Testing, testing, can everybody hear me? Let me know. Welcome everyone, how's everyone doing today? Great, gonna get started here. Very exciting time to trade 2020. Some really nice moves in the last week as well. Apple's one of those. It's earning season right now, which is a nice time to trade, okay? So for those of you that don't know me, my name is Melissa Armo, and I trade gaps, and I own my own company called the Stock Swoosh. And if you're here today, you're here to look into and find out more about what I do to see if you're interested in learning from me. I think there's so many things available to people, so many different strategies, so many different things they can do with the market. You have to find something that resonates with you. And not everything works, okay? So you've also have to find something that works. You have to find something that works for you, for your schedule, when you have the time to trade. And also, okay, it has to be in any market conditions. And I think that's the biggest piece here for people to take away, because when you are in the market, and again, during the COVID-19 period here, the market has been all over the place. You go back from March until now. It's very, very tricky. And you wanna be able to make money in any market conditions, whether it's bullish, whether it's bearish, whether it's sideways, okay? Any questions here before we get started? If you have questions when we go along, you can type it in the room and I will read them out loud, okay? So we're gonna talk today about how to make $20,000 a month, day trading, big momentum moves. And Apple was one of those that we did. And another big move in that today actually. If you have questions, you can email me at melissathestockswush.com, or you can call me at 929-3200 gap. If you get my voicemail, you can leave me a message.  You can follow me on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube or Skype. So I get this question from people who have been attempting to trade the market for years and failing. Can you really do this? Can you make money in the market? The answer is yes, yes you can. But you have to have a strategy that works. And again, it has to work in any market conditions. It's about being serious, okay? It's about being consistent. I'm very consistent with what I do. I create in my own method. I do gaps, I don't do anything else. I only trade gaps. I mostly do shorts, quite frankly, but sometimes we do go long, Apple was a long. So I look for bullish gaps and I look for bearish gaps. But it is about being consistent over and over and over again. I'm looking for the right move to trade. And if you're someone that has been failing in the market or losing money in 2020 or even before now, you've got to start to get serious about what you're doing because you don't want to waste any more time or any more money. There are billions and billions of dollars in the market for you to take a small, teeny, tiny piece out of each day. I call it chunking it out. Chunk it, chunk it, chunk it. I think it's a lot easier for people to think of it in the concept of $1,000 a day or even $500 a train than the idea of, oh my gosh, $20,000 a month, how is that? Think of it, break it down. Look at it per day, look at it per trade, look at it per week. Then you can wrap your head around it. When you are in something, ideally, you want to get a big move. It's the idea of getting momentum. And again, I'm going to go back to Apple and even Boeing, which we'll talk about today, that was a short, we did puts, we shorted that. But if you have a strategy that has big moves, you'll be able to, number one, make money in the trades that have the big moves. And two then, it will also cover some of the trades that you do that lose. Not every trade I do wins. Some trades I do lose, okay? But I have more winners than I do losers. And then because I have some really big winners, that's how you end up making good money doing this. And again, how much you make depends on your risk. Right now, today we're talking about being able to earn $20,000 a month or potentially more. If you have a small account and you can only risk $100 a train, that's okay too. Then guess what you're trying to make, $100. I say, turn it over one. If you can risk $500, you go $500. If you can risk $200, you go $200, and so on and so forth, okay? But success or failure has a lot to do with the quality of your system because if you don't have a good system, it doesn't matter how much money you're risking, you will lose. And you know what, there are people that risk a lot in the market that sometimes lose. I've heard horror stories of people taking huge positions that have hundreds of thousands of dollars in their account and they lose and they still keep going after it. But they don't know what they're doing, which is a problem. You've got to know what you're doing, whether you have $2,000 in an account or whether you have $200,000 in an account. You're not gonna be successful just because you have a lot of money in the account. You have to know what to do. So how can you become successful day trading? The number one key ingredient to become successful as a trader is having a specific system and strategy, which I do. It's gaps. That's what I do and nothing else that can offer you reliable and consistent profits on a regular basis. Today we shorted SNAP, okay? I don't have that in here, but we can pull that up and you can look at it. SNAP was a short, it's a day trade, okay? Stock fell, gap down and fell. And how do I pick the stocks that I'm trading? I use my rating system. This is what I teach in the class. This is what I do. It's what I do every day for the last 12 years. So I get up in the morning, I look for gaps. I scan for gaps. I first go to the short side. I sometimes will look at longs, but I prefer the short side, okay? And again, you can make money going longer. Short, I just prefer to short because I find that stocks that fall, fall quicker than they rally most of the time, okay? Anyways, I'm looking for a 26 point checklist. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. I go through it and that's how I'm figuring out what I wanna do every morning. I'm looking for 20 points or more. I'm looking really at my niches for what institutions are doing in the gap. Are they buying the stock or are they selling the stock? Okay, that's the whole part and parcel of what I do. Gaps are created with large institutional money. That is what makes the gap. The professional gaps that happen and play out in stocks are formed by one thing and one thing only, large institutional money. Therefore, you need a way that will help you pick the correct direction to play the gap and then confirm that the large money will flow with it. By having a formula to rate and qualify the gap, you get confirmation and conviction, which is very, very important too, that the large institutional money is on your side and then you play it. Gaps are an event and they create a sense of urgency. Thus an action is being forced by participants in the stock. This is why gap trading is incredibly, incredibly powerful. Trading, golden gaps is a powerful and profitable way to trade because you are trading on the side of power money, okay? Now here was a really nice trade that we did in Boeing. Boeing is getting sold off, okay? Or even in some days shortened. We shorted this and again, entry, this is a day trade, this is not an option. I'll go over this in a minute here. Entry was 172.75, stop was 174.50. I always put in a limit order stop. Why? Because I don't want to lose an unlimited amount in the day trade. I do not use stops for options, the risk is the stop. Share quantity 1500, risk is 2625, exit is 169.50. This was a beautiful, beautiful, beautiful move and really this could have even gone more, okay? Profit was $4,875, okay? What did the stock do? Closed here, gap down fell. If you look at the size of the bar, you say, well, that's really not that big of a deal but it actually was a beautiful entry. So because of the entry, because of the size, it was a really good profit. Again, if your goal is to make $20,000 a month, you just made a fourth of your goal for the month in one trade. Again, it's the accuracy in the system depicting where I'm going to get in and then also the target and the directional bias which in this case here for Boeing was a short, okay? Any questions here so far? Now, we have done Boeing as a day trade short. We have done Boeing as a put, okay? That's our call puts in this last week which worked. So it depends again if you want to do options or if you want to day trade. Eric, I see you in here. When are these days you're gonna get back on the options letter? Now, what was another one that we did? We did INTC, this is a day trade. I like to take trades, I get in, I get out. Typically again, we're trying to look for something really, really quick. What happened here? It was a gap, stock closed here, gap down. Closed up here the night before around 60 and changed, opened in the morning around what, 52? So this is a gap down. I rated it in the pre-market and determined that it would follow through lower so we shorted it on the live day. Nice move in this too. Entry was 51.70, stock was 52.45, shares 4,000, risk was 3,000, exit 49.91, boom. Ow, huge, huge trade. Now I know the risk in this is $3,000. You could have risked half. You could have taken 2,000 shares. You could have risked $1,500 and you still would have made over $3,500 in this move, okay? So this is what I'm playing on. Again, you see the momentum and you see, again, we got the direction of bias and this was a nice sell-off, okay? It's the timing, it's the entry, it's getting to pick and many, many days I'm in and out quickly, you know, ideally this was one of these days that we had the immediate sell-off and we got it. Actually, so was Boeing was similar to that as well. So I'm get up, I look for the gap, I rate it, I do it and again, this and the other one I just discussed in the Boeing were shorts because I do prefer to short but the idea is looking and seeing what's it gonna do beforehand. So I know to just get right on top of it and actually it's funny. I did not do Apple's a day trade today, but I could have. It went faster than I thought today. We ended up shorting Snap. Apple was a long though but that preparedness, that ability to be able to see something in the pre-market sometimes I even send options trades out at six o'clock in the morning. I mean, you know, I get up early but that really can help you. Any questions here so far? I see some people coming in here late. Back, let me pull up the INTC here just to show you this because I don't have the one minute. Just hang loose here for a second. Did a couple of videos, if you guys and gals wanna go on to YouTube later I did review Apple in the market. Oh my Lanta, I didn't even go back and look at this, look at this. Oh my gosh, look at this. Wow, talk about momentum moves. This was the day that we got it. Look what it did, boom. Wow, this was the day that we did it and on the 24th, look what it did. It fell to 25th, 26th, 20th, 20th. No, this was the 24th, this was Monday. 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31th. Low was 46th, 97th. Gosh, I didn't call any options in this but I could have. Look at that. Wow, I haven't looked at this since we did it. Again, this is the whole concept. I mean, we had a great trade in this. I actually didn't call any puts in this. I could have now looking back. Look at what this did. Again, high in the day, the gap down was 52. Low in here in the drop was 46 and trains at 47. Now let me go here to the 24th. Wow, I haven't looked at that in a week. This is when I'm talking about people and that is a good example of not only follow through but the power of the gap and really the power of momentum. Let me go back here. And any questions while I'm looking for this? So we did this, boom, got the drop, got out. Very aggressive, very nice, beautiful gap down. We've shorted it. It was fabulous, got it, boom, drop. That's it, you're done, done for the day. Done for the day by 10 o'clock Eastern time and these are the moves that I typically try to look for every single solitary day. And in an ideal world, it would be done every day at 10 a.m. Some days I am, some days I'm not but ideally this is what I'm looking for and also why I like to short as I was saying earlier because the short moves go so fast and I really, really like that. Let me go back to the slides. Any questions here so far? So that was a beautiful trade. Okay, again, you had to have known to do it. You would have had to hit it immediately. You would have had to know this was a good gap and if you didn't hit it right away as you missed the trade because it fell immediately. And again, that's the part of the idea of the rating system that helps you look at it and see it and find it and spot it ahead of time to be able to do something. You know, when I am looking at something I'm saying I'm actually trying to predict like looking into the future to say this is going to go to this number or this is going to go down or this is going to go up, okay? And it really takes being focused in that but it's price action in the gap. I'm not looking at fundamentals. I don't, to be honest with you I didn't even read anything about the Apple earnings. I don't know what they said. I don't even look at any of that. I wouldn't even have a time to look for that. If I was having to look for that kind of stuff I wouldn't get anything done. I'd never have time to sleep. So I'm looking at the daily chart and I'm looking at the gap and I rate the gap in the pre-market and sometimes you can do it in the post-market but I prefer to do it in the pre-market. So how do you make good choices? Have a system, be strict about it, don't deviate, how do you find quality trades? Again, have to have a system which you're gonna follow to find the quality trades whether longs or shorts. It's using the system and since I created it, I'm the best one at it. Now if you come and you learn from me and you take the class there could be a learning curve for you. You may not get everything at once shot. You may have to ask big questions. That's the idea of being in the live trading room but the point is that you can take the class and learn it as you go. You should retain at least 80% of the information they say when you learn something new in the week and on the class and then you start doing it and then I call the trades and then you're making money as you're learning and as you're doing it and you're seeing how the gaps are setting up you will be able to see them yourself and do it and rate them and see the entries which I call in the room.  Like I did with all these trades and we're going over here today. Any questions by anyone so far? See some new faces here, see some old faces here. Anyways, the idea is to look for the how, what and when. How do you make money in the market? Trade a strategy and system that is profitable. Easy. Again, you have to sift through and funnel through because there are many people out there that are doing things in the market that aren't all profitable. Golden gaps are a highly profitable strategy because they focus on large momentum to trade. INTC is a good example of that. Boeing as well, Apple which was along which I'll show you, I'll bring up that chart in a little bit here. What stocks should you trade? Stocks a gap and rate 20 points or more per my system. So the system is a 26 point rating system. It's based on the daily chart but you don't have to have a perfect score. You're looking for 20 points or more to do it and then you trade the gap in the direction of the gap. When do you trade them? Again, I trade them early in the morning typically between 9.30 and 10 a.m Eastern time when they set up. Now, what if I write a gap and it doesn't set up but I don't do it? Easy. So I've got to have that set up and if I don't have that set up then I'm not doing that. That is part of it too. Now, we were talking earlier about SNAP. We did it today as a day trade. This was a put that we did in SNAP. Back July 22nd, dropped, fell, we did the put, expired 7.31. This was so cheap. Again, sometimes you can get these options. I just can't even believe how much some of these cost. 50 cents was a cost of this. If you had taken 150 contracts, risk was 7,500 sold at 90 cents, profit 6,000. Return and investment, 80%. This was so cheap. I just can't tell you how cheap this was. And actually, let me pull this up because we did this today. But this is a good way. Again, when you have an options account, you don't have to risk this much size but if you want to do size, you can do size in things like this. Typically, we will look at something though that does have volume no matter what. So that you could take size, whether it's the option or the day trade. But we did the short. We did the short today. I did not call it put in this today. But here was the day that I called that, got the drop. Okay, this is on this move down. Now, this was earnings back here. This fell on news, I believe, or something in here and today as well. But this is, today we shorted this. This was a nice move. Dropped, went to the next target. First target was 21, then fell to 2060. Could have gone to $20, didn't, but this was a good short today. But the put I just showed you, I called here, got the drop. So again, here's the momentum. The momentum was to the downside. When you buy a put, it's like doing a short. Today was a day trade short. An equity trade short is a difference. It's a different type of way of doing the trade but these were so cheap. And again, you can open up an options account with $2,000, which is really, really nice to be able to trade with a light cost. Any questions here so far about anything that I've discussed at this period? I don't know what we're doing tomorrow. I never, I really usually never know. I try to give myself my brain a break at night unless it's something like last Thursday night where we had Apple and everything else. I try to give myself a break and not look at stuff at night because I really want to get up fresh in the morning and give myself a 24 hour break if I can of charts. Oh, here, I forgot I put this in. Here was the snap. Stop close to your gap down, fell, boom. This was today. Now, this was the day I called it, close to your gap down. This was an earnings call. The put's got the drop. And again, I'm looking for the gap. So how did I know this was going to continue lower? I rated it, I rated per my golden gap system to short. How did I know this was going to continue lower today? Same thing, same concept, except I didn't do an option in this. We did the day trade. Let's talk about Apple. This was a couple of weeks ago. Actually, this is funny now to think of this as a short. We did the 375 puts. Eric, I think you were asking about this. This fell the very last minute. Sometimes that happens. Cost was 10.50, contracts is eight, risk is 8,400, sold in 19, this is a big move. Profit 6,800, return investment 81%. This was a short in Apple, which now you would never ever do if your life depended on it. But back, we looked at this, July 23rd. July 23rd was here. Stat closed here, boom, dropped, fell. You see this? The momentum in here was pretty big and it was to the downside. So again, sometimes we'll short things that are strong. Sometimes we'll go long things that are weak. I mean, it depends really on the gap. Again, I never pre-plan it. Oh, let's just talk about this here now. This is the gap that we did for Thursday night into Friday. The stat closed here, gapped up. We did a day trade in here, we did calls in here, then it gapped up here. This just ran up like hotcakes. No, in the case of this, the time value did not hurt. Why? Because the dropdown was so big. So again, in this case in here, this dropdown here was, and actually it was quick too, okay? It was quick and it was big. But again, don't get confused because you're not holding something. I think this is where, I was trying to figure out what you were asking about that, Eric. I think you were looking at this because this rallied or I don't know. Just because you do something doesn't mean you're holding it until the last day. Now I know this gets a little bit sketchy in here. When you do it over a period into the last day of the week or into a Friday to Monday or whatever, you're always like, oh, do I wanna hold it into a Monday? That can be problematic for people or people don't want to necessarily, they're worried about the weekend. So this was Thursday, the dropdown was Friday and maybe this is what you were talking about. It rallied on the Monday. But again, this had a profitable move before this even expired, so you would have gotten out. Remember, this idea of chunking it, chunking it, chunking it, chunking it, that counts, okay? It's not the point of you holding something for ever and ever and ever and ever ever, okay? It's the idea of you just taking the trade and making money and getting out. So I mean, there could be many, many targets, many, many targets when somebody looks at something and does a trade. You can have two weeks, full weeks left and have a bazillion targets, but if you're up in the train, it's like, and you're not gonna get out, you always take the chance of giving the profit back and I think that is something that you have to think of it like when you're trading, you're doing this for the purpose of what? Making money. So when you're up, you get out. You're not trying to like make millions of dollars in every single trade and get everyone to the dream target. If you're trying to do that, you're gonna fail. I think a lot of people, you know, can't even take trades that are profitable. I call a lot of profitable trades. Sometimes people do get piggy about them, but you can't do that, okay? And this is what I hear, I was talking about this. Timing the market has a lot to do with whether or not you make money as a day trader. If you have a bad exit and you're up, you could lose. If you take it too late, you could lose, you see? So why is a GoldenGap 26 point rating system consistent and reliable? If you're not trading on the side of power money in the market, you have a hard time seeing lasting and consistent success in your trading. You have to learn how to read and trade at the side of institutional money. Institutional money is in charge in the market in stocks at all time and even if you think it's not, it is. And again, today the market showed strength once again. We're still trading in a range, but you gotta respect the strength of the market. And the Qs have made new highs. Apple made new highs today. Once again, you've gotta just focus on the idea of taking quality trades and making money. You set your risk so that if a trade loses, which some trades I take do lose, it's not the end of the world. If you feel like a trade is the end of the world and you lose, then you've just flat out risk too much. You have to win more than you lose. Again, you have to have more winners and losers. And that's the only way to consistently make profits. But your sizing has to be the same or almost the same in every trade. This isn't in exact science. If your risk is $500 a trade or like we're talking about making 20 grand a month, if your risk is $1,000 a trade, your goal is to make $1,000 a trade, you're trying to get in, it may set up quickly. If you end up risking 9.25, that's not the end of the world. But if you're risking 1,000 or you're supposed to risk 1,000 and you end up pressing it and risking 2,000, well, that is bad. Then you've taken two trades and one, that's not good. Because if that trade loses, you're gonna need two trades just to come back to break even, then on the day. You have to win more times and you lose. Okay, and that means you have to be right a lot. I'm right a lot. Some of you here actually know me. Eric knows I'm right a lot. But I'm not right all the time. So that's why you still have to choose your risk. Okay, but I'm right a lot. And I think the reason that I am also is because I read the market very well. I can tell when the market's helping me and I can tell when the market's hurting me and I may choose to get out of something early or hold it based on also what I see the market's doing. Again, helping me or hurting me depending if it's a long or a short. And that's the benefit also I think of being in the trading room with me too. But I always look at the rating system. The rating system tells me what to trade whether to get in or out. If you can tell where somebody's gonna go before it does it, you can make a lot of money. And on Friday, we did Apple late. But when we did it, I said it's gonna go to 420 today. I said 420. 420 today, Apple's gonna hit it 420 today. And I knew that it was gonna hit 420 no matter what, it ended up going over 425. But I knew 420 was the number. When we did it, we got in. I knew 420 was good. And I was right. It ran up straight into the close. It happened late in the afternoon and Friday, but it did. So when you know something's gonna go somewhere before it goes there, you can make money. And sometimes you can make a lot of money. And that's just, it's an amazing thing. It's a gift. And how I came up with the name of the golden gap is because it is like finding gold in the market. Because when you find something that's good that you know is gonna have a big move then that is like finding gold. Because on any given day, there's many, many things that move in the market and sometimes they go with the market. Sometimes they go against it. But on any given day, if you looked at hundreds of thousands of stocks to do on the day, it would be very difficult to predict what they're gonna do where they're gonna go. I can't predict where everything's gonna do every single day that's every stock that's trading. I can predict gaps that rate 20 points or more where they're gonna go. You see the difference. And that is something specific. That's a niche, that's selective. I can't predict where anything that trades is gonna go any second. But when I have a gap that rates good, then I can. Do you follow me? So you set your risk accordingly, take the trade, put in the stop and go.  I think you've been following me since either 2016, 2017. I'm absolutely, absolutely certain that you have. I don't know why you haven't signed up. I really don't know. But I know you're on the email list and I know I've sent out the year to date trading results from my assistant did, I think, over the weekend. So you can go back and look at the emails. If you didn't get them, I will send them to you. On YouTube, I have 2019, 2018, 2017. I mean, I don't know where those videos are. They're on the stocks with YouTube. You can go back and look. But I can forward you again, the email that was sent over the weekend, what you were sent. You have been following me a very long time.   You know, it's very interesting to me. I get people that follow me and they don't sign up and then they lose money and then they wish they signed up and then they don't have the money to sign up because they lost, they say they don't have the money, then they have to save the money and then they don't come back then. I mean, it's like so interesting. And again, I'm such an independent person that when I started out, I did take one class. I'll tell you the story quick. I did take one class. I did not learn in that class how to trade the market or make money, but I did learn some very good, a good foundation of technical analysis. And I took that information with me and then turned it into something for myself where I created my own system using technical analysis because the way I analyze gaps is based on technical analysis. Like I said, it's not fundamentals. But if I hadn't had that foundation, I don't know where I'd be today. So I found that that class was important to me, but when I look back, I said, did I get my money's worth out of that class? Probably not, because at the end of the day, I didn't learn how to make money. They taught, I think they taught like 10 different strategies in the class, none of them worked to make money. Sometimes it worked, sometimes it didn't. It was like a craft shoot. And that's the reason I ended up creating my own thing. But the foundation of the technical analysis skills that I learned in that class and how to read candlesticks and really the very essence of the way that I reprised right now, I learned from the outset, which really helped me and was a good foundation.  Trust me on that. If there was something like that, we would all never lose. And that's not the way the market works. So you kind of have to go through your own process.  It's very interesting, I've noticed, because now I've had the stocks switch for a long time too. And I know a lot of people and a lot of them that just are always around. And I don't know, it's just one of these things that people have to take their own beating from the market and take their own licking. And at some point then you say, I think this girl knows what she's talking about. And I do, but you know, it's a process. I'll send it to you, Shari, I will. I will send it to you. But you know what, sometimes I send emails and they go to people's spams or junk's. And I don't know why, but because it has stock market in it, there's really nothing I can do about that. It's unfortunate. It's probably in your spam if you didn't get it. Because my assistant sent it, I think, a couple of days ago. She has all the winners and all the losers. And I'm kind of behind posting videos, but I will try to get to that as well. Any other questions here? There's one more thing I was gonna say. We're talking about foundation and charts. I just lost my train of thought. If I think of it, I'll say it later. Anyways, that's how you can access the money that there is is by being able to see it ahead of time. And I know this is like, this may be too mind-boggling for some of you to wrap your heads around. But for those of you that have traded with me, and Eric, you're in here, you're one of them. Michael, I see you here. Even straight, you've been in the open houses. Those of you that have been around me long enough know that you know I have that ability. And when it hits, it's fun, it's exciting, it's amazing, and it's great to be alive. And I think that the focus that I have in the morning getting up early and doing what I do is very, very important. And I myself, I'm a morning person. So I get up super early, even though I don't open the trading room until 8 30 Eastern time, I just get up super duper early and I start to rate stuff and I start to look at the market, you know, like at 6 a.m. So all that time before the market, the prep work that I do, it really helps me, the rating, the checklist going through everything. But I measure gaps by rating them in the daily chart to find the stock that I wanna trade that day. And what I'm looking for is ideally number one, a high probability of directional bias for the entire day. Two, a big move in the day. Three, early confirmation of the bias and the move between 9 30 and 10 a.m. Eastern time. And four, precise entries with follow through at a good risk to your target potential. Sometimes something goes bigger than I thought. That happened with Apple on Friday. Today, Snap was a trade. It was a good trade. It was a fine trade, you know, it wasn't the best trade in the world, but it was a trade, okay? It was money, it was about 50 plus cents depending on where you ended up getting in it. And it was about a 45 cent stop. So it was about one risk unit. So today's trade in Snap, if you had risked 500, you would have made 500 bucks. That's a trade, that's money. You know what I'm saying? Again, going back to the $20,000 a month, if you risked $1,000, you would have made 1,000 bucks in Snap and we did it late. So when I'm looking for something, I'm looking for correct, correct trade selection. What do I mean by correct? I mean, not taking something in the wrong direction. You know, not shorting Apple, which people by the way did today, which is completely and totally insane. Not going along Snap, which people did today, which is again, insane. Not as insane as shorting Apple, but insane nonetheless. Trading successfully means focusing on taking trades with institutional money, that is the key. That is again, another niche that I have. Being on the side of institutions increases your odds to make profits because institutions make stock trends in the market. So I called the 40750s and the 410 calls on Apple on Friday, and if you held them, which you may not have done because it had such a big move, but you've held them into Monday, the stock ran up to 446. How did that happen? Now I didn't hold that to there. It was a good trade Friday for me, but some people I'm sure on the options letter did. To have something make a move like that, like an insane move like that, almost $40 from the strike that I called it, that is institutional money. They bought the stock and it rallied. That's how you're going to make money. You're never gonna move a stock like that. And I'm talking about, that's a move that happens within 24 hours, people. That's a big move. That's even something like Apple. That's like a 10% move that happens in 24 hours. At that price point, that's amazing. That's momentum. That's institutional money. That's buying, that's power. And by the way, I still make that's higher, even this week. But institutions move stocks either up or down. If you want to get paid, and the key is to be in the trade with large directional moves, okay? Again, whether it's long or short. If you're trading with institutions, not only are you gonna side of momentum, you're also trading with professional traders. And you want to be with them. They take big positions. You just make money in the flow. And as an individual trader, you'll be more successful if you trade like a professional. Like think like you're trading with hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars. Even if you're not. Like if that's how you have to think, that's how you have to think. Think like you're rich or ready. You can get there. Build it and they will come. You know, that movie, the baseball movie, think like that. The rating system looks at 26 points in the daily chart of a stock. The rating system is a checklist. The checklist tells you what to look for in the price of the stock to read the direction correctly. Because if you are in the wrong direction, you're gonna lose. And that is key. Sizing is important too. Taking profits is important too. Okay. But really, you're just gonna flat out full on lose if you're in the wrong direction and stuff. Most of the time you have to be consistent with the right movement. I know people scout stuff. They scout stuff in the opposite direction. People scouted Apple today and they shorted it because they missed the move up. Because I didn't understand what a bullish gap was. And they had no idea was gonna go where it was. And they didn't buy it and they didn't get it and they shorted it. That is the wrong thing to do, was the wrong thing to do. And when you do the wrong things and you make money in doing it, which is even worse, guess what?  And you will just mess it up in your head and then the next time you will do that thing and you will lose an ungodly amount of money and it won't work because it really doesn't consistently work. So you've gotta figure out what works most of the time. I wish that every trade I checked works. Okay. I wish that was 100% or 100%. That's not reality. Once you come to terms with that, once you come down to be grounded in reality with two feet on the ground, you will realize that you can still make really good money in the market without having to win in every trade. But you've gotta win in more than you lose. Okay. Any questions here? Anyways, the points telling you where the money is flowing, why does this matter? So you know what direction to take the position to profit. Okay. What do you need to make trading work? Number one, a strategy. For me, it's gaps. Been talking about this the whole time. This was a put we did back in the spy. Gosh, it seems like a long time ago. Couple of weeks ago, the end of third week of July, this was dirt cheap too. Again, the momentum was to the upside here. We could capture this on the, just to the downside. $3 was the cost, 6.25 sold.  Profit was 81.25, 108% return on investment is a good trade. Similar to the day trades. I'm looking for one to one. So if you took one contract in this and risked $300, you would have made 3.25, that's it. That's a good trade, you're done. Okay. And we did all of these on the same day. Remember I showed you the Apple? That was all on that same drop down day where I knew that we were gonna gap down the next day and we captured it. I called trades late on the Thursday. We gapped down Friday morning. Here was this day. So we fell here. I don't remember the reason why, this was two weeks ago. But I knew on this day when I called the trade, we're gonna gap down the next day and we did. So in this case here, the momentum was to the downside and I wanted to capture that move. This was the same day I called the Apple and I called a bunch of ones that day too. They were all shorts, but they were puts. Okay. So you have to have a system and you have to have a system to follow with rules for the picks. Only trade gaps and meet the criteria of 20 points or more. If there are none, you don't strain, okay? Take the gap in the direction of the gap, long or short, if it meets the criteria in the system, no deviation, follow the rules. Not all gaps are good. That's just the way it is. They must meet the criteria. Oh, here was another one. Seeing all of these I called around this same time this Thursday afternoon. This was news, but I saw we were gonna gap down. This was the 260 puts in the cues. Cost was 470, sold at 930. Another really just very reasonable cost here for where I had called these where the strike was. Risk of 7,050, profit 6,998% return on investment. One contract, again beginner risk or intermediate. You could have done two, risk almost 1,000. One contract before 70, you could have sold for 930. That is a good trade. So you would have almost flipped it around 470 bucks within one trade. This is taking it Thursday, getting out Friday. Taking it Thursday, getting out Friday. You know what, I was thinking about the other one, Eric. The one that, the Apple one that was on the 17th. That's what I was thinking about the one that went the last day I think that you were emailing me about that you didn't understand. I don't think it was this one on the 23rd. Cause this one didn't go the last day. That was, that was just, that was a different one. Okay, so here is this. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. So this is again a putt or you could have shorted this and here's the gap down and the drop. So you see how it fell through the strike. Okay, remember this was a 260. So I called it right here at the strike and then it fell into it. And these are the best ones when they go in the direction of the gap overnight. Again, Apple, if you had held it from Friday to Monday continued in the bullish gap up, it gapped up again. Anyways, what else do you need? Number four, monetary goals per day and per week to trade. It makes it easier to get your head around it if you think of it day by day. And that way, when you have a day where you lose it's not the end of the world. You can still have a positive week and lose in one day. Goals should be based on a risk unit which should be based on account size and monetary weekly monthly goals. So someone that has a $5,000 or $10,000 prop account is way different than someone that has a $25,000 retail account. Your risk is different. Goals should be three risk units. Ideally would be a, I don't know, you call it a dream target, okay? Something like the Apple. One is what you're looking for. Will I get out of something if it's less than one? Yes, again, depends on the market time of the day. If it went to the target, some trades will be less but if you lose in one, one loser, okay? One good trade can turn it all around where you're either break even again or up depending on how big it went. Like that INTC we just looked at. But if you want to do well you have to think big about this. There is a level of commitment. Okay, if you sign up for my classes of the subscription services you're committed. You're committed for the class, which is 16 hours. You're committed for the option subscription that's one year. There's a level of commitment but you do better in the end by committing yourself. And I just honest to goodness, don't know why people have a hard time with commitment. Maybe people are risk averse. Maybe that's what it is. But you can make money in the market if you're not willing to take risk. When opportunity comes along you have to be willing to seize it. And I think that's something that I'm good at recognizing and while we have time to think about it I've got the morning, I've got the pre-market whether I get up at six or seven, whatever. However long I'm looking at stuff I have that time to think what I wanna do but you don't have days and days and weeks and years to think about it. So you have to decide am I going to do this today? Yes or no? Let me say yes, it ranks 20 points or more and I'm gonna do it if it sets up. I never do anything in the pre-market or the post-market. So is 20K a month in this market doable? Yes. I have to say that this earnings season was a lot better than the last earnings season. And I think that next earnings season is gonna be even better than this earnings season because the farther we get into this situation with COVID and the longer this goes on which is terrible quite frankly but we start to see more of the effects of it on the companies that the earnings that we're playing the winners and the losers both and we're gonna start to see bigger and bigger and bigger moves. Apple like I said just happened to be one of the winners in this situation, Boeing was one of the losers. So what helps with successful profits in this system? Money management, I know this is like trading 101 but you do have to risk the same amount each time. I do go over this in the class some people are very good at this some people stink at this. They know better, they don't listen to themselves they over trade, they risk too much they think they can take a small account and just risk all their money in one trade that's not the right idea to do. I do use stops, I've always used stops I don't have a problem with stops they don't scare me sometimes if it stopped is it out of something and it goes on to work I just take it again. It's better than taking something than not having to stop at all and then instead of losing one amount I could lose 10. So I mean there's nothing scary about stops. No you might lose but the loss is fixed if you have the stop in. I'm very very deliberate in my trading choices. I go one direction, I'm not going long and short the same stock the same day, I get conviction I take it, I do it, I rate it, I see it I'm not going long and short Apple the same day you know I'm just like very full on something when I'm doing it and I think that makes me a good teacher quite frankly. It's easy to follow me when I'm a mentor teaching in the room calling the trades I just think you know it helps people too if you get up in the morning you rate something and I rate it too and then I say I like this and you're like oh I already knew I liked that too. It helps you learn, it helps you get better it helps you see things and get better at the system and again I do have an edge because I've been doing this a long time and because I read the market well too but over time if you do it you can gain that as well it's experience, it's time you know and I'm willing to be here to teach some of you and I think that the there was a student in the last class it was he was so interested in learning it was I can't tell you the last time I had someone that interested in learning I was genuinely, genuinely touched at how interested he was in learning the nuances and specifics and I thought man this guy's gonna make it this guy really cares and he's gonna make it and you know it's you know it's I think some people are so hit over the head with losses or classes or doing this night after night and year after year that they just kind of lose like I said the momentum and the interest in doing it but I mean if you've got a passion for this and it's something that it's just you know it's on you that you it's a desire, it's the desire it's the desire to be successful and not to be beat and the desire to win and really do it it's there for you, it's there for the taking I mean and for me the desire was very, very strong and it's one of the reasons I figured out a system was able to do it but the desire has to, does have to be there and for a lot of people I just don't think it is. Eric email me if you want to refer for a broker email me. I can just email me Eric I'll send you that. Anyways create a plan of action to achieve your financial goals whether it's $20,000 a month or even $10,000 a month that's a lot of money from many people who are losing it'll be an average of $500 a day and it's five months more months into the end of the year so you got five more months into the year you can make 100 more grand at the end of the year or 50 more grand into the end of the year depending on how much you want to risk it's totally, totally, totally doable but you gotta know what you're doing and if you don't know what you're doing then you have to follow someone that knows what they're doing and you have to learn a system and again I think the best solution is to do great day trades and options because you get the profits in both. Anyways I teach my method in a class usually once a month but if it's busy then I stretch out the classes into two classes cause I don't wanna take too many people in a class cause then I'm talking till midnight so I have a class this weekend if you're interested August 8th and 9th the next class after this I don't have the dates yet but the class was 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern time the golden gap course teaches one solid strategy to trade gaps effectively by reading the side of power and charts the course teaches how to read support and resistance to take positions in the right direction the course teaches a more provision and advanced way to read charts focusing on technical analysis and gaps the course teaches you how to get conviction in your trading and not only that how to get conviction in the market as a source of wealth by trading with the side of power for a consistent profit it's power, power and money. Okay back to the chunk it out plan of action again January 2021 is five months away so say you have a small account now you cannot risk $1,000 a trade you just can't do it you don't have the money risk 100, risk 150, risk 200 build your account up don't take any money out of profits out of your account between now and January 1st trade go through the process learn take a small account build it up get to the point set some goals for yourself I'm very big on goals I have a lot of sticky notes I like those little yellow stickies I have them like I have goals each day I have goals for my trading I have a list of things to do I mean I'm very organized like that okay and it really helps you get things done like you're like okay today I'm gonna do a laundry and I'm gonna train till 1030 and then I'm gonna do this and this and this it really helps you get stuff done you have to be your own manager of your own time or you're never gonna get anywhere okay you have to be consistently profitable as a trader if you wanna make it if you're not consistently profitable then you do not have the right plan of action in place you can't be willy nilly doing different strategies and different systems day after day or week after week you need a plan of action and a reliable system and you really can't rely on the market because if you're needing the market to get your trades you've been screwed this whole year the way it is okay you cannot lose a lot you just you just can't especially if you wanna make 20 grand a month trading you can't have a lot of losers so that means two things getting it right many times in a row not losing too much in one trade if it doesn't work out which is where the stop comes into place again it's a limited order stop the stops help reinforce this discipline behavior don't say well I'll get out of it no you won't sometimes the things move so fast you say you think you're gonna get out of it and you can't it goes against you and you can't get out of it if you have a stop in you will get hit out of it even if it goes through it it's you're out and you learn the golden gap course where to put the stop I also call them in the room it's about quality not quantity and some days you may even have to take a day off because we all need a mental break in every once in a while a few more minutes here I'm gonna finish up any more questions it's a good good lecture tonight anyways what's your plan of action if you wanna come and be with me trade only golden gaps the rate according to the 26 point rating system so that you have a high rate of success and your directional bias period full stop two get the best entry so you can with precision to get in at the high of the day in the short the low of the day in the long to get the biggest move ideally okay create a money management plan for yourself to achieve your goal if your goal is to make 20,000 a month 5,000 a week whatever it is so my class is called the golden gap course is the golden gap course teaches a 26 point rating system to find the best stock to trade each day and I really do love gaps and I enjoy teaching too like I said I just had a new students so so so excited to learn the course teaches what direction to play the stock it also teaches you how to play the stock on the live day and take the entries and exits the class teaches you how to read institutional positioning in stocks which is very important and the golden gap course teaches you how to day trade gaps also teaches you the targets okay like I was talking about Apple at the 520 number the reliability in the 26 point rating system is what gives me the conviction to put on a seven or eight thousand dollar risk in some of these options okay that's that's a lot of money okay and many many days I have multiple drains on so you you have to work up to that point it's it's again it's a it's a stepping stone it's like you're going up the ladder oh this is funny here 2017 my assistant did this webinar I'm laughing so bad 2017 I just I just saw this in here I didn't look at this before he did it my assistant does my webinars and he must have used an old slide well 2017 okay let's if we went back to 2017 what would we do if we knew in 2017 that's in 2020 we'd be all locked in our houses for the majority of the year what would we do besides stock up in food toilet paper what would we do if you can go back in time to 2017 what would you do differently gosh what would you know I'll tell you what I would do I would have bought a second home before before this hit to have a place to go because I'm stuck in New York because of this COVID and it's just been ridiculous here I would have bought a second home if I knew this was going to happen it's like what I have moved out of New York before 2020 I don't know maybe I would have moved out of New York in 2019 yeah I mean think about what things you would have done I mean you say well what could you do you know Kathy would get another cash I'll have to have my sister make sure he checks dates and old slides from now on oh 2017 seems like a a million years ago 2019 seems like a million years ago anything before the fact that we're stuck in our homes seems like a million years ago anyways work smarter not harder okay so learn to work smarter not harder to reach the income level you desire making 20 grand a month day trading is achievable if you set yourself in the right path and I do think me calling the trades helps people the longer you wait the more you're pushing out the further achievement of your goals and your own financial success time keeps ticking 2020 is almost over it's five more months away till Christmas can you believe it and years did you achieve the goals you set for yourself this year in trading or your finances are you on track the market keeps moving time keeps going on and hopefully the end of the year will be a lot better and we'll have a vaccine and all kinds of things will be better and businesses will be open and the unemployment rate will have gone down I know it's a tough time for people but every day time in the market marches on you've got to take advantage of the opportunities that you find them and you can see how how important every day is in life and grasping life and living it to the fullest are you on the right path to success do you need to get on a new path and are you ready to learn a unique method or stay on one it's not too late to make this year great and I really you know I do my best to try to teach people I do my best to try to help people but ultimately it is up to you you're the one that has to want to learn it you're the one that has to want to train you know you have to you know like I said earlier be motivated enough to say this is something I really want to do and I think it's a good time because people are working from home a lot of people that could not normally trade from their offices now can because of their boss watching over them and I always ask this question how badly do you want it I think that was something that for me it was just without a shot of a doubt was something that I wanted and I was going to learn how to do this and figure it out until as long as it took so it took me three years but I was just determined to figure it out empower yourself today that is something that is extremely important in this world and in this time the golden gap course is a complete system used to trade it's all the pieces of the puzzle it's not just one thing you're not buying something you're going to plug into your computer and it tells you what to do over there you're going to use your brain guess what that's my best asset and it's yours too you may not be used to looking at things in a certain way you may you may feel sluggish in your brain and want to rely on a computer program but that is not reality and once you get an understand that this is a skill-based thing that you will learn and do and you apply the skill and that is how you will make money a lot of traders do not understand that it is a skill-based thing that they're doing Eric I think if you would keep yourself under control with your risk you'd be better sometimes you get out of control I think you're fine with a small account if you just will be happy taking a trade and making a couple hundred bucks but sometimes you aren't and I think that's where it's a problem for you now while you know everybody wants a big account or a nice chunk of funds like you said I think you would I think you would do okay with a small account if you would be satisfied sometimes when you take a trade and you make just you know 200 bucks 150 bucks but I think sometimes you're not satisfied with that and then sometimes there's a situation do you know what I mean it's you almost have to like restrain yourself or live within the confines of whatever you're living in do you know what I mean you'll get there over time but when you go off the rails risking more than you should over trading not getting out all of these things you people that have been training for a while you know your bad habits you really really do you don't even need me to tell you so anyways my class is a full two-day course in how to strategically find pick and play stocks at our professional bearish gaps classes online it can be anywhere in the world and take it classes this weekend August 8th and 9th it's a hot one here in New York this summer 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. eastern time again it's online it can be anywhere in the world classes $69.99 U.S. dollars email me if you want to sign up I must send you the sign up forms if you just want to do the newsletter it's $69.99 email me if you want to sign up if you only want to do the options some beautiful calls this learning season by me and some really nice moves which I'm happy and thrilled about that we've been getting I don't know what I'm doing tomorrow I didn't even look and see what's out tonight I will wait till tomorrow and get up and see it'll be interesting to see where this market goes after that move too any questions from anyone about anything at all and thank you for letting me go over a little bit here Kathy I know we started a few minutes late good to see some of you I hope some of you are you know thinking about doing the class finally going to sign up Sri I will send you the information Michael you're welcome to rejoin the room or come back on the letter I hope you're doing good if you're on your own if not you're always welcome to come back Eric I will email you the broker let me just see what else I was going to say as we're talking about the gap options course is this Thursday I don't know if anyone wants to take that that includes one month on the newsletter it's $2,500 it's a half day class but you're not going to learn the reading system in that class that's the big class what's closing in on you a lot are closing prop brokers are closing I don't know any I don't know any of that stuff well you have two choices you can go to a retail broker or you can go to a prop broker but really the prop brokers you have to check out and must vet them or go to only a place where you know somebody that traded there is my two cents I did not hear about that other place that you're saying there which I'm not going to say out loud but I'm not surprised if you have any articles on me on that though Eric send that to me I'd like to read the skinny on those places going under I really would if you that'd be interesting if you want to send me that information got to got to trade in a good place in a reliable place and you have to have a good platform too but options you could go to a retail broker and open up an options account and you don't need $25,000 starting is a $2,000 and it's a retail place it's not FDIC insured but it's CIPIC insured you got to call and find out so I don't know if you want to do options or not Eric or if you want to get back into day trading any questions from anyone about anything at all about trading trading only trading related questions listen have a great night everyone Sri I will email you Eric I'll respond to your email thanks for having me Kathy stay safe out there everyone please stay safe wherever you are and I will talk to you all soon


This is Mark. I'm doing great. Thanks for asking. He passed me the salt for my salad. She put a question to me. I took her business card and gave it to my boss. Mrs. Rospero fed boiled chicken to her dog. Stephen had left a letter for her on the table. In this lesson, we're going to look at the transitive verbs. So stay tuned. So, the transitive verbs. What are they? Let me explain first what is a direct and indirect object. A direct object is somebody or something that something is done to. I will explain with the example. The indirect object instead is somebody who benefits from the action or receives something as a result. Let's take a look at the example just to better understand. So, she lent Frank her pen. Well, we said that a direct object is somebody or something that something is done to. So, in this case, we have to ask what did she lend to Frank? What did she lend to Frank? And that would be the direct object, her pen. Her pen would be the direct object. So, she lent Frank her pen. Her pen is something that something, something else, is done to. So, to look at the indirect objects instead, we need to ask who in this case, right? Who did she lend her pen? Who did she lend her pen? And the answer would be Frank, the indirect object. Is somebody who benefits, in this case, Frank is the one who benefits from the action, from lending, in this case, right? So, indirect object, Frank, and direct object, her pen. Now, if a verb can take both the direct and indirect object, they are called detransitive verbs, right? So, in this case, to lend is a detransitive verb. There is an example and the introductory example, I think it was. He passed me the salt for my salad. So, I know that pass is a detransitive verb. Why? Because we can have both the direct and indirect object in the sentence, in the same sentence. So, he passed what? What did he pass me? What did he pass me? The salt. And the salt is the direct object. Then we need to ask, who did he pass the salt to? Who did he pass the salt to? And the answer would be me, right? And so, me is the indirect object. So, there are some rules that we need to follow to understand better the detransitive verbs. So, the first rule, and the easiest, I think, you can put the indirect object in a prepositional phrase that comes after the direct object. What is a prepositional phrase? There is a lesson on prepositional phrases, and if you want to watch that lesson, you may click here. But let's go and take a look at the example that I wrote right here. She put a question to me. She put a question to me. So, she put what? A question. And this is the direct object. A question. Who did she put a question to? To me. And that would be the indirect object. And you can see, to me is also a prepositional phrase, because it has to, which is a preposition, to me. And it comes after the direct object, just like the rule, right? So, another example. Their boss pays what? A good salary. Direct object. To his employees. To his employees is a prepositional phrase, which is also an indirect object. So, you can see that it comes after the direct object. So their boss pays what? A good salary. Who does their boss pay a good salary to? To his employees, right? Okay. When do we use this rule? This rule is used when the indirect object is more important or longer than the direct object. Just like my example. I've been teaching English to retired executives who have a lot of spare time. And you can see that the direct object is very long, to retire executives, okay? Who have a lot of spare time. We can add that too. And this is very long. So we need to use this rule. And I've been teaching what? English is the direct object. And then the rest, it would be the indirect object. And so, we can say that teach is also a detransitive verb. Now, I'm going to erase this and we're going to look at the other rules. So, let's continue with our rules. The second one, when the direct object is the pronoun it or them, it is normal to use the following prepositional structure. Let me introduce the first example. I took her business card and gave it to my boss. So you can see her business card. It is replaced by the pronoun it, okay? Give it to my boss. To who? To my boss, indirect object. Another thing that I want to tell you about this point is that a lot of people make the following mistake. They say he handed me it. No, we must say he handed it to me. He handed it, it, what? The business card, for example, to me. And to me would be the indirect object. So the direct object goes before the indirect object and after the main verb. If it's it or them, okay? So let's look at the third point then. Add to to the indirect object to use it inside a prepositional phrase, much like I said before. So especially those where the direct object can be transferred from one person to another. Let's take a look at the examples. Mrs.  So to her dog, like I said before, is a prepositional phrase, right? To her dog. And here we added to the preposition to the indirect object. So another example, and this is clearer. He took out a gun. So he took out a gun and handed it. So the gun handed it, like we said before, to the police. And then this is the indirect object and thus the prepositional phrase with to to the police. Some verbs that take this form are accord, give, show, sing, mail, play, loan, post, land, feed, etc. Now, the last point that I want to mention about the transitive verbs is when describing an action involving one person doing something, which will benefit another person, use the preposition for with the indirect object. Let me explain by giving the examples. Stephen had left what? A letter for who? For her on the table. For her is the indirect object and we use for the preposition for. Another example, we booked what? We booked a nice room for them. So for is the preposition and it goes with indirect object in the city center. One thing to remember though, there are verbs that do not usually have their indirect object introduced by to or for. And some are promise, forgive, grudge, envy, refuse, deny, charge, bet, cause, allow, etc. I gave you an example for the last example. He promised them, so see we don't need four or two here. He promised them, this was the last point in his explanation and that's right, this is the last point. So I promised you, this was the last point in my explanation. So that's it for today. If you have any comments, requests, or if you want to post your own example, you may do so by typing it under this video. If you like the lesson, you may share it with your friends. If you haven't subscribed to my channel, please do so. You'll get a new lesson the following week. Having said that, have a great day and see you next week with a new lesson. Take care, bye bye.


previous classes we have seen the different mechanical compressors which can be used for hydrogen compression. We have also noticed that they have several disadvantages like they have many moving parts as such there is lot of vibration, noise being created at the same time these systems are quite complex and bulky require a larger footprint area. They have a high energy consumption and it is very difficult to get the heat transfer being done in these compressors. However, another option could be use of non-mechanical compressor and these non-mechanical compressors as against the mechanical compressors have advantage that they do not have moving parts. As such the operation is quite very quiet it is noise free at the same time the OPEX the operation and maintenance cost in such non-mechanical compressor is comparatively lower. The design of these compressors is simple they are more compact even some of the compressors which are thermally driven compressors the energy input which is required for the compression process can come from the waste industrial heat. So, in today's class we will start with looking at the non-mechanical compressors. The first of this type is a cryogenic compression. Now in cryogenic compression this is actually a combination of hydrogen liquefaction and compression and as such there are benefits of both liquefaction and compressed storage of hydrogen at the same time there are challenges also associated with the both the processes. Now in this method instead of compressing gas at ambient pressure ambient temperature to higher pressure liquefied hydrogen is a pressurized and then it is stored in a cryocompressed tank. So, again the cryocompressed tank has to hold higher pressure at the same time liquid hydrogen temperatures. So, in this particular method the amount of fuel that can be stored is 2 to 3 times more then it could be stored at ambient temperature in a compressed gas. For example, if at 75 MPa we need to store about say 4.1 kg of hydrogen and that requires say 100 liters at room temperature. In that case if we reduce the temperature of the gas to 77 Kelvin. So, the same volume same amount we can store at a reduced pressure of 15 MPa. So, as such the volumetric density improves when it is a cryocompressed method of storage. However, the cryogenic compression this involves technologically sophisticated modular elements and these are sequentially connected like there will be a liquid hydrogen storage tank which is connected by means of a vacuum insulated piping to a cryogenic pump. Now all these accessories the containers needs to be well insulated so that there should not be any heat inflow from the surroundings into the system. And as in when there is a requirement of hydrogen it can pass through a vaporizer or an evaporator and downstream we can get a high pressure hydrogen. But this method this has volumetric efficiency which is twice as high as a mechanical compressor. The major challenge that remains with this cryogenic compression method is that we have to continuously monitor the thermal insulation and this is because the holding temperatures are low and there should not be a heat inflow into the system. Also the performance of such systems that depends upon the geometry as well as the vessel material which we have used. So, insulation compression both the phases of the compressed gas and the liquid are stored as such the geometry and the material matters here in cryogenic compression. Now there have been several advancement in the whole process of compression like the inner composite tank its liner its thickness has reduced over a period of time. Then the use of lighter density alloys like aluminium as a shell material that also improves on to the gravimetric capacity like with aluminium alloy it is 9.2 weight percent. Besides if say for example we are using a 50 MPa cryogenic cryocampressed tank then it is observed that as against the compressed hydrogen tank the improvement in gravimetric capacity of about 91 percent is observed. At the same time the mass of carbon fiber and composite which is required for such tanks in a compressed hydrogen tank reduces by about 46 percent and cost reduces by 21 percent. So, that is an advantage of storing in a cryocampressed form. Now the use of cryocampressed vessels that has already been demonstrated in different automotive applications there have been several prototypes already being demonstrated like there have been hybrids like by Toyota Pyrus and BMW. Now there are different advantages of cryogenic compression. It not only ensures higher volumetric efficiency but higher energy density at the same time higher gravimetric and volumetric capacities. But the major disadvantages are since there is a requirement of low temperature as such the process is cost intensive as well as energy intensive. At the same time continuous monitoring of the thermal insulation is required since we need to liquefy hydrogen as such the cost of liquefaction adds up to the process and the biggest challenge is the vacuum stability. So, if it is desirable at ten years of vacuum stability that is very difficult to attain the reason being usually these vacuum stability is obtained when it is a metal which is being baked for a higher temperature but here we are using a composite tank. Now there if we look at the status lint is well known for manufacturing such cryocampressed containers and they have already have manufactured like with a pressure output which we can get of 35 to 90 MPa for flow rates of higher than even 1000 normal meter cube per hour. And these have been used at hydrogen refuelling stations to fuel fuel cell electric vehicles. So, this is one of the non-mechanical type of compression. The another non-mechanical type of hydrogen compressors are metal hydride compressors. Now these are thermally driven devices they are like the thermal option type of compressors and in them the heat energy is converted into gas energy. So, the basically the driving reaction is a metal which could be a metal or an alloy or it can be an intermetallic compound. It reacts with hydrogen to form metal hydride and heat is evolved in the process. So, this forward reaction is an exothermic reaction. However, when the required heat is supplied to the metal hydride the reverse reaction of these option occurs wherein we get the hydrogen back. So, this is a reversible reaction and the advantage of this reaction is that the reaction is highly volumetrically efficient. So, we can store large quantities of hydrogen in these metal hydrides roughly like if it could be even 100 grams per liter. And the storage of this hydrogen or the the hydrogen gets into the metal hydride crystal structure occupying the place inside the crystal. This method is quite safe in storage. The reason being if there is a leak in case of any accident then the reversible reaction we know it is a endothermic reaction. So, for the release of hydrogen certain amount of heat has to be provided. So, even if in case of a leak there is a hydrogen evolution taking place which time the temperature of the system will drop and that will reduce the rate of hydrogen evolution and as such it is a safe method. Now, the in this reaction the the major at the most important component in the metal hydride based compressors is the metal hydride itself. And it depends upon the characteristics of the metal hydride the compression like the characteristics like what is its gravimetric and volumetric capacity. It also depends on the kinetics of the of this reaction. It depends upon the thermodynamics of the process. It depends upon the thermal conductivity of these metal hydrides. Now, we will study much more detail about these type of hydrides when we will study the solid state storage of hydrogen. Here we will just look at some of the fundamentals which are essential to know when we study these type of compressors. Now, to understand some of the fundamentals related to these metal hydrides if we see this reaction reversible reaction in that case the equilibrium of this reaction is interrelated to the pressure, the composition, composition the concentration of hydrogen in the solid phase and the temperature and this is represented by a pressure composition temperature diagram PCT diagram. Now, if we plot a PCT diagram wherein we can plot the pressure composition at a particular temperature we will get curves. So, these curves this is at a temperature T. Now, if we see this curve there is a region which is flat this region which is flat this is also known as plative region and different metal hydrides may have different this plative pressure at different temperatures. So, in fact this PCT is a characteristic of specific metal hydrides of different metal hydrides they have different equilibrium pressures at different temperatures and that depends upon the interaction of these hydrides with or these metals with the hydrogen. Now, we can get different equilibrium this pressure is the equilibrium pressure the plative pressure and this can be different at a at a particular temperature for different metal hydrides. Now, if there are low pressure alloys in that case for them the pressure of desorption or the higher pressure can be less than 200 bar and that is at temperatures less than 150 degree centigrade. Now, such metal hydrides which are which have this characteristic of a desorption pressure of less than 200 bar or at temperatures of 150 degree centigrade these are commonly the AB5 type of metal hydrides. So, A and B we will see in more detail in solid state storage that these are different metals which have a either a higher hydriding tendency or a lower hydriding tendency. There can be even high pressure alloys where the pressure can be as high as 1 kilo bar and under this category comes the alloys AB2 type of alloys intermetallics. Now, using these different metal hydrides we can get a compression ratio like the higher pressure to the lower pressure ratio. Let us say if the starting temperature is 25 degree centigrade the lower temperature is 25 degree centigrade and it is raised to a temperature of 100 to 150 degree centigrade we can even achieve pressures of 10 to 50, but this is when the higher pressure is only 100 atmosphere. Now, as this desorption pressure or pH increases the compression ratio also decreases and for higher pressures this compression ratio that can be achieved is 5 to 10. Now, there are different factors which govern this compression process like the factors which govern is the plattue slope. So, this is an ideal curve which is showing a flat plattue. However, this may not be flat in the real cases for different hydrides. There are some hydrides which may have a sloping plattue. So, this plattue maybe may have a slope. So, the major factors on which this compression efficiency depends is the slope of the plattue. How much is the width of this plattue that will decide on to the reversible storage capacity of these metal hydrides? How much amount of hydrogen they can take reversibly? At the same time there may be hysteresis. So, if this is the absorption curve then a desorption curve may be different. So, it may not return back into the on the same path rather the absorption curve may be different from the desorption curve. So, the absorption pressure usually it is higher than the desorption pressure giving rise to a hysteresis. So, in all these three parameters also the equilibrium pressure the compression efficiency depends on. Now, the major requirement when we select a particular metal hydride as mentioned this is the most important component of the hydrogen compression in the metal hydride based compressors. So, the requirement in terms of the metal hydride when we select a particular metal hydride is that its pressure composition temperature curves these should be tunable. So, that we can achieve the desired compression ratio when the temperature is changed from TL to TH. At the same time they should have a high reversible capacity, they should have fast kinetics, faster absorption and desorption and that could lead to higher productivities. They should have a lower plateau slope, lower hysteresis, good cyclic stability, they should be operational for large number of cycles. The material should be tolerant towards impurities. So, these impurities can be present in the hydrogen gas and it should not change its characteristic when subjected to these impurities or its performance should not degrade in the presence of these impurities that is under idealistic condition required. The materials that are used should be scalable and of low cost. So, these are the desired properties of the metal hydride which can be used for hydrogen compression application. Now, if we look at the metal hydride compressor then in case of an ideal metal hydride compressor cycles it need to have different processes. Now, if we draw it on a TS plot, TS plot let us say the higher temperature TH, the lower temperature TL then we can represent it by a process. Let us say these are the isobards. If we draw a TS diagram for the compression cycle considering it an ideal cycle. So, starting from 0.1 to 0.2, this is an isobaric isothermal absorption by the metal hydride taking place from at a temperature which is TL and pressure Pl. So, this is an isobaric isothermal absorption taking place when the system moves from state 1 to state 2. So, this is absorption. Now then there occurs a polytropic process that is the heating process wherein the system moves from 2 to 3 and this is the heating which is done from TL and the temperature rises from TL to TH in the process from 2 to 3. Now, the third step involves an isobaric and isothermal desorption. At this point 3 to 4, there occurs an isobaric isothermal desorption at a temperature of TH at a pressure of pH and the process is represented by 3 to 4. And finally, there is a polytropic cooling that occurs from 0.4 to 5 and then to 1. So, here in this polytropic cooling from TH to TL and then isobaric cooling of high pressure hydrogen occurs from pH point pH and from temperature TH to TL. So, this is a step 4, 5 and 1. So, this is a cycle, compression cycle being represented on a TS plot. The same we can represent on a PCT curve on a pressure composition isotherm. Let us say we have two different isotherms. So, the lower TL temperature, higher temperature is TH and in this process ln of P is being plotted here. So, in the entire process from 0.1 to 0.2, this is an absorption that is going to take place in the metal hydride. Hydrogen is being absorbed, this is the minimum and this is the maximum concentration. So, in the absorption process as it the system absorbs hydrogen and it moves from the state 1 to state 2 at a temperature of TL and at a pressure of PL. At 0.2, there is heating of the metal hydride bed so that its temperature rises from TL to TH and this results into the compression of hydrogen at and it reaches a pressure of pH. So, now the pressure pH is attained at 0.3, then the discharge occurs at a temperature TH and pressure pH. So, this is absorption 1 to 2, then heating to take its temperature from TL to TH, then there is desorption from 3 to 4 or discharge or delivery at temperature TH and pressure pH and finally it is cooled from 0.4 to 0.1 so that its temperature falls back to its initial temperature TL. So, TH to TL 4 to 1 step this is cooling. So, this is a single stage compression, a pressure composition isotherm in a demonstrated in a pressure composition isotherm. So, there are 4 steps involved in absorption of hydrogen, then when it is heated that heated then the pressure increases the temperature increases of the system. Then at that when it attains the discharge pressure which is pH the hydrogen is discharged and then it is being cooled. Then it is being cooled from 4 to 1 so that it attains the pressure which is lower after discharge and at the same time the temperature of the bed also reduces. Now, this is a single stage compressor but usually with a single stage compressor the pressure final pressures attained the delivery pressures attained are not very high. So, multi stage compressors are required in which similar absorption and desorption cycle takes place and that is successive absorption and desorption cycles takes place but in several beds. These are matched in such a way that the low pressure hydride which desorbs at a temperature that is in synchronization with the absorption of the next stage. So, the second stage will be superimposed and synchronized in such a manner that the desorption temperature of the first stage matches with the absorption temperature of the second stage. And in this way we can couple these stages together so as to achieve a multi stage compression and we can get the desired pressure ratio or the compression ratio. Now, what is desired in such metal hydride based compressors is we need to have an appropriate metal hydride which is the key component such that it should have the desired thermodynamic properties the delta H delta S values it should have heat the required heat capacity the kinetic properties. So, as to have this compression having a better productivity faster kinetics we need to also design the different components of the compressor and there should be different methods and accessories so as to supply the required amount of heat and remove the required amount of heat. Usually these metal hydrides they have poor thermal conductivity as such we need to improve on to their thermal conductivity or we need to have a better heat exchange surfaces involved so that the reaction does not stop. Now, usually when we talk about these metal hydride storage vessels or these tanks these are tubular in nature they could be cylindrical. So, if we consider a cylindrical metal hydride bed in that case there is a central artery which can which carries hydrogen and the annulus that has the metal hydride being stored and there could there should be a heat exchange mechanism being integrated such that during the forward reaction when the metal hydride is being formed when hydrogen is sub when metals are subjected to hydrogen pressure. In that case the heat which is formed in the metal hydride bed needs to be removed at the same time during the reverse reaction when hydrogen needs to be dissolved that amount of heat has to be supplied uniformly. So, for that a heat exchange mechanism need to be there for in for more details we will we will study that when we will look at the metal hydride hydrogen storage systems design. Now, absorption takes place and then when the when the required pressure we we need to get the required pressure desorption is carried out so that there is an increase in the pressure and finally we can get the desired pressure. Now, here in in the whole process a series of cooling and heating of metal hydride bed is done so as to achieve the compression and that entire process is being controlled by the heat transfer. So, here heat exchange or thermal management plays an important role and this heat transfer can be either by means of natural or forced convection it can be either air cooled or it can be water by the heat exchange heat transfer fluid can be either air it can be water or it can be oil depending upon what temperatures are desired. And with the help of multi stage compression with a series of such coupled modules having metal hydride or such metal hydride beds with different equilibrium pressure at the same temperature we can have incremental pressure between the different stages or we can have progressive increase in the pressure with several such stages being added or in a multi stage compression process. Now, metal hydride compressors they have efficiencies like less than 25 percent at 423 Kelvin but there are several losses also involved. The efficiency of these metal hydride compressors compressors further reduces because there are several losses involved in the heat transfer. At the same time during the desorption there is a heat transfer required a heat requirement for the desorption and for the cooling there again energy has to be supplied for cooling requirement to meet the cooling requirement. So, overall the efficiency reduces and it is at times less than even 10 percent. Now, the status is that Hyza systems they in South Africa they have developed several metal hydride based compressors and these have been integrated for hydrogen refueling stations which is used for fuel cell powered for cliffs. There are several such demonstration on these metal hydride based compressors. Now, if we look at the advantages of these metal hydride compressors these are thermal driven devices. So, as such the waste heat from any process heat or an industrial waste heat can be used to drive the process and improve the efficiency. There are no moving parts as such they are compact and simple in design but the major disadvantages are that an appropriate choice of alloy is required and a proper selection determines the efficiency of the process. The overall efficiency of compression is low because of the several losses as mentioned and there is a requirement of efficient thermal management system for the removal as well as supplying the required heat of the reaction. So, to summarize the non-mechanical compressors they are more compact and simple in design compared to the mechanical compressors they do not have moving parts they are simple and compact they have noise free operation and they are much more safe and reliable. So, other than the metal hydride based compressors and the cryogenic compression we have seen today there are electrochemical compressors there are adsorption based compressors which we will learn in the next class. Thank you.