the egg industry would rather blame the bacon or hash browns, reeling against this myth that eggs are the most concentrated source of dietary cholesterol. And it's true. They're right. It is a myth. According to the official USDA nutrient database, in a list of the most concentrated cholesterol sources, eggs are not, number one, they're number two.  Then more brains, eggs, brains, brains, eggs, brains, eggs, and eggs. The take-home message, if you're going to do veal brains, pan fry, is definitely not braised. What about omega-3-rich eggs? The new type of eggs containing omega-3 fatty acids are still loaded with cholesterol. The director of the store prevention and ethosclerosis research center notes, the answer is not to feed flaxseed to the chickens, but rather to put it on the cereal and leave the chicken out of the meal. The devastating new review published last year complicating egg consumption did not go over easy with the egg industry. They countered that the overly restrictive 200 milligram upper safety limit for cholesterol intake that wouldn't even allow a single egg is only for people at risk for heart disease, to which the lead research replied, most everyone is at risk of vascular disease. The only ones who could eat an egg yolk regularly with impunity would be those who expect to die prematurely from non-vascular causes. In other words, his famous, the only people who should eat eggs regularly are those with a terminal illness, because at that point, who cares? You're going to drop dead anyway. In their landmark review, they conclude that waiting until your first stroke, heart attack, or diabetes diagnosis to avoid eggs is too late. They conclude stopping egg consumption after heart attack or stroke would be like quitting smoking after a diagnosis of lung cancer, a necessary action, but late.


All right, let's get started then. So welcome to our session on past, present, and future of EBPF and observability. I'm joined by Natalie today from New Relic, who is a contributor to the Pixie open source project. I'm Frederick. I founded a company called Polar Signals. And we both happen to work on EBPF in the context of observability. So introduction to EBPF. Let's do a show of hands. How many people know what EBPF is? All right, we see a lot of hands. OK, so who's running some tools that use EBPF? OK, that's probably maybe 50% who has written an EBPF program. OK, OK, that's still maybe 20%, 30%. That's actually more than I thought. So hopefully, at least by the end of this talk, we'll have everyone be able to raise their hand, at the very least know how to write an EBPF program and how to get started with that. Obviously, you won't have written a program yet. So just to make sure that we're all kind of on the same page of how EBPF works. So EBPF is kind of a virtual machine within the Linux kernel that we can attach to certain triggers. So in this case, what we have is we're attaching an EBPF program that we've written below to some trigger. And in this case, it's whenever we execute the syscall at execve. So every time this syscall is called, first our EBPF program is called. And we can do whatever we want within that context. We're given a bunch of context about what's being executed. And we can save that and have a counter of how often this syscall is being called, or we can do a log line, or whatever is useful for us, especially in the context of observability. Obviously, we would want to export some sort of signal. So these hooks can vary very, very, very widely. And Natalie is kind of teach us where all of this kind of originally came from. But today, there's a very wide variety of hooks that we could attach our EBPF programs to. So that can be kernel probes. So attaching our program to a kernel function that's being executed, Uprobes, these can be used to kind of trace user space execution. So the programs that you and I write that run maybe written in Go, and they do some network service, maybe some web server, you could attach a probe to some function of your Go program and also do some tracing with that. Or perf events, this is actually something that I happen to work with on a daily basis. So perf events tend to work in a kind of overflow way. So we tell the Linux kernel, hey, call my program. Every 100 CPU cycles or something like that. That's typically how profilers work. So when we write EBPF programs, how does that work? Well, actually, it's not all that different from when we typically write programs. Typically, if we were to write a C program, we would compile it with some compiler toolchain like Clang. And we would say the target, right? In this case, I'm building it for an x86 platform for Linux. And if we were to want to write a BPF program, actually, we still write C code, but the only thing different is the target. And what it outputs is EBPF byte code. This is important, so let's remember that for later. Because what happens with the EBPF byte code is it's kind of a generic representation. Maybe people are familiar with kind of the equivalent thing in the Java world. When we compile a Java program, the output we get is Java byte code. And that, in itself, is not really executable by any machine. We still need the Java virtual machine to kind of compile that Java byte code into actually something that the machine can understand and execute. And this is precisely what kind of the EBPF just-in-time compiler within the Linux kernel does. So it first verifies that this program is actually safe to run. And we'll see in a second, or we'll talk about in a second, what that actually means. And once it's verified that this is safe to run, it will compile it. And then you can attach it to any of the hooks that I was talking about previously. So why do we actually need to verify this? Well, the thing is with EBPF, we're executing code in kernel space. This is almost worse than having root privileges, where we can do arbitrary things if we're executing things in kernel space. But with EBPF and the EBPF verifier, it actually ensures that whatever we're doing is actually going to terminate. Perhaps you're familiar with the halting problem in a classic computer science problem where we're asking ourselves, can we ensure that a program that we're writing is actually going to terminate? Will it exit? What happens when we feed? And can we write a program that determines whether that is going to happen? Well, what happens when we feed that same program to itself? And the way that EBPF solves this, it just says, you can't have loops. Everything has to be deterministic. And so essentially what we're saying is we can just write entirely arbitrary programs that kind of have unpredictable terminations. So in a way, you could say we're not Turing complete. So yeah, in that way, the kernel actually makes sure that we're at most executing, I believe it's a million instructions or something along those lines. And therefore, that's the amount of things that we can do. And if we can accomplish a task that we want to do with our EBPF program, then great. If not, then we're going to have a bad time with the EBPF barefire. But assuming that that all goes well, we can then attach it to our hooks. And lastly, to kind of complete our understanding of EBPF, how do we actually, as engineers, kind of get that information out of kernel space? I've always been saying that we execute this code within kernel space. And we can read all this interesting stuff. By the way, with EBPF, you cannot modify arbitrary memory. You can only read it. The only thing that you can modify are things that you've specifically kind of declared to be writable. And these are called EBPF maps. So prior to kind of loading this program, you have to find a new EBPF program. I want to have this map that, I don't know, process to a number of syscalls executed. I'm just making things up. But this is something that you could then share with user space. And user space can actually read this information. And that's how we write observability tooling using EBPF. We use these maps in order to communicate the things that we measure in kernel to user space. And then we can export it as log lines. We can export it as Prometheus metrics traces.  So EBPF has kind of been a buzzword for some time now. And so one of the things that we wanted to do with this talk is kind of resolve a couple of misconceptions. And the first one that I think is kind of the most classic one. And I guess you are all here. You maybe already understand this. But it's not totally unexpected that this is a misconception because it is kind of the history. And Natalie is going to tell us a little bit more about that in a second. But is EBPF is just this networking thing, right? It's just for networking. Well, this is false. Obviously, we're in a talk talking about using EBPF for observability. But for a long time, this was kind of the first question that we would always get when we talk about EBPF in the setting of observability. So we can attach EBPF programs to anything that allows us to attach a hook in the Linux kernel, right? So networking events are definitely a major case for that. But there are a lot of other use cases that we can use this for. The next thing that I want to kind of uncover is whenever people talk about EBPF, they think, ah, this supports all the languages. And again, there's a small amount of truth as Natalie and I were discussing just before the talk in this where, yes, we can kind of read memory from any language from within EBPF. But is that actually useful, right? Like in an interpreted language, for example, what does a register actually mean? It's not necessarily the same thing as it is in a natively compiled program. And we'll see more about that later. So here, the kind of misconception is definitely a lot of white language support is definitely possible. But just because you're using EBPF or just because you're using the EBPF tool doesn't mean at all that there's white language support. And then ironically, there's kind of the opposite misconception, which says interpreted languages are completely impossible to be kind of compatible with EBPF. This is also false. Again, we just need to put the work into it. And again, we'll talk about more and resolve this later. So I've talked about kind of the intro of everything. And now Natalie is going to tell us, how did we get to this point, kind of the past of EBPF? So for us to then talk about the present, what is going on in the ecosystem today. Thanks for that great introduction. So let's talk about how EBPF came about and how the past of EBPF can kind of help us understand what the future might look like. Some of you may have heard of the concept of crossing the chasm and kind of the product side of things. And it's basically the idea that all new technology has sort of a phases of adoption that it goes through as it matures and becomes mainstream. So early on, you have people playing around with cool stuff.  They're doing it because it's shiny and new and they're tinkers. And those people are sort of the earliest phases of adoption in a technology like EBPF. After a while, the cool stuff that the tinkers are doing kind of catches on to some early adopters who may be a little bit ahead of the curve in terms of thinking about the latest and greatest. But they're trying to solve a specific problem. And these two groups kind of comprise the people that really like the new and shiny. And they drove a lot of the progress behind EBPF that we're going to take a look at in just a second. Later on, what you end up with is people who are trying to solve a problem. They don't really care about the technology per se that is used. They just have a problem they needed to solve. And they're going to use what's considered to be the best in class solution. So when we're talking about the history and the past of EBPF, like we're going to look at the first two groups. But just my personal opinion, I think we're here right now in terms of the story of EBPF. And smart people can disagree and debate and say, you know, earlier or later or whatever. But I think that we've just reached the point where you see some great whole product solutions that are focused on a use case rather than a technology. And so I think that it's a really exciting time to be doing EBPF stuff because it sort of means that this approach has been validated. The chasm has been crossed, so to speak. So let's just kind of take a look at a super zoomed out timeline of how we got here. Obviously, there are major milestones missing from here. But in 1992, the seminal paper of BPF, which is distinct from EBPF, although you'll hear people refer to EBPF as BPF sometimes, was published 20 years past. And the BPF JIT, Justin Time Compiler, which we can talk about in a bit, was added to Linux. So there was a long time, actually, where we were in the innovator phase, where people were tinkering around with this thing. And it did see some great adoption in certain use cases. But a long time passed, actually, before we saw some of the mega-developments that have been happening within the last 10 years. In 2014, BPF becomes EBPF. And like I said, we'll talk a little bit more about that. And it's added to Linux. And to me, this is kind of the moment, the birth of EBPF as we know it today. And then in the time after that, what you start to see is sort of higher level developments making EBPF applicable to more use cases, making it easier to write. And you start to see this explosion of events. And these days, it seems like you can't go to Hacker News without seeing something about EBPF. So what was BPF? And how is it different than EBPF? Why was it created? So BPF, I think actually in the original paper, they called it the BSD packet filter, not the Berkeley packet filter. But back in the day, late 80s, early 90s, there were two guys at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab. And they were really concerned with network problems. Network problems are evergreen. We will always have network problems. Probably we always will. We always have. But I think back then, it was even more front of mind in terms of computing, because it was just a real pain to operate and troubleshoot on a network. Like, we think it's bad now. It must have been 10 times worse back then. And basically, what their goal was was how can we allow user space programs to define rules to interact with raw, unprocessed packets? So I think that a lot of times when we think about packet filters, we think about firewalls. And that's a really legitimate use case of a packet filter, because you're trying to say, hey, don't allow these packets, but do allow those. But there's also this use case of just trying to see what the heck is going on in your system. And that was the one that they were actually more motivated by. The problem was it was really hard to do this kind of packet filtering logic in a performant way. There were solutions that existed for this. This wasn't the first one, but they had serious performance issues. And it made the day-to-day of troubleshooting network issues to be a real pain. So what they came up with was a new packet filtering architecture. This allows the user space programs, such as something that monitors all the connections you have or a firewall or things along those lines, to define rules that execute in the kernel. And this was a really big deal, because it basically allowed for the mind-melding of the kernel space and the user space for this particular use case. So what happened in that long period from 1992 to 2011? Well, BPF was considered the state of the art for packet filtering. It was integrated into TCP dump, wire shark. You can see a little screenshot of wire shark on the right there. And like I said, eventually the just-in-time compiler for BPF, which made it significantly more performant to run BPF programs, was added to Linux in 2011. So in some ways, you may have thought back, then, this is the technology it solves. This problem, it's great. But everything changed in 2014. The first version of EBPF, which stands for the Extended Berkeley Packet Filter, was added to Linux in 2014. And it built upon this mind-melding of the kernel user space concept of BPF in some seriously important ways. So one thing, pretty cool, is that rather than using a domain-specific language like BPF had with really strict sets of commands that you could do, EBPF programs are written in C. Now, as Frederick said, it's not arbitrary C. You can't do loops. But writing in C made it significantly more powerful to do a wider variety of tasks and more accessible to people who knew C. EBPF can invoke kernel functions. So the capabilities that you can actually access with it just broaden dramatically. I mean, just think of the power, the difference between saying, all you can do is operate on packets and saying, you can call a kernel function. That gave it a lot more juice. The edit part is a little iffy, but like, EBPF can view the raw kernel memory of what is happening. Like, this was huge. And as we discussed, the verifier, that was what made it all possible. So the verifier is what made this safe to do. Because when you see it at first glance, you're like, oh, no, no, no. So that was a huge, huge deal. And almost immediately you see cutting-edge new technologies being developed once people saw that this has been merged into Linux. So EBPF exists now what? What happened? So there are still some obstacles. It is hard to write EBPF programs. I mean, it still is to some extent. I'm sure that all of you have done it, have run into some struggles. But back then, it was even harder. I think back in 2014, it's still pretty obscure. We're kind of at the verge between the innovators and the early adopters at this time. So people talk about it, but you probably are deep in the Linux ecosystem to actually know what it means. And people still mostly think of this thing as a packet filter, because that's what its kind of original technology has been for 20-plus years. Coming on to the stage then, LibBPF, making it more portable to write BPF programs across different platforms. And BPF Trace and BCC, which made it a whole lot more accessible to write these programs in a higher level API. This made it a lot easier for people to start messing around with it and getting stuff done and just play around with what it could do. Now it's more accessible to write these programs at this point. More people try it, and people start to realize that this thing can do a lot more than just networking. There was an explosion of adoption. I'm not sure why that. OK. So like I said, you can't go to Hacker News without hearing about BPF these days. Pretty much every major company, at least every major tech company on the planet, uses BPF. And you start to see these higher level projects that are more use case specific. Things like Parca, Pixie, Falco, Silium. And these things are helping people solve a problem utilizing BPF, but you don't have to be an BPF expert to use those technologies. So just for a little mini demo, I know we're maybe a little short on time, so I'll keep it quick. It is true that the networking and reading packets and stuff like that still is an important use case of BPF. And that's one of the capabilities that the Pixie open source project has. And so just with a single command, you can install a bunch of probes on your system with the Pixie project and see things like, what were the requests in my system? I can see the headers. I can see the response. I can see the body. I can see it for encrypted traffic. I can see it for unencrypted traffic. And so the visibility that this can provide for request tracing types of use cases is still a really big deal, although it's far from the only thing Pixie can do a lot more than this, too. It's still a really powerful thing that people still get excited by.  There we go. OK, here's a good note to switch off on. Let's test. OK. So yeah, going from the past to the present is kind of this shock to reality. We've seen all of these things, and we've seen the demos. We've seen request tracing. We've seen network routing, all of these things. But everything seemed so easy. But the harsh reality is that, unfortunately, in the present, where we're kind of trying to, and exactly what Natalie was saying, kind of building these tools that aren't searching for a problem, where we weren't searching for a problem to solve with EBPF, we were already trying to solve problems. And EBPF just happened to be a great tool for it. And I happened to work on the Parca open source project. Natalie happens to work on the Pixie open source project. And I think both of these are really great kind of tools where this is exactly what ended up happening. We didn't think, ah, EBPF is a really interesting technology. Let's try to build something with it. Actually, for me, with the Parca open source project, we actually, for the first couple of years of the project, didn't touch EBPF at all. So for those who aren't familiar with it, Parca is an open source continuous profiling project where we kind of try to profile all of your workloads in your infrastructure all the time. And the only reason why we're actually able to do this at low overhead and across languages, remember, from earlier language support is hard. But it is actually starting to become the reality in the present. So we're trying to kind of profile everything across any languages across your entire cluster. But kind of going back to the original kind of sentiment of what I was saying. This is literally the documentation for BPF Trace. And it tells us to, you know, it's very easy to do. So you just run this one command and you'll find the string to input into BPF Trace. And then you can attach this probe down here with this example code. And you can trace how often this read line function is called. And you could do this with any program, is what they're claiming. But the reality is, and this is where we're finding ourselves today, right? Like, it turns out symbols are typically not actually in production binaries. They kind of make the binary size very large. And so in most Linux distributions, for example, these are just not available. And so how can we actually, so we're kind of finding ourselves now in this reality of all these demos were really cool. But in true reality, where we don't actually control absolutely every parameter of our deployments, reality is hard. But unfortunately, there are some smart minds in the community that have already started solving these problems. So specifically for symbols, let's say we're here. I have the example of MariaDB, a fork of MySQL, if you're not familiar with it. That's, you know, popularly deployed. And it, the production binary that you install from Ubuntu does not have symbols like we saw on the previous slide here. But there's this really awesome tool called Debug InfoD, where you can just request these servers. And all of the kind of major Linux distributions run a server like this, where you can just say, hey, give me the symbols for this particular binary. And as we can see here, on the first command that I ran, the file command, it actually tells us the build ID. This kind of uniquely identifies the binary. We can use that to then request the symbols for this binary. So we actually have symbols available now, if we know how to obtain them. And it turns out this is still a very fresh thing. So this is the website of the Debug InfoD project. And really only three of the observability-type projects out there actually implement this. The PARCA project that I happen to work on, PERF, the typical profiler used in the Linux ecosystem, and BPF trace. I guess that's somewhat unsurprising, right? Like the kind of pioneers in this space trying to make sure that the tooling that they created works. But this is kind of starting to become the reality in the presence, right? So we can actually obtain symbols. So one problem solved in the present, right? Next problem, let's look at an example program. Here I have a Go program that just calculates the Fibonacci sequence. Whatever number in the Fibonacci sequence you give it, it'll calculate. And this is a recursive program, right? So when we look at the stack traces of this, we see the main function first. And then however many recursions we happen to need to calculate the Fibonacci sequence. And if we look at how an operating system actually executes this, we kind of need to look very low level of how machine code is executed. So what we have to do, and maybe you remember this from the computer science class or something, and even if you don't, I'm about to explain it. The way it works is that we build something called the stack. So this is where all of our variables whenever we have a parameter in our function names, this is where they lie, the stack. It's kind of built last in, first out, right? And so in this case, we have our main function, and then however many recursions we have to calculate the Fibonacci sequence. And this is kind of done typically with this function. Like Natalie was saying, we can actually call some helpers and kernel functions to do some of these tests. And in the very good case, this is very easy to do when something called frame pointers are available. So frame pointers, essentially, while we're building the stack, when we're looking at the execution of a program from within eBPF, all we get is this random pointer into memory. That's what we're seeing as the RSP register, the stack pointer. So all we're starting with is a memory address, right? From here on, we need to figure out what is the function call stack. And when we have frame pointers available, this is not all that hard. What we do is we read the RBP register, which is where the frame pointer lies. It tells us where the next frame is. And from there, we can go to the next frame again, and so on, right, until we're at the bottom of the stack. And that's just walking a linked list, right? So that's very, very easy and very cheap to do, walking a linked list and memory aligned memory. But the harsh reality, again, is this is actually, unless you're in a very controlled environment, and fun fact, Google, Facebook, Netflix, they all enforce having frame pointers across the entire infrastructure. Because the theory is debuggable binaries are worth more than having a very, very small kind of performance game. But the reality is, Linux distributions build binaries without frame pointers. So again, we're kind of back to square one. The demo worked really nicely, because we had everything under control. But in reality, we don't. But if you ever can have the control over this, please, please, please build your binaries with frame pointers on. You're making our lives much, much easier. But we still need to solve it, right? We're still living in reality. And so how do we do that? So there's this kind of look aside table in the x86 ABI that tells us, essentially, we're in this section of the memory. Then you need to do this calculation in order to do this next jump. I'm not going to go through all the kind of nitty-gritty details of how that works. But essentially, this was very, very, very hard to make it be accepted by the EBPF verifier, right? Like the termination and all these things is very hard to make it deterministic. It is possible. We actually happen to have implemented this in the Parker open-source project, but it almost took us an entire year to implement. If you're very interested in all the nitty-gritty details about how this kind of unwinding, using dwarf unwind tables works, some of my coworkers gave a really amazing presentation just on that topic. So if you're interested in that, check that out. But my point being, now in the present, we can actually walk all stacks from real native binaries, right? So we've made significant advances in actually making this type of tooling work in real production environments, where we don't necessarily have all the control. Now the last part is the kind of last misconception that I was saying that EBPF can never work with interpreters, right? And it's not totally wrong. So what I have here are some stack traces. And if you can't see this, that's fine. My point is just what we are seeing here is the Python virtual machine or the Python interpreter. And because the Python interpreter itself is written in C, what we're seeing are the frames of the C runtime, right? Like that's not particularly useful, though, when I want to debug my Python code. And so how do we get this to look like something that I actually understand and where I can recognize my Python code? So this is kind of in that intersection of the present and the future. We know, and there's some prior art, how to do this. Because what we can do is whenever we walk these frames, there is some aligned memory that we can access to figure out what is this actual function name in Python. And we can only do this from within BPF, because BPF actually allows us to read process memory. This is something that we would otherwise need to do with tools like Ptrace. And it's very, very difficult to do correctly. But from BPF, it's actually ensured for us that this is safe to do. So like I said, this is not actually true reality yet in the Parker open source project, but there is some prior art. And we happen to have actually hired this person who did this to who did exactly this in the Ruby virtual machine, which happens to work very, very similar to Python. So like I said, this is kind of this intersection, right? Like we know how to do it. There's some prior art, but in real production environments, we don't actually have this available just yet. So I just want to give a very quick demo of the Parker open source project. So what we're seeing here, I'm just going to start querying all the CPU time across this entire cluster. And as we're seeing, there's a lot of stuff going on in this cluster, right? So I'm just going to kind of trim this down for a second so that we can see. So I'm going to take an example of SystemD, because quite obviously, I do not have the control to instrument SystemD, right? Like I couldn't have changed this piece of code. They definitely, and you're going to need to trust me on this one, this definitely did not have symbols available in the production binary, right? Like if we were to do that on every single host, on every single machine in our production environment, we would be raising a ton of space, right? So it does actually make sense to do this sometimes. But we still see symbols in these stack traces, right? So we're kind of getting to this point where all of this actually does work in a very, very wide array of deployments without having to do anything, right? Like the whole point of the Parker open source project is that everything is zero instrumentation. You don't need to add a library to your code. You don't need to change your deployments. You don't need to redeploy anything. The only thing you do is kind of deploy the Parka agent, and you can profile your entire production clusters. So hopefully that convinced you that that actually does work. And so with that, Natalie's going to kind of introduce us to what the future holds. Yeah, I saw the one minute go up. So I guess we'll go real fast. So where are we today? Lots of use cases. We know about networking. We know also about security. There's a lot of great security use cases and observability, like we've talked about. The breadth and depth of the coverage is hardening. We are getting better and better support over time for programming languages to trace an instrument with BPF. I'm not going to talk about USDTs, but look them up. They're super cool, and they're gaining traction. Cloud providers are also under a lot of pressure to add more BPF support to their platforms. Facebook did a really cool thing with this time travel debugger, which allows you to kind of replay what happened and kind of step through it like a debugger. So this is super cool. What frontiers are coming next? I think that performance is still going to be a big issue, because we're going to want to probe a whole lot of things. And there are some performance issues when you probe something that's called all the time. Accessibility, how do I know what to instrument? I know that I want to debug this problem, but how do I turn that into a set of probes that I can use? Analysis. If you've ever used BPF, you'll see that a lot of times you're getting this fire hose of raw data. It's really hard for a human to interpret that. So what can we do to make it easier to basically receive this fire hose of raw data that's very, very low level and sort of put the next layer of interpretability on top of it so that it is human understandable?  I am not going to have time for this, but the demo was going to be that I passed ChatGPT, a program that I wrote, and then asked it to generate a BPF trace program for me. This actually worked pretty well despite the fact that the training data for ChatGPT stopped in 2021. I think that we will see an increased adoption for LLMs with this type of use case to make it easier to write these programs and to interpret their output. Thank you all so much. I know we're over time, and we're over here to chat after this.


So today we're going to talk about the three early signs. He's ready to commit. He's serious He wants a relationship with you and we're also going to talk about the three-day rule of Revised version of the three-day rule. So oh my phone beeps here with me one second I just want to turn it off See I don't edit these live streams I just do them stream of consciousness. So let's talk about some of the early signs a man is ready for commitment And we're gonna take a cue from the TV show the bachelor or the golden bachelor. Excuse me If any of you have been watching it I highly recommend it for those of us in midlife and let me tell you why I recommend it the theme of the show is Love happens at any age love happens at any age and don't stop believing that the song that's being played In the second episode is don't stop believing and I want everyone to believe that you can actually find a life mate At a life partner in midlife I don't believe it's a death sentence to be in your 50s 60s or even 70s because many people are living well past their 80s and even 90s My father is 98 years old So for those that are 60 years old, you might have another 20 or 30 years of life left in you And why not find a partner to grow old with or to spend the balance of your life with So let's talk about some of the early signs and we're gonna take like I said the first Cue from the TV show the golden bachelor and one thing he says right from the get-go is I Want a life partner. So that's number one. It's a strong sign when a man Declares that he wants a life partner Okay, someone to spend the balance of their life with and now I recognize that many of you are frustrated because you're either dating What's known as a spender or a user and if you're not familiar with my chart I know many of you are but this chart that I created and excludes the excuse the glare This is not a fact. It's merely an opinion.  He won't say things like well, let's just take it slow Let's see where it goes. I'm just not you know, I'm not ready for serious You know, they're basically saying that because they don't know who you are yet. Okay? They don't know who you are yet and that's understandable that they can't commit life partner to you but folks I'm a you know an eligible bachelor and I'm very clear just like Gary is in the golden bachelor That I want a life partner and that probably only represents maybe 20% of the population So we're gonna talk about a tool you're gonna use in a moment to narrow this down quickly Okay, so the first sign is he states he wants a life partner. Okay number two He's consistent about spending his free time with you and If he doesn't have free time, he makes time out of his schedule to spend time with you Now we have to have a caveat of this because you might get confused about the type of men Who are the love bombers the type of men who are needy the type of men who are desperate Those types of men might want to spend a lot of free time with you usually via the telephone Those men who are desperate needy Even the love bomber the love bombers want to be physically in your presence a significant amount of time Okay, but the the driving caveat is that they are leaning way more in the sexual or physical aspects of the relationship Versus truly wanting to get to know you at a very gentle pace. I mean I I think You know while we all are biologically driven physically for the sex and and Chemistry is the first thing we notice in the early stage of dating.  See what's happened particularly with dating apps is dating apps have Created an opportunity to connect with a variety of different people There's this belief that there's an abundance of people But many of the people on the dating apps are either seeking hookups or they're actually seeking feminine energy feminine what let me reframe that female Conversation I want to I want to really clarify this female conversation Because men are more apt to open up to a woman on an emotional level when he's not in a good space in his life Because you beautiful women are nurturers.  You'll listen to a man's problems And so what happens is in the for those that are those men who are coming off of a contentious divorce maybe the ending of a significant relationship and they did very little healing From their past relationships or maybe they've got contentious issues at work or whatnot They actually need to dump their problems on somebody and By doing this the dumping of the problems They feel a sense of relief and since women are these great containers for listening to and you're nurturing in these capacities and you're oftentimes Okay, so ladies I want to really be clear You all have a capacity to do the following when a man is dumping his emotional problems to you Some women see that as weakness. Okay a lot of women see this as music to their ears. Oh my gosh He's so vulnerable. Oh my gosh. He's so Emotionally he's able to emote his feelings He must be emotionally mature. He must have relationship skills See folks when somebody is venting their problems There's nothing wrong with venting their problems. What's worse is when they actually complain there's a big difference between venting and Complaining complaining is dumping their problems from a victim mentality Versus venting is look I need to get this out. I've got something inside of me I just got to get it off my chest Okay, I just got to get it off my chest and I want some true healing after I get this off my chest That's venting. Okay But you see a man in the who is Seeking a life partner. He's not going to choose someone brand new in his life to vent to his problems He's already got a circle of people. He's got his inner circle.  Okay okay After about 90 to 120 days of consistently seeing each other Consistently seeing each other Okay, now consistent happens to has to be on average two to three times a week doing shared activities Hobbies mutual interest spending time with family and friends. Maybe even a trip during this period of time Within the first 90 to 120 days. Okay. This is usually the Probationary period in dating. Okay You think about you know, I think California law here at least here in the United States Is there's a 90 day probationary period when you hire someone that you can fire them without any recourse Hmm Excuse me my copy mug says don't make me go all psycho roommate on you Those know I have a passion of going out on a rant on some cases, but we're not going to rant about this See in the 90 to 120 day period He's very clear about progressing the relationship forward He's very clear about progressing the relationship forward You feel him coming forward. You don't feel him pulling back Men who are commitment ready men who are serious about you will begin to lean into their emotions This is the time where they might vent with you This is the might time where they might share something more deeply intimate about who they are as a person They're not pulling back. They're becoming more Emotional towards you instead of what typically happens to those people who are emotionally Stunted if you're not familiar with my chart on emotional maturity and relationship skills If you're brand new to watching my videos by the way, this is not a fact merely an opinion I believe 20 of the population has clinical Issues when it comes to emotional maturity and relationship skills And while I say 20 percent are emotionally healthy and have good relationship skills I'm probably being kind of generous there Because the vast majority of people are dysfunctional when it comes to their emotional maturity and relationship skills so again If you've reached the 90 to 120 day mark and he's not pulling away. He's not becoming scared See because remember I said earlier the driving force is that chemistry See roughly about 90 days in is where you have to be really look in the mirror and say am I serious about this person Is this somebody who is my potential life mate again? Number one is he wants a life mate in that 90 and 120 day period is when he goes Is this really a strong potential for this person to be my life mate and they are demonstrating it By progressing the relationship forward You know, I know it's very tricky because many of you might ask yourself You might be watching this video you're in a relationship That's a year or two years old and you're like he doesn't do any of these things He hasn't declared he wants a life partner. He's not consistent about his time. He's not progressing the relationship forward Well, you have to ask yourself Really, we you know what coming back to the golden bachelor. These are people that like look I don't have time to mess around You know if you're not serious like at least gary serious if you're not serious Then don't waste my time but ladies you have to take charge of your relationship destiny But jonathan i'm just supposed to lean back in my feminine energy and let the guy leave No, you are in charge of your destiny folks You know instead of treating this like the job in the 90 day probationary period I want you to think of this like Two business people that are going to partner with each other two business people They're going to partner with each other much like Lawyers that partner together much like accountants who partner together. Maybe even doctors who partner together We take those particular professions because in some cases, you know Or there's a partnership of jones and smith law firm or jones and smith accounting firm or the jones and smith medical clinic I want you to think of this as two sovereign beings Deciding are we going to partner with one another instead of like? I'm the employee or i'm the i'm the employer. You're the employee dynamic. See that has a one up one down I want you to treat this like this a side by side And this is why you have to activate the three date rule that i'm announcing Okay Now the traditional three date rule basically said this came out about 15 years ago Is if a man hasn't gotten laid by the third date, you are not most likely ever going to get a fourth date That's what the three date rule was basically get laid by the third date. Okay I'm activating a revised version of the three date rule and the three date rule is this Number one your first telephone call with a man is your first date And there's something that you have to do during this phone call that's critically important But the first phone call is the first date. Okay second Is um your first meeting with somebody Is a meet and greet and we'll talk about that a little bit deeper in a moment. It's a meet and greet and then If you see each other a second time, that's the first legitimate date. Okay, that's the first legitimate date And we're going to talk about what that means as well Okay, so the pre date that first telephone call During this telephone call you have to before you End the telephone call you have to determine your three top Must haves during this conversation. What are your three must haves? Or we can reverse that wait three must haves or reverse it three dealbreakers in other words If they don't pass these three things whatever they are for you And you know what and as I reflect on my own life today I think one of the first things that I know is critically important is someone that has a relationship with the divine Whether we call that god universe source energy. They have a relationship with the divine That's critically important for those of you. It might be religion. It might be you know spiritual but not religious Whatever that is. I'm just sharing. This is my personal one. That's one of my top ones number two Top on my list is they are devoted to personal growth. They are devoted to personal growth To healing childhood wounds and adult traumas. This just happens to me mine. Okay, and the third is that they are devoted to To being wanting a life partner.  You're welcome to borrow mine But I invite you all to come up with your three must haves which are Essentially your dealbreakers and get that answered before you ever meet someone because what's the point of meeting them if they don't Maybe for some of you it's having children Maybe some of you it's wanting to be a grand, you know to be an active grandparent whatever that is for you I invite you to identify it for yourself whatever those three things are number two is the Is the actual meet and greet this is the time to have a good time with someone to feel the vibe You know just the vibe with another person. Do you are you physically attracted? Do you click with one another? That's the purpose of the meet and greet at the end of the meet and greet You only have one question to ask yourself Would I like to see this person again? Would I like to see this person again? It's just that simple Okay, would I like to see this person again? That's the only thing. Do you vibe well together? Are you physically attracted to one another? okay, and then The third time you you know are interacting with them. That's the real first date This is like really this is your time to really go a bit deeper Maybe you ask some deeper questions during this time Maybe you have a few more must-haves on your list This is your time to determine if you are have similar, you know similar values This is the time to determine if your lifestyles are blendable with one another. This is the time to actually go a little bit deeper And whether you do this on the third, you know remember There's the predate the meet and greet the first date Maybe you know during this period of time you might want to have a telephone call to go a little bit deeper This is your look I've got to decide am I is this somebody I'm willing to invest A significant amount of time to get to know them because the reality is folks It takes a fair amount of time to really get to know someone whose partnership material remember we talked about 90 to 120 days That's the kind of period of time where you go is this really life partner material or not And so begin the process of going deeper by this, you know by this third, you know by this first or second date Remember I said the meeting there's the predate the meet and greet And then the first date but first second date This is the time to start going a little bit deeper to see if you share the same values If your lifestyles are blendable with one another and to determine their emotional maturity outside of the physical sexual component of a relationship Folks it takes about a hundred hours of face to face time just to build the first layer of trust So just recognize this.  I don't recommend it I think that's highly inefficient way to To approach this process But I will tell you just like gary from The golden bachelor. There are good men out there. There are the grower and the builders There are the emotionally healthy men out there. Your job is to sift through the landmines This is we're working with a coach like me. By the way, here's a link To check out my coaching program Schedule by the way, if you need help learning how to vet to do all this schedule There's a link below to schedule a discovery call with me to see if working with a coach is right for you If you haven't already got my book What the heck is self-love anyway a journey of personal development self-help and spiritual work I highly recommend and get it those links to all the books I recommend as well because while self-love this book isn't a dating relationship book It's the empowerment book that you walk into this this dynamic Being your best self so you can attract that person is also their best self is this sinking in is this resonating Please let me know if it is please post a comment below. I'd like to hear your thoughts Also, if you're watching this, please hit this like please share this video If you haven't followed me on youtube, please hit that subscribe button hit that notification bell as well All right, folks. Hope you got a lot of value what I'm shared out of here the three strong early signs He's ready for commitment with you and I hope you take advantage of it. All right. We're gonna wrap up this video As I always do first off give myself a big gigantic Jonathan bearer of self-love I'm gonna reach into the camera and give you a hug of love if that's okay I'm gonna ask you to turn to someone pet a teddy bear pillow and give it or them a hug of love Because hugs are a great source of love. Let's face it. We could often use more love in our lives Thanks a bunch. Bye. Bye now. Bye. Bye


We're back here at Dell World 2012, Austin, Texas. This is siliconangle.com. So theCUBE, our flagship program. We go out to the events and extract a signal from the noise and Dell World is all about the enterprise and we're here covering it a second day, going deep, kicking the tires, having great conversations, talking to the tech athletes and having a great time and all that's available on siliconangle.com and youtube.com slash SiliconANGLE. So all the videos will be up there. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE. I'm joined by my co-host. I'm Dave Vellante of Wikibon.org. And we're here with Steve Felice, who's the president and chief commercial officer at Dell where the rubber meets the road. Nothing happens until they make a sale, is what people say. That's right. That's right. Welcome to theCUBE. Thanks very much for coming on theCUBE. Welcome to theCUBE. So, like I was saying off camera, we didn't get a chance to see your keynote because we've been going wall to wall. Spectacular. Really, it was a packed house or what? It was a packed house. So tell us, what were the key highlights? You know, the theme, if I had to pick a couple words, it was awesomely simple. I mean, that's what we were trying to get communicated to everyone was that most companies around the world, most institutions around the world kind of tired of all the complexity. They all want to modernize. They all want to upgrade infrastructure, but they want to do it in an elegant, simple fashion. And, you know, we broke this up into a few segments and first we talked about how the front end can be simple and elegant. We used some of our great client products and we had Mike Sonoda in from Lincoln Park and he was showing how he uses an XPS 27 to make music, you know? And that got a lot of great lights. We heard some good music the other night. That was awesome. That was awesome. The concert was fantastic. That was awesome. But then we also showed how he could also do that through the cloud. So, from Pocket Cloud, from the technology we got from Weiss, we were able to show that he could access this music content anywhere on any device. Then we actually took that a step further and showed how anybody could access their desktop image on any device and then actually do it on any smartphone, whether it's Android, iOS, Windows. And then we went even a step further and if they lost that phone, let's say, an administrator could remove all the corporate data so the person still had all their personal information. So, it was a great use of how the front end through the cloud could work, you know? Then we talked about the data center, you know? We really talked about industry standard computing to modernize and had a customer up and that was a great discussion. And then we went all the way to the other end, which is the software and the glue that holds everything together and we brought up a team from Quest and we've been able to take the software capabilities from a bunch of our acquisitions from Sonic Wall, from App Assure, from Weiss, from Case, and integrate it together to create a dashboard, again, making it simple for somebody to monitor every aspect of what's going on in their data center. Steve, you were quoted about a couple of weeks ago at the Austin Chamber EdTech event, big data doesn't help without big insight. And that's really the philosophy right now in the marketplace. People love big data, it's a big hype term. Insights is really the value. So, you know, Dell's enabling a lot of that. Can you talk about what you're seeing at the customer level? Because they're definitely a rabid market right now for big data, CIOs have tablets, they want analytics on their dashboards, and this just magically happens. Can you just share what you're hearing about big data and the insights and kind of what enables that? Yeah, well, first of all, you know, I always think the trends in technology are amazing because when people start talking about virtualization and cloud computing, the questions we were getting asked is, well, aren't you going to sell less servers? And aren't you going to sell less storage? Because it's going to be in the cloud.  And analytics is the one I use all the time now. So, yeah, somebody might put email in the cloud, but now they want to use this data to turn it into ways to grow and to drive business performance. So, every time I meet with customers now, they're all talking about, look, I've got this massive amount of information, and I need to make sense of it. And I think the interesting thing about this whole trend is that the little guys right now have the lead. The big companies have to get off of proprietary platforms so they can take advantage of some of this. They're kind of stuck in these application environments that don't provide enough flexibility. And you've got these small businesses that are using cloud computing, virtualization, and all the data they're getting from the cloud and the insights. And they're competing on a level playing field now, which I think is a wonderful thing. Well, we've talked about all the time that data is the new source of competitive advantage. It's not the operating system or the microprocessor anymore.  Operating systems aren't a catalyst for business anymore. I mean, I think the last one was Windows 95, was, you know, I mean, did you agree with that? Is that your perspective there? I think you're not going to see major C changes of adoption rates on operating system changes. I will say that Windows 8 is a bit different. Not so much that it's another enhancement to Windows 7, but it's got touch. And in the commercial marketplace, they've been waiting for a touch solution that also allows manageability, security, interoperability of applications.  Not necessarily the version of the operating system though. Right, right, yeah. Cool, so we cover events like this all the time, and one of the things that we've noted about your business is it's unambiguous, you're intense, in the PC, the end user computing, whatever you want to call it these days. It's clear you're trying to use your scale to really drive into the enterprise, and that's a new story. People, you know, Dell's a pretty formidable company. Should people be worried about that? Your competitors be worried?  Well, on the one hand. You like it that way? On the one hand, that's okay with me. If they want to ignore us, you know. But the fact is we're number one in servers in the US now, and we're number one in servers in Asia now. 64,000, you couldn't sell another 64,000 servers? Yeah, well, we asked the audience the other day to just buy a few more each, and we'll be number one around the world. So, I think the big difference here is that we don't have a legacy to defend or protect. And so, the other guys are in a dilemma. You know, they see where the world's heading. They see what modernization is all about, and it's all about industry standard computing, building blocks, scalability, flexibility, but they still have a lot of customers on mainframes, and they still have a lot of customers on proprietary UNIX platforms, and they've got to figure out what to do with this because their profits come from those areas. And so, yeah, they don't want to talk about us, but, you know, in an event like this, we're getting some fantastic reactions from customers. Steve, so obviously, back to the big data thing. I mean, one of the things we talked to Intel about is that they're seeing, obviously, big data is driving more processing power, more storage, obviously.  We heard from the example with the Tulane University that Michael Dell gave on the keynote. So, that's a good thing, but the interesting thing that we're hearing here this week is the software. So, we put out some seminal research around called software-led infrastructure on Wikibon, first firm to do that, and really modernizes the definition of converged infrastructure. Converged infrastructure is kind of like old, it's got, you know, now it's, but it's different. You got different elements, solid state, you got software, you got IO, centric, you got caching layers, so, real-time web, so, I want to ask you, from your standpoint, you're dealing with the go-to-market and getting generating all the sales guys all excited. How does Dell stitch together that software piece? Is it natural to you guys now? How do you guys address that marketplace?  So, how do you talk to the customers and tell that story, and how do you motivate the sales forces to get excited by that? Well, the sales force is excited because many of our customers, especially these customers that are mid-sized, we have a trusted advisor status with them. We do a lot of primary research, and they rate us above everyone as a technology partner they want to talk to. So, you've got, you know, at the Fortune 500, there's five, six companies all trying to be that trusted advisor, everybody's in there. In that mid-size customer, we're talking directly with them. And so, I bring that up because they've been asking for more from Dell for a long time. And so, the sales force is excited because they have more to offer. The key thing is how to keep this in a solution discussion as opposed to a point product discussion. Yes, feeds and feeds. So, we've been working really hard at bundling these concepts. When you sell networking, that's a good time to sell security. When you're selling client products, that's a good time to sell case. When you're talking to customers about storage, that's a good time to talk about backup and recovery. So, we've been training the sales force and getting them ramped up on how to deal with all these topics. We have all kinds of specialists now from the companies we acquired. So, you know, we see, we're probably one of the most fantastic lead generation entities of any sales organization. I mean, we have 20,000 strong talking to customers every day. We're generating leads like crazy. We took the case business and made it seven times bigger in about a year and a half because Case had a fantastic product, but they didn't have enough voice in the market. We gave them the voice and the sales came. So, this is what we're trying to build. So, I want to talk about, you mentioned some of the acquisitions before. So, your role as the leader of the sales organization, you're ingesting these companies. Now, granted, they're smaller and you're acquiring tuck-ins and things like that, but they're still an integration. How do you keep up with that pace? I think it's six or seven this year alone. What's your methodology behind that? Well, first of all, we have a great M&A team and integration team that's led by Dave Johnson and it's now a few hundred people that are working on doting the I's and crossing the T's and how to make sure that the infrastructure's ready to accept these businesses. And then we sort of have a graduated process where you sort of start out with pure lead gen and at the same time, you're training these people and as each month goes by, the leads turn into their ability to close. So, we nurture the companies that we buy. We don't grab them and split them up. We do a few really important things. When we buy a company, on average, we've doubled their R&D staff. So, the first thing we tell them is, we know you had a lot that you wanted to develop and you probably didn't have the funds to do it. Go do it, go do it. And that really gets them all excited. Oh, we love these guys, all right. We also immediately increase the sales coverage. So, we tell the sales force, add more because we're going to throw a lot of leads at you. And so, they get really pumped up about it and then we slowly migrate and we nurture them. We don't integrate them fully until, typically about a year later, it's been over the last three years, that's been about our trend. So, it's a careful process. So, I mentioned you talked to a lot of CIOs. You mentioned, particularly in mid-sized companies, you're becoming the trusted advisor. You're able to differentiate there in a big way. What are CIOs telling you about the outlook, their sentiment, their spending plans? What are you hearing from those guys? Well, I even talked about this in some of my keynote today because I was quoting some of the research that we've done and all the meetings. I have been to 13 countries in the last year and I literally have met with thousands of customers of all sizes and in this kind of environment, as you know, you get pretty particular about the return on investments that you have. So, one of the key pieces of feedback is, if you're going to talk to me about IT solutions, they need to be solutions to real business problems. You got to help me figure out a way to drive more growth. You got to help me figure out a way to reduce my risk. You got to help me be faster. The kinds of things that are on their to-do list are virtualization, cloud computing, infrastructure upgrades. We just saw a recent report that says in the last 12 months, 50% of the operating environments for servers are virtualized now. So, their main message to us is we got to get a return as quickly as possible on these investments. And they also continue to remind us, which, and we remind them, that in a proprietary environment, you're probably spending 75 cents on the dollar on maintaining it, which is doing nothing in the way of helping you grow and change your business trajectory. And in a time right now where the economies are stifled, that's a real burden because these companies want to continue on their strategic initiatives and they're feeling limited in their ability to do that. So, it actually is a great segue into how we can help them modernize, how we can help them migrate away. And that's why I think our enterprise business is doing well in this environment. Yeah, speaking of enterprise business, let's talk about a little bit of change. Let's talk about Dell for a second inside the Dell company. So, we had Marius Haas on earlier and great score to get him on board. He's an athlete, a tech athlete, as we say. So, I said to him, I said, hey, you got traded in, you're required, traded or acquired in by Dell and you're taking reps at the first team right away as a tech athlete. You're on the first team over here at Dell. What do you guys talk about? What do you, Marius is new to Dell, not new to the industry, certainly he's a player. He's got some mojo, as we say. So, what do you guys, tell us the conversations that go on between you and Marius. He's the new guy, new sheriff in town for enterprise. He's got to get the product solutions moving. He's got to move to market. You got to go fulfill that and work with the customers. What are you guys talking about? What are the conversations like and that you're bringing him into the team as someone who's on the team and he's new player? Well, Marius has a great blend of experience because of his background. So, he's got some terrific technical underpinnings but he's also got a great business background. And so, we hit it off terrifically right away. And, you know, the first thing he said to me when we met each other was, how can I help you grow more? You got to love hearing that, right? Music's in your ears. I need to close more business. How can I help you close business? We spend a lot of time talking about how do we increase coverage? How do we make sure we're filling gaps in the product line? How do we get geographically expanded?  You know, we talk about how to get to number one. And it's a great partnership. Great, what's your outlook for the year now?  You won't answer it, but like you personally, what's your objective for next year? So, if we come back, we'll be here next year at Dell World. We'll come back and say, hey, you know, Steve, did you check the boxes? Let's, you know, let's look back. What are your key tactical things you want to do and accomplish in the next 12 months? Well, the one bold prediction I want to make is next year we better be number one in servers, worldwide. So, you know, when we're talking- It's already out there, you better follow through on that. We want that, we want that. Look, we want to continue to grow faster than the industry. The economy situation around the world makes it hard to predict what kind of growth rate that's going to be, but whatever it is, we want to take share. We want to take share in, you know, our active infrastructure products. We want to take share in the services that support the infrastructure. We want to really bring software to the next level. So we want to get that fully, you know, disseminated into our workforce because we've only had quests for a few months. So we've got a lot of work to do there.  We love the PC business, but as you can see from this week, we're a lot more than that. So we still have a lot more of educating to do. So I think another year from now, people are going to have a totally different view of what the company is. Okay, so let's carry that through. So the end-to-end, this is not new. You guys have been at this for now a few years, maybe three or four even. So, okay, and it's getting there. I mean, it's feeling like people are starting to really believe what you're doing here because of the integration focus. Where do you go from there now? It's just to continue to gain share and margin mix, you know, goes in the right direction. Where do you see? Why are you optimistic about Dell's future? Well, first of all, I'm optimistic because our investments are headed right where technology's headed. So, you know, when we talk about open standards, we talk about ease of use, we talk about reducing complexity. Everyone wants that. Who doesn't want that? You know, and so, you know, I think we have the purest discussion set of conversations to have with a customer. I'm optimistic about the fact that, you know, we still have this direct relationship with 10 million SMBs around the world and this mid-market presence in addition to the fact that 95% of the Fortune 500 do business with us. So we've got a great broad coverage with our customers. And now I'm most excited because we have so much value to offer. So, you know, this is really about continuing the journey. We have a lot of work to do. So you saw all this IP that we've acquired. I can't sit here and tell you that it's all working seamlessly together. We gave a demonstration this morning about the power we called the CIO Power Board where someone can literally look at their entire environment from all different aspects and fix problems in a real-time manner. We're gonna be introducing that this year. Bring your own device is going to bring a whole new set of opportunities with our Pocket Cloud offering. So I really think the investments we've made are playing right into that. Okay, Steve Feliz, we're getting the hook here. Great conversation. President, Chief, Commercial Officer of Dell. It basically means you run the revenue. That's the key. Dell's client-focused. We're here from Michael Dell. Dell is more than a PC company. They're establishing themselves end-to-end solutions. Get that name out there. It's not a PC manufacturer. We're going to come back next year. We'll check out how you do. This is theCUBE. We'll be right back with our next guest after this short break.


J. E. Alphel. Oh! The Jell-O program starring Jack Benny with Mary Livingston and Phil Harris and his orchestra. The orchestra opens the program with Shall We Dance. Whether it's a large dinner party or just a regular family meal, whatever the size of the gathering, everybody is sure to enjoy Jell-O for dessert. Jell-O is so festive and colorful that it graces the most formal party. And it's so easy to make, it's a pleasure to serve it often for family dinners. Jell-O is so popular, it can easily be explained. Jell-O has that extra rich fruit flavor, flavor that comes from true sun-ripened fruit, refreshing and truly delicious, whether you choose strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, or lime. But bear this in mind that only in Jell-O do you get Jell-O's extra rich fruit flavor. So always get genuine Jell-O. Look for the big red letters on the box. They spell Jell-O. That was Shall We Dance from the picture of the same name. And now, ladies and gentlemen, Jack Benny. Jell-O again, this is Jack Benny talking. And Don, I must say that was the stingiest introduction you've ever given me. Why, I snub people with more words than that. Well, to tell you the truth, Jack, it's getting toward the end of the season and I'm running out of adjectives. Yes, I know how you feel, Don, and I don't blame you. We only have six more broadcasts and believe me, I'm looking forward to your vacation. Where are you planning to go? Well, Don, I've decided to go to the Orients this year. Japan and China. You know, I've always wanted to see rice without old shoes. Well, that'll be a lovely trip, Jack, and you can make it in about eight or ten weeks. Yes, yes. Say, Don, how much would a trip like that cost? I mean, including the boat fare and everything. Oh, you can do it easily for about six or seven thousand dollars. Not bad, is it? No. Not at all. About, you say, about six or seven thousand. Yes, roughly, but it'll be worth every penny of it. Oh, no doubt. But look, Don, doesn't it get awfully hot in China this time of year? No, not at all. Not even around stoves? Well, that's silly. Say, Jack, why don't you take a trip to Europe this summer? Have you ever been there? No, I haven't. I would make a nice vacation. Of course, they don't grow rice there, but I'll bet you can. Say, Jack, why don't you take a trip to Europe this summer? Have you ever been there? No, I haven't. Have you ever been there? No, I haven't, Phil. See, a boat trip to Europe would make a nice vacation. Of course, they don't grow rice there, but I'll bet you can get it. It's going to be ideal, Jack. It sure would. Say, Phil, does a trip like that, I mean, are the, well, is it the... Oh, the whole thing wouldn't cost you more than three or four thousand dollars. Including tips? You'll probably pick some up. I'm leaving my violin home. You say that trip would cost about three or four thousand dollars. Yes, and that's with your boat trip first class. Well, that's reasonable, isn't it? Yes, first class, too. But of course, Phil, so many of my friends tell me it's much more fun going over second class. I know they say it's more enjoyable. It's cheaper, too. Oh, isn't it? Well, I heard there's very little difference between first and second class. Now, wait a minute, Jack, that's wrong. For one thing, second class has no swimming pools. Well, good heavens, Phil. Who needs a swimming pool? You've got the whole ocean.  I was saying. Regis? Hello, Jack. Hello, Mary. What are you laughing at? Nothing, I just want to get it over with. Oh, I see. What are you talking about? My vacation. You know, I was thinking of going to the Orient, but it's so hot there in July, and then Phil suggested Europe, but it's cold there. Gee, I don't know what to do. Why don't you take a shower? That's hot and cold. It's a fine way to spend a vacation taking a bath. Well, you want to change, don't you? Well, yes, but not so radical. Is that so? Oh, hello, Kenny. Hello, Jack. Gee, you look all tired out. Well, why shouldn't I? I've just been all around the world. You were? I was a coronation. Oh, keep still. Gosh, I only ask a foolish question and you get mad. My error, Kenny, just excuse me. Say, Jack, I just thought of something, you know? I know where you can go for a swell vacation. Where, Don? Santa Barbara. It's only 90 miles from here, and there's a beautiful hotel right on the ocean. Say, that's a thought. I understand it's nice and quiet there.  And what a luxurious hotel. You'll love it. Oh, that's the spot. Don, are the, uh, I mean, would it... Oh, you can get a beautiful room there for $20 a day. Oh? I mean, oh... Say, $20 a day. That includes your meals. But, Don, I'm not hungry. Besides, I hear it gets pretty chilly there on the ocean. You see, I'm susceptible. What's the matter, Jack? He's got a cold in his pocketbook. He must have opened it in a draft. You mean, during the draft, and that was in 1917, folks? Now, wait a minute. Wait a minute, Phil, you've got the wrong idea. I just don't know where to spend the summer. You'll spend it at home if you don't spend some money. I'm not worried about the money. I'm not worried about anything. I just want to take a vacation. That's all. A vacation. Well, you can take one right now. I'm going to sing. Well, go ahead. And for two cents, I'd go to Ocean Park.  Oh, thank you. As the desert breeze, I may wonder where I flee. Yet I keep on longing just the rest of us. We thought tender all takes the place of land and sky. The one alone from the desert song sung by Kenny Baker and Kenny, that was very, very good. Very, very thanks. Isn't he silly, Mary? Very, very. And you will find the jello is very, very tempting, with its six delicious flavors, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lime, and a lime and berry. He needs about four more years of that. Don, can you do anything with the big red letters? Yes, look for them on each and every box. Wow! Now, Don, that was clever. And now, ladies and gentlemen, going from the berry to the sublimate, we are going to present, as our feature attraction this evening, the play which you have been waiting for. In fact, the one that you selected by an overwhelming majority of votes as your favorite, our new version of Eugene O'Neill's Ah, Wilderness. You see? Now, I will play the part of the stern old father. Mary will be the stern old mother, and Kenny will be our son who has always stern up trouble. That's good. See, I had lived that one. I got it in my script, too. Copy, Cap. I had it, too, but I rubbed it out. Kenny, don't be so hypercritical. Never mind, let's go on with our play. Where's Andy Devine? I rubbed him out, too. Kenny, don't be so hypercritical. Kenny, don't be so hypercritical. He didn't have to live that one. Never mind, let's go on with our play. Where's Andy Devine? I rubbed him out, too. Oh, hey, Andy! Here I am bucking a rare indigo! That's fine. Now, Andy... Andy, you can play the role of Kenny's uncle.  No. Shucks, and I got my lips all puckered up! Well, that takes care of the lips, of the cat. I'm sorry, I haven't a part for you, Don. Oh, that's all right. I'll just sit around. You don't feel hurt about it, do you? No, I'm just terribly wounded. Oh, well, I'm sorry.  Now, this play will go on. Hey, hey, what about me? Am I in this thing or not?  So I haven't got a part in the play, huh? No, you haven't. Well, if you hear a knock on the door, watch out. Now listen, Phil, we're attempting real art tonight, and if you do one single thing to detract from, or mob his drama, as sure as there is a sky above us, I will crush you to within an inch of your orchestra. Don't get that close or they'll slug you. Well, anyway, folks, immediately after the next number, we will take you to that little town of Drop Stitch, Connecticut, and present our modest little masterpiece, Our Wilderness. Uh, say, Jack. What? Do I have to be Kenny's mother? Yes, I have to be his father, don't I? That's what I'm complaining about. Oh. The bug will bite you if you don't watch out played by Phil Harrison as orchestra, and now we bring you our version of Our Wilderness by that great American playwright Eugene R. Neal. Uh, the locale is a small town in New England not far from Boston and not near from here, yet quite a ways from Portland, which is certainly close to Huffa. The funniest thing I've said yet. The, uh, and certainly got nothing. The, uh, the opening scene, the opening scene is the home of our young hero where we find his distracted parents waiting for their wayward son, Curtin, music. Yes, Treza? I'm Wilderness. He ain't home yet. Last night he got in late two and told me he was out playing pool. Was he? But then he had red chalk on his lips. Wonder what time it is. Here it is 17 minutes and nine. And that son of ours still gallivanting around. Well, don't worry, Paul. He's a good boy and smart, too. He got the biggest marks in school and stood at the head of the class. Where he got the marks, he had a stand. I tell you, Treza, I don't know what this younger generation is coming to. The way home tonight, I actually saw a young couple holding hands before it got dark. What's the matter with that? When I was young, boys never thought of doing the things they do today. That's why they didn't do them. I never thought of that. You know, Paul, I've been thinking, you really got to talk to Wilderness and tell him the facts alive. He's going on 29. When I was his age, I was wearing long pants. About time he had him pressed. Well, I guess you're right, Maul.  Has he got a shaven mug? Yep, but he never shaves it. You know, Paul, I had suspicion for a long time he's raising the beard. Well, if we can trick him into washing his face, we'll find out. I wonder what time it is. 9.14 and he ain't home yet. I put a lamp in the window. The window was clean. Confound that boy. Mr. Cummins! That was over a hundred years ago. I told my horse that, but he poked me out of it. He must be riding Tom Poon. Well, Freeze, you better get the bid. I'll wait up and talk to Wilderness. I'll wait up, too. We may have to gang up on him. That's right. What is it, Uncle Furncliffe? I got bad news for you.  You mean Annabelle Thompson? That's the Philly! Well, what about her? What about her? She's been writing her letters. My son writing her letters? I don't believe it. That's Ripley's worry. Quiet! Be careful what you say, Furncliffe. I found one of them letters, and here it is. You did, eh? Well, read it. Read it. It says dear Annabelle. Wait! I can tell from them words. This ain't gonna be pit for no woman's ear. Leave the room, Freeze. Give me that letter, and you leave the room. Listen, Uncle Furncliffe. I've got to know... It says... I've got to know what's in it. Well, it says dear Annabelle, roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet, and so are you. Yours truly, wild or nuts. My son wrote that. Let me see that letter, Furncliffe. Here you be. I wouldn't have minded it so much except for those last four words. And so are you. That's a going too far.  Maybe he wasn't himself when he wrote it. He must have been. Every word is misspelled. Yeah! Yeah, he's only got one G and sugar. Ah, Father. Ah, Mother. Ah, Wilderness. That's the title of the play, folks.  Wilderness, do you realize what time it is? 9.36. Exactly.  Why, she wasn't walking up and down in her bare feet with tears in her eyes. And why? There were cats on the floor. What heavens is there a cat on that food? Wilderness, Uncle Furncliffe found a love letter you wrote to Annabelle Thompson. What do you say to that? Oh, gingerbread. What's your language, son? Did you have a drink before you came home? Yes, Father, a molded milk. A molded milk, eh? Was there an egg in it? Well, I... I... Answer me, son! What's there an egg in it? Yes, Father. Oh. Florence. Control yourself. That's the last straw. But I couldn't help it, Father. I couldn't help it. I was driven to it. I don't care how you got there. There's no excuse. Oh, Pa, you don't know the aches of a lonely heart. I asked Annabelle for her hand and she told me to go jump in the lake. Did your son? Yes, but it wasn't fair. Better be careful, my boy. I knew many gals when I was a young man. Ah, but your mother was different. Yeah, she got hooked. I know how you feel, son. When I first proposed to your mall, she turned me down. Then I felt so bad I drank a glass of iodine. Was there an egg in it? Leave the room, Trisa. I'm going to have a talk with Wilderness about the facts of life. I hope you learned something. Come here, son. You're going on 29 and approaching Manwood. And there are a few things you ought to know. What is it, Dad? Wait a minute. Pern Cliff locked the door, shut the window, and closed the transom. Okay, shall I turn off the steam? That's my asthma.  Now, First Wilderness, I'm going to read you that letter you wrote to Annabelle Thompson. Oh, Dad. Here, Annabelle, roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet, and so are you. Gosh, did I write that? It wasn't you, Gene O'Neill. I'll handle this, Pern Cliff. Ah, Wilderness, tell me, how would you feel if you got a letter like that? I don't know, Dad, but I can find out. How? I'm going to sit right down and write myself a letter. Write yourself a letter, son. And make believe it came from you. Can't you hear me calling when the leaves are gently falling? I'm going to say things go so sweet. Yeah, man.  Where's my dad? With kisses at the bottom. Gene, I'm glad I got... I hope you're feeling better.  And close with love the way you do. And jello too. I'm going to sit right down and write myself a letter. Ready, baby? Are you going to take an encore, son? No, Father.  Do you mind if I leave for us? I heard them. You can go, Ferncliff. Wilderness, you listen to your pappy and stay away from gals like that Annabelle Thompson.  Goodbye. Your Uncle Ferncliff is right, Willard. She ain't your type. She'll do to my type comes along. Wilderness, you must forget that, gals. I know it ain't going to be easy at first, but someday you're going to thank me. But I love her, Father. Oh, Pasha. There are plenty of other pebbles on the beach. Gee, how can you neck a pebble? Anyway, Father, I love Annabelle. And if I can't marry her, I don't want to live. I'll kiss myself. That's kill, you dope. Calm down, son. Do you really feel that way about Annabelle? Yes, Father, I do. And you can't live without her? No, Peter. I ain't a goner standing the way. I may be wrong about Annabelle, but if she is the gal you dream, go to her, my boy. Go to her. But I fear it's too late. It's never too late. I'll fix it up for you, son. I'll call her on the telephone right now. What's her number, my boy? Spruce, tree, tree, tree. Did you hear that, operator? Well, get it. Don't worry, son. I'll arrange everything. And I ain't going to stand in the way of your happiness. Hello? Hello, is this Annabelle Thompson's house? Sure is. Hiya, buck! Why, Uncle Furncliffe, what are you doing at Annabelle's house?  I told her that, but she took me out of it! Aw! Everybody young and old enjoys desserts, and here's a dessert that will make a tremendous hit. It's ice cream, rich, delicious ice cream made with Jell-O ice cream powder, and made more easily and more economically, too. For when you use Jell-O ice cream powder, you actually use less cream and get more ice cream. All you do is combine a package of Jell-O ice cream powder, some sugar, milk, and cream, and you make it right in the freezing trays of your refrigerator. In just a short time, you'll have a quarter-and-a-half of extra-delicious Mellow Ice Cream, the old-fashioned creamy kind. And if you prefer, you can use an ordinary hand-freezer and get the same delicious results. Jell-O ice cream powder comes in five luscious flavors. You'll like all of them. And Jell-O ice cream powder makes more ice cream than most other ice cream preparations you can buy. So tomorrow, ask your grocer for Jell-O ice cream powder. Last number of the 33rd program in the new Jell-O series, and we'll be with you again next Sunday night at the same time. I hope you all liked our play, Aw, Wilderness. Jack, I must compliment you. You did a wonderful job of acting. You really surprised me. Well, Don, I really surprised myself. I hope some picture producers were listening in. If they were, they heard a remarkable performance. I didn't like it. Now, I knew you wouldn't, Phil. You're just jealous because you weren't in it. I was in it, and I'm not jealous. Well, Kenny, you gave a sterling performance. Is that so? I was as mediocre as you were. Well, never mind. Oh, Jack. What? A wire just came in from Eugene O'Neill. Oh, what does he say? It's Jack Benny, NBC Studio Hollywood. Just heard your version of my play, Aw, Wilderness. Aw, me. Well, that's the last time I'll ever do one of his plays. That's in the wire, too. Mmm, good night, Phil. J-E-L-L-O. The Jello Program comes to you from Hollywood over the red network of the National Broadcasting Company.


That's one of my favorite stories of Susan's. I've been reading about this almost my entire academic career. The fact, what makes it unique, what makes her so outstanding is that she's the one who experienced this, right? She was the one who studied parapsychology right through the 70s all the way until now in looking at these very claims. She's the one that had this experience and changed her opinion about these experiences.  She did experiment after experiment after experiment, 20-some experiments as part of her degree to investigate these things and all of them just kept coming up empty and she's amazing. Imagine what it would take to fundamentally change your world view about something as profound, something as vivid as that experience. It's pretty phenomenal. Yeah, and I think Susan's in a unique position because, sure, there are many scientists out there who could have come up with a reasonable experiment to test these claims. She was intimately familiar with this area. She lived it and breathed it. She talks about the tarot cards and so she was able to set up an experiment that had scientific rigor and came up with things that you and I would never have imagined. The combination that the person had to guess in baking the apple crumble really puts her in a unique position to test these claims. There are several others like this. There are actually former magicians or magicians that spend a lot of their time revealing some of the tricks, the secrets behind things like magic and parapsychology. There's one James Randy or his stage name is the amazing Randy. Darren Brown is another and Penn and Teller. These guys are again in a unique position to test these claims because they live and breathe this stuff. Now I spoke to another former magician or he might still be a magician. He might practice some of these things every now and then. He's actually now a professor of psychology. And again, we traveled to Edinburgh to chat to Richard Wiseman about some of the ways that he tries to tackle paranormal claims.


How folks so in this series of sessions, we have already discussed types of polynomials We have discussed polynomials in general what polynomials are how do we define polynomials and We have also defined or we discussed in the last session different types of polynomials We saw linear bicarbonate quadratic cubic and all that and In this session, we are going to discuss. What does it mean to or what does value of a polynomial mean? Okay, so you now know there is a polynomial. Let us say fx or px. Let us say there's a polynomial px Polynomial px. Let me yeah, let us say there is a polynomial Px so p of x is given as a n x n plus a n minus 1 x n minus 1 plus So on and so forth. Let us say a 2x squared plus a 1 x plus a naught So these are this is our polynomial. Now, what is value of a polynomial mean value of a polynomial means that At any given value of x, let us say at x equals to let us say alpha Right. So what if you if now someone says value of a polynomial at x equals to alpha is nothing But you replace what you replace Replace x or the variable the variable in this case x variable by the given number by the Given given value given value and that value here is alpha. Isn't it? So if you replace it So it will become p of so wherever you see x you replace it by alpha So it is p of alpha is equal to a n alpha n then a n minus 1 alpha n minus 1 Plus dot dot whatever it is. Let us say a 2 alpha square plus a 1 alpha plus a naught so this will be value of the Polynomial so I hope you would have understood but you know, I know we need to Do or let's just give you some more examples to understand this. So not to worry. Let us see What does it mean? What does it mean to find out value of a given polynomial? So let us take an example. Now. I have an example Px is let us say 3x square minus 2x plus 1 Okay, this is one of my so if you have studied the type of types of polynomials You would have guessed it by now that this is a quadratic polynomial quadratic polynomial Why because the highest degree term is this and the degree is 2 isn't it? So this is a quadratic polynomial and I want to find out value of Value of what Px so always value of the polynomial would be found out at let us say x equals to 0 Okay, so if I what does it mean? Then you do don't need to do anything you just write simply write P and replace x by 0 wherever you see x replace it by 0 So this 3 into 0 square minus 2 times 0 now this point which I am making is Into it's not it doesn't mean decimal.  Can you see only constant term is right? So let us now find for this same polynomial P1 What does it mean? It means replace x by 1 so 3 into 1 square minus 2 into 1 Plus 1 so which is nothing but 3 minus 2 plus 1 which is nothing but 2 so we say Px is equal to 2 at x equals 1 Okay, in the same example, let us say what do we get if I have to find out P of minus 2 That means find the value of the polynomial at P is equal to minus 2 So what will it be so you replace x by minus 2 wherever wherever it is so minus 2 square minus 2 times minus 2 Plus 1 which is equal to 3 into this is nothing but 3 times 4 This is not so let me write into only so minus 2 into so this will be 2 into 2 and then plus 1 So which is nothing but 12 plus 4 plus 1 so 17 Right, so this is how you you will calculate the value of a polynomial at a Given value of x or the variable similarly another polynomial. Let us say g t is equal to 3 t cube minus 2 t Square plus. Let us say t only okay three terms are there We know that and what type of polynomial it is if you see this is a cubic polynomial Isn't it because the highest degree term is 3? Cubic polynomial so hence if I put g of 0 What will I get I'll get 3 into 0 square sorry cube Minus 2 times 0 square plus 0 which is equal to 0 there is no constant term Then the moment you put 0 in the polynomial you'll get the value as 0 what will be g 1 G 1 will be 3 into 1 cube Minus 2 into 1 square plus 1 so what is it 3 minus 2 plus 1 again 3 minus 2 plus 1 that is 2 so g 1 is equal to 2 Okay, so value of the polynomial at x equals to 1 is nothing but 2 this is what is called Finding out the value of a polynomial now. Let us solve our question. Let us say I have a polynomial px And this is a quadratic polynomial quadratic polynomial Okay, polynomial and it is given that p 0 is equal to 1 P of 1 is equal to 2 and p of minus 1 is equal to let us say zero So you have to find out find the polynomial find the polynomial find the polynomial right so solution how do we solve it? So, let us say the polynomial px is nothing but ax squared plus bx plus c I know that our quadratic polynomial will always be of this form a b ax square bx plus c is it it and And mind you a cannot be zero if a a becomes zero Then what happens? This is reduced to a linear polynomial. So hence. This is my desired quadratic polynomial I have to just find out the value of a b and c and hence I will be able to find the polynomial So, let us see how to do it. So p of zero. Let us put x equals to zero So what will you get a times zero square plus b times zero plus c and it is given that p of zero is one So this value is one that means what c is equal to one. So you found out one value now P of one is given as two so p of one is equal to two that means you have to replace x by one all the time, right? Wherever x is so a times one square plus b times one plus c c I can write as one because we just found out c is one. So what do we get a plus b? Plus one is equal to two that means a plus b is equal to one Okay, now third is p of minus one is equal to zero that means what p of minus one will be a times minus one square plus b times minus one Plus c was one. So let us write one. So what do I get? So it is a minus b Plus one is equal to zero or a minus b is equal to minus one Isn't it so now if you see let us see let us say this is equation number one This is equation number two. So if you add one plus two, what will you get if you add? add one Plus two so adding equation means adding LHS to LHS RHS to RHS So you'll get two a isn't it because what is it?  We get two a first and then on the RHS you will get zero Why one minus one which is zero? So hence a is coming out to be zero, which is not possible Isn't it so hence we will not not get a polynomial. We will not get a quadratic polynomial where a is A is zero. So hence let us tweak it a little bit. Let us say instead of saying that p minus one was zero P minus one was P minus one was zero.  So you will get let us say now you equate this to P of minus one is equal to So I had written here zero actually P one was two Yeah, P minus one. Okay, so let's not keep it same. Let us write P one P minus one was three So instead of here, I use you have written by mistake two. So let me play it be Three, okay. Now what so a minus B plus one here. I use it correctly But then there I was writing to never mind so a minus B this a This a here minus B plus one is let us say three. So a minus B will be nothing but two Isn't it a minus B will be two now again add it add both. So what will you get two plus one and Here you will get one plus this two is nothing but not zero but three So hence my friend, what do I get a is equal to three by two, right? So if a is equal to three by two, I can find B why from one from from one A is equal to one minus B is it or sorry B is equal to one minus a B is equal to one minus a so hence B is equal to one minus three by two, which is minus half So hence what is my equation? Now we are sorry polynomial. I got all a B and C So polynomial P X will be equal to what is a Three by two X square. It is B minus half X plus C. That is one. Now. Let us check whether our Result is correct or not. So P zero should give you zero clearly P zero is giving you zero put X goes to zero You'll get P zero is zero P one should give us two. So let's put one So it is three by two minus one by two that is one and plus one is two so P one is also correct and P of what was the third one minus one, right? P of minus one must be three So let us check P of minus one is equal to three by two minus one square minus half times minus one plus one, which is nothing but three by two plus one by two That is two plus one that is three. So all the three values are satisfied So hence my polynomial is nothing but P X equals to three by two X square minus half X plus one Hope you understood what is the meaning of value of a polynomial and let us say if If the if some values of polynomial at different different points are given You can find out find out the polynomial itself And if you notice to find out a quadratic polynomial, you will require Three such values. So if there will be a cubic polynomial Then you will be requiring four such points to find out that cubic polynomial