Hello, in the e-lecture sentence semantics we saw that the definition of meaning on the basis of words alone is problematic and that a reasonable alternative looks at sentence meaning. This additional e-lecture is a continuation of the discussion of sentence meaning with emphasis on propositional logic. We will look at the machinery of propositional logic. We will draw a distinction between simple and complex propositions and we'll finally talk about the limitations of propositional logic. In the introductory e-lecture on sentence meaning we looked at various word-based phenomena to justify the fact that sentence meaning is not a composition of word meaning. We identified problems of handling function words, we looked at cross-linguistic problems and we discussed numerous sentences whose meaning cannot be defined on the basis of the meaning of their words. For example, metaphors such as time is money and idioms such as it's raining cats and dogs. These observations led to an approach which is often termed formal or truth conditional semantics. This approach uses the machinery of propositional logic to assign formal meaning descriptions to sentences and to specify meaning relations between sentences in terms of entailment and presuppositions. Let us start with the central ideas of truth conditional semantics. Truth conditional semantics focuses on the referential properties of language that is how linguistic expressions in particular, how sentences relate to reality. Sentences or more precisely their semantic content here translated into a conceptual dependency representation are held to be expressions which can be judged true or false. That is they can be assigned a truth value. Knowing the meaning of a sentence involves knowing what the world has to be like for the sentence to be true. In other words, its truth conditions are known. To describe these truth conditions a meta language is used.  Well, a meta language is typically formal language used to make statements about a language. Let's say you want to make statements about the natural languages for example about Japanese. Then you need a general symbolic system with which you can make statements about Japanese and many other languages. That is a meta language. Here you see some of these symbols such as noun phrase pro, infill, verb, past and so on. Meta languages that have been proposed for the formalization of meaning include among others languages that deal with meaning components or the system of predicate calculus to name just two of them. In truth conditional semantics the meta language uses logical formula which can be subjected to rigorous truth tests. The basic elements in these formula are referred to as propositions. A proposition can be defined as the basic semantic content of a sentence or in more philosophical terms what a sentence says about the world. One argument in favor of using such an abstraction is that different sentences may be converted into identical propositions. For example, all these sentences here, Brutus killed Caesar, Brutus cost Caesar to die and so on. All these sentences denote essentially the same thing. That is they have the same meaning. This meaning can be defined in terms of so-called propositions. Propositions are labeled with small letters starting with P, the initial letter of the word proposition, and then using letters upwards in the alphabet. So if you have one proposition only it is always labeled P, the sky is blue. If you have two propositions well then you take the next letter Q, then you have P and Q and if you have three the next letter in the alphabet would be R, the sky is blue and it is raining and it is called three propositions P, Q and R. The following properties are normally ascribed to propositions. Propositions, first of all, have a truth value. That is they can be true and then we would write a capital T for true or false which is denoted by means of a capital F. Propositions may be known, they may be believed, they may be doubted, they may be asserted, they may be denied or queried. So very often the truth value depends on a number of additional facts. We will come back to this in a second. And thirdly, propositions remain constant even when they are translated between languages. So the proposition P is identical, only their translation into German, French, English and Spanish is different. However, the truth value of propositions by and large depends on our world knowledge and on a number of additional parameters. They include, for example, the general content. So this proposition, the sky is blue, is true if the content is in line with our basic understanding of the world. So if the sky is really blue, another parameter which can influence the truth value is the speaker who utters the sentence. So this proposition P, the sky is blue, may be true or not depending on the speaker. So if a blind speaker like this one over here utters this sentence, we cannot tell what the speaker knows about the truth value of this utterance. And it may depend on the temporal and local context within which the sentence is uttered. So this proposition is only true if the sentence is uttered during daytime. Some propositions are true or false by virtue of the meaning relations between the words contained in them, regardless of what the situation in the world might be. Such propositions are called analytically true or depending on their truth value analytically false. Examples include so-called tautologies which are always true. A tautology is a statement that is always true and therefore gives no information. So either it is raining or it is not raining is certainly true but the information in it is virtually nil.  And then we have contradictions which are analytically false. Contradictions are statements which exhibit an internal consistency either in itself as in today is not today or with another proposition as in Brutus killed Caesar but Caesar is not dead. There are other propositions whose truth or falsity does not automatically follow from the meanings of their elements but it depends on whether they are accurate descriptions of reality or not. The truth of such propositions is synthetic rather than analytic in nature. They cannot be verified without checking the state of affairs in the world. So here we have two examples. My father is a rocket scientist. To verify the truth value of this you need some background knowledge and the other one all linguists are unhappy. Well the same thing. We have to take into account what we know about the world of linguists. Are they really all unhappy? Well I'd rather doubt it. Okay thus far we have mainly been talking about simple propositions. Let's now see how complex propositions can be analyzed. The central means to build complex propositions by combining simpler ones are the so-called connectives or logical constants. There are five such connectives which in natural language are typically realized by an adverb or a conjunction. Well here they are. We have the conjunction and we have a disjunction. Natural language equivalent is all. In the middle you see the symbols that are used in propositional logic. Then we have an implication, the if-then relationship. Then we have a relationship called negation. Not is the natural language equivalent. And finally a relationship of equivalence which or whose natural language equivalent is if and only if, often abbreviated to if with two f's. Note that in each case you have alternative options to select one of these symbols. So the truth value of a complex proposition is now fully determined by the truth value of its component propositions and the specified effect of each logical connective involved. The possible combinations of truth values and the effects of the connectives are shown in so-called truth tables. So let us go through all these connectives in detail. Let's start with the conjunction. The conjunction closely resembles and in natural language. Here is an example.  And is used in logic to construct compound propositions which are true if all simple propositions, the so-called conjuncts, are true. So let's write that down in a truth table. So we have P, the bank was robbed, Q, the police are on the way. So if P is true and Q is true, well then the whole conjunction is true. The bank was robbed is true and the police are on the way. If P is true, the bank was robbed, but the police are not on their way. This is false. Well then, what happens to the conjunction? It's of course false. And the other way around, if the bank was not robbed but the police are on their way, well then the conjunction, the bank was robbed and the police are on their way is of course false too. Well and if both conjuncts are false, well then the overall conjunction is false too. So in other words, we can summarize and say if any simple conjunct is false, the whole proposition is false too. Let's continue with the disjunction. The disjunction closely resembles or in natural language. Given our present knowledge, the following statement should be true. Mars is a satellite of the sun or a planet of the solar system. So let us create the corresponding truth table again. If both disjuncts, now here the two propositions are not called conjuncts but disjuncts, if both disjuncts are true, well Mars is a satellite of the sun and Mars is a planet of the solar system, well then the disjunction is true. If one of these disjuncts is true and the other one is false, well then quite interestingly, Mars is a satellite of the sun, true, or a planet of the solar system false, the whole disjunction is still true. And the same the other way around. So if one of the disjuncts is true, the disjunction is true. Well, if both are false, well then of course the disjunction is false too. But what about this sentence here, these statements. Mars is either a star, well there the A is missing, a star. Mars is either a star or a planet. Well in such a case, we would have to construct an extra truth table. This is a stricter type of disjunction often referred to as exclusive disjunction. It is true only if one of the disjuncts is true. So in this particular case, if both are true, which is really the case, the disjunction becomes false. So in other words, this is the new version of, or this line replaces the top line in the truth table of the inclusive or. The disjunction is used in logic to create a compound proposition which is true if one disjunct is true. That summarizes both cases of the disjunction. Let's look at the implication next. The implication, if then, is less similar to its corresponding expression in ordinary language than any other connective. In logic, it is usually called the material implication and it is only false if its antecedent p, the if clause, is true and its consequence, the then clause, is false. Here is an example. If it rains antecedent, then I'll do my homework, the consequence. So let us now construct the truth table using this example. Well, and here we can postulate the following. This implication can only be false if it rains and the person producing the sentence doesn't do his homework. Okay? So in other words, we have this particular situation, p is true and q is false. If it rains, it's true and then I don't do my homework, then of course the implication is false. If it doesn't rain, that is, if p is false. So that's these two cases. If it doesn't rain, the implication cannot be invalidated by whatever the person does. So if q is true or if q is false, it doesn't matter. So in both cases, the implication, if p then q, must be true. Well, in the first case, if both are true, well, that's quite simple. Then of course the implication is true too. So once more, the implication can only be false and that's this line here in the truth table. The implication can only be false if it rains, that is, p is true and the person producing the sentence doesn't do his homework despite his or her announcement. If it doesn't rain, the implication cannot be invalidated at all. So whatever the person does, it doesn't really matter. Okay? So that's a little bit more complicated than the disjunction and the conjunction. The next connective we have to deal with is negation. Now negation closely resembles not in natural language. It is used in logic to construct compound propositions with the opposite truth value of that of a simple proposition on which it operates. Assuming a standard knowledge about the world, the following proposition is true. Mary is not a woman. Well, and the truth table is now quite simple. If p is true, Mary is a woman, then not p must definitely be false. Well, and if Mary is a woman is false, so if Mary is a man, then Mary is not a woman would be true. Quite simple, isn't it? The final connective, equivalence, roughly corresponds to if and only if. And it is often abbreviated to if, spelled with two f's in ordinary language. Here is an example. Mary is a woman if she is female, if and only if she is female. The equivalence is used in logic to construct compound propositions which are true if all simple propositions have the same truth value. Thus the following compound propositions are true. It is quite simple in a truth table. So if p is true, if Mary is a woman and she is female, then Mary is a woman if she is female, if and only if she is female. If Mary is a woman but she is not female, well, then the equivalence is false. If Mary is not a woman but she is female, we have the same situation. And if Mary is not a woman and Mary is not female, well, then the equivalence relationship becomes true. So much for the discussion, for the detailed discussion of the connectives. Now propositional logic, as you may guess, does not capture all aspects of the meaning of a sentence. It just deals with the abstract propositional core. Let us look at some examples to illustrate these limitations. The first set of examples concerns the use of the connectives in logic and in natural language. The logical connectives can only capture the meaning of the propositional core. In many cases, however, there seem to be additional links between the component propositions. In the statements, Linda arrived late at the airport and missed her plane, versus Linda missed her plane and arrived late at the airport, the departure airport. We have the same truth values. We have a conjunction consisting of two propositions and both are true, so the conjunction must be true. However, in natural language, only the first statement should be acceptable due to the necessity of ordering the events. You cannot miss a plane before arriving late. So, in other words, this here is at least questionable. Take another example. My parents were poor and honest. My parents were poor but honest. Again, we have the same truth values. We have a conjunction consisting of two conjuncts in each case and both are true. But despite the identity of truth values, the sentences do not mean the same thing. Even though we can treat and and but in logic, like logical and, but add something to the two propositions. In this case, a sort of adversive meaning, a meaning of contrast. Or look at adverbial relations. Linda studied a lot and passed her exams. Linda didn't study at all and passed her exams. Again, we have two conjunctions, but the propositional content excludes adverbial relations such as causal, studying hard as a reason for passing the exams, or concessive relations, the sort of contrast between the fact that she didn't study and nevertheless passed. Furthermore, the force of words such as yet, still and already is ignored in propositional logic. As a result, these sentences here, Linda is outside, Linda is still outside, Linda is already outside, which denote one proposition in each case, which can be assumed to be true. They have all the same propositional content, but they are obviously neither identical in meaning nor appropriate in the same situation. And last but not least, we have other dimensions of meaning. You remember the dimensions in word semantics that were introduced, for example, by Jeffrey Leitch, such as stylistic meaning, effective meaning, attitudes indicated by different degrees of politeness. All these additional dimensions are not part of propositional logic. So, having discussed the basic machinery of propositional logic, the question arises, what can we do with it? To answer this question, we should proceed as follows. On the one hand, we should now find out how to draw true inferences from true propositions and how to relate propositions to one another. On the other hand, we should formalize the internal semantic structure of propositions. Both aspects are important within sentence semantics. The first is treated under the heading of entailment. The second is referred to as predicate logic. Both deserve special treatment in separate e-lectures. So, see you there.


Right, what are we making here? Carl's amazing breakfast smoothie. Let's see. What have we got? We've got an apple sliced up into little chunks and Cored I've got a banana which I'm about to chop up. I've got some bits of orange a little bunch of grapes I've got two cups of kale. I've got some cashew milk now here. You can already I hear already here You go, yeah kale. Gonna have kale and smoothie. No, no, no, no, no, no because that's green and that's vegetables And that's not soup.  Here we go. I've chopped up this banana Never stood a chance that goes in there That goes in there as well Oranges in there Wonder if I can just shake these grapes off now.  I've dropped that one on the floor I can stay on the floor.    Put the lid on Make sure the lid is actually on because otherwise everything's gonna go flying turn this on it's gonna get very loud You can see at the moment the kale hasn't quite got mixed in But it'll get there, it'll get there. Oh there it goes a little bit. It's going down, it's going down, it's going down It probably takes about five minutes to blend it up The apples you like I'm using Testo generic apples There's a little red bits.    Yeah, you just blend that up until it's nice and Nice and green and smooth sometimes if you don't chunk up the apple before you stick it in there, sometimes you get some What's it called? Big chunks of apple, which some people like I guess Getting my pint glass out ready How long have we been blending this for now? Two minutes. I'm already late for work It's basically a quick breakfast Blender off check on the consistency Well, we've got seems all right. Maybe a couple more blends. Now, that's all nice and blended I can hopefully take the lid off. There we go. Let's pour it. Look at that.   If you don't like it.  This isn't about you. It's about me


The British Library has 750 million pages of newspapers that we've been collecting since the 1700s. It's one of the world's greatest collections. It's been based in Collindale for many years and now it will be available for readers to see at the British Library. In some respects, the newspaper collection at Collindale was the Cinderella of the British Library but now we're bringing the collection here very much to the heart and people can use the collection together with all our other 150 million items. Newsroom is our research centre for news. We provide access here to our newspapers, our microfilms and digital and eventually it will be made available in print as well but we also provide other kinds of news. We have television and radio archives here and we have web archives as well. We're trying to represent news in all its different forms. For the news researcher, this is really an inspirational research tool for them, bringing all of these types of content together for the first time. It's a really gorgeous space, there's so much light, there's so many people there, there's the networking space where people can sit and they can talk, they can keep abreast of social media, keep up on top of the news and then you walk into the newsroom research area and you can access old news so it's such a lovely mash-up. Everything here in the newsroom is designed for easy access, for example the 15 most popular newspaper titles. We have them all on open access which means you just go to the shelves, pick out a microfilm reel and start straight away. The new microfilm machines are proper swishy, they're really exciting to get and sit down in front of it and you can magnify things. You can zoom in, you can grab it, you can pull it, it makes it so much easier to navigate. The newspaper collection has a new home in Yorkshire and a climate control, low temperature, low oxygen building. It's very, very kind to the newspapers in a superb environment so that they'll last for many, many more years to come. We're filling up three large lorries per day, every day for the next six months, then we'll be ready to deliver the print newspapers. The way researchers are undertaking their work is much more collaborative than it has ever been in the past. This space provides that environment for people to work jointly. The new setup upstairs is going to be really nice because I can just see research, strike up a conversation which is going to be really good because it will not only help disseminate research but it will keep people being interested in this resource, which is brilliant. This is the culmination of almost 10 years of very hard work by a great many people and we're really proud of the offering and the services that we can provide now to our researchers here at the newsroom. We're about news yesterday, today and tomorrow and we're open for business.


tle where they were stuffed with nice clean straw and behold the scarecrow as good as ever thanking them over and over again for saving him now they were reunited Dorothy and her friends spent a few happy days at the yellow castle where they found everything they needed to make them comfortable but one day the girl thought of Aunt Emmon said we must go back to Oz and claim his promise yes said the woodman at last I shall get my heart and I shall get my brains out of the scarecrow joyfully and I shall get my courage said the lion thoughtfully and I shall get back to Kansas cried Dorothy clapping her hands oh let us start for the emerald city tomorrow this they decided to do the next day they called the winkeys together and bade them goodbye the winkeys were sorry to have them go and they had grown so fond of the tin woodman that they begged him to stay and rule over them and the yellow land of the west finding they were determined to go the winkeys gave tota and the lion each a golden collar and to Dorothy they presented a beautiful bracelet studded with diamonds and to the scarecrow they gave a gold headed walking stick to keep him from stumbling and to the tin woodman they offered a silver oil can inlaid with gold and set with precious jewels every one of the travellers made the winkeys a pretty speech in return and all shook hands with them until their arms ached Dorothy went to the witcher's cupboard to fill her basket with food for the journey and there she saw the golden cap she tried it on her own head and found that it fitted her exactly she did not know anything about the charm of the golden cap but she saw that it was pretty so she made up her mind to wear it and carry her sunbonnet in the basket then being prepared for the journey they all started for the emerald city and the winkeys gave them three chairs and many good wishes to carry with them End of Chapter 13 Chapter 14 of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum This LibriVox recording is in the public domain Recording by Lynn Stanley The Winged Monkeys You will remember there was no road not even a pathway between the castle of the wicked witch and the emerald city When the four travellers went in search of the witch she had seen them coming and so sent the winged monkeys to bring them to her it was much harder to find their way back through the big fields of buttercups and yellow daisies than it was being carried they knew of course they must go straight east toward the rising sun and they started off in the right way but at noon when the sun was over their heads they did not know which was east which was west and that was the reason they got lost in the red fields they kept on walking however and at night the moon came out and shone brightly so they lay down among the sweet smelling yellow flowers and slept soundly until morning all but the scarecrow and the tin woodman The next morning the sun was behind a cloud but they started on as if they were quite sure which way they were going If we walk far enough said Dorothy we shall some time come to some place I'm sure but day by day passed away and they still saw nothing before them but the yellow fields the scarecrow began to grumble a bit we have surely lost our way he said and unless we find it again in time to reach the emerald city I shall never get my brains No I my heart declared the tin woodman it seems to me I can scarcely wait till I get to Oz and you must admit this is a very long journey you see said the cloudy lion with a whimper I haven't the courage to keep tramping forever without getting anywhere at all then Dorothy lost heart she sat down on the grass and looked at her companions and they sat down and looked at her and Toto found that for the first time in his life he was too tired to chase a butterfly that flew past his head so he put out his tongue and panted and looked at Dorothy as if to ask what they should do next suppose we call the field mice she suggested they could probably tell us the way to the emerald city to be sure they could cried the scarecrow why didn't we think of that before Dorothy blew the little whistle she had always carried about her neck since the queen of the mice had given it to her in a few minutes they heard the pattering of tiny feet and many of the small grey mice came running up to her among them was the queen herself who asked in her squeaky little voice what can I do for my friends we have lost our way said Dorothy can you tell us where the emerald city is certainly answered the queen but it is a great way off for you have had it at your backs all this time then she noticed Dorothy's golden cap and said why don't you use the charm of the cap and call the wing monkeys to you they will carry you to the city of Oz in less than an hour I didn't know there was a charm answered Dorothy in surprise what is it it is written inside the golden cap replied the queen of the mice but if you are going to call the wing monkeys we must run away for they are full of mischief and think it great fun to plague us won't they hurt me asked the girl anxiously to obey the wearer of the cap goodbye and she scampered out a sight with all the mice hurrying after her Dorothy looked inside the golden cap and saw some words written upon the lining these she thought must be the charm so she read the directions carefully and put the cap upon her head epe pepe she said standing on her left foot what did you say asked the scarecrow who did not know what she was doing hello hello hello hello Dorothy went on standing this time on her right foot hello replied the tin woodman calmly says he says he said Dorothy who is now standing on both feet this ended the saying of the charm and they heard a great chattering and flapping of wings as the band of wing monkeys flew up to them the king bowed low before Dorothy and asked what is your command we wish to go to the emerald city said the child and we have lost our way we will carry you replied the king and no sooner had he spoken than two of the monkeys caught Dorothy in their arms and flew away with her others took the scarecrow and the woodman and the lion and one little monkey seized Toto and flew after them although the dog tried hard to bite him the scarecrow and the tin woodman were rather frightened at first for they remembered how badly the winged monkeys had treated them before but they saw that no harm was intended so they rode through the air quite cheerfully and had a fine time looking at the pretty gardens and woods far below them Dorothy found herself riding easily between two of the biggest monkeys one of them the king himself they had made a chair of their hands and were careful not to hurt her why do you have to obey the charm of the golden cap she asked that is a long story answered the king with a laugh but as we have a long journey before us I will pass the time by telling you about it if you wish I shall be glad to hear it she replied once began the leader we were a free people living happily in the great forest flying from tree to tree eating nuts and fruit and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master to pull the tails of the animals that had no wings chasing birds and throwing nuts at people who walked in the forest but we were careless and happy and full of fun and enjoyed every minute of the day this was many years ago long before us came out of the clouds to rule over this land they lived here then away at the north a beautiful princess who was also a powerful sorceress all her magic was used to help the people and she was never known to hurt anyone who was good her name was Gaelette and she lived in a handsome palace built from great blocks of ruby everybody loved her but her greatest sorrow was that she could find no one to love in return since all the men were much too stupid and ugly to mate with one so beautiful and wise at last however she found a boy who was handsome and manly and wise beyond his years Gaelette made up her mind that when he grew to be a man she would make him her husband so she took him to her ruby palace and used all her magic powers to make him as strong and good and lovely as any woman could wish when he grew to manhood Kalala as he was called was said to be the best and wisest man in all the land while his manly beauty was so great that Gaelette loved him dearly and hastened to make everything ready for the wedding my grandfather was at the time the king of the winged monkeys which lived in the forest near Gaelette's palace and the old fellow loved a joke better than a good dinner one day just before the wedding my grandfather was flying out with his band when he saw Kalala walking beside the river he was dressed in a rich costume of pink silk and purple velvet and my grandfather thought he would see what he could do at his word the band flew down and seized Kalala carried him in their arms until they were over the middle of the river and then dropped him into the water swim out my fine fellow cried my grandfather and see if the water spotted your clothes Kalala was much too wise not to swim and he was not in the least spoiled by all his good fortune he laughed when he came to the top of the water and swam into shore but when Gaelette came running out to him she found his silks and velvet all ruined by the river the princess was very angry and she knew of course who did it she had all the wing monkeys brought before her and she said at first that their wings should be tied and they should be treated as they had treated Kalala and dropped in the river but my grandfather pleaded hard for he knew the monkeys would drown in the river with their wings tied and Kalala said a kind word for them also so that Gaelette finally spared them on condition that the wing monkeys after do three times the bidding of the owner of the golden cap this cap had been made for a wedding present to Kalala and it is said to have cost the princess half her kingdom of course my grandfather and all the other monkeys at once agreed to the condition and that is how it happens that we are three times the slaves of the owner of the golden cap whomsoever he may be and what became of them asked Dorothy who had been greatly interested in the story Kalala being the first owner of the golden cap replied the monkey he was the first to lay his wishes upon us as his bride could not bear the sight of us he called us all to him in the forest after he had married her and ordered us to always keep where she could never set eyes on a wing monkey which we were glad to do for we were all afraid of her this was all we ever had to do until the golden cap fell into the hands of the wicked witch of the west who made us enslave the Winkies and afterward drive Oz himself out of the land of the west now the golden cap is yours and three times you have the right to lay your wishes upon us as the monkey king finished his story Dorothy looked down and saw the green shining walls of the Emerald City before them she wandered at the rapid flight of the monkeys but was glad the journey was over the strange creatures set the travellers down carefully before the gate of the city the king barred low to Dorothy and then flew swiftly away followed by all his band that was a good ride said the little girl yes and a quick way out of our troubles replied the line how lucky it was you brought away that wonderful cap end of chapter 14 chapter 15 of the wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Barm this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording Bylan's story the discovery of Oz the Terrible the four travellers walked up to the great gate of the Emerald City and rang the bell after ringing several times it was opened by the same guardian of the gate they had met before what are you back again he asked in surprise do you not see us answered the scarecrow but I thought you had gone to visit the wicked witch of the west we did visit her said the scarecrow and she let you go again asked the man in wonder she could not help it thought she is melted explained the scarecrow melted well that is good news indeed said the man who melted her it was Dorothy said the lion gravely good gracious exclaimed the man and he bowed very low indeed before her then he led them into his little room and locked the spectacles from the great box on all their eyes just as he had done before afterward they passed on through the gate into the Emerald City and when the people heard from the guardian of the gate that they had melted the wicked witch of the west they all gathered around the travellers and followed them in a great crowd to the palace of Oz the soldier with the green whiskers was still on guard before the door but he let them in at once and they were again met by the beautiful green girl who showed each of them to their old rooms at once so they might rest until the great Oz was ready to receive them the soldier had the news carried straight to Oz that Dorothy and the other travellers had come back again after destroying the wicked witch but Oz made no reply they thought the great wizard would send for them at once but he did not they had no word from him the next day all the next the waiting was tiresome and wearing and at last they grew vexed that Oz should treat them in so poorer fashion after sending them to undergo hardships and slavery so the scarecrow at last asked the green girl to take another message to Oz saying if they did not let them in to see him at once they would call the wing monkeys to help them and find out whether he kept his promises or not when the wizard was given this message he was so frightened that he sent word for them to come to the throne room at four minutes after nine o'clock the next morning he had once met the wing monkeys in the land of the west and did not wish to meet them again the four travellers passed a sleepless night each thinking of the gift Oz had promised to bestow upon him Dorothy fell asleep only once and then she dreamed she was in Kansas where Aunt M was telling her how glad she was to have a little girl at home again at nine o'clock the next morning the green whiskered soldier came to them and four minutes later they all went into the throne room of the great Oz of course each one of them expected to see the wizard in the shape he had taken before and all were greatly surprised when they looked about and saw no one at all in the room they kept close to the door and closer to one another for the stillness of the empty room was more dreadful than any of the forms they had seen Oz take presently they heard a voice seeming to come from somewhere near the top of the great dome and it said solemnly I am Oz the great and terrible why do you seek me they looked again in every part of the room and then seeing no one Dorothy asked where are you I am everywhere answered the voice but to the eyes of common mortals I will now seek myself upon my throne that you may converse with me indeed the voice seemed just then to come straight from the throne itself so they walked toward it and stood in a row while Dorothy said we have come to claim our promise oh Oz what promise asked Oz you promised to send me back to Kansas when the wicked witch was destroyed said the girl and you promised to give me brains said the scarecrow and you promised to give me a heart said the tin woodman and you promised to give me courage said the cowardly lion is the wicked witch really destroyed asked the voice and Dorothy thought it trembled a little yes she answered I melted her with a bucket of water dear me said the voice half sudden well come to me tomorrow for I must have time to think it over we all have had plenty of time already said the tin woodman angrily we shan't wait a day longer said the scarecrow you must keep your promises to us exclaimed Dorothy the lion thought it might be as well to frighten the wizard so he gave a large loud roar which was so fierce and dreadful that Toto jumped away from him an alarm and tipped over the screen that stood in a corner as it fell with a crash away and the next moment all of them were filled with wonder for they saw standing in just the spot the screen had hidden a little old man with a bald head and a wrinkled face you seemed to be as much surprised as they were the tin woodman raising his axe rushed towards the little man and cried out who are you I am all that great and terrible said the little man in a trembling voice but don't strike me please don't and I'll do anything you want me to our friends looked at him in surprise and dismay I thought Oz was a great head said Dorothy and I thought Oz was a lovely lady said the scarecrow and I thought Oz was a terrible beast said the tin woodman and I thought Oz was a ball of fire exclaimed the lion no you're all wrong said the little man meekly making believe cried Dorothy are you not a great wizard hush my dear don't speak so loud or you will be overheard and I should be ruined I'm supposed to be a great wizard and aren't you she asked not a bit of it my dear I'm just a common man you're more than that said the scarecrow in a grieve tone you're a humbug declared the little man rubbing his hands together as if it pleased him I am a humbug but this is terrible said the tin woodman how shall I ever get my heart oh I am my courage asked the lion well the scarecrow wiping the tears from his eyes with his coat sleeve my dear friends said Oz I pray you not to speak of these little things think of me I am in terrible trouble I am in it being found out doesn't anyone else know you a humbug asked Dorothy no one knows it but you four and myself replied Oz I have fooled everyone for so long that I thought I should never be found out it was a great mistake my ever letting you into the throne room usually I will not see even my subject and so they believe I am something terrible but I don't understand said Dorothy in bewilderment how was it that you appeared to me as a great head that was one of my tricks answered Oz step this way please and I will tell you all about it he led the way to a small chamber in the rear of the throne room and they all followed him he pointed to one corner in which lay the great head made out of many thicknesses of paper and with a carefully painted face this I hung from the ceiling by a wire said Oz I stood behind the screen and pulled a thread to make the eyes move and the mouth open but how about the voice she inquired I am a ventriloquist said the little man and I can throw the sound of my voice wherever I wish so that you thought it was coming out of the head here are the other things I used to deceive you he showed the scarecrow the dress and the mask he had worn when he seemed to be the lovely lady and the tin woodman saw that his terrible beast was nothing but a lot of skin sewn together with flats to keep their sides out as for the ball of fire the false wizard had hung that also from the ceiling it was really a ball of cotton but when oil was poured upon it the ball burned fiercely really said the scarecrow you ought to be ashamed of yourself for being such a humbug I am I certainly am answered the little man sorrowfully but it was the only thing I could do sit down please there are plenty of chairs and I will tell you my story so they sat down and listened while he told the following tale I was born in Omaha why that isn't very far from Kansas cried Dorisie no but it's farther from here he said shaking his head at her sadly when I grew up I became a ventriloquist and at that I was very well trained by a great master I can imitate any kind of bird or beast here he mewed so like a kitten that Toto pricked up his ears and looked everywhere to see where she was after a time continued ours I tired of that and became a balloonist what is that asked Dorisie a man who goes up in a balloon on circus day so as to draw crowd of people together and get them to pay to see the circus he explained oh she said I know well one day I went up in a balloon and the ropes got twisted so that I couldn't come down again it went way up above the clouds so far that a current of air struck it and carried it many many miles away for a day and a night I travelled through the air and on the morning of the second day I awoke and found the balloon floating over a strange and beautiful country it came down gradually and I was not hurt a bit but I found myself in the midst of a strange people who seeing me come from the clouds thought I was a great wizard of course I let them think so because they were afraid of me and promised to do anything I wished them to just to amuse myself and keep the good people busy I ordered them to build a city and my palace and they did it all willingly and well then I thought as the country was so green and beautiful I would call it the Emerald City and to make the name fit better I put green spectacles on all the people so that everything they saw was green but isn't everything here green asked Dorothy no more than any other city replied Oz but when you wear green spectacles I of course everything you see looks green to you the Emerald City was built a great many years ago for I was a young man when the balloon brought me here and I am a very old man now but my people have worn green glasses on their eyes so long that most of them think it really is an Emerald City and it certainly is a beautiful place a bounding in jewels and precious metals and every good thing that is needed to make one happy I have been good to the people and they like me but ever since this palace was built I have shucked myself up and would not see any of them one of my greatest fears was the witches for while I had no magical powers at all I soon found out that the witches were really able to do wonderful things they were four of them in this country and they ruled the people who live in the north and south in east and west fortunately the witches of the north and south were good they do me no harm but the witches of the east and west were terribly wicked and had they not thought I was more powerful than they themselves they would surely have destroyed me as it was I lived in deadly fear of them for many years so you can imagine how pleased I was when I heard your house had fallen on the wicked witch of the east when you came to me I was willing to promise anything if you would only do away with the other witch I am ashamed to say that I cannot keep my promises I think you are a very bad man said Doracy oh no my dear I am really a very good man but I am a very bad wizard I must admit can't you give me brains asked the scarecrow you don't need them you are learning something every day a baby has brains but it doesn't know much it is the only thing that brings knowledge and the longer you are here on earth the more experience you are sure to get that may all be true said the scarecrow but I shall be very unhappy unless you give me brains the false wizard looked at him carefully well he said with a sigh I am not much of a magician as I said but if you will come to me tomorrow morning I will stuff your head with brains I cannot tell you how to use them however you must find that out for yourself oh thank you thank you cried the scarecrow I will find a way to use them never fear but how about my courage asked the lion anxiously you have plenty of courage I am sure answered Oz all you need is confidence in yourself there is no living thing that is not afraid when it faces danger true courage is in facing danger when you are afraid and that kind of courage you have in plenty perhaps I have but I am scared just the same said the lion I shall really be very unhappy unless you give me the sort of courage that makes one forget he is afraid very well I will give you that sort of courage tomorrow replied Oz how about my heart asked the tin woodman answered Oz I think you are wrong to want a heart it makes most people unhappy if only you knew it you are in luck not to have a heart that must be a matter of opinion said the tin woodman for my part I will bear all the unhappiness without a murmur if you will give me the heart very well answered Oz meekly come to me tomorrow and you shall have a heart I have played wizard for so many years I will be a part a little longer and now said Dorothy how am I to get back to Kansas we shall have to think about that replied the little man give me two or three days to consider the matter and I will try and find a way to carry you over the desert in the meantime you shall all be treated as my guests and while you live in the palace my people will wait upon you and obey your slightest wish there is only one thing I ask in return as such as it is you must keep my secret until no one I am a humbug they agreed to say nothing of what they had learned and went back to their rooms in high spirits even Dorothy had hoped that the great and terrible humbug as she called him would find a way to send her back to Kansas and if he did that she was willing to forgive him everything End of Chapter 15 Chapter 16 The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley the magic art of the great humbug next morning the scarecrow said to his friends congratulate me I am going to ask to get my brains at last when I return I shall be as other men are I have always liked you as you were said Dorothy simply it is kind of you to like a scarecrow he replied but surely you will think more of me when you hear the splendid thoughts my new brain is going to turn out then he said goodbye to them all in a cheerful voice and went to the throne room where you wrapped upon the door come in said Oz the scarecrow went in and found the little man sitting down by the window engaged in deep thought I have come for my brains remarked the scarecrow a little uneasily oh yes sit down in that chair please replied Oz you must excuse me for taking your head off but I shall have to do it in order to put your brains in their proper place that's alright said the scarecrow you are quite welcome to take my head off as long as it will be a better one when you put it on again so the wizard fastened his head and emptied out the straw then he entered the back room and took up a measure of bran which he mixed with a great many pins and needles having shaken them together thoroughly he filled the top of the scarecrow's head with the mixture and stuffed the rest of the space with straw to hold it in place when he had fastened the scarecrow's head on his body again he said to him hereafter you will be a great man for I had given you a lot of brand new brains the scarecrow was both pleased and proud at the fulfilment of his greatest wish and having thanked Oz warmly he went back to his frames Dorothy looked at him curiously his head was quite bulging out at the top with brains how do you feel she asked I feel wise indeed he answered earnestly when I get used to my brains I shall know everything why are those needles and pins sticking out of your head asked the tin woodman that is proof that he is sharp remarked the lion well I must go to Oz and get my heart said the woodman so he walked to the throne room and knocked at the door come in called Oz and the woodman entered and said I have come for my heart very well answered the little man but I shall have to cut a hole in your breast so I can put your heart in the right place I hope it won't hurt you no, answered the woodman I shall not feel it at all so Oz bought a pair of tinners shears and cut a small square hole in the left side of the tin woodman's breast then going to a chest of drawers he took out a pretty heart made entirely of silk and stuffed with sawdust isn't it a beauty he asked it is indeed, replied the woodman who was greatly pleased but is it a kind heart oh very answered Oz he put the heart in the woodman's breast and then replaced the square of tin soldering it neatly together where it had been cut there said he now you have a heart that any man might be proud of I'm sorry I had to put a patch on your breast but it really couldn't be helped never mind the patch exclaimed the happy woodman I'm very grateful to you and she'll never forget your kindness don't speak of it replied Oz then the tin woodman went back to his friends who wished him every joy on account of his good fortune the lion now walked to the throne room and knocked the door come in said Oz I have come for my courage announced the lion entering the room very well answered the little man I will get it for you he went to a cupboard and reaching up to a high shelf took down a square green bottle the contents of which he poured into a green gold dish beautifully carved placing this before the cloudy lion who sniffed at it as if he did not like it the wizard said drink what is it asked the lion well answered Oz if it were inside of you it would be courage you know of course that courage is always inside one so that this really cannot be called courage until you have swallowed it therefore I advise you to drink it as soon as possible the lion hesitated no longer but drank till the dish was empty how do you feel now asked Oz full of courage replied the lion who went joyfully back to his friends to tell them of his good fortune Oz left to himself smiled to think of his success in giving the scarecrow and the tin woodman and the lion exactly what they thought they wanted how can I help being a humbug he said when all these people make me do things that everybody knows can't be done it was easy to make the scarecrow and the lion and the woodman happy because they imagined I could do anything but it will take more than imagination to carry Dorothy back to Kansas and I'm sure I don't know how it can be done end of chapter 16 chapter 17 of the wonderful wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley how the balloon was launched for three days Dorothy heard nothing from Oz these were sad days for the little girl although her friends were all quite happy and contented the scarecrow told them there were wonderful thoughts in his head but he would not say what they were because he knew no one could understand them but himself when the tin woodman walked about he felt his heart rattling around in his breast and he told Dorothy he had discovered it to be a kinder and more tender heart than the one he had owned when he was made of flesh the lion declared he was afraid of nothing on earth and would gladly face an army of men or a dozen of the fierce Calidas thus each of the little party was satisfied except Dorothy who longed more than ever to get back to Kansas on the fourth day to her great joy Oz sent for her and when she entered the throne room he said pleasantly sit down my dear I think I found a way to get you out of this country and back to Kansas she asked eagerly well I'm not sure about Kansas said Oz for I haven't the faintest notion where it lies first thing to do is to cross the desert and then it should be easy to find your way home how can I cross the desert she inquired well I'll tell you what I think said the little man you see when I came to this country it was in a balloon you also came through the air being carried by a cyclone so I believe the best way to get across the desert will be through the air now it is quite beyond my powers to make a cyclone but I've been thinking the matter over and I believe I can make a balloon how Oz Dorisie a balloon said Oz is made of silk which is coated with glue to keep the gas in it I have plenty of silk in the palace so it will be no trouble for us to make the balloon but in all this country there is no gas to fill the balloon was to make it float if it won't float remark Dorisie it will be of no use to us true answered Oz but there is another way to make it float which is to fill it with hot air hot air isn't as good as gas for if the air should get cold the balloon would come down in the desert and we should be lost we exclaimed the girl are you going with me yes of course replied Oz I am tired of being such a humbug if I should go out of this palace the girl would soon discover I am not a wizard and then they would be vexed with me for having deceived them so I have to stay shut up in these rooms all day and it gets tiresome I'd much rather go back to Kansas with you and be in a circus again I shall be glad to have your company said Dorisie thank you he answered now if you will help me sew this all together we will begin to work on our balloon so Dorisie took a needle and thread and as fast as Oz cut the strips of silk into proper shape the girls sewed them neatly together first there was a strip of light green silk then a strip of dark green and then a strip of emerald green for Oz had the fancy to make the balloon in different shades of the colour about them it took three days to sew all the strips together but when it was finished they had a big bag of green silk more than twenty feet long then Oz painted it on the inside with a coat of thin glue to make it airtight after which he announced that the balloon was ready but we must have a basket to ride in he said so he sent the soldier with the green whiskers for a big clothes basket which he fastened with many ropes to the bottom of the balloon when it was all ready Oz sent word to his people that he was going to make a visit to a great brother wizard who lived in the clouds the news spread rapidly throughout the city and everyone came to see the wonderful sight Oz ordered the balloon carried out in front of the palace and the people gazed upon it with much curiosity the tin woodman had chopped a big pile of wood and now he made a fire of it and Oz held the bottom of the balloon over the fire so that the hot air that arose from it would be caught in the silken bag gradually the balloon swelled out and rose into the air until finally the basket just touched the ground then Oz got into the basket and said to all the people in a loud voice I am now going away to make a visit while I am gone the scarecrow will rule over you I command you to obey him as you would me the balloon was by this time tugging hard at the rope that held it to the ground and then it was hot and this made it so much lighter in weight than the air without that it pulled hard to rise into the sky come Dorothy! cried the wizard hurry up or the balloon will fly away I can't find Toto anywhere replied Dorothy who did not wish to leave her little dog behind Toto had run into the crowd to bark at a kitten and Dorothy had last found him she picked him up and ran toward the balloon she was within a few steps of it and Oz was holding Artie's hand to help her into the basket when crack went the ropes and the balloon rose into the air without her she screamed I want to go too! I can't come back my dear called Oz from the basket goodbye goodbye shouted everyone and all eyes were turned upward to where the wizard was riding in the basket rising every moment farther and farther into the sky and that was the last any of them ever saw of Oz the wonderful wizard though he may have reached Omaha safely and be there now for all we know but the people remembered him lovingly and said to one another Oz was always our friend when he was here he built for us this beautiful emerald city and now he is gone he has left us the wise scarecrow to rule over us still for many days they grieved over the loss of the wonderful wizard and would not be comforted End of Chapter 17 Chapter 18 of the wonderful wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley Away to the South Dorothy wept bitterly at the passing of her hope to get home to Kansas again but when she thought it all over she was glad she had not gone up in a balloon and she also felt sorry at losing Oz and so did her companions the Tin Woodman came to her and said truly I should be ungrateful if I failed to mourn for the man who gave me my lovely heart I should like to cry a little because Oz is gone if he will kindly wipe away my tears so that I shall not rust with pleasure she answered and brought a towel at once then the Tin Woodman wept for several minutes and she watched the tears carefully and wiped them away with the towel when he had finished he thanked her kindly and oiled himself thoroughly with his jeweled oil can to God against Mishap this care-crow was now the ruler of the Emerald City and although he was not a wizard the people were proud of him for they said there is not another in the city in all the world that is ruled by a stuffed man and so far as they knew they were quite right if a loon had gone up with Oz the four travellers met in the throne room and talked matters over the care-crow sat in the big throne and the others took respectfully before him we are not so unlucky said the new ruler for this palace and the Emerald City belong to us and we can do just as we please when I remember that a short time ago I was up on a pole in a farmer's cornfield and that I am now the ruler of this beautiful city I am quite satisfied with my lot I also said the tin woodman am well pleased with my new heart and really that was the only thing I wished in the whole world for my part I am content in knowing that I am as brave as any beast that ever lived if not braver said the lion modestly if Dorothy could only be contented to live in the Emerald City continued the care-crow we might all be happy together but I don't want to live here cried Dorothy I want to go to Kansas and live with Aunt M and Uncle Henry well then what can be done inquired the woodman the care-crow decided to think and he thought so hard that the pins and needles began to stick out of his brains finally he said why not call the wing monkeys and ask them to carry you over the desert I never thought of that said Dorothy joyfully it's just the thing I'll go at once for the golden cap when she brought it to the throne room she spoke the magic words and soon the band of wind monkeys flew in through an open window and stood beside her this is the second time you have called us said the monkey king bowing before the little girl what do you wish I want you to fly with me to Kansas but the monkey king shook his head that cannot be done he said we belong to this country alone and cannot leave it there has never been a wing monkey in Kansas yet and I suppose they never will be for they don't belong there we shall be glad to serve you in any way in our power but we cannot cross the desert goodbye and was another bow the monkey king spread his wings and flew away through the window followed by all his band Dorothy was almost ready to cry with disappointment I have wasted the charm of the golden captain no purpose she said for the wing monkeys cannot help me it is certainly too bad said the tender hearted woodman the scarecrow was thinking again and his head bulged out so horribly that Dorothy feared it would burst let us call in the soldier with the green whiskers he said and ask his advice so the soldier was summoned and entered the throne room timidly for while Oz was alive he never was allowed to come further than the door this little girl said the scarecrow to the soldier wishes to cross the desert how can she do so I cannot tell answered the soldier for nobody has ever crossed the desert unless it is Oz himself is there no one who can help me asked Dorothy earnestly Glinda might he suggested who is Glinda? inquired the scarecrow the witch of the south she is the most powerful of all the witches and rules over the quadlings besides her castle stands on the edge of the desert so she may know a way to cross it Glinda is a good witch isn't she? asked the child the quadlings think she's good said the soldier and she is kind to everyone I've heard that Glinda is a beautiful woman who knows how to keep young in spite of the many years she has lived how can I get to her castle? asked Dorothy the road is straight to the south he answered but it is said to be full of dangers to travellers there are wild beasts in the woods and a race of queer men who do not like strangers to cross their country for this reason none of the quadlings ever came to the emerald city the soldier then left them it seems in spite of dangers that the best thing Dorothy can do is to travel to the land of the south and ask Glinda to help her for of course if Dorothy stays here she will never get back to Kansas you must have been thinking again remarked the tin woodman I have said the scarecrow I shall go with Dorothy declared the lion for I am tired of your city and long for the woods and the country again I am really a wild beast you know besides Dorothy will need someone to protect her that is true my axe may be of service to her so I also will go with her to the land of the south when shall we start asked the scarecrow are you going they asked in surprise certainly if it wasn't for Dorothy I should never have had brains from the pearl in the cornfield and brought me to the emerald city so my good luck is all due to her and I shall never leave her until she starts back to Kansas for good and all thank you said Dorothy gratefully you are all very kind to me but I should like to start as soon as possible we shall go tomorrow morning return the scarecrow so now let us all get ready for it'll be a long journey end of chapter 18 chapter 19 of the wonderful wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley attacked by the fighting trees the next morning Dorothy kissed the pretty green girl goodbye and they all shook hands with a soldier with the green whiskers who had walked with them as far as the gate when the guardian of the gate saw them again he wondered greatly that they could leave the beautiful city to get into new trouble but he at once unlocked their spectacles which he put back into the green box and gave them many good wishes to carry with them you are now our ruler he said to the scarecrow so you must come back to us as soon as possible I certainly shall if I am able the scarecrow replied but I must help Dorothy to get home first as Dorothy baid the good-natured guardian a last farewell she said I have been very kindly treated in your lovely city and everyone has been good to me I cannot tell you how grateful I am don't try my dear he answered we should like to keep you with us but if it is your wish to return to Kansas I hope you will find a way then he opened the gate of the outer wall and looked forth and started upon their journey the sun shone brightly as our friends turned their faces toward the land of the south they were all in the best of spirits and laughed and chatted together Dorothy was once more filled with the hope of getting home and the scarecrow and the tin woodman were glad to be of use to her as for the lion he sniffed the fresh air with dead light and whisked his tail from side to side in pure joy at being in the country again while Turtle ran around them and chased the moths and butterflies barking merrily all the time city life does not agree with me at all remarked the lion as they walked along at a brisk pace I have lost much flesh since I lived there and now I am anxious for a chance to show the other beasts how courageous I have grown they now turned and took a last look at the Emerald City all they could see was a mass of towers and steeples behind the green walls and high up above everything the spires and the dome of the palace of Oz Oz was not such a bad wizard after all said the tin woodman as he felt his heart rattling around in his breast he knew how to give me brains and very good brains too said the scarecrow if Oz had taken a dose of the same courage he gave me added the lion brave man Doris he said nothing Oz had not kept the promise he made her but he had done his best so she forgave him as he said he was a good man even if he was a bad wizard the first day's journey was through the green fields and bright flowers that stretched about the Emerald City on every side they slept that night on the grass with nothing but the stars over them and they rested very well indeed in the morning they travelled on until they came to a thick wood there was no way of going around it for it seemed to extend to the right and left as far as they could see and besides they did not dare change the direction of their journey for fear of getting lost so they looked for a place where it would be easiest to get into the forest the scarecrow who was in the lead finally discovered a big tree with such wide spreading branches that there was room for the party to pass underneath so he walked forward to the tree but just as he came under the first branches they bent down and twined around him and the next minute he was raised from the ground and flung headlong among his fellow travellers this did not hurt the scarecrow but it surprised him and he looked rather dizzy when Doris he picked him up here is another space between the trees called the lion let me try it first the scarecrow for it does not hurt me to get thrown about he walked up to another tree as he spoke but its branches immediately seized him and tossed him back again this is strange exclaimed Doris the trees seemed to have made up their minds to fight us and stop our journey remarked the lion I believe I will try it myself said the woodman and shouldering his axe it handled the scarecrow so roughly when a big branch bent down to seize him the woodman chopped at it so fiercely that he cut it in two at once the tree began shaking all its branches as if in pain and the tin woodman passed safely under it come on he shouted to the others be quick they all ran forward and passed under the tree without injury except Toto who was caught by a small branch and shaken until he howled but the woodman promptly chopped off the branch and set the little dog free the other trees of the forest did nothing to keep them back so they made up their minds that only the first row of trees could bend down their branches and that probably these were the policemen of the forest and given this wonderful power in order to keep strangers out of it the four travelers walked with ease through the trees until they came to the further edge of the wood then to their surprise they found before them a high wall which seemed to be made of white china it was smooth like the surface of a dish and higher than their heads what shall we do now? asked Dorothy I will make it later said the tin woodman for we certainly must climb over the wall end of chapter 19 chapter 20 of the wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley the dainty china country while the woodman was making a ladder from wood which he found in the forest Dorothy lay down and slept for she was tired by the long walk the lion also called himself up to sleep and told her lay beside him the scarecrow watched the woodman while he worked and said to him I cannot think why this wall is here nor what it is made of roast your brains and do not worry about the wall replied the woodman when we have climbed over it we shall know what is on the other side after a time the ladder was finished it looked clumsy but the tin woodman was sure it was strong and would answer their purpose the scarecrow egged Dorothy and the lion and toto told them that the ladder was ready the scarecrow climbed up the ladder first but he was so awkward that Dorothy had to follow close behind and keep him from falling off when he got his head over the top of the wall the scarecrow said oh my go on exclaimed Dorothy so the scarecrow climbed further up and sat down on top of the wall and Dorothy put her head over and cried oh my just as the scarecrow had done then toto came up and immediately began to bark but Dorothy made him be still the lion climbed the ladder next and the tin woodman came last but both of them cried oh my as soon as they looked over the wall when they were all sitting in a row on the top of the wall they looked down and saw a strange sight before them was a great stretch of country having a floor as smooth and shining and white as the bottom of a big plateau scattered around were many houses made entirely of china and painted in the brightest colours these houses were quite small the biggest of them reaching only as high as Dorothy's waist there were also pretty little barns with china fences around them and many cows and sheep and horses and pigs and chickens all made of china and sheep but the strangest of all were the people who lived in this queer country there were milk maids and shepherdesses with bright coloured bodices and golden spots all over their gowns the princesses with most gorgeous frocks of silver and gold and purple and shepherds dressed in knee breeches with pink and yellow and blue stripes down them and golden buckles on their shoes and princess with dueled crowns upon their heads wearing ermine robes golden doublets and funny clowns in ruffled gowns with round red spots upon their cheeks and tall pointed caps and strangest of all these people were all made of china even to their clothes and were so small that the tallest of them was no higher than Dorothy's knee no one did so much as look at the travellers at first except one little purple china dog with an extra large head which came to the wall and barked at them and said, ''How shall we get down?'' asked Dorothy ''They found the lad is so heavy they could not pull it up so the scarecrow fell off the wall and the others jumped down upon him so that the hard floor would not hurt their feet of course they took pains not to light on his head and get the pins in their feet when all was safely done they picked up the scarecrow whose body was quite flattened out and patted his straw into shape again ''We must cross the strange place in order to get to the other side'' said Dorothy ''For it would be unwise for us to go any other way except due south'' they began walking through the country of the china people and the first thing they came to was a china milkmaid milking a china cow as they drew near the cow suddenly gave a kick and kicked over the stool the pail and even the milkmaid herself all falling on the china ground after that Dorothy was shocked to see that the cow had broken her leg short off and that the pail was lying in several small pieces while the poor milkmaid had a neck in her left elbow ''There'' cried the milkmaid angrily ''see what you have done my cow has broken her leg and I must take her to the menders shop and have it glued on again what do you mean by coming here and frightening my cow?'' ''I'm very sorry'' returned Dorothy but the pretty milkmaid was much too vexed to make any answer she picked up the leg sulkily and laid her cow away the poor animal limping on three legs as she left them the milkmaid cast many reproachful glances over her shoulder at the clumsy strangers holding her nicked elbow close to her side Dorothy was quite grieved at this mishap ''We must be very careful here'' said the kind-hearted woodman ''Or we may hurt these pretty little people so they will never get over it'' A little farther on Dorothy met a most beautiful dressed young princess who stopped short when she saw the strangers and started to run away Dorothy wanted to see more of the princess so she ran after her but the china girl cried out ''Don't chase me, don't chase me'' she had such a frightened little voice that Dorothy stopped and said ''Why not?'' the princess answered the princess also stopping a safe distance away ''If I run I may fall down and break myself'' ''But couldn't you be mended?'' asked the girl ''Oh yes but one is never so pretty after being mended you know?'' replied the princess ''I suppose not'' said Dorothy ''Now there is Mr Joker one of our clowns continued the china lady who is always trying to stand upon his head he has broken himself so often that he has mended in a hundred places and doesn't look at all pretty here he comes now so you can see for yourself'' indeed a jolly little clown now came walking toward them and Dorothy could see that in spite of his pretty clothes of red and yellow and green he was completely covered with cracks running every which way and showing plainly that he had been mended in many places the clown put his hands in his pockets and after puffing out his cheeks and nodding his head at them sorcery he said ''By Lady Fair why do you stare at poor old Mr Joker you're quite a stiff and prim as if you'd eaten up a poker'' ''Be quiet sir'' said the princess ''Can't you see these are strangers and should be treated with respect?'' ''Well that is respect I expect'' declared the clown and immediately stood upon his head ''Don't mind Mr Joker'' said the princess to Dorothy he is considerably cracked in his head and that makes him foolish ''Oh I don't mind him a bit'' said Dorothy ''But you are so beautiful'' she continued ''that I am sure I could love you dearly won't you let me carry you back to Kansas and stand you on Aunt Em's mantle shelf I could carry you in my basket'' ''That would make me very unhappy'' answered the china princess ''You see here in our own country we live contentedly and can talk and move around as we please but whenever any of us are taken away our joints at once stiffen and we can only stand straight and look pretty of course that is all that is expected of us when we are on mantle shells and cabinets and drawing room tables but our lives are much pleasanter here in our own country ''I would not make you unhappy for all the world'' exclaimed Dorothy ''So I'll just say goodbye'' ''Goodbye'' replied the princess they walked carefully through the china country the little animals and all the people scampered out of their way fearing the strangers would break them and after an hour or so the travellers reached the other side of the country and came to another china wall it was not as high as the first however and by standing upon the lion's back they all managed to scramble to the top then the lion gathered his legs under him and jumped on the wall but just as he jumped he upset a china church with his tail and smashed it all to pieces ''That was too bad'' said Dorothy but really I think we are lucky in not doing these little people more harm than breaking a cow's leg and a church they are all so brittle ''They are indeed'' said the scarecrow ''and I'm thankful I am made of straw and cannot be easily damaged there are worse things in the world than being a scarecrow'' after climbing down from the china wall the travellers found themselves in a disagreeable country with logs and marshes and covered with tall rank grass it was difficult to walk far without falling into muddy holes for the grass was so sick that it hid them from sight however by carefully picking their way they got safely along until they reached solid ground but here the country seemed wilder than ever and after a long and tiresome walk through the underbrush they entered another forest wilder than any they had ever seen ''This forest is perfectly delightful'' declared the lion looking around him with joy ''Never have I seen a more beautiful place'' ''It seems gloomy'' said the scarecrow ''Not a bit of it'' answered the lion ''I should like to live here all my life'' ''See how soft the dried leaves are under your feet and how rich and green the grasses that clings to these old trees surely no wild beast could wish a pleasanter home'' ''Perhaps there are wild beasts in the forest now'' said Dorothy ''I suppose there are'' returned the lion but I do not see any of them about they walked to the forest until it became too dark to go any farther Dorothy and Toto and the lion lay down to sleep while the woodman and the scarecrow kept watch over them as usual when morning came they started again before they had gone far they heard a low rumble as of the growling of many wild animals Toto whimpered a little but none of the others was frightened and they kept along the well trodden path until they came to an opening in the wood in which were gathered hundreds of beasts of every variety there were tigers and elephants and bears and wolves and foxes and all the others in the natural history and for a moment Dorothy was afraid but the lion explained that the animals were holding a meeting and he judged by their snarling and growling that they were in great trouble as he spoke several of the beasts caught sight of him and at once the great assemblage hushed as if by magic the biggest of the tigers came up to the lion saying welcome, oh king of beasts you have come in good time to fight our enemy and bring peace to all the animals of the forest once more what is your trouble? asked the lion quietly we are all threatened answered the tiger by a fierce enemy which is lately coming to this forest it is the most tremendous monster like a great spider with a body as big as an elephant and legs as long as a tree trunk it has eight of these long legs and as the monster crawls through the forest he seizes an animal with a leg and drags it to his mouth where he eats it as a spider does a fly not one of us is safe while this fierce creature is alive and we had called a meeting to decide how to take care of ourselves when you came among us the lion sought for a moment are there any other lions in this forest? he asked no but there were some but the monsters eaten them all and besides they were none of them nearly so large and brave as you if I put an end to your enemy will you bow down to me and obey me as king of the forest? inquired the lion we will do that gladly returned the tiger and all the other beasts roared with a mighty roar we will where is this great spider of yours now? asked the lion yonder among the oak trees said the tiger pointing with his forefoot take good care of these friends of mine said the lion and I will go once to fight the monster he bade his comrades goodbye and marched proudly away to do battle with the enemy the great spider was lying asleep when the lion found him and it looked so ugly that its foe turned up his nose in disgust its legs were quite as long as the tiger had said and its body covered with coarse black hair it had a great mouth with a row of sharp teeth a foot long but its head was joined to the pudgy body by a neck as slender as a wasp's waist this gave the lion a hint of the best way to attack the creature and as he knew it was easier to fight it asleep than awake he gave a great spring and landed directly upon the monster's back then with one blow of his heavy paw all armed with sharp claws he knocked the spider's head from its body jumping down he watched it until the long legs stopped wiggling when he knew it was quite dead the lion went back to the opening where the beasts of the forest were waiting for him and said proudly you need fear or enemy no longer then the beasts bowed down to the lion as their king and he promised to come back and rule over them as soon as Dorothy was safely on her way to Kansas end of chapter 21 chapter 22 of the wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley the country of the quadlings the four travellers passed through the rest of the forest in safety and when they came out of its gloom saw before them a steep hill covered from top to bottom with great pieces of rock and when they came out of its gloom with great pieces of rock that will be a hard time said the scarecrow but we must get over the hill nevertheless so he led the way and the others followed they had nearly reached the first rock when they heard a raff voice cry out get back who are you asked the scarecrow then a head showed itself over the rock and the same voice said this hill belongs to us we don't allow anyone to cross it but we must cross it said the scarecrow we are going to the country of the quadlings but you shall not replied the voice and they stepped from behind the rock the strangest man the travellers had ever seen he was quite short and start and had a big head which was flat at the top and supported by a thick neck full of wrinkles but he had no arms at all and seeing this the scarecrow did not fear that so helpless a creature could prevent them from climbing the hill so he said I am sorry not to do as you wish but we must pass over your hill whether you like it or not and he walked boldly forward as quick as lightning the man's head shot forward and his neck stretched out until the top of the head where it was flat struck the scarecrow in the middle and sent him tumbling almost as quickly as it came the head went back to the body and the man laughed harshly as he said it isn't as easy as you think a chorus of boisterous laughter came from the other rocks and Dorothy saw hundreds of the armless hammerheads upon the hillside one behind every rock the lion became quite angry at the laughter caused by the scarecrow's mishap and giving a loud roar that echoed like thunder he dashed up the hill again a head shot swiftly out and the great lion went rolling down the hill as if he had been struck by a cannonball Dorothy ran down and helped the scarecrow to his feet and the lion came up to her feeling rather bruised and sore and said it is useless to fight people with shooting heads no one can withstand them what can we do then she asked all the wing monkeys suggested the tin woodman you have still the right to command them once more very well she answered and putting on the golden cap she uttered the magic words the monkeys were as prompt as ever and in a few moments the entire band stood before her what are your commands inquired the king of the monkeys bowing low carry us over the hill to the country of the quadlings answered the girl it shall be done said the king and at once the wing monkeys caught the four travellers and Toto up in their arms and flew away with them as they passed over the hill the hammerheads yelled with vexation and shot their heads high in the air but they could not reach the winged monkeys which carried Dorothy and her comrades safely over the hill and set them down in the beautiful country of the quadlings this is the last time you can summon us said the leader to Dorothy so goodbye and good luck to you goodbye and thank you very much returned the girl and the monkeys rose into the air and were out of sight in a twinkling the country of the quadlings seemed rich and happy there was field upon field of ripening grain with well-paved roads running between and pretty rippling brooks with strong bridges across them the fences and houses and bridges were all painted bright red just as they had been painted yellow in the country of the wing keys and blue in the country of the munchkins the quadlings themselves who were short and fat and looked chubby and good-natured were dressed all in red which showed bright against the green grass and the yellow ingrain the monkeys had set them down near a farmhouse and the four travellers walked up to it and knocked at the door it was opened by the farmer's wife and when Dorothy asked for something to eat the woman gave them all a good dinner with three kinds of cake and four kinds of cookies and a bowl of milk for Toto how far is it to the castle of Glinda? asked the child it is not such a great way answered the farmer's wife take the road to the south and you will soon reach it thanking the good woman they started afresh and walked by the fields and across the pretty bridges until they saw before them a very beautiful castle before the gates were three young girls dressed in handsome red uniforms trimmed with gold braid and as Dorothy approached one of them said to her why have you come to the south country? to see the good witch who rules here she answered will you take me to her? let me have your name and I will ask Glinda if she will receive you they told who they were and the girl soldier went into the castle after a few moments she came back to say that Dorothy and the others were to be admitted at once end of chapter 22 chapter 23 of the wonderful wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum this LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley the good witch grants Dorothy's wish before they went to see Glinda however they were taken to a room of the castle where Dorothy washed her face and combed her hair and the lion shook the dust out of his mane and the scarecrow patted himself with his hands and the mane and the scarecrow patted himself into his best shape and the woodman polished his tin and oiled his joints when they were all quite presentable they followed the soldier girl into a big room where the witch Glinda sat upon a throne of rubies she was both beautiful and young to their eyes her hair was a rich red in colour and fell in flowing ringlets over his shoulders her dress was pure white but her eyes were blue and they looked kindly upon the little girl what can I do for you my child she asked Dorothy told the witch all her story how the cyclone had brought her to the land of Oz how she had found her companions and of the wonderful adventures they had met with my greatest wish now she added is to get back to Kansas for Aunt M will surely think something dreadful has happened to me and that will make her put on mourning and unless the crops are better this year than they were last I am sure Uncle Henry cannot afford it Glinda leaned forward and kissed the sweet upturned face of the loving little girl bless your dear heart she said I am sure I can tell you of a way to get back to Kansas then she added but if I do you must give me the golden cap willingly exclaimed Dorothy indeed it is of no use to me now and when you have it you can command the winged monkeys three times and I think I shall need their service just those three times answered Glinda smiling Dorothy then gave her the golden cap and the witch said to the scarecrow what will you do when Dorothy has left us I will return to the Emerald City he replied for Oz has made me its ruler and the people like me the only thing that worries me is how to cross the hill of the hammerheads by means of the golden cap I shall command the winged monkeys to carry you to the gates of the Emerald City said Glinda for it will be a shame to deprive the people of so wonderful a ruler am I really wonderful asked the scarecrow you are unusual replied Glinda turning to the tin woodman she asked what will become of you when Dorothy leaves this country he leaned on his axe and thought a moment then he said the Winkies were very kind to me and wanted me to rule over them after the wicked witch died I am fond of the Winkies and if I could get back again to the country of the West I should like nothing better than to rule over them forever my second command to the winged monkeys said Glinda will be that they carry you safely to the land of the Winkies your brains may not be so large to look at those of the scarecrow but you are really brighter than he is when you are well polished and I am sure you will rule the Winkies wisely and well then the witch looked at the big shaggy line and asked when Dorothy has returned to her own home what will become of you over the hill of the hammerheads he answered lies a grand old forest and all the beasts that live there have made me their king if I could only get back to this forest I would pass my life very happily there my third command to the winged monkeys said Glinda shall be to carry you to your forest then having used up the powers of the golden cap I shall give it to the king of the monkeys that he and his band may there over after be free forever more the scarecrow and the tin woodman and the lion now thank the good witch earnestly for her kindness and Dorothy exclaimed you are certainly as good as you are beautiful but you have not yet told me how to get back to Kansas your silver shoes will carry you over the desert replied Glinda if you had known their power you could have gone back to your aunt in the very first day you came to this country but then I should not have had my wonderful brains cried the scarecrow I might have passed my whole life in the farmer's cornfield I might have had my lovely heart said the tin woodman I might have stood and rusted in the forest till the end of the world and I should have lived a coward forever declared the lion and no beast in all the forest would have had a good word to say to me this is all true said Dorothy and I'm glad I was of use to these good friends but now that each of them has what he most desired and each is happy in having a kingdom I think I should like to go back to Kansas the silver shoes have wonderful powers and one of the most curious things about them is that they can carry you to any place in the world in three steps and each step will be made in the wink of an eye all you have to do is to knock the heels together three times and command the shoes to carry you wherever you wish to go if that is so said the child joyfully I will ask him to carry me back to Kansas at once she threw her arms around the lion's neck and kissed him patting his big head tenderly then she kissed the tin woodman who was weeping in a way most dangerous to his joints but she hugged the soft stuffed body of the scarecrow in her arms instead of kissing his painted face and found she was crying herself at the sorrowful parting from her loving comrades Linda the good stepped down from her ruby throne to give the little girl a goodbye kiss and Dorothy thanked her for all the kindness she had shown to her friends and herself Dorothy now took Toto up solemnly in her arms and having said one last goodbye she clapped the heels of her shoes together three times saying take me home to Aunt M instantly she was whirling through the air so swiftly that all she could see or feel was the wind whistling past her ears the silver shoes took but three steps and then she stopped so suddenly that she rolled over upon the grass several times before she knew where she was at length however she sat up and looked about her good gracious she cried for she was sitting on the broad cans sprayery and just before her was the new farmhouse Uncle Henry had built after the cyclone had carried away the old one Uncle Henry was milking the cows in the barnyard and Toto had jumped out of her arms and was running toward the barn barking joyously Dorothy stood up and found she was in her stocking feet for the silver shoes had fallen off in her flight through the air and were lost forever in the desert End of Chapter 23 Chapter 24 of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz This LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by Lynn Stanley home again Aunt M had just come out of the house to water the cabbages when she looked up and saw Dorothy running toward her My darling child she cried folding the little girl in her arms and covering her face with kisses where in the world did you come from from the land of Oz said Dorothy gravely and here is Toto too and oh Aunt M I'm so glad to be at home again End of Chapter 24 Recording by Lynn Stanley End of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum