Now, Roma Wines, R-O-M-A, made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. Roma Wines, present. Suspense. Tonight, Roma Wines bring you Mr. Keenan Winn and Mr. Hume Cronin as stars of Double Entry, a suspense play produced, edited and directed for Roma Wines by William Spear. Suspense. Radio's outstanding theater of thrills is presented for your enjoyment by Roma Wines. That's R-O-M-A, Roma Wines. Those excellent California wines that can add so much pleasantness to the way you live, to your happiness and entertaining guests, to your enjoyment of everyday meals. Yes, right now a glassful would be very pleasant, as Roma Wines bring you two of Metro Golden Mayer's deftest comedy players, Keenan Winn, who is currently being seen in what next, Corporal Hargrove, and Hume Cronin, soon to be seen in Letters for Evie. Mr. Winn appears as Eddie and Mr. Cronin as Sam, his bosom friend, in Double Entry, a tale of nefarious doings in the world of big money, of larceny and embezzlement of fraud and friendship, altogether a most remarkable tale of... Suspense. Yeah, it always balances in the Double Entry system. If it don't, you hang around till it does. That's what I've been doing all my life, keeping books. Ah, it's fascinating, positively fascinating. You know, I bet in my day I've written billions of figures. Hundreds of billions. And cash, ha ha, say I've handled so much cash my fingertips are calloused. Once I even got water on a thumb from licking it to count money. But so what? What's cash? Handling cash is just the same as adding figures. A job. Then, one day, something happens that makes you look on things different. There's no excitement in an office, no danger, no heroism, no adventure, not much chance to risk anything, you know, to do something for a pal. A high-nadden machine, you can't tell men from mice without a scorecard. So, if a guy gets in a jam, you know, and he gets a chance to do a favor to help a pal out who is in a jam, well, maybe you look on cash a little different. All of a sudden, cash is more than pieces of metal and bits of green paper. It's socially significant. That's what it is. Eddie, how many did I say cop, will ya? Yeah. You're also bothering ya again, Sam? Yeah, bad. These ledges are driving me nuts. You got the wrong temperament for an account.  Things can't go on like this, Eddie. Hey, what's the matter? Alice? Alice don't understand you. No, Alice don't understand me. Well, that's because you don't understand her.  Sometimes you're so smug. On a layoff, Sam, you can't go on like this. Like what? You're grouchy all the time. You know, you got something on your mind. Alice don't understand. Try me out. I won't throw no dishes at you. Well, no. No, I can't tell ya. Wouldn't matter anyway. You can't do anything. Just telling your troubles help sometime. Go on, talk, Sam. Uh-uh. Talk, Sam. Okay. Okay, it's the auditors. But them guys, I don't let them worry ya.  You tell them, don't let them tell you. I'm telling ya, Eddie. They're getting awful close. What are you talking about? They're driving me nuts. Well, why, Sam? I'm light, Eddie. You mean? The books. They're light. They're short. You mean? I'm a crook, Eddie. An embezzler. And they're gonna get me. Those auditors, they're onto me. I know they are. I can feel them getting closer. Now, after nine years, they're on my trail. You a crook, Sam? I don't believe it. I wish I was dreaming. Why, Sam, you're the fair-haired boy around here. All you gotta do is ask. Ask who? Bartholomew? That tight-fisted... Alice, she's to blame. I know. She wasn't satisfied with your salary. She wanted ermine capes, diamonds, a box at the opera. Oh, I know. She drove you to it. Nine years. Hey, how much did you take in all that time? One hundred thousand dollars and eleven cents. Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I can dig up the eleven cents. Ah, wisecracks. That's all you're good for. Jail, staring me in the face. That's why you're so nervous. That's where my ulcers come from. Every night, working late. Covering up. Sweatin', warin', thinkin' of suicide. Nine years ago. Well, she made you do it, Sam. That's right. I told her I was playin' the market, and I was. Yeah, but the stocks dropped. Out of sight. So you bought more. And more. And then... Yes, Mr. Bartholomew? Zankar! My master's voice. Yeah, Bartholomew wants to see you. Well, wag your tail, phyto. Wag it. Can't even drag it. Say... say... Didn't I see the auditors go in there a minute ago? Yeah. Come to think of it, they did, Sam. Well, this is it, kid. Oh, maybe it's not, Sam. I got a feelin'. I'm not scared, Eddie. It's a relief. I'll sleep nights now. Maybe my ulcer'll clear up. A hundred grand. I wonder what he did with the eleven cents. Ah, sales tax, I guess.  Your name, Eddie? Well, yeah, what about it? What about it? Flint sent me. I'm Fink Martin. Flint said to drop in, see if you want to place a bet today. Flint? Who? What do you mean, Flint who? Mike Flint. Ain't your name, Eddie? Well, sure, but I never heard of Mike Flint. How you got the wrong, Eddie. My name's Sullivan. Oh, well, he didn't tell me the last name. How should I know? He says to look up Eddie at 411 Irving Trust Building. Oh, well, this is 511. Oh, for Pete's sake. Yeah. Hey, uh, wait a minute. Huh? You, uh, you say you take bets on horses? I'll take a bet on a camel if he's running a tropical. Are you a bookie? Well, I ain't no taxidermist, pal. Yeah. Hey, I may be the right Eddie after all. Got any odds? Well, if you're on the level, Eddie. When you're in the business, do I look like a stool pigeon? Okay, Eddie, I guess you're okay. Odds? You want odds, huh? Well, let's see here. Now, at Tropical Park, I can give you 10 to 1 in the first race. Horse called Aleppo. Finished last in a field of 9. That was his only other start. Let's see the form. You see, odds is okay if you don't bet too heavy. You play odds like a side bet, Eddie. The thing to play is the jockey, not the horse. You take Sylvester. He's a jockey. 1-3 yesterday, 2-1 Monday, 1-1 Sunday. Oh, he's hot, hot, hot. He can ride any dog into the money. Does he ride a long shot today? No, no. Today, he's got two favorites and four short odds nags. He'll win two races today. Oh, here's 100 to 1 shot. Altruism. Altruism, huh? I never heard of him. I got a hunch. Well, play it, play it. Always play hunches. Now, let's see what his altruism is. Never raced before. Well, and how do you know he's no good? Well, I don't, but look who he's running against. War alarm, unbeaten in three starts. Test tube, last year's gold cup runner up.  File clerk. I ain't no file clerk, and I'm playing altruism. Okay, okay, Eddie. Just give me a two bucks. Is, uh, is that all I can bet? Well, no, but gee, I don't want to play you for a sucker. How about a grand?  Will you take a grand on altruism? Where would you get a grand? From the old man. On the level, Eddie? Oh, sure. Well, uh, I have to get Flint's okay.  Yeah. Gee, a grand, huh-huh. That's not stage money, Eddie. Well, neither is a hundred grand. Could you pay off? Oh, Flint will cover any bet that I want to make. Hello, hello, give me Flint. This Flint is a smart cookie. Maybe he don't want to le- Wait a minute. Hello, Mike? This is Fink. Yeah, look, a man's got a thousand bucks he wants to put on a nag called altruism in the third of the tropical. The odds are a hundred to one. How about it? Uh-huh. Yeah, but if he wins, Mike. Uh-huh. Well, sure I'm a gambler, but one hundred... Hung up. Funny guy this Flint. Am I a gambler, he says. Okay, Eddie, we'll play one grand on altruism's nose for you. You will? What's the matter, getting cold feet? Well, no, Martin. I just meant, uh... Listen, that's a lot of daughter-hand over to someone you've never seen before. Well, I never saw you before, Rita, mister. Yeah, but what chance are you taking? I'll quit stalling. Are you betting or not? Oh, okay. Wait till I get the money. Here it is. All right, you got it? One hundred, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten makes one thousand. Thanks, Eddie. It's a matter of what you're shaking for. Is this your life savings or something? Oh, no, no. There's lots more where this come from. Uh-huh. Oh, of course, of course. The old man has a lot of it behind his ear. Yeah, yeah, that's it, Flint.  Hey, uh, what are you rubbing them bills on that sheet of white paper for? Well, if the green don't come off, the bill is no good. No good? Counterfeit. Hey, look at this, a phony. You better tell your old man to give you another one. Is this counterfeit? Certainly. Look at General Grante, his nose shouldn't happen to Jimmy Duranty. Yeah, well, wait a minute, Flint.  Just like that. Give me a grand, Pop. I got a hunch my ship is coming in at Miami this afternoon.  Here you are, Flint. Yeah, thanks, Eddie. That's more like it. You tell your old man to pass that phony C note in church. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, yeah. Well, here's my card and here's your ticket. Now you hang on to that. Might be worth a hundred grand. Ha ah, ha, ha, huh. OK, Martin. Hey, hey, hey. Are you all right? You look kinda green. Oh, you just been looking at too much dough, Martin. Well, maybe. OK, you drop around this afternoon all about three. Your dog is running in.  So long, Finch. So long, Eddie. Hello? Sullivan, this is Mr. Bartholomew. Yes, sir. Speak up! Yes, sir! That's better, Sullivan. Sullivan, I want you to send a nice new $100 bill to St. Paul's Church in Skarsdale. A Christmas gift. Put it in a plain envelope and write Joyock's Noel on it. Wrap it in a piece of paper so no one will know what it is in the post office.  Nice crisp $100 bill. Oh, I know just the one, Mr. Bartholomew. What's that? Yes, sir. Hey, Eddie. Eddie, it's okay. I got by. What? I'm clear. The auditors missed it. Hey, what's the matter? Aren't you glad? You mean you ain't going to jail? Not this year. Are you sure, Sam? Positive. The auditors are through. Not a chance of getting caught. Not a chance, Sam. Not a chance, Eddie. Well, there could be a slip-up. No, there couldn't. What's the matter with you? Say, aren't you glad? I'm sure. Sure. Look, I'm doing the hand springs. Boy, oh boy. Of course, it doesn't solve things completely. Yeah, you said it. I'm still short. But that's okay. Oh, sure. I'll think of something. I got a whole year. Well, I'm very glad. Don't get it, though. Bartholomew, but ring me up. He says we know everything's in good shape, Sam. No use putting those auditors to any more trouble. Just have them check the cash, and that'll wind it up. The cash? Sam, will you hand me that Dixie cup by the typewriter? Sure. You dry? Very. Say, say, what's on your mind? Just two or three years. That's all.  Oh, no, no, nothing as bad as that. Look, I'm your pal, Sam. Sure. I'd do anything for you. I know, Eddie, then talk sense. I hated to think of you in sing-sing for six months, Sam, so I'm going there myself for a few years. What are you saying? I swiped a thousand bucks and betted on a hundred-to-one shot at Tropical Park, Sam. You swiped? Oh, no. Oh, no. No! Eddie, you're kidding me. I did it for you, Sam. A guy don't get a chance to prove his friendship very often. Friendship? You talked to me of friendship at a time like this? Oh, we might as well be in sing-sing right now. Yeah, and me the longest.  Didn't make any entries, I suppose. I just took it. How'd you come to bet on a horse? What bookies do you know? Here's his car, Eddie. He just happened in by accident.  Well, maybe he'd give it back, Sam. Oh, sure. The bookies are that way. Philanthropus, all of them. Probably no such address as this. Don't be hard on me, will you, Sam? After all, I risk my own neck to save yours. No greater love. Maybe this horse will win. Yeah, maybe Al Flandon will, too. Well...  Fake an entry in the books. Then we'll pay Mr. Fink Martin a call. Friendship. Yeah, yeah, friendship. Well, we're in this together, pal. For Suspense, Roma Wines are bringing you as stars Keenan Wynn and Hume Cronin in Double Entry by Robert Minton. Roma Wines' presentation tonight in Radio's Outstanding Theatre of Thrills. Suspense! Between the acts of suspense, this is Truman Bradley for Roma Wines. One of life's most embarrassing moments is to be caught with nothing in the house when guests drop in, especially during the Christmas season. That's why smart hostesses make sure of gracious hospitality by keeping delicious Roma California port on hand all the time. Yes, Roma Port adds true warmth to any welcome, so pleasurable, too, at the end of a meal. Enjoy Roma Port often, with its glowing ruby brilliance, fine fruity fragrance, and rich nectar-like natural sweetness. Like all Roma wine, Roma Port is a true wine, crushed from choice grapes, and California's finest vineyards. Then, unhurriedly, guided to glorious perfection by Roma's age-old winemaking skill, bottled at Roma's famed winery.  Insist on Roma, R-O-M-A, for uniformly fine quality at low cost. Discover why more Americans enjoy Roma than any other wine. And now Roma wines bring back to our Hollywood soundstage, Keenan Wynne as Eddie and Hume Cronin as Sam, partners in crime in double entry, a play well calculated to keep you in suspense. On a subway up to the bookies place, I didn't say a word. I just stared at the ads and I kept thinking of how I'd messed things up and wondered what Sam was thinking. The window we sat in here had bars on it and I felt like I was already in jail. Well, we got there. It was a great big, large room. I'm the millionaire bookkeeper. Hi, Eddie. Hi, Eddie. Welcome to our humble joint. Of course, it ain't like Hialeah, but... But it's as close as we can get to it in New York. Yeah, I know. Oh, this is Sam Crockett, my boss. Oh, glad to meet you, Mr. Crockett. Smart man you got workin' for.  Look, Martin, this is all a mistake. The fact is he wasn't his money. Oh, I know that. It was his old man's. He stole it from the company. Now, Eddie, would you do a thing like that? Uh-huh. Well, I am surprised. I thought your old man ran the place. He was trying to help someone, so... So he helped himself to a thousand bucks, huh? Martin, give us a break and return the money. We'll both go to jail if we don't put it back. Atropical park in the sixth scratch dough boy number 624. Gee, I'm... I'm sorry, fellas, but I can't do nothin' about it. I've turned in the dough already. I just work here. I can't get it back. You gotta help us, Martin. Well, I'd like to, Crockett, but gee, how can I? Look, this is a business. Suppose when I ask the boss, he says it's a contract. He can't back out neither can you. Where would we be if we asked you to take your money back?  One extra post time for the third atropical place. Look, look, look, maybe those bills will counterfeit, huh? You know, you could telecast you to those no good, huh? How can I? Eddie, he can spot a phony from 50 yards. The auditors are checking our books now, Martin. Well, all I can say is I'm sorry, and, well, I hope this nag wins for you, but I can't do a thing about it. Atropical park. Sunk, Eddie.  Well, so what? Let's go. Well, ain't you interested in hearing a race over the loudspeaker? No. Well, I am. It's me that started this whole thing, and I'm gonna get my money's worth. The correction Sylvester is riding altruism. Hey, hey, did you hear that, Sam? You mean we got a jockey? Oh, no, don't be funny, this guy Sylvester's hot. He's winning two or three races a day. Atropical in the third, they're away at 317. Hey, they're off! I got ears. Yeah. At the quarter, it's a wall along by a head, a dive bomber is second, Calumet Palace third, by a half a length, the gun in this fourth, the Westwood hoe is fifth, the file clerk is sixth, and the valiant net, the seventh, the machine, the flick is eighth, the timid soul is ninth, the golden west is tenth, and the test tube auction block, early riser, and the altruism. No wonder you got 101. There's 100 horses. Yeah, that's not a race. It's a caravan. Last place. Now, are you satisfied? Okay, Sam, let's go. Man, a war couldn't win in a crowd like that unless he cut across the infield. Oh, you sure? Well, come on. What are you waiting for? I'm not waiting. Hey, quit pushing me. Am I pushing you? At the half a length, the valiant net, the wall along is second, by two, the test tube is third, by a nose, the dive bomber is fourth, and the gun in this fifth, Calumet Palace, the Westwood hoe, the file clerk, the timid soul, the golden west, the early riser, the machine, the flick, and the altruism. Auction block has dropped out. That nag has taken the pause that refreshes. Well, he's come up. If enough drop out, he can win. Yeah, and a race at half the last two days, huh? Why didn't they run it in heats? Well, might as well hang around till the end, huh Sam? Oh, well, I guess so. The end of the stretch is a valiant net still leading by a length, the test tube is second, by a nose, the wall along is third, and the coming up on the outside is altruism. Hey, did he say altruism? He said it. Get the results. Hey, Porky, how about the finish? Coming over the line. Oh, Sylvester, Sylvester, ride, boy, ride! Don't ring your hands. It's too late to pray. The race is over. Yeah, well, who won? How do I know who won? The wire's always a minute behind. We got a chance. It's too close for comfort. Oh, why did Flint let me take that bet? The winner of the third at Tropical Park is, um, altruism. Oh! An audio like that! He won! Am I a jump now?  Oh, it was nothing, Sam. Only a sap could do it. Oh, thanks. Holy smoke. This doesn't... Oh, Fink, I almost forgot. You've got a fork over. Oh, that's just about bust this joint. Hey, how about calling it off? Remember what you said about contracts? Yeah, but, gee, if I didn't know they were switching Sylvester onto that door...  Right now, Crockett. Come on. Come on over the cash here. Cash? Do we have to take cash? Oh, absolutely. We ain't got no bank account. First thing you know, we'd have to pay income tax. Well, you can deduct this loss. Ah, yeah. All right, give me your ticket. Here. Here's a cashier at this window. 100 grand speed. Hey, the cashier don't bat an eye. I'm gonna... Hey, the cops! The cops are late! Everybody back door! Hey! The cops jugged everyone into place. Fink and the other gamblers got away with the 100 grand, and we had to wait until morning for a trial. Every silver lining has a rip in it. I don't see how they got away. I'm sore. We sit here in the can and they're off with all that dough. Well, we were framed. This whole thing was planned. You're crazy. How did Martin know altruism would win? Can't turn on a police raid like a shower bath. Well, how are we ever gonna find those guys? We won't. And if we do, it won't do us any good because you haven't got the ticket anymore. Even if you have, you couldn't force them to pay. Gambling isn't legal, you know. Oh, that's nice dreary music. Might as well get used to it. We'll be living in quarters like this for quite some time. Hey, here comes the keeper. You got a visitor, boys? An auditor. Name a Martin. Fink Martin. Hiya, boys.  Well, not exactly. No. You see, Mike, the boss, he don't want to pay. You wouldn't chisel, Fink. Oh, no. On the level, I thought this guy flint was square. Now he's welting on all his debts and he's blowing town. He's got a grand of mine. Oh, that's a great story, Martin. Well, I don't have to tell stories, do I? I could have stayed away from here, Crockett. It's nice to see you again, Fink. Still taking bets? All right.  Hey, a thousand bucks. Yeah, a thousand bucks. It's all I got. It's my own dough. Well, that's the best I can do, Eddie. Hey, God, let me out of here. Gee, I don't know what to say, Fink. Say no to the next book you meet, Eddie. Them nags is poison. Well, it was fun for a while, Fink. I wouldn't take your dough, but... Say no more. Put it back where it came from, Sam. And try to forget you've ever seen me. So, there I was, back where I started at Scratch. All I had to do was put the dough back in a cash drawer. The next morning, after paying a $10 fine, we took the subway downtown. Sam read the paper and I just stayed at the ads as usual. Quite a story about altruism. A picture of Sylvester here, just a kid. 19, weighs 105. Hey, look at that ad. It says, spell it backwards. If they want you to read it that way, why don't they turn it around? Hey, Eddie. Eddie, look. Well, what is it, Sam? This picture. It's Bartholomew. They've arrested him. Well, what for? Embezzlement. But that's you, Sam. Listen to this. Mr. Bartholomew, confess to having embezzled company funds to the tune of a quarter of a million dollars when auditors discovered a shortage in cash of $1,000. So that's why he was hurrying those guys around. Let me see. What a business. Everyone in it is a crook. Hey, Sam, where you going? Back to the police station. I'm giving myself up. Giving yourself up? You're nuts. No, Eddie. I'd never sleep again if I escaped scot-free. Besides, I'd like to get away from Alice for about six months. Yeah, but Sam! So, Sam went to the police and gave himself up. But guess what? They didn't want him. They already had their man. He wrote out a confession. He offered to show them the books, but they just laughed at him. Called him a publicity seeker. He pleaded with him, but it was no use.  Imagine, Sam fought for the right to go to prison and they laughed at him. Well, that's what happens when a bookkeeper tries to get out of the rut. There's no escape. Yeah. Sam would've preferred a few quiet months in syncing breakin' rocks. He could've got rid of his ulcers. Huh, he would've got away from Alice. But no. Hey, Eddie. Hand me that Dixie Cup, will ya? Oh, your ulcers botherin' ya again, Sam? Yeah, somethin' awful. These ledgers are driving me nuts. Suspense. Resented by Roma Wines, R-O-M-A. Made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. Before we hear again from Keenan Winn and Hume Cronin, the stars of Double Entry to Night Suspense Play, this is Truman Bradley with a word to the men from famed hostess Elsa Maxwell. If you are a typical male who has put off Christmas shopping under the last possible minute, here's a life-saving suggestion.  Give Roma Wine. Yes, there are taste-tempting Roma Wines for every occasion. For entertaining, choose Roma California Sherry, Port Muscatel, or Touquet. For added mealtime pleasure, give Golden Roma California Sautern or Red Burgundy. And if you want to say Merry Christmas in a grand style, say it with a continental smartness of Roma California Champagne or Sparkling Burgundy.  And Roma's low prices will surprise you pleasantly. So for good living and good giving this Christmas, insist on Roma, R-O-M-A, Roma Wine, made in California for enjoyment throughout the world. This is Kenan Nguyen and this is Hume Cronin joining together to wish you a very merry Christmas. Next Thursday, same time, Roma Wines will bring you Miss Marsha Hunt as star of Suspense Radio's Outstanding Theatre of Thrills Produced by William Spear for the Roma Wine Company of Fresno, California. That's the Columbia Broadcasting System.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. I've been 23, Bowman Chrome, baseball hobby, 12 box, full case break, number 24. Pick your team style. Riopolis for names and our teams, Anton H. Guardians, Bradley B. Astros, Charles A. Nationals, Rangers, Dustin M. Royals, Gabriel C. Mariners, Hudson P. Tigers, James H. Athletics, James R. Brewers, Jeff B. Twins, Jeffrey H. Padres, Giants, Yankees, Marlins, Jonathan L. Metz, Josh M. Cubs, Josh H. Rockies, Ken K. Angels, Mark Anthony, H. Reds, Noah B. Braves, Noel T. White Sox, Blue Jays, Pension C. Diamondbacks, Cardinals, Ryan M. Rays, Sean P. Phillies, Songla S. Redsox, Steppen P. Pirates, and Tim J. Dodgers, and Orioles. Get these copied, or nothing to get copied over. Sold out on divisions, wow. Who took that last spot? Dustin, taking the last spot. Dustin, thank you, buddy. We are sold on out of divisions. Let's go, everybody. Alvin taking some spots tonight as well. Alvin, thank you. One second, everybody. I'm bored and need some hits.  That's a way to do it. It's a way to do it right there. Elijah Green, two, 199. That is a gold, mini diamonds, Torren Montgomery, one of 50, congrats to the, what's it called, to the Marlins. Gotta think of it for a second there. Congrats, Marlins. Now, no supers, unfortunately, Alvin. Hit what, one red? Handful of oranges. How to say, Miguel Blaze, to 199. Yeah, no supers, unfortunately. See if we can change that in this last case here. That is Jackson Merrill, Jacob Barrys, a Zach Veen, and Brady House. Veen Veen. Yes, sir. Mean Green Veen machine. I know we had our Green Veen, that's what you gotta say. I know, I'm sorry, Alvin. I was hopin', dude. I was really hopin' for one. Is a, Harry Ford for the Mariners. Yeah, I was a bias for the Tigers. Base Auto, Clark Elliott, nice one there. Hey, at least it was the only red that I pulled today, though, to be fair. Felnin' Celestyn. We go again, yes, sir. There's Dillon Bevers, base and base. That's the chipmunk slots in you talking, Alvin, right there, we go again. Spin again, baby. Brian Akun, you had a 150. Zavala Nelson, radah. Wandering around out there. Is anybody working? Anybody working? Earth to anybody out there? Or are we just blotting around out there? It's unreal. Committed, yeah, dedicated. I call that dedication. Harder dedication right there, man. Snag Detroit, that's actually smart, to be honest. Jason Churio to 250. Nice one there, Guardians. That's actually a really good idea. That's why when I was setting up at Shows in Connecticut, I'd buy Patriots, Red Sox, Yankees, all the New York and Boston teams all the time. Ethan Solis, Atomic to 100. Go, baby, there we go. Absolute monster. Go, man, to 100. Let's go, getting that into a mag. Jeffrey H, Jeffrey H, congrats, buddy. Second huge Solis auto. Yo, is he Galan, the 499? It's him, I got a new stick for ya. What? You have a Justin Harry Maloy Minyoie.  I'm gonna do that. Oh, God. Raise is, I think it's you. Are we doing a fanatic, I risked it, no. Or no, maybe not. 24. Yeah, it's you, Ryan. Ryan M, you've got the raise. Ryan Hakuna, I might have said the wrong, wrong last initial, but yeah, Ryan M, you have the raise. Oh, Keith. Solis, Ethan Solis, Atomic auto. Kyle. Second Solis auto of the day. No, third, third Solis auto of the day. There's Camillo Diaz to 199. And they, Guthridge, Jacob, three come in, yeah, I know. Base auto is Kate Hunter. Nice one there. Grats on that, Reds. That was good old Atomic to 100. Cam Collier, Luis Guanita. Bergoya, Maia, Thomas to 499, Crawford and Becero. God, man. Come on. You're doing out there.  Kyle, get in here and straighten everybody out in the break room right now.  Like just people we brought in off the street, evidently. You got Jake, Chris, Dylan, Matt. All a bunch of bots, man.  Shimmer of Junior Caminera. Base auto, Yanneton Enriquez. Going to the Mets, Congrats Mets. Gold, Yossi Galan to 50. True gold base for the Rangers, Congrats Rangers. It is a, oh my God. Von Grissom to 299. Don't even get me started, Dustin. Don't even get me started. That's Tamar Johnson. Andy Pajez, Jackson Shurio. It's a Wave, Rafi Devers to 100. Rafi. That is a Kennedy Corona, base first auto. Nice one there, Ashrop's. Yes, sir. Fodkort, he's not making anybody. Manuel Beltre, not making this any better at all. That is a Sebastian Wolcott. Nice one there too, 125. Again, the hardest photo in this entire, yeah, this entire product. Plaza Romantes. We really, we need to do something about this, we really do. Hey, hey, none of that. Something, something needs to be done. Hey, we have 750 to one odd. What's the one in the whole series? That's on El Sepeda to one, what was that, 75, 199? 199. 199. Base auto is Adrian Pinto, going to the Blue Jays. That is a Brooks Brannon to 125. Well, then Celestin. I know that needs to be done. That is true, pulling a super would be. No, last time, man. I'll have one either. He's a bot, so. We'll be all the last one. That is a Purple Mini Diamonds, Derniche Valdez to 299 for the Cups. Very good prospect for Chicago. His first autos were in Lath Bowman. I thought it was a super yellow. Alfredo Duno to 75, nice one there for the Reds. Congrats, Reds. Refractor Miguel Tamarez to 499, James Wooden Base. And Base. One second, everybody. One thing, man. You gotta eat super beats, man. What is it? Super beats. Super beats, oh God. Shimmer of Roman Anthony. That is a Refractor. Bryant Bettencourt to 499 on the auto for the Rockins. That is a Tamar Johnson to 199. Giancarlo Stanton to 299. Cam Collier, Jackson Merrill, Elijah Green. That is a Desson Brown Refractor to 499. Base auto of Mike Coyotto. Nice one for the Guardians. What is happening? What are we doing out there? Bot Lobby. Honestly. Maya first, Drew Jones. Shrew Blue, Bobby Miller, Rookie to 150. Color match for the Dodgers, Vaketo. A Shimmer, Kevin Perrata. Mini-Nyman's Auto, Victor Isterrez. Nice one for the Guardians, congrats. Very nice, very nice. Very, very nice. Very nice, very nice. You get a Rod and Steven, both picking up spots at the night with Mr. Forrest. Forrest? Mr. Forrest. Yes, sir, the Forrester. That is a Ludwing Espinosa to 75. Orange-yellow Vaporwave. A Giancarlo Stanton to 199 for the Yanks. Oh, is why didn't I put 25?  Good catch, Dustin, here. I'll change it after this pack. Bot. A Houseweld in Francisco. I must have changed it and then went in and changed it again. Thinking I was like, oh, that's probably from the last one. Jeez, man. Ridiculous. Bless you. Bless you. Got a lot of good stuff with Forrest tonight, everybody. That is gonna be green Edwin Diaz to 99. You've got flawless basketball. It is marked down. It is marked down, everybody. Flawless basketball, random left side serial number. Kristen Monroe, first base auto for the Angels. You've got football tonight. Corbin Carroll came to the league. Got more plates and patches tonight. Yeah, I got it. It's right now, 24. It is changed. That is a Julio Rodriguez to 499. J-Rod. I'll drop you a link to the break schedule real quick. One second as well. We've got a party in the break room. World Street Party? I guess so, dude. World Street Party, man. Five to go on Rich's mixer over on Fanatics Live. Green Shimmer, Samuel Zavala to 99 for the Padres. Hans Montetto. That is a base auto, Chris Newell. Ain't no fool, it's Chris Newell. Congrats, Dodgers. Josh Young, Refractor, that is to 499. Jackson Cheerio. Rashid in here now. Oh, boy. Oh, boy. Okay, keep it moving. That is a white speckled Jackson Cheerio. Nice one there for the brew crew to 299. Refractor, Welbin Francisco to 499. Congrats, Guardians. Very nice. One of their better prospects in the product. If not, their best prospect in the product. Jones came to the league. Atomic Manuel Beltre to 150 for the Blue Jays on the Invicta. Marilyn Green. Drew Gilbert to 499, Refractor. I'm ready too, Rashid. Believe me, I am ready. I am ready for a magic box. The Mountain of Bowman. The Bowman Box. Yep. That is a purple shimmer, Blaise Jordan to 250. And on top, Ethan Salson to the project. Oh, man. Base auto, Henry Chavilly, nice one for the twins. That is a Machado Refractor to 499, Padres. I feel like Chavilly's stick with women is, don't be silly, just get with Chavilly. Yeah, true to 299, Marco Vientos, I like that. Spencer Jones. That is a Braylor Guerrero, nice one there for the raise to 199. We got an orange, Alfredo Nuno, 425. Going to the reds, congrats, Sinti. Nice one there. First orange auto of the break, very nice, very nice. Get that into a mag for you. Yes, Sir Mercedes, fell in Celestine. Paris came to league, Sebastian Walcott. That is a Masatake Yoshida, it's Ascensions. Lubaugh, Refractor 499. Zavala and Nelson Radaugh. Shimmer of Gutierrez, Davidson Gutierrez. Atomic Auto, Yanelle LaBoy, it's Yaboy LaBoy. Congrats on that one there. Athletics, 200. Purple, Victor is Turris, 250. Legitimately a BOT Lobby out there. Brian Acunha, flag on the play. And Victor is, there is nice one there. Orange, Spencer Jones, nice one there for the inks to 25. Gonna work. Oh, jeez. Asus Kaba and Gavin Frost. Why you get break masks right there? Yep. Base auto, Sam Reverse. Nice one there, the first Reverse. Let's go into the Blue Jays. Now we gotta pull the Reverse Reverse. True, Anthony Volpe, very true. There's Raindon Cone and Victor. That is a manual Bonilla to 125. And Ethan Salas first. It's a better value, HDR hop. Yeah, it depends on what you're looking for, Rashid. I mean, because you're guaranteed one more auto in what's it called, in HTA. But no base. But no base, so you essentially lose like half the field to like half, you essentially lose like half of the print run when you buy HTA. But you get more autos too. Like you're guaranteed three autos. Generally on Hellsapada to 199. There's a minimum of one that's gonna be some numbering on it too. Sometimes you see two. Purple, Kate Hunter to 250. Nice one there, Reds. Purple, William Burgoyah to 250. That is Lazaro Montez and Sebastian Wolcott. This is a Burgoyah Refractor to 499. Three Dodgers as a Braves fan that would've flipped. Base auto, Wilbur and Francisca, nice one there. For the, again for the Guardians, second in Francisca, the Braves. Gunnar Henderson came to the league. Is a Tetsuyo Yamada, nice one there, 2-499 should be a random, I believe. But we'll check that really quick. I think he is, I would imagine he is. It should be. Yup, the NPL. Thanks, sir. You're welcome. That is a Shimmer of Ariel Castro for the twins. Base auto, Davies and De Los Santos. Nice one, Arizona. Grats on that. Bigger chases in the product, base auto. They really do hire just anybody to open cards here is right. The 299, Jonsok Shim for the Pirates on the White Spectre. Elijah Green, Burgoyah, Luis Angelacunha. That is a Refractor, Kim Collier, 2-499. Nice, Jackson Merrill to 150. Arizona Fall League auto, going to the Padres. The little gravy for the Padres there. Ethan Salas, there's Edison Paulina. That is a Ludwig Espinoza to 125.  I guess so. Oh no, oh no, I just attracted him. Maybe not, okay. I thought he was coming in here. He's not. Sanboni. Miss Gromboli, Sanboni. There you go. 250, Alfredo Duna. Base auto, Luis Lara. Nice one, Brewers. Congrats on that. Luis Lara. Oh, Sanboni with Gromboli. There you go. Yoshinibu Yamamoto, that'll be a random as well to 499. So two teams will get cards. That one as well as the other one as well. Who's the first one, Yamada. That is a Arias, she just goes, oh man. True Blue, Yasser Mercedes to 150. Refractor, Daniel Mateo. Going to the Rangers, congrats on that. There you go, Rangers. What are we doing? What are we doing? What's happening here? There's Adley Rushman, Spam and Sam. Spamoni, there you go. Haces Kava, to 499. Spamoni Gardens, man.  Spamoni Gardens, Sam. And that was a Maya, all right. Yes, it was Maya, first and base. All right guys, quick, random. First team is gonna get Tatsuyo Yamato, second will get Yamamoto. Can't believe you haven't thought about this. Yamato with Yamato. I'm gonna pull enough of them for where it's like stick worthy, that's the only thing. All right, again guys, gonna roll the dice. Whatever team's on top gets the Yamato, whatever team's in second gets the Yamamoto after seven Tats. Oh, it's unbelievable, it's unbelievable. Alvin, one, two, three, four, five, six and seven. First one will go to the Rockies and the second will go to the A's. Rockies and A's. All right, everybody. Either Nobby, Jason picking up three. Do a quick recap now. We've got Yosi Galan, Spencer Jones, Luis Lara, Devisandelo Santos, Weldon Francisca, Sam Revers, Henry Chevelli, Chris Newell, Kristen Monroe, Mike Coyado, Adrian Pinto, Kennedy Corona, Yonatan Hernandez, Kate Hunter, Clark Elliott's, the 499 Daniel Mateo, Weldon Francisca, Brian Bettencourt, Victor's Torres, the 299 to 250 Kate Hunter, to 150, that is Jackson Merrill, to 100, Yaniela Levoie, to 75, Alfredo Duno, to 50, Torian Montgomery, Orange to 25, Alfredo Duno, and then an Ethan Salas, to 100. That's gonna do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the built. Up next is, Troy...


Welcome to today's lecture on analysis of an axial piston first plate type hydrostatic pump discharge flow characteristics. Now, I would like to mention that I have written here hydrostatic pumps, I have mentioned hydrostatic pumps, but basically we call it rotary hydrostatic units, which includes pumps and motors. We shall describe a pump, we will analyze a pump here. However, the analysis for the motor will be more or less same considering their flow, pressure, etcetera. Now, here in figure one, what I have shown a typical axial inline linear piston, which is simply called as linear piston, swash plate type hydrostatic pumps. Now, why it is axial inline linear pistons? The first of all axial means you will find that the pistons are parallel to the axis of the shaft. Inline means all pistons you can put if you develop that will be inline, which is acting one after another. Linear means in that way it is we can call the motion is linear and the piston is for the pistons. Now, swash plate means this one is the swash plate, which I will describe in the next slides also. So, that is why it is called swash plate type pump. Now, this pump, such pumps it is widely used. It consists of several pistons equispaced longitudinally equidistance and parallel to the central driving shaft in a common cylindrical block called as barrel. Now, this one is the barrel, this is the drive shaft and these are the pistons. These pistons are laid on a pit circle diameter and angle between two pistons are constants also. Now, this is the swash plate, which is driving, which is fixed positionally fixed means it is not rotating. It can be only in the tilting angle can be changed or may be also fixed for fixed displacement type. The rotation of main barrel forces the pistons to rotate with it. Ends of the pistons are connected to shoe called the slipper pads and these shoes slides on this inclined plate, which is swash plate. There is a spring inside the cylinder, which forces this barrel to touch the valve plate in the other side. Now, while it is rotating, the barrel is rotating, the piston will reciprocate along the axle directions. However, we need another retainer, which holds all the slipper pad together, so that it is not detached, because there is no physical connections between the swash plate and the slipper pad. So, while it is moving in these directions, there is no pulling. Only by a spring arrangement, this is kept contact with the valve plate as well as the swash plate. This squeezing action causes delivery to an upstream system at a higher pressure through the discharge manifold. In case of the motor, the phenomena is vice versa. Now, during one revolution, the piston moves inside the barrel from top right to bottom left. Top right means this is as it is in the right side, we are saying top right and to the left. The horizontal distance between the top right and the bottom left are fixed and fixed inclination of swash plate. This means, if we increase this inclination, this length will increase, that movement will increase, which is called stroke length. The stroke length will increase. The geometric displacement for revolution called the swept volume already defined, that remains constant for a constant tilting angle of the swash plate. Thus, the name of the pump fixed displacement. When this remain fixed, we call it fixed displacement. The end of the piston and nearer to the port plate moves closer to the plate during one half of the rotation and away from it during the other half. You can understand that for one half, it is in the mode of compression. In other half, it is in the mode of suction. To opening on the valve plate, covering almost 180 degree angles, each are provided for suction and discharge manifolds for the pump. The details plate will be shown later. During the movement of the piston over the opening of discharge manifold, the high pressure fluid is delivered into the discharge manifold and during the piston movement over the suction manifold, fluid inflows from the suction manifold into the piston chamber. By varying the angle of inclination of swash plate, this swept volume can be varied and then the pump is called variable displacement pump. Now, in this figure, if we see that we have put, we have shown this in this way and if we consider this plane, then the plane behind that will be for the direction. If we consider the direction of rotation, direction of rotation is the clockwise. In that case, this will be from this side to this side will be the compression phase and other side will be the suction phase. And the manifold, valve manifold we are talking about, this is one and this is another. One is for suction and another is for discharge. So, in case of pump, this will be for discharge because this is in the compression mode and this in the suction mode. So, this will be the suction manifold. Now, to find out the flow rate for a piston, we put Q i, i is for the ith pistons. It is simply the prime derivation of the volume. Here the negative sign has come due to the axis considered. We will come later in that, but the quantity is that the volume which is entrapped, the rate of change of volume will be the flow to a single chamber. Now, the maximum linear movement in one direction of the piston is called stroke. The stroke S p can be given by, if we consider the P c d on which the pistons are laid is D p which is equal to twice R, then we can consider. So, this angle is alpha, the angle of inclination of this first plate is alpha. So, D p by 2 that is R by 2 R into tan alpha is the stroke at one side and the other side also another D p by 2 into tan alpha. So, we can simply write 2 into D p by 2 into tan alpha is equal to D p tan alpha. That is the, if we consider from this point to this point, one piston will move in linear in linear direction by this amount and it is called stroke and this definitely will be fixed for a fixed suspended angle. That means, tan alpha itself is fixed. So, when we are analyzing, even if for the variable displacement pump, because this is our analysis normally will be when at a particular angle it is fixed at a particular angle then we are analyzing. This means that for the variable piston pumps for a fixed suspended angle, we will consider the swift volume will be this amount for the angle where we have fixed alpha into the number of piston. The maximum volume V i max, the fluid can occupy in the piston chamber is the sum of clearance volume. We will consider now there is a clearance volume and the product of stroke of the pistons and the area of the piston. This means, if A p is considered the area of this piston, this diameter is D that means, pi D square by 4 is equal to A p. So, A p into stroke length is the piston volume, the fluid it is handling plus there will be some clearance volume which we give as a named as V c. Now, this is fixed for a construction this is fixed, but this volume is needed when we analyze the fluid. So, V i max is equal to V c plus S p into A p. Remember this is for one piston. In the displacement of i th piston inside the chamber is y i, then from simple similar triangle considerations we get y i is equal to R tan alpha 1 minus cos theta 1. Now, I think this theta 1 the angle covered by the i th piston from the initial position. So, this is sorry this theta 1 I must define that we are considering that this axis system we will show a little later. We consider that this theta beginning from this point, this axis that means this we have looking into in this direction and we have drawn here. That means, if I look from the left side towards this barrel then left hand side this axis which is perhaps we have given y axis we will the theta is beginning from that point. So, if I consider the i th piston then we have to consider the theta and plus the total angle between the this pistons. Suppose this is i th 1. So, we will consider this angle is that this angle into the number of pistons in between say 2 like that somewhere I have defined this we will come to that. Now, the volume of piston chamber at any instant is v i. So, v c plus a p s p minus y 1 y 1 now we have defined as a the piston movement. So, s p if it is the total stroke that minus this y i movement is the volume at that instant. Therefore, d v i d t is equal to a p d y by d t. Now, I think this minus sign has come over here due to this derivations that is why we put minus sign here. So, that ultimately it will again become positive. So, q we can again define like this. Yeah this is right this minus sign as it is coming over here. So, we originally wrote these equations and which is coming ultimately the positive signs. So, therefore, this q 1 for a particular pistons can be defined like this. Now, here I have explained the theta i is equal to theta 1 for the one pistons. Remember this is suppose this is the piston 1 this was here when theta was equal to 0. And then for iths positions it was the i minus 1 into the angle between 2 consecutive pistons. And theta 1 is the rotation of the piston 1 where this here it will be subscript o will be there. So, this is the angle between 2 pistons it is given by 360 degree divided by z this simple where z is the number of pistons. Now, the total flow rate into this section this y i positive or discharge y i is negative manifolds are given by the same equations will be same because this we had only this defining the quantity. But we have to consider for y positive and y negative separately because if we integrate together ultimately it will become 0 because one is in positive and other other is in the negative. So, that consideration we have to make, but if we do it then this will be the expression. So, while we are considering q i then we will consider for the pistons which are in the suction zone or which are in the compression zone ideally this should be equal. But if we consider the leakages then definitely these two will be different. Sign of y i automatically comes from equations that is, but to quantify that how much it is pumping we have to take care of this. However, it is to be noted that the odd number of chambers now here is the point that at any instant y i positive for z plus 1 by 2 number of chambers or z minus 1 by 2 number of chambers including y i is equal to plus 0 and minus 0. What does it mean? At any instant suppose one piston in the dead zone, dead zone means which is in between these two manifolds. Still we may write that z plus 1 number of piston in suction and z minus 1 number in suction mode, suction and compressions or it will be next moment it will be just opposite that we have to take care of that. That is again automatically we will come from the equations because the negative sign will appear for the negative direction motions. But suppose if there are seven pistons then what may happen? The four pistons either in the suction side and three piston in compression side or vice versa, momentarily one piston is at the dead zone, three pistons in the suction and three piston in the delivery. However, we need not take care of specially suppose we are working with four pistons in the suction zone, the fourth piston when it will come in the dead zone automatically there y 1 will appear 0. For the even number of chambers it is just z by 2 either the three piston say for example six pistons are there, three piston is suction and three pistons in compression. Now what will happen for the dead zone? When the pistons are dead zone you will find two pistons are in dead zone. So, at that time two pistons are suction and two piston in compressions. But again that two for that plus y i is equal to 0 and minus y i is equal to 0.  Now using the integral average of the above equation the nominal discharge flow of the pump may be expressed as we are using the summation sign instead of that if we integrate then what we find this is this is a constant part because we are considering on a fixed alpha and omega that is the speed we will consider that is also constant that is not varying and z is the number of pistons. So, this we take outside only the integration parts inside remains sin theta 0 to pi sin d theta and which gives this will be the average flow. We have integrated from half of the angle 0 to pi. So, this will give us the nominal average flow during the general flow equation dividing the general flow equations with the average flow which we have estimated like this the equation derived above we get the normalized flow rate which is given by this. So, this is the normalized flow rate that means if we plot this one this automatically it will give us the ripple. Now we consider z dash be the number of pistons in same phase at an instant that means z dash is equal to now z plus 1 by 2 or z minus 1 by 2 in case of odd number in case of even number this is simply z by 2 here I have expressed. So, for even odd number and even number we express it this way. Now we can show that this expression because now we are considering for one side only. So, we will take here z dash and for that this equation can be expanded in this form this is the matter of mathematics. So, you can expand in this form and then for simple trigonometric consideration this reduces for even and odd cases as follows. For odd number of pistons the q 0 will be expressed by this pi by z cos x pi by 2 z cos theta 1 minus pi by 2 z for theta is equal to theta 1 pi by n sorry this will be again z not n this is z z is the number of piston here also this express for even number of becomes like this. Now these two expression over here the amplitude similar way we can define the amplitude in this way and the period of pulse is pi by z 0 this is of course for the odd number of pistons. For even number of pistons you can see the differences we have now used subscript E and O for odd and even. So, you can find this amplitude and the period here period is higher and amplitude is also 0. Greater than this as we have already revealed from our phase analysis and this earlier two equations that is that if you I would not say the simplify, but I would say that in phase analysis we have used a simplified formula here this formula is coming exactly fitting to this linear piston pump, but you will find this value will be very close. Now we will consider an actual pump which we would like to analyze for the ripple. Now what we should consider when we will go for actual analysis of a pump our main purpose definitely we should find out the flow there and ripples pressure, pressure ripples or all such parameters related to the performance of the pump. In that case the main important thing we must consider the leakage also. Now the flow rate from the orifice equations that is already known we can write this equation considering this sign depending on this sign this will be this will indicate the which direction it is flowing then this is the coefficient of discharge and this is the area general orifice area of ith piston that orifice area we need to calculate the CD coefficient of discharge that also we should verify for a depending on the size of the orifice shape and size of the orifice. Now this is usually there is no way you have to go for the experiment, but what is done normally depending on the orifice geometries irrespective of their physical sizes depending on the shape at different opening of such orifices the CDR will be fixed. Say for example one in one case the size of this total maximum area through this orifice is say 1 centimeter square in other case it is 5 centimeter squares, but their shape are same. So when that particular orifice opening for whether it is one maximum 1 centimeter or 5 centimeter coefficient of discharge is same when in one case say half centimeter square in other case 2.5 centimeter square then is also CD is same and also it is found that this CD remains more or less constant from the minimum opening to maximum opening. So for a particular type of orifice these are fixed. Now here the P i is the instantaneous fluid pressure within the chamber P d is the discharge pressure A O i already I have described the cross sectional area through which the discharge is taking place we will explain further CD I have already explained and rho is the fluid density sometime this rho we have defined as rho O for oil. The cross sectional area A O i is the is to be calculated knowing the instantaneous pore geometry as shown in the figure 3 4 5 we have we will come next to that in the next slides and how to calculate the area. Now as I told that CD we can judge from the shape, but at every instant we have to calculate this orifice area how it is calculated now this figure only shows that different positions and this is the piston and we are you can say this is the nomenclature here the A O i apparently here we are looking that this is a constant, but this is not depending on the position this is varying and we have to calculate this area. Now how it is varying here this is the port we have shown the manifold this is actually continuous on the barrel we could leave this whole as a bore equal to that diameter of the piston that means this could be made a through hole, but you will find normally this this hole the cylindrical hole up to almost up to the end, but end is not the cylindrical hole. Instead of that there will be a small kidney port this is kidney pattern it is written kidney pattern usually it will be of this shape. Now interestingly say this is included angle is psi this angle is actually you may consider ideally it should be equal that means this is the dead band zone from this point to this point is the dead band zone this is almost equal ideally it should be equal, but you may find that it is at one side it is less other side it is slightly more this is due to the fact that depending on the direction of rotations in case of pump one if this side is taken less and this side is taken a slightly more the performance will be better than ideally if it is taken exactly equal even this total angle sometimes taken a slightly larger than this angle. But this needs a dynamic analysis of this pump for from the static analysis we will not be able to understand why this angle should be taken more if you go for the dynamic analysis if we look into the pressure build up for of the oil entrapped inside the piston during this dead zone we will be able to understand. However, while we are going for the static analysis still for the opening of the orifice we have to consider these angles and here what we find in this port say this is the kidney port and here we will find a groove this groove later I will show the shape of this groove like a pyramid this groove is called silencing groove if this groove is not provided then we will find when this kidney port of the barrel coming contact with this valve manifold the rate of increase of the orifice is very high and the pressure transient in the fluid will be erratic it is unpredictable whereas if you provide this silencing groove this pulsation in the pressure will be controllable as well as there will be less noise. So, that is why it is the name of this groove is the silencing groove it is actually controlling the pressure pulsation which reduces the noise. So, we need to calculate depending on the shape what are the areas now here in details it is again shown that what might be the groove in this case say here the section a it is a flat type groove that means if you take a say this depth is remain same this depth is remain same, but this is also you can say rectangular type that means you can put a cutter and then you can say side and end mill cutter and you can make this slot like this, but here the groove is called rammed bottom this is an constant width geometry this means that groove is like this, but there is a slope this is a rammed this is a flat bottom constant width whereas here it is a rammed bottom constant width. In this case this is a flat bottom rammed width geometry that means this is flat, but this is gradually increasing whereas here it is rammed bottom rammed width geometry that means this is also inclining and here is also if we consider the surface area that is increasing, but I would say this is the most popular one which are used for this pump. This is the best one we should say and also if you look into this manufacturing of this groove will be more expensive than this because we have to make this depth which is taper you can just imagine of machining this is easy this also may not be difficult we can incline the cutter, but this is very difficult, but perhaps this might be the better one for the silencing point of view whereas widely used one is this one. We will analyze this one in the next slides the total distance flow of the pump is equal to the net flow generated from each piston chamber instantaneously position over the discharge port dividing this sum total by the nominal flow we get the normalized flow as in this case we have considered the elaborate equations and this is now coming in this form. Earlier I have shown the simplified one where we have considered the area coefficient of discharge sin of the pressure etcetera, but it is more or less similar we have just replaced this flow equations with this little equation. Now the pressure in each piston at an instant is estimated from the consider bulk modulus as follows. Now we are considering inside that total volume inside and then we are considering also bulk modulus why we have considered such things because with the increase and decrease in the pressure this there will be effect on the fluid compressibility which will ultimately control the pressure which will control the pressure. So to find out the pressure fluctuation we need to consider the compressibility of the fluid inside the pistons. Now Q leakage I is the leakage that occurs due to the clearance between the piston and bore and or any other leak paths that exist in the design of the piston chambers normally while we are calculating this pressure development we need to consider the leakage past the pistons and the bore that is most important. So that leakage we have to consider within this equation sorry, but the problem is that say here I have shown particularly this leakage is important also there might have some leakage through this point also, but we need to consider this leakage characteristics which is two factors we should consider one is k theta and another is the clearance. Now the clearance is from the geometric dimensions measuring those dimensions considering the tolerances we can easily estimate what will be the clearances there, but k theta is the coefficient which we leakage coefficient we need to estimate. You can see this is there that Q leakage is defined by the instantaneous pressure in ith chamber multiplied by this constant. Now here the little given k i theta is the leakage coefficient which may vary depending on the capillary leakage passage length which is dependent on theta theta is the angle that means this length is varying this capillary passage length is varying. So that is important depending on that this coefficient will also vary. So depending on theta this will vary and the clearance in ith chamber however this k i theta is found mostly experimentally. Now this clearance normally for a pump we may consider all chamber is having chamber and piston is having equal clearance, but actually it is also varying. So depending on that I would say for each and every chamber the k i theta will be different for different theta angles. I mean for the same theta angles when it is coming at the same say suppose even if this length is equal for a pistons P i is also equal for pistons, but depending on this clearance this will vary. However this we may take almost constant. However considering more or less same clearances in all piston cylinder we can assign k theta is equal to k i theta is equal to k theta. So which I have used simply we will k theta. Now this k theta again will vary on the stroke length total stroke length, but if the stroke length is not very high say small stroke length then you will find that there is a little variation in k theta that means for a particular type of pump we may consider k theta is constant and there will be of course depending on the length this k theta will vary, but we may consider for a particular pump the k theta is a constant. Again such pump is one pump is tested and k theta is found out experimentally. We may consider all other pumps we can scale up even if we can make a chart from which say 7 pistons pump for a 1000 rpm one is giving 5 liter per minute another is giving 25 liter per minute probably their k theta will be same. The instantaneous rate of change of pressure in the ith piston chamber is given by this is simply that I am not showing the derivation of the equations, but if you derive d P i by d theta if you do it and consider all the equations appropriate equations we will easily arrived into this expression. Now this is difficult to remember suppose if I ask a question on that definitely I will give you this formula do not worry about that, but you should understand and here what we have done inside that as it is a under root we have to take care. So, this should not become minus. So, we have taken the mod of that and beta is the bulk modulus of the oil we are using this again vary with temperature and pressure of course, but for a pump performance within a range may be temperature range may be ambient temperature 45 degree centigrade to 70 degree centigrade and pressure may be varying from 0 to say 15 20 megapascals, but we will consider all the one bulk modulus for such oil. Now determination of the port area we need to find out the port area as I have told. So, we must consider in details what will be the port area referring to this figure the port area remains at a maximum constant when it is completely over the discharge or suction manifold. That means when this kidney port is on this main manifold then it is the maximum and maximum area is nothing, but this area kidney port area. So, that is the A O I maximum and this is usually you may consider that this is a rectangular port. So, what is done actually this if you would like to find out this area simply we consider this is a straight line and this is another straight line and this is half circle this is another half circle. That means if this is included by this phi angle then we actually take the centre from here to here and then pi into sorry this angle into this radius will give this distance that distance into thickness will give the area of the rectangular and then one circular area which is just the diameter we may consider equal to the thickness of this port. So, that is the maximum area of A O I what might be the minimum area that when this is coming over this the this small angular area that means this is again something like a pyramid. So, if we consider the truncated tip of the pyramid area through that point we will be our the area we will show that area calculations later not in this lecture later we will show this calculations. In the transition region the port are gradually increases to a maximum from 0 when the piston is entering into the manifold, but keep in mind this width I mean this length of this kidney port is more than this silencing groove. So, here this when it is gradually coming over the this port first it will cover this silencing groove then it will start covering the main area of the manifold. So, until this end is coming on the manifold full manifold that means this until this is reaching here area is gradually varying initially on the groove then on the main manifold that we have to carefully calculate. Now what this area calculation as I have told that I will see you later. So, you later that how this area is being calculated, but here I have shown you only the flow ripple considering this is a real pump. Now this data let us study this this bulk modulus beta is normally 10 to the power 9 megapascals some sometimes it is taken a it is sometimes 9 into 10 to the power 8 something like that it is taken coefficient of discharge is 0.62. That means this I would like to mention that usually these grooves and are made in such a way that orifice. So, that we can use this coefficient 0.62 we have studied the von Mises criteria when to determine this CD usually we design the orifice to have our coefficient of discharge is equal to 0.62. However as I told for depending on the pump manufacturers they also can define this what should be the coefficient of discharge we should consider or we can find experimentally in the laboratory. Now angular extent of the barrel orifice that means that kidney port on the barrel that is usually one chamber is 30 degree angular extent of silencing groove 11 degree that is the pyramid type we have taken 11 degree maximum opening area of the silencing groove A g is 2.25 into 10 to the power minus 5 meters. Now here what is the maximum opening of this groove that I will show later that what area actually we are considering from the orifice. It is not on the plane on which the barrel is moving rather this is barrel plane and below this is the rammed groove. So, we consider this area for the groove maximum of that is A g not the surface area we will show later. Maximum area of each barrel port A k that means this is 30 degree opening for that it is taken instead of mentioning the groove width we have taken that this is the opening of the barrel port that means this is the maximum area of the barrel port this means that initially when it has started opening the area will vary from 0 to 2.5 into 10 to the power minus 5 until this groove is completed after that from 2.25 to 3.75 this area will increase and then when this kidney port of the barrel will come on the kidney port of the valve plate then fully then the maximum opening will be 3.75 into 10 to the power minus 4 and this will continue up to the end. Of course at the ending there is no groove but that will also gradually decrease the kidney port will gradually move from the main manifold groove that is why you will normally find that in pump even in motor as the silencing groove are put in the one direction on the for the best performance you will find the direction of rotation is mentioned there. So, we should we should we must maintain that direction. Now leakage coefficient k here we have even we have not used the k theta because k is constant for a pump irrespective of the stroke length we have taken just single k. So, split tilt angle alpha is 18 degree nominal volume of the single piston v 0 is 22.85 into 10 to the power minus 6 this is the nominal volume and the piece radius we have taken 5.501 into 10 to the power minus 2 meter you can this means that how much 0.05 meter this means 5 centimeter 5.5 centimeter is the diameter. Now here I have not mentioned what is the number of pistons this just I would like to mention the number of pistons for the same parameter we have taken the number of pistons 7, 8 and 9 for the analysis. But this is basically a data of a 7 piston machines rotational speed just for one calculation we have taken 238 rad per second how much it will be it will be perhaps 1500 rpm like that and this density is 850 kg per meter cube density of the oil I would like to mention that if it is given not given you can take it from 830 to 850 anything in between the effect of this on such calculations for that much variation will not be much. Here I have given this two angle and delta is equal to 0 and then for that we have plotted this equations look at this for 9 pistons the ripple is coming like this. Please note that we have considered the overall volume displacement is same displacement we have not mentioned the diameter of the pistons. So, therefore what we have considered from the average flow is same considering that for 9 piston you can see what are the ripple and for 7 pistons the this one is the 7 piston for blue one but as you see for the 8 piston it is increasing. Now this we have already shown that in case of even pistons this will be higher by the normal phasor equations here actually we have put the we have used the actual equation to plot the flow and then we have shown this what will be the ripple it can be seen that from the analysis of the ideal case flow ideal case flow the pump with even number of pistons has large pulse time period and also larger amplitude than the odd number counter part as we have discussed earlier in the phasor analysis such ripples are undesirable due to the resulting large fluctuation and noise that means we should not go for even number of pistons. So, these are the references I suggest that you should read all these three papers to understand this phenomena this how this flow ripples flow are calculated in details but this we have considered only a simplest pump this pump may be more complicated depending on the pivoting point of the swash plate and others but that is only you have to add you have to take care of the geometric and trigonometric relations there. So, thank you for listening.


Earlier today we talked about Tears of the Kingdom in context with the visuals and the lack of, I guess, impressive enhancements that many people have noticed, although I would say the way Link's hair flows and even the way the horse's mane and tail flows looks to be a bit better. I think the lighting appears to be better as well, the shadow quality, etc., etc. The draw distance.  And one reason is because a lot of people think this game should have been pushed a little bit and may be released on the Nintendo Switch too, especially if the rumors around the DLC Part 2 of Pokemon Scarlet Violet having a graphics enhancement patch for a new Switch are true, that means the Nintendo Switch 2 is probably coming this holiday or early next year, if not holiday of next year, and that's a bit of a long delay to delay the game for that, but also by then they could have also implemented a ton of visual enhancements and that might have made people a bit more excited even though it takes place in the same Hyrule, which that's going to continue to be a criticism over and over and over again, I think until Nintendo proves it by just releasing the game. The game needs to be released and then maybe people will stop complaining about the same Hyrule stuff, but until then, you know, they're just going to have to deal with that criticism. That being said, I do think that Tears of the Kingdom absolutely will be launching on that next system and it might even be ready to go day one. Now how is Nintendo going to handle this when they already have a version out and especially if there's backwards compatibility? Well, let's talk about that and let's talk about what this means for Tears of the Kingdom after I remind you that we're on our road to 100,000 subscribers. We're getting really, really close guys. Thank you so much for subscribing to the channel, I appreciate it. If we get there, we'll give away a collector's edition of the game along with the Zelda Tears of the Kingdom Switch OLED and what else, maybe a PAX pin or something like that? I don't know, we're working out some details on some giveaways for it, but those first two are for sure. So please, you know, if you guys would like to subscribe to the channel, I would appreciate it. Drop a like and let me know your favorite Nintendo Switch game down in the comments below. Alright, so Tears of the Kingdom is obviously launching on Switch on May 12. It's happening, we know it, we're going to get it as is and it, you know, some people will be impressed by it, some people won't. I think it's going to end up reviewing pretty well because almost all Zelda games do and I'm impressed so far by what we've seen, but I'm probably easy to impress. I'm a big Zelda enthusiast, I've been looking forward to this game since 2019 and yeah, you know, there isn't a whole lot Nintendo can do, I'm probably not going to enjoy it when it comes to Zelda. It also helps the Breath of the Wild is my favorite Zelda game of all time so you tell me we're getting more of that, I'm going to be extremely excited. But when it comes to launching on Nintendo Switch 2, you can't just bring the same game over. Backwards compatibility is a thing, but I do think Nintendo is going to relaunch the game on that platform. Now there's a couple ways they're going to handle this and I think these ways make a lot of sense and let's first just get the cat out of the bag. There probably will be DLC for this game and because there's DLC for this game, there's something they could do with that DLC that would end up I think making the transition easy for some people and that is they could include a graphics enhancement patch bundled in with the DLC so anyone that buys the current version of the game and then gets the DLC for the game knows confidently when that next system comes out that they're going to have that graphics enhancement patch, they're not going to talk about that now until the system is actually announced, but that would be a really neat inclusion. I don't know that Nintendo is going to do this because they might just say screw it, we want to repackage the game, put the DLC back in, charge 70 bucks all over again and that could be what they do, but why is Nintendo going to do this? Well, see Breath of the Wild has had like a six year run on the market, right? It's had six years to get up to 30 million, I don't think they want to take what is probably the most expensive game they've ever made and only allow it to exist on the market for about a year and a half. I think they're going to want to take advantage of that new hardware and I think that's where you're going to see a lot of visual enhancement stuff happening. Obviously, we've heard all the rumors about Nintendo Switch 2 offering 4K, either through FSR or DLSS, obviously significantly more powerful components, which could allow the game to hit a stable 60 FPS, increase that draw distance even more, and maybe even attempt to get rid of that little six foot rendering line they seem to put into the game. It's kind of only noticeable if you're looking for it, but once you notice it, it is hard to ignore and I do think that these are all enhancements that we could absolutely expect when it releases on that system and I do think Nintendo is going to do it. I do think they're going to repackage the game and sell it again for 70 bucks because yeah, they want to make more money and it's going to still feel like a pretty good deal because it's going to include all the DLC in addition to the graphic enhancements. I don't really see Nintendo going beyond that $70 price with a re-release with the packet and even though traditionally, you would say that's a price drop and Nintendo doesn't like to price drop their games, but it's sort of a unique case where they're kind of relaunching tears of the kingdom on that new system. And even with that relaunch, there could be a second DLC pack they decided to announce and release as well, depending on how long it's going to be between major, you know, homegrown Zelda games, like are they doing a trilogy? Is there going to be another five, six year wait for the next Zelda game that isn't a top down one, which by the way, I do think there's a top down Zelda game in the works by Grezzo. So look, Nintendo Switch 2 is something that we've been talking about for a while at this point for roughly a year. We don't know a ton of fact based information other than it's probably using the Drake. But what the exact specs of Drake are we don't know what the exact specs of T239 we can only guess at I've done a video where we put some educated guesses out there but it's still just a guess. We just need to be a little patient. I do think that if this was a Switch 2 game out the gate that maybe some of these complaints wouldn't exist because that hardware is clearly going to be a leap forward. But we need to consider that the Nintendo Switch is only a minor leap over the Wii U. Still a leap. It's still more powerful, but not so much so that I think we should have expected a major graphical overhaul. Some people are going to disagree, of course, and that is totally fine. I'm good with the way tears of the kingdom looks today. I know that saying a lot when we're getting other open world games or at least we got Starfield coming up. We had cyberpunk not too long ago. Let me know the Spider-Man game and so much more coming that's going to be very visually pleasing on other platforms. But I think tears of the kingdom will have its heyday. We've already seen what Breath of the Wild looks like in 4K on a PC through an emulator and it looks absolutely incredible because that art style is gorgeous. It just needs the resolution to really truly support it. And as long as it gets that bump with the Switch 2, we're going to be eating good. We're going to be eating really good when it comes to Zelda. And honestly, it might end up even selling even more on Switch 2 than it did on here because almost everyone is either going to double dip or they're going to buy that DLC. And obviously the long trickle down sales are going to be something to pay attention to as well. So I kind of do think that in a weird way tears of the kingdom is going to be a multi-generational game. It's going to cross generations. It's just not doing it in the way Breath of the Wild in Twilight Princess did because it's not a day one crossing. It is going to have a healthy life on Switch, but also a pretty healthy life on the next system. I think there's a really great way to compare this. Think about Grand Theft Auto 5. It launched on the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3. It had a healthy life there, but then it also relaunched again on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and ended up having an even healthier life there. And I sort of see Zelda following that similar routine where it's going to sell a lot on Switch and I somehow think it's going to sell even more on Nintendo Switch 2. So that's sort of what I'm seeing here. I'm not talking about it reaching 80 million plus like Grand Theft Auto because I was a multi-platform game, but I do think that tears of the kingdom is going to do really, really well on Switch 2, but these are just my thoughts. I obviously want to know what you guys think how Nintendo is going to handle this. Are they going to relaunch it or are they just not going to relaunch it? Are they just going to keep backwards compatibility? Maybe release a patch that they charge for? I have no idea. You know, these are just my thoughts and I'm always interested in yours. So let me know down in the comments below. Thank you for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next video. And remember, our next video also happens on a Monday and we'll be live streaming that night. Catch you later.


Hello and welcome to the session. I am Ashmi and I am going to help you with the following problem. Solve the system of the following equations. We have 2yx plus 3 by y plus 10 by z is equal to 4. 4 by x minus 6 by y is equal to 5 by z is equal to 1. 6 by x plus 9 by y minus 20 by z is equal to 2. Now let us write the solution. The given system of equations may be written as a matrix equation. That is ax is equal to b where x is equal to 1 by x 1 by y 1 by z. a is equal to the given matrix 2 3 10 4 minus 6 5 6 9 minus 20 and b is equal to 4 1 2. Now let us find the determinant of a which is equal to 2 multiplied by 120 minus 45 minus 3 multiplied by minus 80 minus 30 plus 10 multiplied by 36 plus 36 which is equal to 2 multiplied by 75 minus 3 multiplied by minus 110 plus 10 multiplied by 72 which is equal to 150 plus 330 plus 720 which is equal to 1200. Now we can see that this is not equal to 0 therefore a inverse exists. Now let us find the cofactors that is a11 will be equal to minus 1 to the power 1 plus 1 120 minus 45 which is equal to 75. Similarly a12 is equal to minus 1 to the power 1 plus 2 multiplied by minus 80 minus 30 which is equal to 110. Similarly we can find the other cofactors which will be a13 is equal to 72, a21 is equal to 150, a22 is equal to minus 100, a33 is equal to minus 24, a23 is equal to 0, a31 is equal to 75, a32 is equal to 30. Now the matrix formed by these cofactors is equal to 75, 110, 72, 150 minus 100, 0, 75, 30 minus 24. Now therefore a joint of a is equal to transpose of this matrix which is equal to 75, 150, 75, 150, sorry, 110 minus 100, 30, 72, 0 minus 24. Therefore a inverse is equal to 1 by determinant of a multiplied by a joint of a which is equal to 1 by 1200 multiplied by determinant 75, 150, 75, 110 minus 100, 30, 72, 0 minus 200. So this is our required a inverse. Now let us proceed. We know that ax is equal to b. Now free multiplying by a inverse. So we get a inverse ax is equal to a inverse b. Now we know that a inverse a is equal to i so it implies ix is equal to a inverse b as a inverse a is equal to i that is the identity matrix. Hence it implies x is equal to a inverse b. Now we have a inverse and we have b. Let us find the value of the matrix x. So which implies x is equal to a inverse is 1 by 1200 multiplied by determinant 75, 150, 75, 110 minus 100. 30, 72, 0 minus 24 multiplied by b that is 4, 1, 2. Now multiplying this we get 1 by 1200 multiplied by first multiplying this row with this column. So we get 75 multiplied by 4 plus 150 multiplied by 1 plus 75 multiplied by 2. Now multiplying this row with this column so we get 110 multiplied by 4 minus 100 multiplied by 1 plus 30 multiplied by 2. Now multiplying the last row with this column so we get 72 multiplied by 4 plus 0 multiplied by 1 minus 24 multiplied by 2. Now solving it further we get 1 by 1200 multiplied by determinant 300 plus 150 plus 150. Now 440 minus 100 plus 60, 288 plus 0 minus 48 which is equal to 1 by 1200 multiplied by determinant 600, 400, 240. Now we have therefore 1 by x, 1 by y, 1 by z is equal to 600 by 1200, 400 by 1200 and 240 by 1200 which is nothing but equal to 1 by 2. 1 by 3, 1 by 5 which implies 1 by x, 1 by y, 1 by z is equal to 1 by 2, 1 by 3, 1 by 5. Now comparing each term in this column so we get it implies 1 by x is equal to 1 by 2 and 1 by y is equal to 1 by 3 and 1 by z is equal to 1 by 5. Which implies x is equal to 2, y is equal to 3 and z is equal to 5. This is our required answer hence x is equal to 2, y is equal to 3 and z is equal to 5. I hope you understood this problem. Bye and have a nice day.