? We don't know. There is a reference here that's a reference for the definition of the list, but the reference isn't attached to the list itself, so I can't be absolutely sure that it comes from that source. Also, there's no year attached to this data. So these data are probably much less trustworthy. I could look for Brazil, but it's not here, because average years of schooling in Brazil is probably well under 12, and it's not included in this list. So this is a sort of list that I certainly would not want to use Wikipedia as a source for. It's undated, unsourced, not comprehensive. I would want to look for a more comprehensive data source than Wikipedia. In fact, I would probably go to the World Bank's World Development Indicators, and if I went down here to this link on girls' education from the World Bank, I could eventually navigate through to the World Development Indicators and its data source. Key takeaways. First, Wikipedia data are useful for quick consultation, but for quote-unquote official data, the underlying sources should always be consulted, and that includes in a work environment or in a school environment, anything that's being published should rely on official sources, the official sources that underlie Wikipedia, not on Wikipedia itself. Second, Wikipedia's editors make choices about what data to present, but we can usually trust their choices. These are usually unbiased choices that are well monitored by other editors. And finally, do remember that Wikipedia's editors usually are not deep subject matter experts in the areas they cover. They are editors who contribute on hundreds of topics throughout the year. So their judgments should be treated with caution. You as the data user should make a judgment about the data you're using. Thank you for watching this lecture. For more about me, you can go to salvatorbebonus.com, where you can also subscribe to my monthly newsletter on global current affairs.