My name is Hillary Valsit. I'm the Executive Director of Greater Portland Landmarks, and I'd like to welcome all of you. As you know, Greater Portland Landmarks' mission is to preserve and revitalize Greater Portland's remarkable advocacy of historic buildings, neighborhoods, landscapes, and parks. We have had a very busy year this year so far. We've been active in research, education, and advocacy. We've been recently working with leaders in the Woodford's Corner neighborhood to build awareness of the amazing historic buildings in the Forest Avenue area. And I'd like to invite you all to talk by Julie Larry, who's our Director of Advocacy, 27th at 6.30 in the Vod Fellows Building, which is that very interesting building with the clock tower right at Woodford's Corner. She will give a talk about the neighborhood, and then you'll have a chance to tour the building that's not usually open to the public. So I invite you all to come next Wednesday at 27th at 6.30. We'll have great refreshments and we'll partner in with the Friends of Woodford's Corner and the Vod Fellows, who are a paternal organization who are working to restore the clock tower in that building. I'd also like to remind you now that we're in better weather, we hope, that the Portland Observatory will be opening soon on May 28th, Saturday, May 28th, Memorial Day weekend. And we're having a great time right now training our new crop of dosage and getting ready for school tours for that opening. Now, if you'd like to go to the Observatory a lot, that's one of the benefits of memberships at Greater Portland Landmarks. It's free admission to the Observatory. And so I'd like to invite you all to join the Portland Landmarks. There's information at the table when you check in. I'd also like to take this opportunity to thank the Portland Public Library for allowing us to use their auditorium. To CTM Channel 5, who is taping this presentation and you can watch it on CTM Channel 5 or someone you know missed it. You can catch it later. I also would like to thank you all for making a donation to support Greater Portland Landmarks today for this lecture. And to introduce our staff, you Matt, Ejekemen, Alessa Wiley, and Amanda Larson, who is staffing the admission table. And I also always like to bring up Ruth's story, who is our volunteer extraordinaire. Ruth, every year brings together a wonderful series of lectures for our Landmarks lecture series. I want to give Ruth a great hand. And our speaker tonight is Alene Howard Sutherland. She is the associate professor emeritus of political science and women's studies at Bowling Reed State University in Ohio, specializing in Middle East studies. She received her Ph.D. in Middle East studies in political science from Indiana University in Bloomington and her BA from Western College for Women, which is now part of Miami University Topsford, Ohio. She taught at the American University in Cairo, which is the city of her birth and long-time residence. Kathleen's publications focus on the role of women in public life in Egypt and Morocco, and she received a Fulbright fellowship in Morocco. She joined the Osher Lifeline Learning Institute at Olly, faculty in 2005, and has taught courses on the Middle East, Islam, women, refugees, and Sub-Saharan Africa. She is the recipient in 2012 of the annual The Interest Chapman Ninote Award for Public Service, awarded by the World Affairs Council of Men, where she serves on board. So she also has a very strong interest in women's history, and it's been really fun to get to know Kathleen as she's been poking around our archives and landmarks, asking me if I could give her phone numbers of people who still own and live in the greater Portland area for first-hand accounts, and so I'm very delighted to be able to welcome today Kathleen Sutherland. A great pleasure to be with you this evening. When Ruth Story asked me a year ago to address this topic, I wondered whether she knew what she was doing, because my focus had been primarily in the Middle East, but in the Middle East, and specifically in Egypt, I was aware and I visited some of the sites that were being restored in Cairo, and I recently checked up on it, and it's a fascinating story there. And I also have some main roots, and I could tie those in somewhat with the women I will be talking about this evening. One of them, Edith Seltz, who will be a major figure that I will be discussing this evening, was living in her late teens, I believe, in Holton, Maine. As her father was the vicar of the Episcopal Church, Good Shepherd. Well, it so happened that some 60 years later, I was married in that church for the first time. And so that was a link. And my former in-laws had settled in Damascada. The reason I was in Holton was that my father was president of a small liberal arts college, their record college. It is now succumbed to that wave of closings in the 70s. So I also know something about the life of a president's wife as my mother certainly played that role, as did Edith Seltz. And so I was really interested in doubling into this subject, and it's been a fascinating journey, and I hope to continue it in some way. So what I thought I would do, and first I would like to apologize of all things today, my computer crashed, and I had a PowerPoint presentation almost ready to present to you, and it crashed. So you will have to wait on the pictures for some future day when I may be able to maybe print up an article on this. At any rate, let's try to visualize some of these women. What I'm going to do is to look first at the spark that prompted a recognition of the need for preservation of Portland's historic landmarks. And then we'll take a historic approach to the precursors to the whole idea of saving valuable architectural relics. And we will look at what happened in 1961. Of course, the spark that really ignited this interest-reviewed concern over what was happening to Portland was that famous demolition of the Union Station tower in 1961. And until that time, of course, you probably were that Portland had been going through a urban renewal phase. The economy had kind of suffered, they wanted to bring tourism, and so the whole idea was to tear down things, never mind their beauty, and in fact many people didn't see the beauty. The old was passe. Let's build something new and clean. Well, this was a big shock, as I'm sure many of you know, and experienced in 1961. This prompted Mrs. Sills to call together a group of concerned citizens, and we'll talk about that, to see what could be done to prevent further destruction. Okay, so let's see what her ancestor, her precursors, had done in going back to the 19th century. Well, one major saving event was the preservation of Mount Vernon in Virginia. By one Anne Pamela Covington. This was in the 1830s, 40s, 50s, and her mother had been sailing right down the Potomac, and had seen what the derelict of addition of Mount Vernon was at that time, because the descendant of George Washington, Peter Augustine Washington, just didn't have the money at that time or the will to do anything to repair it. And so Anne Pamela's mother wrote to her daughter and Pamela saying, you know, we've really got to do something to repair, to restore Mount Vernon. And she said, if the men don't seem to be interested in doing this, it is probably up to the women to take responsibility. And so her daughter said, we'll do it. And she was a very shy person, but she was determined, and she started a campaign, her friend, they worked well to do, to raise money, to buy the property, and to form an association which was called the Mount Vernon Ladies. And it is in existence today and runs it. And it was a fascinating tale of the difficulty that they had in persuading our wonderful government to really allow it to be preserved, to provide the legislation. Well, they did it. They paid $207,000 and they raised the money for this. Well, that was on the national scale. You also have another figure on the national scale, a Susan Pringle Frost. Any of you have visited Charleston, South Carolina. Apparently, she was a very key member of the community in the late 19th century, early 20th century, to restore the Charleston, South Carolina. And she was rather unique in the sense that she was brought up in the traditional Southern household of women who could be at home in conformity at that time to the Victorian notion of motherhood and the role of women. But she branched out and she became a real estate developer and was very concerned. And she mobilized the community and she was also quite active in the suffrage movement. So that's another major figure and that's important. She's important because later the SILTS Committee then contacted the preservation mission in Charleston for ideas on what to be done here. Well, let's look at the more local scene and of course we have Anne Wadsworth-Piers who you probably have known her story. John Vaibn was very interesting in talking and writing about her in the book on Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Well, Anne was his younger sister and she was born in 1811. And she was married, she married Henry's classmate at Bowdoin and it was a very accomplished young lawyer. This was in 1832. And the very happy moved out of the Wadsworth Longfellow home where she had been very happy. It was a very happy home life. And she lived with Pierce for three years and then very sadly he died of typhus 1835 and she moved home and lived there for the rest of her life and was very determined to maintain the house. And contributed to the upbringing of her nieces and it was interesting she never remarried because apparently George Washington Pierce was her big great love and that was it. And she preferred to return home and she was very concerned with preserving the wonderful home that had been developed. So in 1895 she was concerned about the surroundings being outside the house being changed considerably. And she bequeathed the house to the main historical society because although of course the city had offered her a fairly generous I believe at that time $25,000 for the house but no way was she going to sell that.  So she represents a figure on the logo saying the very important in the idea of preserving architecture and the glories inside the house. Well turning then further down the timeline you have the story of the Victorian mansion which had been built by Ruggles Morse in the mid 19th century. And he then he was a wealthy tellur who had made his money in New Orleans and then came back to build this fantastic Victorian structure and he lived there for the summer. And then he died in the late 1980s early 90s and his widow then didn't want to live there alone which couldn't manage it maybe. And so she sold it to the J.R. Libby family and J.R. Libby came to Portland from Bineford and set up one of the first department stores in Portland. And they appreciated what had been put into the Victorian mansion and used and kept all the furnishings in it. There was some rearrangement of course and they were able to do that too because they had five children and there were three daughters and two sons. And there was a very lively household and Mrs. Holmes did a lot of entertaining while the music was played there. They were very interested in art and so they lived there until 1928 and then of course the descendants lived in there until 1928. And then of course the depression came they left the house and it was maintained by custodians throughout the depression but nothing really was done to it. Then of course a big storm had damaged the roof and they wanted to turn it into a gas station. So they really went around for buyers and I believe the head of the main historical society at that time tried to find buyers but it was depression. People didn't have any money. Fortunately in 1940 Dr. William Holmes and his sister Clara Holmes took up the, they looked at it. They wanted to retire or at least have it as a home and they, there were some people around who saw the possibilities of preserving it. So the Holmes, the brother and sister bought the Victorian mansion and then turned it over to what became the Victoria Society for women. And it was to be used as a cultural center for these ladies who were very concerned about promoting education for women and recognizing achievement of women in Maine. And they wanted a nice place to hold various events there which they did. It's interesting that Holmes was an educator. His sister Clara Holmes was an art historian, art teacher and she was rather quiet in terms of public presence. But she was very active in determining the, the decoration, the restoration of the mansion inside. We have Arlene Schwinn, who is very kind in showing me some of these letters that she wrote to the society saying, Now she wrote in particular about the color scheme and where the furniture should be and so forth. So, and she did say, yes, it's a joint project, but it was Dr. Holmes who really wanted me to take care of this. And I am very active and I will, I hope you will pay attention to my wishes. So she was very concerned about her own role, but she don't have much biographical information on her. So this was, this was a project that developed through the 40s and continues on to today and had been a remarkable project. Arlene was saying that, and you can see it in the literature, 90% of the original furniture belongings dating back to the livings before had been restored to the mansion.  So that is another more contemporary example of the concern that women have had in restoring the architecture of the Victorian mansion. And it was very interesting, particularly at the time when the, you know, the depression and then you had the war. So it was difficult, but people were at that time more and more interested, particularly the women. And the activities of the Victoria Society, I think it was overlapped into the groundwork for the later developments after the tower was destroyed. Because, of course, this was in the 40s and the 50s and then Portland was going through a growth of economic decline and you had growing concern for urban renewal. As I mentioned earlier, it was, the idea was to tear things down. We were having the building of the arterial, which split neighborhoods, and there were other problems in trying to restore what we were going to do with the old port. And then in the effort to build up tourism and so forth, you had the appeal to say hotels. Well, the holiday inn was made up of hotels, but they insisted that, this was later, but just to give you an example, having the widening of Spring Street and tearing down the buildings, but that came later. But the developers and the city fathers simply didn't care whether or not you preserved, say, the Union Station. Of course, the train service had declined and the Union Station was just sitting there. And until later, the 60s and 70s, there just wasn't this idea of restoring the stations, you had this case in other cities too, and making other use of these stations rather than just delivering and sending away people on trains. So come 1961, you have the tearing down all of a sudden of the station. Now, I understand from some kind of a plum, perhaps, that figures like Vida Sils knew that this might be in the works. And she may well have tried on her own to put pressure on the city fathers, but that didn't work. And lo and behold, in 1961, the destruction of the bulldozers appeared and went down. So this was, as I mentioned earlier, a big shock. And Vida Sils decided, okay, if she couldn't do it herself, she joined Action Head to be made. And so she gathered together a group of leading personalities in the city. Those who had influence, those who were concerned with art, with architecture, and she invited them for tea one afternoon and raised them for what they were going to do about it. And evidently, if you know the people who knew Vida Sils, you did not turn down the invitation to the home to Vida Sils. So there were a few individuals there. Let me talk first about the background of Vida Sils. She was quite a very forceful but very delightful woman. She was very vivacious, apparently, and very cordial. And she had been educated in Smith, excuse me, well-footed, well-footed, Smith L.W. This Smith branch was also very active. So she graduated in 1911 from Wellesley and in classics. And she then taught briefly in Holton and then Portland High School in 1213. And she had a lot of connections from her Wellesley experience. And she happened to meet a fellow classics scholar who was at Bowen, one Kenneth Sils, who was teaching at Bowen at that time. Rose to be Dean. And a courtship developed. And since then they used to sometimes correspond in Greek and Latin. And those of you who have, there's a very interesting book named Sils at Bowen. And so a courtship developed and she, at that time she had gone down to New York to teach and to get a master's degree. But then things proceeded and they got married in 1918. She was just appointed president of Bowen, one of the youngest presidents, 39 at that time. And so she became a president's wife. Well, she taught herself into that with gusto. And she, they did a lot of entertaining and they decided to entertain every Bowen student with periodic dinners, teas. So they got to know the student body at that time. And it was her mission to socialize the young men at Bowen. And she brought out the best service, best China and silver. So they were probably socialized. And so her involvement in the Bowen campus life was very important because she developed many connections in that way. She saw herself very concerned with the education also of women. She was very active in the AAUW branch in Brunswick. And she, they did a lot of traveling. And so her horizons certainly expanded. One very rather interesting side light to that. I came across in the collection, by the way, it's at Bowen, the sales collection. She wrote a paper that was not published stating her anti-suffrage women position. And I was astounded at that. But yet you had, at that time, you had elite women, both for women's suffrage and against women's suffrage. You have to remember at that time that it was the Goldman age. And there was a rapid immigration from people from Eastern Europe who were not necessarily very educated at the time. And so there was some concern on the part of women and others as to probably the eventual quality of the voters. And so that, there was a movement. There were elite women who were for suffrage, you know, and also anti-suffrage. Just to go back a little bit, Margaret Jane Muthyswet, in her activities in the late 19th century, was in favor of AAUW branch. And she had met Susan Anthony, and she had established this little club called the Cobb Web Club. And they have papers read on different subjects. And apparently she was for suffrage, but limited suffrage. And to own, earn your voting privilege. Well, so you had varying positions on that. Whether Edith Sills changed her position on this, I have to say more, but there was nothing more that I could see that showed that she had changed her position. On the other hand, she became very active in, as I said, AAUW and then also the college club. Once they came down to Portland after his retirement in 1952. She was very active in the college club, and then she also was apparently president of the Wellesley Club. And so she really established many different connections and valuable connections. So she was able to count on these connections to push for preservation and preservation, and preventing further destruction. Another key member of this group was Elizabeth Rind. Some of you may have gone to Darien High School in the 60s. She was taught at Darien High School from the 40s to 69. She also was basically the main history. She was born in 1902 and graduated from University of Maine in Orano, 1923. And from then on, she really delved into history. She loved it, and she was totally devoted to it. She did teach at the University of Maine. I understand that she was kind of a victim at the time of Orano University of Maine politics. And the Home Economics Department and History Department were fighting turf wars over whether or not she could be teaching in history. They wanted her in Home Economics to tell us something about the role of women at that time in education. So she escaped that and was able to come down here to teach in Portland High Schools. She was paid to do it better. And she concentrated on Maine history. She also was the beneficiary of the Depressionary of WPA, where they created physicians for jobless academicians to do research on genealogy and getting records straight. And so she really made a study for the state of Maine on the histories of Maine families, and she documented a great deal. So she also published a book on the progressive movement in Maine. And she worked all her life practically on the history of Maine and the making of the nation. It's a monumental work like that and it's from 1850 to 1870. And I understand that from some of her colleagues, her problem was that she could never stop doing research and she was always sticking in further information. And some people were afraid that she'd never publish it. She finally did publish it shortly before she passed away. She also wrote a very interesting work on the MacArthur's of Lamington, which forms part of her major work. But it follows a family in the origins of the settlers in Lamington. So she had many connections too, and she was able to bring to this Silver Committee new blood from among her students, one being Earl Shutherworth. And you probably know the story which he shared with me over the phone of how he was like 14 in junior high school when she learned about him from his sister and he was really obsessed with history. Very precocious, apparently he was 13 going on, 50. And so she brought him to that first meeting of the Silver Committee at 14. Well, he continued with her and she was apparently a fantastic teacher, really got students involved. Very imposing figures and yet very engaging, made you want to study history, made it really alive. And she assigned him as a class project to go around Portland and photograph buildings and he did. And then she had him present his slideshow to the college club and then also to the Silver Committee. And everyone was very impressed with it and so he was a launch on his career to be the state historian. So she brought her academic skills, her historical skills and her connections to the school too, the working of the Silver Committee. The Silver Committee met for two years on a weekly basis in Mrs. Hill's home and then she was getting older at that time. Then it was incorporated into the greater Portland landmarks. And younger blood came in and one of the great forces actually in enabling Great Portland landmarks to move on was working with the Junior League in a project to restore the house. And they brought the Junior League was comprised of women who could not really work in the professional world at that time. It was difficult and they could load themselves to voluntary work and they really did push for projects such as the greater Portland landmarks. Apparently they take projects on another basis every two years. And so you had young blood being brought in and they funded the establishment of the hiring of the executive part-time director who had Pamela Plum. And I'm running out of time here but I just want to... Pamela Plum came in when one of the first major projects was moving the Gothic house from the site where the Holiday Inn was being built. And of course the Holiday Inn had resisted saving the Gothic house. May I ask? I have to know the house. But finally the greater Portland landmarks persuaded them to at least save them and demolish the other buildings on that Spring Street. But they moved it, they found a buyer from the plot and they moved it in 1971 from Spring Street up, further up Spring Street near the cemetery and there it stands today and I had a very interesting talk with its present owner Marta Morse who bought it from the Gribbles who had bought it at the time that it was moved. It has a very interesting history which related to the connection between Stolt and Cuba in the 19th century because the owner's Horatio Fox, the Fox room had built it and also the Cologne and they were tied together. And so it was allowed to be preserved and restored and it was there and I had done a wonderful job in preserving the character inside while still modernizing it somewhat. I've got ten minutes so I wanted to leave some time for connections. Before I open it up I want to thank the various institutions which have provided me with information. The University of New England women's writers collection is very useful for these collections of memoirs of different important women. Also the main historical society has been very helpful in the Elizabeth Ring collection and Bowdoin, of course, library has a collection of, it is the Sills collection and I'm also very grateful to the main historical site where the information on and John Baylin for information on them and long fellow peers. I, there are several other members who I should really mention apparently Francis Peabody was a very important figure. She had a connection with the junior of the, but she also was a member of the Colonial Dames. Also Mary, the dodge was, had been very active in the greater portraits and she was telling me the other day that what the early members did was just going around canvassing property and trying to see what was needed to get the landmarks to get on the ball and try to save these buildings. The whole idea is really to encourage people to buy the property but with a proviso preserving the architectural value of these buildings. So there are several other people that I could mention. If I haven't mentioned someone, please speak up. I'd be very happy to know. I see Janet Hertz here, Jane Hertz and others. So please speak up if you have some questions. Yes, just curious during your interviews and whatnot. Did anyone ever mention the San Antonio Conservation Society? Because that was primarily a women-led effort in the 1920s. Wait, what was the purpose? The San Antonio Conservation Society? Oh, no. Thank you for mentioning it. No, I haven't. I'm kind of focused on Portland but that's a good point because San Antonio has been restored. I just was curious whether any of the women that you had spoken to or had done research if they knew about what was going on in San Antonio or if they had a means of ideas or wrote to anybody there and corresponded to them? They may have. I know they looked at, as I said, the Charleston. Of course one was regarding Charleston, South Carolina. But I don't see the San Antonio one. That's a good point to check on. Any others? Yes. Second question. I was also curious. I don't know much about the Passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1906. But I was curious whether the Ed Muskie, I think was a senator at the time. And because he was very involved in the model cities, I didn't know whether he had a role in the 1966 act and whether that was prompted by anybody in Maine and then he was a constituent here in Portland. I think that certainly the preservation, they had connections. They did get funding from the federal government. Yeah, and probably that's another point. Yes. Oh, yes, yes. Another question. I was wondering if you could, you know, if you read about these women who sort of mobilized themselves to fight for historic preservation. Obviously it's a little bit shocking the building started to be knocked down around you. But can you talk a little bit more about what some of the things were that motivated them? Was it appreciation of architecture? Or was it history?  Well, I think, you know, a lot of them were, some of them were, you know, art majors and architecture. And they had the time, at that time, to think more long term and to look at these issues, whereas the men were, you know, so busy making money. And they left it sort of on the... I mean, I asked that question. Why didn't the men get concerned about tearing down the tower? They must have done it. But they were concerned with renewal. So they weren't that concerned with the beauty. But there were men, actually, who were invited by Jesus, to one of the men, John Patekos, who was the curator of the museum. But they were very concerned with, you know, their own careers, making money, or doctoring, a lawyer. So... But it was involved with them, too. They focused on that. But more of when men had become involved. So they had to be given the space for push. Yeah. I'd like to address that for a minute. I don't think you can overestimate the impact of the Great Depression upon that kind of attitude toward historic preservation. Our parents, gentlemen, my parents, some of you, your grandparents, were of that generation of adult, middle-aged adult men at that time. My dad was a very intelligent guy. He was a good citizen. He participated in civic affairs in South Portland. I remember coming home in 1961, or 60, probably early 62, and driving down St. John's Street. And I heard, what? Earth has been going on. The train's not running anymore. So why would you keep it? It was a very utilitarian attitude, I think. And I find it very understandable. I'm an historian, too. I got involved in historic preservation in Connecticut. And not too long afterwards, in 1970, for about three years, trying to save a miltown, or a segment of the town that was miltown, dating back to 1820. And it was interesting. The family mansions, which are all around the hill, of the owners, some of you who know textiles have heard of Chinese silks. It was that time. Yeah, we can say, we ought to save those. They look nice. We got to the mill buildings. Oh, for God's sake. And there was no talk of reuse. The talk was demolition. Then we got to the workers' neighborhoods. You're out of your mind. And again, I do think it's that, you know, if it's not being optimally used every little bit, and I think a lot of the young men are in great depression, for what that's. I'm glad you brought that up, because that is an important factor. But I think it's changed over the years. Oh, yes! Dramatically. Well, we're a new generation. Yes. Well, one of my sons is an architectural historian, and he is in the University of Tennessee. And one of the reasons he took the job was that they were trying to restore downtown, and they wanted to know what to tear down. And he came in, and he said, this is an important building designed by the important architect, et cetera. And they listened to him. They said, well, what do we do with it? And that was repurposing. And that's what changed that whole, we'll just get rid of it, because they could see ways of repurposing the building and adding a little glamour to it. Certainly, I think by the mid-70s, there was much more concern, and because a number of brothers coming in, and there was much more concern with the presentation. And the bicentennial. Yes, bicentennial. People started. And then also, as you said, the landmarks, people could convince the city that it could be an advantage, a tax advantage to restore. Ooh, yes. So let's go ahead and preserve, because maybe it'll bring in money. But that took time to convince. There was a period when the radicals in the landmarks were demonstrating and standing in front of the bulldozer, and so forth. And apparently that was the case of Carol, for the Carol mansion. And they were buying, they run the reserve of the building, which was about to be torn down near 75 State Street for a parking lot. And they demonstrated that some were arrested. But then they kind of changed their tactics and their approach. And there were much more quietly persuaded dinners and seating people at crucial places at dinners which could influence the city falls. Yeah. I have told you, and I'm getting tired of hearing myself say it, so maybe this is the last time I'll tell people. I was one of several pre-teens. Oh, I'm not sure how old I was. We'll put pennies down on the track of the last passenger train into port. And it was very stern, very sad, and I think we were self-motivated. Something had to take us, but I don't think it was organized. But it was sad. Yes, absolutely. Thank you. Thank you, everybody, and thank you, Kevley, for a very interesting talk. We look forward to it.


So firstly, thank you for coming to the session. Either you guys are really tired of Venkat, who's doing a talk on the other side, or Henryk is so boring. But anyway, so thanks for coming along. Is anyone here that was at the talk that I gave in the management conference? No? OK. Because some of the examples I'm going to put up, we're discussed at the management conference talk that I gave. But there is more from a perspective of how managers can deal with this. But this is going to be more at a technical level. We're going to fly at different altitudes, some quite high up, some quite low down. And we'll see where this takes us. So who am I? I'm Aslam Khan. I'm from South Africa. I live in Cape Town, being paid to write software for about 20 plus years now. Not always successful in doing it, but fortunately, they still gave me a paycheck. Now, for the past eight to 10 years, I've been an independent consultant, basically. My blog is just fluctuating. This is just terrible. My blog is at f3yourmind, or freeyourmind.net. If you have kids that are struggling to sleep, you can point them to that. It helps. And if you want to get hold of me on Twitter, that's where you'll get hold of me. Is it fine? Just carry on? OK. So I'm going to walk you through a few case studies. These are companies that I've worked with. I've blurred a lot of the images, et cetera. That's irrelevant, actually. And we're going to walk through some things. And this is going to be things that I've observed over the last few years, many years. And I've been trying to pull out a particular thread to see if there is a common thread across all of them. And it's software that has spanned many years, regardless of what generation we were actually developing the software in. So some of it is client service. Some of it is desktop apps. Some of it is web apps. Some of it has now started going into this cloud stuff and things like that. So I'm just trying to look and see what are the common patterns or patterns are wrong with. Common things that I've just observed. So the first one is, this is freaky. The first one is what I've called the impris new clothes.


So thank you very much for the invitation and the opportunity to present my work here today. And so I'm going to talk about two topics. One is explain briefly what this new large delimit of matrix models is and how it relates to SYK in particular. And the second is some applications of it and in particular to the study of phase diagrams of large N matrix quantum mechanics. So the talk really is in three parts. After general introduction, this largely in the phase diagrams. And the last part I will do most of it on the blackboard because I found it clearer to draw diagrams and graphs on the blackboard. All right. So let me just remind you very briefly the chain of developments over the last year also. So first of all, we found a class of models based on large N from unix systems with quench disorder, the so-called SYK models which were studied originally in the contents matter literature by Sashdev and George and Parcolet and so on and so forth. And these models very surprisingly turned out to display features that are expected for quantum black holes, in particular this chaotic behavior and the saturation of the bound but also the quasi-normal behavior and so on and so forth. So that was very interesting but also very surprising because clearly nobody at least no string theorist would have thought of looking at this sort of quench disorder models, fermionic quench disorder models to describe black holes. Then Witten proposed that, or remark, make the nice remark that actually there's another class of models which is going to display very similar physics as SYK just because the structure of the Feynman diagram is very similar. And these are the large N tensor models. And based on the tensor model technology developed by Burot and Rivasso and many other people, you can show that the leading large N diagrams have the same structure as in SYK. And so eventually you expect to find very similar physics. So this is sort of very interesting. The tensor models have the great advantage over quench disorder models in the sense that they are genuine quantum theories including at finite N. You don't have an averaging over Hamiltonian in these cases. You have a fixed Hamiltonian so it's really a genuine quantum theory at finite N and you can, in particular, study quantities that are not necessarily self-averaging and it makes sense. So that's very nice. However, both models, quench disorder or tensors, are quite exotic from the point of view of stream theory. It's clear that we've learned, especially via the open closed string duality, that the models, the quantum mechanical models that we expect to be good to describe quantum black holes are matrix models. And the reason for the fact that matrix models really are singled out in stream theories is very, very simple. It's just the idea that open strings have two endpoints and each of these endpoints carry shamp-a-ton factors which are essentially the two indices of matrices. So it's very, very difficult to find a similar interpretation for tensors or from three or higher and I have no idea how a tensor model could be embedded in any way in stream theory or make the link with standard holography which is based on using really open strings and D-brains, et cetera, et cetera. So it's really matrix models that one would like to study in my opinion and at least before this SYK era that's what people have been trying to do for many, many years in spite of the lack of very precise analytical tools to study the models in the regime one would like to consider. So let me be a little bit more precise about the kind of models that stream theory have been singling out. So these are models essentially that originates from D-brain constructions and all the precise stream theory constructions starts from a picture like this where you have a set of D-brains which eventually will be replaced by some closed string background in the large end limit. And the theory that lives on the brains is a matrix theory just because of what I said in the previous transparency because open strings attached to the D-brains carry these two indices at their end points. So they must be studied in the large end limit and is there a pointer actually or this is a laser, I guess this is a laser, good. So they need to be studied in the large end limit first of all and the basic degrees of freedom that you always find in these theories this is the basic ingredient that you have in all models they are bosonic matrices xij which carry an additional index mu corresponding to the motion of the brains transverse to their world volume. Okay so this is an ingredient that you have in absolutely every brain construction so this is a very important ingredient that you need to have in all these models. Good. So now this being said, I felt this very brief introduction let me talk about something that looks very very different very unrelated but to me was very important development at least at the level of intuition is the work by M. Paranetal which was also followed by series of interesting papers by Minoalan collaborators where these people have studied the large space-time dimension limit of classical general relativity. And this is much less trivial than what might have thought at the beginning because it turns out that there is of course a huge simplification in this limit which is due to the fact that the gravitational law is a power law and the power is proportional is essentially linear in the number of space-time dimension which means that the gravitational field decays very very quickly in large dimensions. So when you have a black hole, a very large number of dimensions all gravitational effects are localized very near the horizon. This of course simplifies dramatically the analysis because you can zoom into this region but in spite of the simplification, this authors shows that you keep all the fundamental non-trivial features of black holes. For example, you can compute the quasi-normal spectrum in the large D expansion and the results are non-trivial. You can study non-linear effects too like you can work out how the collision of black holes go in this approximation and all this is very non-trivial and described quite accurately in this approximation. So that's a very interesting idea that large D, large number of space-time dimension in general relativity, is simplifying a lot but still keeps the underlying physics untouched apparently. You can still describe what you want. And to me, it provided the motivation to study the large D limit of matrix quantum mechanics where now what is this capital D? Well, it would be from the point of view of the brain constructions the number of dimensions that are transverse to the brains from which you built your holographic correspondence. So you have capital D, so the number of dimensions of the brain world volume will be kept fixed. It could be one, two, three, this is fixed but the number of transverse dimensions is capital D and this will be taken to be very large. So we've seen before that the models contain matrices X which are labeled by this index Q that goes from 1 to D so at the end of the day everything boils down to studying models of this sort. So you have a Lagrangian with a kinetic term here I am looking at the example of quantum mechanics but it could be a field theory, I would replace this kinetic term with some wave operator that doesn't change the discussion and you have a bunch of interaction terms and the interaction terms here I'm writing them in a very very generic way. There are traces of a bunch of X's and of course the mu's must be paired 2 by 2 in order for the model to be invariant under the rotation group transverse to the brain.  So this is very very generic, this is a very large class of matrix models that you might want to study. Now you want to go to the large n limit and the usual large n limit of course is defined by keeping the couplings Tb here fixed. This is the so-called Toft scaling. So this is true because I've been careful to normalize the Lagrangian with a factor of n in front so the usual Toft scaling with this normalization is indeed that the Tb are kept fixed. So that's well known, that's the large n limit that we want to take in any case we want to go to the planar limit. What about large d? Well the large d limit is, there is one simple way to consider it. It's just by using the intuition we have from vector models. So vector models have been studied for many many years, I think the techniques to solve them have been known in the 80s already and so you can of course when you have matrices with this additional index mu you can consider them as being vectors built of matrices and you can say okay now I'm going to some sort of mixed limit both the planar limit of matrix model and some large d limit of vector model. Okay it's not difficult and doing this is simply taking the Tb fixed at large d2. So the large the standard vector model large d limit the scaling if you put the d in front here is Tb fixed. Okay so large n, a lot of this Tb fixed, large d standard vector model like is also Tb fixed and not surprisingly when you do that it's an interesting approximation to consider you get an expansion for example of the free energy of this kind so you have a double expansion the expansion in powers n to the 2 minus 2g where g is the usual genus of the Feynman diagram and then you also have a sum over inverse powers of d d to the 1 minus l that corresponds to the large d expansion nothing here is surprising. So the mu's are pairwise contract. Yes absolutely so the particular pairwise contraction that you consider would define a particular interaction okay I didn't indicate it here you have many possibilities and one gives you a particular term. And the scaling does not depend on the order of the model. Sorry I didn't. The scaling does not depend on the order of the monomial because you expect the more contraction you have the more. So in the vector model like scaling everything is very simple you just have this d in front and this is an odd invariant term so d does not enter here anymore. So that's it. S I think the question was about the order. So S is anything. S is the order of the interaction. That's I think. Okay that's okay you can include interactions you know S equal to is the quartic term you can have six ticked terms anything you know this is completely general here. Sorry. What is the interpretation of l? l so l counts in the expansion at large d. Okay so you have a double expansion the genus counts at large n l at large d. You have also an interpretation for l it's the number of loops of bubbles for those who knows how the Feynman graph expansion of vector models goes you have a dual the drawing of the diagrams in terms of loops of bubbles and l counts the loops of bubbles. Okay so these are all well known. Fine so it looks like we have some nice approximation to matrix models by mixing up these two ideas of large n matrix models and large d vector models. However this is a very boring maybe not so surprisingly. This when you do this essentially what you get is vector model physics and one intuition that you can have that allows you to understand this is because the large n and the large d limits when you define them in this way actually commute. So you can take first the large n limit let's say restrict yourself to planar diagrams and then take large d which reduces even more the number of planar diagrams that you have considering or you could do the other way around. Fix n take first large d then you have these trees of bubbles if you like at leading order and then if you like take the large n to restrict to planar trees of bubbles but of course since you can take n first sorry if you can since you can take d first to infinity this is done the usual vector model like way and the large d model at fixed n is essentially a model with a very large number of vectors if you like each element of the matrices are vectors but apart from that you don't get anything really interesting it's a normal vector model physics with additional decorations if you like due to the indices. How do you contract these indices? You use the metric right? No no no so oops sorry no so here you have an odd invariant quantum mechanics or model. Yeah but how do you contract the indices? The space time indices. So the mu's it's odd invariant so so it's just delta function I mean it's a you could use the metric the metric which is delta delta this is quadratic plus multi-trace right in the large dimension that's why it's not multi-trace so here it could be multi-trace but here I have been looking only at single trace interactions. No no no this is a trace in n but from the point of your large d it's multi-trace. That's why it was confused by the fact that the scaling is always the same. Yeah that is e you always you always couple two indices together. So let me write down sorry let me write on there is really nothing here so let me write down an example two examples. Every sum of d is like a trace in d. If you like yeah so you could have this is one interaction okay so if n equal one let's say you go to the vector model limit that would be the completely standout x to the fourth vector model this is the first probably one that people have studied this od vector model okay n equal one this gives that now you have another possibility because n will not be one for me which would be a contraction of this. I'm saying from the point of your d all of them are all these are all multi-trace. If you like that's that's always the case I mean that that's you know this is x4 you know if you have one vector the interaction is x to the fourth x to the sixth so you could call that multi-trace because it's x squared. You can use other higher tensors and then you will have no trigger interactions in the d direction. No so we can discuss but no I think there's nothing here that you can do you cannot do anything and if you want od invariance that's the most general thing you can you can do all right fine so this is a little bit disappointing of course maybe not surprising because it's not easy to find a good approximation to the sum of planar diagrams but still I had this idea of n-paran in my head so I sort of believed that something could work here I don't know why this is doing this way all right so how to go around this problem and the idea is actually as follows the problem we have is clearly that the large d limit defined in the ordinary way do not include enough diagrams okay you get rid of too many diagrams at leading order so maybe an idea is to improve the situation by enhancing enhancing some of the couplings in the large d limit that is to say instead of taking large d at fixed tb let's now consider a scaling of this sort where tb is d to sum power g of b where g of b will be some number which can be strictly positive times lambda b and let's continue consider the limit of large d at lambda b fixed okay that's maybe naive on the first step but that's sort of natural I want to keep more diagrams so that the limit is more interesting so this is clearly a way to do it fine naively of course if you sit down and think about it a few seconds it looks impossible it looks very naive indeed if one enhance a coupling in a scaling like this diagrams that were that contain a very large number of vertices of this of the of the enhanced type which had some particular power of d in the standard scaling we now have a new power of d which can be arbitrary large and if you consider diagrams with you know an infinite at the end of the day number of these insertions they will blow blow up and so the largely limit does not exist so that's that's that's a very obvious remark that you can make which means that the tough scaling really is very delicate you know the typically with the tough scaling if you enhance couplings the limit does not exist anymore and if you diminish the scaling then the limit becomes completely trivial so it's dedicated to have a scaling where you actually keep enough diagrams to make an interesting limit and it looks like we are very constrained here however and that's so the main point of the first part of my talk that's the main result I want to point out the fact is that form vector matrix model there's a remarkable feature that holds and that saves the day it turns out that the powers of d and of n in a given diagram are not independent they're related so that's the completely new result I think that was absolutely not realized before that there's an interrelationship between n and d let me give you a rough intuition of why this could be the power of d in a diagram is related to the number of loops that you can made of the od lines you know the lines of od indices the more loops you have the more powers of d you have on the other hand the power of n is related to the genius of the surface on which you can draw the graph know it's clear that the number of loops that you can draw on a remand surface of genius G is sort of constrained by the genius so it's not so surprising that you might get a relation between the power of d and the power of n okay so that's at the level of intuition I'm going to make very precise statements very soon but first so let me give you the result in a more precise way so and I'm going to do that on examples for those of you who want the precise recipes come after the talk but on examples so here I've drawn I have I'm considering four three so a free typical interaction terms that you might want to contemplate so what is the precise rule to actually compute this number G of B which is called the genius of the interaction it has nothing to do with the genius of the final diagram so first of all for term of this sort it turns out that the genius of the interaction is zero okay boring so this I cannot do anything with with a with an interaction like that if I include it it will be like a vector model there's nothing you can do with it however with this guy it turns out that you can enhance the coupling with G of B equal one half so you can insert an additional square root of D in your Lagrangian in front of this term and it will still make sense in a way that I'm going to make more precise in a couple of minutes for this guy the genius would be one so you could put a factor of D enhancement in front of the company okay and here I've just drawn you know this would be the fat graph representation for a term like this this is the fat graph representation for this term you see that the odd loops the odd lines here do not cross and here's a cross so it's clear that the way you can draw them on the remand surface will be different and that's why you can have different rules here so now here is the precise result with this rule you can show that the highest power of D for planar diagrams is actually D so even though I have enhanced the coupling for example of this guy for remand for a planar diagram I still cannot possibly build diagrams that have a power greater than D what does that imply immediately for the old scaling for the old vector model like scaling an obvious consequence of this is that these vertices actually could not contribute in the planar limit if they could contribute in the planar limit then you could add them and have the limit blow away okay so so consequences that indeed they cannot contribute in the ordinary vector model limit but no they will contribute at leading order but the contribution is tamed more generally in models with un cross un symmetry so this is valid even for air mission models now in models where you would have a un cross un symmetry you can extend this result to any genus and the result is that the highest power of D of a diagram of genus G is D to the power one plus G so there is an upper bound on the power of D for fixed genus in other words the large D limit at fixed genus will exist okay so that's the main result technical result and now this is the new how the new expansion looks like you still have the usual large n expansion and at fixed genus now you can expand at large D with the new scaling so in the new scaling the expansion parameter is one over square root of D and the highest power at fixed G as I said is is one plus G and of course I'm sorry this n should be a D okay this is the large D expansion so that's a very bad T for okay so this here it's a D to the power one plus G minus L over 2 okay it's the large D expansion and G here is the old genus so G is the genus of the Riemann surface of the Feynman diagram the usual one so this this is correct everything is correct here except this n that should be a D sorry about this so Frank if you think of x new as a tensor do you get one or far as one? So ask again in two minutes after a couple more transparencies so what about taking n equal what about taking D n squared oh that wouldn't work that wouldn't work so the limit would not exist then if you take D equal n squared all right so crucial property of this new large D limit they do large D and large n now do not commute okay if you want to take this new large D at fixed n it's clear that you can consider diagrams of arbitrarily high genus and those can have arbitrarily high powers of D so the large D limit at fixed n do not exist but if you first take the large n limit let's say you restrict to planar diagrams this is the leading order then the new large D limit exists and you get a new one over square root of D expansion of Feynman diagrams so sorry okay so the result of all these tricks is that you get a new sort of approximation to the sum of a planar diagrams that is associated with large D but which contains much more diagrams than what you would get in a vector model like large D and what this new diagrams are well there are melons or generalized melons which makes the link with syk and tensor models okay so you're getting here again if you like it's a third way to get again the same sort of general structure of melons or generalized melons of Feynman diagram in a systematic expansion at large D for matrix models so the main bonus of course is that we are not dealing with completely standard matrix quantum mechanical or field theoretical models okay you don't need to go to exotic quench disorder or tensor models it's completely standard matrix models in a new systematic expansion at large D from that point of view it's not surprising that you would get black hole physics out of this set of Feynman diagrams since they are precisely coming in models coming in in models that string theory have been telling us for many years that they should be describing black holes there was a question yes so the Lagrangian okay I could come back the Lagrangian is a completely general od symmetric matrix model take anything and I gave you the rules not in details because I didn't really tell you how you compute this g of b but there's a rule the mathematical rule any model you give me any matrix model which is od invariant so you have matrices x mu maybe you have x mu y mu z mu okay of course I didn't say that but it's obvious you can have flavors of matrices maybe some of these matrices are bosonic others are fermionic that doesn't enter into these arguments anything so okay let me come back then okay here it is here it is okay so you have a kinetic term I wrote it for quantum mechanics you could do field theory of course I could write here a kinetic term for higher dimensional field theory and then any interaction i b of x and here I restricted myself to a single trace interaction I could actually also do the discussion for multitrace interaction that will be done in a paper that will appear very soon and why does that only have balance so in the large deal in the new large d limit that I have defined it turns out that the leading diagrams are melons or generalized melons why okay I can I can you can read the paper you can prove that okay so that's the result I don't I don't give the proof here but that's the result right they are allowed in three indices so they look like that they look like because you have these three indices but they're not it's both like tensors and with addition some additional ingredients but you can prove it okay that's the result that's the the new result and something confusing because in the tensor models d is equal to n is taken to infinity yes and they have the same symmetry you're saying that n has to be taken first yes yet you end up with the same diagram only at leading order only at leading order yes because the leading order for d equal n is matching here the leading order when you take first n to infinity and then d to infinity that's not hard to tell I can I can give you d that's not very hard to understand that's not surprising so you mentioned something about the higher dimensional theories yes how do you investigate if you can get any strong interacting we started it's sort of hard we're not there yet I will I don't know if I will have time but even for the quantum mechanical example I would like to mention that many things actually are still not understood so all right so let me try to maybe go a little bit faster okay this this was okay so the the last remark it was that you know I I think the reason to me why syk is relevant to black hole is really from what I just said that the same structure of diagrams can actually also show up in in this context of matrix quantum mechanics and then there's no surprise that this could describe black holes okay another bonus I can mention briefly is that it's possible to deal with the planar limit of Hermitian matrix models so where you just have one un symmetry not un cross un so that's very unlike tensor models where you need a un symmetry per index okay otherwise the large n limit does not work and this is something you can do precisely because you take first large n so you first go to planar and then large d so that's an additional sort of bonus compared to the usual tensor model even though a lot of the underlying techniques are similar but that's a new a new thing to my to my knowledge that's the only way to actually reduce the symmetries of these models and still having a limit that makes sense the new large d limit let me mention that very briefly is consistent with linearly realized supersymmetry so the large d scaling that you have to take actually commutes with supersymmetry so supersymmetry relates different interaction terms so you have to check that the way it relates this interaction terms is consistent with the rule to assign powers of d to the couplings and that's working that is okay so you can study also supersymmetric models in values number of dimensions zero plus one but also one plus one and two plus one sorry the twist says that you don't have arbitrary trace i guess you you must take the one which appeared in Jungian so four if you take no so up to four super charges i can have arbitrary traces because it's like a super potential yeah and so i think the most interesting models in this class are probably models with four super charges which are very hard to study with ordinary techniques but which are known to be actually the most interesting so you know it's sort of nice maybe that these are the one that are also natural here you know so so yeah so you can be much more general and i think they are the most interesting for the physics point of view so this is for the future but they are there okay just to a very briefly answer a question by Kostas with how is it related to gyro scaling etc so it turns out that this idea of enhancing coupling if you like came back to many people but in particular there's a very nice paper by Karossan Tanasa in 2016 which was then used by Klebanov and Tarponowski last December where also they used this idea of enhanced coupling in a very special instance in a very special case now just to mention it very briefly this is a work essentially that will be i think published soon done with Vincent Rivasso and Guillaume Vallette it turns out that the gyro scaling the standard bonzon gyro Rivasso scaling of general tensor models can be improved in the sense that you can enhance the coupling in a way which is like that so the new scaling the old scaling would be mua fixed now you're going to take lambda a fixed so all the couplings with this degree so-called gyro degree strictly positive will be infinitely enhanced there's a way to do that and what is quite nice is that the the new large and expansion of tensor models that you get in this way is the diagrams are no classified by a new quantity so the traditional quantity in tensor models is the the gyro degree i don't want to explain many details what it what this is but let me just tell you that the leading graph graphs of degree zero which are also called super planar intuitively there are graphs that are essentially defined by the property that whatever way you draw them on the surface they always planar which means that you know to draw a graph on a surface you need to pick at each vertex a cyclic ordering of the lines incident to the vertex so here you have many lines because you have all these tensor indices the gyro degree graph the degree zero graphs are those that whatever cyclic ordering you choose they always planar okay so this is the gyro degree now with the enhanced scaling large and scaling that we're considering the the gyro degree is replaced by what we call an index and the index zero graphs are different the index zero graphs are as follows when you have a tensor with our indices you can always pick two of them and forget about all the others that define a matrix model the graph associated with the tensor model can then be written as a standard fat graph just keeping you know the lines the strands associated with the two indices that you've picked for each such choice you just have a genus associated with the diagram no take any possibility pick any two indices you find a genus for each choice same over all this genera this is the index okay so it's very natural in some sense it's like testing all the possible ways to make matrix models from a tensor and you sum all the genera that result that's the index and so the graph that dominates of index zero are the graph for which the matrix model graph that are associated two are always planar whatever way you define the notion of matrix by picking up two indices all right so this will be published soon too all right in the last 20 do you have questions so this ends the first part of the diagrammatic large n large d part now i would like just to discuss very briefly the sum of the applications and in particular applications to the phase diagram of the models so we now have a vast class of models that you can that we can study and they are not exotic at all okay so the simplest one would be something very similar to syk or some generalization by sash death you consider a hamiltonian of this sort based on matrices psi mu which are direct fermions so they are really quantized by just deciding that they satisfy this standard anti commutation relations okay very basic and and very natural hamiltonian to look at the crucial new ingredient is that we're going to take large n so planar but also large d with the square root of d here that enhanced the interaction and capital lambda capital m will be the two parameters and they will be kept fixed okay so this is an example of a matrix quantum mechanics that you can study other example bosonic so you take a hamiltonian with bosons and an interaction similar to this one this is an unstable model it turns out you can check it's not too hard to check that an interaction trace of x mu x mu x mu is not stable you can find directions where the the term can be arbitrarily high arbitrarily low but you know that at large n and stable models still make sense so you can consider it you can also consider bosonic stable models for example this is a very nice interaction x mu x rho x mu x mu x rho x mu which is manifestly positive definite because essentially it's the square of her mission matrix here so this is very well and well defined so why don't you take the commutator squared in the second so commutator squared is not good because it will mix so that's an unfortunate situation it will mix x mu x mu x mu it will mix these two terms no sorry it's equivalent to the first one because you only keep the dominant one you understand no so the the second one it depends how then the problem is then that the large descaling of these two will not be the same so you cannot keep the commutator structure if i was very brief but if you remember this cannot be enhanced okay so the large descaling here will be standard vector model like this this one can be and should be enhanced if you don't enhance you get vector model physics not interesting but then if you enhance it they don't play the same role and they no longer appear as a commutator squared and of course you can do super symmetric models with two or four supercharges taking for example a super potential of this sort which no will of course yield a stable model if you take a super potential of this sort the potential will be actually this term and you will have additional fermionic terms so we've we are now studying all these guys and it turns out that very little is known about these models what is their phase diagram what are their properties six months ago i think nobody would have even dreamt of being able to say anything reliable about these guys in the strong coupling region okay so it's a completely new arena to play and even it turns out that even for the fermionic models that look very much like syk so the the first Hamiltonian i draw there are very big surprises and i hope i have time maybe yes to describe briefly what these are and so this is a work that is a non-near completion with tetsuo azeyanagi in brusseuse and fidelschapposnik in sel so let me just give you the intuition of the parameter space or the phase diagrams of these models what do you expect okay so we have three parameters of course you could have more more complicated guys but the the basic physics is captured with these models with three parameters so you have the mass okay which gives just the the frequencies of the harmonic oscillator limit of the model of the weekly coupled limit of the model you have a coupling lambda and the temperature all this free i choose to be of dimension of a mass okay or of an energy so really the dimensionless parameters you have only two and i will call them little m which is capital m divided by lambda little t capital t divided by lambda i use that because of course the model with capital lambda is zero is trivial it's just a harmonic oscillator okay so capital lambda will never be zero maybe you can set it to one that set the scales and then you have really two interesting parameters temperature and m so what is this plane what does it look like it has different regions first you have this region up here which is large t at fixed m okay and fixed m could be m equals zero if you take m equals zero this is actually syk so this regime is the perturbative regime where the Feynman graph that are used in syk to eventually go to strong coupling after summation are defined okay syk it's also defined perturbatively to start with because it's based on Feynman diagrams so the Feynman diagrams of syk the perturbation theory corresponds to this regime here but of course you have another regime perturbative regime which is actually more standard i would say which is the standard textbook perturbation theory of a model of very large m at fixed temperature so this would be the standard perturbation theory that you have in textbook around the fork vacuum so this is where you know the mass of the harmonic oscillator if you like term is very high the coupling is very small so you perturb with a standard propagator around the fork vacuum and and you do that and this would be this region here but you're sorry you know salate mass is the same for all the salators yes because of OD environment this is non-Kamma not Kalmogorov or another regime so it's not integrable and chaotic for any in classical dynamics it's chaotic for 50 it's chaotic yeah it's chaotic because come cannot be applied and for any small perturbation it is it is it is but it is perturbative in the sense that for example if you want it's not perturbed no in this regime yes if you want to compute the free energy for example okay as function of temperature you do a one-loop calculation you get an extremely precise formula for the free energy that's what i mean by perturbative but you're right if you look at the real-time two-point function even here very far here it will be chaotic so it will it will develop non-perturbative features that will not be captured by perturbation theory but it is perturbative in the sense that you have a very small coupling and in particular to compute any thermodynamic quantity entropy for energy etc i could reliably don't do it in a perturbative expansion even the three-level result would be already precise here that's what i mean but you're right and if i have time i'll come back on what you say do you respect to gay singles or sorry do you respect to gay singles so you could but at leading order that's something i didn't say you don't need because the gauge group rank is n since d is large at leading order all my actions are of order n squared d so a gaging un is a sub leading you know the gaging un will give you ghost terms etc but all these terms know only about the un part not the od part so they give contributions of order n squared which are sub leading in the large d expansion okay so that's a very good point temperature would be zero yes here yes in the large g limit but if you compute the one over d correction you'll start to see this okay it's like you know very well of course okay so you the effective action that you compute will be next n squared d but all the terms coming from the integral over the unitary group this trigonometric Vandermonde etc that will be of other n squared so sub leading at leading order but you could see the effect but that would be a harder calculation we started to think about it but i think it's for later because it's a sort of hard calculation all right so what what what did i say here i'm just saying that there's an effective coupling in this theory which is really the minimum of one over m and one over t okay the one over m is the usual maybe most familiar coupling that governs perturbation theory here but you also have one over t here and the reason that you have that is that of course with fermions the zero mode takes a mass which is proportional to the temperature because of that the large temperature limit for fermions is always weakly coupled and here you can start to see an important difference with bosonic system with bosonic system the large temperature limit is has no reason to be weakly coupled it's classical but it's not weakly coupled for fermionic system it will always be perturbative and that's at the basis actually of the whole syk business because that's how they define the diagrams here fine okay so this is the phase diagram perturbative region here but here a non-perturbative region now in this perturbative region of course you can compute the the entropy is very simple the here it's it would be non-zero because you perturb essentially around zero Hamiltonian so you perturb around the state of maximal entropy so just log two per degrees of freedom here it would be the most more standard perturbation theory where you have just harmonic oscillators so here the the the the entropy would go to zero exponentially fast when the temperature goes to zero as usual the fantastic thing is that in these models you can actually compute the entropy all the way down here to zero temperature which is very strongly coupled so the strongly coupled so i don't explain how to do that because that's not syk you don't have auxiliary fields etc so there's a little bit of technology that i'm not talking about but still you can do things that are similar to syk okay i'm not explaining that but you can compute the entropy in the zero temperature limit little t equals zero that's the result the catalon number divided by five by pi plus one quarter of log two that's a number and numerically you can actually go from very weak coupling to super strong coupling that's a marvelous property of this of these models but you can do it everywhere okay so now this is the puzzle of the phase diagram here here it's not mysterious okay you start from the perturbative regime which already has a non-zero entropy at zero's order you're going to sum up planar diagrams for Feynman diagrams and okay you do that that's syk like things and you go to a non-zero zero temperature entropy with all the syk like physics that we are now starting to be familiar with however if you do it here that's completely different here this is harmonic oscillator physics with a zero entropy at zero temperature and actually exponentially vanishing entropy at zero temperature how can you go then in this direction you know syk is this that's well known well understood what about this what is this part of the phase diagram how do you make the link between ordinary perturbation theory harmonic oscillators and this regime of non-zero entropy at zero temperature okay let me skip that that that that's the what you would have for boson and if you want the answer i think i have i should have five minutes i can draw on the blackboard the answer okay to this to this puzzle so maybe if you can switch off the uh this and i will use i just need one blackboard and i will just give you the answer in this model but that's the basic physics that opens the way to understand the phase diagrams for many more models so you had here n and you had here t okay and i want to understand how i go there let me draw another curve which is the entropy is very useful as a function of mass and i will do that for various temperatures let me do it first for t equals zero so for t equals zero it's the well you have the well known syk like solution generalized to finite m syk would be m equals zero if you like but finally it's just a generalization that sash death actually has studied so that's well known you can draw and that's what you get so here you get this catalan this number is catalan over pi etc and and this is what you get here you get so you increase the mass the entropy diminishes but remarkably so that's one first new feature you realize that the solution ends here at some critical mass so the syk solution like solution actually does not exist for all values of n okay so this is the first crucial feature people have not realized that in the condense matter literature for one reason it's because they studied the model not as a function of the mass but as a function of the charge okay which is the mass is like some chemical potential force on charge okay and if you fix the charge here actually along this curve you get all the possible values of the charge so you don't realize that by doing that you're actually missing a huge part of the of the of the curves on a huge part of what could happen so that's it now second surprise do you have colors yes there is another solution so the schringer-deisen equation turned out to have two solutions not only the syk solution but another one which actually describes this perturbative regime oscillator harmonic like and this guy has zero entropy everywhere for all masses so you have two this guy has zero entropy it has also zero free energy this guy has some entropy and some free energy that you can compute and you can compare and you find there's a phase transition for some m which is not so i shouldn't call that mc let's call that m star there is no an mc here strictly less than m star where this solution becomes more stable than the green solution this mc is here and that's the first order phase transition because you jump from here to there now let me draw the entropy as function of mass so this was for zero temperature let me do it for some finite temperature you will have a curve here which is very similar do i have something to yeah that's okay that's okay i'm almost done okay you do it you find that the curve ends here not finite temperature doesn't go to zero anymore and the green solution still exists but also not for all masses it will do something like that so you still have a regime of parameters where actually two solutions coexist and you have to check out which one is the most stable and again you'll find some critical mass okay so that will be what we are starting to describe here is a line of first order phase transitions in this tn plane now i can keep going still increase the temperature and then the most remarkable feature of the model show up there's a critical point there's a critical point so that's now for t equal some very special temperature tc there's a critical point where this guy ends always like that and now this guy does exactly this and they meet here it means that this line of first order phase transition ends at a critical point which is very much like the gas liquid critical point in the phase diagram of water if you like and then if you go to higher temperature you have no longer two solutions you just have one solution to the Schringer-Daisen equation and this curve becomes a very boring curve monotonically decreasing curve like that which describes this region okay so this is the result this is the phase diagram of this of the model this region was was well known the rest is new and in particular so to come back maybe of what you on what you said that was one of the puzzle i had so here it's very very perturbative still if you turn on a little bit the temperature you expect indeed chaos you expect continuous a spectrum etc this is a finite temperature matrix quantum mechanics so it should have all these features so it's like a black hole here some sort of black hole very low entropy so it will be a super stringy small black hole whereas here it's much more like a holographic black hole large black hole with non-zero entropy so it can it can be extremal etc etc these two things look very very different and indeed in some sense there is a first order phase transition if you want to go from one to the other through this line here on the other hand they are not really different they are both chaotic they both have quasi normal behavior etc in the same sense as liquid water and and gas water are not really different and that's because you don't really have another parameter that distinguishes them and you can actually continuously join the two regions through this path in the parameter space if you like and so this is a way to continuously go from ordinary perturbation theory around the harmonic oscillator to this extremal black hole behavior with macroscopic non-zero entropy at zero temperature my last word is that okay that's interesting for fermions but that's vital for bosons because for bosons you don't have the perturbative regime here that allows you to do like syk if you want to understand systems with bosons you need to start always from a region like here this is the only region where you can define Feynman diagrams and that's why we were stuck for a lot of time in trying to understand the bosonic models because we thought they would be very similar to fermions but no they're actually not because they don't have the syk like perturbation theory and so you need to understand that you can have this very interesting sort of phase transitions in the in the parameter space


All right No, you go ahead go ahead do the American translation. All right, I'll speak Australian and then I'll do American translation Here we are out of the kiddie pool out at Harbour City What he said is I want a happy meal when I Feel lazy today my legs are sore, so we're gonna do some little kid stuff.  No, it's this grip right here. It's the strongest grip really well wrist to wrist is This is a wrist to wrist Gable. Oh, is that Fujitsu? Oh, yeah. Yeah. Oh, there you go Okay, say I'm one and wipe out things, you know, I'll try to do it in a line. All right. You got it right here Little kid line. This is a little kid line. All right. Let's go happy meal right here, bro. You were airborne for like three feet Yeah, the thing that saves them is parkour kids Like it's now Hey, yo heads up for the people in the comments section. If you have bad style when you're mashing We know we know we see it the board side. You got it.  You're good Yeah, you're like six and a half feet tall Yeah We found this train on Google Earth, and I wanted to see if it was a real drain or just Shooty little drain.  Yeah, I know that's fine. No, I messed up.  Aren't you gonna be adding shading anyway? I know there's no mistakes only happy accidents. That's what he says, right? I think so evening mob evening mob.com go and buy something


You've done all the prep work to write a great pitch. Let's get you ready to go present it to whoever's making that decision for you. Welcome back and congratulations on taking one more step towards becoming one of the great leaders of tomorrow. It takes a lot of prep work to make a convincing pitch, but how you present that idea and how you communicate is just as important as the idea itself. Today I've got five tips for you that'll help you make a really clear and convincing pitch when you present it to whoever's making that decision for you. And stay tuned to the end. We're gonna have a few links for you. We're gonna link to the worksheet we used in last week's video to help you do that prep work to be really thorough getting ready for your pitch. And you'll also get a link to our free leadership development guide that'll help you develop a career plan for the next two, five and 10 years and build a plan of action to achieve it. Last week we talked about 10 steps to doing the prep work to create a really convincing pitch. But all that hard work won't matter if we don't present that pitch in a clear and convincing way. So if you missed last week's video there's a link to it in the description below and you can go back and look at that and look at what those 10 steps were to go do that prep work. In this week's video I'm gonna give you five tips that'll help you take all that hard work you did and package it up and communicate in a clear and effective way to whoever it is you're trying to convince to get on board with your idea. Right off the bat you need to get to know your audience. What is their background? What is their real interest in your idea? Where do they come from? What are some of the biases they might have about what you're pitching and the area that you're pitching in? Do they have a technical background? Do they know a lot? Are they an expert in this field? Or maybe you have to do a little bit of hand holding when it comes to the more technical aspects of your presentation. Have you pitched them before? Have you given them presentations before? Do they like to get a bottom line up front at the beginning of the presentation? Or do they like to be led through the presentation though, have that story build up? And you can build up piece of evidence by piece of evidence to get to the end and have them draw their own conclusions. All of these things are important things to know about your audience before you even walk in the door of the presentation. So if you haven't briefed this individual before, if you haven't given them a presentation before or this group before, try to do some research, talk to people who have given them presentations or have worked with them before and see if you can learn a little bit about them so that you can go in with an effective plan and effective structure to your presentation before you even go into the room. Tip number two is be really clear about the purpose of your presentation, about the pitch you're making. When I was in the military, especially by the time I got to the end of my career, I would usually go in to give one of these presentations and I would say, sir, I'm Lieutenant Colonel Jason Laduke. I'm here to talk to you today about whatever the issue was and I'm gonna be presenting you with some courses of action and I'm gonna be asking you to make a decision on which course of action we should pursue going forward. And the reason I did this is that throughout my career, I saw so many presentations where someone would come in, they would start their presentation and about halfway through the presentation, the decision maker would say, I don't understand why I'm here, why I'm getting this presentation. Am I here to make a decision? What is this about? And a lot of times that person would come back and say, well, sir, this is really just a presentation for your information at this time. And that's okay, sometimes it's important to give information presentations but leaders, especially senior leaders, they're very busy and their time is valuable. So what we wanna do when we're making a pitch, we wanna make sure that we're really clear that there's a decision to be made here, that we aren't wasting the individual's time by just giving them information that may or may not be relevant to them at that moment in time. So be really clear about your purpose and be clear up front about what you're gonna be asking for today. You don't have to get into all the details, but if you're gonna be asking for a decision from a decision maker, be clear that, sir, at the end of this presentation, I'm gonna ask you to make a decision. Tip number three is to start with the problem. And I know some people like to do their presentations where they start with the background and then get to the problem, but I've always found it most effective to start with the problem. And just like we talked about last week, not just what the problem is, but who the problem is for, when is the problem going to occur again? Is it a frequent occurrence or is it a rare occurrence?  And the reason we do this is you may have to set the stage where you even prove that there's a problem in the first place, the decision maker you're talking to, whoever you're pitching, may not even understand that there's a problem or may not believe that there's a problem, just like we talked about last week. And so you may have to set the stage by even convincing them that there's a problem to begin with. And so starting with the problem, the whole reason for your presentation, the whole reason for your pitch is a great place to start. Now that you've set the stage, it's time to build your case for the solution for the decision that you're advocating for in your pitch. And there's a lot of different ways to do this. It's almost an infinite number of ways to do this. And honestly, you know a lot better than I do about your audience and the situation and the factors that are involved about how you should go about putting this pitch together. Again, it comes back to who is your audience, who's that decision maker? What do they like to see? How do they learn the best? The situation in your company or organization. So you've got to factor all those things into account. Some sample structures that you might use is to once you've defined your problem, start with the background research you did on how you figured out it was a problem, start with the impacts of the problem after you go through the background research, and then start to talk about the potential solutions and the pros and cons of the solutions and then finally get to the decision. Or you can take a different approach and talk about the people that the problem is affecting how people's lives you've made better by solving the problem and then start to get into the solutions and the impacts and the risks and the resources and all those kinds of things. Like I said, there's really no set way to do this. You've got to decide the best way based on your audience, the situation, other factors. So I could go through a whole list of different ways you can structure a presentation, but you probably know better than I do about what to do, but you want to build that case. The one piece of concrete advice I can give you when you're building your case is to always support your assertions with evidence. So if you're going to claim that your solution is going to cost a million dollars, be prepared to talk about how you got to that number, what costs actually go into it, what the detailed breakdown of those costs are, and where you might be able to cut some of those costs or the risks are if you don't go those costs. But if you say something's gonna cost a million dollars, you really need to be able to support with more than just a gut feeling why you believe it costs a million dollars. Support your assertions with evidence. I can't stress it enough. Last tip I have for you today is to make the ask. All too often I've seen someone give a presentation where they go through a great definition of problem, they go through a great, they build their case in a great way for the solution that needs to come along to solve the problem, and then they get to the end of the presentation and they kind of just peter off and don't make the ask of the decision maker.  And so because I've done it myself, I really want to emphasize you've got to make the ask when you go into these presentations, when you make these pitches, don't let that decision maker leave the room without getting a decision on what you went in there for. Now the decision maker may not be ready to make the decision at that time, especially if there's not an urgent reason, an urgent need to make that decision. So in that case, be prepared to make a secondary ask. And your secondary ask is, sir or ma'am, what are the things you would need us to address before you can make a decision? And when would you like us to come see you again in order to get this decision made? And now you may not get exactly the answers you're looking for, clear, concrete answers of, here are my top five things you need to answer for me. And I want you to come back next Wednesday at 10 a.m. What they may say is, these are the kinds of things you might need to address. I really want to learn more about this and why don't you get with my assistant or my staff to set up a time to come back. But even that's better than just giving the presentation and then just kind of standing there and waiting for the decision maker to say something. So if you're going to make a pitch, like we talked about, be clear up front, I'm gonna be asking for a decision from you today. And when you get to the end, sir or ma'am, I'd like to know what your decision is. So there are your five tips for taking all that hard work you did to prepare for making your pitch and to actually go in and make the presentation. And I know these were very general, these were more mindset before you go in and how you're preparing your pitch and when you're giving the presentation, they aren't nuts and bolts, really strong public speaking presentation skills. So if you have really specific questions about how to build that story, how to build that case to make your pitch or some public speaking tips, feel free to contact us, we'd love to help you out and see if we can give you some of that advice that can really make your pitch pop for whoever that decision maker is gonna be. But I think if you go and you do all the prep work from the last video, you're gonna have all the material you need to go build that case. I know that step was kind of vague in general, but if you do all the prep work, you're gonna have all that information and you're really the one in the best position to decide how do I build this case for the decision maker I'm going to.  If you found this helpful, please like, comment and share it with a friend or coworker. Look in the description below, we've got a couple links for you this week. So the link to last week's video about how to do all that solid prep work before going in to make your pitch is in there. The link to the worksheet that goes along with that video is in there and we've also got our link to our free leadership development plan workbook that'll help you set your goals for the next two, five and 10 years and build a plan of action to achieve them. If you have any business or leadership questions, leave us a comment below, we'd love to hear from you or email us at info at evalgeniusleadership.com. evalgeniusleadership.com is also where you can find about all of our coaching programs, whether that's one-on-one coaching or doing something as a workshop for your company or even some group coaching. So if you're looking to do some development of your leadership style and advance your career, contact us, we'll set you up with a free consultation, we'll figure out how we can help you best. Thanks for watching today. I really appreciate it and remember, the future is out there. Lead the way.