All right. Welcome, everyone, to today's Google SEO Office Hours Hangout. My name is John Mueller. I am a search advocate at Google in Switzerland. And part of what we do are these Hangouts where people can join in and ask their questions about the website and web search. And we can try to find some answers for you.  So we can go through some of those. But we can also go through some of your questions first, if any of you want to step up and mention something that's been on your mind. Can I ask a web stories question then? All right. Do web stories follow the same sort of rules in the domain setup? So if we have that content living at 4. slash UK and then a bunch of web stories and then 4. slash US, a bunch of web stories, is that the best way to handle that? Or can you just have 4. slash web stories and Google will work out what the best audience is? If we're creating AMP pages specifically for those. So for a geotargeting in particular? Yeah, because it'll be on a global site where we'll have US, UK, South Africa, Australia, et cetera. Would you have a central pool of those web stories? Or would you do them at the country domain level? I don't know. OK. I don't know. So I think web stories are only shown as kind of this unique UI thing in certain countries. I don't know if that's in the UK, but it might be UK in the US, something like that. The Telegraph has it. So I assume, in fact, I think the Telegraph is one of the examples that they use within the. OK. So unless I'm going mad. OK. Well, then maybe you're seeing them, because we don't have them in Switzerland. So I'm just assuming what they will look like. But essentially, for all other countries, we show them as normal web pages. So they're normal AMP pages, and we will index them like normal web pages. So that means any geotargeting that you have there for those pages, depending on where they're located, that would apply there as well. But I don't know how that would apply for the situation when we show them as kind of that web story UI in Discover and in the search results. OK. But it couldn't hurt to follow a country level role, presumably, because if the country doesn't exist in web stories, let's say it's Australia or whatever, then it's not going to find it anyway. So it doesn't matter. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I don't know. It's also one of those things where, since it's a bit of a new UI, I could imagine that they're kind of watching out for how these web stories are used and how they perform. And if you have the same story for multiple countries, then it could be that it comes across as, oh, you're just republishing the same content multiple times. So that's kind of the unknown from my side if it comes across as you're republishing things or if it's purely tied to geo-targeting. Right. I mean, luckily for us, we can do geo-targeting in a content per country, but OK. As far as I know, I think some of the product experts experimented with this a bit. And I know somebody with a, I think with a UK site created web stories that got displayed in US discover results, because most of the traffic seemed to have come from US users, despite that being a UK website. So my guessing, I guess, is that perhaps we should just treat them like a normal blog post. Like if you have blog posts that are just in English and are not targeting a specific audience, you wouldn't necessarily make duplicates for each kind of country version. You just have that blog post and that's it. Or maybe your commercial site has different country or language versions, but you have one single blog and you keep that separate and just in one language or whatever it's easier. And Google kind of picks it up and shows it how it makes sense for Google basically. Right. I mean, ours is country specific subfolders with country specific. This is for experienced GIFs, not the other site. So it would be specifically for that country. It's interesting to hear the telegraph. The UI, not the actual web stories do work. They're just not being shown in the UI is not being shown in specific countries. But they themselves are still being indexed by Google as far as I know. OK. Yeah, I'll double check with the web stories, folks, on their back. OK. I got a core web vitals question for you, John. I think it makes sense. I just want to understand the rationale behind it a little bit more. So metrics like LCP, which is measured in time, so like three or two and a half seconds for good, that is dependent on internet connection, right? Like that weighs heavily into that metric, right? So better developed countries with faster internet are going to more likely have a better LCP than the same website perhaps where the audience is in a country with underdeveloped internet connection. That is accurate? That can happen, yeah. I mean, for speed, the internet connection is one thing, but the way that the pages are built up is not purely tied to the internet connection speed. So that's something where superman can't fly that boot. Whoop. OK, doggy. OK. Let's hope this doesn't go too crazy. Sometimes we have, I don't know, these kind of like Zoom bombers drop in and do crazy stuff. So we'll see. I may ask a very basic question, please. Sure. I am just so stuck. I am not as technical as all of you. I am using Google sites, not suites. And I made a website. And I cannot get, I've enabled Google Analytics to track the property. And I simply cannot get, I can't get Google to crawl the site. And when I get into Google Search Console, I've auto verified the property. When I do a URL inspection, I get a message that the URL is not in property. I did wait a couple of days, but that's been stuck for two weeks. I just wonder what to do. My recommendation there would be maybe the post in the Webmaster Help Forum. So Mihai is one of the experts there. But sometimes this depends a little bit on the specifics of your case. So in particular with Google sites, there is a kind of a weird situation with the way that the URLs are structured in the sense that it can be that you're testing a URL, which is one of those URLs that we don't actually crawl, but which is something that you might see in the UI. So that's sometimes a bit, I don't know, quirky with Google sites in particular. And kind of going to the Help Forum, posting your URL there, usually people will be able to take a look and say, oh, you should have been checking the other URL instead of that one, for example. Which site is that? Which Webmaster did you recommend? It's the Google Search Central Help Forum. I can drop a link into the chat as well. That would be terrific. Thank you so much. Sure. Hi, John. Hi. This is Kiran. How are you? Hi. How are you doing? Yeah, I'm good. John, the thing is actually I found a fault in Google Webmaster algorithm bias for the software category. Is it possible to discuss how about that personally? Already I've spoken with your representative site for India representative country manager. Regarding on this, the reasons what he said is not satisfied with me. Actually, Google is a company to provide a solution for that. For my category and the following reasons, what they said to me is not satisfied with that business. Can we discuss about this personally? Not in this chat room? Because I lost a yearly, for example, $250 million I lost in my company due to the... I think you can understand. Can we discuss personally about this? Is it possible? Usually, we don't set up one-to-one meetings. So that's something which usually we don't do. If there's something where you're running into situations with regards to maybe the monetized side of Google, usually you can reach out to a what are they called? Account manager to discuss that there. But especially when it comes to search, it's not that we would set up a one-to-one meeting with any company. It's OK. How to contact the account manager in India, John? I don't know. That's something where you'd have to go through whatever monetized channel that you're working with. If you're working with Google Ads, then through that, for example, you'd have to go. Or if you're using AdSense, for example, you'd have to go through that. Right, right, OK. Then we can discuss right now itself regarding this. For e-commerce platform business category people, the following search results are very good, right? So there is no issues for the e-commerce business end, or news angles, or in blog sports, OK? Bloggers for bloggers, like that. For software categories, software publisher companies, like an file repo, a soft media, like a CNET, like for that kind of category company. Actually, I launched a company called SNFileCoffee.com in 2014, and I started building with a large enterprise to publish a software for my country, India. So there is no representative in India to publish a software in India, because software pollution is not an easiest task. It's a very highly challenging field, right? For that, I started. But due to Google BIOS engine, how the Google is seeing the, for the software category site told me about that, Google is seeing the category for them worldwide, because anyone can be downloading throughout the world. Like if I publish the software in my domain, means even the Japan people also able to download the file, or United States of people can download the file, right? Right, John? Right. Fine. But the team is actually in my country. It's a second largest country, downloading the software. So I started the company from India, but I'm not getting nothing revenue from here. So how you are going to deal, John, about this? OK, so you're not seeing your site visible in the search results in India? Yes, you're right. Yeah, OK. My recommendation there might also be to go to the Webmaster Help Forum and post some specifics, in particular, some searches that you see when you're looking from India to kind of highlight the issue that you're seeing there. And the folks in the Search Central Forum, they can escalate these if there's something on Google's side that needs to be done. They can also give you tips with regards to what you might be doing, what you might do differently, with regards to geo-targeting, with regards to kind of mapping the content to what the queries are looking for, those kind of things. OK, yeah. Actually, they're giving us some of the tips and for that to do that. Actually, they are recommending for an AdWords, because I am a startup company, how much millions of dollars I can spend for the AdWords? So is it possible to do that? I have no idea how AdWords works. So that's also something where it's like sometimes when you're a new business, you do various things to get popularity and to kind of grow a little bit more well-known first. And that can include ads, but ads is not something that we do from the organic search side. So that's something you'd have to kind of figure out separately. OK, OK. OK, thank you. John, can we just touch back on my AdWords question again quickly? Thanks. So yeah, just about the internet connection affecting the speed. So basically what I'm trying to understand, so I have a multi-national site where the majority of the customer or some portion of the customers are in North America, where there's better internet connection, and then a portion of the customers are in more underdeveloped countries with a slower internet connection. It's essentially the same architecture, different content, but the speed scores might be the same. But then because the internet connection is poorer in maybe South America, I have a worse LCP score there. So what can I do about that? Or what's the methodology behind that, I guess? In general, our idea with the score is to map where your users are actually using your site from. So if users are primarily in one location where they have bad internet connectivity, you're kind of competing with other sites who are also kind of focusing on those users. So it's not that you have kind of a disadvantage just because you happen to have users with a slow internet connection. It's more, well, for those users, those are the sites that are available, and maybe they will come to you as well. Maybe they'll go to other sites. So it's a level playing field, basically, is what you're saying, yeah? That's kind of the idea. So it's not just, well, this site focuses on users in the US, and they have really fast connections. Therefore, they have good scores, and we will rank them higher. It's more that, well, depending where your users are coming from, we will try to rank you like that. So would you look at the ranking on a per country basis? Or if it's a multinational site like that, the US section, would that have a different kind of benchmark or, I guess, be against a different audience than, I guess, the other sections? Could be. So there are a few things that kind of play into that. On the one hand, we have to have enough data from the core web vital side to understand these segments. And if we have data for those segments, then we can apply that. Whereas if we don't have a lot of data for your website, then maybe we'll just say, oh, the whole website has this one data point. And then it's kind of all bundled together in that one aggregated data point. But if we have more data, and you'll see that in Search Console, if there are multiple sections there with a number of URLs, you can see a little bit more like, well, there's data for the US part. There's data for the South American part, for the European part, all of those. And I section those different properties or those different subfolders out into different properties anyway. So I can use that data that way, then I guess. Sure. Yeah, OK. And then just to further your point with one more thing, what if a site is not in the crux data set at all? How then does it get ranked or, yeah? Yeah, I mean, we run into this problem with all kinds of metrics. So that's something where we kind of have to figure out how do we start the site off. And that's something which you see not specific to the speed side, but which you also see with regards to, I don't know, lots of other factors like around the quality of the site overall, where some people will say, oh, there's this Google honeymoon period until Google has enough data from my site, or I'm in the Google sandbox because Google is ranking my site lower than it should be in the beginning until we have enough data. And that's kind of reflected in there. It's not so much that we treat it like in a bad way or in a good way, but we have to make some assumptions. And over time, we should be able to collect data on that. OK, cool. That makes sense. Thanks so much. Sure. Hi, John. Hi. Hi, John. It's Deepak here. I'm from India. Cool. Hi. I'm doing job at an MCC company. Actually, my question regarding basic and technical website structure, actually, I'm facing some issues with my website. There is a regarding crawling and indexing. It's bigliving.co.uk website. I have changed the website structure many times. But still, I'm not able to index my website and search engine. There are basic, some categories of page are indexed, but other pages like filter pages and internal subpages are not indexed properly. So that's why I'm not able to getting good results.  OK. Can you please guess to me what I have to do with this website or structure where I can? Yeah. So it's hard to say without looking at the website in detail. So that's something where I might also suggest going to the forum to get some tips there. But in general, changing the website structure makes it a lot harder for us. So if you've changed the structure a few times already, then every time you change the structure, we have to understand a new structure. And that takes time. So finding a way to focus on one structure that you can keep for the long run, I think is really important. So fewer changes and more focus on one clear structure. The other thing that I think is important is focusing on fewer pages as much as possible. So you mentioned filter pages, for example. And if you can avoid having all of these filter pages indexed by setting them as no index, for example, then we can focus a lot more on the actual detail pages. So that's something where when you look at your website, maybe if you're seeing that Google is struggling with crawling and indexing, then think about which pages do you really, really care about? Which ones are really important for your business? And make it so that search engines can really focus on those pages. So limit the links to the other pages, limit the indexability of the other pages so that we can really focus on the smaller set of pages that you find important. OK, sir. One more question, please. It's regarding the URL structure. Obviously, what we were talking about is recently about that structure. But what do you think about URL structure? Means root domain, category, then subcategory. After that, product page. So is it a right URL? Yeah, I think that's perfectly fine. Like URL structure, I don't have super strong opinions on that because different sites make it in different ways. And usually if you have unique URLs, it just works. But that's a reasonable structure. That's also, like I said, something I wouldn't just change. So if you get advice from some other SEO and they say, oh, you should put dashes instead of subdirectories, for example, I wouldn't change that kind of thing because it makes it much harder for us to understand your site again. So instead, kind of pick one structure that you're kind of OK with and keep that for the long run. OK, sir. All right. And all right, sir. Thank you very much. I think I'm satisfied with your answer. Sure. I have a follow-up question, Sudhaj. I do, I do. OK. And so it would be one of the things. Yeah, so today I would like to know that actually, our website is an e-learning website. And it's ranking well and it's getting the good trophic. And actually, we want to apply the story branding thing to our website. So for that, we want to cut down our content in our service pages and in the home page. And we want to put more graphics in it. And let's say maybe we cut down the content up to 75%. And what kind of impact it will show in the ranking and as well as the trophic? I don't know. It really depends. So if you're removing content, then obviously we can't rank you for that content. If you're removing things that are not important for your site, then that's perfectly fine. If you're removing something that is critical for those pages, then of course, those pages won't be visible for those queries. So yeah. So I would like to add that. So we will take the consideration of the keywords and we will put those keywords in the content. And I mean, we want to write in terms of customer prospect to you. So because of that, we want to trim down the content and make it very crispy for the users. So yeah. So my recommendation there, if you're looking at trying to make a bigger change, like removing 75% of the content seems like a big change, I would take a handful of pages and test it and make the changes there and see how they perform. If they perform OK, then maybe do the same work on the other pages. If they don't perform as good as you expect, then maybe try different things out and test that. OK. If they're not working well, if I restore the page again with the same content which I have deleted, so will it rank again? Sure. Yeah. I mean, it obviously takes a little bit of time for indexing to catch up, but it will be like before. OK. Great. And one more question, last question. And actually, in our blog, we upload one article each day. I mean, we publish one article each day. So what do you suggest the best thing, I mean, to say in terms of content numbers, how many articles we supposed to upload in a week or a month? It depends up to you. Some sites make very few changes and few articles. Others make lots of articles. It really depends on how much content you have available that you can create and what people are looking for. OK. Great. And thank you so much. And I appreciate Google for conducting this kind of webinars and Merry Christmas. Thanks. You too. Martin, I think you had a question. Yeah, the follow-up question to the change of the internal structure of the domain. Let's say you really change a big thing like the main navigation, for example. What kind of time frame would you recommend until all the signals have been reprocessed, so to say? I would assume you would see the large part of the reprocessing taking place within maybe two or three weeks. In general, we try to recrawl all pages within six months. So the long tail will take a bit of time to be updated. But the pages that we crawl the most, that we think are the most important for your site, they should be updated within a couple of weeks. So my guess is, at least after a month, you should see the effects of a change like that. All right, that's great. Thank you. Sure. Hi, John. Hi. So which methods to choose if we have a category we produce for a few months? They are indexing very well. They run very well. But in one shiny day, the owner delete them or remove them from categories. And what method will be better for us to choose, to index canonical or something, to leave them like a blank page? So it's a product that you're removing from your site? Is that correct? Yeah, but the question is for the category, because the categories rank. And in the list, in the category, are very much products, but they finish one day. Oh, so you remove the whole category? Yeah, all products from category. OK. And the category is empty for a few months. But after a few months, we'll become back. I would just make it 404. 404. Yeah, I wouldn't try to do anything too tricky there. I think if you set it no index, the same thing will happen. If you try to set it canonical to a different category, we'll treat it as a soft 404. So from that point of view, I think 404 is kind of the easiest approach that has the same effect. OK, and if we get the products few months after that, we should create new categories. Sure, yeah. And if you have new internal linking pointing to those category pages, then we will pick it up. Yeah, of course. And thank you so much. And one more question about the last update. I was wondering something after the date. Do you think it's reasonable to immediately take some action or should be wait until it's over? Because sometimes webmasters trying to change something when the update is rollout, but I don't know. It's a very smart decision. What is your advice here? I mean, so I think the core update, I think that's finished rolling out. So from that point of view, it's finished. Anyway, but in general, if you have things that you can improve on your website, why would you wait? Especially if there's something bigger that you want to improve on your website, then there's always some update happening at some point. So I would just make those fixes and improvements and keep track of them, of course, so that you know a little bit when what happened. But I would just make those changes. Yeah, thanks. And do you think that the website can lose its visibility to recover without SEO specialist intervention in the period between two updates? Sure. It's possible. Without anything. It's like SEO specialist. You can't pick up a magic wand and kind of make a website magically appear. It's something where, especially when it comes to the core updates, we're looking at the relevance of the website overall. And that's something that anyone can take a website and say, oh, I will rewrite the content and I will recreate the website. It doesn't need to be an SEO. I think there's a little bit of an effect there that SEOs often know a little bit more of what's happening and what Google might be watching out for. But anyone can update a website and make it better. Yeah, thank you so much, John. Sure. Let me run through some of the submitted questions. And we'll definitely have a bit more time to chat as well afterwards, but just so that we've kind of run through those quickly. We experienced a severe ranking drop. Our domain is only visible for brand searches. All other rankings have nearly completely vanished for now since three weeks. On the other hand, we do not experience any alert in Search Console. Is it possible that the Search Console is a bug so that there are no alerts shown, even if the domain is punished via penalty? So it's always possible that there's a bug in Search Console. I mean, it's kind of like computer software. It's always possible there. However, I would be very surprised if there were a bug in particular with regards to the manual actions. So we call them manual actions. People externally tend to call them penalties because manual actions are something that they just happen all the time and lots of sites see them. Lots of sites try to fix them. And that's something where if there were a general bug with regards to how we show manual actions, I think lots of people would notice it and complain about that. May I ask a question? Sure. You already know the situation, but can you imagine a situation where the rankings are vanished and the reason for that? So if it's not a penalty? Yeah. So I don't know exactly the number of weeks, but we recently had a core algorithm update. And that might map into that time frame that you're looking at there. And with the core algorithm updates, we try to improve the way that we understand relevance in the search results. And with that, it can happen that a website becomes suddenly less visible and significantly less visible in some cases even than it was before. And it's not that there's something that you're explicitly doing wrong or an error or something on your website. It's more our systems feel that this is the way that we should show websites in search now. And we have a blog post about the core algorithm updates. So I would go through that. So we already checked this. That was our first thoughts. So it happened on around the 24th or 25th of November. So we are pretty sure it's not the core update. OK, I mean, there are also lots of other changes that can happen in search. So it can certainly happen that our algorithms are picking something up on your site and reacting to that. If it's not an update, I can provide another information. So there was an incident. So a link building network, so an illegal fraud network, was pointing on 300 domains which were in my company's portfolio. So they were hosted on our own servers. And by linking from the link network to our domains, those domains got indexed. And they all had a redirect to our main company page. So is that a hint as well, which can help to clarify it? Usually something like that wouldn't be a problem for us. Because if it were a problem, we would flag that as a manual action. And you would see that in Search Console. And yeah. The servers are so the servers of so it's a huge company. And the servers from my company, that's something like the daughter of the big company, they are hosted on the same server. So the traffic from the index URLs pointing on our domain on the same server. So that's why I mentioned it's not taking into respect a spam. Or it is taking into respect a spam because they are hosted on our own servers. So if their phones or servers which are not under our control, this spam attack would not have those consequences. Yeah. I don't know. My general feeling is we would still be able to deal with that normally. But it sounds like you have a very unique situation. So that's something where I would also maybe point at the help forum, maybe post there. You can also drop your URL here in the chat. And I can take a quick look afterwards. I can't make any promises with regards to what we can do there. But I'm happy to take a quick look to see that things are kind of working as expected. I just get to, I need to ask someone if I can put out what I want to. Sure. Sure. No problem. Thank you. OK. All right. Let me run through some of the other submitted questions so that we get a few of those covered. During the core update rollout, is it like the quality of the website is calculated from the overall site signals and then this site quality score is propagated to every page gradually, page by page? Is it possible that some pages drop and some pages surge and the overall traffic to the domain remains the same? It's like when we try to understand the relevance of a website. On the one hand, we try to look at the bigger picture of the website. But we do also look at smaller parts of a website. So it can certainly happen that some things go up, some things go down. And on average, across the domain, you will see some change, or maybe it'll even out, even in kind of weird coincidental cases. So that's certainly possible the way that you're seeing things there. And it's also that there are always a lot of different things that come out with regards to search. And some are a little bit more focused on the domain or on a bigger picture of the website. Some are focused more on smaller parts of a website. So even outside of a core update, you might see these shifts across some parts of your site and other parts going up, some parts going down. When do you bring back the request indexing tool? I don't know. So we will see. I know that lots of people want it. And the Search Console team is pretty close to kind of getting that back lined up. I don't know what the timing there will be. It's like there is like some chance that we might still get it this year, though it's getting really tight. From a ranking standpoint, if Core Web Vitals use real user data, I think we talked about this briefly before, in March, your big mobile update will come. If we are ranking well at the moment on mobile, can that change with the mobile update? For example, our internal linking is basically not existent on mobile. Our mobile navigation menu is blocked for the crawler currently. How much is our desktop page actually influencing the rankings on mobile? So I didn't take a look at your specific site. But if your site is already shifted over to mobile first indexing, then you will not see any changes in March when we shift the rest of the web over, because we're already using the mobile version of your site for indexing there. And for the largest part, we have shifted over most websites. So that's something where if we've shifted it over, you're not going to see any changes. If we haven't shifted your site over to mobile first indexing, then that does mean that, on the one hand, our systems are not sure if your site will work well with mobile first indexing. And if your site still doesn't work well with mobile first indexing in March, then we will pick whatever mobile content you have and index that, which might be worse than your site is now with regards to indexing. So that's something where, depending on your case, you might see changes or you might not see changes. PageSpeed Core Web Vitals' question, does the origin summary include only index pages or the domain experience? So I don't know, offhand, how the Chrome user experience report data is collected with regards to what goes into the origin summary or not. But there is fairly detailed documentation on the Chrome user experience report data. So I would double check that there. I still get alerts from an old subdomain that I moved away many years in Search Console. I'm concerned that it's affecting my ranking. With the current and active domain, should I fix these errors? Probably not. So Search and Search Console, they keep track of things for a really, really long time. And it can happen that you move to a different domain and the old domain still exists. Maybe there's no hosting there anymore in the meantime. And if anything happens where we try to crawl a page and find errors, then we will flag that in Search Console. But that doesn't mean that there's any effect on your current site with regards to Search. So for the most part, if you've moved away many years ago and something gets flagged on the old domain, then you can just ignore it. I want to split a website into two websites. I want to keep some pages and posts on the current domain, but the pages and posts I want to move to a separate website. It will keep the same branding structure, basically everything. I just want to separate visitors and make two websites easier for them. Except for 301, redirection for the moved pages, is there anything else I should keep in mind to do in order to maintain the website reputation and not lose ranking of those migrating pages? So I think the redirects are really the primary thing that you should focus on. But any time that you split or you merge websites, the end result is really hard to determine ahead of time. And it can be that things are better. It can also be that things are worse overall. So in particular, if you're taking a website and you're splitting it up into lots of small pieces, lots of pieces, not just two, then it can happen that all of those pieces individually are just kind of like, OK, from a quality point of view, but not good enough to compete in a competitive environment. So in particular, if you're active in a very competitive area and you split things off into smaller pieces, then it might be harder for us to rank those. Whereas if you combine them, it might be easier for us to rank those. On the other hand, if it's a less competitive area, then it's very possible that we'll just index all of those versions and show those appropriately in the search results. So that's something where it's really hard to determine ahead of time what the SEO effect will be. And because of that, I would recommend doing this kind of a split or merging primarily then when you have really, really strong business reasons to actually do that. If you really know your users are annoyed, if you have both of these things on the same website and maybe they convert first because of that, then that's something where I'd say, well, maybe it makes sense to split these off.  When will Search Console allow this avow file submitted to domain verified sites and allow all four versions to apply at the same time? We don't want to do it four times. I don't know. I think that's on the Search Console list of things to do. In particular, when they rolled out the new disavow feature, we did bring them the feedback because it also came from folks like you. So I don't know what the timing there will be. The good part, I guess, here is that for the most part, it's really rare that you have to do a disavow file submission. So if you do this in an extreme case once a month and you have to do it four times rather than one time, it's not a ton of time saved. On the other hand, if you're doing this daily, probably you're focusing on things that don't have as strong effect as you'd expect. I'm starting my new website and I'm making it accessible for people with disabilities. My question is, how can we include animation and videos and infographics if I want to make it accessible? Second, does accessibility make for trouble when it comes to indexing? So I don't have a lot of expert advice with regards to accessibility. I don't have a lot of background knowledge there. So it's hard for me to say what you should really focus on there. But there are definitely experts out there who can help you to figure that out. With regards to indexing, usually I find that if you make a website more accessible, that it actually becomes better for search. Because usually that means you don't just have one image and Google has to figure out what this image means, but rather you have the image and you have an alt attribute for the image and you give more details about the image. And all of that makes it easier for us to understand what your site is about. So that's something where usually with regards to crawling and indexing, making things more accessible is more of a positive effect rather than a negative one. Should I separate my e-commerce for my main website? What's the guideline? If any, would it be better for SEO? You can do it either way. So some sites have a blog and an e-commerce site on the same domain. Some split that off into multiple domains. It's essentially possible for you to do that in any particular setup. So that's something where I would focus more on what works well for you, what works well for tracking, for analytics purposes, and then go from there. I'm very novice that have managed my website this past year. I'm really having difficulty understanding search console with regards to my accounts. Looks like everyone here is more experts. Is there a more appropriate Google forum? I would probably go to the Search Central Help Forum. I keep saying that today. I don't know. It seems like it's usually a good place to go with regards to these general questions, like how do I verify my site? How do I get things started and get set up with regards to search? There are lots of really smart and friendly people there. So I would tend to go there. And I post your details there, like the URLs that you have for your website, so that someone can take a look and say, oh, it's like you need to put your meta tag here, or you need to do this in your WordPress, or whatever you're using. How many articles are needed for Google Discover to find our site suitable? I don't think there's any limit with regards to Discover. However, the Discover content policies are a little bit different than web search. And what we focus on for Discover is a little bit different than just general web search. So I would check out the content guidelines for Discover and see how you can perhaps tweak your content to make it more suitable for Discover. And then keep working on that. I think Discover is a really fascinating thing because it shows your website to people that are not actively looking for it. But on the other hand, that also means it's really hard to create content specifically for Discover because you don't know what people are not searching for where your site could be shown. So it's a bit kind of like it's a tricky, tricky place. But I think it's really cool. OK, more and more questions. Maybe I'll just switch back to questions from you all to kind of close things out. So I've trapped you the URL in the chat. OK, cool. I'll copy that out and take a look at that later on. Great, thank you. John, regarding Discover, first of all, is there anything new that the Discover team is likely to come out with in time soon in terms of more recommendations or maybe more insights of what people, especially people who had traffic from Discover and now they don't, maybe some insights into what they can do to improve? Yeah, I don't have any idea of timing. So that's always tricky to come and say, what will happen in the future? It's like, I really don't know what the timings are there. I do know the Discover team cares a lot about people who are trying to get content visible in Discover. And they'd like to make it a little bit easier to understand what is happening there. So it's certainly possible that some things will come out that have a little bit more information or some more tips on it on what you could be doing differently. But I don't know what the specific plans are there or timelines would be. So you mentioned in one of the previous hangouts that, as I mentioned, we've been working with a publisher that has been removed from Discover in May. And we kept making sure that the new content that they publish is according to Discover policies. And they improve the content and overall user experience as well. You mentioned that Google, including Discover, requires quite a bit of time to process all of these changes. Even if the content is indexed, we might still need some time until Google understands that, OK, so this is a good enough quality website to be included in Discover again.  What would you think, like, is an appropriate amount of time to wait? I don't know. I mean, it's tricky on the one hand with regards to bigger quality changes on a website. So that is really hard to say there. And on top of that, I don't know in particular how Discover pulls all of that information together. So for Search, I would guess a large site a couple of months should give us time to understand it a little bit better. I don't know if Discover would do anything past that or would take longer. OK, but so definitely a month is too little to kind of see a significant impact. So I'm guessing two, three, four months and beyond. There's a more appropriate time to OK. And I know you mentioned that with Discover, the new content, the fresh content, has a heavier weight in terms of how Discover calculates everything. So just to confirm that it's not really required to kind of go back months or years to kind of update that old content and update it. I see it as something that's not particular to Discover itself, but more with regards to how we understand websites. And the kind of website that you're kind of like talking about sounds like something where you're generally creating new content all the time. That means within your website, when we understand your site structure, we focus essentially on the newer content and on the main category sections, for example, of a website, which means that overall, we would automatically, for indexing, kind of focus more on that newer content because it's just very prominently linked within your website. You're giving it a lot of weight. So regardless of Discover or just Search in general, if you're constantly creating new content, then that's kind of where we will shift our focus over time. So it's not the case that the old content might pool everything, especially if the site has been online for five years or something like that. It's not like these four and a half years are pulling down the last six months of new best content.  And that's something where if you look at the traffic from Search and the analytics traffic, you can probably make guesses on which parts of your site are critical for your site. So I could, for example, imagine a situation where you have a news type website, where we focus on news, but you also have a reference section somewhere. And the reference section is really important because it's like you're the only reference site for that kind of content. Then we would say, well, this reference part is really important, but there's also a news part. And we try to find kind of like a balance between those two parts. On the other hand, if it's purely a news website and we can purely focus on the new content, and that's really clear when we crawl and index your site, that's clear kind of from all of the signals that we get, then obviously we'll focus on the news part. OK, for Search, I'm guessing for Discover these reference sections, they might not be as relevant when calculating things.  So if you're looking at an overall quality issue with regards to your website and you have this reference part that's really important for your website but is really low quality, then we will still balance that low quality part with your newer quality news content and try to find some middle ground there with regards to how we understand the quality of your website overall. But it really kind of depends on your website. And it's not so trivial to just say, oh, we will take a look at all the Search console traffic and impressions kind of thing. It's like we try to figure out what is important for the site overall. Right, right. OK, got it. All right. Any more questions from anyone? John, I have a question. Sure. Actually, it's regarding a website schemas. How it's important for website. Is it really useful for increase a website visibility in a search engine or help to rank higher? It doesn't change the ranking. It changes how we show the pages in the search results. So it's not that you will rank higher if you add structured data. But if you do have structured data that we can use for rich results types, then we will perhaps show that in the search results. So for example, if you add FAQ markup to your pages and we understand we can show that for your site, then we will show that in the search results and maybe that will be more visible for your website and maybe that will attract more users to your site overall. But it doesn't change the ranking of those pages. OK, OK. Actually, I have implemented schemas overall on all websites. And they all are visible in search engines. Cool. And yeah, one more question. Sometime website, overall website perform, right? All keywords are in the top 10. And after two weeks, overall website drop, keyword ranking drop, then what we can, what issue? I have no words about this. I hope you understand. Yeah, it's really hard to say. So we have a document in the Help Center, specifically for, I think, my site's ranking dropped or my page's visibility dropped, something like that. And it goes through a number of the issues that could be playing a role there with regards to maybe technical issues that you can double check and also some tips with regards to the overall quality. But in general, even if you have all of the technical things set up correctly, it can happen. And it's very normal that things will go up in ranking and things will go down in ranking over time. So just because a page is no longer ranking as well as it was before doesn't necessarily mean that there's something wrong with the page. It might just be it's like maybe there are other pages that we should show in search. Maybe we just have trouble understanding the relevance of the page, focusing the page more on the kind of content that you want to have it visible for. All of these things can play a bit of a role. Oh, OK, OK, sir. Actually, according to all Google guidelines, I have made a document. And recently, last month, I have launched a new website. It's regarding a hoverboard. And can you imagine, after one and a half months, overall websites are ranked higher and the keywords are in top 10? Fresh new website. Yeah. And I got good traffic. Daily around 2,000 to 2,500. Yeah. That sounds good. Yeah. I mean, sometimes if you can't have everything. Overall website optimized all our Google guidelines. Google guidelines. Excellent. Excellent, really. Cool. Yeah, I mean, on the one hand, the technical things are certainly things to watch out for. But it's also, it's not guaranteed that you will be successful just because you follow the technical guidelines. So sometimes you also have to have a sense of what will be important or what areas are maybe not covered so well at the moment that we can help cover. So it's like, yeah, cool. All right, let me just pause the recording here. We can stick around a little bit longer if any of you want. And yeah, I don't know. I think this is the last office hours hangout for this year. So thank you all for joining all of these hangouts. Thanks for all of these questions along the way. I hope you found these useful. We'll certainly be doing more of these next year as well. I think Martin is doing one for JavaScript next week, so it's not completely closed. I don't know how he does it, like almost over the holidays. We'll see. But we'll definitely have more of these lined up next year. So wish you all happy holidays and see you next year in that case. Merry Christmas. Merry Christmas. Christmas. Merry Christmas. See you. Bye.


Yeah, that's, it really is what it comes down to. It's really, you know, giving up the idea of protection.  And then, you know, at some point you just have to question this whole idea of protection. Like, who's getting protected? And from what, you know, you just, in the end you just have to go all the way with it and give up the concept of protect, you know? That's what Jesus is teaching us in the workbook. In my defenselessness, my safety lies. What he's saying is, as long as you still believe there's something to protect, you're not going to have any safety, because you've just made up an enemy that doesn't exist. If you're going to constantly try to protect yourself from this enemy, wherever you project this enemy to be, you know, it's, you're not going to have peace of mind and believe in protectiveness. So in the end, you know, protective angels and, you know, okay, I'm going to put the ball of gold light around you and, you know, this will shield you from the evil things and this and this and, you know, eventually I had to start to question the whole idea of evil entities and evil.  She goes, there is evil. You know, what's this? You know, it's like, after 10 years you're still, what?  You know, you really, in the end, that's what you're going to have to face. It's just this very idea that there's something other than God. You know, it's pretty preposterous when you really start to see it. Where would, if God is all, then where is some God supposed to come from? If God is the source and the source of all, then where exactly does this ego come from? Where does evil come from? I love that part in the Course, you know, what is the ego? What the darkness was? Where is it now? Nowhere. What is it now? Nothing. You know, it's described only in words and past terms just as like a, to expose it. But then you get down there to the teacher's manual and he's like saying, okay, now it's time to, let's get straight about this. You're going to have to really see the nothingness of this. You know, we just gave it words so you could bring it up to awareness during your mind training. But we have to get to a point where, you know, you start to see it's unequivocal. It can't be both ways. What was that word that Mary Baker Eddy used one time? She had a group of students, she was teaching and, oh yeah, I remember she, she had a group of teaching, she's working with these students and everything, and they started getting into discussions and with the spark of God in her eyes and the radiance of God just radiating through her, she looked at her students and she said, I am infallible. And a bunch of students just got up and walked out of the class and all she was doing was teaching the truth. You know, that's all she was doing. You know, it was, that's the kind of presence that raises the dead. That's the kind of present that heals the sick. That's the kind of presence that says there's no life, truth, substance, intelligence in matter. There's no mind in matter. It can't be both ways.  You can't teach both things. One denies the other. You can't teach error and you can't teach truth side by side. You can't mix error with truth. When Jesus is saying the truth is true and only the truth is true. It's so beautiful. And really when we're saying about the only lesson is that you're the dreamer of the dream, it's really beautiful to start to really begin to open yourself and practice that one lesson. You know, really start to rivet your mind on that. Like really tell yourself, okay, this is what I want to be shown. Remember, that's what I enjoyed about China. I don't know how many billion people are there. We don't even know. Billions of people, I don't know, in China. But there was this one over there that when I did a one-on-one with her, she was starting to hone in. I could feel it in her mind where she was like saying, seeing that it's the only lesson I need. She was voicing it to me. The only lesson I need to learn is that I'm the dreamer of the dream. It was precious to hear that reflected back. You know, it goes so far beyond the teachings of philosophy and psychology and metaphysics and so on and so forth.  Because it brought tears to my eyes even having that experience because I said, yes, yes, now just focus on that. Just really zoom in on that. Make that your daily practice, you know. Really give your mind over to that. And she was the one that started showing up as like, we call it like the sannyasi at some of our events. Because she didn't have money, she couldn't afford to come. She couldn't pay to come in. And they had people guarding her from coming in. But she still found a way just to pray and come back to her. I'm the dreamer. I'm the dreamer. Still found a way to make it through, you know, to how many of our gatherings? Six out of six. Yeah. Even though there were people watching to make sure she wouldn't make it through the gates. But that's the kind of, that's what you're trying to do here is, you know, that's something you can focus on. Really give yourself over to it. It's like people, why did people even try to climb Mount Everest? Why do people even try it? Because it's the, on earth it's the highest mountain. They want to climb the highest mountain. We're talking spiritually. Spiritually it's the only lesson to learn is that you're the dreamer of the dream. Then can't you see how helpful that could be to just start to open your mind to the possibility that this is a dream. That all these characters are just reflecting everything in your mind.  You know, that's a dreamer of the dream. Look, you know. No need to look. As they say in basketball, no rim on that shot. It was nothing but net. And it was what the world would call a totally blind shot. It didn't take aim. He was totally intuitive. You can see it on his face. He just caught the ball and launched it over his head.  Don't take time to catch the ball and think about it. Look around to see who you're going to pass it to. Don't be concerned whether you're going to double dribble or where you're going to move your pivot foot. You know, playing basketball you're allowed to move one foot but you can't move your pivot foot. You think he was thinking about a pivot foot? Good guy didn't even know what a pivot foot is. He just, he took the shot. He took the ball and he flung the thing with a great glee on his face and make it be that quick. You know, the alternative is to get into one of these basketball games. You've got to dribble and you've got to pass the ball around and pass, look for your open teammate. You've got to set picks. You know what a pick is? You've got to take a shot from somebody else on the other team so that somebody can get free. You've got to set picks and you've got to do all these things and it's just so much work, the game of basketball. And you've got to run, run like your antelopes or something. Run, I played basketball, run. I coached kids too that age. Yeah, it just was, what a forgiveness lesson. It's just totally, I have no control over the world I see. You coach the kids basketball team. You draw it out and everything. But they believed in me. I believed in them. We developed some kind of a thing and went all the way to the championship game one year. But it was like, it was still a lot of work. And when I look at this kid that just catches the ball and throws it over his head, I know I think now that's the way to play basketball, you know? Because it's totally in the flow of the moment. There was no thought with it at all. There was no analysis to it. There was just, it was just totally given. We can actually live our lives that way. Nico doesn't like this. It's too simple. It's getting too simple.


Five dividend stocks What's up money geeks mr. V here welcome to another video guys so into this video I want to show you guys or talk to you guys about My five stocks that I bought this week so my five dividend stocks and you guys know I'm actually in the process of building a hundred thousand dollar dividend portfolio, so this week actually went shopping and I got me some know some new gear that means some new stuff, which is a bike year mean new stocks so think about it in 2008 when the market crash a Lot of people lost their homes lost their jobs and there was so much pain going around But guess what? Some people came out of that market Smart came out of that market making a ton of money So it's just a matter of getting the right information So fast forward to 2020 will face with the same thing the market is crashing Most people would panic pack your back or grab the money Sell their their investments and go put them Maybe in a bunker or put it underneath the bed and slip on it so that's safe But other people that are smart you go shopping You buy more when the price is low like Warren Buffett says that when when most people are greedy You should be fearful and when most people are fearful you should be greedy And this is the time for you to be greedy a lot of people are fearful right now So what do you do you go shopping the price of the stock market essentially just collapsed in everything is at least 30 percent of Black Friday guess what happens people go out shopping because the prices are awesome, right? You get 30 40 50 60% of your favorite items Cyber Monday for people that are online shoppers you go out shopping because prices are so cheap you get so much discount That's the exact same mentality. I want you to have for the stock market this time I know it's hard people are thinking about how they're gonna make ends meet They're thinking about just to pay the mortgage pay the student loans and put food in the table Because a lot of people in the service industry probably don't have jobs right now because of what's going on people are being told to stay home And I totally get that and so this is not get Somehow to make you feel bad about yourself that you're not investing But I'm just saying if you do have any extra cash, even if it's five hundred dollars or a thousand dollars This is the best time for you to ever Venture into the stock market and start investing. So I just wanted to put that out there Make sure that this is not kind of like shaming people if you don't have the money That's fine, but if you do have some extra money again, like I said, even if it's 500 or $1,000 you put that in the stock market now that the prices are this low When the market bounces back in five ten years from today You're gonna look at that $1,000 that you invested. It's probably gonna be three four five thousand dollars just from the growth So the trick is to pick the right stocks to invest into that's something that I kind of want to bring it out to you guys So before we jump into you know, my top five dividends talk to that but this this particular week if you're new to the channel I think 95% of you guys watching having subscribed to my channel. And what are you waiting for? She's hit that subscribe button and subscribe and hit the notification bell so that when I post new videos You get them in getting notification. Yeah, cuz YouTube tells me that 95% of people watching my videos are not subscribed to my channel Man, that's hurtful. Come on. Hit that subscribe button. All right. Let's jump into it. So my first dividend stug that I got this week is WFC which is world's final company. So I actually bought that They pay a dividend of about seven point two percent and the price is really really down It's I think it's about twenty seven dollars now. That's like half price They do I think before the crash he had a high of about I think fifty four dollars or so and now it's down to twenty seven So if you wanted to this is the best time to jump into it And right now everybody banks and people are struggling and they're going through this But guess who which companies will get a bailout if anything would happen banks. They always get money So I'm not worried that they're gonna come crashing because if things goes out the government is always going to step up and build them So that's why I jumped in and got and got me some some was follow number two is Delta Delta Airlines. That's another really great company. They pay a dividend of about seven point four nine And so again, if you've listened to the president talk about No helping the airline companies because they're really getting hitting hard So the government really want to step up and help them and these are companies that When the government wants to help they go really really hard on them Like the government always step up to the plate to assist this company. So For sure Delta Airlines is gonna get bailout if anything were to go wrong So I'm not worried putting my money into that company. So that's a number two number three is carnival cruise People are not traveling. Nobody is going on the cruise. So these guys are pretty much like shut down They're not even operating So they are struggling but guess what their prices are dropping So this is the best time to buy because once this crisis is over people are getting trapped inside people are being told to Go into lockdown mode That is not your American spirit people are so anxious. So they immediately as soon as people get released From lockdown when we get through this crisis of the COVID-19 People are going to want to travel take a break go on the cruise and just relax and get Over this whole thing and that's where kind of a cruise. Just your stocks are gonna like really skyrocket again So if you haven't already that's a good stock to jump into so I have in my portfolio. So they pay Dividend he'll about 20% which is awesome Hermeson electric EMR. That's my fourth one. I really like them Right now 4.35% for the dividend heel and the price is I think about 30% off right now So and I'm using the word 30% off So if you look at the 52 week high and then where the price is right now, that's why I'm saying 30% off So you might be thinking it has like how do you get 30% of that? That's the way I do the math. Okay, and finally Boeing BA Boeing is the number one airplane manufacturer in the United States and in the wall I think nearly compete with Airbus in Europe So imagine that anything would go wrong with Boeing. What's gonna happen? All these airline companies will not have a place to buy or don't have to go to Europe the American government cannot let that happen or The the State Department and all the military they get their airplanes from Boeing and the President has been talking about them and how they're struggling and they have to do something about it And so Boeing right now is as cheap as I mean as cheap as you can go I saw the time that I'm doing this video. The price was about $95 think about it Boeing was over $300 maybe three or four months ago and now it's at $95. We know they're gonna bounce back This I mean to me. I'm not even questioning that they're gonna bounce back It's just a matter of when they're gonna get a bailout from the government If anything would it go so bad that they can't even survive the government is gonna bail them out So I know that and so that's why I am putting money into Boeing and they appear different heel of 8.41 Percent which is sweet. So I kind of like that. So those are my five dividend pay in stocks that I got this this week and I'm super excited and I'm I'm actually putting together a list of five dividend paying stocks under $10 under $20 and under $30 because Like I said, Boeing is $95 right now if you have $100 you might want to buy Boeing and then something else you can buy two two different companies. So I'm gonna do dividend paying stocks for Companies that are trading at under $10. So I'm gonna do that video. So that's it for this video guys So let me know in the comment section. What do you think? What are your top five dividend paying stocks that you've bought during this crisis? If you have any questions, don't hesitate to leave them in the comment section. I'll definitely get back to you guys Most importantly guys, this is a really really tough time Everybody is feeling the pain is feeling Just the anxiety of not knowing when we can get out and go about our lives are normally So whatever you do stay safe Protect yourself first and firm is protect the people around you Second so if you don't have to go out to the bar to whatever place don't do it You don't have to go watch a movie don't do it Support your local businesses you can do take out But again guys stay safe and just kind of protect everybody around you and as always guys Stay motivated


Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is status of treaty in UK. My dear students, as you already know that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the following words. Treaty is an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. Other common names include convention, protocol and agreements. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty as an international agreement between states and it is a treaty and it is governed under international law. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, only a minority of such agreements have treaty in their title. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Preities defines treaty in the same instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular desegration, Here students, the lack of formal parliamentary involvement in treaty making differentiates the British parliament from most other national legislatures. With few exceptions, my dear students, most written constitutions stipulate that parliamentary approval of treaties is required before ratification for at least some categories of treaties. Or is it possible for me to tell you that the United States constitution provides that treaties are made by the president by and with the advice and consent of two-third of the senators? This is at a matter of fact difference between the parliamentary role on conventions of UK and US. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.


Thank you, good morning. We are really proud of being here. We want to thank the organization for choosing our talk. Be creative, independent, and take responsibility for your actions. This was one of the 31 standards that Adidas learned, the founder of Adidas, defined during the last century for his shoe making company. And this is one of the standards that we try to follow daily when we work, among others. And yes, this is also something very true when we have been integrating Lingardy in the organization. We will show you how we've done this integration at a minimal cost. So just to show you a little bit about the history of how we have reached to this point, we, well, before 2016, the e-commerce site from Adidas was generating less than 1,000 million euros yearly. Right now, we are over 4,000 million. And yeah, if you want to know a little bit about the history and how we have started our journey, you can see the talk which is below. You can download the slides and take a look. It's very funny. It was done in Kupkon in Copenhagen. OK, but there are two, let's say, main drivers that made this change possible. One of them was the foundation of the platform engineering department. And the other one was the adoption of Kubernetes. And day by day, we are learning along this journey. But what is platform engineering? So the way that we have established platform engineering in Adidas is that we have not given any single golden-based path to the developers. We have really a multiple set of applications in the Adidas landscape. So we decided to build it as different building blocks. So we have different teams. Every team provides a certain amount of tools for the applications. And then they can pick and choose whatever makes sense for their purpose. So imagine that we have application around. They want to deploy it. They could do it or not. But let's say that they deploy it in the Container Orchestrations team clusters, OK? And then it's working during Kubernetes. But they might need some additional features. They might need a database. So they go to another team, which is called the landing zone team. And they request an AWS account so they can set up a database. They can go to the FAS data team. And then they can get a Kafka topic to push some data there. But then they are blind. And they would need to see something about the application. They need some observability. So they can go there. And then they can play with all their monitoring tools. So they can push, for instance, all their metrics into Victoria metrics. And they can see them on Grafana. They can push all their logs into Open Search. So as I said, they can pick and choose. They need some other tools to build the applications, to secure them, to create the certificates, or to store some secrets. And at the end, if they want to publish the application towards the internet, we have con as an API gateway. And this is the way that we have more tools. I mean, it's not a broad selection like the CNCF landscape. But it's quite big. But they can select what they need. The way that we have integrated Linkardy. So it's this first thing that we made was to decide that we wanted a different identity trust domain for each cluster. So every single cluster have their own domain. We have also different setup for core DNS. So everything is discoverable. And then we also have our own CA per cluster. We will get now into the detail about that. And also, if you see all the Linkardy documentation about your bring your own whatever, I think we have mostly done everything to adapt it to our own stack. So let's get a little bit into the details. So about the certificate and the identity. So Adidas have a central certificate authority. And from that one, the security team decided to create another one. So they can, let's say, cut the cable if it's a compromise or anything. And these CAs are stored in Benify. Then we have, again, the clusters. We have Linkardy installed there. And to, let's say, create this certificate, we have another tool in the cluster, the external secret operator. And with that one, we have a cluster secret store. What it's doing is defining a way to fetch something, let's say, a secret from Benify, which is going to be used to request a certificate. So basically, this webhook provider is just a way to submit certain credentials to Benify. And with that, we obtain a token. And that token is the one that we use with SerManager. And then SerManager is the one able to issue the certificate for the cluster, which is an elliptic core, which this one is really compatible with Linkardy. At the end, we also have some other automation when we deploy the cluster. So it creates some internal policies on Benify. But at the end, we have, I don't know if it's really visible, but we have different configurations for a cluster in Benify, thanks to all these automation. About the observability, similar to what I said before, we have given a couple of talks if you want to get more details about how our observability platform works. You can see these two docs from ChromeCon in Munich in 2019, or another one from the Kafka Summit two years ago. Basically, again, we have our cluster from container orchestration with Linkardy. Instead of using the default Linkardy piece Prometheus, what we do is, let's say, our own configuration of Prometheus, which scrapes the data plane and also all the control plane. And we have a remote write configuration to push the metrics into one custom component that we have, which is called prompt to Kafka. What it makes is to submit all these metrics into our Kafka platform, into a topic. And then on the other side, on the observability team, there is, let's say, the opposite component, which is called Kafka to Chrome, which reads all the metrics and puts them into Victoria metrics. So it uses Kafka a little bit as a buffer. And then we are able to see in Grafana all the dashboards. At the end, it was as simple as this. We are still deploying the Linkardy base chart, but we are just disabling the default Prometheus, and we are replacing the URL used for, let's say, reading the metrics for the metrics API component. And this is what we get. I mean, we are able to have a central point in Adidas where you can go to these Grafanas and you can just switch the clusters and you have the whole observability of the clusters there. About the traces, it's kind of similar. So again, we have the clusters from our team, the application, which is meshed, and pushes the traces into open telemetry. And the observability team, they are also managing a Kubernetes cluster. So they have set up also some additional infrastructure with some other open telemetry collectors where they have some specific configurations for the tail sampling. They are also injecting some metadata, like, for instance, which is the cluster where the trace is coming from or which application. I mean, they add some metadata, and then it pushes all the traces into Tempo and they are storing as three. Again, with Grafana, we are able to see all the traces from all the applications in the clusters. Okay. So these are the things or these are the components that we have integrated, or this is how we have integrated Lingerty in the company. But we have tried to go a little bit beyond. So we have tried to also give back something to a community. For instance, the integration of the certificates, although it's cryptographically valid to have a trust chain of RSA certificates, and then having one elective code one. The Lingerty check CLI was not able to identify this as a valid setup. So we made a patch for Lingerty CLI and we submitted a PR just to allow this setup. So now every single company that has a setup like this one, now they can really validate that their Lingerty installation is fine. Related to Lingerty Bs, so we have multi-tenant clusters. So for instance, we have one really big cluster for development and most of the applications and we can have more than 1000 users using that single cluster for deploying all their development versions. We have a quite strict multi-tenant configuration. And for instance, if people was trying to use Lingerty Bs to get some data from the CLI, it was not really possible because it was asking for excessive permissions for that. So we also were working with the Lingerty team to reduce the surface of the permissions that were requested. So it's still secure, but it's enough to provide all these information to the teams on a multi-tenant setup. And also, this is pending to submit the PR, but we have also some changes for VZert which is also another CLI that is used with Benify to configure the policies and everything. So the thing is that it was unable to do certain operations. With these changes now, you are able to from the CLI also create these policies and store correctly the certificates and all these have been contributed back to the community.  I mean, if you have issues with any open source project, especially with Lingerty, open issues on their GitHub, even proposed changes, if you have new ideas or start discussions, you can also join Slack, try to help people. You can even just share your experience about how it went integrating Lingerty. Give back your code. So the same way that we have been working to contribute with some PRs back, try to do it. If you are not allowed, if you don't have time, whatever reason, maybe you can also add comments because they can be also really valuable. And finally, spread the word.  We have learned that with the talks that I've shown. I hope that you are also seeing this one interesting, but especially if you have failure stories, people is really willing to hear that. And then I hand over to Miguel. Good morning, everyone. I'm Miguel, I'm a SREA at Adidas. I'm in a team that is called Commerce Next. And we are the next iteration of e-commerce services in Adidas. We are using this opportunity to provide core services to make it easier, ditch legacy code and, you know, just a fresh new look at how can we do everything. So why did we choose to be the test pilot for LinkedIn and Adidas? The main reason is we are so new, we still don't have every service in production, right? So we have this 50-50 or 70-30 services in production. So in the 30 that are in production, we have some leeway and we have some playground that we can do stuff with. And the reasons that we decide to go with LinkedIn is because the development moved fast and we have some gaps. Mainly we have some observability gaps. The tracing was that way, you know, everything that we did, every Grafana panel, since we did manual instrumentation of the applications, every Grafana panel was custom made for every application. So we couldn't reuse those. And then we have, because some technical issues, we have a very convoluted authentication stack that we want to improve, right? So how did we adopt LinkedIn? So we had a quick meeting between six people, right? And we set a very simple target. In one quarter, we should have at least one service with LinkedIn enabling production. And it has to be a production service, right? So we took one, some, several and all services approach. This isn't all microservices or applications in a data production, right? I'm talking just about the commerce next services. And we had this approach for every one of our depth staging and production environment, right? I have to say that we silently missed the target. We didn't do it in one quarter. And we will see why later. And the operationalization of everything, it wasn't included in the scope, right? It was our best effort. We wanted to do it as best as possible, but it wasn't something that we included fully. It was a small team, two people, and we weren't fully dedicated to the project. Our main mission in this quarter was business as usual, mainly in our free time or downtime, push a little bit of LinkedIn, keeping in mind that one production service in one quarter was the target. And from the application perspective, it was completely painless. We only had to add that little annotation there and everything just worked. Obviously, after the work that Danny did, right? But it was easy. So obviously we found some blocking issues. Mainly the main problem or the major problem that we found is friction and internal corporate processes. Adidas is not a small company, but it was pretty quick. But still we have to comply with security. We have to get approval from the right people. I would say that that was the thing that slow us down the most, right? Then the team wasn't fully dedicated. Again, business as usual. We spent around 10, 50% of their time during this quarter for LinkedIn. The other issue is that we moved too fast because we have three different environments and in one quarter, that will be one environment per quarter. So imagine that you have a critical piece of software that you are going to deploy worldwide in everything and then you have one month to test it in depth and even if you are happy or not, you should move to staging to keep up with the timeline. That is, in retrospective, that is too fast. Maybe that's the reason that we incur in that slight delay, right? And then we have two failures from LinkedIn. The proxy wouldn't start and this was due to two upgrades that we did to the clusters. The only problem it was, it was the worst timing ever. The first one was when I was trying to push LinkedIn to other team. And the second time was when the other team came back to me trying to adopt LinkedIn. So really, really bad timing. We still have to do some failure analysis. We have some bullet points that we would like to explore and see how an hypothetical failure of LinkedIn will affect us. So still some homework to do. So once we got LinkedIn production, what did we get? Well, we got improved observability because we are moving away from the application, graphana panels into LinkedIn panels. So that allowed us to instantly reduce panels so we don't have to work on a single panel to improve observability in all our applications. Now we can do that. We have some performance improvements. They are not that big because mainly in the backend area I'm working with, the requests are very short-lived API requests. So we have seen some performance improvement but it's not by a lot of margin, right? And then we have a lot of integrations already done. So with the metrics, which is graphana panels that includes the per route metrics which we were manually instrumenting, we suddenly get the new alert team for every application. So we don't have to have a set of alerts for every application. And then we have retries. Retries for us are important. In particular, one of the applications we have right now in production is having some issues with a third-party provider. This is in the final checkout for the final customer. So having those failures are impacting Adidas bottom line directly. And it's jumping around. OK. Now it's not. Now it's back. OK. So the retries. It was impacting our bottom line and we had two options, right? We could use LinkerD that we already had in place to implement the retry there. Or we can modify the application and implement the retry there. We went with LinkerD and we actually saw a reduction on failed requests for the. It was a critical path, or it is a critical path in the user journey. We have some things that we have pending. Again, 1 quarter, 10% of the time. But we want to explore for their cross-cluster communications, the access control list for LinkerD, and traffic splits. We have some homework that we still have to do. We still don't have the cluster ingress mesh. So there is some lack of observability there. Circuit breaking and dynamic routing. That is something that we were hoping we could get soon. And in the latest release of LinkerD, we got it. We haven't had time to test yet. But we are excited to see what we can do with that. And then we have a little wish list of things that we would like to see improved. So real limiting, especially external services observability, the third party that we depend on, they are currently in no way to mesh them in an easy way. So in summary, what did we have? So if you have two people and you can spare them for x amount of week, you can get a separate mesh in production, which is great. Around one quarter, but then business as usual. We instantly had our observability gaps completely filled, closed. And then we are able to reuse our work, which was a huge investment in time for every panel, one person doing it. It's a lot of redo the work. Then we have already the knowledge or infrastructure pieces in place. So now with the new release, we can do circuit breaking. With the traffic splits, we can improve our chase engineering. Then once we have a little bit more experience with LinkerD, we have cross cluster failovers, which will improve our resiliency. We experiment some cost reduction because we are getting better performance. Hopefully once we implement the ACLs, we don't have to make a little bit of a round trip that we are doing right now for the authentication stack to work. And then by default, with the new TLS, we improve our security stance inside the cluster, which is something that we had to do. But now with LinkerD, everything is done for us. So I think that's great. And I think that's it. Thank you. Thank you. Does anybody have any questions? Right after this, we will have a little bit of a break. But if you have questions, we will do our best to get to them. So hi there. My name is Victor Stajak. And I would like to ask if you do have any kind of statistics of how was the performance impact when you introduced LinkerD? Because you have pretty large scale and how your CPU usage raised and maybe memory. So that would be nice to know. So regarding the performance, we only were worried about the resource consumption. Because we are adding a little proxy to every service. That was what worried us the most. In our initial test, the latency induced by the proxy was pretty minimal. We didn't have a comparison with other mesh providers because we are not going to deploy everything in production. But the latency was around 2, 3 milliseconds extra or something like that. Keep in mind that the area I'm working on is basically the back end of Adidas. So a lot of our calls are inside the cluster. And we are not the huge part of latency that we get when we have a call. It's usually either DB queries or third-party queries. So for us, a few milliseconds here and there outweighs or the benefits of having LinkerD outweighs the few milliseconds here and that we are getting in latency. What was the total RPS? It really depends. It really depends. All right, I'll put you on the spot.  No, the thing is, as I said before, we have multi-tent clusters also for production. So it really depends on the marketing campaigns that are being run, depending on the each country. I don't know if you are aware about the, let's say, the different hype drops that we have. So we have special campaigns which are really special. I mean, a lot of people want to buy those shoes or those articles. And then we have kind of a Tito's attack on the cluster. So it really depends on the moment of the day that we can have. I don't have also the exact numbers of the normal requests, sorry. Thank you. Anything else? Yep, one moment. Thanks, first of all. I was wondering what kind of benefits Lincardie provided you in the observability stack. So is it only or is the only benefit that you can have a more general or more over-templated panel, if you will, or is there also a benefits in the detail of the metrics you can maybe show? So regarding the observability stack, we had two main issues, right? The first one was we are using a diverse set of languages. We are using Java, Node.js, a lot of different things, right? And every instrumentation we do in those applications, they usually have their leader format for metrics. So yes, we did have the metrics. But the metrics were named different things, like application name and then bucket this, that. The buckets were configured differently. So we had a lot of different buckets or we have to manually tweak. So that includes a lot of manual work that we have to do for every application. From the dev perspective, it's not that bad, because, you know, oh, I already have metrics. It works. But from my team, there's every team that's an additional toil that is needed at all, right? So with Lincardie, what we are doing is for critical applications, we still have this manual instrumentation in some paths that are critical to the application. And we want those particular metrics, right? But if you have a new application and just enable Lincardie, you just suddenly get 70% of those observability with the default Graphana panels that we are developing, right? Because we are using the metrics provided by Lincardie for upstream and downstream. Then we have the metrics provided by the cluster for performance. And then the basic, I don't know, pent-elementary metrics or whatever is said that you are using, right? It will provide a coverage of around 95%, let's say. So that is the biggest improvement to us. We don't have to redo work again and again and again for the verification. The other option that we had was rewrite the metrics in Prometheus, but that includes another manual step that you now have to maintain, right? And a new application we have to go through every step on the way again. So it's again, it's manual toil, manual work that shouldn't be done in 2023. All right, thanks very much.


A lot of emotional roller coaster over a six six hour period. I just got done interviewing at the local high school with the athletic director to take over this upcoming season in January and I see a missed call from Raheem Morris the defense coordinator and I call him back I thought it was odd and he eventually asks you're not fattened out of shape are you and I I kind of chuckled and and thought to myself well I'm I'm definitely not but I'm not the same guy was two years ago and then he asked you think he'd give us 15 20 snaps uh Monday night this was Tuesday afternoon to come back to this moment and to join a squad that was on the brink of something special and to add a little uh little energy little passion and a little a little something this old man could muster up in the playoffs uh results in a Super Bowl Super Bowl win which we're entrenched in history now