Okay, so we good to start excellent. Hello everyone. My name is Anna if you don't know me And today I'm just going to give you a bit of a rundown of building robots using Node.js So this is a really just gonna be really quick intro Usually at CamJS. We have like a whole half-day node bots workshop But I didn't want to risk taking a bunch of robots in my suitcase this time because of the whole Airport situation. So yeah, so if you want to actually get your hands on some hardware and build robots Just look for the node bots group in your local area. So there's one based here in well in Melbourne. Anyway, it's CCHS There's one in Brisbane and there's one in Sydney talk to Damon find out details And I'm sure that there are others in other locations as well that I'm not aware of So the kind of robots that we're talking about here Robots are autonomous systems that sense and respond to the world So that's a very loose definition and the kinds of robots that I'm talking about are really simple robots that do very little of actual use We're not talking about the Mars rover here So an example of one Just pull it out of my pocket Is like this for example, so it it actually doesn't even move. It's just one that I've built that Reminds me to do my exercise and I can kind of hit it on the head It triggers a button so that it records when I've done that exercise So it's kind of there to trigger me to change my behavior. So it could be something as simple as this It's sensing whether I've done something and it's responding by reminding me Or it could be something that drives around and and does something So kind of the basic parts that you have in most robotics projects all the ones that I'm talking about anyway you've got some kind of chassis or Like for example here a 3d printed shell that all of the parts attached to You've got some kind of power whether it's batteries or whether it's running off Very long USB cable, which is what we've done at some node bots Sessions and then the stuff in the middle, which is kind of the stuff we'll talk about today You've got the sensors. These are your inputs. They are the things that sense things that are happening in the world So for a robot that sort of drives around and detects obstacles It might be something like an ultrasonic sensor For this thing it might be something like a position or a PIR sensor to detect when I'm moving so it knows to remind me You've got some kind of brain or control so typically this will be a microcontroller or a single board computer like a Raspberry Pi and Then you've got your outputs or your actuators So these are things that that do something they cause some effect in the world So there might be the motors that make the robot drive around or they might be lights or screens or something like that Now we're interested in JavaScript, obviously It's kind of becoming more popular for building especially hobbyist Projects like this and there are a lot of different options out there. So this is just some of the ones that I know about I'm sure there are others Johnny five is the one that I'll be talking about today It's the one that I've been involved with We also we've done stuff with Esprino JS in the past. So Esprino is like a very cut-down JavaScript runtime that runs on microcontrollers Tesla which also is Yeah, so Tesla works with Johnny five and it also they had their own platform it's a Tied into a particular hardware platform Particle IO is another example of Hardware platforms have got things like the photon and the electron boards that you can program using a JavaScript SDK Cylon JS, which kind of is a project that takes the best bits of all the other projects and kind of pulls them all In together under a single umbrella sometimes without attributions So just be aware that they haven't done all of that work But they have done a good job at integrating it all and documenting it Jerascript, MuJS, duct tape, all of these are kind of very Small versions of JavaScript designed to be embeddable. So I'm just going to talk about Johnny five today But if you're interested in this field, definitely go check out those those projects So one of the reasons why I like Johnny five is because it works with lots and lots of different platforms So when you're selecting hardware for a project, it really depends on the requirements of your project So these days there are so many of these development boards and kits available For all different price ranges and lots of different features. So something like a Raspberry Pi So I've got a Raspberry Pi Zero W here, which is a kind of single board computer. So it's got quite a lot of memory It's got quite a lot of expandable flash for storing programs and applications So it's very powerful and you could build a quite a powerful robot with this But it's obviously a little bit more expensive Then say a $2 microcontroller. So, you know, if I'm running a class for 50 school children and they're likely to destroy these things by plugging power in backwards and that sort of thing Then I'm more likely to use microcontrollers Because they're almost disposable Johnny five runs on all of these different platforms. So Arduino's which are microcontrollers Raspberry Pi's tassels, BeagleBones, which are also like a single-board computer like a Raspberry Pi the particle boards and many others which you can see The icons for and if you go to the Johnny five website, you can get lots more detail about all these individual platforms And the cool thing is that the way that it works is that the API is Standardised across all of these so you can write some code that works with say a motor or a button or an LED And then if you decide that you need to upgrade to a different platform because perhaps you've started building on an Arduino And now you want some kind of network connectivity and you want some more powerful Number crunching of your sensor data. You want to go to a Raspberry Pi? You can move that code straight across and just plug in an IO Plug-in for Johnny five and it will just keep working regardless of the fact that you've changed platforms So yeah Johnny five it's open source robotics framework for Node.js There's been about I guess 75 or 80 people who've contributed to this project Including a number of people locally and every year we have this big event called international node bots day We've been doing that for about the last five years where we all Get together a bunch of people in the community and build node bots Unfortunately, we had to miss it in Brisbane this year as a couple weeks ago because we were busy getting ready for CamJS But we will have it a bit later in the year So Johnny five was originally designed to work with Arduino and it communicates with the Arduino's over a protocol called Formata, so it's over a serial connection so you plug in say over USB or over Bluetooth and Your microcontroller your robot with the right microcontroller is kind of like a really dumb device It just responds to commands and you're running a Node.js program on your laptop or maybe on a Raspberry Pi or some other device It's doing all the smarts and it's communicate communicating with that peripheral microcontroller and it's controlling the pins that control the sensors and the actuators or read from the sensors and control the actuators So yeah, that formata protocol is supported On a number of different devices and it's not just for Node.js Incidentally, so there are Python libraries that support formata. There are Ruby bindings I think as well. So if you're into other languages, you can use that same protocol With Johnny five originally it just used formata and it was primarily for microcontrollers But then through this idea of IO plug-ins, which pretty much Take the Johnny five API and implement it using whatever Local GPI capabilities are on other platforms like Raspberry Pi You can run it on board So originally it was designed to have a kind of a primary Computer running Node and then your peripheral microcontroller, but now what you can do is run Node on Your device like your Raspberry Pi big bone talking directly to its own Johnny five instance So I'm just going to step through how you would get set up using a Raspberry Pi zero W Because it's a recipe is pretty popular platform a lot of people have them so hanging around at home So if you're looking for something cool to do with the Raspberry Pi, this is something that you could do so Raspberry Pi zero W is interesting because it doesn't have an ethernet Port it's just got Wi-Fi built-in Which means that a lot of the guides that you find online for setting up a Raspberry Pi Don't work really well with the Raspberry Pi zero and it always just tells you to go and plug in to a keyboard and You know a monitor and that but you don't actually need that to get set up Because I don't know about you, but I only have a laptop I don't actually have an external keyboard and a monitor to plug into so for a long time I didn't use Raspberry Pi for that reason But what you do is you install Raspbian and pretty much the Raspberry Pi zero Uses a micro SD card, which you can see seeking out the top here So what you do is you plug that into your laptop and you pretty much copy that Raspbian image onto the SD card And then instead of having to plug into the Raspberry Pi booted up and configure it There's a little trick here Which is not particularly well documented But you create a file on the boot partition of your micro SD card call it WPA supplicant.conf and Put in your details. So if you were here, you had a Raspberry Pi here You could just put in the SSID camp.js and the password more coffee and it would be on the network here And then if you want to enable SSH access so that you can just SSH into your Raspberry Pi Simply add a file called SSH. So just use touch or something. You don't doesn't need any contents Put it on that boot partition of your micro SD card And then once you put that card into your Raspberry Pi and booted up It will be on the network and you can connect to it and you ask well How do I know how to connect to it? What's its IP address? The cool thing is that it's running MDM MDNs So you could connect using the host name local If everybody did this, I guess it would be difficult because they'd all have the same host name But I guess you can configure that as well in the configuration files on the SD card So yeah, you just connect like that and by default password is raspberry Obviously, please change this as you know as soon as you get your device set up so that everyone's not able to connect into your device So if you're using just the default Raspberry and distribution on Raspberry Pi It comes with Node.js installed as well as a couple of other cool things like Node-Raid that we'll talk about in a minute If you're running something else or if you want the absolute latest version and the one that's bundled isn't Isn't what you want then you can just use your regular Linux, you know apt-get So on to install node and MPM And then once you've got that you've got a little Linux computer So you can use MPM to install node packages just like you normally would so the ones that we're using Johnny five and Raspberry Pi IO Raspberry IO and Also, they will install the serial port MPM package, I've just got that there because it actually it takes a long time to build so if you're doing this sort of If you're going somewhere you probably want to install that in advance because it will take a while All right, so the Raspberry Pi device It's a single board computer. I know how well you can see this that that bit there is the Raspberry Pi Zero W and you can see it's got a whole row of pins along the side there So these are your GPIO pins a general purpose input output pins There are 40 of them on the Raspberry Pi zero W and they're compatible with the pins that you find on other Raspberry Pi modules Like the Raspberry Pi 3 Has the same sort of pin layout So to the side there you can see what all the different pins are So this is where you plug in all your peripheral sensors and actuators and so on One of the things that if you're coming from the world of Arduino is different here Is that it's 3.3 volt logic rather than 5 volt logic so when you're plugging in your save you have a sensor if it is Generating 5 volts you might want to use something like a voltage divider Just to step that amount of voltage down to 3.3 so that you get the full range of values on the Raspberry Pi That doesn't make sense to you. Don't worry. That's just a detail for people who already use Arduino and Pins in Johnny 5 are labeled in a bit of a weird way. So You can see on the side that they've all got numbers So from the top you've got pin one and then pin two all the way down to pin 40 down at the bottom Now in Johnny 5 the way that they label them is P1 Dash and then the pin number so P1 is corresponding to the header number because some other Raspberry Pi's Have more than one pin header. Raspberry Pi zero only has one so it's always P1 dash and then the pin number There's a couple of other ways to you can identify them using the GPIO number directly But most of the examples you find online will use P1 dash and then I'm all right. So getting started I'm going to assume that some people you haven't done much electronics So one of the ways that I like to get started is by using a breadboard a soldless breadboard to prototype my circuits So this yellow thing here is an example of a soldless breadboard. It's a little one Like the one that you see on the side there You can get bigger ones like this one here that have power rails along the side You can get you know even bigger ones than that and the way that these are designed is on the inside They've got these little metal kind of clips underneath That when you plug your wires into the holes They just grip onto those wires so that you can connect them all together instead of having to sold the wires together So it makes it very fast to plug your components in and out and change the circuit around So if you wanted to attach an LED a light emitting diode, so this is one of those very brightly little bright lights you would simply Plug it that into the breadboard and then what you need to do is connect your jumper wires So jump wires are these these wires here and they've typically got little pins on the ends From the pins on the Raspberry Pi Across to the LED and you'll notice that on the breadboard there you can see there's a resistor Which is that little striping component in the middle there so resistor Introduces some resistance into the circuit It's really there to limit the current that's going through the LED so that it doesn't Burn really brightly and eventually burn out so What we've got here is The pins on the Raspberry Pi so if we go back and look at that diagram there. We're connecting to GPIO 7 And we're connecting to ground. So that's the fourth one down on the left-hand side and the third one down I think on the No hang on GPIO 4 is what we're connected to sorry and ground so I've got one jumper wire going across to the LED and the other one going across to ground so If I want to write a program to control that LED using Johnny 5 I Simply create a JavaScript file So I might call it something like blink JS if I say I'm blinking some LEDs and Because I'm using a Raspberry Pi I would create that on the Raspberry Pi or I'd create it on my computer And then I'd copy it across to the Raspberry Pi, but it needs to be on the Raspberry Pi eventually and It needs to be in the same place where you've installed your npm modules So maybe you've created a little folder project somewhere on your Raspberry Pi It's just JavaScript so you can edit using whatever JavaScript editor you like to use so if you're doing it on the pie You might want to use nano or vi or emacs or something like that If you're doing it on your machine add a more sublime or whatever in your program Pretty much every Johnny 5 program that you write for Raspberry Pi will have this at the start So you need to require both the Johnny 5 library and the Raspberry Pi IO plug-in for Raspberry Pi and Then what we do is we set up Board object, which is an instance of the Johnny 5 board class and because we're doing it for Raspberry Pi We give it this IO Configuration option, which is a new raspy plug-in So you'll see that at the front of every Raspberry Pi Johnny 5 program Once you've done that then pretty much all of the action happens in the event handler for the board on ready event so this is the same object that we just set up as an instance of the board class and When it's ready We can run code to set up our LEDs or sensors or whatever other things that we're working with So for an example if we were working with this LED that we've just plugged in inside that on ready event We'd have something like this. We'd have a Variable LED which is a new LED object and we give it the pin number that that LED is on So if I'm using GPIO For that's pin number seven on pin header number one on the Raspberry Pi. I hope you're following So that would be LED P1-7 and Then once you've got that object you can then do stuff to it So you can depending on what type of object it is. This is an LED So there's Johnny 5 API for LED types of objects and one of the functions that it supports is strobing Which is flashing and you give it a number of milliseconds and it will flash every 1,000 milliseconds or every second So you could change that to whatever you want to different behavior. So let's just do a quick demo of that Okay, so this is the folder that I've created on my Raspberry Pi so I've already ssh'd into my Raspberry Pi and In this folder. I've created a couple of JavaScript files, which are my programs. I'm going to show you so blink is the first one. So Something's happened just to make an action. Let me just check. Oh, that's gonna be bad for demos. All right. Well We might come back to that in a minute and see if that works in a couple of minutes. Oh There we go. Oh, hang on that might not be my Raspberry Pi No, yes. All right. So we've got Well, we've got some network. We've got the program just there. So I'm just gonna run that. Oh, come on, please don't drop out good So the way that you run that is using just node like you normally would run a node program Let me zoom in a bit more again Everyone see that okay And then you just go node.blink.js, but because GPIO requires Root-level privileges you'd have to add your use to the group or I'll just do it using sudo. Don't do this at home That's bad. But yeah And then it runs and I don't know if you can see this but there is a little LED on here that is blinking right now Magic of JavaScript Cool, and you'll see there's a little prompt there This is what's called the REPL the read-a-val print loop and it's just like the node prompt you can type stuff in so I'll show you in a minute how I set this up But I've got this variable in my REPL that I can use to control this LED so I could tell it Do you let me pull that up a bit further so you can see it in the middle of the screen? I can tell it stopped blinking and It stopped probably can't see that but yeah, it's stopped and then I can do things like LED on and it turns on Or LED off and it turns off and you'll see it's printing out a whole bunch of state That's not an error. That's normally what it does is just so you can see what the result of that operation was so That's how you run these on the Raspberry Pi And back to here. All right, so that was the whole program It was the first bit that we saw setting up the libraries require Requiring them the on-ready event and then inside of that the stuff that we actually want to do with the LEDs Which is setting up and strobing Now when you're building a robot you probably want more than a single LED You're going to want some sensors and you're going to want some outputs Actuates and there are lots and lots of different components available that are out there. So Some examples you've got environmental sensors that can sense things like Temperature the humidity the amount of smoke in the air the amount of ozone you name it Magnetic sensors like Hall effect sensors that you find on things like 3d printers detect when you get to the end of an axis light sensors like photo resistors that can detect the amount of ambient light or the ones that you have that you face downwards and you You blink an LED at the same time as detecting the light bounces back You can detect whether you're on a black line or a white surface so you can use line following programs Sounds so microphones that can detect the presence of sound they can't actually recognize the words or anything Piezos that you can use for detecting vibration or or the presence of sound Things like accelerometers gyroscopes tilt switches buttons, etc So that's just a few examples of some of the components that you'll typically find if you get sort of a getting started Robotics kid or electronics kid And same thing with outputs on your robot You've typically got things like LEDs LCD screens to display states about what's going on with your robot sound like buzzers Movement obviously is probably one of the more important things with the robot Most people think of a robot as something that moves around so you've got your motors that drive the wheels or tracks You've got things like solenoids if you're talking about industrial robots in particular And relays for controlling things controlling power, so you're switching the lamps on and off in your home that sort of thing So that's just a few examples of some different Output components that you might find in your your average getting started to electronics kit And one thing that's important to note with these is that there's this idea of digital and analog sensors and and Components so digital when we say digital we're talking about digits zero or one So things that are off or on So in the case of a sensor, it might be something like a button. It's pressed or it's not pressed. It's never kind of half-pressed But you can also have outputs that are digital So an LED for example, you can blink it all the way on all the way off and just treat it like it's on or off Or you can treat it like an analog component. So this is where you've got values in between so for sensors, this is things where like An analog sensor like a temperature sensor where you're getting a reading and it's typically with the raw reading will be something like Between zero and 255 or between zero and a thousand and twenty three depending on the number of bits that your sensor supports And for outputs, it'll be things like fading in LED the brightness Yeah, so we looked at the repl and yeah, so button is a really good example of a digital input So with Johnny five so this when I show you this code It's all what goes inside the on the on ready event So with the button you've got the button class and you've got event handlers So on down and on up and you can do different things So with your LED you might want to turn it on when you press a button or turn it off when you press the button So this is an example of setting up those event handlers to control the behavior Something like servo motors common in pretty a lot of robotics projects for like moving things around Sometimes you can get continuous rotation ones that control wheels Again, you set it up using a Johnny five servo object So the API supports a lot of different common components as you can see on a pin so pin 35 You can put it in your repl if you want to be able to control it interactively and Some of the things that you might want to do you might want to sweep the servo back and forth You might want to stop it. You might want to center it You can also set the position of the servo and servos work using pulse width modulation So it's this idea of having values in between one and zero but on a digital pin rather than on an analog pin So it's kind of like Simulating voltages in between zero and five volts or zero and three point three volts piezo also works with these sort of values in between one and zero so with a piezo It's pretty much just controlling the tone that you hear from the buzzer So there's really those beeps that you get they can be high-pitched. They can be low-pitched and The same thing with motors so motors you actually usually use a separate motor controller So this is a circuit for Raspberry Pi with a motor controller and two DC motors attached So these are really common in those budget robotics kits you get from China So this would be the code that you'd use to control those two motors. So you've got your Using the motor class in Johnny five you set it up on the pins And in this case because your controller actually has two wires for each side one which is controlling the direction and one which is controlling the speed Then you set those two up and you can see the thing that I've got in there about inverting the PWM That's yeah, that's just an example Probably don't have time to go into that It's just an example of how you can control the motors and you can find out lots more from the Johnny five API documentation All right, so really quickly You can write all this code from scratch yourself and you can just run the node programs directly But one thing that's really cool if you want to be able to integrate with other systems other components is using node red I don't know if Chris talked about node red at all, but node red is this awesome UI that supports a whole bunch of MPM packages and It is installed on Raspberry Pi by default. So let me just pull it up really quickly Just so you can see what it looks like So you've got an interface where you've got a whole palette of different nodes that you can drop in This is an example of a program. I've got on my Raspberry Pi that reads from some sensors and then it's actually using the node red modules that talk to homekit, which is the Apple Automation sort of framework so I can Get it on my phone and I can hit a button and it will actually talk directly to those senses that are hooked up to my Raspberry Pi or get readings from them and display them on my phone all using the magic of node red Which I don't have time to go into right now, but very very cool stuff And I highly recommend that you check it out. I have a video all about that That's on the IBM developer works blog. So if you're really interested in that project, you can follow that video All right, so that's pretty much how to get started with robotics in JavaScript Using Johnny five If you want to find out more my blog are sometimes Sporadically post projects there so you can check out some of the things that I'm building on crafty.com Johnny five.io is the main library a website for Johnny five. So lots of examples there I also have a website called node ARDX where I've got some Johnny five examples that are tailored for Arduino particularly for the getting started kits that you get from places like J car but Yeah, it's through Arduino. So if you're interested in Raspberry Pi I just recommend that you use the Johnny five website. So That was a super quick Introduction to JavaScript robotics. So if anyone has any questions, I'm around happy to answer questions And if you've got some hardware you want to play with happy to help. Thank you


and also the factional chairman of Imo Labour Party in Zesero Akojobi Loyal to the La Media Papa-led National Ex-Go of the party herself that Senator Athen Achano is not the governorship candidate of the party for the November 11th governorship elections. It's said that Senator Achano was a product of illegality as those who conducted the April 15th progress from where he had emerged has no focus to do so. I've come to rearrange the most dead Labour Party that they have bastardized. All of you can bear me witness that the Labour Party we are hearing now is not the Labour Party you have been hearing before. This Labour Party now is selling to the highest bidder. How can you collect over 25 million Naira from each aspirant for over 17 people? Hello, hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Good morning everybody. Welcome to the third annual Mads Imposium. I'm humbled and thrilled that Rene and his team here at NOMA invited Lucky Peach and the Momofuku crew to come and curate this event with you guys. It's a very special two days and hopefully we're going to learn and push and prod and take this whole thing to another level. When we were talking about Mad maybe like 14 months ago in terms of what we were going to talk about last year was about appetite. I felt very very confident that we had to talk about guts or some type of food form of guts in the literal sense and metaphorically speaking. These next two days people are going to stick their necks out, share stories that I hope will inspire you to bring back home, share with your cooks, your friends, your family and to just I hope just move things forward. Why do we pick the theme? It seems that when I'm with Rene or other chefs, younger cooks come up to us and they always ask how did you do it or why did you become successful or besides it being a team effort I think it all starts with the seed, a plant of an idea.  And we know we're going to talk about that in its various guises in the next two days. But going to the heart of the matter in terms of guts, guts to me is a measurement of some kind of moral currency. It makes you decide, it makes you realize how to make a decision. The really important decisions that you freak out about, that you talk to your friends like should I take this job? Should I open up this restaurant? Should we close this restaurant down? Should I start my own vineyard? Should I do whatever? Most of you guys are cooks which is really exciting. And these are the questions that I hope that we can somewhat help out and pay it forward.  In 2004 I opened up Momofuku without really any cash and no real support system other than my stubborn idea that we're going to open up this noodle bar. But really the main reason I did it is, and sometimes I have to constantly remind myself of why I opened up a restaurant that should never have opened up. And it was because it was 2004, you know, September 11th had happened. Earlier that year three of my good friends had passed away. There was just a series of tragic events in my life that help you realize just how unimportant a decision that you think is very serious is. You know, when you're talking about life and death, opening a restaurant is pretty insignificant. And I was willing to wallow in failure, but knowing that it was failure on my terms and I wanted to learn that. I wanted to taste that failure.  So you need to have some type of naivete. Like, it's a crazy idea opening a restaurant. It's a crazy idea entering this culinary profession. Or endeavoring to do anything. It's frightening. I think I talk to more people, you know, somebody in my own staff is trying to figure out what they're going to do next.   They think that they're going to laugh at him. I might even laugh and criticize him. But those are the ideas that are really, really great. The ideas that people consider trash.  So we're trying to push and learn and find that road that makes things make sense. You know, it's hard. We're cooks. No one really tells us what to do except when we're in the kitchen. And finding that road outside of it is very difficult. So that's one of the reasons we wanted to hold this symposium about guts. And in a lot of ways it's making the hard decision because you're going to be alone. More often than not, you make a decision that stems the tide or is against the status quo or, you know, is criticized by your friends, your family. Like, you should never do this. You should never open a restaurant. If you ask me to open a restaurant, I'm going to be like, that's the stupidest idea I've ever heard. Even myself, you know? But when it boils down to it, you have to believe in it to almost utter failure. And when you realize just how insignificant things are in your life, making a decision about opening a restaurant or taking a job somewhere or just generally anything, it's not that important if it's not your friends and your family or loved ones. You know, life and death really puts everything else in perspective. And, you know, along that way of loneliness, you need to keep them in your mind. And I think that for myself it's a good reminder of how to make decisions. Like, right now I'm going through a lot of stuff again right now and it puts things into perspective about, like, why am I stressing out about something? You know, and there's no real one road to success. There's no magic bullet. You just got to sort of grin and bear it and take a leap of faith in yourself.  And you got to find your way out and you got to claw your way out. And I find that to be the case with just about anyone that has made it in their respective careers. And hopefully we can pay that forward to you again. I'll end it on this one little random note or analogy. There's this terrible movie, not terrible, but the 90s movie called Gattica. So there's this character played by Ethan Hawke. He's this runt in society. He's told what he cannot do. He's told by society that he can't aspire to greatness because of his limitations.  And this movie, long story cut short, he defies the odds. He achieves his goal. Defies everything, even his own brother, who asks him how did he reach such a level of success. And I could sort of tell you all sorts of weird cliches about courage and conviction, but I thought this one was most fitting for this symposium. He said, I never left anything for the swim back home. And that's what I wish for you guys going forward. If you want to take it to the next level, myself included, I have to remind myself that you can't look backwards. You've got to just hope that you can go forward and you have to put your faith in that somebody and something. That idea is going to take you to that next level. So let the festivities begin. Welcome guys.


Welcome to this new podcast of the robustly beneficial group in Lausanne. Today, we're going to discuss a paper that has been widely shared, especially in the effective altruism community. It is a paper called AI Safety via Debate, co-authored by Geoffrey Irving, Paul Cristiano, and Dario Amodei, all from OpenAI. It was published in 2018, so it's a year and a half now. And it's a paper about the idea of using debates to guarantee AI safety. Louis, do you want to describe it? Yeah, so the idea of a debate is that we want to answer, we want answers to questions, and we want aligned answers. An aligned answer would mean an answer that is in our own interest. But sometimes, it's possible that we are not able to come up with an aligned answer by ourselves. But if we are given an aligned answer, we somehow have the possibility to verify it. And even better, if we are given a debate between two AI agents about a specific answer or about different answers, it can be even easier to verify from these debates what answer is the most, let's say, truthfully aligned and usefully aligned to us. So a quick example could be you want to know where is best for you to go on holidays. And so you ask two AI debaters to give you an answer. They could propose Alaska or Bali. And then given simply this answer, you still can't figure out where is best for you to go on holidays. But then the two AIs would set up a debate. And they would try to give more arguments to explain why their answer is better. So the first one could say that Bali is warmer than Alaska. So Alaska is better. But then the second one could answer that you will need to have a specific visa on your passport to go to Bali. Argument to which the first one could, again, replicate that the visa application only takes 20 minutes, so it will not be difficult. After this debate that can take any number of steps, we expect you as a judge to be better at figuring out what is the proper aligned answer to the question. Yep. So I think there's some interesting analogy with what we know from computer science, in particular computational complexity theory, where there are different classes of problems. One of them is the polynomial class, which is about solving a problem, let's say, or verifying something. And it turns out that you can have more powerful algorithms if you can solve the so-called NP problems. So NP problems is a problem where it typically you need to search for a solution. And so typically you can imagine that there are two algorithms and one can prove that it understands more than the other just by sending the solution that it has computed using this way. And there are more larger classes of capabilities of programs known as IP class, or IP's interactive proof. I think it's interactive polynomial, I don't know. IP, in a way, it's about the interactions of different algorithms. And using this, you can have proofs that are much more efficient. And in particular, you can solve not only NP problems, but even like so-called p-space problems. And so the intuition of the authors is that this can be applied as well to non-formal problems. And essentially by interacting, you gain power. And that would be a reason why having these sort of interactions and debates could add to the capabilities of, for instance, algorithms proving to you that they are more aligned or more powerful. OK, and another advantage of this framework is also that it somehow it feels easy to implement in practice. And the reason is that so the way it will work is that AI systems should not simply be able to answer questions, but also do the task of pointing out flows in answers. So if now we have just one algorithm, one artificial intelligence that can answer questions and point out flows, you simply need to let this agent be trained by a self-playing against itself or against a different version of itself. And this is a technique that is very well known and mastered for artificial intelligence. For example, this is how the game of Go was beaten by having one algorithm's play against itself. And this is very useful for training. So to say that this framework has some advantages in practical advantages. Yeah, so the idea of algorithms interacting with the user to, for everyone to improve in particular for the human to be able to know what's wrong, for instance, with the algorithm, how to improve on it or to verify that it's working properly is something that's already widely deployed arguably. Like, for instance, if you have a if you're programming in IDE, remember what it means, but like with a debugger, for instance, of your program. Yeah, thank you. Then you can think of this interaction with the IDE as a way to improve your capability and your ways to verify that the algorithm that you're trying to design is doing what you want. You can query information. So it would be like the equivalent of asking questions. You can say, well, could you stop here? Tell me the value of this variable at this point, for instance. And this is clearly a way that improves at least the pace that you can program your algorithms and improve upon it. So yeah, so I think that there are advantages of this, but it's debatable. So let's have a debate whether these are actually robust solutions to AI safety and in particular to alignment. So there's a lot of such discussions in the paper. The paper lists actually in section five what the reasons to worry. And maybe you can spend some time discussing the first and second point, which in my opinion are the most problematic, which is the human biases, like confirmation bias, et cetera. And then the complexity of the debate being beyond what humans can read. For example, I mentioned the IP, so interactive polynomial in the introduction. This assumes that in this debating framework, it seems very obvious that humans will lag behind if the debate is too long or too complex or too many things to read to understand before making judgments. Yeah, I'm even more concerned about the first one, but we can discuss the second one first. Like for instance, if you take a concrete example, like for instance, what should be done about the coronavirus situation? Yeah, what should you be doing tomorrow? Should you stay at home? Yeah, maybe this discussion is very, very complex. And maybe even the right solution is something we as humans have not thought about yet. And this may be just because it's very complex and you need to analyze a huge amount of data to get to this conclusion. And then if you made your whole career on a specific molecule, you would be tempted to say that this molecule is the cure? Yeah, so it would be more like the first point. First point, like confirmation bias. Like the other disease were about 90-ish percent of people heal without nothing. So if you have a strong bias towards believing that such or such molecule or such or such approach, so you'd have a lot of debates based on confirmation bias by people who wants to come to validate what they believe. Yeah. And Patrice, it's quite horrible. Like our figures once sense about the correlation between the belief in some scientific consensus. For instance, a human made a climate change. Or should we worry about the coronavirus situation? These are like there's been a consensus among experts at some point about there is a consensus among experts on both of these. But it turns out that if you look in the US, what educated people believe, they tend to have opinions that are extremely dependent on the party affiliation. In particular, Republicans in this case are more skeptical of climate change if human made climate change. If they are more educated, which is a bit weird. And similarly for the coronavirus situation. So I don't have this figure for the coronavirus situation. But what I've seen is that Republicans are much more skeptical of the danger of the coronavirus than Democrats. Is it because Democrats are more smarter? I don't think so. It's more because of probably some confirmation bias, which is a very widely well-studied and really established phenomenon by psychology. So one of the worries is that the AI is instead of trying to give more true answer and more useful information, they would simply try to manipulate us and play into our confirmation bias. And if we are in this scenario where the judge is a human and the two AIs are debating, most likely, the AI playing best on the confirmation bias of the judge on what the judge already believes will be the one that is selected. That's also one thing that we haven't yet discussed and which is somehow an assumption in the paper. They expect that as AI has become better at debating, they will also converge towards being more honest. And the reason why this could be true is that somehow if one of the agents is trying to lie, in the case of such a debate, somehow it's very hard to win a debate if you have been lying because the other agent could easily point out what you lied about and then win the debate in this way. But this is only an assumption in the paper and it might be not true. I'm very skeptical of this assumption, unfortunately. Especially if the judge is a human. I mean, lawyers are well-known to debate. Like a lawyer debate does not only give emphasis on Bayesian probability, let's say. Like if you want to convince humans in general, so it seems that there are other strategies that are more useful by playing with emotions, with confirmation bias, and other things like this. And like we made the point also when we talked about this paper that even if instead of a human, you would have a Bayesian aligned algorithm, then honestly, it would still not be clear that honestly would be an optimal strategy. In fact, I would highly doubt this because if it's a Bayesian algorithm, it's going to have a prior distribution. And if somehow there's one agent that because of some information that it has access to but cannot share it because it's something it's seen and it has not signed proof of the data. If you cannot prove this data, you can just talk about its own experience, the data that it has been collecting without proving that it has collecting this data. If it just has a posterior that's based on this, and if this posterior turns out to be un-nikely according to the prior of the judge, then it would be extremely hard for it to make the case for itself. And in particular, it would probably lose against another algorithm that's just saying what's most likely according to the judge. So there would be lies that the judge would think are more likely than the truth. And the malicious debater can use these specific lies and beat the honest debater. Yeah. And this is all because of if you're trying to be Bayesian, you need to have this prior distribution on the judge. So of course, we can debate Bayesianism. But I think the authors are pretty convinced, I'm guessing, that Bayesianism is an important way to go at least and having prior is important. And if you have a prior, then you're more likely to be some things than others. And that's the laws of poverty, I guess. It's not about, you know. Yeah, so somehow it seems to solve the question that. So the question whether the agent will converge towards optimal strategy, which are being honest or will not, is somehow reduced to the question whether it's more easy to lie or to defend against some specific lie. And if I understand well, your point is that if the judge is a Bayesian, then it will depend on the lie. There will be lies that are very likely given the prior of the judge. And for these specific lies, the refutation of the lie would most likely be very unlikely. And in that case, it would be a case where it's easier to lie than to refute the lie. So all right, what we said about confirmation bias and also about whether to lie or not to lie is actually also something that's mentioned in the paper that is quite scary about this kind of framework, is that imagine these two superintelligence, artificial intelligence that are working towards not maximizing being aligned, but maximizing convincing the judge that they are aligned. And if we discuss also something that we also often discuss good-out-low, and this is something really to take into account that, what is the objective function of this agent? We want the objective function to be being aligned. But unfortunately, within this framework, the objective function is convincing the human judge that they are aligned. And this makes a big difference. So that's why you said when we discussed this, that it would be a great framework if the human judge is robustly aligned himself, which is not something we expect. Yeah, the judge needs to be both aligned and good and performant. Because if he's just aligned, but he's not very good at understanding the different arguments applying basal to infer what is more likely and what is not, then probably if you have these two algorithms trained to win debates, judged by this human, they will try to, or this algorithm could be also an algorithm. Then they will exploit the vulnerabilities of the judge as opposed to trying to be honest. So of all the framework, I don't think he's very robust at all. I feel there are so many things that can go wrong. And the conditions to make it go fairly well, I'd say, are essentially creating a judge that is already robustly aligned and very performant, which I feel is algorithm being aligned and performant. Yeah, so the judge is just a protocol. Yeah. So I don't think this problem solves the alignment problem at all, because it seems to really require alignment to be effective. And even then, it's not clear to me that it's going to be effective. Yeah, and the second weakness of this was also the scalability, that if the judge is human, he cannot understand questions that are way too complex and way too long, or he also cannot judge too many questions that day because we are limited. And for this, this is again something we discussed in the Rebuild AI paper, that the way we could solve this is by having an intermediary and giving to every judge an algorithmic representative that will learn to imitate the judge and a vote and make decisions instead of the judge. That's also a similar idea that Paul Christian or discussed in the paper called a iterated amplification framework, which is also a similar idea to what they propose here with the debates, which is that the iterated amplification framework starts with one aligned agent with low capabilities and with some method, they amplify, they make this agent better and with higher capabilities. And they were also under the assumption that if the original agent is aligned, similarly to when, in this case, the judge is aligned, then the more capable agent would be aligned. And when we discussed it a long time ago before the podcast, we were also not fully convinced by the robustness of this technique. Yeah, I feel these techniques can improve capabilities, or at least it does in the case of the game of Go. And that's interesting in its own sake. I see this as a way to do faster computation, essentially, because you could always simulate the whole things and these are just like accelerations of the computations, which are still important. But there are two flaws, I'd say. One of them is you still need to do some inference from the data. This is adding capability to solve a task that is already well-defined, but in machine learning and probably to build powerful algorithms, you also need to get a lot of data and do inference from this data. I don't think this is tackling this problem. And the other thing is the problem of alignment. Like I don't see a good argument for why this system would be a robust way to preserve alignment. Like in the case of the game of Go, alignment is easy because the objective of the algorithms in the game of Go is very simple, is to win the game and we know we can write easily an algorithm that tells whether one of the player won or not. But in real life application of algorithms that we want to make robustly beneficial, I think the problem of alignment is a lot harder. Determining what the YouTube recommender should recommend to different people. It's so complicated and so context dependent. Like we talked about the coronavirus situation. Like because of the coronavirus situation, our YouTube should have recommended a lot of videos that were explaining the importance of washing your hands and stuff like this very early on in the coronavirus crisis. But just to know this was extremely hard. Like most people were not convinced by the need to wash their hands. So you needed the algorithm to understand this, even though most people did not understand this. And this requires a lot of techniques that I don't feel are addressed by this kind of approach. One of the only reason for me to see that you could still... So the way to solve alignment is that because they expect a judge to be aligned. And then I think one of the most interesting things is that it's more easy to judge something based on the debate than it is solely based on the answers. So that's why somehow this debating framework is better than simply receiving answers from one single agent. If we... Yeah, so I also think it's true in practice. I would somehow prefer to see a list of positive and negative arguments against one question to help me figure out what is the correct answer. Yeah, I guess it does have some application for... So if you take the framework of rebuild AI at some point you need to design your algorithmic representatives and one way to go, which was what was done by Wibble AI, is to have different options, different algorithms. So the Wibble AI framework, there was this machine learning algorithm that was based on your per-wise comparisons of alternatives. And there was this other model that you built yourself using like rules like if and then and stuff like this. And you wanted to compare these two algorithms. So these are very simple algorithms. So I guess comparing them was not that difficult. And so what they did is they showed example, they asked the user's preference for this example of ethical dilemma. And they also showed the opinions of the different algorithms. So I guess this is a very basic kind of debate, like really just seeing what they think in the end the human judges. But there may be some interesting research to be done in trying to use this framework in more complex settings. So for instance, you can imagine everyone trying to design his own algorithmic representatives to moderate YouTube videos. And maybe there would be different algorithmic candidates for being the representatives. And maybe you could have a more sophisticated discussion where maybe one algorithm say, I think this should be censored because it's incorrect here. It's about coronavirus and it's very important. And maybe the other can then say, well, actually it's aligned with what the World Health Organization is saying and stuff like this. So maybe there's some interest in this kind of framework, but we stress again the fact that I don't think this is sufficient at all, especially if you want the human judge to be saying the end word, because humans are easily hackable to use the words of Yuvano Ahaha'i. Yeah, we have a lot of cognitive flaws. I quite agree with that. There are like a lot of points where what the paper proposes boils down to solving alignment in an algorithmic manner in the first place. Coming back to the judge example. Yeah, so I guess this paper is also interesting. Like the ideas in the paper have to do more, I think with expandability than with alignment. Like again, I think alignment is what's most important, but if you want to get to alignment, I think interpretivity can be extremely useful to know what your algorithm is doing and to verify, for instance, that it is indeed aligned. And well, that this is a lot what we build AI people did when they had these algorithmic representatives that people could test and play with. And I think this is like extremely important moving on. But yeah, again, I don't think that this paper is very relevant to alignment per se, which I still think is the most important point. Next week, we will discuss another paper called Realty Unbanded for the design of clinical trials. It's not directly relevant to the field of AI safety, but it's very relevant to the field of health. It is very relevant to the field of health. It's extremely relevant. For example, if you go back to the paper on emotional contagion, so clinical trials, having safe protocols for clinical trials, for sequential clinical trials, could have made that research more robust and more beneficial while controlling the harm, the potential harm it can have on the users. So it is very relevant to the field of AI safety as we will try to convince you next week. All right, I'll take it back. And it is very timely, actually, since its initial motivation was not from AI, but from clinical trial. And now we are in a situation where people are facing dilemmas on what to try and volunteers are scarce. So now, like yesterday, French agents, he's reported that they are struggling to recruit volunteers. So you don't want to harm these volunteers, obviously, and you want to have the clinical trial as safe as possible and as meaningful as possible to get the results. So it is both timely in the context of the spread of COVID-19, but it's also very relevant in context of AI safety when it comes to large-scale deployments of algorithms on users. And on the same time, you want to deploy an algorithm and you want to have a sequential deployment of policies. So we'll try to convince... Like we're tackling the problem of philosophy with a deadline. Yeah, philosophy on a harder line. It needs something like multi-unplanned solutions and this question, how to design clinical trials. So you want to do it fast, you are in a tight deadline and you don't want to harm the volunteers who are there for the clinical trial. And this situation is the same as what social media is facing. They want to try things to see what is the most attractive to users, but at the same time, you don't want to... All right, join us next week for our next discussion. We'll be very exciting. Bye.


Imagine a world in which every single human being on the planet has equal access to the sum of human knowledge. Together we are creating the most comprehensive encyclopedia that has ever existed, Wikipedia. Since early 2012, the non-profit that supports Wikipedia started a program called Wikipedia Zero, which creates partnerships with cellular carriers to waive the data charges to access Wikipedia on cell phones. You might think that such data charges are trivial. We want to show you that they aren't. Take a moment to watch this film. We would like to invite you to raise your voice with us, to sign a petition to ask for free access to Wikipedia. Wikipedia belongs to all of us. And together we can make things happen. This is our story. We will start again. Hello, this is the letter that me and my classmates wrote. One, one, two, three, four. Confidence. Letter to Celsius, MTN, Vodacom and EITAR. We are learners in grade 12 at Sininjong High School. Joslovo Park kept out. We recently heard that in some other African countries like Kenya and Uganda, certain cell phone providers are offering their customers free access to Wikipedia. We think this is a wonderful idea and would really like to encourage you also to make the same offer here in South Africa. Thank you. From the age of six years I grew up in this area, Joslovo was started in 1995. It's a very small township yet very populated and there are many, many shacks in this same yard. This is the first one. That one is the second, the third and the fourth. This one is the fifth one and that one is that small shack I live in with my uncle. Here in Joslovo, a lot of people here have talents which are not recognized. As Nelson Mandela said, we are free and we are quite free, but I wouldn't say that we are free because living in a slum is not quite free. Now we're not free. People are not employed. Our parents are not employed. So we don't always get everything we wish we could have as children. As you can see that this is our school and this is the rubbish and for us as Sinanjonga High School we don't think we deserve to learn in these conditions. But living here I think it is at some point an advantage because it makes me determined to become a better person in life because I want to change the situation that I live under. I take education as a key. I want to work hard for my future so that it can become something big. If you are educated you can be the person you really want to be. These learners who are in metric now were born just before 94 or they were born just after. So they have not grown up under the laws of apartheid but they still feel the effects of it. I'm dressed like a Zulu girl.   And me, I'm a mother. Sometimes we don't have enough resources like books to study, to go to the library, it's a one hour walk. So you can get there at 5 o'clock, they are already closing. The only reading material that these learners have is their textbooks. In homes here you won't find reading material. So then how do learners access information? My name is Mrs. Wepovesi. This is the where I live. It's a one room house. It has got my mom inside and my sister who has also started at Sinaito High School. And this is my daughter so I can go inside. My dad passed away. My mom tried by all means to feed us. We could beg for some money. I would go with her and I would try to motivate her. And that gave me a lot of strength. That's how I want to become a nurse. It's Wikipedia. Wikipedia means a lot to me. I love to read things on Wikipedia to get some more information especially for my career. This is it. These are the structures of thymine. Ayopec name. It's five and five. When I have to get into Wikipedia I have to buy 20 and eight times. And it costs a lot of money. It's me that I helped my mom to buy food. And I have to sacrifice that money. So it's difficult for me but I try by all means. As much as it's hard for us to access information here it's quite amazing. We all have cell phones. Everyone could get the information they need. But now that we need airtime to access Wikipedia it's like if you don't have money you don't have information. If you have money you have the information. With Wikipedia you have some backup. You have somewhere where you can read about the things you need to know. There's this high school class in South Africa who wrote an open letter to cell phone providers in South Africa. They want free access to Wikipedia on their cell phones so they can do their homework. I started researching about the class and found that they heard it. This had happened in other countries and thought why not us. Since I started working here you really get to meet people from all around the world who don't have free access to information. It's behind a pay wall. There's no internet connectivity. They live under an oppressive government and don't have access. My dad was born poor. He was born in a slum and didn't have access to educational materials just like these learners. So I really feel personally motivated by this. So first things first hi. Hi. My name is Victor. You can call me Victor. My last name is Grigas. My full name is Victor Hamilton Grigas. Anything else you want to call me you'll have to do so in private. So you guys wrote an open letter. We noticed therefore I'm here. We're here to support that. You get like a weenie and a bun.   This is how you open a PR.  You guys hold them together and I'll get a close-up. And our faces. And then hold on. Say cheese. You are going to take pictures of Joslova Park. And then we can upload those to Wikipedia. And then you become the experts. You get to take this camera home and record your family. When you want to record it's this red button right here. So in the battery comes out like that. Stella Bosch. Oh my friend. So what did you decide to wear? So I was talking connecting. Connecting? Connecting through SMS. We are living in a world where school children need to access technology to do well in life. Our learners are not exposed to a lot of things. So with Wikipedia we're opening up a new world that might not be known to most of them. So for me, Wikipedia is a window. In fact, I would describe it as sitting on the wings of a hawk and flying high on top of the sky looking down and what is going around them. From prison on 11th February 1990 and on his election as president of South Africa on May 1994 Nelson Mandela addressed the issue here. The speech was about being united as one and for him we're coming the president of South Africa so that he can make everything for everyone equal. So that's Wikipedia. That's what we want from Wikipedia to make the knowledge for everyone equal. Their situation, their lack of access to information that's normal for most of the world. It doesn't have to be like that. It doesn't have to be that way. Today has penetrated into the very bottom of the socio-economic ladder. Six billion people today have cell phones. If people understand it cell phones are ubiquitous and Wikipedia is free and all you have to do is connect those two things together then you have free access to information right there in their pocket every day, all the time. It's a game changer. Okay, this is my house. Only one packet so we fight. We are three in one packet. This is my cell. Now we are taking a tour to the back. My name is Tika Kilim and this is where I stay with my two dogs. Oh yeah, that's my house. Hello guys, my name is Snowbongo. He is my mum. This is my bed where I study. These are all my books. Welcome to Lutus World. This is my house. The streets are flooded. Yeah, when it rains the streets become flooded. Just level is like that. The conditions are not really favorable. But there's a lot of talent in just level talent that it's like a gold mine.  But once you dig deep in that rubbish you might find gold. I'm Lukanya. I came here to study at the University of Batistrand. There are formages and statistics. I've never valued education as I value it right now where I'm at. Once you do actual science you notice that it's not about what you have but it's about how you use what you have and the how comes from being educated. And so that will give you a lot of resources but the population is not really educated. I don't know how to use our resources effectively. I want to go into politics because I want to change places like just level to become places like where I'm at right now in this University. I don't think I would have gotten where I am right now without the help of Wikipedia. I don't. Once you educated you can think originally and if you have a heart and you educated there's nothing that's impossible to you. I want to become a medical practitioner because I want to give back to the society. I want to change people's lives. Wikipedia I can say it happens a lot because I learned there and I found my career there in electrical engineering. That's my future career now. When I'm older I think I'll become a surgeon or a neurologist. I think of myself being big. There are very few female geologists and I want to change that and show that we are also capable of something best in life. I really want to work in the mine searching for the minerals so that the economy of the country can grow and grow and grow and grow become better. Making it free for students to access Wikipedia it ultimately will make a difference to the country. There's a long term benefit for communications companies. You're creating a more data savvy more sophisticated consumer and the more educated a consumer generally the more they spend on their mobile phones. And then this other day Pete told us guys do you know that you can write up your own articles on Wikipedia and we're like really our class went out together to take pictures of Joe Slavo. And then we could take them and we can put them on Wikipedia. I myself am proud. I just want the world to see the places that we are coming from. There was so much that was not there on Wikipedia that we could add especially in the course of Wikipedia Wikipedia in our own language. I'm trying to write an article about omnosha. It's going to be a new article. I think this will travel me more females in my den. It's supposed to be Dalibo. Wikipedia it's like a portal to share our own ideas share our own information. It's amazingly empowering I think for them to be part of that whole movement because it's like a movement, it's like a revolution. I hope that this is a spark that starts a fire. We need to think out of the box. Wikipedia is a solution that's making our dreams my possibility. It's not about us or about me anymore now it's about other children who need all of the information that's available on Wikipedia for free. Six billion people have access to cell phones. Wikipedia is free but data charges stop billions of people from even using it. Please sign our petition and encourage cellular carriers to provide free access to Wikipedia on cell phones.


with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty high old silver, the Lone Ranger. A faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the mass writer of the planes led the fight for law and order in the early western United States. The stories of his strength and courage, his daring and resourcefulness have come down to us through the generations. And nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse, Silver. The Lone Ranger rides again. Come on, Silver, there's danger on the trail ahead.  In the eerie half light of pre-dawn, the figures walking toward it seemed like shadows out of a dream. It was more than a dream to a white-faced young man surrounded by official witnesses and guards. It was a horrible nightmare that couldn't happen, yet it was happening. In a few moments he, Johnny Higgins, would step through the trap at the top of the gallows and die. Die for a murder he didn't commit. All right, Johnny, right up the steps. Sheriff Connor. Yes? Could I say goodbye to Melissa before... I guess so, kid, but... Well, let's get this over with as soon as we can. And Melissa, Melissa Barnes. Johnny. Johnny. Now, Melissa, don't take on, sir. You really shouldn't have come here. I had to come, Johnny. I've been praying every second that maybe something will happen. No chance of it now. Smile for me, will you, Melissa? I want to remember you that way. Of course, Johnny, I'll smile. Yeah, see you. Goodbye, Melissa. Goodbye, Johnny. I'm sorry, Miss Barnes. Up the steps, kid. Yes, sir. Say, Sheriff. Yes? Ain't this hanging supposed to take place exactly at sunrise? The sun will be up any minute now. With all those rain clouds in the east, you'll never know it. Are you going to have an execution at sunrise if you don't know when the sun comes up? Hmm. The order of the court is that Johnny Higgins steps through that trap exactly at sunrise. I know what we'll do. Go into my office, Jim, and get the almanac that's on my desk. Look in there and find out exactly when the sun is supposed to rise on this day and day. Sure, Sheriff. Right away. And, Jim. Yeah?  We'll make this thing legal all the way through. Sure. Johnny. Yes, sir. Just stand where you are for a minute. Soon as my deputy gets back with the clock, we'll go ahead. All right. Right here on the post. I guess that'll be all right. Did you look in the almanac? Yeah, yeah. According to that, the sun's due to rise this morning at exactly 7.59. 7.59. And it's now... 25 minutes to late. Got almost a half hour to wait. You hear that, Johnny? Yes, sir. I hate to drag this thing out, but Jim's right. This execution has got to be legal. According to the clock, we've got 25 minutes to wait. Only 24 and a half now. 24 and a half minutes. As Johnny Higgins stood on the gallows and listened to the clock that was ticking away his life, his mind was flooded with bitterness. The bitterness of a man about to die for a crime he'd not committed. His thoughts raced back through the unreal series of events that had caused all this. It began almost a month ago. One night, when he and Melissa were driving home from the dance. Here we are, honey. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa there. Come on, I'll help you down. Thank you. Well, there's Sam, the foreman. Wonder why he's up so late. Evening, Miss Melissa. Just getting home from the dance? Yes, Sam. You know Johnny Higgins, don't you? Yeah. Hiya, kid. Hello, Sam. That sure is a pretty dress you're wearing, Miss Melissa. Red's my favorite color. Oh, I thank you, Sam. But this dress isn't red. It's green. Oh, yeah. Yeah, I can see it now. Must be the way the lamp light shines on it. Sam, is Uncle Charlie still up? The light's burning in the living room. He's up all right. Johnny wants to talk to him. Well, it's a bad night to talk to him. He ain't in a very good mood. What's wrong? Some of the ranchers from out in the valley were here tonight talking to him. Les Pruitt, Frank Mallon, and Cal Smith. The argument got kind of hot. They're not always arguing with Uncle Charlie. Even though he loans the money every year to get their crops in. I guess they figure your uncle's interest rates are a little too high. They should be thankful he loans them the money. All that has nothing to do with my business with your uncle. I think I'll bust right in there now. You're taking a chance, kid. The old man's really boiling. Go on, Johnny. I'll wait for you. Sure. Give me a kiss for love. Johnny glanced down at the clock. Three and a half minutes had passed. There were only 23 left. I heard distinctly the talk he'd had with Melissa's Uncle Charlie. Of course you can't marry Melissa. You don't have a steady job. An old prospect of one. Melissa and I love Mr. Bond. That's beside the point. We don't think so. Well, I do.   Yes, sir. I suppose you want to marry Melissa because you think she'll inherit my money. I've never even thought of that. Oh, yes, you have. Every saddle tramp in the territory has got the same idea. Now wait a minute, Mr. Bond. You're wasting your time. Now get out of here. Get out of my house. All right. I'll get out. But I'll be back and see you again. I'll keep on coming back. No, you won't. Because I won't allow it. And I forbid you to see Melissa. Mr. Bond. You get out. I haven't changed my mind. I'll be back. The steadily ticking clock seemed the loudest thing Johnny Higgins had ever heard. He saw the two more minutes had gone by. That meant only 21 more to live. Now on the half light he could see the faces of the witnesses, Les Pruitt, Cal Smith, Frank Mellon, Sam Ketch, the foreman of the Barnes Ranch. He remembered driving home that night. How angry and confused he was. That must have been why he lost one of his cuff links when he unhitched the horse. He'd gone to his room and went to bed. The next morning he awoke to hear a loud knock on the door. Johnny! Johnny! Wait a minute. I put something on. Melissa, what are you... Johnny, you didn't do it, did you? Do what? Did you come back to the ranch last night? No. I came home, went to bed. Why?  Murdered. Murdered? You couldn't have done it.  Well, I felt like doing it. Sam Ketch has told the sheriff that you had an argument with Uncle Charlie. Whatever. So did Pruitt and Mellon and Smith. That's not the worst part. It must have happened after I'd gone to sleep. The living room was all torn up. Uncle Charlie was stabbed to death.  But what's that got to do with me? The sheriff only found one clue to the killer. It was a cuff link. Just like yours, Johnny. Cuff link? See, that reminds me. I lost one of mine last night. Where? I don't know. Johnny, please tell me you didn't do it. I swear I didn't, Melissa.  I believe you. I'm afraid no one else will. And Sheriff Cotters... What? He's on his way here now to arrest you. Gee. Looks kind of like him. You gotta leave, Johnny.  But I'm innocent, Melissa. You can't prove it. You just said you couldn't. Oh, please, Johnny, for my sake, leave. My pony's outside. You can ride him. Well... Please. All right, Melissa. I'll go. Three more precious minutes ticked away into eternity. Johnny felt the perspiration oozing out all over his face. Just as it had that morning when he'd ridden wildly into the mountains on Melissa's pony. He knew a posse was trailing him, but there was nothing to do but go on. Come on, pony! Just a little further! Then suddenly he rented round at a bend on the trail in the river. He was in the midst of a small campsite. He saw three figures crouching around a fire. One was tall, lean, and wore a black mask. His companions were a young boy and an Indian. Oh, my ho! Hold on! Oh, bloody! Looks like you seem to be in a hurry racing that pony on an uphill trail. Man, it's an outlaw. Why not, outlaws? I guess I'm in the right company, anyway. My horse is winded. I can't go any further. What's the trouble? There's a posse trailing me. Was that right? Linchma would be a better name for it. I'll swing if they catch me. What's the reason? Murder. That's dangerous business. But I didn't do it. Honest, I didn't. I've never killed anybody. Doesn't the law know that? Everything's against me. I mean, it looks that way. Why should I want to kill the uncle or the girl I'm in love with? Kamisabi, me hear plenty of horses. Come fast. The posse, they'll get me and I won't have a chance to get away.  Tell me about it. I might be able to help you. All right. My name's Johnny Higgins. Last night I took my girl, Melissa Barnes, to the police. Why had he told the masked man about it? Even now he didn't know. It certainly hadn't helped any. In fact, telling the story had caused him to be captured. You remembered all those questions the masked man had asked. You say you lost a cuff link and one was found at the scene of the murder. That's what Melissa told me. But it couldn't have been mine. Why not? Because she said the link that Sheriff Carter found had a ruby in it. Mine was set with an imitation emerald. I see. Are you sure you've told me everything that happened and all that was said from the time you arrived at the Barnes ranch until you left? Yes, sir. That's the posse. They'll get there. What do we do? Let the horses. We'll have to move fast. Here, Victor. Silver scarf. I'll have to ride double with one of you. My pony's winning. No, Johnny. You're not going with a steady silver. What? What? You mean you're going to double cross me?  There's no danger of you being lynched. I know Sheriff Carter and the law on this part of the country. You'll get a fair trial by a jury. I thought you were going to help me. I am. Listen to me, Johnny. Yeah? I believe you're innocent. I think you've been framed. I don't know exactly how it was done. They'll jail me. I won't hurt you. I promise you that no matter how long it takes, I'll do everything possible to prove your innocence. The boy here with me is named Dan Reed. You'll hear from me through him. I know it may be hard, Johnny, but keep up your nerve. Come on, Silver. All right, Victor. Come on. Come on, Silver. Come on. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. Continue our story. The sky in the east was brighter now. The measured ticks of the clock were like hammer blows in Johnny Higgins' brain. He remembered his capture by Sheriff Cotter's posse. He hadn't tried enough was the use. His one chance of escape had been the mask man and his friends. When they rode away, Johnny gave up. He'd been taken to jail. He stayed there for a week, then was indicted for murder. A few days later, he even came to trial. Order! Order in the court! Prosecution may continue. And, Johnny Higgins, you don't deny that on the night in question, you had an argument with Mr. Barnes. We had a few words.  No, I just said I'd be back, that's all. The light of what happened, that was enough.  I hold in my hand a small gold cufflink set with a precious stone. Have you ever seen it before? No. You deny its ownership? Well, I had a pair of cufflinks, something like that, but the stone was different. This link was dropped by the man who murdered Charles Barnes, and you admit that you own one something like it. That'll be all. I'd like to call Sam Ketch to the stand. Sam Ketch? Sam Ketch? Shall I tell the truth, the whole truth, nothing but the truth? I'll help you. Sam, you've been the foreman on the Barnes ranch for a number of years. Tell us in your own words exactly what happened the night Mr. Barnes was murdered. Well... Well, I talked to Miss Melissa and Johnny Higgins when they come home from the dance. Young Higgins was real mad and riled up at poor old Mr. Barnes. I heard him talking in the living room. But why should he live through all that trial again? From the very first, he never had a chance and he knew it. Oh, Johnny hadn't been surprised that the jury is verdict of guilty. It was clear daylight now. The sun had just topped a ridge of the Buckhorn Mountain Range. Johnny knew it was the last time he would see it rise. He stole a quick glance at the clock. 11 minutes more. 11 minutes till death. Do people who are about to die see their whole life flash before them? Perhaps that was the reason he could remember so vividly the first time Dan Reed had visited him in prison. Somebody to see you, Johnny. Oh, thanks. Let me know when you're through talking. Hello, Johnny. Remember me? You were with the man who wore a mask. The one who turned me over to the posse. My name's Dan Reed. The three of us you met that day are working hard to prove that you're not guilty. That's no help to me. I'm gonna be hung. Oh, I know. But there's still four days left. Goods four days. Well, Todd will not have been here in town ever since your trial. We've been tracing and checking every person who was anywhere near the Barnes Ranch that night. Three ranches from the valley were there. None of them like Mr. Barnes any more than I did. But that doesn't mean they killed him. I know. So does the man who promised to help you. Promised? What does that mean when I'm gonna die? I'm gonna die, I tell you. Oh, I don't blame you for being scared. I'd probably be so scared I couldn't talk, but... but I know this is the truth. The man who gave you his promise has never broken a trust in his life. Goodbye, Johnny. I'll be back again tomorrow at the next day. Another minute and a half gone. That left only nine minutes and 30 seconds. Johnny looked at the faces of the men below him. He noticed that Melissa's head was barred. She was crying softly. That's the way she'd been when they talked in the cell yesterday. Don't, don't, Melissa, please don't. I can't help it, Johnny. Maybe something will happen. There's almost a full day and a night left. I told you about Dan Reed being here a couple of days ago. What can he do? I don't know, but he says his mask friend of his can do anything. Isn't that the man who deserted you up in the mountains when you were trying to get away from Sheriff Carter? Yeah. And he won't help? You can't tell. Maybe he will. You're just saying that to make me feel better. Yeah, I guess I am. Really all alone, Melissa. There's nothing either of us can do. Eight swiftly racing minutes were all that remained between Johnny Higgins and Death. The sky was brighter now. You could see the nervous movements of the witnesses below him. They shifted uneasily from one foot to the other and looked at the clock as often as he did. Johnny knew them all. Les Pruitt, Frank Mellon, Cal Smith, and Sam Ketch. Anyone or all of them could have killed Charles Barnes. But what Johnny didn't know was that during the last four weeks, Dan Reed and Tonto had trailed each of these men. Check their habits and movements. Move that down. Les Pruitt. He owns a ranch night right next to the bar's place. Well, him big fella, huh? Him talk loud. Yeah. Maybe that's why the Lone Ranger was so sure we'd find him here in a cafe. He's gonna sit in on that poker game, Tonto. Come on, we can move closer. Throw your cards, kids. How many do you want, Pruitt? Give me one. Just one. There you are. All right, open pot. Somebody start betting. Oh, not me. I'm out. What's the matter, Pruitt? Yeah, I made a one card draw to a flush and mist. It's the right color with the wrong suit. That's tough. Did you do it? Did you see that, Tonto? It's one thing the Lone Ranger will be interested in. How about other three men? Yeah, Frank Malone, Cal Smith, and Sam Ketch. They're here in town someplace. During the next two or three days, we'll just have to keep our eyes open. That's all. This waterhole by Main Trail. It's a good place to wait. Yeah. Almost anyone heading for the other end of the valley will stop here to water his horse. Oh, me hear horse now. Somebody come now. Tonto. Huh? Look, it's Frank Malone. Oh, another man, Cal Smith. Yeah, you're right. Come on, we'll stay out of sight. Oh, all you'll pray there. Whoa, whoa, whoa. I sure don't have any trouble getting the horse to stop here. Could as can smell this water a mile away. Yeah, sure can. Drink up there, boys. Say, Cal, didn't Sheriff Carter ask you to be one of the witnesses at the hanging tomorrow morning? Yeah, asked you to, didn't he? Yeah. You know, it's a job I don't have much hankering for.  Me neither. The Sheriff says being an official witness is a public duty, kind of like serving on a jury. Maybe so. I guess Higgins' boy is guilty, all right? He's convicted.  The court proved him guilty. That's good enough for me.  This local horse of mine starts nibbling on a shoemak bush. It's poison. You think he'd be able to see those greenish berries a mile away? Well, maybe the horse ain't got a sharp eye as you do, Frank. Well, come on, let's get moving. Yeah.  Get up there. Them men tell anything? I don't know, Toddler. That's for the Lone Ranger to decide. Our next job is to trail Sam Ketch. This restaurant, we go in here. Sam Ketch just sat down and ordered something to eat. Come on, we'll follow him. Here's your order, Ketch, roast lamb. Good. I'm really hungry. You going to drink coffee? Yep. Coming right up. Hey, wait a minute. What's wrong? You're supposed to serve mint sauce with this meat, not cranberry. That's mint sauce? Same, either. Don't even have to taste it. I can tell by the color. What are you trying to do? Move somebody around here. Mint sauce. Green, cranberry. Well, I guess we've checked everything, Toddler. Now we go to camp. Ten Lone Rangers. Sure. Come on. Of course, Johnny Hickins had no way of knowing what Dan Reid and Toddler would have done, or what the Lone Ranger had made of the information they'd given him. Johnny's attention was riveted on the clock. Only one minute of life remained. Sixty more seconds and... Time's almost up, Sheriff. Yes. You'd better go up there and fix the news, Jim. Hate to do this, kid. Yeah, wait a minute, Jim. Who makes you? Oh, boy. Oh, there. Sheriff Carter? They're right here. What is it? Yeah, I hope I'm not too late. Here's the note. Yeah, give it to me. Something for the governor, Sheriff? No, it's not from the governor. Oh, let's get on with the hanging. They're not yet. A good friend of mine, the man who wrote this note, has suggested something. Oh, what do you mean? He sent a small piece of colored pasteboard with this note. Here. I want all of you men to look at it. Go on, examine it. Well, there ain't no sense to this, Sheriff. Why? Holding up a legal hanging while the witnesses look at a piece of green pasteboard. Huh? Say that again, Sam. I say this little hunk of green pasteboard ain't got nothing to... I thought I heard you right. You're under arrest, Sam. Don't go for your gun. I've got you covered. Me? What you're arresting me for? Murder. I'm arrested the man who really murdered Charlie Barnes. But I... You can't prove a thing on me. Yes, I can. You just proved it by yourself.  Bring the trigger down, Jim. There won't be any hanging this morning. What happened? Dan Reed told me some of it, but not all. What'd he say? Remember when Sam Catch remarked about your dress the night your uncle was killed? Yes. That's the first thing that made the Lone Ranger suspicious. But how did... I guess Sam Catch had been figuring on killing your uncle for a long time. It was a grudge he'd had for years. And he decided to frame me. Oh. Well, that was easy. I was always arguing with Mr. Barnes about you and me getting married. Catch even went so far as to buy a pair of cufflinks just like mine and leave one of them on the floor of your living room. That wasn't your cufflink. It looked like mine. All except the seton. That was red instead of green. Well, how did that prove anything? That's the part I don't understand, Melissa. All I know is the Lone Ranger is the only one who figured out that Sam Catch and the murder were both colorblind. Or you have just heard as a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


m me and this is my sister. I'm Lucosta, this is Lucretia. I am us. Oh, yeah. I'm Cora. Is that with a Q or a K? Okay, so your name is not Big Dummy. I know. I don't know. It seems we're enormous dummy. Ah! See, I told you. Fair enough. He's making them. What kind of terrible people do you have for parents? I don't know. Horses and some carts? Did you guys at the front gate? My name was I was a commander. I was Unit 7. So since I'm not in service of the military anymore I'm still in Unit 7. I'm still in Unit 7. I'm still in Unit 7. I like us. Yeah. You can call me us if you want. But that's when you're confusing the conversation. You can call them whatever it's fine. Seven works better.  That's what your name was Unit 7. Yeah. Then why are you saying it's us? Because it's abbreviated just like normal dummy. You can call him a normal dummy. I'm just going to call him 7 and I'm going to call him it. You're Cora. First push them together. Like the legend of Cora. And the dog is... Like the legend of Cora. He has been... It's the sequel to The Last Airfender. Hey, what book would you like to be in? DM's Guide. Okay, so we'll go pick up some horses and a cart. If you guys want to go pick up some supplies and camping and whatnot. Okay. You need to go get potions. It revives. Ask some howlers there. It revives AT. Well, we need some. Obviously. Can I buy an ATM? Can we learn fly? That would be awesome. Actually, she can. So... Okay. I'll let the DM do what he said. Don't know. Don't know. We need to pick up a lot of gear. Just horses. Horses, cart, camping supplies, food, peeling potions. I have a... Where's my... More than we have. $10,000. I don't think we're good enough to steal one. Where are my items? You need to write down a line. I have an explorer's pack. I mean, like, our group guide. So, I got... He's already designated note-takers. We should probably have him. Where's my pencil, Joe? I don't know. I don't know. There you are. Where do my items go?  I didn't write anything down. No, there's also another one on the right side. Where? It's a little safe. I don't know. I'm not fighting a revise. It's a spell. That's why.  It's a spell. It's usually one diamond. Which is a thousand day pieces. That's what it costs. We're not buying any revives. Nope.  So, we... Me and John have it. How much are potions? For the player's handbook. Billy, you had the player's handbook? Yes. Potions. 100 gold. No, 50 gold. It's 50 gold for a potion of healing. At this point, we've split up into the city. For 25. At this point, you may level up to 30. What are you doing? Level up to 30. I'll give them a word of the same. Can you represent it for a milestone? I can. I can. Level 3. Dragon. You don't get anything special.  You get Night of Magic, though. What's that? Okay. So, you can either do Careful Spell, Distance Spell, Empower, Extend, Heighten, and Fade. Settle. We're going to pick out a spell. Let's look in your potions. Game. 2. 2. How much do you need? 2 long boxes. Long full of comments. 400 dollars. 3 dollars a book. Okay. So, while I'm waiting on a book.  You got your book, babe. What about it? Let him use it. Oh, yeah. Sorry. Be careful. Mind book.  Three pages. Really kind of loose. I wish it was all in the case. You're out. Yeah, I guess quick end and twin. What do you want? Quick end and twin. What's twin end? You cast two spells at the same time. So, quick end and... Yeah. It's like two. Do I say that word? No. He's miscounting. No. It's not like it actually matters. No. Yes. I did some looking and you just did absolutely nothing about it. And that's all I do, right? Yep. Did I say quick enough in book? I don't remember. Oh, who cares? Marshall Arch type. I'll do that later. There's another Arch type that I want. That's not here. I'm going to take my Marshall Arch type later. I'm going to take my Marshall Arch type later because it's on my phone and I want to know what it's on there. I know. In that one game. Oh, wow. I'm getting a lot. I think we're at four hours now. Yeah. Oh, I'll look. We're pretty close to it. I'm going to say. I'm going to say. I'm going to change it. I'm going to change it. I'm going to say it. I'm going to say it. I'm just going to say it live. Okay. 352. 352. Let's see what spells we'll have to get out. Well, if everybody's okay, stop, it's really easy. That's fine. We got it. Introduced finally. So they are ready to go. There's some more spells. 3 hours 40 minutes 4? 4 first level That's all I had? Yeah, 4 first level and 2 second level I haven't made it to the 3 You got a way? 4 first and 2 second level It's not truly a character she's got to be on I'll do my arch type later I think I'll keep to the 3 So, are we done for the night then? Yes Well everybody, thank you for tuning in and staying with us through everything It was a blast Well, pause for the coffee Make sure to hit the like button Subscribe Comment below please Tell us what you like and don't like Tell us what you think is funny in that front If you're insulting Who cares, tell us anyway Yes, comments help They really do I'm extremely tired Really a lot of people He's over here falling asleep Well, he's only been working What, 3 weeks? More than that What was that about? 2 months He got his first job So, he doesn't know how to deal with being an adult He's really dumb, I hate it Adulting is hard It's the hardest game in the world I don't like adulting I want it to be more like Grand Theft Auto At least it's easy Thank you for watching and tuning in next week where we continue to work through the DM And to the Sands of Blood Sands of Blood That is why we don't know what I'm doing I need more of the game Maybe he's here bringing worse