Hello, and thank you all for being here today for my talk, Designing Early-Phase Clinical Trials with the PPC package. I'm Emily Zaber, and I'm a cancer biostatistician looking at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio in the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences and the TOSIC Cancer Institute. Today, I will be telling you about a new R package I've recently developed along with some collaborators. I'll start by going over some background and motivation for the development of this package. In the context of cytotoxic treatments, which are chemotherapies, phase one trials in oncology traditionally have the primary aim of identifying the maximum tolerated dose or MTD. The MTD is defined as the highest dose that still maintains a certain pre-specified rate of toxicity, often set to 30 percent, and is identified through dose escalation. Designs for dose escalation trials include the rule-based 3 plus 3 design and the model-based continual reassessment method, among others. But with increasing study focused on non-cytotoxic treatments, such as immunotherapies, the MTD either may not exist or may not be relevant, and toxicities may either develop much later or even be chronic, making these treatments difficult to study with traditional dose escalation designs. As a result, it is becoming increasingly common to include dose expansion cohorts in which additional patients are enrolled in phase one after the dose escalation phase is complete. In this setup, the dose escalation phase is considered phase one A, and used to assess the initial safety of multiple doses, then the dose expansion phase is considered phase one B, and can have a variety of aims, including to further refine the safety of one or more doses, to assess preliminary efficacy, to explore the treatment and various disease-specific subtypes that all share a common biomarker that the treatment is targeting, or to further characterize the pharmacokinetics and or pharmacodynamics. The use of dose expansion cohorts increased from 12% in 2006 to 38% in 2012. But dose expansion cohorts are not always planned in advance, so it can be subject to on-the-fly decision making that can lead to poor statistical properties and very large sample sizes. For example, the Keynote 001 trial of Pembrolizumab was initially designed as a 3-plus-3 dose escalation trial, but went on to include multiple protocol amendments and ultimately enrolled a total of 655 patients across five melanoma expansion cohorts and 550 patients across four non-small cell lung cancer expansion cohorts. And you can see in this timeline a number of the cohorts that were added over time during the study. The solution proposed by the PPCC package is to plan dose expansion cohorts in advance using Bayesian sequential predictive probability monitoring. The sequential nature of the monitoring means that you are doing interim analyses periodically throughout the trial to allow for early stopping for futility. This makes trials more ethical by reducing the number of patients being treated with inefficacious doses or inefficacious drugs. The Bayesian approach allows for flexibility in both the number and timing of these interim analyses. The package includes options for calibration and optimization that will ensure the plan trial is ethical for participants and makes efficient use of resources while also operating within well-defined statistical criteria for control of type one error and power. Next, I will go over the trial design and calculation of predictive probability. Consider the setting of a binary endpoint such as tumor response as measured by the resist criteria in the setting of a study in patients with solid tumors. Each patient either has a response such that Xi is equal to one or doesn't have a response so that Xi is equal to zero. Then big X represents the total number of responses observed among all of the enrolled patients. There are little end patients at an interim analysis and a maximum of big N total enrolled patients at the end of the trial. P represents the probability of response where P naught represents the null response rate under no treatment or standard of care treatment and P one represents the alternative response rate under the experimental treatment. A common hypothesis for a dose expansion study with an efficacy aim is testing the null hypothesis that the response rate is less than the null response rate versus the alternative hypothesis that the response rate is greater than the alternative response rate. I'm going to show just a couple more slides with a little math but I'll focus on describing the concepts and words as well. The foundation of Bayesian statistical concepts is Bayes rule, a mathematical theory that specifies how to combine the prior distributions that define prior beliefs about parameters with the observed data. In this case, we put a beta prior distribution on our response rate P and our data X follow a binomial distribution. So we can combine these two pieces of information to obtain the posterior distribution which in this case will also be a beta distribution. The posterior distribution can be used to calculate a posterior probability. A posterior probability represents the probability of success based only on the data accrued so far. And we would declare a treatment efficacious if the posterior probability exceeded some predefined threshold theta. Then the posterior predictive distribution has to do with the number of future responses X star in the remaining N star future patients to enroll and it follows a beta binomial distribution. The posterior predictive probability represents the probability that the treatment will be declared efficacious at the end of the trial when full enrollment is reached. So based on this, we would stop the trial early for futility if the posterior predictive probability dropped below a pre-specified threshold theta star at any interim analysis. Predictive probability thresholds closer to zero lead to less frequent stopping whereas predictive probability thresholds close to one lead to frequent stopping unless there is an almost certain probability of success. Predictive probability provides an intuitive framework for interim monitoring and clinical trials as it tells the investigator the chances of declaring the treatment efficacious at the end of the trial if we continue enrolling to the maximum plan sample size based on the data observed so far. So let's see how the package works. You can install the development version from GitHub or the production version from CRAN in the usual ways. At the time of this recording, the package had been submitted to CRAN but had not yet been reviewed. So hopefully by the time you're seeing this talk it will be available there. I will introduce the functionality in PPC using a case study based on the phase one dose expansion study of a TZelizumab in metastatic urethalial carcinoma. This trial is of particular interest right now because a TZelizumab received accelerated approval from the FDA in 2016 for use in metastatic urethalial carcinoma based on the results of phase one and two study and pending the completion of phase three study. The results of phase three study ultimately showed no benefit of a TZelizumab over the standard of care therapy with respect to response rate or overall survival and the approval was voluntarily withdrawn by the sponsor in March of this year. Situations like this are one motivation for wide development and use of more rigorous methods of early phase clinical trials are needed, especially in the context of accelerated approvals that are being done often based on early phase clinical trial results. The original dose expansion study of a TZelizumab in metastatic urethalial carcinoma aimed to further evaluate safety and to examine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. So there was no explicit efficacy in stated. This dose expansion study was not originally planned but was rather added later through a protocol amendment. The study ultimately enrolled 95 patients while this specific dose expansion cohort was not described in the original protocol so it's not possible to know the intended design or sample size. The original protocol did describe dose expansion designs for other patient cohorts which plan to enroll a total of 40 patients with a single look for futility that would stop the trial if there were no responses in the first 14 patients. This rule gave a 4.4% chance of stopping for futility if the true response rate was 20% or higher. We will use PPC to redesign this dose expansion study. We'll set a null response rate of 0.1 and an alternative response rate of 0.2. The maximum total sample size is set to 95 and we will do an interim futility analysis after every five patients are enrolled. And here I've listed the posterior and predictive thresholds that we'll consider and I'll explain those further in the next couple of slides. I'll also compare the redesign results to results based on a single interim look after the first 14 patients as originally outlined in the trial protocol for dose expansion cohorts and other disease subtypes. So one consideration is that for a design based on predictive probability monitoring to be acceptable both to investigators and regulatory groups, we need to conform to traditional control of type one error and levels of power. Recall that type one error is the false positive rate and power is the true positive rate. The function calibrate thresholds will jointly evaluate a grid of posterior and predictive thresholds and we'll calculate the type one error and power associated with each combination. So we want to consider a variety of thresholds so that we can identify a design with acceptable operating characteristics. Here's the code we use to conduct this redesign using the calibrate thresholds function. You can see that the null and alternative response rates are specified as well as the vector of sample sizes at interim analysis and the total final sample size. The next two arguments are the vectors of posterior and predictive thresholds that will be evaluated in a grid and the last five arguments are set to the function defaults so you can see details of those in the help file. There's a print option for calibrate thresholds results that allows you to limit the displayed results to a range of type one error and a minimum value of power, which you can see I've set here the range of type one error to be between 0.05 and 0.1 and the minimum power set to 0.7. So in the results table, we see the threshold being considered in the first two columns. The average sample size under the null, the proportion of trials that were positive under the null and the proportion of trials that were stopped early under the null. Note that the proportion of trials that were positive under the null represents the type one error. We also see the average sample size under the alternative and the proportion of trials that were stopped positive under the alternative and the proportion of trials that were stopped early under the alternative. And note that the proportion of trials that were positive under the alternative represents the power. These results are based on 1000 simulated trials, which is the default setting of the M-SIM option in calibrate thresholds. And even with the filtering, you can see there are a variety of results still available to choose from. So as I just mentioned, you saw from that table that even with some filtering applied, there were still quite a few design options to consider. So we proposed two optimization criteria to assist in the selection of a single design. The first criteria is called the optimal accuracy design and it identifies the point on a plot of type one error by power that has the lowest Euclidean distance from the top left corner. The second criteria is called the optimal efficiency design and it identifies the point on a plot of the average sample size under the null by the average sample size under the alternative that has the lowest Euclidean distance to the top left corner. Using the optimized design function, we can extract these two designs and note that it's important to set the filtering by type one error in power to what would truly be acceptable as these constraints are especially important for selecting an optimal efficiency design that still has acceptable type one error in power. And you can see here the two resulting optimal designs. We can also see that a variety of designs in an interactive plotly, the diamond shape represents the optimal design on each plot and we can hover over the point to see additional details of each design. So we can see the average sample size under the null, the average under the alternative, the distance to the optimal point, the design thresholds and the type one error in power. And so this is a nice way to also compare designs. Based on these results, we may choose to select the optimal efficiency design. The design has several desirable features including a low average of just 39 patients under the null, a type one error of 0.06 and a power quite close to 80%. Contrast this with the results based on the original protocol design which led to an average of 76 patients being treated under the null, a two stringent type one error of 0.005 and a much lower power of 52.8%. So far we've seen how to calculate the operating characteristics for designs based on different combinations of posterior and predictive thresholds and to plot the results and see two options for optimal designs. To make the selected design easy to implement, we next introduced the function calc decision rules which will return a decision table at each interim analysis based on the selected design. So in this case, let's say we selected the optimal efficiency design with a posterior threshold of 0.92 and a predictive threshold of 0.1. We can enter the schedule of interim analyses, the total final sample size and the two selected thresholds and the null response rate to obtain a decision table. And these last four arguments are just the default arguments to the function. And this is what we get. We see there is one row for each interim look and the sample size of that look is in the column labeled N. The column R shows the number of observed responses at each look that would lead to a decision to stop or continue. So at each time, if the number of responses is less than or equal to R, we would stop the trial for futility. If the number of observed responses is greater than R, we would continue enrolling. The column PPP shows the predictive probability associated with this decision. And if there's an NA for any results, like in this top row of this table, this means there is no setting where we would stop the trial at that look. So we would always continue beyond the first five patients in this case. Then at the end of the trial, the treatment is considered promising if the number of observed responses is greater than R. So in this case, at the end of the trial, we would declare the treatment promising if greater than 13 responses were observed out of the total of 95 enrolled patients. There was also a plot option for the decision table results. The plotting is particularly useful in the two sample case when decisions are made for a combination of the number of responses in the control and experimental arms at each look. Here in the one sample case, the plot simply shows the sample size at interim analysis on the x-axis and the number of responses on the y-axis. And each box is colored in with whether we would proceed or stop and we can see details by hovering. Just a couple of final points. I just alluded to this, but while I have demonstrated all of the functionality for the one sample case where we have a single group being treated and compared to a hypothetical null response rate, all of the demonstrated functions also work for two sample trials. For example, if you are randomizing an early phase trial to control versus experimental treatment. I also want to point out that calibrating the thresholds is quite computationally intensive, especially for a large grid of thresholds or trials with many looks. The function is parallelized using the future and fur packages, but the user will need to set up an appropriate call to the plan function from the future package for their system. And lastly, I want to acknowledge the other contributing authors to the PPC package, Brian Hobbs from the University of Texas at Austin and Mike Kane from Yale University. And I will leave you with a link to the package website which contains a detailed vignette demonstrating how to use all of the functions as well as a link to the slides from my talk today and some contact information. Thank you so much for listening.


President Barack Obama attended a memorial service September 22nd for victims of the Washington Navy Yard shooting. Once more we come together to mourn the lives of beauty and to comfort the wonderful families who cherish them. Once more we pay tribute to all who rush towards the danger, who risk their lives so others might live and who are in our prayers today. He praised those lost who were in his words. Doing what they loved, in this case the unheralded work that keeps our country strong and our Navy the finest fleet in the world. These patriots doing their work that they were so proud of and have now been taken away from us by unspeakable violence. From the Defense Media Activity, I'm Petty Officer Brandy Wills.


Listen, I'm as tired of making these James Charles videos as you are of watching him, but it absolutely blows my mind that nobody else in the commentary community is talking about how these dudes are trying to get clout by accusing James Charles. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. And if you're new to my channel, what I like to do is take a look at the YouTube community, some of the drama that's going on and things like that, and try to take this mess and turn it into a message.  But anyways, if you're into any of that stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. So this kid, this kid, Elmo Films, he just made a video about my experience with James Charles, right? And YouTube, the YouTube algorithm is just doing its job right now. The YouTube algorithm was like, hey, Chris, you watched a video by that one clickbait king yesterday accusing James Charles. Maybe you want to see a video from his friend, the clickbait prince, about him accusing James Charles. And that is how the video from Elmo Films got recommended to me. I had no idea who this kid was. But yeah, I looked at it. I started looking through his videos as I was listening to this video, the beauty of having two monitors. I see that he's friends with that dude call me. I'm like, OK, let's see where this goes. All right. So TLDR of his video was James Charles Sentiment DM one time saying that he's attractive. That's it. That's it. T's over. It's been spilled everywhere. James Charles said he was attractive. Like, this is absolutely mind blowing. So the first thing I'm going to talk about is this dude, Elmo Films, something that he tries to do to make the story a little bit juicier, to get more cloud and mess with this man's life. James Charles is saying that at the time of this DM, he was 17 and James Charles was 18. Like, oh my god, stop the presses.  I'm 33 years old, all right? But I was actually the youngest person in my senior class, OK? Because my birthday's in the summer. Actually coming up next month, June 23rd. Don't forget it. But anyways, I was 17. The other seniors in my class were 18. An 18-year-old hitting on a 17-year-old is not crazy, nor is it illegal, all right? But like I said, he touched on that topic not once, but twice in that video to try to add another layer to the narrative that's going on about James Charles, to try to make it seem like James Charles goes after young people too, which is absolutely disgusting.  James Charles messed up. James Charles needs to improve his life and become a better person. He needs to learn from these mistakes. But it is our responsibility, especially as commentary channels, to call out people who are trying to increase this story with false narratives, all right? And the other issue is this guy's video, just like Carmen's video, it has over 400,000 views, OK? But anyways, the story goes that James Charles messaged him, said he was attractive, didn't even look like this kid messaged him back. But then when they go to VidCon, James Charles was there. And it made him feel uncomfortable.   There is nothing illegal about that, all right? Like, let me make that very clear.  But there is absolutely no law against being in an uncomfortable situation because somebody's attracted to you, OK?  All right, here, here, let's do this. Play this scenario out for me. This is a completely fictional scenario that would never happen in a million years. But let's pretend that it's going to happen, OK? Or that it did happen, OK? We call this a hypothetical situation. So let's say, the first person who comes to my mind because I just made a video about it, let's say Tana Mojo. Let's say Tana Mojo with her millions of followers, she sends me a DM on Instagram. She's like, yo, you're attractive, right? And then I end up at VidCon, never replying to her, anything like that. And then I'm in the same room as her. Like, is it my, like, should I make a video about that? No, OK? But for Elmo Films and anybody else out there who James Charles thinks is attractive, here's how you play that scenario out. Here's what I would say to Tana Mojo. Hey, Tana, that's pretty flattering. But unfortunately, I have the most beautiful, amazing girlfriend in the world. So thanks, but no thanks. It's not that crazy to do that, OK? It's not that hard. But this is why all of us as a community, as a society, need to take a step back and look at what's happening with mob mentality. Because you have jackholes like Elmo Films and Karmie, Touch the Light or whatever, who see this as an opportunity.  I had one interaction with him. Maybe I can get some views off this. Maybe I can say this, right? And he goes on this thing about how uncomfortable it made him. Like, here's the thing. Here's the thing. He tries to play into this narrative about how a gay man with more followers shouldn't message somebody else. Like, he's like, why did he even message me? I watch a ton of small YouTubers. I do. That's what I do. I come across all sorts of stuff. Like, the YouTube algorithm recommends videos that I might like. And this happened on Instagram. The Instagram algorithm might recommend other people that you're interested in. There are a million scenarios in this situation. And for straight men to be coming out with this whole thing, like, listen, this is an important conversation to be had.  Like, it's really fascinating to me looking at this situation because I'm trying to stay, like, as level-headed and objective as possible. But this is something that, obviously, you know, women have been speaking up about for years, right? Especially since the Me Too movement. Now you have straight men coming out and talking about this, right? And, like, I'm just letting you know from my outside point of view, not knowing James Charles, not knowing Gage, not knowing Seattle waiter kid, not knowing any of these people. Like, I'm looking at the two legitimate accusations. And it honestly just seems like some kids who had some messy hookups. That's all it seems like to me. All right? Like, I was just talking with some friends about James Charles, quote, unquote, pressuring. And this is something that Tanti Westbrook said. And if this, unless there's some more information that we don't know, but, like, Tanti Westbrook said that, like, James Charles is trying to trick people into being gay, right? Like, do you know how many people, do you know how many people are in the closet, right? Do you know how many people, like, are on the download and they're hooking up with men, but maybe they're married and things like that? Like, do you know how often this happens? And I don't think it's fair or right for us as straight men or straight women to comment on this situation. And I wish more people in the LGBT community were talking about this because it's not as black and white as you think, right?  I grew up around that, right? I've had many friends over my 33 years on this planet who have been gay, who have been lesbian, right? And there are many people who are in the closet and, like, can you blame them?  So, when I see James Charles talking to that waiter kid and saying, like, no, man, I think you're gay, right? I don't see that as tricking or manipulative, right? Like, James Charles might have missed the mark. James Charles might be 1,000% wrong, but is it that crazy?  You know what I mean? Like, I just don't, I just don't get it in. Like I said, I'm speaking up about this as a straight dude and I wish more people in the LGBT community were talking about this. Like, there was a comment that my girlfriend showed me from, I guess, Unnatural Vegan was talking about this and there was a guy, I'll put up the screenshot right here, and he talked about how this is a problem in the LGBT community, right? And he was talking about how he wants to make some videos and call out the community on that, like, do it, man. You know a lot more than I do. You know what I mean? But, like, do, like, I, here's my opinion, I'll end with this, here's my opinion. Do I think a gay man should only go out to straight men? No. But do I think that, like, it's OK for a gay man to hit on a straight man? Absolutely.  Like, that would just be insane. But anyways, like, if anybody from the commentary community or drama community has, like, seen one of these videos, please call out people like Elmo Films and Touch the Light for trying to cash in on this situation and get caught, because it's absolutely disgusting. Like, James Charles deserves the licks that he is getting right now, but there's a point where it's going way, way, way too far. OK, but anyways, that's all I got for this video. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell, because I make a ton of videos. And the next video I'm going to make is going to be a rehab story time. I was going to make it now, but anyway, subscribe, subscribe, OK? And huge thanks to everybody supporting the channel over on Patreon. You're all amazing. And if you would like to become a patron, get access to our monthly Q&A and some other perks and benefits by getting up on the credits right here, click or tap right there. All right? Thanks again so, so much for watching. I'll see you next time.


It's so sad, but we're now in our last video about coding theory for our series math 42 20 This is gonna briefly cover section 8.4 from Tom Judson's abstract algebra textbook for which we want to talk about the decoding process We've talked about it a little bit Mostly I want to talk about the correction process We have talked about how to detect errors right because if a word x is received Then you just have to multiply it by h if this equals zero this would apply x is inside of the null space of h Which is the code and therefore? That was supposed to be a lot of checkmarks ding ding ding ding ding then we see that it's a code word We have the correct we can have the correct message. Well, what if this is not zero, right? that means x is not in the null space and That means it's not in the code so we've detected an error So that's all you have to do to detect errors is you just have to multiply by the matrix h and if there weren't too many errors This won't be zero If there's zero errors, then it would be correct But if you had like one error two areas a small number of errors this process would not or this product would not be zero So this number right here is very critical on the Decoding process so in the literature here we refer to h of x here as the syndrome the syndrome of H of x and I don't want you to think of like the Incredibles that I'm syndrome your nemesis No, this is the idea here is that if there was an error that means our code word is sick It has a sickness right and I don't need the coronavirus necessarily, but it's got some symptom Um, and we can use the symptom to try to determine Where was the error right and so that's why we look at the syndrome the h of x the syndromes guy Much like how it's useful to detect errors the syndrome can actually be used to correct the error as well How does that work? Well, it depends on our our matrix h right here So let's see what what's on the screen that I haven't talked about yet. So we have our linear code c It's going to be the null space of some matrix h Which was hopefully chosen in a good way if we take a word x with no errors the nature of x would equal zero It's in the null space. We're good if it has an error Okay, that's what we want to talk about next. So what if there is an error? All right, so imagine the message we received is x x is what was transmitted But the original message was supposed to be mu mu, you know Greek letter for m right there, right? So it was supposed to be mu. That was the original message But some noise got in there noise noise noise makes me think of the Grinch Um, there's some noise that got into the message there So you have the original message plus some error that is what was received with x here So basically when we transmitted the message mu it turned into x which of course was mu plus something else That that's how you want to interpret this thing right here All right. Well, what happens when we look at the syndrome of this thing? So the receiver doesn't know what the original message was the receiver doesn't know mu It only has x but this is what's really cool here. Actually, it's on the screen I don't need to write it if you take h of x you look at the syndrome of x Well x is the original message which is unknown plus the error which is unknown But because this is matrix multiplication, we can distribute this sum here We get h of mu plus h of h of epsilon excuse me Now mu is an actual codeword that was the message we were trying to shoot and therefore mu belongs Oh, it's on the screen. I need to actually read what's on my slides right here Mu is belonging to the null space therefore when you times h by mu You're gonna get zero and zero plus the other thing will be the other thing So this is this is this is the neat observation the message that we received When we compute it it'll have the same syndrome as the error basically the true message is taken away and We have the the syndrome of the message there Now if there was a single error just a single error, so if you had just one error That means we changed one of the bits So our error would look something like oh, let's say we changed the the fifth position So we get zero zero zero one zero something like that We have a five-bit message the fifth one changed. Well notice. This is just e5 This is just e5 Uh and as such h H of epsilon would be h of ei H of ei that's right, which remember is would be the i-th column of h So therefore the syndrome of x if there was a single error Will just be the i-th column of h so as long as we don't have any repeated columns Then we could actually see exactly where that single error occurred All right And so we'll see an example of how to how to do exactly that in a moment um And I before I before we go further though I want to talk a little bit about what if there's multiple errors because single error is pretty nice You just look for the column uh that Matches up there So for multiple errors the detection process remains the same use the syndrome right if the syndrome is non-zero There is an error then we have to decide can we correct it so for error correction We have to solve the linear system associated to this augmented matrix So you take h augment the syndrome and you solve that the reason you're doing that Is you're trying to figure out what what linear combination of the columns of h will produce h of x and The error because if there's multiple errors epsilon would look like maybe there's an ei Plus an ej plus like an ek however many how many there are We want to figure out which columns of h coincide with the syndrome So we want to figure out that h of x is equal to a sum of some h e i's where i is in some index set We want to figure out which combination produces h of x right here So this so solving this linear system here This will express h of x as a linear combination of the columns of h since the columns are linearly dependent There will be multiple solutions. We do expect some dependence relationships on our matrix h. We need some Now we assume of course that the number of errors is few So we'll choose the vector in this solution set of minimum weight So when you compute the solution set to this linear system Choose the vector which has smallest weight Because that would then be the most probable error. It's not perfect But it's the most problem because we're going with the assumption the number of errors is few Now on the other hand the solution set is none other than the coset Of c is the coset of the null space of h when I teach linear algebra I can never tell people that when you solve a linear system You find this affine set. It's a particular solution plus the null space. That's a coset, right? Every every solution to a linear system looks like x plus c where x where c is the is the c is the with what i'm looking for It's the null space right and x is just a particular solution to set the solution that we found So we have to look for the coset that contains x inside of this thing And then we choose the word of minimum length that would then be That would then correct the code here. This is what we call coset decoding All right, I want to show you in practice how this would actually work So suppose we have the following matrix h h is going to be a three by six Three by six vector matrix. Excuse me. You can see that's this canonical parity check matrix The right hand side is the identity and this is our matrix a right here Some things we can say about efficacy of this matrix You will notice there are no columns of zero scanning scanning scanning no no columns of zeros Do we have any Repeated columns and the answer is no there's no repeated columns So this tells us that this code can correct at least one error and that's actually the best it's going to be able to do here We'll see that in just a second Because like I said before if you take the first column Um, let's take then the fourth column and the fifth column if you add those together So we take h e one plus h e four plus h e Six convince yourselves that's equal to the zero vector So that gives us that actually gives us the minimum dependence relationship So this matrix here would have a d three. So that means we can detect We can detect up to two errors But we can only correct up to to one and I want to show you exactly how that works So imagine the following the following four messages are received. So we receive x which is zero zero one one one one We receive y which is one one one one one one zero We receive z which is zero one zero one one one and we see w which is one one one one one one Okay, what how do we how do we detect these errors if there are any maybe there's not Let's calculate each of the syndromes. So we're going to take the matrix h and multiply up our each of these words So if we take h times x we actually end up with the zero vector So what that tells us is that since the syndrome is zero that means that x is in the null space Which is still in your code and therefore there is no error And therefore the message is just the message sent was zero zero one And one one one. So there was no error in there whatsoever Which then we can decode this process. Remember you erased the last few bits and the original message was zero zero one That's what the computer wanted to communicate. Uh, there was no error in here whatsoever What about what about h y if you compute h y the syndrome turns out to be one one one For which when we look at the matrix, where's one one one that was the third column So this tells us that the error The error is in the third position. So looking at our word. We actually need to go correct it So it should be one one zero one one zero. That's was the original message that was sent One one zero one one zero and so then erasing the last the last the the check bits we stick with the information bits one one zero That was the message that we wanted to send great Uh, uh, these are raised still Okay, what about h of z Um, if we multiply h by z we end up with the syndrome one zero zero looking at the matrix above Let's get rid of the previous case there In this one we see that one zero zero that's the fourth column So it turns out there was an error and the error actually occurred in one of the check bits The error wasn't in the original message the error was in a check bit. So the fourth bit should have been Zero right there. So the original message was actually zero one zero zero one one Or we can see that down here as well zero one zero one one And so erasing the the check bits were left with the information bit of zero one zero So, okay, there was an error the error was actually in the check bits So it means the original message got through but we still were able to detect it and go from there Now things get a little bit more funky when we look at our last example h of w here So the syndrome this time is one one zero. Okay, that's not zero. So we've detected an error error error We detected an error. So pay attention to that. We did that for h of y and h of z as well So h of z and y both had errors and a w has as well, but the difference here is when you look at h It's like one one zero. No, no, no, no, no, no. Oh, okay There are There's no column that looks that way. So where did this error come from there has to be at least two errors Now, how could this have happened? Hmm How could you have gotten this we could take Let's see. We could take the we could take column three And add to it column six So you could take column three Plus column six That's a possibility that would add up to be one one zero But is that the only possibility? Hmm if we kind of hum and hoe about this for a little bit It could have also been yikes if you take If you take h e one plus h e two You'll notice there that gives you one one zero And so it's like uh dang it that also would be a possibility and then If as if we were done, right you could also take these ones right here h e four Plus h e five that would also give you one one zero So this is sort of the problem here that our may or our decoding process has detected an error But we can't conclusively decide which one is it Was the error in one three one two was the error in four five or was the error in three six? And that decision would be critical on how we approach this problem. So this is what we do We've detected an error, but we cannot correct it Therefore we will request a retransmission of the original message and this illustrates the point this code can detect up to two errors But it can only correct up to one So there is this gap where error correction isn't always possible, but error detection can still make up the difference Isn't that pretty awesome right how we are able to detect and correct errors Um, and then this last one this one actually we're like a lot where we were able to detect the error But we couldn't correct and that really tells you the difference in terms of these In terms of these code words here. So that then concludes our discussion of algebraic coding theory for our lecture series I hope you enjoyed if you have any questions by all means feel free to post them in the comments below Um, if you feel like you learned something give it a like Uh subscribe to find more updates like this in the future more videos like this in the future I should say and next time we're going to go back to some more theoretical abstract algebra concepts focusing on the idea of isomorphism See you then


We are just staring at all the food, guys, can I just say, last night I got here at 11 o'clock at night and we went out for a few drinks, whatever, when we got back my asthma was really bad, and I realised I'd forgotten my inhaler, so we woke up this morning and we were like, how are we going to get an inhaler? And we see this boyfriend's friend saying he asked my best friend who uses an inhaler how we can get an inhaler, and apparently if you look into a pharmacy you can get one, so like if it's an emergency, so we were like coming up with a story of like how it's urgent, but it's not an asthma attack, and we got there, but they do it just so nice, just like asthma, so now I feel so much better, and I feel like I'm more relaxed now, and we just got a chocolate twist, should we show what's inside, oh sorry about that. What am I doing here? Ooh la la, with some coffee. In Paris, it's so windy that this is, I had to tie my hair back, and this is like, the scenario. I can hate Chanel, I think I'll get something, is there? Yeah, yeah, we've got this kind of weather, I don't know if this is even going to be sunny again. This might be our, this might be our one for ten minutes of sunshine, because it was raining for a bit, so I took off my head up. I also wasn't planning on wearing a hoodie, I had like a coat, but my coat wasn't matching my shoes, wasn't matching anything, so the outfit just wasn't coming together. The thing is, is because when I was planning my outfits, I was planning on wearing these nude long boots, but they're not really made for walking, and also the pink boots are, in general I've got some very cool, tonight we're going to like, is it like a burlesque club thing, we're going to a burlesque chelou, we're going to a cool new burlesque club, and we're going to try like cool outfits. Yeah, we're going to do proper, not like back with the t-shirt, not back with the t-shirt with the coffee, we're going to do good on outfits. I've got like a nude top underneath this, and I'll probably take it off in a bit, for a cute little picture moment, but for now I'm just going to put my head on. Have a cute day. Yeah. So this is the rose, guys, the chardonnay tasted like beer, we drank it because we did not waste resources out here, food or drink, that is rude. By the way, last night Celia laid out this charcuterie table, it was like a whole baguette, it was two packs of salami, it was a whole slab of cheese, what is it called again, like a whole block, it was a whole block of cheese, a bowl of mozzarella balls with cherry tomatoes, and then a plate of three cakes, we ate it all, we ate it all, like there was no shame though, we ate all of it, we had a bit before we went out, and then when we came back we devoured the whole rest of it, with no shame, and pure enjoyment because we don't weigh, but anyway, let's try this rose now to see if we like it, cheers to us in Paris, way better than that, the white one was awful, the white one tasted as if that's a thing, it was rude, actually unpleasant, okay, what did you think of the change of tata, I thought it was really fresh, it was pretty bad, we'll gel on to the next, we're just literally enjoying, I thought we could sit here and say nothing, but because we're together, we do so comfy, and whatever, but last night because of my asthma situation I couldn't sleep properly next to Celia because I had to sit up and I was coughing and I didn't want to wake her, so tonight you're getting full time, be prepared, tonight you're getting all the cuddles, she's like oh shit, we've got a fresh made bed now, the cleaner came round and cleaned the bathroom and everything, we were in the middle of cutting money, we were in the middle of getting money, we were so sorry, she was really good, very official, she was really sweet, a very very kind lady, we were literally like sorry we looked like this, she was like it's okay, I'm a woman, you're a woman, I understand, we're kind lady, but we're loving this, I think so far our day has been so serene and perfect, also it's sleeping in, Celia's apartment is going to come to picture black, these are those blinds, they're like proper, they're so dark, it's almost too dark, I can't find my, if I need to go up in the night, I'd literally go up in the dark, genuinely when I tell you this morning, I woke up at 11.30pm because I could have really sleep and then when I eventually fell asleep I was late, so we woke up at 11.30pm and I could not tell if it was daylight or dark outside, that's the thing, it's tempting to just go back to sleep, isn't it? Oh yeah, you couldn't ease it, I think if you have jet lag or you need to correct your sleep pattern, that is the apartment, but it's beautiful, beautiful, such a nice apartment. I mean, we waited an hour and a half for this, but it better be good, it best be good. So, Steak Tartare was lovely, the pasta was awful and cold, and we waited an hour and a half for it, so we sent it back, which we were saying we haven't done that in a very long time, would we recommend here, yes, for the views and the vibes about Steak Tartare. But people are doing slow, quite mean. Yeah, therefore they were quite mean weren't they, service was. But, the people watching is great there. People watching is great, it's a very cool place, if you come check it out but eat somewhere else after, and then come here for a drink. So for a restaurant. Yeah, but even the drinks, be careful what you select. Yeah, you have to go, don't get the white. And that's our review. So, get one glass of rosé. And that's it, can't people watch with a glass of rosé? Also, we tried to figure out if Emily and Paris had a scene in here, and I think they did. I think it was from Mindy Kay. This is Blas Vendom. So pretty. Bits and Cartier, we found a ring inside leave that we like, because I actually haven't announced the vlog that I got my dream job. When I leave Cartier, I will tell you guys. Some of the different brands, and seeing some of the things that I wanted from London, to see if they have it in stock here. But they actually don't. I'm surprised they don't have it in stock. I'm surprised, yeah. But yeah, we're just rousing now. I don't have my eyes on anything in particular. I think everything that I was looking for, they don't have. So, we're just going to look around and see if there's anything that we like that catches our eyes. Perfect. This is my outfit of the night. It's an O-Poly set. See, show your outfit, because you look stunned. Where's your corset from? I don't know, I feel like I got it. Is it vintage? Yeah, I think so. And then her skirt is Frankie's, and then her blazer is vintage as well. And then these black boots. I love. Very hot. Cool girl. Cool girl. We're going to a Lulia Club, and we're very excited. Off we go. This is the blog post. For the day, we're going to do our outfit of the day check.  So, we've got a cute little raincoat, cardigan, mini skirt situation. Very cute. I am wearing a, let's use a men's shirt that I'm trying to style out as a T-shirt dress from Jacques Moose. And then this raincoat. I would have ideally worn this without the tights, but because it's raining in Paris, I know I'll get cold. So, we're just going with it. And then this fluffy bag. And that's my vibe for today. We're just strolling through Avenue Montaigne. It's so pretty here. I ended up changing my outfit, because I wasn't feeling the baggy T-shirt with the coat, but it is going to rain. So, I had to switch it up. And then I got this necklace from a brand called Mayo. It's Greek. And it was 170 euros. And then I had to pay 50 euros for the tax, and I just feel like it wasn't worth it, but it's cool. But I wouldn't buy it again, because I feel like it's not... The CD is laughing. I feel like it's not worth the money that I've spent on it. But we're here for anyway. It's a moment with the outfit. Dreamy breakfast scenario. We're happy girls. Our breakfast tour was actually really nice. I think we have a seat of approval. Would you come back for the hot chocolate? Yeah. I love their latte and their iced latte here. It's maybe my favorite ever. So, if I knew that you guys watched my Paris vlog from last year, they came here and I said I had my favorite latte ever. And it didn't disappoint today. It was really good. Look at you. Oh, is that the lip oil? Yeah. Is it good? Worth it. Because it's like 30 quid, isn't it? Worth it. Your lips look juicy. I'm thinking, so we're thinking between this plain one and then the diamond one. And I think I'd rather just get the diamond one, because I feel like it's worth... Do you think it's worth the difference? It's more dressy. It makes my life different. Yeah. It made a big difference. Perfect. So, I actually haven't really explained on my vlog, but the day that I came to Paris, literally two hours by board of the Eurostar, I found out that I got my dream job as an obstetric and gynecological surgical trainee. I had to sit an exam. I had to do an interview and I literally had to... I think competition ratio was really, really, really high. All doctors who can take the post. So, I'm very, very proud and I'm buying this bracelet as a gift to myself for achieving that and I'm proud of myself. See who thinks I deserve it. I know. But, originally, I looked at it without the diamonds and the lady just bought ones with diamonds out and it just made such a difference, obviously. Yeah, it made such a difference. But, as in, I was like, you know what? You need a once. I'm never gonna get into a job ever again. Like, this is my job. It's a life now. Provide I stay in medicine. So, I'm proud of myself and I want to treat myself. And then, Saina said she wants one too, which is a typical Saina. So, I'm gonna buy one for her as well. And, yeah, well, I'll probably unbox it back in London, maybe in a separate video for you guys because I've still got all the stuff I got for my birthday that haven't opened up and I can show it to you. A little cheers moment. So pretty. So, we dropped the shopping back off to the flat. Had a little outfit change. I bought her a borrower, a cedars scarf and coat. Cute. And the cedars also had a little change. Change. And we're at a place called Lynette. What road is this? Avenue Rapp. Avenue Rapp. R-A-P-P. Yeah. This place is called Lynette. We want to have steak tartare. And we want to have escargot, which is snails, for those of you who don't know. I love it. And we looked up, or Celia looked up, where there's, like, a local in the area that we could come to have. And this one was really highly rated. So, as the little food connoisseurs that we're being here, empower us. So, talk us through. It looks like a surgical... Thank God you're not doing any operations. That actually looks like a four-set that you'd get a baby out with. Yeah, this looks like... I think this is the whole of it. And then after it, you go... It's the sound effect. Oh, my God. Sizzling snails. This looks insane. It's a picture. That looks very Iranian. Oh, God. For any of my Iranians, it does taste like bird's number. It tastes the same. So good. Lovely. It's like chicken, but more tax-free. See, you could tell from the tone of my voice that I might be panicking a bit because I've not had steak tartare that looks this raw. It's quite raw. So, I've got some macaroons for now for me and Celia. And then I've got some for my family as well. Because as Persians know, when you're celebrating something as well, you're meant to buy something sweet. And for my new job, I guess, I wanted to get something sweet from Paris. So, I've got a box of macaroons. It's my last night in Paris. And we are going to a restaurant called Verde, which I really love. I've not been to the Paris one, but I've been to the one in Dubai and Central Paris, and I love it. My outfit is from O-Poly, and my shoes are public desire. And I've gone for, like, a very Barbie look. And then Celia. Oh, the light's gone a bit weird. Oh, it was almost here. I'm wearing a jumpsuit, which has, like, got this very sexy deep V. Very cute. And then I did, like, her bronze and blush, guys. And I feel like the Charlotte Tilbury stuff is really looking good on her.


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Russia returns to defensive plan after unconvincing offensive attempts. The desire of Russian troops to stabilise the front line indicates the return of the Russian Federation to a defensive operational plan after offensive attempts did not bring any convincing results. About informed British Defence Ministry, it is noted that the assault by Russian troops on the city of Bakhmut in Donbas has largely stopped. According to the intelligence data, this is probably primarily a consequence of the significant depletion of Russian forces. However, according to the British Defence Ministry, Ukraine suffered significant losses during the city's defence. The situation in Russia is also likely to worsen due to tensions between the Russian Defence Ministry and the Wagner Group, which provides troops in this sector, the survey says. The UK intelligence indicates that Russia has probably shifted its operational focus to Avdivka south of Bakhmut and to the Kremlin-Svatov sector in the north, the area where Russia is likely only seeking to stabilise the front line. This indicates a general return to a more defensive operational plan after the inconclusive results of Russia's attempts to conduct a general offensive from January 2023, the review says. The UK intelligence previously reported that Russian forces have slightly improved their position near Kremlin, but generally focussed more on defence than offence.


Okay, folks, so we're now in a sort of a gold crushing down scenario here on the G21 contract, so we've essentially come offered heavily under the S1 down here. We're currently down 1.3% on the day. We were looking at trying to catch them some bids on the 250 EMA here. As you can see on the left, sorry, just here is the daily bar on gold. And then on the left here is the VIX futures slash 4 slash BX on my thinkors swim. You can see this chart here is the one hour. This chart here is the five minute and the one below is the one minute. Now, as you can see, this trend we're looking at here is let me go out to max month all time on the VIX. And you can see the previous high 69.4 matching up to the high of Feb 2018 volatility gives us this downtrend. And we broke out over here up to new highs 80 spot 85 on COVID. Now look where we are. We're back down testing this trend from the upside. So there's reasons for bulls and bears to be getting involved here at this. The only thing is the squawker came on just before this volatility and said that the VIX cash was dropping under 20. And so maybe that, you know, in terms of volatility, maybe some stops to run around there. And then a trickle on a knockdown effect happened here. And so then I looked at the VIX cash couldn't really see much volatility happening but went to the futures here with front month futures VIX, which have just explained to the room. Technically, there is there's quite an interesting level here for the VIX. Basically that multi year down, down trend. So capping the highs. And then we broke out over that over COVID. We're now retraced back to that trend from the upside. And so there's probably there's probably the volatility that we're going to expect for repositioning for people to hedge their long equities exposure with some hook calls. But from the looks of it, it looks like people are actually going to be are buying a ton of calls for I, you know, the VIX is indicative of 60 day forward pricing of the equities markets. So that means that if the VIX drops, that means people are piling into calls calling higher prices on their equities for 60 days ahead. If the VIX is rising that means that people are buying more puts than calls, meaning they are targeting lower prices within 60 days. So, so what we've done is actually we're crushing down on the VIX right now. So this probably this makes sense in a classical correlation sense that people are rotating at a risk products into equities and we're seeing a bit across US equities right now.  So you've got short so markets in America are open today. They just observing short and trading hours, but often then over this period when a holidays on Thursday like Thanksgiving and Friday volumes are low. Now that can mean things are quiet and they respect ranges and, you know, you can see just playing off the highs and lows but then the opposite could also happen due to the lack of almost participants and you can get these quite sharp, quite radical moves on the back of the fact that there's just not a lot of people in the marketplace so like gold for example we know is already an incredibly volatile product to train the first instance. If you eradicate out a lot of the volume sat there on the ladder then then you can get these quite sharp moves and yeah interesting that that 200 DMA as well obviously was quite big one I know at least on the daily continuation that I look at. The key area that's held up price really since the main bulk of the activity which was the selling on Monday Tuesday and obviously that getting wiped out. That was that bottom end of the consolidation that I was talking about in the briefing a couple times from the July phase of consolidation from around just shy of around 1800 to kind of 20 at the top. A lot of this is indicative of the conditions to have today specifically. In terms of the scope of size the speed of that move. As you've already said that I don't think you actually need a news catalyst, it's almost like the technicals of the catalyst. That's right. So that's an important thing to understand here markets don't always need to move. So how do you manage this Tim talk to me spirit now. We are recording so yeah alright so this is kind of high volatility so I use OCO orders and I work limits so I have inflection areas that I think are interesting and I'll put a limit there with like a 10 or 20 stick stop. And I'm hoping like as the market shuts down and I put an offer on at a level it will just quick back to try and find a bid and then get smacked down and as it comes up in that bid. I'll get filled to my limit order and then it shuts down so right now I just had one of them for an 80 tick profit right so as soon as it's filled the profit order is also sitting there. It came up filled me and bang down like within half a second. It takes you out like so that's what you kind of want to do and highly volatile markets. You don't want to be hitting in at market trying to just jump in you want to be working limit orders. So now I basically I'm just paring back some losses that I got and trying to buy a couple of key them. So yeah told me to the down then. Yes. So I'm like okay well if gold is tanking off something else has got to be giving on the upside right and so on the Dow. On the Dow we had like we were monitoring. I'm going to share my chart here. Yep. On the Dow here as you can see. Sorry. On the Dow here. Just so while you get that up the dollars just taking the move as well now. Just saw the major pairs perking up a little bit your own cable. See the charts here the gold charts. Yeah. Yeah. All right so on the Dow. I'm just going to pop this down on the Dow. I'm looking at a breakout over the Asia pack highs and yesterday I have this range that we fell out of came back in went big now we're holding the highs. It's a slower play but that's all right I like that. The S&P could have been getting on this S&P but it's a messy market. Oil now is actually taking a bit as well this dollar dropping. You're okay this is going to be a pretty volatile session here because I look I think this dollar is going to test below this support of yesterday which is then going to be pretty much upside on the Euro. The Euro is sat there right now testing up and around the morning high. So I was talking about potential shorts here on this point in the in the in the in the pre-U.S. session video but I said we'd have to wait and see what the situation is once we get up here. So now dollar at this key point Euro at this key point I need to say to myself is this going to continue is this volatility going to continue or now we don't and it's just going to we're going to retrace go back. And one of one of the things that I can just quickly. So it almost feels like the sequence then here was initially with the gold livening things up then as a subsequent domino effect you are the correlated assets start moving in relationships we just discussed but looking at gold here. So that's what we're talking about when I was saying just several minutes ago that gold could get quite hairy here. That was a reference to if we break down through this level well then, you know I think then it really people will start chasing it down as we said with the, the generally it's thinner volumes then you know pushes of another 20, 25 $30 $60 $70 loss on the days not uncommon in these types of conditions so quite interested now as well as looking at, even if you're not, you know, like Tim's looking at the euro, or even in the down doesn't necessarily although we're looking. We're not looking to trade gold in this instance given it is a bit difficult given how quickly it's moving it can act then as the flag if you like, for not just the entering but the managing of subsequent other positions. But I can highlight the size 161 here on the four times, but look at this liquidity here on above right this, this is where traders get really screwed in terms of ladder reading skills. They think, oh, there's a whole lot of volume above. So this is going to keep the market down. What do you have to think the opposite more liquidity on one side means the market will is more likely to trade that side than the thinner liquidity side. Okay, so it means when you see size, you need to think about trade facilitation in that direction. Okay, so the reason why I'm interested in along here. I mean, look, this thing might this buyer at 94 tens may disappear and it will pull down to this volume here at the 380s or 375s right see there's more volume here. It could just rotate down, but I'm, I'm now basically positioned that someone is going to be okay so here you go four times 148 49 contracts exchanging 181 exchanging on the bid. Okay, now they're out of the market right now is now it's just passively auctioning here. And I'm going to, I'm going to, I'm just about to try and flatten that because I don't want the rotation down to the 7375s. I'm going to take that. I'm just going to wait now, because there's a lot of stack bids at the higher day here or offers here at the higher days to this. But to me, that was worth putting the risk on. I mean, having obviously just sat in front of charts for a couple of tens of thousands of hours. Well, one of the observations often see is that when you get these types of momentum pushes in the market, and where there isn't anything other than that, and it's kind of like goes in these kind of wave patterns almost in momentum. And sometimes what I see is when we get to the top and bottom of ours, it's almost like the flush the effort, it kind of pushes into the top and bottom of the out and then it then it's over. Yeah, you ever identified that. Absolutely you get, you get a volatility portion and it just combines. Yeah. So yeah, that's for sure. So that was quite a point of frustration for myself and a couple of the traders that I used to work with on a prop desk and that we would trade something directionally really well on volatility. And then we, we wouldn't catch the turn that the other way. And that was kind of okay with us, because we were making money. And we didn't need to try and nail the turn. Yeah, this this guy was not really playing ball here. Or sorry, no, that's sorry, that's the clutter. And so, the thing is, is, you know, you don't have to try and catch the turn, and you can really give up quite a lot of p&l trying to capture turn. And you can, you can actually get back everything we just made and trying to capture turn in the market so I wouldn't really recommend trying to do it. It's an often, apart from when it's extremely obvious on the exhaustion is


Hi, welcome to the Lawrence F. O'Brien Gallery at the National Archives Museum in Washington, D.C. I'm Alice Camps, curator of All American, The Power of Sports. Let's go on a tour. It's about how sports powered efforts to unite American citizens, to teach American values, and to promote the American way around the world. It's also about how athletes use their power to break social barriers and protest injustice. This panel is about the Trailblazer series of graphics. Look for them throughout the exhibit to learn how historic athletes paved the way for some of our contemporary heroes. The exhibit has four sections. Each explores a different power of sports. The first is the power to unite. The most dramatic example of this happened at Game 3 of the World Series in 2001, just weeks after the attacks of 9-11, when President George Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Yankee Stadium in New York City. After the pitch crossed the plate, the crowd burst into spontaneous chants of USA, USA, USA. President Bush said he'd never experienced anything so powerful. The highlight of this section is the New York Fire Department jacket that President Bush wore over a bulletproof vest during that historic event. For some of the 110,000 American citizens and residents of Japanese descent who were incarcerated during World War II, baseball was a way to proclaim their American identity. Here we have photos, newsletter articles, and a drawing of a baseball game by artist Mine Okubo that show the importance of baseball to camp life. Section 2 is about the power of sports to teach values like teamwork, fair play, and competition. Basketball was invented by James Naysmith in 1891. It was so popular among both boys and girls that it quickly spread across the country. Soon there was a market for basketball equipment and people buying to patent it. Here's a 1925 patent for a portable goal, a big improvement on the original peach baskets that Naysmith used. Hundreds of thousands of Native children were forced or coerced to attend boarding schools, many funded by the federal government. The goal of the school's programs has been described as kill the Indian to save the man. Many students resisted through sports. Playing basketball, football, and baseball allowed them to express pride in their tribal identities and demonstrate their power. The National Archives has fantastic film footage of sports throughout history in its holdings, and there are several videos in the exhibit. One of my favorite features Walter Camp, known as the father of American football. He was commissioned by the military during World War I to create training exercises for soldiers. He called these series of exercises the Daily Dozen, and they later became a fitness craze in the United States. Through fierce determination and profound courage, athletes like Joda Maggio, Kenny Washington, and Billy Jean King broke race, class, and gender lines. Elthea Gibson broke class and color lines as the first black American to win the U.S. Open in 1957. One of the trophies she won playing doubles at Wimbledon is on display. First baseman and power hitter Hank Greenberg was one of the first Jewish sports superstars. He made the news for refusing to play on the Jewish High Holy Day of Yom Kippur in 1934. Roberto Clemente was a source of pride for Puerto Rican and other Latinx Americans, not just for baseball, but for his military service and humanitarian efforts. We recently discovered this photograph in our holdings. At first we were mystified by it because it shows a black football team at West Point in 1926, and West Point football wasn't integrated until 1966. As we later learned, black cavalry units known as Buffalo Soldiers were brought to West Point to teach horsemanship to the cadets. Apparently they also formed a football team, playing in Jermuril and other college and semi-professional teams. Not long after we found the photo, we learned that a local collector had one of the team's trophies. The artifact proves the Buffalo Soldiers team dominated the West Point Jermuril Football League in 1929. Also on display is Title IX, the act that protects girls and women from discrimination in education. Title IX created many new opportunities for women to play sports at the college and professional level. Some champion teams visit the President at the White House to celebrate, and when they do, they frequently bring a gift, like this Wisconsin women's hockey team jersey and this Indiana fever basketball. The final section is about the power of sports to promote a positive vision of the United States around the globe, and the power of athletes to challenge the nation to live up to it. The best athletes in the world have come to Berlin, and 51 nations are represented here today. Nations compete for political power at the Olympic Games. Gold medals equal bragging rights for the governments that produce winners. Athletic dominance in international competitions enhances a country's reputation and inspires national pride. The triumphs of athletes like sprinters Jesse Owens and Wilmer Rudolph have been put forward as triumphs of American democracy. But when those athletes went home, they faced racist laws and institutions. After retiring from baseball, Jackie Robinson was active in the civil rights movement. Frustrated by the pace of change, Jackie Robinson wrote to Richard Nixon running for president at the time. Robinson asked Nixon, how long can one expect black Americans to be patient? The show features many artifacts signed by sports legends that were given as gifts to various presidents. Here we have a book signed by Bill Russell given to President Barack Obama, and a glove signed by Muhammad Ali. Thank you for joining me on this tour of All American, The Power of Sports. I hope you'll visit in person. The exhibit is open through January 7th, 2024. And remember, as the inimitable Yogi Berra said, if you come to a fork in the road, take it. All American, The Power of Sports is our new temporary exhibit opening in the Lawrence F. O'Brien Gallery at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. This exhibit is a celebration of the ways that sports have shaped our nation, our identity, and our shared history, as well as an opportunity to reflect on the times that athletes have called on the U.S. to live up to its ideals. American life is infused with sports. We play sports in school. They're part of our holiday tradition. Great sports stories permeate our history. Sports are part of who many of us are and how we identify ourselves as Americans. So it's no surprise that you can find fascinating stories related to sports and athletes and the records of the National Archives. All American draws from our holdings across the nation, including some exciting artifacts from our presidential libraries. Several of our presidents were athletes. For example, Gerald Ford turned down offers to play for the National Football League. Our exhibit includes a letter inviting the future president to join the Green Bay Packers for $110 per game. The exhibit shows how sports have helped us expand our concept of who we accept and respect as truly American. For example, it showcases records that demonstrate that during World War II, Japanese Americans who were incarcerated by the government found baseball was not only a way to escape the TDM of camp life, but to proclaim their loyalty to the United States and to their identity as Americans. We even have sports related records found in surprising places. In the Leavenworth Penitentiary Records, our archivists discovered documents that show that there was an unusual prison to professional baseball pipeline in the early 1900s. An inmate named Roy Tyler was paroled to Andrew Rube Foster, founder of the Negro National League, to play for the Chicago American Giants. I hope you enjoy our newest exhibit, All American, The Power of Sports. It's open at the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. through January 7, 2024.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we are joined by Viju Krishnamdhi, All India Kisan Sabha and we are going to be talking about an issue which has had farmers, organizations, trade unions, agriculture workers organizations protesting for many days now. These are the three ordinances issued by the central government recently. One is of course an amendment to the Essential Commodities Act. The other is the farmers produce trade and commerce ordinance and the third is the farmers agreement on price assurance and farm services ordinance. Now these farmers organizations have said that these ordinances would really affect the farmers and Viju is going to talk about how. There have been many protests on the 10th of June we saw copies of the ordinances being burnt on July 23rd in August 9th. There are going to be more protests. Viju, thank you so much for joining us. So could you first tell us what exactly these ordinances, what would be the implications of these ordinances for farmers? Actually the three ordinances which have been brought will in effect lead to freedom for the agribusinesses to exploit the farmers and push the farmers into a situation of slavery. That is what will happen. However the minister very audaciously claimed that while India gained freedom in 1947 the farmers have gained freedom only with these three ordinances. What is going to happen here is more of the same set of policies which have led to the distress of the farmers. In 1991 when the neoliberal economic policies were initiated it was claimed that it will get farmers the world market prices. Now the same set of policies much more aggressively are being pursued and being shown or it is being claimed that this will ensure better prices for farmers and farmers will actually be empowered by this. Actually what is going to happen is the big agribusinesses so-called aggregators, sponsors and processors and so on they are going to dictate the prices. There is not going to be any control over them. The earlier system had a price support mechanism and also a mechanism of price support mechanism for the farmers and a price control for the consumers. These are being totally dismantled by these ordinances. So what is happening one is the APMC Act dilution of that earlier itself there have been efforts in that direction. Now they are very clearly just ensuring that that is done away with and the state governments will have no control over the agricultural produce and its marketing and so on. So any kind of protection that the farmers would have had as far as price support is concerned that is not going to be any longer there. By the Essential Commodity Act amendment earlier this was actually brought in to ensure that there is no hoarding and so on so the consumers would also get the agricultural produce whether it is cereals, pulses, oil seeds and so on at affordable prices. Now those controls have been removed and even foreign players as well as big agribusinesses it promotes hoarding in a way and also there is no control, there is no limits on how much they can keep. Even in times of emergency it says that these exporting companies and so on whatever their limits that much will they still can retain. So in effect even in times of an emergency in times of a war or a natural calamity these agribusinesses the amount that they can hoard or they can procure from farmers there is no difference in that. So they are getting total freedom in this regard also. Along with these three things there is also the electricity act amendment which is being brought that will lead to further increase in electricity costs and irrigation costs for the farmers that is another danger which is there. So in these three ordinances we find very clearly the earlier effort to promote whether it is contract farming or total liberalized markets. They are talking about one country, one market and so on, one nation, one market and such things but in no way it ensures the farmers will get remunerative prices. The problem here is not the question of markets as far as farmers are concerned more than the issue of market it is that the fact is that they are not getting the prices. While MSP is announced even that there is no procurement happening now and with these changes which are happening where they are trying to paint a rosy picture that these big agribusinesses will pay higher prices to the farmers that kind of a campaign is being done that is not going to actually translate on the field. The small farmer would not have the bargaining power with these big companies and once they establish their monopolies they totally dictate the terms and these three ordinances in effect will also lead to farmers it also talks about contract farming it talks about some sponsors. You see even in terms of legal if there is some dispute they are talking about conciliation being the first step or you can go to the district sdms so the jurisdiction of courts also the lower level courts that is totally being removed and how can the farmers engage in these kinds of dispute settlement mechanism with these big companies very clearly it is an unequal system they are strengthening that and they are promoting the corporate interest that is what is going to happen. Could you also talk a bit about the last aspect you are mentioning in terms of contract farming so what is the situation currently regarding that and how is that likely to change with this audience? See there are a few if you look at what the CEO of NetEIO mentioned that this is an opportunity which is never going to come again so grab it with both your hands and bring about changes in labor loss in land loss and also market so-called market reforms these kind of suggestions that and they are resorting to the ordinance route in all these cases the ordinance route they are also asking the states to make amendments to the land reform laws of those states market reform market apmc act and so on so in the companies as far as they can take by the land of the farmers directly they can lease in land for a long period from from the farmers and they determine what will be cultivated in terms of contract farming also contract farming we have had experiences before you have the a lot of hype was there around the kupam model in Andhra place where Chandrapapu Naidu and others promoted gerkin cultivation in Chittur districts kupam region in in the initial period this is really American company was engaged and the farmers did benefit in terms of a higher price compared to the crops they were growing then but gradually the company started saying these gerkins don't meet the specifications so the price is reduced or there has been overproduction in some countries like Ghana and so the price is reduced and in a systematic manner the farmers end up losing the land also so it these mechanism is only going to further lead farmers into distress and dispossession of they would be dispossessed from their land that is the direction in which these policies are going right and finally with you I understand that the farmers organizations including the AIKS the AIW you you have of course opposed these amendments but you're also placing fresh demands to the government right now considering the state of the economy the state of agriculture during this COVID-19 crisis so could you talk a bit about what the key demands are see one is the losses in harvesting and we have already spoken compared to the last year 53 lakh tons of wheat lesser than last year is what has arrived in the market so while there was a 11% increase in acreage of wheat so despite that the arrivals in market are so drastically it has reduced so in such a circumstance where all sections have lost income income support is something required we had initially demanded 7500 for all non tax paying poor people including tenant farmers agriculture workers farmers and so on later all organizations of farmers decided 10000 at least per month that is one loan waiver is another and under the NREGA at least 200 days of work with 600 rupees wages or when there is no work unemployment wage should be given these have been if you say three major demands these are the demands that we have put across we have planned a series of protest actions on these owns there have been some protests earlier maybe I can speak about some of those right so could you talk a bit about those also because especially at this point of time how are farmers and agriculture workers coming out when there is even it may not be a full lockdown but there are two restrictions in place see in the utilizing the lockdown scenario the government is pursuing anti-farm or anti-worker bills and ordinances are being brought in so we have also as organizations of the peasantry and with the working class we have in a united manner decided to mobilize the peasantry and the working class against these attacks big onslaught on the likelihood of peasantry and the working class so we from April 21st onwards initially at the doorstep we had protests in which across the country more than 10 lakh people are reported to have participated so now we had along with the 250 other organizations the all-india kishan sangha's coordination committee we have had protests and the trade unions have had protests in which we have actively supported now we are planning in the end of july a campaign before that and letters would be sent to the president of india prime minister and others with the enlisting our demands and on august 9th we are planning for a militant protest across the country august 9th is the quit india anniversary of the quit india resolution and the quit india day programs so we have earlier had in 2018 also on quit india day we have had nationwide jail borough program now we are planning to have a militant program on august 9th we have also burned the three ordinances and the electricity act this happened in more than 3000 centers across the country earlier if you remember the land acquisition ordinance was brought that was also we began by burning the ordinance the government was dismissive of these protests but in the end after trying to bring the it in the parliament three times they had to finally withdraw it we are confident by building up this united struggles we will ensure these conspiracy against the present cultivation against the working class we will successfully defeat this this plan of the government thank you so much juju for talking to us that's all your time for the day keep watching news game


after dosha, look at what is Agni. So, Samadosa, Samagnishcha. So, we talked about doshas. In the personality, Vathpitka must be in balance. That is the first reflection of well-being. Second condition of well-being is Samagni. That has a common root in Sanskrit called Agni. So, Agni means that which ignites, which is fire. In Kenopanishad, Agni reveals his identity as the heat energy and ever-burning flame of the conscious force in matter that makes up the entire world. Satpat Brahman, it proclaims Agni as the wisdom or discriminatory power. In the yogic and Ayurvedic perspective, Agni is understood to be awareness, governor, nutrition and intelligence. What it means? Some Agni means first thing is awareness, not only the mental awareness. Each cell is the center of awareness. That awareness is governed by Agni. Each cell is conscious in itself as well. We all know that these cells form the organs and systems. So, this is a system. The body is like a system and like any system, it is made up of a smaller system and part of the bigger system. So, at the basic level of awareness, Agni is the one which governs the process of that. So, governor, it is a governor of digestion, assimilation, transformation of matter into energy. Agni also governs the structural and functional activities of all cells and tissues. So, it is a intelligence, it is a different kind of intelligence which governs or regulates the system at all levels. It is also related to nutrition of all body tissues. It is a neutralization of toxin also comes in its category. So, the assimilation is important and neutralization of the toxins is also important. Both of these are governed by Agni. And as we have mentioned, it is a reflection of intelligence. It is not only mental intelligence, it is a cellular intelligence and cellular selectivity and choice. And that is what very famous Ayurvedic teacher and researcher Dr. Lard, present Lardji, very, very senior teacher, he has explained these characteristics of Agni. There are different types of Agni. Jatharagni, Bhutagni and Dhatagni. Jatharagni is related to stomach and duodenum. And naturally, it is more related to our digestion. Bhutagni is our five in number. So, five Agni from five basic elements. Bhutagni transforms the substrates into such form that can be assimilated at the tissue level. Dhatagni are the seven Agnis. They represent one in each of the seven Dhatus. There are seven Dhatus, basic constituents, the physical constituents of the body. And a different type of Agni is connected to those seven Dhatus. So, what are Dhatus? Dhatus, the word come from Dha, which means to hold. So, Dhatus are the basic building blocks of the physical body. And these are seven in numbers. First is Rasa. That is roughly correlated with lymph and plasma fluid. Second is Rakta. That is Dhatu in liquid state and that is called Prana or life. Mans is the Dhatu in more solid state which performs the function of covering the body and protecting from external environmental conditions. That is the third Dhatu. Fourth Dhatu is called Medha. Medha is the semi-solid state. So, term Medha refers to fat and this Dhatu can be roughly correlated with the fatty tissue of the body. Asthi is solid tissue that is which forms the basic function of holding the entire body, the structure and performing various movements. Madhya is in the core of the bones. It is commonly correlated with the bone marrow and nervous tissues in the body. And Shukra. That is the final, the most refined Dhatu. That means bright, pure and radiant. Shukra means bright, pure and radiant.  So, male semen and female egg. These are the seven type of Dhatus. So, what Ayurvedic perspective says and which is prescribed in the yogic perspective as well. That Samadoshah, Samagnishchah, Samadhatu, these three things which we looked at have to be in balance with each other. Then comes male. The term male is derived from the root word in Sanskrit which denotes cleansing, purifying activity. Mrijyate shodhyate iti. That means the one that cleanses or purifies by carrying and eliminating waste, filth, dirt or debris. That is male. Then comes manas. So, if you look at the definition of well-being in Ayurveda, looks at physical aspect which is Dhatu. It looks at malas, this which is excretion. It looks at psychophysiological aspect like gun and dosha as well as it looks at pranic aspect which is Agni. So, Samadoshah which is more psychophysiological aspect, Agni which is more like a pranic aspect and Dhatu which is a constituent the basic core building block that aspect. These are predominantly centered on the physiological aspect and then comes the manas which is reflection of the Manomekosh and Vijnanomekosh here in the Ayurvedic perspective. That says that manas along with Shreer and Atma form the three pillars of individual life. So, Charak Sainath describes the constituent of the body. So, the mind transcends the sense organ. That is what is the claim of Charak Sainath and modern science is also accepting that and many research studies are indicating that if not accepting that. We will be talking about these aspects in the later sessions. It is also termed as Sattva while some others call it as Chetas. Its action is dependent on its objects and accomplishment of the self. It is responsible for the actions of the sense organ. That is the definition of manas given in the Charak Sainath. So, you see it is recognized to be connected with the physical body but it has its distinct role in the form of enjoyer of the senses. So, senses follow the direction of manas and that is its actions are dependent on its object which is to which it is connected to and accomplishment of the self. So, Atman which is the deeper than manas that governs the man but man operates in connection with the external objects. So, allegory given in the Katha Upanishad or Katha Upanishad beautifully explains this aspect of self and you can see the definition of health given in Ayurveda is in coherence with the concept of self given in Upanishad. What it says? Atmanam rathitam vidhi shariram rathamevatu. Vidhi means know this. Know the Atman as the consciousness as the owner of the chariot. Saneeram rathamevatu and consider body as the rath as the chariot. Buddhhim to sarathhim the chariot here is the buddhi the sarathi. Manah pragramevacha manah manas which we just talked about is the kind of reen which controls which controls the senses. So, the horses are reflection of senses. Manas is the reflection of reen. Buddhhi is the chariot here who is holding the reen and controlling the horses and atman the sense the consciousness the self that is the owner and that is who gives the give all the direction to the buddhi and then manas. That is the reflection of the human self given in the Katha Upanishad. So, rider atman is the innermost self that is the true self that is the pure consciousness chariot is the physical body horses are the indriyas or sense forces. These are the conscious element of the mind body complex. Driver is the buddhi the reason the intellect that holds the reen. The part of the mind body complex that controls voluntary action the deliberative rational decision making part of the mind or soul that is the driver and reen the manas is the cognitability other than reason which control the senses. That is the notion of self. So, to be at the optimum level of well-being it is not only to have strong senses it is important to have senses which are under the control of the strong manas. Manas cannot control the senses without strong buddhi and buddhi will go into the direction set by atman or consciousness and that completes the definition of well-being in the yogic perspective. Prasannatme indriya mana individual having strong mind which is not agitated with in adversity one who is free from desire and who is devoid of attachment fear and anger that is the one sign of the highest possible well-being. Second the person who is without selfish motive who not overjoyed in the positive situation and discussed not in the adverse condition and maintains a equanimous state and have a good mental well-being. On the contrary a person who obtains possessions of pleasure which are beyond the ability and does not feel blessed with the things that is already with him suffer from mental sickness. So, this is beautifully explained by Guru Prasad ji in his book concept of health in Ayurveda. Health well-being happiness are beautifully covered in the Ayurvedic tradition which are prescribed and which are accepted as it is in the yogic tradition as well they talk about the bodily balance, balance of mind and a strong sense of identity sense of self which is not seeking only outside pleasures which is enjoying within and that is why it is devoid of attachment fear and anger. So, this is this completes the definition of well-being. We need to reflect on what are my scores on Vatapitha Kapra Kripyi questionnaire. I mentioned that questionnaire is sent to the people who are registered for the NPTEL course that tells us how we can regain our balance, how we can maintain our balance. This questionnaire not only tells what kind of food you should avoid and eat it also tells what kind of the mental agitations you are naturally subjected to and once we are aware of it we can control it. We can direct it direct these mental tendency towards the productive goals because the disease occurs from three process. Disease developed to disturbance in level of dosas, malas and sometime it occurs by nature which we call the innate. So, there are very few innate diseases. Most of the diseases are either Agantava means because of the external infections, Sharira when body is not functioning properly, Manasa when the mind is not functioning properly, mind is not controlled regulated properly. If we look at our current status most of the diseases apparent in the society are because of Sharira and Manasa that is why we call it psychosomatic diseases what we call the lifestyle diseases. These lifestyle diseases are the most prominent diseases in the current times and these were well recognized in the Charak Sainthita.