In 2013, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service entered into a cooperative agreement with the South Dakota No-Till Association and IGRO, SDSU Extension, for delivering the latest soil health and productivity technology to South Dakota farmers and ranchers. This event was held in Mitchell. And thank you for the introduction, and it always embraces me when you read all those things. I was, and I watched the Dakota Lake drain, I guess it would be, after the glaciers, but Dan is down to Salina and I talked about taking deep soil samples and I teased him a little bit and said, you can't take anything deeper than two feet in South Dakota because he hit rocks. Then I realized you're out there in that good soil where Beck is farming, and there's some good soils in South Dakota, but it was kind of funny. Then Jerry mentioned that, what, 100 tons of soil loss? Do you know that John Pesic was the Department Chair of Soil Science at Iowa State in, when I was at South Dakota State, about 1970, we met down at Sioux City, four states together. And John Pesic made the comment that we can lose 100 tons of soil and put 100 pounds of nitrogen on and we can grow 100 bushel corn. That's how we felt about erosion at that time. Just unbelievable what we do, and you understand that part, that's Don Robkowski's slide and I like to use that because that's what we're doing is burning up organic matter. And so in my home county, which is south of Lincoln, Sling County, second county north of the Kansas border, 1879, and some guy accused me of being there, but I read this in a book. In Sling County, a county 24 miles by 24 miles, in 1879, had 57,000 acres of corn growing 40 bushel corn. What kind of corn was growing in the 1870s? Open pollinated. And so then in 1889, it was 48 bushel. Can you imagine picking all that corn by hand, 134,000 acres, and that intrigues me too of thinking about that. And so the next highest yield, these are an old soil survey, so I had to yield every tenth a year. And so 29 was the next highest yield of 33 bushel. So things are starting to deteriorate. And so I graduated high school in 1955, 56, and so we're organic farmers. And we cultivated corn four times to mineralize organic matter, and we got rid of organic matter. And so we're really in bad shape, and then I went to college and learned that you could put fertilizer on and start growing crops. And so this soil health thing that we're talking about, what Jerry talked about in that whole thing and where I'm coming from is on the nutrient side, and then on slide he had there in that long-term no-till, more than 20 years that Juca saw put in there, I can use less fertilizer. Now, it doesn't make any sense to me if you're going to be growing better yields and as Beck said, hauling this stuff off and sending it to China, how can you use less and keep the soil in good condition for 100 years or 500 years from now? So we've got to take care of that resource now, and we start with this, and you showed me your app from IP&I, and I stepped my yield goal to 240, so it doesn't quite match what you had. But in IP&I, every bushel corn we take off the land, we're taking off three quarters of a pound of nitrogen, taking off 3,500 or a third of a pound of phosphate, a quarter of a pound of potash, and then 800 to a pound of sulfur and some zinc. But all the other nutrients are there also, and it got all the crops, it got different crops you can do those things for, but just think about that. And we harvested corn from 1870s to 1950s, that's about 80 years, never put anything on except the manure that we fed our cows, when they were milking cows and then hauled that back on the farm, grew some sweet clover, grew some alfalfa, moving the nutrients off all the time and not putting on anything because we sold a lot of the grain at that time. And the trace elements are there also, and so you got, now it's 140 years of farming and we haven't, sometimes we haven't put any of these nutrients on. There's a soil going to run out, and so if we're going to have soil health and we're going to build all this stuff up and do all these grandiose things, I think the fertility is a really important part of that. How are we going to keep these soils going? And then I had a, I spoke yesterday in Carney at a CCA meeting and he said, how are we going to keep, what are we going to do when new old guys are gone and how are we going to get the young people involved in this? And you know, you think about that a little bit and I, my wife was up there a while ago and I said, are you up there? I don't think she's there. She went, oh, there she is, there she is, done chopping already. So, well we had Dr. Nick Ward is working for us in our laboratory, Ward Laboratories in Carney. Nick got his Ph.D. at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln last August and he's got two degrees from K-State, he's a grandson, we've got Chelsea McCullough-Wetz that is getting a two-year agribusiness degree from Community College at Hastings, a granddaughter, and her brother is majoring in agronomy and ag business at UNL and I think what's hope is that he can come work for grandpa also. So that's how we're transitioning our business over and hopefully you guys are doing the same kind of thing. We've got to get these young people involved and I'm going to stay mentoring and try to teach them as fast as I can of answering farmer questions and they can run the business and those kind of things. But these other things kind of really, you think about, you know, most of us think about what are we going to do this year and right now it's really tough thinking about how are you going to make any money this year. But think about how are you going to keep civilization going. Dave Montgomery spoke down at Solina and he had this book on soils and lost civilizations and I think it was a sixth chapter before he started talking about nutrient cycling. And the civilizations, you know, they'd settle in valleys, they'd grow crops in these river valleys and then over time they'd go up the hillsides and erosion and it would kind of kill the whole civilization. Well what was happening was that the bottom lands, they have to harvest crops or food for a long time and don't return the nutrients, the production goes down and so then they would expand out and that's kind of it. So if they would, in China there was communities or civilizations that recycled everything and I think Beck said this one time but if they had guests over their house they were asked to go to the garden and relieve themselves before they went home to keep the nutrients on their farm. That would be fun, wouldn't it sometimes have your guests over and tell them? Well, so this is what deteriorated their land and when Jerry talks, he acts like we're over the hump, we can't come back, it's sometimes a little bit more scary but we did a little land work and then they had to level it, put in some big terraces and put these tiles in so we could farm across the waterways because our equipment's getting bigger, it's on our land down at Western and then you get more of those. I don't know, I remember as a kid we had these kinds of rains all the time with what Jerry's talking about, I don't quite understand but we got one of these haleish rains and you had that erosion so here's the native soil, it probably got about two feet, it's down southeast Nebraska, 18 inches, two feet of good topsoil. Over at Bayard we had a field day, here's about two inches of topsoil left and about eight inches of bee horizon left, rest of it is sea, sea horizon, parent material and that's how a lot of our soils on the slopes look today, we've lost probably, I guess made on our farm, 15, 18 inches of topsoil, average off the hills and now we want to build this stuff back, it's going to take some time to do that but these are the things we look at and the first thing that I look at in starting the no-till farming in the soil health is improving soil structure, you have to do that first and then you can get water in and those kind of things and I just threw this in here to say the soil structure and soil structure is important because it retains, it transports water and nutrients, it retains nutrients and helps to transport water into the soil, it's habitat for microbes and it reduces soil erosion if you have good soil structure, the granular structure in the topsoil and prismatic structure in the subsoil. So here is an example, a crusted soil, about a two inch layer of crust, crop can't get through there. Now Jerry talked about this, it's oxygen, lack of oxygen, so you have this soil sealed and that white, that's sand, so the raindrops pounding on the soil and you're separating the sand, silt and clay and they seal that soil, we call it the crust and in the old days when we did all the tillage where we had this crust and now with keeping the ground covered you protect the soil from the raindrop and our soil is more stable and the water goes in, so you have to stop and do that and that crust, I calculated one time a farmer down in Halstead, Kansas said something that a field day in, so maybe realize that in one gram of soil about that much, if you have the largest clay particles, two microns in diameter, but if you put 5,000 those edge to edge you'd have one centimeter or three eighths of an inch, made a square on that 5,000 times 5,000 is 25 million, you build that up to 3 eighths of an inch cube, you'd have 5,000 times 25 million is 125 billion clay particles in that little tiny place and then you think air can get through that once that seals it can't and so then you have a lack of oxygen for microbes and plants or the roots in the soil and nothing grows, so to get the good soil how started first thing you got to do is build soil structure, so then you get air exchange and do all those things and this is the culprit, so you got to protect the land from the raindrop splash, that's the first thing you got to think of is how do I do that, well it's a land cover here, just make sure you got the land covered all the time and then the cover crop things, we talked a lot about weeds this morning, this is Jody sat off at Hildreth but they were planting cover crop over here in wheat stubble and then they're planting in an angle, had this little skip and he just made a comment the mother nature likes cover crops too and if you don't put something in there she's going to put some weeds in there, in this case a mare's tail and pigweed but out here where we have a cover crop there's not many weeds, so in the soil health thing then in the cover crop thing is how do we get all this other stuff working and of course then the microbes you can see the mycelium here that you can see it's a granular structure and so all these things are working together and I put together a slide here it says I was introduced to no-till planting in the mid-seventies, Kentucky was planting corn in the fescue, they sprayed the fescue with with periquette or whatever the other chemical is and then I had I took another sentence out and I said in my thought process was I was working on Oklahoma State well we don't have fescue in Nebraska so we can't do that you know that's how we think you know and then this guy up there I run this irrigation farm up at Redfield they hired me to go up there and start this research and extension center and then I left and went to Oklahoma State and Dwayne come up there after a while and was doing stuff it was just unheard of kind of crap and I just couldn't believe he could do that and that's that that tillage type thing that is engraved in there but in 92 visiting with Martin Jorgensen at Ideal is when I become convinced that no-till is the way to go and so we've been no-till in our farm since 92 and Ideal South to go to one is that South to go state in the 60s was winter wheat summerfell that was all it was and then he just made a comment that we can't afford to grow wheat and he's growing to continuous crops it's kind of funny residue on the ground maybe realize that this protective soil from the raindrops splash protection of the soil protection as water savings at the start so so you think about that you was you want to save the soil but when you cover the ground right away you start to save water and in that and that's for us that's pretty important then then the next thing I noticed he got in my soil health tool I asked NRCS guy in Lincoln what would be the best soil health tool and he just said tile spade you know take a spade out and look at your soil just you have to look at and that's what I do and of course I did that when I was even at South to go state but that worm activity just intrigued me and then we're trying to get cover crops in there now and there here's a worm and you know in this the worm castings there I caught him doing that got the picture but so how's soil develop you got the worms and and when we have these field days with Kansas or the field trips of Kansas guys and come and spread the trash out and blow and get kind of chaff out of the way you can see all these worm castings right on top of the soil where you have that residue there and and I was talking to a guy from was Keith Thompson from Osage City Kansas about I think I think the soil develops at the at the top not you know and when I was in college you kind of thought that it went down this way but I think the development's a top and he said oh Darwin reported that in the 1880s and why the hell didn't I talk to him and he sent me the paper 1881 Darwin said the reason artifacts sink in the soil is because the worms are putting the soil up on top so that hundred-year-old house or the sidewalk sink and know the soils build up so you have to have worm activity in in areas where we have worms you have to have the worm activity to get that soil to build until age taking the residue off in none of that's there so you got to keep the keeper protected by this all health is keeping everything fed and it's been alluded to a lot of times now my tenant we're on a 50-50 lease and and we've been doing the cover crop and he's been watching that so he's doing some now and it's on these other land and he had corn stock cows and corn stocks cows and cover crop and you and I didn't ask him this question but he said he wanted to get the cows home because there's no storm coming in and I was too kind to him and say what in the hell do you want to do that for because I've learned that your cows can stand to the graze and Beck showed the pictures there I'm grazing in the snow so buddy buddy had a couple bales in the truck and they went out in this corn stocks and the cows just following through the corral got him home he went over to the cover crop field is pretty much broadly Nebraska's and the cows just looked at him he said he had a heck of a time getting them in the crowd to get them loaded and then he took them home and they wouldn't even look at those bales when you got them in the in his home yard so and so that's that's feeding and corn stocks is not a very good feed compared to fresh roots growing in the soil so so that's where the cover crop thing comes in because you're feeding that microbes and then if we mine the nutrients out of the soil and do not replace them soil health declines and you know we can grow nitrogen we got 79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen so we got things that can fix nitrogen but we don't get any free phosphorus or potassium we're on down the line we don't even get a free sulfur anymore in Nebraska that's important but so what I'd like to do in a little bit of time we got is go through some of the soil tests and what would be an ideal soil test to have to have good soil health because I think you need to you need to look at the fertility part to make sure and and here neutral at pH 6 2 to 7 2 if you could be in that range that's kind of ideal pH you don't have to have a narrow range it can be a whole unit apart if you're very acid I don't know if there'd be any soils like that I got one on our farm it's 4.9 and I don't know it got so damn low but the so we have so we have some of that and we've been liming it too in the moderate of the acid and then Alkohon 7 3 to 7 8 cut a lot of those in South Dakota then very Alkohon 7.9 8.4 if your pH is above 8.4 you got real problems and we'll talk about sodium a little bit later but so if you could be if you're acid to break it the lime up and had a gentleman asked me swarming out of pH 8 how do I drop that I don't worry about it the you can't and I did I calculated one time if you had 4% calcium carbonate in your soil to a foot deep and take 16 tons of elemental sulfur to neutralize that a lime you just can't change it so so that you need to maybe put a little bit of sulfur on all the time except we got some real high sulfur test to see you have to kind of know but if in the high pH only have the calcareous soil the free lime when you get wet conditions a lime starts to dissolve and you get bicarbonate ions bicarbonate moves into the plant precipitates iron in the plant and makes it yellow iron chlorotic they've said it's iron deficient but it's got but those yellow plants have more iron in them than the green plants and so I know that the plants getting that iron it's getting iron in there but it's been precipitated by the bicarbonate so the other thing that mass flows in is sulfate so you put sulfur on and now you got sulfate and bicarbonate going in and you have less bicarbonate going in and that alleviates some of the iron corrosive problem if you have these high pH's so if you have a high pH you know 30 probably 100 pounds 150 pounds of ammonium sulfate may be a good source of a of a sulfur fertilizer do that but on the other soils and it's a little easier to take care of then the buffer pH if you do have pH is here very acid or in that 5 1 to 5 so I tell guys in the 5 1 to 5 6 you know you're going to have to lime you maybe don't have to do it this year but you got to get get ready to do it but when you're below when you're 5 1 or below 5 1 you really need to be putting lime on and we determine that but with the buffer pH and the buffer measures total acidity where pH measures active acidity so the pH measures the hydrogen ions out in the soil solution and then there's hydrogen ions setting on the exchange complex we can't exchange capacity they're sitting on there and the buffer pH comes along and it scrapes those hydrogens off of the exchange complex puts in a solution and the more hydrogen there that it scrapes off it lowers the buffer pH so every one-tenth of a unit drop in the buffer pH it says it needs four-tenths ton of lime to that's how much hydrogen's in there four-tenths a ton of lime would neutralize that that amount of hydrogen so you take 7 minus a buffer pH times 4 and that equals tons of 100 percent lime or four-tenths a ton of effective calcium carbonate is what ECC stands for then you divide that by the effect if it's 60 percent effective you divide by 0.6 to get the rate of lime you put on if you're leasing your land lime is a capital expenditure and in probably in Southeast Nebraska we've been using six years I pay for the lime upfront and then I charge half of the lime cost back to the tenant over a six-year period it's kind of how we're doing that and and that's something you need to think about because if you have if you put the lime on and you pay for it and then the guy gets rid of you you need to have in the lease that you get paid for however many years of that lime and probably in South Dakota I use maybe eight eight years instead of six but how do you want to do that but it's something that needs to be considered soluble salts and I like we read soluble salts on every sample because it does a couple of things for us and and if you have a if you have that white stuff around some of the lower areas you know the salts you know those and we can we can detect those and and the other thing that if we have this point one the point seven five no crop hazard EC can be an indicator of soil life remember mineralization in organic matter mineralization if you're kicking out some nitrate and some sulfate out of the organic matter that would be detected as the EC and if it's less than point one you can be sure you have a pretty dead soil and and so that's why I use the point one point seven five to one point five reduction sensitive crops and most of our crops and fall in a here moderate yield reduction if you're above one point five and we see we see those up the in this Mitchell area or in the southern part of South Dakota where we get samples we'll have some up above three even in those high really high sulfur tests and some of that kind of stuff as they go on this stuff you got any questions why please please ask as we're going along this is organic matter we talked about a raisin organic matter and I know Anthony had a deal in his talk this morning on the carbon nitrogen ratio he was talking about the the residue or the not the residue but the crop the cover crop and what its ratio should be if it's 24 to one or less it will start releasing nitrogen for the crop but in the soil the carbon nitrogen ratio is closer to 10 to one so so here we're getting one percent organic matter then in six and six or seven inches soil one percent organic matter it would have a thousand pounds of nitrogen 220 pounds of phosphate 140 pounds of sulfur and all the other nutrients and you know they get a lot lower concentration but understand the reason we talk about organic matter being so important is it has all the nutrients in it when the when the pioneers broke the land broke our side they got all the nutrients out of that organic matter and now we're trying to put it back together and so if you just do N and P and you need something else you're not going to build organic matter and I think the guys that that put on farmyard or or composted manure or the perfect blend of Jerry mentioned that supplies all the nutrients because that was all in that manure now understand that when we eat whatever we ate for lunch today we eat that to get the energy out of it to maintain our bodies bodies life we our cells replace minerals but we don't retain minerals and so all the minerals that we ate today goes out in the sewage system in the case of humans in the case of animals we call it manure and so all the nutrients that you take off your land all those plant nutrients and some others is when the when the animals eat that almost all that is treated back out in the manure so the manure needs to go back on the land and I think those guys are using manure or compost have a lot better time increasing soil health than those that don't because we don't get all the nutrients but back that is in the farmland manure but understand this if the guys increase organic matter one percent you increase what two percent or one and a half percent and so you've increased the nitrogen that much in your soil and that's not from poor nitrogen fertilizer on that's from cover crops and in a good rotation and legumes in the rotation all that and then the residual nitrate and ask Anthony about that we just you know the Haney test in the soil health test we got the Haney Haney ignored the subsoil nitrate which kind of disgusts me but but so we're changing our our soil health test I don't know how soon we're going to have it done but sometime this spring we're going to tie our nitrate our subsoil nitrate to the Haney test which right now they're kind of separate test and that is available for the next crop nitrate soluble and move of the soil water so you know this is an interesting thing the nitrate we talked a lot about leaching and yesterday reminded the guys to we're talking about a lot about nitrate leaching nitrate but you know to have an anion nitrates an anion and to have nitrate goal you have to have a cation with it and in which one are you leaching out potassium or calcium or magnesium and I think usually it's calcium but but when you have high sodium in the soil they recommend applying gypsum right and the gypsum the calcium goes on and kicks the sodium like say on the off the exchange complex and the softers there to carry the sodium down leach it down and so all those things are there and in the tile water you might be losing nitrate but you're probably losing a lot of other important things in that water too and I asked Jerry because one of the things we're losing is carbon is bicarbonate in the water and it just just interesting things that I think about sometimes and then don't have time to do much about it but so I threw in the Haney test here because the one thing that that Rick is doing is is evaluating nitrogen organic nitrogen how much can be released from there and I don't have any more details on this one right here then then here and he said traditionally is measuring nitrate so here we had 14 pounds of nitrate and then he had ammonia and organic nitrogen so he's getting getting the Haney test is 37 pounds so the difference is 23.6 pounds and then this nitrogen's price is a little high but save $15 and and that's kind of the way Haney sold his test because he showed you guys that you could save money by using his test and it's one of those things that goes like that or you're why the hell didn't we tell you that for years you know we've been testing this oil and tell you how much you got to spend not how much you're saving and so he's done a good job of marketing that but but there's some good things to show you a little bit more and then the nitrogen requirement and Anthony I thank you wherever you are that I'm been thinking about you know I'm using 1.1 pound of nitrogen not 1.2 likes out to go state but when I you think about changing that to one and and I drop mine from 1.2 after 2012 I dropped mine to 1.1 but think about this you're putting I say you need points that you take off the grain you take off point says six seven pound of nitrogen but I'm telling you need 1.1 so there's 0.43 pound of nitrogen that you're putting on or you have in the soil but the crop is using it that's returned every year point point three point four three point four three where's that going well some is going organic matter but I think we might be a little high yet and so these are these are the things that Anthony I appreciate you're reporting on that and the week I asked back about the wheat because Haney's using 1.2 and we're using 2.4 so there's big difference in our recommendations but but Bex has keep a word is right now yeah that that we don't think about protein Dan and so yeah we're too far south we grow wheat so you guys get a chance to get some money and you get hammered on everything else so that's a wheat is okay to take and we do grow wheat on our farm but I this would be 12% protein I think at 2.4 and and I haven't you know thought too much about ass Dwayne I'm thinking about change the dropping a little bit because how in the heck you gonna afford to fertilize wheat and when it's 380 or whatever it is up here but but understand that in the crops that long-term thing and that when the corn pollinates the corn still taking up 30% of its nitrogen now some of it's coming out of the stocks and the leaves and stuff but you still got time so we need to have a long-term kind of nitrogen thing and in the irrigation we talked to the guys about putting a lot of nitrogen through the pivot and on the dry land I think we shouldn't consider side-dressing and now they got getting high boys that you could put it on later too to make it more efficient so maybe you don't have to put quite as much on and these farmers about you know the cow if you took a load of hay the cow and said now I come back next year and feed you she probably wouldn't do very well but you put the nitrogen on tell corn well that's it get what you can it's kind of dumb maybe what we're doing to if we want to get the efficiency but so we kind of compensate for putting more on and and so that's understand those uptakes phosphorus we said it attacks the soil particles the one thing that yes phosphorus does move in the soil because we taught you for years the phosphorus doesn't move and now we got guys that got phosphorus test of 500 part per million in top soil 120 part per million in the subsoil and all I know is that's moving to the groundwater and so if we kind of missed touches some some things and then phosphorus is not fixed but remains available for the plants for a number of years the old calcareous thing soils you might have a lower phosphorus test but but sometimes you have really high phosphorus test in the calcareous soil and it's available that the lime does not tie it up all the lime did was made a break that's no good it was a salt that's is wrong not to not the application and so I got Malik three breaky one and then Olson ratings here and where on the dry land should you be to kind of maintain soil health and maybe have a year when it's tight you wouldn't have to put phosphorus on and and I would say at the top of this medium range here 25 or 15 if you're sitting there you could skip a year and not hurt yourself and you'd still maintain good production and always trying to maintain kind of the top end of that medium on on your soil and I think now the irrigators I've kind of get that up up to the high I haven't gone clear to 50 yet we do recommend a little up to 50 but probably around 35 to 40 for the guys growing 280 bushel corn and we're starting to get now questions on 300 recommendations corn so so it's going to take more nutrients because you're hauling more off all the time 300 bushel corn you remove 200 pounds of 52 a year at 12 alfalfa is 12 pounds per ton 12 pounds of petal 5 per ton and Haney test has that with there's three different parts of Haney test and one part is H3a extractant and that is three organic acids that plant roots leak out to feed microbes and then the microbes that bring them nutrients and if they're lacking some nutrient they need they leak out different compounds and but the three they have is citric oxalic and mollic acid and and then I compare that with our fosters our Malik fosters test Malik three over here and if you guys don't know how to read a graph you can see there's a relationship between those here's a top Malik was in North Carolina Bray was in Illinois in the 40s and 50s developing these tests and it's amazing that they develop something that mimics plants and what the plants doing so I think we I think what we've been doing has been good for you guys and it's not and and and we can use this data then to give better fertilizer recommendations off the Haney than what we're doing right now in the fosters understand that about 40 percent of the fosters taken up after pollination and so so you get this fertilizer right with the seed or right behind the press wheel or right in front of the two by two or wherever and you get the quick growth response early and yet 40 percent of the fosters is taken up after pollination so you kind of need fosters out where the roots are growing to take that fosters up and and so you have to and that's why we need that good fosters test to feed that crop later on the season the early response might go into the field it might not depends on the year and you know the perfect day sometimes you get it sometimes you don't and then potassium and you guys are watching my time aren't you well this guy's gone I'm in I'm in great shape then oh there you are up there I figured you had to be here somewhere it potassium here I I just like to be at up to 200 maybe the dry land guys somewhere it'd be 160 and and I was talking to a gentleman earlier and he says he's getting response of potassium kind of anywhere and and then you ask him some of the quite I think you know chloride is important and 0060 is potassium chloride is 60 percent K2O and 45 percent chloride or CL so it's a good it's a good chloride source but but when we're you know the guys are complaining that the potassium tester drop and we used to set not have any issues with it now I remember even even a South Dakota state in the 60s I did a summary one time because there's guys up northeast South Dakota saying that they needed a potash in their soils because that IPH and we did a summary and had it we had it all categorized by great saw group or saw by group saw groups and sure enough northeast South Dakota there was an area there that 60 percent of the soils had we were calling for potassium and it it was kind of interesting when we did the summary to find that true so this one keep watching that potassium because if it's dropping quite a bit you might want to start putting some on just to kind of maintain keep your productivity up if you're not if it's not dropping you don't need to worry about it and then the H3A test in a potassium again there are different readings but but it's still related to our ammonium acetate extraction thing but but to understand that plants on potassium the main potassium use are taken up is when the plants are growing rapidly doesn't matter which one it is in the case of corn by time it tassels 90 90 95 percent of potassium is taken up so when the corn is growing real rapidly in that you know when it's on this knee height the head high might only take two weeks to do that you're taking up a lot of potassium that's why we want that potassium test pretty high because you got a supply of the potassium in that time frame maybe eight to ten pounds of potassium going in a day on the plant now when you take the grain off you want to take off quarter pound per bushel so that's but most of potassium is in the stocks and the leaves so that recycles every year and so we don't it won't drop as fast you don't need a lot to put on sulfur tests and in South Dakota this is real critical we got some soils that are just higher and heck and sulfur and then others that are really pretty darn low and we do a lot of subsoil testing for sulfur and we'll have those thousand part of a million sulfur tests and we'll have two part million sulfur tests sometimes in the same darn for the same farmer so I don't if they're in the same field or just different fields so so kind of watch that and if you're on sandy soils you really need to make sure you have some sulfur early but most of the plant most of the sulfur and nitrogen goes into proteins in the plant they kind of go together so it's always a good idea if you want to put sulfur on to put apart if you're using liquid nitrogen to go ahead and mix 28 or 32 and in thiosulfate if you're wanting to do that with the herbicide you got the style sulfates kind of a tough but otherwise you can mix those two together calcium magnesium sodium and there's lots of talk about that but part of the base saturation should add up to 70% or greater calcium magnesium I got sodium here I should have potassium in there also sorry about that so calcium magnesium sodium and potassium should be greater than 70% of the base saturation I think if you're if you're above 30% you better be putting lime on there's some people say that that's a different but but yeah that's in this slide here some of the calcium magnesium racial concepts unproven and should not be used as a basis for fertilization so and that's not my slide I copied that from somebody so the hydrogen that the other cation up here in the base saturation is hydrogen and that's acidity and so that would tell you if you're acid or not and if that's less than 30 I wouldn't worry about it but if it's above 30 if you're working your pH one or if you should put lime on look at the base saturation if it's above 30 get it get it put on the other problem with the base saturation is sodium if that sodium percentage is greater than 5% there is a problem and normally called out of alkali or sodic soil and so we there we can recommend gypsum if it's a EC soluble salt reading above one and a half that's a saline condition if it's sodium greater than 5% that's a sodic there are two different things and some people want to put gypsum on a saline soil and all gypsum is another salt that you're putting out there so you're increasing the salinity but if you have a sodium problem then you need to put gypsum on because a calcium sulfate will get rid of sodium but if you have a saline alkali soil or saline sodic soil and you put it in a tiled line to start draining that then you need to get the soluble salts out first and when the salts drop then put the gypsum on for the sodium don't put that you just waste your gypsum until you get the salts leached out Anthony is that right you're sitting back there and I learned a lot of these things working in South Dakota on the salinity thing so that's the that's the way I would handle that and then we saw this one in zinc we I think most of those things are fairly decent in South Dakota on a glacial soils in Nebraska one or one blown deposit or less soils our soils are natively low in zinc and of course we let put a lot of zinc on a special in irrigated crops and and we're pretty high now but we need to have this above one I don't think you need to be any higher than that and when you make recommendations for zinc these rates here are the pounds per acre and there's a big range because like alfalfa really doesn't meet need much zinc but corn corn's the most sensitive to zinc and if you got corn in the rotation then you got to build that zinc up if you got wheat and alfalfa and those kind of things you could get by with the lower part lower part here and but if I the recommendation we make I say divide the rate by six amount per year if you don't want to put all of it on at one time the other the other thing if you're wanting to mix zinc with 1034 all you can bet one pound of zinc with seven gallons of 1034 all and you can use a monated zinc or a chelated zinc other than edta the polyphosphate sequestered the zinc and holds it so it's so you can use a monated zinc or one the lower-cost chelates now if you use in a low salt fertilizer that's got orthophosphate you only chelate only zinc you can use as edta chelate because orthophosphate precipitates zinc like that and you'll end up with a hard white powder in your pump if you do that so so if you're using an orthophosphate fertilizer use edta zinc if you're using 1034 all you can use a monated zinc or a cheaper one and there's even some relationship with h3a and our regular d2pa zinc test so so we're going to be able to to work on these things I think manganese we got three here as high do you know there's soils in this this area here that we have over a hundred part-per-million manganese in them and I think these are wet soils that are lack of oxygen maybe and I wonder sometimes there's some of the problems with the Jerry mentioned yellow crops and lack of oxygen and if there's manganese toxicity but that's one thing that I would watch a little bit if you got really high manganese might be time to get it sold but and I don't know because there might be other problems but but just kind of watch that if you have now the manganese most of the time would be worth the high pH would be this but but we see the high pH in there like 80 to 100 120 part-per-million manganese and so there's something going on I don't know what that is and then copper Anthony thanks again for having all those those tests because this confirms that when you have high tests you don't need any of that stuff and so so a copper if we're about point two we don't need to put any copper on except the potato guys in Nebraska and they're from Watertown the CSS farms they want to copper test at point six so we recommend copper for potatoes but we don't for any other crop and then boron we're getting in northeast Nebraska we're getting some low boron and I think what I've seen in South Dakota most time it's pretty good in the tests we get and be careful with it in when I started it's out to go to state they still talked about using borax borax as a solsteroid so you could you can ruin things if you put too much boron on so be careful with it and then chloride is the one and this is case state is South Dakota state higher net Anthony a two and this is a two-foot test and we go up to six are you cutting off at six or eight you say okay 60 in case eight once 30 so in Nebraska I use 45 now understand when I first started this talk I talked about structure in the soil health situation and then we talked about nutrients but the main thing you need for nutrient uptake for root growth is oxygen and you think about that when you when when you get rain water goes in the soil and air comes out which is carbon dioxide and then the plant uses the water and air comes in which is oxygen and if you have good soil structure all you have is a the earth is a great big lung breathing in and out carbon dioxide and bringing in oxygen and that's what we're trying that's what soil health is all about I think is and how we do that with the microbes all that you've heard plenty of those other things so the soil health the progression I see the improvements in our soils Haney test indicator soil biological life if biological activity increases my soil increases in my soil can I reduce my fertilizer and pesticide inputs that's that's that's what this is all about and and I know the fertility we might be able to get more efficient on the fertility because we're not washing any soil away so we said be able to maintain our soil tests easier but it doesn't mean that we have to put can put less on if we've been taking good care of our soil and so I had a I got a PFA test on one of my soils and the diversity index was 1.6 which is land says is the highest you can have and so I went to a lands that kind of reduced my fertilizer and he thought for a little bit and he says no he said but I think you can reduce your other input costs and this diversity in this weed thing that Steve talked about this morning those are the things that were were issued and that's what we got to work on how to how do we get things that we need to learn to work with mother nature instead of fighter all the time and and then is this the system of the future and of course I think it is but these are the kind of questions that we have so I appreciate you guys letting me come talk to you and enjoyed it enjoyed the program today so if if you graze and I and I did this with corn in the feed lot I had a bunker of corn and I went took a picture of it and decided how much of that phosphorus in the corn is in the manure and I want is about 92% and on the nitrogen I think it may be as closer to 85% is returned in the manure so there is you know the muscles got some protein in and that kind of thing so and you retain a few minerals but but the reason we eat the reason animals eat things is for energy number one and then when we grow we might retain a little bit of nutrient but but almost all of that is excreted back out and and then the other good thing about that Dan is that you got the microbes in a rumen that is increasing your soil life in the soil so I think there's advantage to that part too working down so you are going to put a lime on no telly so you use the same rate of those acidic spots or you have to use less because you don't raise the real top the H2I the short answer is don't worry about it go ahead and put it on and and I was I was an advocate of split put it splitting at three ways and put one third on and two years later put another third on two years late and as in Americans I've gone in meetings in a poster section walking through Dr. Larry Bundy from Wisconsin had a poster about lime application no tell and I said red a little bit I said you can do that you said yeah don't worry about it so so I never have worried about it since then so I think you can put it all on and you know the worm activity and the microbe activity and all that it moves that pretty fast


Fire Suppression Department, Case ID<PHONE_NUMBER>44XP Issue GOI Research Department lead Stephen Rodriguez, which is the Lee Foundation employee to spend more time with his wife. Knowledge Rodriguez's wife suffers from muscular dystrophy, MD, and was projected to expire between the ages of 16 to 20. Rodriguez's wife is currently 32 years of age. Her timeframe of possible expiration is unknown. Recommend the procedure. Send a standard email reminding Rodriguez of his ample medical benefits which have been expanded to his wife. Notes NA Email from Michelle Iverson To Stephen Rodriguez Subject Your recent inquiry Dearest Mr. Rodriguez, I would like to remind you that your current medical plan covers your wife's health in addition to your own. If you were to leave your employment with the foundation, you would lose access to said coverage, thus leaving you and your wife in a rather unfortunate situation. We cannot stop you from quitting if this is what you truly desire, but just know that we are more than your co-workers here, we are also your family. And as your family, we would hate to see you suffer the loss of your excellent medical coverage, especially considering your wife's condition. We'll see you bright and early tomorrow, Mr. Rodriguez. Your friend Michelle Iverson Site 55 Human Resources Secure Contain Protect Email from Stephen Rodriguez To Michelle Iverson Subject Read Your Recent Inquiry Michelle Thank you for your swift response. I am aware and thankful for the foundation's excellent healthcare options, which have no doubt helped keep my wife alive for this long. She recently suffered a pretty bad health scare, and it made me realize I may not have long with her. For this reason, I would like to spend whatever time I have left with her uninterrupted by work. I would like to submit my one-month notice if it's not too much of a bother. Thank you. Stephen Rodriguez, Site 55 GOI Research Department Secure Contain Protect Fire Suppression Department Case ID 56234 1673444XP Issue GOI Research Department Lead Stephen Rodriguez has refused continued employment despite a reminder of excellent health coverage provided by the foundation. Knowledge Rodriguez's wife suffers from MD and has experienced a recent downturn in her physical health. Recommended procedure Send email offering in situ housing for Rodriguez's wife until her expiration. Include offer for Employment Bonus Notes NA Email from Michelle Iverson to Stephen Rodriguez Dearest Mr. Rodriguez, I would like to remind you that the foundation offers in situ housing for all employees and their spouses at no additional cost. Foundations are quite hospitable and offer the trappings of everyday civilian life but from within the confines of the site.  We are all moved by your wife's plight and have decided to offer you a bonus should you choose to remain on board with the foundation. Surely you can put this extra money to good use by affording your wife all the comforts she deserves before passing. We'll see you bright and early tomorrow, Mr. Rodriguez. Your friend Michelle Iverson, site 55 Human Resources, Secure, Contain, Protect. Email from Stephen Rodriguez to Michelle Iverson. Michelle, thank you for the offer but I really don't think I can manage to both work and spend as much time with my wife as I want to. The offer of the bonus is really generous and I cannot thank you enough for it but I really must stress that I would rather just leave now that I have the chance. Have you submitted my one month request yet? If not, please let me know and I can have it submitted myself in person tomorrow. Thank you. Stephen Rodriguez, site 55 GOI Research Department, Secure, Contain, Protect. Fire Suppression Department Case ID<PHONE_NUMBER>44XP. Issue. GOI Research Department lead Stephen Rodriguez has refused continued employment despite an offered bonus and in situ housing accommodations. Knowledge. No new knowledge is available at this time. Recommended procedure. Send email informing Rodriguez. He has been allotted a three month sabbatical after which the period ends. His wife is to be neutralized so he may return to work. Notes NA. Email from Michelle Iverson. To Stephen Rodriguez. Dearest Mr. Rodriguez, we understand you want to spend more time with your wife and given her medical condition and recent health issues. It is perfectly understandable. That is why it is my pleasure to inform you that we have negotiated for a three month sabbatical for you to enjoy as much time together as possible.  We would hate to see you leave which is why we are doing our best to accommodate you in these strenuous circumstances. We will see you bright and early in a few months Mr. Rodriguez. Your friend Michelle Iverson. Site 55 Human Resources. Secure. Contain. Protect. Email from Stephen Rodriguez. To Michelle Iverson. Michelle. Thank you so much for your continued support. It really means a lot to me and it makes me feel as if I am a truly valued employee. However, I cannot accept this offer. What if my wife lives longer than the three months you permit for me to be on leave? I would hate to have to come back to work knowing her health is in decline and I can't be by her side.  Once she passes, I don't see myself working for the foundation any longer simply because I won't have the need to. Don't get me wrong, I've loved working here and I will cherish the friends and memories I've made here for a lifetime.  Maybe I'll become a teacher. By the way, don't worry about sending my one month notice anymore. I'll be submitting it in person to more morning. Thank you. Steven Rodriguez. Site 55, GOI Research Department. Secure, Contain, Protect. Fire Suppression Department. Case ID<PHONE_NUMBER>44XP. Issue, GOI Research Department lead Steven Rodriguez has refused continued employment despite an offered bonus and in situ housing accommodations. Knowledge, no new knowledge is available at this time. Recommended procedure, send email requesting Rodriguez fill out an outgoing employee form to obtain new knowledge on the case. Utilize foundation web crawler IO Sauron to track all social media posts made by Rodriguez and his wife to obtain new knowledge for the case. Utilize foundation assets to spy on Rodriguez and his wife to obtain new knowledge for the case. Notes, use of web crawler IO Sauron has been authorized by Fire Suppression Department head of attention, Alice Green. Email from Michelle Iverson to Steven Rodriguez. Dearest Mr. Rodriguez, we're so sorry to see you go, but ultimately we understand your decision and respect it.  On behalf of everyone at the foundation, I would like to wish you early good tidings as you prepare to take your leave. However, before you begin adjusting your workload in preparation for your leave, we have a simple request of you. Please fill out the following form regarding your employment experience with the foundation, as well as your reasons for leaving. I wish I didn't have to waste your time with this, but it is standard procedure. Thank you for your corporation, your friend, Michelle Iverson. Site 55, Human Resources. Secure, Contain, Protect. Foundation Termination Survey. Following termination, where do you expect your work? Why have you stuck with the foundation for as long as you did? In what areas do you think you could improve? Why do you believe the termination of your employment is appropriate? Fire Suppression Department, Case ID<PHONE_NUMBER>44XP. Issue. GOI Research Department lead Steven Rodriguez has refused continued employment despite various offers of benefits to remaining. Knowledge. Web crawler Io Sauron found that both Rodriguez and his wife are anti-abortion activists, according to various posts on the social media accounts. Field agents found that Rodriguez's wife has not menstruated in approximately a month, indicating she is due for a cyclical menstruation period within the coming days. Recommended procedure.  Field agents are also advised to administer fertility-enhancing drugs to Rodriguez's wife. Increase applied dosages until sexual activity is observed between the two. Notes. NA. Email from Steven Rodriguez to Michelle Iverson. Subject. Change of plans. Michelle, this is embarrassing and I have no better way to say it, but I'd like to rescind my notice. My wife has recently fallen pregnant and I cannot quit with a baby on the way. That being said, I would like to know if the offer for the bonus and on-site living facilities are still available. Because of my wife's medical condition, I don't want to have to travel to and from work every day and I think she would be far better off here than back home. I would like to apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused you. Thank you. Steven Rodriguez. Site 55, GOI Research Department. Secure. Contain. Protect. Email from Michelle Iverson to Steven Rodriguez. Subject. Re-Change of plans. Dearest Mr. Rodriguez, it's no bother at all. And yes, the bonus and in situ housing are still available for you and your wife. All you need to do is speak with a human resources representative in the Site 55 personnel office. We're so glad to have you back on board with us. We'll see you bright and early tomorrow, Mr. Rodriguez. Your friend, Michelle Iverson. Site 55, Human Resources. Secure. Contain. Protect. Fire Suppression Department Case ID<PHONE_NUMBER>44XP. Issue. GOI Research Department lead Steven Rodriguez's wife expired due to complications from childbirth. Knowledge. Rodriguez's child was born prematurely and remains in the medical department's NICU wing. Despite the mother's diagnosis of a genetic disease, MD, the child did not inherit it. Recommend procedure. Swap the child for one suffering from MD, sourced from a local hospital. Offer Rodriguez two months of paternity leave. Remind Rodriguez of the excellent medical care provided to him and his family by the foundation. Payout life insurance policy. Notes. This case is considered resolved. And a file. To learn more about the SCP Foundation, subscribe to SCP Orientation Today and turn the notification bell on so you don't miss any of our videos.


Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you so much for coming out. This is my first KubeCon. I'm super excited. So hey, everyone. I'm Junaid. I'm a software engineer at Tatlin. And I work in the platform team primarily, a lot of Argo workflows. So today, I want to talk about a little tool we built to make our lives a little more easier working with Argo workflows. So it's title shipping Argo workflows in packages. So I have a few questions before we get started. So how many of you write Argo workflows as a part of your day today? Like every morning, you are like, oh, I have to write some YAML. Cool, OK. How many of you manage multiple workflow templates?  Cool. So I want to talk a little bit about reusability in Argo workflows, right? So this is our very famous example on Vailsay. Think of this as some standard workflow template that you are constantly reusing in your org. Maybe it could be some processing step, or it could be some API call, or something. Now, if I want to reference or use this workflow template in something like, say, a hello world, we normally do this. We do a template ref, and we just say Vailsay, template say something, and then we pass some parameters, or whatever. Now, for this workflow template to run, the Vailsay template has to be present on the cluster. So immediately you can see there's this dependency graph forming. You need some other workflow templates to be present in the cluster so that your workflow, that your writing can run smoothly. So this is something we ran into at Atlan when we started our journey with Argo workflows. It became a mess, so we started to solve around it. So I just wanted to give a little bit introduction about Atlan. Atlan is what we call a modern metadata catalog. So it has all the features you need to build a data catalog along with some collaboration features like so you could have your tables, columns, all crawled in, and you could add readme to your tables. So we aim to be a home for data teams, just like GitHub is the home for engineers. Figma is the home for designers. So we are trusted by data teams across the world. We are a B2B company. So we have this deployment model where every customer gets their own tenant. So each of those tenants, we have a deployment of Argo so that deployment can run all the Argo workflows that are basically data pipelines that will pull in all the metadata. So this is the first screen you would probably encounter when you start using Atlan. You'll just open up, click on new, and you'll just start setting up your integrations. You'll set up a Snowflake workflow, you'll set up a Redshift workflow, stuff like that. So our challenge was to build this, to build this ecosystem of basically data pipelines so that all our customers could use them, set them up, and build a self-service type of platform where you could just set up your pipelines as you feel comfortable, as you feel like. So this was a challenge. Just like any other data pipeline, it's ETL, extract, transform, and load. But if you imagine this in the context of an Argo workflow, so all of a sudden, you have to think about, oh, if I build a new package, I have to do, I have to declare all these steps again and again and again. So this is where reusability became a huge problem for us. So our idea was that, okay, why can't we just use Argo workflows as packages? Just like we do for JavaScript, just like we do for Python for Golang, why can't a workflow be a package in itself? So that's how we built Argo PM. It's inspired by NPM. It's a package manager for Argo workflows. It enables developers to distribute and consume Argo workflows as JavaScript modules, right? So it's public, it's open source. You can install it right now, start using it.  It's very similar to NPM. So you can like scaffold a new package, install to class. I'll come to these points again. Dependency management, annotations and labels. You can also add to your package standard Kubernetes resources like secrets, config maps. We have also added some features to add Grafana dashboards to your package. So all of a sudden, your package becomes something that has your workflow as well as the observability components attached to it. We also added support for static data. Sometimes you just need some artifacts to be present on your object store. So there's that as well. So coming to a previous example, this is how we normally would package those two templates as Argo PM packages, right? You would scaffold a package, very simple. As you can see, there's a templates folder which has your templates. And then there's a package.json file, right? Say like you want to, so now that we're talking about packages, of course we have to have registry, right? Somewhere you could publish your packages and make it easily consumable for the other developers, right? So let's say you work for Pipe Piper and you're setting up their Argo PM registry. And so this is your VLC package. You set it up, you add the template, then you build your workflow, the hello world package. And then, so the main point I want to show is the package.json for both these packages. So if you look at the VLC packages, just a simple, no dependency package. It does not depend on anything. So developers can use it. And when you're building your hello world package, you know that I have to use the VLC template. So you just add it like any other JavaScript dependency, right? So once you have this set up, you basically run NPM publish because it's NPM compatible because it's JavaScript compatible. This just goes out and becomes a package on NPM. All of a sudden you have this ability to push your workflow templates just like JavaScript packages, right? Now when you run Argo PM install on the hello world template, you'll notice that it will also install the... It will basically go through the dependencies object and install all the dependencies and then go into those dependencies and install on. So all of a sudden, when you install just the hello world package, you have both the templates on your cluster. All of a sudden, all the headache around, oh, I have to get all my dependent templates on the cluster as well as gone. Argo PM takes care of that for you. So yeah, this is Argo PM we have. And then you can just run it. It would say hello world. So that's Argo PM in a row. So I want to talk about... So when you run Argo PM in it, just like you do NPM in it or YAN in it, it scaffolds a package for you. So we do a similar thing with Argo PM when you run in it, it will generate. So you can see config maps, as I said, standard Kubernetes resources, Chrome workflows, secrets, static data. We're also adding support for pipelines as well. So yeah, and we also have support for annotations and labels in the package.json itself. So in the package.json file, you could define your annotations and labels and those will be attached to your workflow template as well. So this becomes very easy when you're trying to do a mono repo setup and you want some annotations and labels to be there on the cluster, right? So yeah, these are the commands for Argo PM install. It's very simple. Inform it actually, give you some info about the package. Run would trigger the workflow template and it would run in it, uninstall list, pretty standard, very much similar to what NPM offers or any kind of package manager offers. We have some flags as well. You could, so the most interesting one is minus, like dash R and dash C. Dash R we use to change the registry, like the target registry. You could just use NPM or if you want that your org needs its own private registry behind a VPN or something, you could do that. Minus C will actually, it's a flag that either installs it as a workflow template or as a cluster workflow template and dash R's help is just help. So yeah, it's designed as it's very similar to NPM. It's actually built with NPM primitives and the JavaScript library for Kubernetes. Our intent is to get it as close to NPM as possible so that it just feels seamless to build Argo workflows just like you're building a JavaScript package. And functionally, the install command is very simple. It just loops over the dependencies array, recursively dissolves the dependency and then installs them on the cluster. So yeah, basically, all of a sudden you have a package managing tool that will make sure that your dependencies are always versioned and they are always in the cluster in the right format. So because we use, because we relied on package.json and the whole NPM primitives, we are all of a sudden able to leverage a whole host of tools that are available in the JavaScript ecosystem. For example, internally at Atlin, we use Lerna for monorepo management. So all our packages are in just one repo and then Lerna takes care of doing the version upgrades and so on. And so this whole setup, so we have our own private registry. It's called packages.atlin.com. That's where we push all our packages and then from there, our developers can kind of browse them, take a look what's there, have some documentation, have some read me. And when it comes to updating every, like you can set up your own way, but what we do is in every deployment of Atlin, there's an update workflow which runs, it's a ground workflow which runs every 30 minutes and it pulls the latest versions and we can disable it based on if we want that tenant to have all the package versions or not. On top of this, we have also built capabilities to do like tenant-based deployments. So I'm just giving a hint on how, just because we are relying on an existing ecosystem, there's a host of tools that you can use to build your own setup in your own org and use RGOP in a way that makes sense to you. So yeah, that's all from me. Any questions? Actually, I curious if you have thought about deploying these templates in GitHub's manner with referencing a version, remote version. Yeah, so yeah, you can have GitHub actions that like whenever your code is more as it does, just like the Oscar package, right? It runs learn-up publish or NPM publish before it does some like validation checks. So you can have that kind of setup as well. I mean in GitOps, to update the Git tag and then August CD, for example, will go and fetch the right version. I'm not sure, but I think package logistics will have their own tagging system. So maybe you can build something of that that it will fetch the tags necessary and you can have a setup like that. Thank you. Anyone? Thanks.


Hey, Psych2Go family. Thanks so much for all the love and support that you continue to give us. Psych2Go's mission is to make psychology more accessible to everyone. So let's begin. How do two people fall in love? Love is complicated and challenging. It grows through hardship and blossoms in the most unlikely places. But we all want love in our lives. So how do you develop a lasting love with your partner? In this video, we'll be talking about the seven stages of falling in love. One, curiosity. Long before you fall in love, you and your partner meet for the very first time. In the earliest stages of love, partners experience the fluttering feeling of curiosity.  Early on, you don't know how you feel about each other yet. All you know is that this person feels special. Two, attraction. In stage two, curiosity blooms into attraction.  You make each other laugh. You enjoy each other's company, physically and emotionally. In a 2016 study, Lange's leg explains that romantic feelings are most prevalent in this early stage of love.  You talk about this person all the time. You feel nervous whenever they're around, but you want to be around them constantly. According to a 2016 study by Sashadri, the second stage is amplified by euphoric hormones in your brain. It's these hormones that blind you with desire and push you closer to your partner. Three, coupling. As you and your partner spend more time together, your hormones begin to settle. You start to really enjoy each other's company until finally you become a couple. In this stage, your pace begins to slow down. You feel warm and cuddly around each other. You become more involved in each other's lives. You meet your partner's family and friends. You expose insecurities, and you start to feel safe. Stage three might not be as wild as stage two, but it's one of the happiest stages for many couples. Of course, stage three doesn't last forever. Four, discomfort. Eventually, your partnership will face a major hurdle. Your visions of the future may not line up. One partner may experience sudden trauma, and your relationship will face its largest obstacle yet. For many couples, stage four is the end of the road. This obstacle can feel insurmountable, and the relationship may crumble. You begin fighting often. You feel angry, resentful, or hurt. Happiness gives way to ambivalence and dissatisfaction. For some couples, these feelings are too strong, so they go their separate ways. Five, vulnerability. Many couples persevere through these hardships. They survive the rough patch and confront that intimidating obstacle. As difficult as it sounds, that perseverance will make your relationship stronger than ever. In stage five, you and your partner get to the root of the problem. You search for the reasons why you're struggling, and you resolve that pain together. This intense vulnerability bonds you even closer, and you instill in each other the kind of trust that lasts a lifetime. Six, creative intimacy. By stage six, you and your partner have opened up to each other. You've shown each other your true selves. All your walls have come crumbling down. Now it's time to rebuild the relationship. In stage six, you learn to love each other for who you are. You figure out how you and your partner can live a life that makes both of you happy, because mutual happiness is essential to any successful relationship. And seven, stable love. Now that you've overcome challenges and expressed your deepest fears, your love becomes comfortable again. You settle into your lives as you learn to live with, around, and beside each other. Many couples rest in this final stage for years. Others move back and forth between stages. Your partnership may have high highs and low lows, but remember that love never comes quickly or easily. Love requires happiness and hardship, conflict and vulnerability, honesty and trust. Even after you've reached stage seven, the relationship still requires work. In the same 2016 study, Lengas Leg explains how important it is to keep that spark alive. Try new and exciting activities together. Stay vulnerable and honest with each other. You may find yourselves revisiting earlier stages, but that's okay. People grow and change over the years, so allow your love to grow and change alongside you. Have you ever experienced these seven stages? Which of these stages stands out in your relationship? Tell us about your experiences in the comments section below. Don't forget to click the like button and subscribe to Psych2Go for more psychology content. And as always, thanks so much for watching. See you next time!


So now it's only me between you and the drinks So it's been just a remarkable day, and it's it's time for a round of thank-yous. I Want to I wouldn't be me if I didn't have three brief points that I take away from the day and and really last year We talked about a new social contract and many of us had read and thought about that and today we talked about renewing America at a time of Pain and uncertainty and I came away with three things. I hadn't thought about and need to think more about one I Articulated but but came through so powerfully in many of the presentations today Which was that what I said to Tim a Monday this idea that you have to hear people Before you can address them and we heard it. We heard it with respect to many different groups I don't remember Lydia's last name Works on faith in Texas, but this sense of you know, you don't have to to think that White working class voters need more sympathy than other voters She made that very clear But she also said and it's exactly what early Hawks child rights and strangers in their own land you must Try to hear and feel the sense of loss of anxiety of Disruption in the same way that we would expect them and all of us to feel the pain of many other groups So this emotion reason connection and you heard Jose Vargas say it as well Another point was that economic pain Brings isolation shame and political powerlessness the point about payday lending that you feel that you Can't support your family or you Mismanaged your budget or you don't have enough money and that you're alone in that and you're angry because it's not what you Expected and you feel totally powerless Which is certainly an experience that many many different groups of Americans are familiar with particularly Americans of color, but I thought that the idea that it creates isolation and that part of what we need to do is then connect Was something I had not thought about and it also connected to what Derek Hamilton said about defining GDP or wealth or what we seek in a nation in terms of increasing human agency and the ability to self-define and achieve Your potential that in as opposed to sort of if he was quoting a march of sin But this this notion that I think is also implicit in our education program that what education about is enhancing agency It's enhancing that that sense of control over your destiny and then finally That last panel you know how to have a conversation and in some ways, that's what all of today has been about We've had great conversations, but a Cecilia asked Jose and said how do you have a conversation and he said you start By questioning yourself and getting your interlocutor also to question themselves So his point when he is of he of multiple identities is talking to a white person and he says where are you from and I was amused I Just I've talked to Indian Americans who say the question is always where is your home place like really trying to get back to a particular way of being from but the idea of question of really getting everyone to question themselves as a way then of trying to Put things into question that can then create bridges as opposed to speaking from certainty and expecting others Then that to persuade them with the the certainty of your own facts So those are three of the things I took away. I started today by by talking about Values and a common foundation of values and a frame of the Constitution The things I think that bind us that I took away again from today more Maybe things that we don't always think about food Love the idea that we can all love mashed potatoes and frankly Filipino and any other kinds of food that have dramatically improved the American Native the American diet in my view, but faith. I was very struck by the talk of Interfaith multi-faith Movements as a way of reaching people. I am in my view It is part of the American creed to believe in faith not any particular faith And it doesn't mean everyone believes in a God but it does this notion of Believing in something larger than you are as being a bridge to others family and then finally Cecilia put this beautifully when she talked about Claiming your place or your rights under the American creed is an act of patriotism It's an act of love of country. It's an act of saying those values that Americans America's founding documents proclaim we we believe that and we want To be recognized as part of that country and that that to me is extremely important because we are so busy Looking at the hate and the division that I think we often lose sight of our shared love of country So I'm gonna leave you with that I want to thank many people. Please hold your applause until I get to a couple people right at the end So you can see what what an extraordinary day from the what I forget who defined it as a farmer's market Farmers market chic, but you know every every Every detail right from when you walk in and you saw a place to sit and be comfortable and have Conversation all those details take so much work and these are the people who brought it to us Amanda Kuhl's Clara Allen Tyler bug Ayanna Hunter Margaret Streeter Laura Pratt Maria Elkin Joanne Zala Taurus buzz Hogan Simone McPhail Morgan Alamo Alex Norback ish Sabia Sabia Prescott and Keeba Nova Martinez Hanna Passon a wista you How Albert Ford Jessica Geilie Joe Johnson you're gonna wonder is there anybody in New America who is not part of this? Lauren McCarthy Meredith Hanley Dana Jew Mariachi Santiago Adriana Ramirez Andrew Lomax is about Bonnieman Brandon Tensley Kirsten Berg Kathy Brian Ross Vanderland give all of them a round of applause And I've left two people out you will notice I Left out our spectacular MC and Producer of all of this Veronica Mooney, you know I watch her with amazement. I wish I could have imported her to my family I I look She does it with grace and ease and substance and attention to detail and really Without her we simply wouldn't have had this day so a special round for Veronica and Finally, and I think I'm gonna choke up, but This is I am gonna choke up John. This is John Williams Swan song with New America. This is he's our director of production. He's run production for five conferences He's been so much more than that he is He's always there. He He offers us everything from great sound to a spectacular drink But also just a generosity of spirit and a warmth That makes you happy to come to work and see him and he is leaving us because he's pursuing a dream of Going off the grid and and living raising bees and other things and I think many of us are a little jealous, but You know John really exemplifies in many ways what is best about New America and about being a Community and a family and we are gonna miss him. He's still part of us, but thank you John and In John's in John's honor, let's have a drink. Thank you