Yes, where we arrived with the harmonic oscillator yesterday was we had established that the expectation value of x squared in the nth excited state was 2n plus 1l squared. Yes, of course, obviously on dimensional grounds. Yes, that's correct. So, and I said the next item on the agenda would be to connect that back to classical physics. Always a valuable exercise because it tells you something about quantum mechanics. It checks your results. So, of course, classical physics doesn't know anything about 2n plus 1 in the quantum number, the excitation number. But it does know about the energy and we know that n plus a half h bar omega is the energy. So, we can write this as 2 times the energy over h bar omega.  I probably had better check that my memory is correct, yes. So, this l squared is an h bar over 2m omega. So, therefore, this is the energy, various things cancel over omega squared. The two's cancel. Oops, we need an m. That survives in the algebra, is that correct? So, let's ask ourselves what do we expect, what do we expect classically? Classically, we have that, what do we expect? We expect that the time average, well, I better write this down now, it's right. So, the time average of x squared, which we'll call x squared bar. Since x is a simple harmonic function of time, the time average should be a half, sorry, this thing should be a half of x max squared, right? The average of cos squared is a half, so if we are writing that x is equal to x cos omega t, it follows that x squared bar is a half of x squared, the maximum perturbation. And what's the energy? The energy classically is a half k x squared, because when it's at maximum extension it has no kinetic energy, it only has potential energies, that's how much it has. Omega squared is root k over m, so this is a half, so k omega is the square root of k over m for a harmonic oscillator, that being the spring constant. So, if I want to get root of k I have to declare it to be omega squared m squared, omega squared x squared, right? So, that leads to the conclusion that I'm expecting that x squared is equal to 2e over m squared omega squared, which is, but this thing is equal to 2 of x squared bar, so this leads to the conclusion that x squared bar is equal to e over m squared omega squared, in perfect agreement with the quantum mechanical result, oh dear, we need to put this up, don't we?  Okay, right, so there was a complaint, what went wrong, was the squares of m, where did I goof on that, that was because e was a half, no that was correct, yes because it was inside the square rooty sign, yes exactly, so this shouldn't have been there, so this shouldn't have been there and then everybody's happy, thank you. Okay, so doing this check, right, of what have we done, we've checked that a quantum mechanical result agrees with the classical result, now actually, amazingly, we've been able to do this independent of n, right, in other words our classical physics or our quantum mechanics has recovered classical physics for all n, but we believe that we have to recover from quantum mechanics classical physics only in the limit of large n because our classical experiments are all ones where we're moving macroscopic bodies around where the excitation energy will be large in some natural units, so the exercise that QM goes to classical physics for large n, large quantum number, here's our first example of a quantum number, a relevant quantum number, this is the correspondence principle, correspondence, and this is an early example, in some senses perhaps not a brilliant example because we get perfect agreement for all n, right, but all we're requiring is agreement for large n, but we really must have agreement for large n because classical physics is about, you know, it's been validated by experiments conducted at large n. So let's talk about now the dynamics of oscillators. So far we have found these stationary states and I've said several times these stationary states are highly artificial. One way you can see their artificiality is that nT, the state with energy n plus a half h bar omega at time T is equal to that state at time T equals 0 times e to the minus i. Now this is e over h bar T, but since e is n plus a half h bar omega, this is n plus a half omega T. So each and every one of these states has a phase which increments in time at a frequency n plus a half omega T, but the oscillator oscillates at a frequency omega, right? So we have to explain how it is that the oscillator oscillates at a frequency omega, but none of the states evolves in time. None of these stationary states evolves in time with a frequency omega, not one. Moreover, the oscillators that we're familiar with in the school laboratory, masses on weights and stuff, will have values of n which are like 10 to the 28 or 34 or that kind of, simply ginormous values of n, so the frequency here will be stupendous and nothing in the laboratory is happening at that frequency. So this is total fantasy land. We have to get back to reality. We get back to reality by concentrating on expectation values because it's our connection to classical physics, which is what we call, it's what we are pleased to call reality. So let's calculate the expectation value of x. If we do it for n, we know we're going to get a constant, right? Because when we take the complex conjugate of this complex number, it will multiply together with a complex number over here and make one, but we already know this. We already know that a stationary state has no time evolution whatsoever. So to get time evolution, what we need to do is say the state of our system, we have to consider, to have something that moves, we have to consider a system which does not have well-defined energy, which means that its wave function, its state vector wave function, whatever, is a linear combination of states of well-defined energy. And let's suppose, let's take a simple example, let's suppose there are just two states present. No, sorry, the proposal is that we take, so let's do a sum. Let's do it in all generality, so we're going to write this as a n e to the minus i. So this is totally safe. Any state can be written like this. So this is psi, the state of my system at time t. It's a linear combination of states of well-defined energy. There's no question that I can do that. It's a general initial condition. And now let's work out the expectation value of x. So what is it?  So we can clean this stuff up to, this is a sum of n and m, of course. It's going to be the sum n m a n star a m e to the, when we put these two together, we're going to have an e to the i n minus m omega t times n x m. And yesterday we already saw what the stylish way is to handle this expectation value here. It's to take advantage of an expression that we showed that the operator x can be written as l times a plus a dagger, where l is the thing we were discussing earlier on. It's a square root of h bar over 2 m omega, characteristic length. And we also saw what happened when we took an expectation value where we were doing a slightly harder problem yesterday. So this is going to be very straightforward now because it's going to be l n a m plus n a dagger. And this, remember, a on m produces m plus 1 in an amount, the square root of m plus 1. So this is going to be l root m plus 1 of n m plus the square root.  Whoops, m minus 1 because I'm not concentrating at all. But it's the square root of the biggest number that occurs. So this is a square root of m. Sorry, a on m produces m minus 1. How much the square root of the biggest integer that's involved, that's the square root of m. And this is going to produce m plus 1. And with normalisation, which is the square root of the biggest number involved, which is m plus 1. So n m plus 1. What we want is we have here a sum of n and m. Let's do the sum of m first, right? Bearing in mind that that thing is the sum of a delta n m minus 1 and a delta n m plus 1. So we're going to have, for our oscillator, the expectation value of x is going to be, okay, let's take this first one. When we do this first one, sum over n, we're going to have that this is a n star, a how much. In order for this to be not 0, m has to be 1 bigger than n. So this is going to be the square root of n plus 1. And everywhere where I see an m, I'm going to have to write an n plus 1, e to the i. And now, in this case, we've agreed that m is 1 bigger than n. So this is going to be e to the minus i omega t. So that's what we're going to get from this term. And then, sorry, from this term when that goes in there. And now we have to put this in there. And now, m is going to be 1 to get a non-zero contribution. m plus 1 is going to have to be n. So m is going to be n minus 1. So we're going to get an a n star a n minus 1 times the square root of n, e. And now, in this case, m is going to be smaller than n. So this is going to be e to the plus i omega t. And I've lost my l somewhere along the line. Let me reinstate it. There's this l here. I hope we have everything. Slightly scared that we haven't. Let me just check that. No, it seems to be OK. And we're still summing. I've lost a sum sign. We are still summing over n. Why don't we declare that in this? These are two separate sums. And in this sum, I can introduce a new notation. I can say that n prime is equal to, sorry, n is equal to n prime minus 1 in this sum here. And then sum of n primed. And then I can relabel the n primed n. And this term becomes the same as that term, becomes the complex conjugate of that term. So when I do this, I'm going to have a sum now of n primed, l a primed, no, not a primed, a n primed minus 1, a n that's star, that's star a n primed times the square root of n primed e to the minus i omega t. And the other sum is still over n, and that's a star n a n minus 1 e to the i omega t. But n and n primed are the same other, I mean, they're just dummy indices, we're just summing over them. So this sum is in fact the complex conjugate of that sum. These two things are complex conjugates. So what we, if we write a n a n minus 1 is equal to say x n e to the i phi, which we can do where this is real, and this of course is real too. So I'm writing a complex number, sorry that needs a star on it. Then I'm going to be taking x e to the minus i omega t minus i phi plus this stuff e to the omega t plus i phi. And we're going to be able to combine the two exponentials and discover that x is equal to L times the sum of x n cos omega t plus phi. Sorry, we need a phi n on that. Excuse me, we need a phi n on that. So this obviously needs an n and that needs an n. Because each of these complex numbers has its own face. So what have we discovered? We discovered that lo and behold, the position, the expectation value of the position, does oscillate with periodically. This is now, this, what we have indeed, sinusoidal oscillation at period 2 pi of omega n. We have in fact recovered classical physics, the classical motion. So the motion at this frequency occurs because of interference, between states, so these terms we've got are quantum interference between states of different energy. Why do we have states of different energy involved? It was because x, it was because, so when we took the expectation value of x, we got this huge long sum which involved the cross terms between states of, it included the term n x n. That was also involved in here in which the same, the state of a given energy was present on both sides of x. But that made no contribution to the sum because x is a sum, can be written as a sum of these ladder operators, of these annihilation and creation operators, and if you put the same state on either side, you get nothing. You only get something if the states on either side differ in energy by one unit of excitation. So our result all arose from interference between states which differ in energy by one excitation. So that's a very general phenomenon, and a peculiar feature of this problem is that those differences in energy are all the same. They're all H bar omega. And the frequency, well, we'll see this in a moment, the frequency of these oscillations. So all these terms have the same sinusoidal, we have an infinite number of contributions still, but they all have the same sinusoidal behaviour. So we've recovered the important feature of a harmonic oscillator that the period is independent of the amplitude of the excitation. The amplitude of the excitation is controlled by which of these ANs are significantly large, right? Because AN is the amplitude to have energy, N plus a half H bar omega. So a highly excited oscillator has the non-zero values of AN are all clustered around a large value of N and a very, only gently excited oscillator has the ANs around zero or small values of N being fairly large, and therefore this sum will be, and this sum will be dominated by whatever region has the large values of A. But the result we've got is that there's harmonic motion at frequency two, at frequency omega, regardless of which terms in this sum are dominating. And that's this property that the period does not depend on the amplitude. So let's be more realistic and investigate, see how much more of classical physics we can get out of this by talking about an an harmonic oscillator. So I introduced harmonic oscillators by saying that they're widespread because if you have a point of equilibrium, if you plot against displacement from point of equilibrium you plot the force, you have some curve that looks like this and should pass through zero and should pass through zero at the point of equilibrium by definition of a point of equilibrium, but that if you displace yourself from either side of the point of equilibrium, if it's stable, the force slopes like this, it's positive. Sorry, it really should be negative shouldn't it, actually, and I come to think of it. Sorry, I should draw the graph this way around, shouldn't I, in order to get a stable force. If I displace myself positively in X, the force becomes negative and pushes me back. If I displace myself negatively, the force becomes positively and pushes me back. So that's a stable equilibrium. And if an harmonic oscillator arises, if we replace, if we approximate the curve of this force versus distance by the straight line that's tangent to it at that point. So basically what we're doing, so any force versus distance curve could be expanded as some kind of a Taylor series. And if we just take the first non-trivial term in that Taylor series, we have a harmonic oscillator, if we take subsequent terms, we will have a not harmonic oscillator and a harmonic oscillator. And typically the force versus, so for a harmonic oscillator, the force versus distance is a straight line that goes all the way to infinity, which means that in order to pull your spring apart, you have to do infinite work. Because to get X to go to infinity, you have to overcome a force that goes to infinity. So infinite work is required to pull this thing apart, but all real oscillators, all macroscopic ones, certainly you can just break them. So only a finite amount of energy is required to push X off to infinity, and that's reflected in the fact that typically the force versus distance curve slopes over like this, so that if we plot the potential, V versus X, in the harmonic case we have a parabola that looks like this and disappears off to infinity, so this is the harmonic oscillator, but in a real oscillator, the force, the potential curve starts from some finite value at infinity. Sorry, and I need to draw it so it becomes tangent to this and then disappears off like this. So this is a more realistic curve, and the harmonic oscillator is a good model if the parabola is tangent to the realistic curve over a decent range. That's the main idea. So what we should do is investigate, to see what quantum mechanics has to say about more realistic oscillators, let us take, so this is just an example, supposing we take V of X is minus some constant A squared plus X squared, and I suppose we need an A squared on top to get the dimension straight. So supposing we take that to be our potential curve, then we can no longer, we can no longer, we now sit down, have a perfectly well-defined Hamiltonian, P squared over 2M plus this V of X, but we can no longer solve this analytically any more than we can actually analytically integrate the equations of motion classically in this potential. So in either case, you can't do it. But it's pretty straightforward to solve this problem, HE equals EE numerically. We do it in the position representation, we bra-through by X and have that X, P squared over 2M EE plus X, V EE is equal to EE XE, which turns into, by the rules we've already discussed, this turns into an ordinary differential equation, minus H bar squared over 2M D2U by the X squared plus V of X, U is equal to EU, where U of course is equal to X, E. So this is an ordinary differential equation, second order, et cetera, and it's linear, and it's pretty straightforward to solve numerically. If you look in the book, there's a footnote that explains how to do that. I'm meant to bring my laptop with official figures, but when you do this, so by discretising this differential equation, we turn it into an exercise in linear algebra, which your computer solves, so you write this basically as a matrix, M on U, which becomes a column vector, the value that U takes at the different positions in X is equal to EU, so you turn it into a matrix equation, and computers are very good at matrix equations, so when you do that, you discover what the values of E are, and you can also discover what these wave functions look like, and the crucial thing is that you find that if you plot the possible energies, you get a distribution that looks like this. It starts off looking like an equally-splaced ladder. For the harmonic oscillator, there are steps here, each one of which is separated by H bar omega. We start off like that with the spacing given by the harmonic oscillator that's tangent to the bottom of the curve, but as we go up, the spacing gets less and less and less and less and less and what essentially the algebra is doing is giving you an infinite number of allowed energies, or already in a finite range, because this is V naught. That potential allows that potential, as X goes to infinity, goes to a finite value, well, it goes to zero, sorry, this is zero, and I guess this is minus V naught, so the lowest energy is somewhere down here. With only a finite range in energy, you pack in an infinite number of allowed energies. With a harmonic oscillator, you pack in an infinite number of these things, but in an infinite energy range, because this ladder goes on forever right up to the heavens. This is a very generic behaviour that we will encounter again in real systems. Now, what's the physical consequence of that? Suppose we have, so now let's say our initial condition is this, that it consists simply of two terms, A n of n plus A n plus one of n plus one, and so the time evolution is going to be, and this one's going in A, give me some space A n plus one, E to the minus I E n plus one, T on H bar n plus one. So that's not a completely general initial condition now, because I'm assuming that there are only two non-vanishing amplitudes, so my state, it happens to be such that there are only two possible values of the energy that I can measure, there's an amplitude A n to measure the energy E n, and there's an amplitude A n plus one to measure the next highest energy. So this is kind of a special case. If we now work out what the expectation value of x is for this special case, we find that it is A n star E to the I E n T H bar n, this is all very similar to the other case, A n plus one star E I E n plus one, T on H bar x, and then the same stuff on that, and then A n E to the minus I E n T on H bar. Now when we multiply this stuff out, we will get, we will quite generally get only two terms. We'll have this on this and this on this. The reason for that is that we will show later on that for that potential, x n, so for the harmonic oscillator this is true, but it's not only true for a harmonic oscillator that this thing vanishes here. It's going to be true for any potential well which is symmetrical around x equals naught. So this follows from symmetry of v of x, that v of x is an even function of x. So long as v of x, the potential is an even function, the same behaviour at minus x is plus x, this will vanish. We will show this as we go along. I haven't shown it yet, but that will be true. Given that that's so, quite generally, my expectation value here is going to be A n star, so it's going to be this on this, E to the I E n minus E n plus 1 T on H bar times the matrix element n x n plus 1 plus, excuse me, and I'm needing here some A n star A n plus 1, right? So that's that on that, and then we will have this on this, A n A n plus 1 star E to the minus I E n minus E n plus 1 T on H bar times n plus 1 n x n. Hope I've done that right. So what do we have now? We have again that this term is the complex, well, we have this term is the complex conjugate of this term. So we're looking at a sinusoidal function plus its complex conjugate, therefore we're looking at something which is x n, could be written as x n cos E n cos E n minus E n plus 1 T on H bar plus a possible phase factor, right? Where just to be concrete, x n is the modulus of A n A n plus 1. So A n A plus 1 is a complex number. I have its modulus sticking out here and I stuff its phase into there. So what do we observe? Again we have harmonic motion, sinusoidal motion, but look now at the period of this sinusoidal motion. The frequency of this sinusoidal motion now depends on n because again it's the difference of two energies, of adjacent energies which count and as we increase n, according to my bad sketch up there, the difference between adjacent energies gets smaller. So the frequency becomes smaller with increasing n. So we're recovering a classical fact which is that if you have an anharmonic oscillator of a typical type and you make bigger, you kick it to a bigger oscillations, its period will slow down and that's true of an ordinary pendulum, has its highest frequency if you have it go to and fro with a small amplitude that clockmakers make their pendulums go to, but the period goes to, as you increase the amplitude of the oscillations, so this is as it were, high omega for a pendulum, as you boost the period to the point at which it's about to go over top dead center, if you'll make it swing so it goes like this and then like this, the period goes to infinity formally, well it does go to infinity, it's hard to do experimentally as you increase the amplitude at the point at which it would just keep on going. It had enough energy to go right through top dead center. So this slowing of the period with increasing amplitude is manifested in a standard pendulum and we see how it emerges from the structure. So here we're learning something important, in which the dynamics is encoded in the spacing of the energy levels, of the energies of the stationary states. These are just simple examples of what's totally generic. Okay, something else that we can learn about this anharmonic oscillator is that more generally, this was a simple example. I said let's consider, in order to get something to move, a state that had undefined energy, to keep it simple, I took just two non-vanishing amplitudes. There were only two non-vanishing amplitudes in the expansion of the stationary states. Realistically we would have, if you take an ordinary pendulum like that and you give it a jog, the energy will be uncertain by zillions of values of h bar omega and many, many, many, many, many of these coefficients will be non-vanishing. So more generally, we're going to have that if psi is equal to, it will have many terms, and let's just write down a few of these terms, a n minus one e to the minus i en minus one t on h bar plus a n e to the i en etc. So there will be many, many of these coefficients, but if we know pretty much what the energy of the oscillator is, we've lifted our bob up to 30 degrees or something and let it go, the energy is not completely undetermined, and what that means is that many of these will be non-zero, but they will all be clustered around some particular value of n. So that if you look at the value of one of these amplitudes, the modulus of it, as a function of n, you'll find that you'll get a pattern sort of like this somehow. There'll be an n at which the amplitudes peak and there'll be small values here because we're pretty certain the energy isn't that small and small values here because we're pretty certain the energy isn't that large. So that's the generic situation. And when we come and calculate the expectation value of x, what we now have is the same sort of thing up as up there, but it's somewhat more complicated. We're going to have an a n star a n minus one sort of the things that we had before, e to the i e n minus e n minus one t on h bar times some matrix element n x n minus one. And then we will have, actually I want to do this the other way around, and then I need to put in a minus sign there. Then I will have the next one because n x n will vanish, the next one I will, by the symmetry property, I will have a n plus one star a n e to the minus i e n minus e n plus one t on h bar times n x n plus one. And then I will have, not plus, it's not equals but plus a n plus three star a n, this will be the next term e to the i e n minus e n plus three t over h bar n x n plus three plus dot dot dot dot. This is a specimen of a disgusting expression which would give us the expectation value of x. This combination of terms we've already seen, this is nothing really new. The harmonic oscillator had just this kind of thing. In the case of a harmonic oscillator, this energy difference was exactly minus this energy difference, making this exponential, this exponential complex conjugates. They will not now be exactly, this will not be exactly this because this is the difference between n and n minus one and this is the one step in the ladder and this is the size of the step one above it in the ladder which will be slightly smaller. Thank you. I changed my mind how I was going to do this. Thank you very much. This should be n plus one and that should be n and this should be n plus three. It's good to know that there's understanding in the room. That's one thing that's going to happen because this is a more realistic oscillator is these frequencies will be changing and crucially this frequency here will be present. Where it wasn't present in the harmonic oscillator case, in the harmonic oscillator case, this number here vanished. In principle this would have been here but this matrix element vanishes for the harmonic oscillator. But it's not generally going to vanish. It's going to stick around. Now that has an important consequence because this frequency, so en plus three minus en, is going to be on the order of three times en minus en minus one. Because it's the difference, it's three steps on the ladder and that's only one step on the ladder. If we think of the size of the steps in the ladder becoming small only gradually as we go up the ladder, which is a good picture to use, then this term is going to be essentially three times the frequency associated with the other two which we can regard as about the same. So when we assemble all this stuff we're going to find that the expectation value of x looks like some number times cos of en minus en plus one. Let's declare this to be three omega n. We're defining omega n to be this quantity here and we're going to find that we have a cos, some term like cos omega nT and we're going to have some other term with some other coefficient times cos three omega nT and we're going to have some other term with some other coefficient times cos five omega nT. This number will contain products of stuff like an, an plus three star and an plus three, an plus five star, et cetera. This will contain things like an, an plus five. We will have these other frequencies present and this is what leads to, so this, this series implies periodic motion but anharmonic motion. So in a musical instrument you, the, the, the note you, the motion of the, of the string in a piano or the vibrations in an organ tube or a flute tube or whatever has a, it's, it has a, it has a well-defined frequency which sets its pitch but the, but the particular tone of the instrument is determined by the characteristic numbers of, of higher harmonics which are present because it's an anharmonic oscillation typically. But there's, there's more that we can do here which is connecting to classical physics which is to make the points that, if we arrange this stuff, right, so this expectation value of x, we take out the leading term, we say that this is e to the minus i omega n t and then we're going to have some sum, no, let's, let's, let's, sorry, it's better, it gets very complicated if you think about the expectation value of x. It's, it's easier if we think about upside itself as a function of time. We can take an e to the minus i e n t on h bar out and we can say that this is dot dot dot a n n plus e to the i e n plus one e n plus one t on h bar, n plus one times a n, sorry, sorry, this needs to be, yep, let's need a minus sign there, I need a t on h bar there. So I've taken a common factor out, so this one doesn't have any exponential. This one should have its proper exponential minus the thing that I've taken out. The next one should have, and this should be a n plus one, this should be plus a n plus two e to the minus i e n plus two minus e n t over h bar n plus two and so on and so forth. So to a lowest order approximation, these differences here are all multiples of a common frequency and after a period, so when e n t over h bar is equal to two pi, these things, sorry, n plus one minus e n, after the time it takes for this to come around to two pi, this will come around to four pi almost and so on and so forth and so the wave function will look, all this sum will be the same as it was at t equals naught because all of these exponentials would have come around to one again. That's in the case that these things are all multiples of the same frequency but as we've seen, they're not quite multiples of the same frequency. This is slightly smaller than twice this and so in the time it takes for this one to come around to two pi, this one isn't quite round to two pi and even more so further down the line and therefore the wave function isn't quite back to where it was when at t equals naught and as time goes on and we count more periods so this becomes two pi n, these discrepancies become more and more and more important and these terms down here, when this one has come around to two n pi, this one will be significantly off two n pi and this one even more so and that means that the wave function is not returning to its original value and we're looking at motion which is not periodic and whereas initially, because we'd released our particle from some particular point in the potential well, these wave functions all constructively interfered here at a particular value of x, after a certain number of basic periods the interference, the constructive interference here and the destructive interference everywhere else will become less and less exact and the distribution of our particle will become more and more vague until after a very long period the phases of these will be essentially random and will have no knowledge of where it is and this is precisely mirrored in classical physics in classical physics, the small uncertainty in energy that was associated with having more than one a n in this series was associated with a small uncertainty in period if the energy was very high the period would be very long and after a long time the particle would have gone around and around a million times a million and a bit times and here it would be but if it was slightly different a slightly lower energy it would have a slightly higher frequency and it would have done a million and one oscillations and it would be over here so that you can see that this small uncertainty in energy is going to lead after a long time through the small uncertainty in period to a large uncertainty in phase and a total scrambling of our prediction of where it is so, again, quantum mechanics is returning in a rather complicated way and through quantum interference a result that we're very familiar with if we think about the classical situation it's time to stop


These two forms of selection mean that some individuals have better reproductive success than others within a population, either from being more attractive or preferring more attractive partners to produce offspring. For instance, in the breeding season, sexual selection in frogs occurs with the males first gathering at the water's edge and making their mating calls, croaking. The females then arrive and choose the males with the deepest croaks and best territories. Generalizing, males benefit from frequent mating and monopolizing access to a group of fertile females. Females have a limited number of offspring they can have and they maximize the return on the energy they invest in reproduction. The concept was first articulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace who described it as driving species adaptations and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival, and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century. Sexual selection can typically lead males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their fitness to be chosen by females, producing sexual dimorphism in secondary sexual characteristics, such as the ornate plumage of birds such as birds of paradise and peafowl, or the antlers of deer, or the manes of lions, caused by a positive feedback mechanism known as a fishery and runaway, where the passing on the desire for a trait in one sex is as important as having the trait in the other sex in producing the runaway effect. Although the sexy sun hypothesis indicates that females would prefer male offspring, Fisher's principle explains why the sex ratio is 1 colon 1 almost without exception. Sexual selection is also found in plants and fungi. The maintenance of sexual reproduction in a highly competitive world is one of the major puzzles in biology given that asexual reproduction can reproduce much more quickly as 50% of offspring are not males, unable to produce offspring themselves. Many non-exclusive hypotheses have been proposed, including the positive impact of an additional form of selection, sexual selection, on the probability of persistence of a species.


A man who lived in leads. Some say this rhyme doesn't mean anything. Others are not so sure. There was a man who lived in leads.  But when the snow began to melt, it was like a ship without a belt. And when the ship began to sail, it was like a bird without a tail. And when the bird began to fly, it was like an eagle in the sky. And when the sky began to roar, it was like a lion at my door. And when the door began to crack, it was like a pen knife in my back. And when my back began to bleed, I was dead, dead, dead. Indeed.


Hello, everyone. I'd like to welcome you to our next session, Transparent Web Platform De-Coupling with Multiplying Architecture. My name is Amber, and it is my pleasure to introduce our speakers for today's session. Eder and Gila May. A few logistics before we get started. If you have questions during the session, please submit them in the chat window, and we will try to cover them at the end of the session. Or we will make it a point to follow up with you after the event to address your question. A recording of this in all the sessions today will be available after the event on the Red Hat Developer YouTube channel. We also encourage you to join us for live chat during the break on the main stage for live dialogue with Red Haters. And with that, let me turn things over to Eder. Good morning, everyone. Are you sharing your screen already, Capuleto? Yeah, let me do that. Just a second. Can you see my screen? I think so. Yes, I do. I hope others also can see your screen. So good morning, everyone. My name is Eder. I work for Red Hat for a long time, and I'm a tooling architect for the key group. And I'm here with my friend, Gila May. Gila May is the tech lead for all the infrastructure and foundation.  So Capuleto is the one that, together with his team, built most of the stuff that we are talking about here. And on the next slide, there will go a little over about what is key. Key is an open source organization. There is an umbrella of multiple projects related with technology and business intelligence. So we have a bunch of open source people or projects including the rules, JBPM, Cogito, Optaplanner, and nowadays, Capuleto and myself, we are working in a Cogito version for service workflow and service orchestration. And in the next slide, you'll see what we are building. We are basically building all the tooling related to you, right? With a nice EMO editor with a lot of stuff, a lot of augmentation that can fetch open APIs to allow to you, draw and orchestrate all your functions, your K-native functions, and run those in an over K-native open shift environment. But before that, like, we spend, I'm 10 years at Red Hat. I was joined to build a project called R-Champ-Pam that's in communities called Business Trental. It's a huge business application that is a monolith that is composed of almost two million lines of Java code and front-end code. So it's a huge, with a big team that we spend a lot of time. And this application was a big monolith.  But under two slides after, a couple of minutes, please. Two years ago, on the next slide, two years ago, we started Decojito. Decojito was at Red Hat. We decided to revisit all the business automation platform that we had, that instead of having a single monolith where you can alter and deploy everything, you can do a microservice. So everything that you become a microservice and during these initiatives, they give us a chance to also to revisit how we build tooling. Because in the past, we started with a few engineers. I think that was the fourth of them. And at this stage, 10 years later, we are a team of almost 30 front-end engineers. And this team will become really huge. So we decided to go a step back and understand how to build a better platform. On the next slide is that when we started to do the beginning of this analysis, so basically, we started to decide what is the most important thing in our platform. What are the core codes that we want to reuse to choose the new infrastructure? Because one thing that is really important for me is don't throw away stuff. Because to build a graphical editor and that we have a drag and drop and support and have a huge specification is a multi-month, multi-year effort. So I want to reuse it, everything. So we start to do some questions. And the first question that we decided in our team is, on the next slide, is how we adapt our 10 years legacy to a new platform. Like how we can adapt to make this big monolith that we build to become modern. And the next question is we are building from that team that started with a handful of engineers to a full-stock big group. And how we are going to adapt and this. And the next slide, please. The next, please. And the third question is how I take my big front-end of monolith that is huge with millions of lines of code and break it in a smaller piece. So we have three questions. The first, how you don't throw up stuff and how we can make a big team productive and how we break up that monolith in smaller pieces. And in the next slide, we see the answer for that was to adopt micro-front-end architecture. That is a architectural paradigm to build modern front-ends. And what is micro-front-end? I will give in a five-minute introduction just to have context for what we show that micro-front-end is architectural style where you can deliver independent of the front-end applications that are composed in a big application. So you take the concept of a micro-services in the back-end and bring it to browser. So instead of having a huge monolith or your app, you break down your apps in multiple smaller ones. And in the final application you tie everything together in a single unit. And on the next slide, is the benefits of micro-front-end technology. You can have incremental upgrade because each smaller component can be upgraded independently. You have simple and decoupled code bases that makes the people that are working in our team really efficient because you have less context to deal. Each micro-front-end can be run as a standalone. So again, everything can run just the pieces that he is working instead of having a 10 years huge application to deal. You can have independent deployment to release and everything together can empower your team to be more autonomous. This is really important for us because our group has multiple business units that are involved at Red Hat and now also IBM is collaborating on this infrastructure and re-use this infrastructure in some of their projects. On the next slide is a sneak peek of how we build this architecture. So we take the monolith that we have and instead of building everything together you break down in a a lot of smaller components. In blue you can see a container app that a container app covers everything in the application and tie everything together. And every component editor is a micro-front-end. The menu that is a navigator is another micro-front-end and in the top is also a micro-front-end that is responsible for overhand the menu but do actions like save, download and do the deployment. And on the next slide we take a look about how this fits with microservices architecture because on the left you have the old style of applications. That is good depending on the context where you have a front-end, a back-end, talk in the data store. We call this a monolith. In the middle is what we know as a microservice architecture where you have a front-end that talk as an API with multiple microservices and go through the data store and in the right are the micro-front-end part-down that you take the front-end with a monolith and break it down in multiple components that talk with the API gator, that talk with a multiple microservice and talk with the data stores. And in the next slide you can see that how this ties together because you have one container that have multiple names for this. It could be container, it could be app shell but it's not the container for Docker. It's the container for the web application. So we have a container that is responsible to fetch all the micro-front-end and decide where to display in this screen. So where to show each micro-front-end. And after that each micro-front-end runs in isolation talking with his own back-end that is BFF stands for back-end for front-end, is a pattern for back-end for micro-front-end that talk with the data store. It's important as a microservice architecture to don't mix, don't talk at each microservice to the other. And one important thing about micro-front-end is that two types of integration. The first one is the integration how the container integrates with multiple microservices. The first one is the runtime integration, is the client-side integration, is that the container when it's loading in the browser page will fetch external resource and then take and then load and handle the micro-front-end. So the micro-front-end leaves outside the main deployment of your application. There is a big prop for this architecture, this style of integration that every micro-front-end can be deployed independently but it's also, there is a lot of cons that the tooling in the setup is much more complicated because you have instead of one deployment for your front-end, you have multiple deployments that need 200 scale you need to have more complicit deployment and tooling for your application and your test will become much more harder to do an integration test because you need to test multiple. And on the next slide, it's a second type of integration, there is the build-time integration. Build-time integration is that every micro-front-end is built and developed in isolation but before going for production there is a built-step that take the source of all the micro-front-ends built together in a single unit. It's easy because it's easy to setup and understood but the cons for this is that container needs to be redeployed every time that change is done. So in the next slide, we use build-time integration because for us it's easy to do an integration test and also it's easy to handle the deployment and to be sure that all the application scales consistently in our case you select the build-time integration and what are the advantages the biggest advantage in the next slide that we take about in general once you ask me about in five units introduction for micro-front-ends what is the biggest benefit is our autonomous team. In my group that are multiple teams between C and 7 and even one team now at IBM, they are working in isolation, are working together, they have a smaller team, they focus just on the problem there is no noise of a big monolith and then in runtime we pack everything together so the teams can be more autonomous on the front-end with this architecture. There is still the cons that there is bugs that can appear just when you do the less deploy because the team work independently but in our side this is being a huge beneficial. So in the next slide is when you talk about doing decision about sorry I have about just about what you do if you run time integration or to build time integration is how far we are going to go with the independence.  Yeah, so to follow Edder's presentation I will talk more about our use cases now. Edder gave us a nice introduction about everything but now I am going deeper on the architectural decisions that we needed to make to adapt to these new challenges and pursue these goals of moving from the monolith to micro-front-ends. So as Edder mentioned, our editors were leaving this huge monolith application and we wanted to extract only the editors from this and distribute across multiple mediums like a web application or a VS Code extension or even github.dev which is pretty much a VS Code environment and why not the github web page github offers a way to edit your files but we wanted to put our editors there to provide a richer experience for our users and this way it is not limited to it because we could have our editors on desktop applications or even IntelliJ and things like that but our goal was to put our editors inside all these mediums or channels that we call them and keep the editor code the same reusable and distribute it across different channels so with all that in mind we created the multiplying architecture the multiplying architecture is basically a set of patterns and plumbing code and APIs that we've created to achieve this goal and to extract our editors from that monolith and distribute across multiple channels so here is the core abstractions for the multiplying architecture we basically have three core components the first one is the channel the channel is, as I said everything that's outside the editor so it could be VS Code it could be on web application desktop application and things like that and this channel wants to render the editor inside it and we wanted to distribute these editors across these different channels the second component is something that we call the envelope the envelope is nothing more than a communication layer for the channel and the envelope so the editor started to make to make them work together but in a decoupled manner so people working on the editor can focus on the editor and people working on the channel can focus on their channel in an independently way and the third component is the view itself because it's important to highlight here that we are not limited to editors of course we created a set of code for our editors because we work with it but this is not limited to editors it could be any view any application that could be wrapped inside this envelope and distributed across different channels and an additional component that I just said is the editor itself that it's nothing more than a specialized type of a view so not that we know the core components about the architecture here is the an image showing what is each part of the architecture so here I'm showing the online channel that we call and you can see around the online channel we have many tools to interact with the editor but everything is done using a common contract that the moving parts need to implement and inside the envelope instance we have the editor itself and this case is even more complex because we if you could take a look here we have two editors right one for the text and one for the diagram so we needed to wrap two envelopes inside an additional envelope so that applications that need this envelope could could reuse this entire envelope of the combined editors that we call or applications can use each editors independently and here is just a diagram showing everything that I just said to have this visualization about our outer envelope involving two more envelopes inside here is another example that we distribute our editors inside the VS code here you can see that we don't need the text editor here because VS code already has it's built in a monocle editor and we could and we can leverage from this editor and for our case we just need to put our diagram envelope there and our extension is ready to be used and you can see here that the serverless workflow editor is the same for the online channel for the github.dev is the same or VS code.dev it's the same experience with just small adjustment we could publish our extension there too here's another example of a crumb extension that I was previously talking about in this case we needed the text editor and the diagram editor and in this case we reuse the combined editor here so this pretty much sums up the architecture I mean it's a high level view of course but it is not that simple but in general what you need to do to to distribute your editor across different channels is to implement an envelope API in a channel API the envelope API is all set of functions that the channel can call from the editor so for example each channel has different ways of triggering the undo and redo operation in an editor so once it happened on a channel they can just call it from the envelope API and the editor will react to that in its own way on the other hand we have the channel API and the channel API are a set of functions that the envelope can call from the channel but the editor doesn't care where it lives it doesn't care if it's online application or but through the envelope they can call these methods and the channel API in each channel will react in its own way so for example if I have a button inside my editor that opens file in a particular path I can call this open file function in my channel API in each channel will react on its own way so for example this code could open a new tab with this file where the online channel could open a new tab of the browser and things like that so this is pretty much a general view of our architecture and how we grouped our things and now I would like to show you more examples of editors that we have built first one is the DashBuilder editor DashBuilder is a nice editor for you to create richer visual visualizations and dashboard using YAML and you can fetch data from other external sources and things like that but the point is that the DashBuilder editor is something that we distribute on VS Code and in online channels and you can start using the DashBuilder editor on this URL another example is the BPMN editor this is the business process editor that we offer the same experience this is VS Code and this is the KeySendBox online channel for the BPMN editor and you can see here that the editor is the same but they are living in different environments same thing for the DMN editor the DMN is for decisions and here is the VS Code and here is the KeySendBox the online channel and again the PMML editor here is the VS Code and here is the online channel another great example of editors this is a great example of cross-team collaboration because we collaborated with the COWTO team for them to create their VS Code extension they already have their online version of their editors and with our collaboration we were able to publish their VS Code extension for their tooling and last example this is this is an example of using the combined editor here but in a different way because this editor you can see here the text editor is collapsed but I can show it but this editor is in read on mode and also we can color the nodes because in this case this is not for authoring this is in runtime so when the serverless workflow is run we can interact with the envelope and color the nodes that the workflow passed through and this is an online channel but it lives in a Quarkus extension which is pretty nice so if you want to know more about our code we have a bunch of packages to make this all real and this is our repository this is a mono repo that we put everything there so if you are interested in learning more you can reach us out there also the urls for you to try the serverless workflow and dash builder editors and the dmn, bpmn and pml editors on this url too so to finish the presentation I would like to show you some authoring highlights that we implemented around the editor but here it's important to say that the editor lives in the channels but they don't know what's happening around the around them in the channel so with that we could we could create many cool things many cool features so the first one is the modifier support in the browser you can see that I can we store all the files in the user's browser and you can move from one file to another and you can see the editors loading on the on the channel in this case it's the online channel next one is the autocomplete because we use the monoco editor we can leverage from autocompletion so autocomplete properties or structures or entire code snippets and this is pretty nice because this is very useful for users that are trying this the first time or need some help to create some code structure and things like that and despite showing this in the online channel on VS code it works too and Chrome extension and this is this is working across all different channels another example is the validation since we deal with text text files we can validate the files if there is some problem and if there is each channel can react on its own way so for example here in the online channel we show the validation problems on this panel but on the VS code we use the built team problem step that VS code has another nice feature that we built around the editors is the GitHub integration so here I open a sample the sample just have one file and I will create a new repository on GitHub and another nice thing about this that we implemented is the Quarkus Accelerator if the user chooses to use the Quarkus Accelerator we will create a Quarkus project already set up for serverless workflow and we will place the serverless workflow file that the user is modifying into the main resources folder combine everything and throw it in the GitHub repository let me just beat up a little bit this video so here we created a repository you can see here Quarkus Quarkus files like Docker files and things like that and I'm going to show that people can work on one channel and since we have this source of truth which is the GitHub we can commit on the GitHub page and pull the changes back to the the online tool and do the same all the way around now I'm editing on our online channel and push the things back to GitHub another integration that we did was with VS Code once we have a repository we can import this repository into our online tools and with that we can let me just speed up a little bit sorry I clicked outside okay so importing my repository here and once you import your repository you'll be able to access this repository using VS Code.dev or VS Code desktop you can see here all the files are here and we offer the same editor experience and now I'm going to do the same experience that I did in the last video which is updating something push to the repository and pull this change back into the online channel I'm pulling the changes there we go so this is interesting because each user can work on their preferred tool right users can work on VS Code.dev or the desktop VS Code or even the online channel or Chrome extension or even other channels that the editor can be provided another thing that we did is the integration with a samples repository to help users to explore our editors so these samples live in a different repository which is cool because people can submit their own examples and these examples will be available for everyone to try so here you can see opening many dash builder examples and server loose workflow examples another cool thing that we did is the integration with OpenShift we built a set of code to interact with OpenShift from the front end so once you connect to your OpenShift instance you can quickly deploy your server loose workflow and in this video I already had one deployment ready and just showed how easy it was to deploy just a clicker of a button and this deployment it's the same that it has this application inside it and we just put the workflow inside it and users can use this deployment and share with others and the cool thing on this example is that I'm using the developer sandbox for OpenShift which is free so our tool is free and the developer sandbox is free and so the user doesn't need to expand anything to try these cool features another thing that we implemented this is the DMN editor and this is a simple decision that based on inputs based on inputs the decision shows if the driver's license should be suspended or not but in this case we have local backend services running on users machine and this enables to the user a quick feedback on their altering so you can see here on the user interface that the diagram is being validated the editor doesn't know about it but it is connected to local and optional backend services another feature that we are experimenting is DevMode we created a DevMode image for users and this DevMode image is basically Quarkus application already set up with all the dependencies and extensions and running on DevMode so once the user connects to their OpenShift instance and chooses to use the DevMode a new deployment running in DevMode will be created for them and this enables them to quickly try the serverless workflow let me speed up this video so here I'm showing that I'm opening a serverless workflow and uploading my serverless workflow to the DevMode deployment which is pretty fast because it's Quarkus and I can run my workflow and see the result all the nodes are painted and I can also quickly test my changes I didn't edit here on the message and again upload it to DevMode and I will run it again and see the edit there and this is not limited to one file I can move around files and for example here I went to another sample and uploaded it again to DevMode access it and trigger a cloud event to run my workflow and last this is my last example is the envelope communication this is for the editors itself but here I show that through the envelope we can communicate between envelopes because here I show that I'm clicking on the nodes and the text editor reacts to that and moves the cursor to that node and the other way around works too if I click on the with the cursor I can move the diagram editor can react to that through the envelope and highlight the node in the particular place that's all that I wanted to show and I'm going to pass you back either thank you so much and the most important thing is that in my point of view I'm working with a frontend developed for more than 15 years is that good frontend development is super hard and the adoption that we decided like two or three years ago to go full speed of micro frontends breaking down our application is smaller pieces to make the things go independently and to develop really fast and with small scope and with a clear interface prove that is a great architect that should invest because all the benefits that the backend people talks about building micro frontend sorry micro services and reuse those micro services in different ways prove for us in the that's the benefit to adopt micro frontend architecture besides that the decision to adopt micro frontends allow as Caponeto showed our team to build a big ecosystem beyond it to make the frontend is multiplex to talk as the micro service frontend lives independently as you see from the editor for instance Caponeto's team was able to take the same editor micro frontend editor and put to work in the visitor code and the editor team to change one line of code so is a huge benefit and if you are invested in frontend technology I advise you to go and take a look on those and in my final words is that if you are doing a monolith web application remember that in the last 15 years I see a lot of shiny web frameworks becomes the best thing and gone so think a little about what would be the impact on your web application if your favorite framework is not the most shiny right now and then figure out what would be the impact of your team decided to we need to go to another application micro frontend is one technique and one architecture background that can help you to avoid the big right here right so this is what we have for today and I hope this time is really helpful for you because if with micro frontend you can choose between have total independence with the team with a terrorist combination with our beauty tools and thank you so much for your time and we are here for any questions on the internet to reply thank you both for the presentation and just a reminder everyone please put any questions in the comments chat and we will give you a couple moments to do so thank you Jeff, Louise and Wolfen for coming alright well with that thank you all for joining us today and we hope you all enjoyed this session as a reminder this session and others will be made available soon on our red hat developer youtube channel thanks all


My name is Sam Ragnin and I am the author of Malignance of Love, Narcissism Revisited. The holiday season should be a time of family get-together, love shared, and relatives and friends brought up to date. Holidays are supposed to be the reification of their apparent contradiction in terms, mass or group intimacy. Instead, for victims of family violence and abuse, holidays are recurring nightmares, replete with danger and duplicity. Holidays become a theater of the observed, with menacing overtones. This is especially true when the offender also has narcissistic or anti-social, psychopathic, personality disorders. It is therefore important to understand the mindsets of such abusers during the holidays. First, there is the envy. Holiday blues are common occurrences, even among the mentally sound and balanced. But in abuses with narcissistic or anti-social personalities, holidays provoke a particularly virulent strain of pathological envy. The psychopathic narcissist is jealous at others for having a family or for being able to celebrate, or even for merely possessing the right festive mood. The narcissist keeps telling himself, look at these inferior people wasting their time pretending to be happy. Yet deep inside, the narcissist knows that he is the defective one. He realizes that his inability to rejoice is a protracted and unusual punishment mitted out to him by his own hands. Though the narcissist will never admit to it, the narcissistic or psychopathic abuser is actually sad and enraged. Consequently, he wants to spoil the party for everyone else. He wants them to share his misery, to reduce them to his level of emotional abstinence and absence. Holidays remind the narcissist of his childhood, of the supportive and loving family he never had. The narcissistic and psychopathic abuser feel deprived, and coupled with his rampant paranoia, he feels cheated and persecuted. To the narcissistic and psychopathic abuser and offender, holidays are a conspiracy of the emotional haves against the emotional haves not. And then there is passive aggressiveness. Holidays and birthdays are injurious impositions and reminders of vulnerability. The abuser ruins such events in order to make everyone else as miserable as he is. He rages in order to induce rage. Holidays create in the narcissist an abandon of negative nihilistic emotions, the only type of feelings that he is intimately acquainted with. On holidays, on birthdays, and even on his own birthday, the narcissist makes it a point to carry on routinely. He accepts no gifts, does not celebrate, or obstructively and passive aggressively works till the wee hours of the night. Such pointed withdrawal is a demonstrative refusal to participate, a rejection of social norms and in-your-face statement. While such unusual conduct emphasizes the narcissist's uniqueness, because very few people behave this way, it also makes him feel even more deprived and punished. It feasts the furnace of hatred, it feasts the anger, the all-engulfing scorn that the narcissist harbors. The narcissist abuser wants to be drawn out of his sulk and pouting, yet he declines all offers and opportunities, and he evades all attempts to draw him out. He hurts those who try to make him smile and to forget. In times like these, in holidays and birthdays, the narcissist is reminded of a fundamental truth. His voluptuous, virulent, spiteful, hissing and spitting grudge is all he has.  And then there is control-freakery. Psychopathic and narcissistic abusers hate it when other people are happy if they are not the cause of such jubilation and joy. Narcissists and psychopaths have to be the prime movers and shakers, the center of attention and the cause of everybody's moods. In contrast, the narcissist believes that only he should determine how he should feel. He should be the sole source and cause of his own emotions. He, therefore, perceives holidays as prescriptions, impositions, instructions coming from above as to how he should behave and how he should feel on given days. Narcissists abhor authority and resent it. They are counter-dependent. That's why they abhor holidays. The psychopathic narcissist projects his own desolate inner landscape onto others. He is convinced that people are faking and feigning the happiness, that it is forced and forced. He feels that they are hypocrites, dissimulating joy when where there is none. Envious is the narcissist is. He is humiliated by his own envy, and he is enraged by this humiliation.  So besieged by this knowing inadequacy, the narcissistic abuser does his best to destroy everybody else's celebratory mood. He's a party-booker. He brings bad news and tidings. He provokes a fight. He makes disparaging or snide remarks. He disappears suddenly. He projects a dire future. He sows uncertainty in relationships. When he has rendered his family in social circles sour and sad and downcast, the narcissist is at last elated and relieved. His mood improves dramatically, and he tries to cheer everyone up. In other words, to control how they feel. Now any joy would be real because it is his own doing and it is controlled by him. So what can you do about such travesties of human beings? You should act against your better instincts. Do not try to involve your abuser in festivities, family events, birthdays, special occasions and gatherings. Such attempts will only infuriate him further. Instead, leave him be. Let him sulk, mired and immersed as he is in his self-picking. Let him dwell upon his seething envy and martyrdom complex. You go out, join friends and family at their abodes, and celebrate to your heart's content. Chances are that by the time you have returned, your abuser will have forgotten all about it and things will revert to normal. But admittedly, not always. Some abusive intimate partners will be spoiling for a fight no matter what. There is nothing you can do about it except set boundaries and punish misbehavior and maltreatment. Whether you choose to involve your abuser in all the activities or not is immaterial. He will torment and haunt you all the same. With a narcissistic and psychopathic abuser, no good deed goes unpunished. Happy holidays.


This screencast video will show students how to use the simple peer review activity on loop, how to add an entry to the peer review activity and how to add a review on a classmate's entry. So to begin I scroll to the particular section of the loop page where I can find the peer review activity and I click on the link to open it. I can see I have some instructions at the top of the page which I should read in detail. This includes how to title my entry, how to add my review and how to structure my review and also details on where I can get some additional support. Scrolling down I can see I don't have any entries yet to review. I am in a two-person group with a colleague and I appear to be the first person here to actually post my own entry. In this case my entry is a draft of an assignment that I am seeking some peer feedback on. So to begin I click add entry and scrolling down I'm presented with a title field and in it I should add the title of my draft assignment as per the instructions and in the large empty text box I should paste in my draft assignment which I have already typed up in Microsoft Word. So switching over to my Microsoft Word I simply select all of the text in my assignment and I click the copy symbol to copy it and I return to loop in my web browser and clicking into the large text box I simply hit ctrl and v on my keyboard and that pastes in the body of my draft assignment directly into the peer review activity. So I then scroll down and click save and view. Scrolling down again I can see there is my title for my entry and there's the body of my assignment. So what I need to do now is let my partner know that my entry is available and that they can go ahead and read it and provide me with some feedback. Some time has passed I need to go back into the peer review activity to retrieve the feedback that my partner has given me and also to leave a review on my partner's work. So again on the loop page scroll down to where the peer review activity is hosted and click the link to access it. When inside the activity scroll down and click view single and when I scroll down again I can see I have two pages in the activity. The first page which I'm currently viewing is of course my own entry of my draft assignment which I have pasted into the activity and when I scroll down I can see a new section has appeared under my entry and this is the review that my partner has left me. So I can read the review, take on board the feedback and go away and refine my own draft assignment as a result. Of course another thing I need to do is to actually add a review for my partner's work. So to do that I use the index at the bottom of the entry to move on to the next page in the activity and on this page I can see there's an entry from my partner Ben Boyce the draft of his assignment. So scrolling through the activity I can read the draft assignment, take it on board, refer to the existing criteria around what sort of feedback I should be giving and when I'm ready to add a review I simply click add review. I'm now on the screen where I can edit the entry so I see there is Ben's draft assignment and when I keep scrolling down the page I can see a large empty text box has appeared into which I can type my review. So I have finished my review for Ben using the headings that were described in the instructions and I have bolded them inside in the text box to make them stand out and when I'm ready to add that review to Ben's entry I simply scroll down and click add review and when I do that I can see that at the end of Ben's draft assignment is the review that I have left him and now he can go in and read this review, take on board the feedback and refine his own assignment and of course when both of us have refined our assignments we need to go back to the loop page and make the final formal submission of our assignments.


Welcome. Glad you're here. So glad that you've tuned in for another episode of The Nonprofit Show. This is Friday and I'm kind of singing already, but really glad to have the support from Fundraising Academy because they underwrite our Ask and Answer episodes each and every Friday. So thank you so much to our exclusive sponsor there. And as we move into the show, of course Julia's here, my good friend, CEO of the American Nonprofit Academy. I'm Jarrett Ransome, her nonprofit nerd, and just really glad to be here, CEO of the Raven Group. And again, just thankful for our continued sponsorship from so many companies that have been here from the beginning. And those would be Bloomerang, your part-time controller, Fundraising Academy, nonprofit nerd, American Nonprofit Academy, staffing boutique, nonprofit thought leader, as well as the nonprofit Atlas. So if you have not checked out these companies, do yourself a favor, do your community a favor, do your clients in your mission a favor and check them out. Not right now, but after the Ask and Answer show. And if you've missed any of our episodes, you can find them on many of our streaming platforms, which include Roku, Fire TV, Vimeo, and what else did I miss there? Vimeo, Fire TV, YouTube, YouTube.  The sham, wow. If you buy four, you get one free. Now really, we're on podcasts.  You can listen to us on any of your podcast streaming channels, just say the nonprofit show and voila, Julia and Jared are in your ears. I love it. I think that's fabulous, really exciting. You know, we've only been doing this a couple months. We've obviously been now, Jared, as you know, we're into year three of our nonprofit show. But yeah, the broadcast, what's really interesting is Kevin Pace, our intrepid producer, just started doing this on the podcasting piece a couple of months ago and we just wanted to test it and see what was going on. And so far, the metrics are just like amazing, really getting a lot of folks listening to us. And so, you know, we want to say thank you because this is not anything that we thought would be a direction that would occur with the nonprofit show. We're so visual. We really have this broadcast mentality and so this has been a lot of fun and we're very, very grateful. So thank you, thank you. Okay, sister, are you ready because we've got some pretty heavy duty questions that have come in this week. I'm ready. Okay. All right. You know, I'm going to tell everybody again, Jared does not always see these, well, for the most part, she never sees these questions because they come in late. And so we're doing the show and then she's just seeing it. So always, I know you are in the hot seat. Okay, name, name with health city withheld, you know, sister, I love these because you know, they're always juicy questions. I lead the marketing communications for a nonprofit cultural organization. I was thinking about taking my four person team on some field trips of sorts to other nonprofits to see their marcoms teams doing things, marketing communications. Do you think this is a good or bad idea? I need to spark up my team a bit. Well, name withheld city withheld. I think going on field trips to other cultural organizations, I mean, you have to plan this, you have to plan to meet with a more com team, right? You can't just show up. I mean, of course, you can kind of do the generic benchmarking of what is their branding look like? What's the visualization? What's their placement? How you know, what is that? But I would really, I always love transparency. I love direct conversation. And I would really reach out to them to me, it would be an honor if someone reached out to me and said, I'd really love to meet with you, learn more about, you know, what you are putting as a priority in your marcoms to develop your mission, tell your story, and what you're doing in this creative deviation space, right? So yeah, I say reach out to them. Don't be afraid. Don't be shy. You know, really air from the whole side of collaboration, sharing of institutional knowledge to help the community. Right. I think the thing of it is, is that in the cultural space, organizations don't always play well together. And so you've got to be prepared to say, I'm going to tell you and show you what we are doing and what we have done so that you can be, you know, not just coming to say, we want your best ideas and then we're going to go, but that you can have a dialogue. And you know, it might even be interesting to know what people are paying, you know, in terms of like, well, what is this media outlet charging you and how much are you paying for this spot or, you know, that print campaign. But I think this is a great idea. I always agree with you, Jared, sharing this knowledge being transparent, but you need to understand that there's going to be some reluctancy on this. And so you've got to lead with what it is you're doing. So you made a comment that cultural organizations do not always work well together. Why is that? What are you seeing? You know, because what happens is that a lot of times the subscribe in the cultural space, generally, they're called subscribers, meaning like season ticket holders, but they're subscribers. So it might be like, okay, yeah, we've made purchases for this opera season or that ballet season or this symphony season or, you know, something of that nature. And a lot of times there can be conflicting dates, depending on the size of your community, right? And so sometimes it's too hard to say, oh, I was just at the ballet last night, I don't want to go to the symphony the next night, right? So they do kind of, yeah, they compete for that space, right? I mean, for that entertainment dollar. And we're not even talking about sports or, you know, other things that come in where there's a subscriber or season ticket kind of mentality. And so a lot of times these folks don't play well together. And, you know, so it's a little dicey on this, but we need to go back to kindergarten and learn how to share our toys, our ballet slippers and our trombones, our violins, I should say. Interesting. Well, good luck. I hope that you do do this. I think it's a cool thing. I really do. Okay, let's go on to Dayton, Ohio, named withheld writes, how often should a nonprofit redefine their values? We have not done anything to amplify the DEI part of our service or leadership in the community. Wow, interesting question. I need some support and creating and creativity to address this to leadership. DEI is not strategic to our nonprofit mission. I would say it is whether you know it or not. I would say it is. I think diversity, equity, inclusion, access is absolutely strategic to every mission. I agree. And one of the things we've talked about, Julia, is representation on our board, right? And that in and of itself should be strategic to your mission. And, you know, interesting name withheld that this comes up when, you know, a couple of years ago and we've been referring to the pandemic's plural, really looking at social injustice that we as a community, we as leaders need to do more than post a black box on our Instagram, make a statement, like we really need to, I've been advocating it has to be a line item in your budget. We really need to educate not only our staff but our volunteers. I actually often see and am hearing from leaders in my community that the staff isn't so much the problem. It's the volunteers. Oh my gosh, fascinating that they're old or older. They're they're stuck in their ways. You know, they're not in the 21st century with the vernacular and what has been, you know, appropriate and no longer appropriate. And so really, you know, this goes beyond your board table and it goes beyond your payroll. It really goes into, you know, every facet, I believe, of your organization. So I would highly recommend that you use the opportunity to talk to other organizations in your community or peers that you are professionally connected with, ask them what they are doing, do some research on best practices and trends, and just start dipping your toe in this so that you can, you know, go to leadership with, with, with data with insight with metrics and measurements. This is where I think we need to be to start. Ultimately, we can swing that needle far and wide, but we need to take some of these steps. I love it. I'm really, really intrigued by that. And I've got to say, I've had blinders on about that myself. I, I think, Oh my gosh, this is such a board centric issue. This is such a staff centric issue. Fascinating to talk about it that way. And I really, really appreciate that. Hey, before we move on to the next question, we did get up somebody that asked us, when will the recording of this be available? We do this show every day. We were closing in on 600 episodes and our team gets this up on all of our archive channels every day within just a matter of hours. So if you wanted to share this with somebody, you can definitely have access to those files. It could be that somebody asked a question that they want their, they want to share the answer. Of course. And what I like to say is stop binge watching these other episodes, binge watch the non-profit show. We're here 600 episodes for your viewing pleasure. It's true. Okay. Sean Arsene, I never know how to pronounce this from Fort Worth, Texas. Sean Arsene, however you say your name, is it appropriate to do a hybrid staff onboarding at this point? We have not had our staff on campus for almost two years. And I feel like we should reemphasize procedures and policies. Yeah, they've probably changed. At the same time, I want to be welcoming to our returning team members. Well, so when I read this, I think that onboarding is seen as like a punitive thing that somebody has to sit through. Interesting. Really interesting. I told you there were good questions today. You know, one of the things I noticed, we noticed at AFP icon was really this whole etiquette of being back in person.  And I really do think that a lot of the landscape has changed. I think setting the tone and reestablishing your core values, how the office should be working and communicating both on campus or, you know, in your office, as well as virtually, like what is the communication standards? What is our tone of voice? What's appropriate? What's not appropriate? Maybe even you have to reemphasize the dress code while you're in the office, right? Those bunny slippers are not to be at the office. Keep those bunny slippers and yoga pants at home. Perhaps, right, if that's your setting. So I've also really seen policies strong change over this time. And so this is absolutely a great time to do a touch point with your current staff, but also new staff, to really reemphasize and to update, you know, kind of like an annual policy update or a bi-annual policy update. So I think this is a great opportunity. Why not do it virtually, as well as in person, that asynchronous is really, it's available now. So do it. I like that you said that, Jared, because I think that you're right. Things have changed, but sometimes things haven't changed, but it's great to get a refresher. So I like that you kind of pulled those two pieces together. What I'm thinking is a lot of people now have that ability to work remote. And so setting the expectation, you know, that here is our team. These are all the individuals that are here to support our mission. You won't always see them on campus or in the office. You know, we all have a different navigating schedule, but this is how you can connect. A lot of people have gone to Slack, you know, these online portals where you can message each other. Instantly, you know, Microsoft Teams, they have that as well. And so you really, really want to set the tone for what the culture in this asynchronous opportunity looks like. I love it. I think that's really wise. This is the part of the show where I say, you are the nonprofit nerd. Get those glasses on. Yeah, I like that. I really, really appreciate what you said. And I think that's something, hopefully, Sean or Cine, however, however you say your name. I hope that helps. Okay, let's talk to Evan from Phoenix, Arizona. I know this could be somebody we know. How long do you think a board member should serve before becoming board chair? We ask this because our current board chair is retiring and we don't have someone to take on the next role. We need to recruit new board members and are thinking specifically for a board chair. Is this a truly bad idea or not? Yeah. For me it is. I think I'll go ahead and go all in. Okay. Board chairs need to know how to run a good meeting. And that's the thing, that they are operating a meeting and if you don't have a good meeting structure, you're going to blow out the interest, time and talents of your board members or even bringing, recruiting new board members. So you've got to have a person that understands how to do this and how to be an effective board chair. And that's not everybody. You know, that's a tough thing. And a bad board chair can have a heart of gold and love the organization and the mission. But if they're not good at this type of leadership, I think it really imperils an organization. I also think that a board chair is a strategic leader. And if you haven't been with the organization, that's going to be really tough, really tough. So, you know, you've got to bring somebody in, maybe do a quick cultivation, but I sure as heck wouldn't just bring them on and then have them be like, okay, here's the new leader. What do you say, Ms. Jarrett? So I have mixed thoughts on this. We talk often about how, you know, many civically engaged individuals serve on multiple boards. And so even though this person might be new to your board, Evan, they could have board service, leadership, strategic, you know, visionary experience on other boards. So you might want to consider that. I do also recognize that every board culture is different. So that should take, you know, your tone and tenor should be considered there. But I also know the reality, Julia, that succession planning within the board is not always peaches and cream, right? It's not always achievable. It's not always achievable. And while I do subscribe to having a board chair, a vice chair, and then the vice chair rolls into the board chair next year, and that's kind of your, your feeding tube, if you will, that's the best case scenario. Does it happen all the time? No way it doesn't happen, right? And so that's something to consider. But I really think when you have an onboarding, if you onboard your board members properly, you show and model what it's like to be a board chair or vice chair and on any of those executive, you know, roles and positions. You really need to be working this, Evan, for all executive leadership roles, not just the board chair. So that's, you know, that's a bigger, that's a bigger, I don't know, task. But also a board liaison, Julia, can help with this, right? I'm surprised you didn't say that because that's one of your favorite things. And I've been thinking a lot about having a board liaison. And I really do think that he, she or they can really work with the board to identify what the board needs and how it can best be served by the board chair. So I have mixed thoughts.  But I do, I do appreciate you bringing that up because I would say for me, as a board member, if I had to, if I was called up in kind of a perilous situation, and I knew that I had that support and I had that, you know, person marching with me, it makes it a lot easier to say yes to these board leadership positions. And you're, you and I know a lot of times people will say, yeah, I was made board chair because I didn't show up to that meeting and they voted me in. I mean, right? It's a tough thing. Yes. I was working with an organization and, you know, when I asked who the board chair is and they, they shared, and then the board chair said, it's because I was taking a bite of my sandwich and I could not say no. And so the joke had been like, nobody eat, no food at any meetings. It's really true. And you know, it's sad that, that we have that. It's so sad that we have that, you know, sensibility that it's going to be tough and brutal and no one wants to do it. And it's an honor. It's an honor. It's a big responsibility. Please take it lightly, you know, and it's a commitment. It's not for everyone. I'm in a season in my life right now. I actually don't even serve on boards unless they are related to my child and what he's involved in. But that's my season. And I know that I know how to run a darn good meeting, but I don't have the capacity or the bandwidth to do it. Right. And I think that that's why we get into these problems because it is a lot of work and there is a seasonality to what you can do, how you can participate, how you can fund, how you can support. I mean, it's not just the work that you're doing at that meeting during the meeting. It's all these other things. And there is a competitive set for time and attention and again, resources. So yeah, it kind of narrows the pool. And then to your point, you know, there's a lot of need. We have 1.8 million nonprofits registered in this country. So guess what? If you just have an average of eight to 10, you know, board members, which is kind of low, that was millions of people that are needed to serve our nonprofits in this in this capacity. And so yeah, it's a tough thing to your point, Jared. This is why we need to be cultivating continuously.  So I've also used that as a huge sales tactic and pipeline of mine, because if I can work and network with board members, that's typically a three, four prong sales pipeline, right? Because they serve on multiple boards. So trick of the trade there for all of you consultants. But additionally, you need to review your bylaws. What if there is something that happens internally with the organization, and it states that the board chair in absentee of the CEO takes over that CEO responsibility, like look at your bylaws, because that's really important to consider as you move towards succession, not only with your board, but with your internal leadership, because you really need to know, do you have the bandwidth and ability to step in to your true fullest form as that as that title? Wow, yeah, that that's that's an intense conversation and even thought to have. Yeah, because you know, if you have a partner at home, if you have a partner at work, your children, like, it's a commitment. Absolutely, it's a commitment. But we have a tremendous need for this leadership. It is so worth it. It is character building, community building. It is, dare I say business building. It's a cool thing to do. And so I'm I'm all about it and I and I really wave that flag. And we celebrate those that do, right? I mean, Nancy, sorry for any of you named Nancy. But you know, it's it's an honor, and it's a responsibility. And it's, you know, we celebrate that. So here's, here's my fireworks. I love it. Well, hey, sister, you always give me fireworks. Jared Ransom, nonprofit nerd, CEO of the Raven Group. I'm Julia Patrick, CEO of the American Nonprofit Academy, been delighted to have you all with us. And again, we want to thank all of our sponsors that are with us each and every day. Blue Morang, your part time controller, American Nonprofit Academy, Nonprofit Nerd, Fundraising Academy, Staffing Boutique, Nonprofit Thought Leader, and the Nonprofit Atlas. These are the folks that marched forward with us in promoting the sector that we are so passionate about and so dedicated towards. Hey, everybody, enjoy a restful weekend. Jared, thank you for supporting one of our viewers today as she is being awarded a prestigious honor for her community support. Super cool that that you're going to do that. Thank you. Thank you so much. Thanks for all of you joining us, either live or recording. Again, all of our episodes, you can find them on the internet. You can also find them on podcast forums. So please do queue them up if you're looking for something fun to do this weekend. We'll be back on Monday. We have quite a lineup for next week. We are booked out through August with some really phenomenal thought leaders around the globe. So we used to say that we are the nation's only live nonprofit webcast, but really we're moving into international space. So we're really glad to do that. And of course, thankful to all of you. Julia, we always end our episode and I know that it means more and more every day we see it say it and we see it being said. But for all of you and ourself, please stay well so we can all continue to do well. Thanks, everyone. Have a great weekend, Julia.


Additionally, it examines the role of the Amazon in moisture recycling and transport, and models for climate change projections in the region. Finally, it emphasizes the need for international cooperation and resources to protect the Amazon's fragile ecosystem. This article was authored by Jose M. Marengo, Carlos M. Sousa, Kirsten Bonik, and others.


Can I teach English online without any teaching experience? It is possible and even routine for TEFL course graduates to start a new career teaching English online without any previous classroom experience. Due to a huge demand for online English language teachers that is set to grow year on year, it is perfectly normal to set foot into a virtual classroom as a teacher, despite having never worked in any kind of teaching role before. How do I teach English without knowing my students' language? As an online English teacher, students from all over the world will want to connect with you, and knowing their native language is in no way necessary. As with most English language classrooms, online teachers teach their students using a method known as Total Immersion. This teaching methodology simply implies that no other language other than English is used between the teacher and the student for the duration of the lesson. This method attends to mimic the experience of moving to an English-speaking country, but as this is not a realistic option for most students, it is up to the teacher to bring virtual language immersion to the student through their online class. How will a TEFL certificate help me in the online classroom? While previous classroom experience is not a requirement, it is not true to say that being an English speaker is all the qualification you need to become an online English teacher. To be successful in the virtual classroom, or any classroom for that matter, a teacher needs to possess a wide range of specific skills and knowledge. By completing a high-quality TEFL certification course before you start your online teaching job, you will gain all these specific skills, including lesson planning, grammar awareness, and classroom management, which is just as important in a virtual classroom as in a traditional one. Once TEFL certified, you will be able to confidently apply a wide range of skills in your virtual classroom with students from all over the world. Thank you for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.