In last class, I have discussed about the design methodology for the sheet pile in granular soil and cohesive soil. Now, design methodology means I have discussed about how to determine the depth of the sheet pile as the most of the resistance that sheet pile is getting that is because of the high depth that you have to provide for the sheet pile. Today, I will solve a problem where I will find the required depth of sheet pile which is in the granular soil. Now, if I start this example on a sheet pile, now for this example I have taken that is a sheet pile whose required depth we have to calculate and suppose this is the dredge level. So, this will be the d required depth of the sheet pile and this is the height of the sheet pile h above the dredge level. Now, you have to consider that the location of the water table and this is the ground level and this is dredge level. Now, this properties of this soil above this ground level water level. Now, this water level is 4 meter below the ground level dredge level is another 3 meter below the ground level below the water level and this depth we have to determine. This depth is unknown that we have to determine. Now, the properties which are taken that gamma for the soil above the water level is 19 kilo Newton per meter cube and 5 taken is 36 degree and below the water level as soil is saturated we have taken the unit weight is 9 kilo Newton per meter cube and 5 have taken the same 5 36 degree. So, here we have taken only the homogeneous soil, but that can be a layer soil. So, depending upon the type of soil you have to calculate the lateral earth pressure which is coming on the sheet pile. Now, here also same soil properties you have considered this layer that means here also gamma is equal to 9 kilo Newton meter cube phi is equal to 36 degree here also gamma dash equal to 9 kilo Newton per meter cube and phi is 36 degree. So, that means all of the same properties have taken, but that can be different. So, depending upon the type of properties you have to take that consideration in the design calculation. Now, for this sheet pile if we draw the pressure earth pressure diagram this is the dredge level this is the ground water table level. Suppose this is the top point if I consider this is this ground table is A point and this base is at B point and this dredge level is C point. Then the first we will consider this will be the earth pressure diagram up to the water table level then it will further increase then it will go this side and then from here it will go this side because that pressure distribution diagram I have already explained in previous class. Now, here the force will act in this direction but here the force will act in opposite direction here also it will act in this direction. Now the resultant force that will act here that is P A or R A. Now, this is point O point say and this now if I extend this triangular part. Now, here we can say this is the one is passive pressure 1 at B point this is also passive pressure 2 at B point. So, this is the B we have considered. Now, we consider that the this edge is at a distance of z from the base of the sheet pile and this resultant is acting at a distance of y bar from the O point where the pressure is 0 and this O point is also a distance of y 0 or y 0 or A from the dredge level and this distance of O point from the base is y capital Y and this is y bar small y bar this is capital. So, if I further if I explain what are the different components. So, this is the pressure distribution diagrams. Now, the P A or R A is the total force for this active earth pressure zone this active earth pressure zones mean if I this consider this is top T and this is C and this is C 0. So, this P A actually this P A capital P A is the total pressure or total force acting due to this T O C 0 and if you consider this is A 0 C 0 A 0 area you can say total active force that is active. So, that means total T O C 0 A 0 and T this area due to this total area this is the active pressure or active force which is acting. Now, and this force is acting at a distance of small y bar from this O point and O point is at a distance depth of y 0 or small y 0 or small A from the dredge level or C level and y and this O point is at a distance of capital Y from the base of the retaining wall sheet pile and Z is the distance from the B to this edge of the strangle. Now, first now we have to calculate from all these things have to calculate the this depth D required. Now, first we will consider if phi is 36 degree then what will be the coefficient of active earth pressure that is K A is 1 minus sin phi by 1 plus sin phi. So, that is equal to 1 minus sin 36 degree 1 plus sin 36 degree that is 0.26. Similarly, we can write K P will be 1 by K. So, this value is 3.85 that is 1 by K. Now, we will calculate the what are the forces that is acting at different level. So, that part we will first calculate. Now, if I further draw this diagram for and to show what are the forces that is acting at different level then you can see if I draw this diagram again. So, this is water table level this is dredge level this is base level. So, these are the forces here it is 0. So, you can this is the diagram the same diagram I have drawn here again to show the different force components. So, this is T point top this is A point this is at the this is O point this is C point this is C 0 this is A 0 and this is P P 1 B because this is B point and this is P P 2 B and this is the point where this distance is z. Now, this is the total force which is acting P A or R A that is a distance of capital Y a small y bar from the O point and O point is at a distance of A or small y 0 from the dredge level and this distance is capital Y from the base of the O point is at a distance of capital Y from the base of the sheet pile. Now, first if I calculate what is the pressure active pressure at A point I mean at this level then this will be as we have considered that the properties of the soil this is 19 for this top and the kilo Newton height is 4 meter this is 9 and 3 meter and then then we can write that this at A point this will be 4 into 19 into the active coefficient of the earth pressure that is 0.26. So, force at this level will be 19.76 kilo Newton per meter square that is at this level so here the force is 19.76 kilo Newton per meter square. Similarly, what the pressure active pressure at sea level the small sea level I mean this pressure because this distance from this is 3 meter water from dredge level to the water level this is 3 meter and top is 4 meter. So, we can write this will be 4 into 19 plus 9 into 3 as here that gamma is 9 and a height is this area is 3 and then the top is 19 is the gamma and this 4 and then into active earth pressure that is 0.26. So, this pressure at this point is 26.78 kilo Newton per meter square. So, the pressure at this level which is 26.78 kilo Newton per meter square. The next one we have to determine the A value or y 0 value. So, y 0 or A that is equal to p active at sea level. p point divided by gamma dash into k p minus k. This expression I have already derived in the last class. So, previous class I have already derived this expression. So, from that expression if we use that expression then we will get the A value. Now, here A value will be because p active at sea pressure active pressure at sea is 26.78. Then the gamma dash which is the lower portion gamma we are considering below the dredge level because this A or this A dash point is below the dredge level. So, here the gamma value is 9. So, that is gamma into k p is 3.85 minus 0.26. So, this A value is coming out to be 0.83 meter. So, A value that in o point is 0.83 meter below the dredge level. Now, we will calculate this p A or r a value this p A total active force due to this area is we can calculate this total for first way consider this triangle t A A 0. So, what this triangle total force is half into height is 3 meter 4 meter into the force that in 19.76. Then we will consider the force of the total this rectangular area I mean between A to C only this rectangular area we are considering. So, this rectangular area means that is 3 is the height and into 19.76. Then we will consider this triangular area between A to C. So, this rectangular area we have already considered then we will consider this triangular area between A to C. So, this triangular area will be half into 3 and then the total pressure is 26.78 from them 19.76 we have already considered. So, rest will be 26.78 minus 19.76. Then that means, this is the area. So, we have considered this triangle then we have considered this rectangle then we have considered this triangle then rest only this triangle C C 0 O that we have considered C C 0 O. So, that triangle means plus half into that distance is C to O is A that is 0.83. So, into 0.83 into the total stress at C level that is 26.78. So, that will be 26.78. So, these are the four components of this area first this triangle then this rectangle then this triangle and then the lower triangle. So, summation of this area of this forces for this total four areas that will give you the total active force acting due in this area. So, we can if I segment why if I write. So, first one will give 39.52 then next one will give 5.59. So, this is 39.28 and the third part will give 10.53 then the last one will give 11.11. So, total force that is 120.44 kilo Newton per meter. So, it is considering in terms of per meter. So, it is considering in terms of per meter. So, this is 120.44 per meter. Next we will consider so that means this P A or R A value is known. Next we will determine the what is the value of small y bar. So, small y bar that we will consider the area we will take the this with respect to o point we will determine this y bar. So, the distance of this force that is acting at different areas from the o point that we have to multiply with the force of each area and you have to divide it by the total force. So, in that case if we consider the first one then the for the first triangular portion this T A A 0 portion the total force is 39.52 which is acting as one third of this triangular area from the base. So, the distance will be that o C 0 plus C A plus one third of A t. So, O C is 0.83 and C A that distance is 3 meter then A t is 4 meter. So, one third of A t that will be one third of A t is 4 meter. So, that is the lever arm and this is the force. So, taking basically the moment with respect to this o point. Then the next one is next 59.28 for this rectangular area which is as a distance of this it is acting this half of this rectangular area. So, that means 0.83 plus this is 3 meter. So, 3 by this is 3 meter. So, 3 by next one is this 10.53 which is the force due to this triangular area only. So, that will act also one third from the base of this triangle. So, that is 0.83 plus one third of 3 meter. So, this height of this triangle is 3 meter. Then the last one is 11.11 and this is this triangle. So, that is also acting one third of the base, but from the o point that will be two third of the height of the triangle. So, that means here we can write into two third into height of the triangle is 0.83 and this total is divided by the total force which is 120.44. So, this total all the segment and then the total force. So, ultimately the y bar is at a distance of 3.05 meter from o. So, y bar have calculated that it is at a distance of 3.05 meter from o point. So, now we know the total force of this area. Now, we know the y bar then we will calculate the rest of the things. Now, again if we consider or we draw this diagram again if I draw this diagram. So, this is the water table level this is dredge level and this are the diagram and then this is the base level. So, here the total force of this area which is total force is 120.44 kilo Newton per meter and which is at a distance of 3 point a distance is 3.05 meter from o point and this o point is at a distance of 0.83 meter from the dredge level. So, this is o point a point t point and c point b point. So, this things this is the area force for this area this is p a. Now, again if I write this is p p 1 b this is p p 2 b. Now, this distance is o point is at a distance of capital Y from the base of the sheet pile and this h of this triangle is at a distance of z from the base of the sheet pile. Now, first we will calculate what is the value of p p 1 that value of p p 1 that value we can calculate this is the because that thing we have already calculated in the previous class. So, this p p 1 b the this is the net force of net pressure acting due to the passive and active this right hand side of the sheet pile this p p 1 b and the net pressure and this is the pressure at the base acting at the left side of the sheet pile that is p p 2 b. So, p p 1 b last class this has been already derived. So, this will be k p into gamma dash into h plus d minus k a into gamma dash into. Now, we will this is first we will consider this is gamma then we will apply it according to the here because as here it is d. So, it will be gamma dash. So, now you consider that this k p h and d if I replace this d and if I take this d also then we can write that k p minus k a into gamma d plus k p gamma h. So, if first for the general case we consider both are gamma. So, this is the way it we can determine this is the ultimately k. So, this thing has all previous class it has been already derived. So, that means k p minus k into gamma d plus k p into gamma into h. Now, from this figure we can see that this d is basically a plus capital Y this is a or Y 0 that is 0.83. So, a plus capital Y. So, this is the value of d. Now, if I replace this value here.  So, further if I simplify this is k p minus k a into gamma Y then plus k p minus k a into gamma into a plus k p into gamma into h. So, here we can see that this is the value of there is 3 parts and 3 gamma. So, here gamma as this is Y Y is below the dredge level. So, gamma will be 9 kilo Newton per meter cube and here also gamma and that is into a and a is also below the dredge level where the gamma is 9 kilo Newton per meter cube. But here gamma is h and with multiplying with h. And here gamma is not throughout this height of the because h is this one which is not always gamma is equal to 9 kilo Newton per meter cube because in the from top 4 meter gamma is 19 kilo Newton per meter cube and rest it is 9 kilo Newton per meter cube. So, if I put this value according to that. So, k p is 3.85 k is 0.26 here gamma is 9 into capital Y. Then the next part is plus 3.85 minus 0.26 into capital into 9 is the kilo Newton per meter cube is gamma into a is 0.83. Then the third part k p is 3.85 now here gamma into h that part will change. So, you can first we can write first gamma is 9 and there h is 4 meter. Then plus gamma is this first part gamma is 19 into 4 meter then next is 9 into 3 meter. So, finally, this is we can write this expression is 32.31 Y capital Y plus 4 23.4. So, this is the value of p p 1 at base level or B level. Similarly, we can write what would be the value of p p 2 at base level. So, p p 2 at base level that is also explained or derived in the last previous classes that is k p minus k a into gamma into Y capital Y. So, here this gamma will be 9 as it is multiplying with Y which is below the reach level. So, this will be 3.85 minus 0.26 into 9 into Y. So, that value is 32.31 Y. So, now we know this p p 2 at base level and p p 2 at base level. So, now these things will put in our general expression. So, general expression I have already derived in the last class. So, all these things we have which we are calculating here that we will put in the general expression and then we will determine the value of D.  So, this was the general expression or final expression that we got in the last class for the sheet pile and cantilever sheet pile in granular soil.   So, one from the lower part this p p 1 b plus p p 2 b that one will cancel.  Now, we will put this value 1 by 1.   Then minus p p 2 b is 31.31 y square that is equal to 0. Now, if we further simplify this expression this will give us that if we multiply this 120.44 with 6 then minus p p 2 b is 31.31 y square that is equal to 0. Now, if we further simplify this expression this will give us that if we multiply this 120.44 with 6 that will give us 7 22.64 into y plus 3.05 plus 32.31 y square minus 240.88 that is whole square and divided by this is equal to 0.4. So, this will give us 32.31 y plus 32.31 y. So, that is 64.62 y capital y plus 4 23. And that is minus 32.31 capital y square that is equal to 0. So, now we have to solve this expression. Now, we if we further simplify this expression then we will get this expression. In further simplification if I simplify this expression and that means from this expression we can see that this expression is 72.64 y. So, this will be y 4 then 1 from here the y cube term will come and sorry this is this expression we can say this is p p 2 here for this expression this is 32 p p 2 b is 32.31 y. So, there is a 1 y square. So, this will be y 3. So, similarly this one will be y cube. So, that means y into y square. So, this will be y cube. So, y to the power 4 then y cube y square y and some then this form if I further simplify this expression then we can write that this expression in terms of after simplification can write that is 1 0 4 4 6 to the power y 4 plus 1 3 6 8 0 to the power y cube minus 3 1 1 3 1.33 to the power y square minus 4 4 8 3 9 1.3 to the power y square minus 4 4 8 3 9 1.3 to the power 5 y minus 9 9 1 2 1 8 that is equal to 0. Now, if I write and divide this all the terms by 1 0 4 4 point 6 then you will get y to the power 4 plus 13.1 y cube minus 29.8 y square minus 4 29.2 y minus 4 9 4 9 that is equal to 0. So, now we have to solve this simplify expression and form we will get the y value. So, this is y to the power 4 terms. So, we can solve it by trial and error method. So, that is one option. So, if I try with trial and error method. So, here I start with 6.7. So, first trial if I consider y is equal to 6.7 meter then we are getting that the term we are getting the extra term is 7 9 2.75. So, actually from the trial and error method this if I put the y value exactly then this is left hand side should be equal to 0, but here if I put y is equal to 6.7 meter the left hand side is coming plus 7 9 2.75. So, we have to reduce this y value. So, next trial we consider y is equal to 6 meter. So, then the left hand side we are getting force minus 471.4. So, that means it is in between 6 meter to 6.7 meter. So, in the third trial we consider y is equal to 6.3 meter then we are getting which is plus 15 only. So, that means it is close to 0. So, that means in the we have consider that our y value is 6 point. So, we have to further reduce this thing. So, we consider this y value is 6.29 meter. So, we consider 6.29 meter is the value of y is equal to 6.7 meter. So, we consider y by trial and error method. So, our D is y plus small a. So, y that we have consider is 6.29 meter then a is 0.83 meter. So, finally the value that is we are getting which is 217.12 meter. So, this is the D that we are getting from this after solving. So, this will be the required D of that sheet pile which we have consider. Now here also once we get the y value then we can determine what is the value of z. Then we can determine what will be the value of p p 2 b or p p 1 b that means the stresses are different level. Then one thing once we put this t value then we can check by taking summation of all the horizontal force whether it is getting close to 0 or not. If we are not getting 0 then we have to again check it with this calculation. That means there is some mistake and that means once we got this y value then we have to check whether all the horizontal or lateral forces that summation is close to 0. If it is 0 then or close to 0 then it is ok. Otherwise we have to check the calculation. Now here this D we will provide this D we are getting from the calculation. But as the last I mean previous lecture I mentioned we have to reduce it by 20 and 30 percentage. We have to increase this D by 20 to 30 percent because of the factor set. Now if I increase this D by 30 percent. So, D provided that will be 1.3 into 7.12 meter. So, this is close to 0.3 into 7.12 meter. So, we can provide D which is close to 9.5 meter or 9.3 or 9.5 meter that will ultimately provide by increase it 30 percent by. So, from the calculation we are getting 7.12 meter and we are providing this is 9.5 meter. So, we can see that our H value that means the if I again draw this figure of the sheet pile. So, this is the sheet pile. So, this is dredge level, this is ground level. So, H value that we are getting is 9.5 meter. Because this is the position of the water table and from this ground level it is dredge level ok. And this is the H and this is D that will provide or we will calculate. So, this is dredge level line. So, here this is 4 meter and this is 3 meter. So, H will be 5 meter. So, 4 plus 3 7 meter or 3 that we are providing is 9.3 or 9.5 meter. So, we can see the depth of the sheet pile below this I mean this dredge level this d value is much higher than the H value. So, that means here that is the difference between this sheet pile with the conventional retaining wall. Because here the most of the resistance this sheet pile is getting from this depth only. So, that means here required depth that we are getting is 9.5 meter whether the height of the sheet pile above this dredge level is 7 meter. So, that means the required depth is much higher than the height of the sheet pile. So, that means this is the one thing is that we have to go for very higher depth for this type of flexible structure and the that means here in the next section that I will discuss that how to design this anchor sheet pile because sometimes this required depth is very high. So, that means because here all the resistance is coming from the sheet depth because of this depth of the sheet pile that resistance itself getting from the soil. So, now providing this higher depth is sometimes very difficult. So, in that case we have to provide the anchored sheet pile to reduce this depth required depth further. So, we can reduce that depth required depth by providing anchor here. Suppose here the same this sheet pile we can reduce the depth if I suppose this is ground level. So, if I provide one anchor here and then fix it it is with anchor this one and then that means basically this is holding the this pressure is acting in this direction and this anchor is basically holding this sheet pile. So, in there that case we can reduce that required amount of the depth below the dredge level if we provide the sheet pile if we provide the anchor. So, this is our anchor and this is our flex cantilever retaining sheet pile and this is anchor sheet pile. So, where we can reduce the required depth. So, that how to design this anchor sheet piles what are the different types of design methodology. Thus those things will discuss in the coming classes or. So, in the today's class if I summarize this application part. So, here I have discussed only the design of or determination of depth of the sheet pile which is in the granular soil. So, now one thing is that this sheet pile can be in the cohesive soil. Now, in that case is in the last class I have already discussed in discussed that in the cohesive soil what would be the expression because in that case we consider the soil is purely cohesive. So, that means you have consider that soil is phi value is 0. So, in that case the final then in the similar process in that case a different for example, if I consider the same sheet pile in granular in the cohesive soil and then we will get a different value of the this different diagram. Then from this diagram we can get different value and then we can try to for suppose if I solve this same problem in the cohesive soil then what will happen. So, this is your dredge level this is the same water level and this is the distance of height depth this is 3 meter and then this required depth we have to determine. So, I have mentioned that in that case our this diagram will be this is negative this is positive then this will start from here then it will go in this form. So, here we you know that this is our dredge level this is the ground level here this value will be 4 cu minus q and here this value will be 4 cu this is plus q bar this is minus q bar. Now, force q q is the undrained cohesion of the soil and q bar is effective vertical stress at any depth. So, and this finally if I consider these things and then finally the final expression that we will get. So, similarly here also this q bar from this two pressure we have to calculate then the final expression then if I consider only the positive part then the finally the expression that we will get that is d square 4 cu minus q bar plus 2 d p a. So, this is the force which is acting that is p a then minus p a 12 cu cut small y bar plus p a divided by 2 cu plus q bar that is equal to 0. Where this q bar will be gamma into 2 cu plus q h. So, from this this if I consider same density same unit weight and height then the q bar for this case will be 19 into 4 plus 9 into 3. So, this will be the q bar for this case. Now the p a if I consider this p a is the force only the positive part and this y bar again which is acting the force from the dredge level. So, this so that means we consider this triangular part if actually if this is the rough triangular distribution in if it is a layer soil or different even in this case also if I consider in the different level because this is water is here and this water table. So, that means if it is a layer soil then we will get the different distribution, but here just we have taken a simple distribution of the to show how to calculate in case of cohesive soil, but in case of layer soil will get the different distribution. So, that in the negative part in the top then different distribution in the positive part. So, that both things we have to consider. So, here we have to we have drawn all the simple distribution and then in case of water table effect we have to consider just and then if we consider only this negative a positive part and then the total force that I have already calculated for this example in the granular soil. Similar way we have to calculate that p and then y bar. So, first we will calculate this p here and then y bar from the dredge level then these things other things are known that means p a will calculate q bar will calculate in this way and cu that is the undrained cohesion that is the property of the soil. Then all the other things we put in this expression then you will get a simplified expression in terms of d square and then once we will solve this expression then we will get the value of d from after solving the above expression d we will get after. So, once you get the d from this above expression then we will increase it by 20 to 30 percent due because of the factor set. So, in this way we can design this cantilever sheet pile in cohesive soil also in the next class we will discuss about the design of anchored sheet pile. Thank you.


And now, stay tuned for the mystery program that is unique among all mystery programs. Because even when you know who is guilty, you always receive a startling surprise at the final curtain. In the signal oil program, the Whistler.  I am the Whistler, and I know many things where I walk by night. I know many strange tales hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. Yes, I know the nameless terrors of which they dare not speak. And now for the signal oil company, the Whistler's strange story, Mark Mann. The man standing in the open door of the swiftly moving boxcar looked in conjures, out of place. Certainly, Frank Seto wasn't used to this mode of travel. But even with the careful planning you always employ, things can go wrong, can't they, Frank? Yes, you were the brains behind a successful swindle across the border in Tijuana, weren't you? But part two of your plan, in which you tried to outwit your own associates, backfire, didn't it, Frank? And you had to run, leaving $70,000 hidden in a baggage check stand in San Diego, and now cowering in an empty boxcar, moving through the outskirts of Los Angeles. You wonder if anyone followed you, wondered what's ahead when the train rolls into the railroad yard. Then you hear the voice of your chance traveling companion. Not yet, buddy. Don't jump now. Take it easy. I don't want to wait too long. I don't want to get mixed up with any yard cops. Very new to you, isn't it, riding these side door poor men? Them cops won't do nothing, buddy. Take my word for it. They'll just chase you out of the place. You can save your advice. Okay, buddy, okay. I just don't want you to get hurt. I could tell by the way you hopped on down in San Diego that you didn't know much about traveling. You're going into the yard. She's slowing down. No, no. She's moving just as fast. Don't jump, buddy. Don't! Remember all of that, don't you, Frank. The old man's warning your own nervous anxiety. That moment suspended in space. And then the flashing lights of a crossing signal seeming to rush at you, striking, then nothing. The blind is beginning to clear now. And you wonder where you are. Wonder about this strange blurred circle of faces and voices. You think he's coming too? Boy, he sure smacked that signal. But he suppose he jumped off that train phone and was going so fast he could have killed himself. You sent for the ambulance? Yeah, it's on its way. Police too. Police. No, look, I'm okay. Be careful, mister, don't get hurt. Let me alone. I'm all right. Look, you had a bad fall. I better let him check you. I'm all right, I said. But they're on their way to be here any minute. It won't hurt to let the doctor do it. Skip it. Doc can look you over. Me? What for? Curiosity. You've got a bad case. A very bad case. You hurry away, don't you, Frank?  On Main Street, you enter a nondescript hotel. Across the lobby, you pass the group of hypnotically pleasing guests watching television and approach the desk. Hey. Hey, anybody here? Room party. It's not a party. Wow. What's the matter? What's the other fellow look like? Or did he win? Never mind the jokes. I've been traveling. Want a room or a shower? Yeah, they're separate, but we've got them. Room's a dollar and a half. Shower's 50 cents. They're in advance. Thank you. Thank you. Must have lost my money. Oh, sure. Oh, here, wait a minute. Wait a minute. I've got enough for a couple of nights. Yeah. That's better. All right, I'll get you, Chief. The shower makes you feel better, doesn't it, Frank? And a good night's sleep helps, too. Even in these surroundings. Somehow you'll feel that you'll be able to work things out. For one thing, the pressure is off for a while. The following day, except for meals, you stay close to the hotel. And that night, you even feel sufficiently relaxed to join a few of the other guests in the lobby as they watch a question-and-answer program on the television screen. This young lady whose name is Larkin, Nora Larkin. Thank you and your young gentleman friend. I'm Wally Neal. Wally, tell him the name. It's all right, sir. It's all right. Name's aren't as important as the right answers to the question. All right, my name is Wally Neal. All right, Wally. Now, you and Miss Larkin have a chance to win some of that lucky cash we've been talking about. It's lucky for you and lucky for those you've spent it on. Now, for the rest of the day. Excuse me. What's the matter? Don't you like to frug live? Just remember some business I have to attend to. It's a shock, isn't it, Frank? Seeing Wally Neal on that television screen. Wally Neal. One of your partners in the Tijuana Swingle.  Followed you to Los Angeles. And that's why you take a fast cab ride to the television station.  They're breaking now. Do they come out this way? I have to meet a friend. Yes, I do, sir. Well, thanks. Thanks a lot. Well, now, let's go out. Wally, look, we won $600. If you'd like to mind that. But nor I told you, I shouldn't have appeared like that.  We're in control, aren't you, Frank? Finding Wally Neal before he found you. Wally's the only one who knows for certain that it was you who cheated the others. You can tie it all together. That is, if he gets an opportunity. You follow them outside and down the street to a parked car. Wally helps Nora in. And he starts around to the driver's seat. You hurry forward. Hello, Wally. Huh? Frank! Yeah, Frank. That's a funny thing. I didn't even know you were in town. Saw you on TV. Oh, yes. Now, you were just fine. A little nervous, but just fine. You've been very clear. Yes. I'd like to talk to you, Wally. Alone? Oh, sure. Sure, Frank, sure. Nora. Yes? Nora, this here is a friend of mine. Frank Settles. Nora Larkin. Oh, how do you do? He happened to see me on television. Can you imagine this? Oh, what a coincidence. Yeah. Those things happen. Yeah, they do, sure. Look, Nora, can I drive you home? Because Frank wants to talk to you. It's business. Sure thing. Come on. It's nice of you, Miss Larkin. Not at all, Mr. Settles. Wally's mentioned you to me. Oh, yeah, Frank. Sure, I have. Oh, you're that sort of fellow, Wally. I bet you've mentioned me to lots of people. So we get started. Ah, sorry to break up your date, Wally. Nora's quite a girl. Yeah, she's a nice girl. Cooperative, too.  No explanation. And your car. All right, turn up here, Wally. Well, that leaves the bridge over the freeway. That's a good place to talk. It's anywhere. Jay, I'll just park by the curb. All right.  And get out. What? No, Wally. What's the matter? Conscience party? You talked too much to Dutch and Duke in San Diego before running out? I didn't talk to nobody. I just left. Ah, good boy.  Come on, come on.  Nobody said you were. I know, but you're nervous, boy. Very nervous. Ah, lots of cars rushing along down there in Cawinga. Be a pity for anybody to fall over. Frank Nora knows where to get her. Now, remember that Nora knows. Wally. Wally, boy, you are imagining things. I just want a few questions answered. You, uh, didn't try to pick up the money alone. Well, how could I? You had the check stuff. But you know the check box. Yeah, but I wouldn't try anything like that. Who told the boys what to look for me? I don't know. They found out for themselves. I... Yeah, yeah. Only the two of us knew. Somebody tells Dutch and Duke to watch for me at the railroad station. Pick me off as I get the 70,000 at the check stand. Of course, you didn't tell them you left the money there for me. I didn't tell them anything. I swear to you, Frank. I didn't. Easy, Wally. Take it easy. They didn't spot me, you know. I saw Duke waiting. Saw him before he saw me. That's why I beat it. Hopped a break and came up here. Hey, look, I know, but Frank, listen. I didn't tell anybody. You didn't follow me here? No, I left on my own. Why? Well, I wanted to be with Nora. We're going to get married. Takes a lot of dough. No, look, look, I'm out of it. I didn't even want my foot in the job. Now, really, I'm out of it. Sure, sure, Wally. Uh, you were pretty lucky tonight. Huh? One of the lucky cash winners. Here, I'll give you my head. $300. We won $600, Nora has the rest. Here, look in the wallet. You'll see it's all there. $300. Uh-huh. Hey, it's all here. Your identification, too. Private's license. Social security. Take them a little while to tag in. In a strange town. Oh, Frank. Frank, please look. I'll never tell anybody anything. I know, Wally. I know. Frank, for God's sake. Sorry, Wally. I'll give you a rail for the boys or anybody. Bye, Wally. Thanks for the spendin' money. Since tomorrow will be St. Patrick's Day, you've no doubt been getting your share of Killarney on today's radio program. I had thought of describing how your friends will turn green with envy when you power your car with signal gasoline. Because signal gas drives sluggishness out of a motor like St. Patrick drove the snakes out of Ireland. Or I had thought of reminding you that your wallet would feel lucky as a four-leaf clover because of signal good mileage. But sure, in bigari, when you buy gasoline, there's really just one thing that matters. You want to be sure you're getting the gasoline that helps your engine run most efficiently. And the best way to measure a gasoline's efficiency is by mileage. After all, when your engine runs more efficiently, you save gasoline. Save gasoline with quick starting. Save gasoline with smooth pickup. Save gasoline with full power. And of course, the more gasoline you save, the more mileage you enjoy. That's why mileage is the best yardstick to measure gasoline efficiency and driving pleasure. The reason why so many smart motorists today are switching to the famous go-father gasoline. Her signal, bigari, is a shove sends Wally Neal over the guardrail on the freeway bridge. And as you drive hurriedly away in Nora Larkin's car, you're still clutching the leather wallet that Wally handed over to you. He won't be identified immediately, will he, Frank? No, possibly not for several days. You smile as you light a cigarette, drive Nora's car back, park it where she'd instructed Wally to leave it, place the key under the floor mat as he was supposed to do, and then take a cab back to your hotel. From there, you put through a call to San Diego, person to person, to amidst Irene Webb. That'll be 95 cents for three minutes, sir. Okay, sister, here it comes, catch. Now, listen, listen. A mail in your check stand stump. Stand at the railroad station.  Shall I give up my apartment, Frank? No, I wouldn't. Give somebody ideas. Just pack and come on. But my things... We'll have enough to buy other things, Irene. Let's do as I say. How soon can you make it? Day after tomorrow, the light. All right, if that's the best you can do. Anything else, please? Like what? Oh, sure, sure, I love it. Make it fast, Irene. Goodbye. At least that part's in motion, isn't it, Frank? Two days. It'll be that at least before Irene arrives with a stolen $70,000. But during those two days, the $300 you took from Wally's wallet, the $300 he'd won on the TV show, gives you enough to live on comfortably, almost luxurious. The following morning, you check out of your room. Your first stop is at a fashionable men's shop. A new suit, shoes, hat, a complete change of wardrobe. And then you register at a swank Hollywood hotel. Call Irene and give her your new address. Nothing but the best, Frank. You spend Wally's money freely. And late that afternoon, you're in your hotel suite when the buzzer rings. It can't be Irene, can it, Frank? She's not due until tomorrow. Hello, Frank. Well, Nora. Mind if I come in? No, of course not. Well, this is a surprise, Nora. How'd you know where to find me? Just by chance. You left an empty book of matches on the floor of my car. They were from the Alden Hotel. Scenes when you checked out of there, you asked the desk for me. Oh, sure, sure. I remember. Well, here, here, sit down. Thanks. Have a drink. It's a name and I've got it. So I see. Scotch? Hi.  Did Uncle suddenly leave you a fortune? Oh, nothing like that. I looked up a friend here in town this morning. He owed me a few bucks. That plain water, Nora? There you are. Thanks. What's on your mind? Wally. Huh? Look, Frank, be a good boy and leave Wally alone, huh? What do you mean? He doesn't want to make any trouble. Before you really, he doesn't. Oh, okay, Nora. You say so. That's a little affair to you, Nora. He just wants to forget about it. Oh, tell him I've forgotten it, too. I wish I could. What do you mean? Well, Wally's a funny guy. Lately, he's been jittery, upset. Yeah, sure, sure. Get to the point, Nora. Well, then running into you last night, he's scared, Frank.  Hiding out? I've been up to his apartment half a dozen times today. I called him on the phone, there's no answer. She... He's stuck down on me before. When he's scared, Franky, he doesn't want to see anybody. Not even me. Oh, don't worry about it, Nora. He'll be all right. Sure, sure. He's just got to think it out all by himself for a while. And he'll call me. Look, if I could just tell him you weren't sore. But I'm not. I'm sorry. Thanks a lot. Yeah? Well, boy, sir. Oh, come in. Ask for the evening paper, Mr. Settler. Oh, yeah. Thanks, just put it on sale. Oh, I... Here you are. Thank you, sir. Sure, buy yourself a... Something wrong, sir? No. No. He leaps up into your throat, doesn't it, Frank? The folded newspaper the bellboy had tossed on the table. Nora reaching out for it. You wonder if the story is there, the story of Wally Neal's death. What Nora will think. Hold your breath as she unfolds the paper. Glances casually over the front page. And then drops the paper on the chair beside it. Same old stuff. War, Congress and content. It's all you read about nowadays. Look, Nora. Yeah? I know how you feel about the guy. Well, I'm sorry if I gave him the jitters. Let me make up for it, huh? You don't have to. No, but I insist. Why don't we run over to his place? He might be there now. Well, yeah. I'll tell you what. I'll take the two of you out to dinner. We'll make a night of it. On me. What do you say? All right. All right, Frank. Of course, there's no answer at Wally's apartment, is there, Frank? And so you take Nora on to dinner. Just the two of you. An attractive girl, isn't she? Warm, exciting. And lay there while you're dancing, holding her close in your arms. Oh, come on, sweetheart. Cheer up. Wally's going to be all right. I suppose not. Sorry to spoil you eating this way. You're not spoiling anything, Nora. A very good company, I'm afraid. I disagree. I think you're a very nice company. Thanks. I mean it. Frank. Hmm? I was wondering, do you think Wally might... Oh, look, sweetheart, I told you you'd be all right. Stop worrying. Stop thinking about Wally. Just for a little while anyway, huh? Come on. All right. I'll try. Mother, to forget Wally, don't you, Frank.  As the evening progresses, she seems to be enjoying herself. It's after three in the morning when you see her to her apartment. Leave her after making a date to call for her the next evening. The following afternoon. Hello, Frank. I thought I was to pick you up at your place later this evening. I wanted to see you soon. Is something wrong? You look like... Yeah, something's wrong. Here have you seen it? Paper? No. There. At the bottom of the page. Okay, so what? At least found a body in the freeway. Unidentified. What's this got to do with me? Everything. I had a hunch, so I went down to the morgue an hour ago. It's Wally. Wally? Don't look so surprised. Wait a minute, sweetheart. We needn't put on an act. Frank, I know what happened. I know you killed Wally and I know why. Look, Nora. I know all about the job you're pulling to your wanna. I had double-crossed your partners in San Diego. So what? They look, Nora. Take it easy. I put that letter opener away. It doesn't scare me. Doesn't it, Frank? Doesn't it? She lunges towards you. You reach out. You miss. And the letter opener rips into your arm. The blinding rage will lash out, twist Nora's arm behind her.  You get up quick. Nora lies very still. All right. Nora. Who is it? Me, Frank. I mean... Uh, just a second. Quickly. Drag Nora Larkin's body into the car. Look around the room. Her purse, Frank, lying here on the floor. Move it up. Flip it under the sofa. Is that the only way? Come on, move it. I'm sorry. There's one. That's not from all the way. Get this stuff open. Yeah. Here are your pictures. That's fine, honey. Fine. Well, well. Private Larkin. How about out on the lady's side? We don't have the time. Oh, no. Fine. I'll feel better if you skip right now. But why? What's the rush? Find the questions. We'll leave. Look, I'm reaching the lobby in five minutes. Read your stuff there. I'll have the bell hop to appear. Come on. Oh, no. Wait. Why? Don't you stop asking why? Do as I say. All right. All right. Grab a cab up the airport. Take the next plane. New York. New York. New York. I like Seattle. Seattle? Why do you... Just skip across the border into Canada. That's why, baby. Oh. Whatever. All this money. It's fine. Yeah. Just for kids. Now be good. I'll be going for you in the lobby, John. Okay. Okay. Yeah. You wait, baby. Nice. Yeah. Wait. Oh, there's now a new improved type automobile battery built to last up to two and a half times as long as ordinary batteries. It's the new signal deluxe battery, which is guaranteed a full two and a half years on a service basis. One of the reasons for this amazingly long life in signal deluxe battery is their micro porous all rubber separation, which allows freer flow of acid between the plates, yet are impervious to the action of the action. But longer life is only part of it, so. In addition, signal deluxe batteries deliver up to 35% more power and don't need water as often. So much for their quality. But how about price? Well considered on a per month basis, which is really the only way to compare battery costs. Signal deluxe batteries actually cost less than ordinary batteries. What's more, the generous trade in allowing signal dealers and now giving for old batteries brings the cost even lower. And liberal credit terms are available. So if you need a new battery, head straight for a signal service basis. Be sure of genuine economy plus dependable service for a long time to come. With the new 30 month guarantee, signal deluxe battery.  Only you feel sure now that it's been worth it, doesn't it?  Now you're through with Irene too. After all the maneuvering and planning, you don't intend to care the money. You've had your bags fixed. Take the money from Irene's suit. You're sure it's going to be a simple clipping out the back entrance of the hotel alone, aren't you? Yes. I've had the union fixed. From there, a freighter to a part unknown. You cross quickly to the door and open. Hello? What do you want? Lane's Roman. Lieutenant's Roman. Homicide. Homicide? Yeah. Well, this is what I've been doing.  That's right.  Stain your bill at the olden, buying new clothes? What have I had? Too bad you didn't know the money was mine. That money belongs to a gentleman named Walling Union. He won it on a TV show a couple nights ago. All the bills were marked as part of a stunt. Anyone receiving any of that money was told to notify the television station to get a flight. A man of truth, Walling Union, took that money. The money had been set around. Clothes and store, cab drivers, cell phones. Half a dozen witnesses who've been identified. Oh, you better give these rooms a reason to appreciate them. I don't think. The murder of Walling Neil with a highly advertised murder plan is too bad you didn't realize that once you'd killed Neil and took his money, you were a marked man. That whistle be your signal for the signal oil program of Whistler. He's Sunday night at the same time. Signal has asked me to remind you that today the Red Cross must not only be prepared to save lives and relieve suffering in any disaster that may occur anywhere in this country. In addition, it must provide blood and other needed help for our GIs overseas. Good reason. By this year, the Red Cross needs more of us for health. And more health from East to West. The incident tonight's story where Bill Foreman is the Whistler, Jack Moyle, Doris Singleton, Larry Dobkin, Georgia Ellis, and Charles Field. The Whistler was produced and directed by George W. Allen, with story by Joel Malone, music by Wilbur Hatch, and was transmitted overseas by the Armed Forces Radio Service. The Whistler was entirely fiction, and all characters portrayed on the Whistler are also fiction. Any similarity of names or resemblance to persons living or dead is purely going to them. Remember to tune in at the same time next Sunday when the Signal Oil Company will bring you another strange story by Whistler. Marvin Miller, speaking for the Signal Oil Company. They do now for our Ms. Brooks, starring Neve Arden, who follows immediately over most of these cases. This is the CBS Radio Network.


Good afternoon everybody and I'm sorry not to be with you live in this presentation. We've had a recent bereavement in the family and so I'm preferring to record this. And so I'm going to talk about strengthening ethical practice at the frontline of global health research. And I'm going to be drawing heavily on experience from research I've conducted. As part of the work that I did based at the Kenry Welcome Trust Research Centre in Kenya. And I lived there for and worked there for 27 years until I returned to UK last year. And so there are many factors about conducting research in resource pool settings that not only promote the need to actually do the research in the first place. But also lead to some potential for exploitation in research practice. And some of these factors are very high morbidity and mortality rates in many low and middle income settings. The public health facilities that are available being very constrained in terms of resources. Different levels between research staff and local populations and potential participants in terms of norms, values, access to technological information, etc. And differences in terms of resources and power often. So these types of contexts where research is much needed, but there's also potential for exploitation really raise a range of different ethical challenges and highlight the importance of taking context into account when thinking about those ethics issues and challenges. So there are many different ways to think about research ethics. You can think from the ground up almost about what are the ethical issues that you're experiencing when you're actually conducting research in the field are their questions where you're and situations where you're thinking am I doing the right thing here is this morally acceptable. And here we might look to guidelines to think about how we might handle these dilemmas and ethically challenging moments. Or there might be a slightly more top down I guess way of applying guidelines. I'm thinking about how different ethics guidelines might apply in practice for the kind of research that I'm doing in these contexts. So looking at the issues and the realities on the ground in relation to different concepts and requirements in guidance and thinking what does that mean about how I should do my study or respond to a particular situation. And I've put these two as separate but of course they overlap with each other and might feed into one another. Ethics guidelines are really important but where on earth do we begin? There are so many different guidances out there to support research ethics practice. So one document that I and many colleagues have found really useful has been this one by Emmanuel Atau which outlines some of the ethics principles and benchmarks for health related, especially clinical research and developing countries. And what they did was they worked with all of the existing guidance that they could find that was relevant and organized it into a series of these different principles here and for each principle they gave a set of ideas or benchmarks. They called them of how you might meet those particular principles in practice. And if anybody's interested in this area I really recommend this document and we use it a lot because it's familiar to many of the committees who review a lot of our work. It's got many relevant ideas that are not only relevant to clinical research in developing countries as initially intended but also for social science research, health systems research. But of course it's still extremely challenging because although there are those different benchmarks it's still difficult to know how do I actually apply each of those different benchmarks in practice. And in many cases when you're doing research and there are challenges between how you balance across these different principles which might pull you in slightly different directions. And in terms of contextualization what's useful about this document is it really highlights and adds in and gives emphasis to those two principles that are in red there collaborative partnership and respect for participants and communities. And in terms of the benchmarks of how do you do that and some of the challenges around that an area that has gained a lot of attention and that we've worked in a lot in case. So one element that's hugely promoted now is community and wider stakeholder engagement in research, and it's hugely promoted for a range of different reasons, not only because it's the right thing to do. And that it's, it's just really important that people feel respected and included. So for its intrinsic goals but also because it can achieve something else so engaging with communities and stakeholders can help us learn about what is the right research question to be asking the right type of research designed to be doing in a particular context. And about exactly how studies might be rolled out in different settings to make sure that they're more acceptable and relevant to local communities that in turn can help make sure that there's more interest among potential participants to get involved in research which can have a really positive impact on the quality of research because good science requires good ethics and the two really cannot be seen independently of each other. So although it's widely promoted and really important to do we also have to be aware that it's it's as with all of the other principles complex and highly contested in terms of how you actually go about doing community engagement making sure that it's meaningful. So when you're engaging or planning a study, for example, who are the different types of communities that you might engage with. And who represents those communities you can't talk to thousands of different people but if you select representatives are you selecting the right representatives do they know and understand the issues and do those communities want those people and believe they should represent them. Are they speaking on behalf of those communities or are they just typical members of those communities giving their views as those members. Another area that can be really complex is is how much power you actually handing over to other stakeholders and community members as part of your engagement process. What's the depth of the engagement. Are you just primarily information sharing or are you really trying to consult in order to change how you're organizing your search and how you're thinking as an institution or as an individual. And if you're doing small scale interactions where and studies where there really can be perhaps much more flexibility around research planning. How do you scale up some of the learning and the thinking to these huge international research programs and maintain an ability to hold that being research question and study and the learning study across multiple sites. And a real issue that's often underestimated about community engagement. It tends to be thought of as a good, but it's possible that there can be perverse or unintended outcomes. So, you know, when you're engaging communities, it takes people's time, it takes people's energy resources and you're engaging with inevitably some parts of communities or stakeholders. So we have to be really careful not to inappropriately use people's time and we need to make sure that power relations in our interactions between researchers and communities and not inadvertently reinforce and we need to be careful not to accidentally feed into local politics issues in the process of engaging communities. And the whole reason to engage with communities can really be unclear often with community engagements kind of consider to be always just the thing that you should do. So the goals can be unclear and sometimes it's a series of different goals which once you put them against each other, you can see that they're in tension and they pull you in slightly different directions, which can make the community engagement a little bit of a mess in terms of what people are seeking to achieve and what's what's being achieved in practice. So I think community engagement, hopefully I'm showing you that community and state broader stakeholder engagement is really important. Indeed, it's part of the basic principles really of doing good quality and research that's responsive to local priorities and concerns and that's ethically responsible. It's not a mechanistic set of activities and we have to be really careful not only about just reducing it to tick box exercises that are not helpful for the science or the ethics and that we're not actually causing harm unintentionally. So the messages are that guidelines are important, that good science is good ethics that implementing guidance, even with some of the most useful guidance available can be challenging, weighing between different principles, responding to contextual issues and differences, and that community engagement has its own dilemmas and challenges. A really important thing about ethics issues at the front line is that even when you've got a really well developed proposal with community and stakeholder engagement in advance it's approved by research ethics committees. Many ethical dilemmas emerge in the conduct of doing research and they're experienced by people at the front line of conducting research who are often called field workers or research assistants or clinical frontline staff. And so I'm just going to go on to talk a little bit more about that now. So we've actually looked as part of an international research program at the in five different settings research environments at the kind of dilemmas that researchers face after approval of studies. And to try and learn about how we might better respond in order to support ethical practice at the front line of research. So across these different settings which include Royal and Urban Kenya, different sites in Thailand and in South Africa. What we heard from frontline staff and and many of us have been and play roles as frontline staff ourselves is that these staff face many different kinds of diverse and important roles. And they interact with stakeholders and participants who are often facing layered vulnerabilities related to their social economic status, their health, their wellbeing, their support processes and access to health care, etc. And their agency or ability to act and make decisions is sometimes constrained by these contexts in which they live. In doing these roles in these contexts of layered vulnerability and often constrained agency frontline staff face numerous ethical dilemmas and often inadequate support in dealing with these dilemmas by the research hierarchies and teams that they're part of. They just often try to deal with things the best that they can in their daily lives. And so we argued that it's really important research in vulnerable populations like the ones we were involved in continues because there's often not enough research in these vulnerable communities, which is tailored and relevant for those settings and environments. But at the same time, it's really important that there's much greater recognition of the kind of ethics dilemmas and and issues that these frontline staff face and that they need support with that and that this is really an essential justice concern in the conduct of research in low income populations. So just so that you can hear this, some of the issues and dilemmas from people at the frontline themselves, I'd just like you to watch this video which was produced drawing on the research that we conducted as part of this international consortium. We are the frontline research staff. We are the people who gather data, take samples, speak with participants and their families, carry research messages through public engagement events. Some of us are senior in our research institution. Some are not so senior. But what makes us similar is that we visit people's homes and sometimes we even land up sharing meals with them. Often we are working in our own neighborhoods, in our own communities. We listen to people's stories and struggles with interest, concerns and sometimes sadness because these are stories that we know very well. We often land up being the first of research in communities and a bridge between researchers and communities. We have a lot of knowledge to share and face many challenges. Many of the challenges we face are to do with what should we do, what are our responsibilities in the community. These are really often difficult, ethical or moral problems for us. Research is often done in places with a high burden of disease but also where there are many other health, social, political or environmental challenges. There may be a drought happening, water shortages, protests around a political election or staff strikes. In Kenya, communities are facing many of these challenges during our research including a huge national nurses strike. Here in Mesot, along the time Myanmar border, migrants who join research on malaria and pregnancy are also sometimes living in fear of being discovered if they do not have documents. The roads and bridges may be blocked or become unavailable because of flooding, making it difficult for people to get to a research site, which is also where they come to the clinic for care. We also see so many difficult journeys. Frontline staff also often have to cross the river in high waters during rainy season. So the biggest ethical challenges facing the frontline staff are around wanting to help people directly. When research results may not happen quickly and benefits may not come for many years. Sometimes I wonder why we are gathering data when what I want to do is to help people directly by providing care or medicine, something that is needed today. I realize it is important to develop better health interventions but then I wish we could do more now. We need more support in responding to ethical challenges in our day-to-day research in our context. Something that often struck me in my interactions with families in a very low-income area of Nairobi was how much young mothers went through to try to get their babies treated or to keep them well and restore their health. So they would try to access money, which was often not easy. They would seek advice from various networks on what to do and this included their in-laws, parents, their neighbors, friends, sometimes negotiating with their own spouses. And all of this was happening in what were very often difficult living environments. Here in South Africa, HIV has been a serious health burden and so it remains a major research focus. But there are so many other health and social problems that we see people struggling with. Despite the challenges communities face, they show strength and are resilient. It is important not to label people as vulnerable or use stereotypes because this can mask their unique needs and inadvertently exclude them from research that could benefit them. For example, labeling adolescents as vulnerable to HIV may stigmatize them and hinder participation in HIV research. We also see examples of young people's agency. For instance, they portray themselves as proactive and being agents of changing the community whilst managing the HIV disease. So their inclusion in research is important to inform context-relevant research and interventions which support their agency. It is incredible to see how families and women will work so hard to provide for their family and make difficult journeys to seek care and to participate in research. People sometimes think that young people or women do not have power to make choices in their lives, but they do. There was a young girl, she was 16, and she joined a study because she said she wanted to gain more knowledge, she wanted to learn more. So our question is, how can we work together with communities to make sure research priorities align with what matters most to the community? As frontline researchers, we offer a valuable perspective and bridge to understanding people's needs within research and beyond in their day-to-day struggles. But we also struggle in knowing how best to respond to the many dilemmas of care that we encounter in our work and we need more support. We hope that by raising our voices, research leaders, institutions and funders will hear us and we can work together to ensure that research remains a tool for improving lives for everyone. One of the studies that we were conducting as part of this consortium in Kenya was linked to a multidisciplinary observation study which was trying to work out what's contributing to high mortality among young children post discharge from hospital. And the researchers who were conducting this research highlighted a whole range of different ethical challenges. Looking at the bubbles in relation to challenges faced in hospitals on the left, in the middle, related to the child and family and in the right in relation to the community included, for example, what to do when you know that the referral that you've given as a clinician somewhere else, for example, for chronic heart disease might well not be affordable to a family. What do you do when you ask a family about a situation at home and they're so hungry that they cry?  And what do you do with wider challenges that you are aware of in communities? For example, that local services have run out of really key food supplements that are essential for families to continue to be making a recovery post hospital discharge. So with all of these types of situations and there are so many examples, not only in this type of research, but more widely, these are incredibly emotionally difficult for those people who are confronting them. They ask themselves, what should I do? Where does my responsibility as a clinical researcher begin? Where does it end? When I make a decision, what's the impact on other people in terms of fairness around me? What about the research team? Am I introducing new problems and issues for the research team? And what about other studies? If I'm introducing some kind of support process, will that have an impact on what other studies have to do? Is that something good, useful, positive or challenging for other studies and reinforcing inequities and challenges between participants and communities that will actually cause unintended harm? Rather than be helpful. So something that we initiated within this study and that we've published about if you're interested in reading about this was that we started establishing regular ethics reflection discussions where we deliberately brought people together, including frontline staff, but also more senior staff as a safe space to really talk through what kinds of challenges they've been facing, not to keep it to themselves, but what kind of dilemmas have been faced, how that's been handled and to support one another and share ideas about appropriate responses. And so in doing that, what we were hoping to be able to do is to basically bring people's different types of knowledge together, to be able to think about responsibilities, actions and why we have those responsibilities or aren't able to act on those responsibilities or be the best people to act on that in that particular situation. And we developed a tool based on the ethics literature to help us think through some of these issues, and I won't go through this slide in detail. But basically what this tool helped us work out is whether nothing really can be done but helped us just be at greater peace with that situation in that context. So that's A in that in that hexagon box there, or whether we needed to actually immediately change what everybody was doing. B, C, it might be that we needed to change something about how the design of the study was being run, types of benefits that were being given to participants, how consent was being run. That's C, or going up to D, we might also then require to shift, for example, institutional policy around how what benefits are acceptable should be given. And it might even be that we have to advocate for change in terms of national ethics guidance and what's acceptable or not acceptable. And so we would take each scenario down at the bottom and blue, think about how urgent or serious is the issue for that person at that time. How related to the research is it, is it caused by the research or revealed by it, or just a background situation such as high levels of poverty that is going to be hugely widely experienced. Think about how much capacity is there for the person to be helped, and should the research team member or others be the best people to act on that, or should it be referred to others and what are the anticipated impacts of the activity. And so the hexagons would help us think through in relation to that issue, what then needs to be done. And we found that this really was useful in terms of giving us all and especially frontline staff psychological relief. It really helped us share the kind of ideas thinking and issues that aren't often shared. There often isn't time with busy research teams, but it made sure that these issues were heard up health research hierarchies. It really brought to life some of the policies and plans that are in place for research teams. But it wasn't easy. And, you know, perhaps most importantly on the right hand column there at the bottom is that many emotional issues were unsolvable, at least in the short term. In other situations where going back to my first slide, there is really very difficult contextual issues that are brought about by global and national and local structural injustices. As an individual research group, it can be really difficult to take on all of the responsibilities for responding. So I think it's important to include guidelines are really important for ethics practice and good ethics is at the heart of doing and inseparable from doing good science and implementing guidance can be really challenging, including guidance around and the community engagement is essentially around building relations between different communities and stakeholders. And there is some guidance available which I'll show you in a reference shortly which might be really helpful in working through that process. Many ethical dilemmas in conducting research arise post approval of a research protocol and are faced by frontline staff. And I feel strongly that post approval ethics support processes must be built into all research activities and how research is conducted over the course of implementation. And just leaving you with two particular references that I think might be useful if anybody's interested in following on this in any more detail. Thank you.


If you were as fortunate as I am to have really good friends, then you know that they are just an Amazing part of life something that you can't do without and yet at times there's something that brings you Frustration as well as as as joy and pain and everything in between but my goodness How different would life be if we didn't have these friendships and these relationships in our life? So today we want to talk a little bit about what it means and to communicate in friendships and what our friendships and how can we do that more effectively and really Place the emphasis on these critical relationships that we have with our friends around us So first of all, let's talk about some of the characteristics of Friendships or in other words, what does it mean to be a good friend? Right, so as we know there are different types of friendships if you if you're a fan of the show friends You know that there are different types of friendships, right? There are you know really really close relationships There are more that there some that are more just acquaintances and people you know, maybe socially But don't necessarily hang out with that closely. So I mean there are different types of friendships and and so and then there are variations that come into play when we talk about gender and things we're gonna touch on here But but there are different types of friendships not every friendship is the same not every friendship is exists at the same level, you know Not everybody is is a is a Chandler and Joey, right? Those two are really really tight Sometimes you have a a Chandler and Phoebe who were you know seldom in scenes together, right? I mean in terms of just the two of them they weren't the close friends But but they were acquaintances and they had some hijinks together But so you have different types of friendships though and friendships that exist and different in in different circumstances And so just keep that in mind We also need to remember that there are friendships that will vary in terms of how they're how they're made up Just in general but also in terms of gender and communication and and and so friendships and will be affected by gender though And and communication will vary from situation to situation. So when you have same-sex friends, you'll have you know So we're talking here about, you know, men who are friends with other men women who are friends with other women When you have those types of things the rules are slightly different for example them when you have opposite-sex friends When you have a man and woman who are friends and so The the rules are different in terms of touch in terms of language in terms of all these little things that we do differently frankly when we are With a friend who is of the same sex as us as opposed to a friend who's of the opposite sex of us Those are different and then there are different rules Of course it exists too when you have something like friends with benefits or whatever you want to call it So the the rules are different the expectations are different the you know What's allowed and not allowed and things like that are different in all of these different circumstances So we need to to keep that in mind as well and consider that and and how we Approach these friendships and how we communicate in the different friendships Also need to bear in mind that friendships are affected by social media very much so anymore, right?  Media are you expected to be friends with somebody that you just met and if they send you a friend request? Is there that pressure and then what rules come along with that? What does that indicate when you are friends with somebody on social media? Are you following somebody on social media? Are you are you you know implying that you? tacitly approve of what they are doing or who they are and things like that so Friendship is also affected by social media in very practical ways and then also just kind of more Fringe ways but but it's affected by social media a great deal anymore in particular And friendships are governed by rules their rules for example, you know, I was growing up There's a rule you didn't date your friends X if your friend a dated somebody you're not allowed to date that person unless you get permission from from your friend Then it's okay, but but there are rules like that there are rules about you know You don't you don't talk about your friend behind their back You don't share their secrets without their consent, you know, that's their information their secret there There are rules that govern these friendships. You got to have your friends back and so forth so So we know that whether they are are spoken or unspoken and whether they are formal or informal rules That just like any other relationship friendships have different rules that govern them Another thing to consider about friendships is that they each have a particular lifespan and so not and not every friendship is going to go the distance and and sometimes though, you know Sometimes that breakup will be formal and sometimes it will be less formal and just kind of happen through attrition But there's some you know friendships have a lifespan to a certain extent so sometimes you have and so and not such but they have a they have a Kind of an arc to them and the way that they develop right and though and the way that they grow So you have first of all what we call? Role-limited interaction right meaning you may be acquaintances with this person you may be friendly with this person but but only in certain Circumstances you may have somebody that your friends with at work, but you don't hang out with them outside of work Right, or you hang out with them when you're with this third person, right? I mentioned before you know You didn't see a lot of Chandler Phoebe Engagement in the in just friends right and in the show friends with just the two of them You saw lots of them together with other people So but they were kind of role-limited in their interactions. They were for the most part They were they were friends via other friends, right? So their their interaction was limited more to their role as this other person's friend Then you may move into what we call friendly relations where you start to kind of you know Break off a little bit from the group and you do start to get to know this person as an individual a little bit more and and maybe start to Make some plans with them or something then that may lead to moving toward friendship Where you're you're maybe hanging out outside of that group You're maybe making plans and and being intentional about spending time together and getting to know each other a little bit You're moving toward that that type of a stronger friendship than slowly as we go and note that Some friendships or some relationships don't ever get beyond a certain point of this Maybe you get into the friendly relations and realize This person is not really for me. This isn't really working for me So you kind of put the brakes on and you halt things there and don't go any further But if things continue, then you would move toward friendship And theoretically eventually then you would enter into what we call nascent friendship, which is kind of the beginning stages of a friendship It's not that different from when you have the beginning stages of when you're first seeing someone you're first dating someone And it's kind of new and it's exciting and you probably spend a lot of time together in that nascent friendship Period there's probably spending quite a bit more time together than you might otherwise And again, it's not that different than what we see in people who have started dating recently You have that same kind of experience when we when we make friends Eventually you'll enter into what's called a stabilized friendship Where you're seeing you you may not see each other quite as much as you were at the very beginning But it's more comfortable when you do get together You just pick up kind of where you left off and it's like no time has passed at all Regardless of how much time actually has passed. It's just you jump right in and you fall into the same kind of patterns and the same kind of expectations and you have that just stabilized friendship where You don't have to worry about impressing that person all the time They've seen your good days your bad days and they're still around and again This is this is more like a long-term relationship If we're thinking of it in like a dating aspect an ascent friendship would be that kind of the beginning the honeymoon period of the dating period Stabilized friendship is going to be that longer-term relationship where you're more comfortable with each other, right? You've you know, so you've you've been around each other long enough to know one another and and have some stability there and And know that that person is your friend for the long term really Then eventually though, it's possible that we may get into what we call the waning friendship if that friendship is winding down either because there's been some sort of Some sort of event that's led to to maybe the potential termination of that relationship or maybe just your life circumstances have changed There are all kinds of reasons that the relationships and And predicts lonely friendships It's possible that one person moved away or that one person got married or one person had kids and These types of things and compete for our time and they do cut into friendship So it's possible that that not all relationships will make it through that or make it past that I'm certainly not necessarily in the same shape that they that they had before they may look different and And feel different but so that it's possible that That it may become a waning friendship when that kind of fades out over time and fades away So in addition having the lifespan though, but we know the friendships differ at different parts of our own lives Right because we have different needs at different stages of our lives. So our friendships will change So for example, when we first when we first become Aware of friendships and start to have friendships that would be in our childhood, right and our childhood friends are going to be first of all Dictated largely by proximity as much as anything We're gonna be friends when on the ability as try as children to travel that far So we're gonna be friends with people who are in our neighborhood. We're gonna be friends with our siblings Possibly our parents depending on the situation We're gonna be friends of people where we go to school with people where we go to school that we see on a regular basis Or we go when we go to church or we go to different, you know Events so if you're involved in 4-H or some sports or different things like that Our childhood friends are going to be friends of convenience as much as anything convenience in the sense that they are around and available And maybe have some similar interests broadly to us Maybe like to play the same sports or play with the same toys in general But but we're not gonna be too picky because again, we have a limited pool to draw from so we're gonna be pretty open a lot of times to whatever friends Come around and we're gonna take advantage of that in childhood as we get a little older We get into adolescence. We're gonna be you know, we can become teenagers early teenage and teenagers We're gonna be much more concerned with being friends with people who are our own age We're gonna focus on that again proximity is going to be an issue So we're gonna be mostly friends with people who are nearby and people that we go to school with but we're gonna really hone Into people who are our age. That's gonna become very important to us and to be friends with people who are at least our age if not older and And stick to that pretty closely Because we just share we feel like nobody else understands feel like nobody else can relate to What we're experiencing we don't understand that our parents have already been through that Maybe not in the exact same sense But but our parents have been through a lot of this and our siblings have been through a lot of this And so we're gonna focus on friends and adolescents that are very much like us and and available to us then as young adults our priorities changed again as young adults then as So we're we're when we're in college and graduating college and so forth in proximity is still an issue in that sense But it's not as much of an issue. We're gonna start to pursue individual interests much more So we're gonna have choices about being involved in you know, I don't have to be here except for work Maybe I don't have to be anywhere So I'm gonna start choosing activities that I'm interested in that's gonna allow me to To really pursue friendships with people who have a more in common with me people who have similar interests to me People who like the same sports team or like to go to trivia night or like to do whatever it is that you like to do We're gonna be able to be have more access to those kinds of groups and activities So we're going to become friends with people who are who are there and probably have the same interests as us All right, so that makes sense as young adults then we have more choices So we're going to start seeking out people who we think we want to hang out with and We try and be the person that they want to hang out with as well Then we get into adulthood you know things start to change again as we start to here We see things like getting married and having children and those things we really have an impact on on your External relationships and and how you view friendship and how you view the world period So in adulthood we start to things start to take on a little different color as well And then finally when we're in later adulthood It's interesting because we almost kind of come back around to our siblings in many ways often times We see people come come full circle and come back around to where their their best friends actually are their siblings Are and are their parents if they're living so they they again cultivate and begin relationships with with People that had been a part of their lives and will continue to be a part of their lives like their family members and people like that so whatever stage a friendship you're in and whatever type of friend whatever part of the lifespan you're in and Whatever you're looking for. I just I just hope you're able to now a little more fully appreciate the different aspects of friendship and Understand where your friends may be coming from and what you expect of them and what they expect of you as we move forward If you have questions about this about friendship about any type of interpersonal relationship, please feel free to email me I'd love to hear from you there in the meantime I hope that you will give greater consideration to your friendships and have more appreciation for your friendships and And the role that communication plays in forming and maintaining those bonds


Process matrices are equivalent to a particular class of pre- and post-selected quantum states, providing a new conceptual perspective on their nature and allowing for experimental implementation in a probabilistic way. The distinction between indefinite temporal order and causal order is also discussed, revealing that causal order can exist with definite temporal order. This article was authored by Ralph Silver, Yelena Gurionova, Antony J. Short, and others.


Hey, this is Brent and this 2015 Ram 3500 Mega Cab Short Box Single Rear Wheel Laramie is stock number 12942Z. I'm here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Heavy Duty Truck and Ram Headquarters. This 2015 Ram 3500 Mega Cab Short Box Single Rear Wheel has the 6.7 liter high output Cummins Diesel. It's paired up with the Icing 6-Speed Heavy Duty Transmission. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. So I'm going to go all the way around in this video, inside, underneath, start it up, and take a look under the hood. Brilliant black crystal pearls of color and I shoot all my videos in 4K so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of the vehicle before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and how I do things here at Summit Automotive, consider clicking the subscribe button to my YouTube channel on the lower right hand part of the screen. And then click the bell notification so you'll get updates every time we do videos here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with the 20 inch painted alloy rims and it has Michelin Defender LTX tires, these are LT28560R20s, and I would say they have a really good amount of tread left, probably 70 to 80% of the tread, maybe even a little bit more. Frame and underbody is exceptionally clean and that's because this is a one owner clean title history out of Texas. So frame and underbody is going to be really nice on this one, front fenders in gray shape, does have the projector lamp headlamps, the LED running lights, the factory fog lights, it comes with the painted front bumpers, that's part of the black appearance package. So before they had the night edition they had the black appearance package and that's, I think that kind of just turned into the night edition. So you get the gloss black grille, the painted bumpers, the gloss black RAM logo and you can see there's a little silver thing right there, that's actually a camera that turns on in the screen when you're driving so you can have like a front view camera, it's kind of neat, definitely unique to this truck. The hood is in very nice shape, I didn't see any major dents on there. Driver's side front fender looks really good and the passenger side front rim, no scuffs or scrapes on there. This tire has just as much tread as the driver's side and brilliant black crystal pearls, got a lot of metal flake in it, if you got your HD capabilities turn them on right now. Really a cool color. And as you go down this side of this 2015 RAM 3500 mega cab, take a note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. And if this video helps you make that decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful and that Brett sent you. Very clean on that side. This back rim is in fantastic condition as well. And the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires, maybe even a little bit more. The frame and underbody is in fantastic condition. I mean, look at that sticker, it's still got the original sticker, it's a seven-year-old truck already. Pretty crazy as all the remainder of the factory exhaust and underbody as promised looks really good underneath.  Passenger side box, didn't see any major dents or dings on there, looks really good. Coming around to the back, rear bumper is in fantastic condition, you do get the backup parking sensors, full towing package, which includes the receiver hitch, four-pin and seven-pin wiring, you get the blacked out 4x4 logo, the blacked out RAM logo, and that tailgate is in very nice condition as well. Comes with a Paragon fold-up tonneau cover, kind of like accordions into position. And this one also comes with a B&W 20,000 pound companion fifth wheel hitch. It comes with a Linux spray and bed liner, and it comes with the seven-pin wiring back here as well, bed liners in nice shape, and that goes onto the tailgate, which is a nice feature as well. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly, and as you go down the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side, no major dents or dings on the rear box, and for full disclosure this back rim is in fantastic condition as well. Down the rest of the side of the truck, doors, the cab, all look really good on here. It does have the heated fold-up tow mirrors, they have built-in directional signals, they fold up like so, they also fold in like that. Inside the Laramie package gives you the black leather interior, there are no rips, there are no tears on the seats, you get the Laramie embossed into the backrest. Very little to know where on the seats, memory driver's seat, both these front seats are heated and cooled, comes with a very nice set of husky all-weather formats, auto headlamps, power windows, power locks, power mirrors, you get the leather bolsters in the doors as well as the wood grain drip, and these mirrors do power fold-in, I was like showing both sides so you know that both sides are working properly. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll check out the miles radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior and then we'll start it up. These back seats are heated on the outboard sides, it does have the latch-child safety system, power sliding rear window, these seats are in fantastic condition as well. Get the all-weather formats back here, there are your heated seat buttons, and these seats fold down two different ways. So the first way, the whole backrest and the whole seat goes down and you can get a nice flat area all the way to the back of the cab, why that's nice if you got pets, you can put both sides down, they get a nice place to lay, or even if you wanted to take a nap back here, you could put both sides down and once again a nice flat place to lay. There's a little storage compartment behind there, you get your latch tether anchors and your power sliding rear window, and then the second way these seats go down is just the backrest goes down and why that's nice is then you have a little bit higher floor easier for loading and unloading, and then you get a contained storage area behind the seats as well, then they go up nice and easy like so. It does have the child safety locks on the back doors and the bottoms of the doors as you'd expect on a Texas truck are absolutely perfect and see any corrosion on them look really good, we'll hop inside, check out the miles radio and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior, alright you can see that this one has, hold on we'll get her loaded up, get these nice 7 inch LCD display on there, digital speedometer, 56,160 miles on this truck, instrument cluster is very nice and clean, you get the heated leather wrapped steering wheel, cruise controls on the right, bluetooth and information center controls on the left, and I didn't see any major scuffs or scrapes on that steering wheel, you get the six speed ison heavy duty transmission with the optional tap shift, this one has the Alpine premium sound system, you also get the 8.4 4C 3C radio, AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities, you can see it does have the factory navigation and that that is working nicely, there's your AM FM and Sirius, you get your heated and cooled seat buttons, and this one also has the cargo cam on there, does not have the cargo cam, so but this is where your backup camera shows up, so it does not have the cargo cam, I apologize for that, the other cool thing is when you do put it into drive that is the front view camera, like I said it turns that on, so that's kind of neat, you have your climate controls on here as well, when the vehicle is on, there you go, and down here you have your more tactile climate controls, including your dual climate controls there, turn down four-wheel drive, factory brake controller, heated and cooled seat buttons down there, you get your keyless entry with remote start, stability control, tow haul, factory exhaust breaking, parking sensors, you can turn those off and on, get a 115 volt, 150 watt plug-in, passenger side format and seat are in very nice condition, no rips or tears on there, you get these speakers in the ceiling and the power sunroof, headliner is in nice shape, you do get map lights right there, power side and rear window button, home link buttons for your garage door, security systems and lighting systems and assist in 911 buttons in the rear of your mirror, we'll start it up and take a look under the hood, starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that, I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around, inside and out, under the hood we have the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel, high output engine, engine bay is very clean runs, very smooth, once again this truck has been fully safe to be inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go, there is your emissions sticker, I do apologize I'm gonna show you the tire loading and VIN sticker before we get done with the video here, there's your tire loading information and then your VIN sticker and I would highly recommend this truck to make quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this 2015 Ram 3500 mega cab, short box single rear wheel, Laramie black appearance group or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, you can go to that website right there but this thing is in great shape and to see more videos you can go to youtube.com so I have Summit Auto, remember to like, subscribe and share on this video in all the videos that you see there, click the bell notifications you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Auto, in fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left, a link to more Ram 3500 truck videos like this one the upper right, link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right, click those check us out and we're super excited to help you at this ultra clean 2015 Ram 3500 mega cab, short box single rear wheel, Laramie black appearance group in brilliant black crystal pearl, thanks again for checking out the video, remember to like, subscribe and share on my YouTube channel, I really appreciate it.


7 Day Countdown. Start the clock! In 7 days, we announce what these three letters are, and it is a gaming brand. A new gaming brand powered by freedom that's going to create a whole new set of features, sponsorships, deals, for gamers only. This will start with the letter M. And I know the first of the three letters. Every day, no more teasers, we are going to announce something new and exciting. Up to Sunday, September 21st, which is launch day, D-day of this thing that starts with the letter M. And if you missed any of the teasers, click here. That will take you to the playlist of all the teasers that represent the 10 benefits of this new gaming brand. Now we haven't listed all of the benefits. There's a few that we haven't told you about, that we will. And stay tuned to The George Show to learn more this week. And on Sunday is the big day. I hope you're excited. I'm excited. Tell me in the comments below if you are excited. Let's grow together and let's build this new gaming brand together as a family. Who am I? My name is George, founder of Freedom. And you've been watching. Let's discover freedom. Click the first video to learn what is freedom and how it helps you grow. Click the second video to learn about sponsorships for all freedom partners, even if you have just 10 subscribers. And click the other videos like How Do I Leave Freedom to learn more. Click Get More Views to learn how to build your audience faster on YouTube. Click Get More CPM to learn how to make more money from your channel. And click Get More Music to learn where to get more music to spice up your videos. Click the first playlist to watch The George Show on Freedom. That's my show. Or watch The Anthony Show or The Alex Show also on Freedom. And we will grow together as a family because this is the freedom family. You are part of it. We are all part of it. And we're all growing together. So grow with us and partner with freedom. That Play Now button right there on the video bar is all you need to click to get started. Thank you for watching.