A radio man on watch aboard a task force flagship is handed a tactical signal by the communications officer. This is immediately transmitted to the rest of the division. As a result of this signal, the entire task force changes course. The radio man plays an important part in maneuvers. His fighting weapon is the transmission key. Let's take a look at the key and see what makes it tick. The important parts of the key are the knob, the contacts, and the tension spring. Both the tension spring and the contacts are adjustable by means of these screws. If the contacts are too far apart, sending will be erratic. If the contacts are too close together, sending becomes an epic. Adjust the gap screw so that the space between the contacts is 1-32nd of an inch. This is correct. The tension spring is also adjustable. If it's too loose, sending will be sloppy. If too tight, sending becomes difficult. Adjust the spring so that the key has a nice kickback, which permits the transmission of crisp, understandable code. You have seen the mechanical adjustments of the key. Listen to the sounds of the key. These sounds are transmitted in international Morse code. To illustrate the basic elements of international Morse code, let us take the words, we do. These series of boxes make up the time scale, which will show you the correct time proportion of the disc, the DAWs, and the various spaces. The white boxes represent the sounds heard, the disc and the DAWs. The black boxes represent the spacing between the sounds. These are the discs. The DAW is three times as long as the disc. The space between the disc and the DAWs that make up the letter is equal to one disc. The spacing between the letters is equal to three discs or one DAW. The spacing between words is equal to seven discs or two DAWs. These are the basic elements of Morse code. It is essential that you develop a second sense of correct timing so that you can send clear, readable code. In taking your position at the key, the first rule is to have your disc clear of everything, such as call books, paper weights, et cetera. Anything that might require you to place your arm in an uncomfortable position. Your feet should be flat on the deck. Sit erect in your chair. When sending, these are the working parts of the body. The brain, the eyes, the ears, the arm, and the fingertips. The rest of the body should be comfortably relaxed and forgotten. The good sender coordinates these working parts so that he can concentrate on his sending during rough weather and all sorts of adverse conditions. To control the key, the thumb and second fingers grasp the rim of the knob while the forefinger acts as the pressure finger. The grasp should be about as firm as would enable you to lift a loose key. Keep in mind that the two pressure points are the fleshy part of the arm, on the desk, and the forefinger on the key. The wrist must be relaxed. To start sending at any time, drop your arm limp at the side of your key and proceed. For easy sending, the wrist should be as relaxed as this. The wrist should be off the table. Incorrect. Tapping with one or more fingers makes for uncomfortable and inaccurate sending. Also incorrect. The operator is tensing his whole arm. His wrist is not performing properly. He will tire rapidly. Remember, the wrist should work easily like a hinge between the hand and the forearm. It should never be stiff. At all times it should be steady and parallel to the table. Now this man has poor form. Notice how the coin always slips off his wrist because it is not parallel to the table. This wasted motion causes excessive work and inaccuracies. Another form of incorrect sending. He is tense, sending on his nerves. He is punching the key. Now here is the same man two hours later. His arm is all tensed up. He is tired and he's in pain. He has what is known as a glass arm, the writer's cramp for the radio man. He is through. In good sending form, the wrist is parallel to the table, relaxed and steady. A good sender can transmit for hours without the coin slipping off. Notice how relaxed this man is and how easily he sends. He has been transmitting steadily for two hours. He is fresh, still going strong and can keep on going because he has mastered the technique of easy sending. And now for a quick review. You must know the important parts of the key. The basic elements of International Morse Code. The DA, the space between the elements. Spacing between letters. The spacing between words. Keep your desk clear. Relax. Keep that wrist loose, free and easy. It is only through work and constant practice that the beginner can acquire the accuracy, ease and smoothness of performance that characterize the good radio man.


So, today we are going to see, we are going to discuss about dealing with locators across browsers. Is there any better way to do that? So, as you can see, there are three matter the most in cross browser test automation locator, locator and locator. So, how many of you had issues dealing with locators especially across the different browsers? So, do you all agree that locator is the main issue that you usually have a lot of problems dealing with? So, the question remains, how do you find the right one? So, here is the agenda, learn best practices to identify the ID locator for automation. Let's see if it exists, learn how to solve the challenges with picking the right locator for each browser and version and learn how much time could be saved in implementing the recommended solution. As you all know, right? Selenium uses locators to find and match the elements of a web page that it needs to interact with and locators are unique identifiers for one or more web elements on a web page. So, Selenium offers various strategies that you can use to locate web elements starting from ID, name, tag name, XPath, CSS, etcetera and each of which has their own pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages. There are various situations wherein something might be of more help than the others. So, we are not going to discuss each of them. I am pretty sure that you all already know about that. So, at a high level, locators can be categorized into structure based and attribute based locators, structured based, you know, they rely on the structure of the page to find the elements. So, like XPath, DOM, CSS, etcetera. So, whenever there is a change in the page structure, your locators may become absolute. And attribute based locators rely on the attributes of the elements to locate them, like identifier, ID, name, link and again CSS, which basically has good balance between the structured based and attributes based locators. So, let's have a quick view of the pros and cons of one or two locators. So, the first one being the ID is the most specific one that can help locate an element on a page and they are more reliable. So, as long as the developer doesn't change the ID of an element, it is not going to change. So, you are depending on the ID. But the downside of it is, you know, it doesn't ensure that it's unique on the page. So, it depends on the discipline of the developers and if they don't follow the practices, it may fail. So, maybe while recording, you may be, you know, your target element may be the third or fourth locator that has the same ID, but while running, it will pick the first one. And most dynamic apps, usually the, you know, database debent ones are dynamic apps, wherein the content is added dynamically to the pages. Locators are unpredictable. IDs. So, it may not work in all the cases. Similarly, if you come look at the X path, so because it is structured based one, any changes to the structure of the HTML will invalidate your locators if they are using X path. Right? The changes are expected and especially when your application is in development stage, you know, developers, you know, they change, they keep changing the page, right? Because the, no design is final, right? So, they keep improving the page. The structure is not fixed. And X path can be passed in both the ways, top to bottom and the other way. And X path is not resilient enough in situations where development is progressed. Yep. And the third one is CSS. It's the fastest and most flexible and the browser themselves use them for applying styles. And it gives good balance between using structure and attributes to find the elements. So, what it means is, say, suppose you have, say, username, password inside a form, say, for example, in a login page. So, though the structure of that changes, as long as you maintain the form itself intact, right? You can move that around and have your CSS locator, say, you know, within this ID, the form with this ID under that, this one, right? So, even if the structure changes, you can use CSS to bring the resilience into your locator identification. Again, there are two ways where you can locate elements on a page. So, you can use tools like Selenium ID and then prepare your test cases, your scripts. And you can test the automator script in different browsers, check what are locators work in, for which browsers, et cetera. So, if a locator works in most browsers, but not all, then use a specific different locator for just some browsers and versions. So, this takes some time and you need to, you know, give some pilot error and, you know, move back and forth between your implementation and recording your instructions. And the other one is the engineered locators. So, this requires QA engineers or test engineers to spend extra time with your developers closely to understand the application, analyze it, understand it, and work closely with them and use various tools to identify all the available locators and then see which one suits in that particular situation. So, maybe, you know, IDs may not work for the dynamically generated content that you intend to add to your applications. So, this trial and error still exists. But because, you know, you're working closely with developers and identifying upfront about, okay, you know, which one suits better in this situation, okay, let's not go with this.  And when you have Nestor relationships, engineering a locator works better. So, all this process is a little more time consuming, but it's more resilient when compared to, you know, having locators recorded and, you know, then go to your implementation and then check whether that particular location works across the browsers or not. Let's see an example. So, a recorded locator could look like this XPath, which translates to search for a button, which is the second element of the third element of the due, which is, again, second element of the main. So, as you can see here, as long as the structure is intact, it works. But if the HTML changes, right, the locator is gone. So, engineered locator would look something like, you know, okay, this is the element with the disk tagged and the identifier. It's a button with ID so-and-so, a span with the class so-and-so. So, we found two ways of doing that. So, the challenge is not all locators work in all browsers and versions. Not all locators do the job in the same time in all the browsers. Same locators, some locators require more rework from developers. They need to spend extra time effort, which translates into additional costs. Some locators are more resilient to changes to application over time than others. So, which locator gives the biggest bang for the buck? So, it's the one that helps reduce the script maintenance and reliability. Is there anything else? Any questions so far? So, currently, to get the most of the existing solution that we have at hand. So, okay, you know, this is our experience. So, I'm going to share. So, we tried to work on this problem by adding additional conditional logic. Saying, okay, you know, if this is the browser, then do this. Pick this one. So, we need to do a lot of trial and error going back and forth and then, you know, identifying different locators that works for example, for a long X path in IE, it takes a lot of time or fails most of the times. So, we need to have conditional logic per browser and that is additional work, right? And it's two time consuming. So, we tried for a better alternative. So, the alternative that we came up with is try all the locators until at least one succeeds. So, we tried to record all the locators that are available for a target element of print. So, we used our own proprietary, I mean, IDE recorder that works on top of Selenium that can record all the available locators initially and saves them in an XML that we use for storing the scripts. Basically, all the instructions which have the command, target, and value. And not just one target. So, we try to save all the available locators into the XML itself. And if you're programming, so this is the recent addition to the source. So, I'm not a Java guy. So, we haven't tried it much, but last minute addition to the presentation. So, it claims that, you know, you can use find all annotation in the Java page factory and that will do the job for you. But this is at the run time, execution time. And this is while recording the script, right? And during execution, you can loop through the available locators, taking the first one, try it out, if it fails, go to the next one. So, do this until all the locators fail or at least one passes, succeeds. So, from the IDE side, if you're using IDE to record your scripts on locators, like the Selenium IDE, it captures all the locators, but it only stores the one that the user has, the one that he switched to last. And if you save that script and then open it again, so you have only one locator. Once you find the element again, find all the locators available. So, the change that we suggest to the community is, makes Selenium IDE record all the available locators of the target element and something like, you know, this is an XML structure that we internally used, so that saves all the available locators of rent. So, the possibilities at the execution side are endless. So, you can fine tune or, you know, improvise on finding the locators and making sure that the test scripts are not failing just because it couldn't find the locator. So, again, this is the format, the find all annotation will take all the locators found by various find by annotations, it can encompasses and then returns them all in one list. So, this is a recent one year back edition. So, we haven't explored it completely, so some of you can continue. And let's see some pseudocode. So, here we are, this is just a snapshot of at a high level what we can do. So, pick each locator one by one and then see if you can use it. If it fails, go to the next one available in the list. So, the benefits of this approach is you don't have to predetermine the optimal locator and all locators by browser and version. So, you can save going by, you know, doing trial and error, going back and forth and you know, you can save time there. And it gives more resilience to your scripts as your apps evolve. So, what's beyond is you can find your execution automatically based on the user preference and past execution results. So, what that means is you can switch the order of the application of locators based on the past or fair result. And you can switch the order of the application of locators based on past execution time as well. Because not all locators take the same amount of time in all the browsers. So, you can pick the locator that was faster, say when both of them are working and you can skip the application of subset of locators. So, the forever perfect locator still remained a myth. So, there's no perfect and unbreakable locator because apps evolve, browsers evolve and locators break. So, developers experiment with UI design, streamlined HTML and fixed bugs and HTML changes in apps make locators incompatible over time. And again, the cost of maintaining locators is considerable. That's it. So, how do you think the performance is going to be affected because of this? We'll only go for the next one when the first one fails, right? While recording, yeah, if you're manually doing that identification, right? It may be time consuming. But if you, in case if you're using Selenium ideal like thing, you already have all the locators available. Yeah. Locators remain same. Some locators work, some locators may not work in the same pose. It's not good for you much, it's paid out. But then you get the consistent result, you want to understand the result. Thank you. Thanks a lot. So, Sanger was saying in his keynote that the Selenium IDE is going to be deprecated as of whatever, G3, so no more development. So, it looked like the community was going to make that change. It would have been pretty fair. So, it looks like that could be December-ish. This is a definitely best idea. Well, we well switched the build out, yeah. It's not like we're removing the code file. Yes. It's the reason they're switching, oh, they're assignment there. They switched the build out because the code is quite different in IDE, right? But you would still use it if the fix was in IDE. It's still a recall of flybacks, but it's still a fade-in. I already said a lot. Well, the Android is a code that I've documented before, so did you, did you find a way to improve it? Yeah. Yeah. I think this was the idea, so, but the precedent hasn't been worked out. The reason Selenium IDE, the retention of the utility is generally, this union is very low because the way you choose the selectors is globally less than what humans in years can decide in certain cases. So, did you find a way how to use, then use multiple selection with components? So, yeah, components are components that are components using the selector. How to find this one? It's not generally quite confident. It's going to be captured on possible readers on the IDE, the IDE which we are building. And we can give you the random options which you want to pick. Basically, if you know about your application and you are sure that the IDE is going to work on it, it never will work. You can disable that option to search for it. So, we will take the presence out from particular session. We go with X path, but confident-wise we are not capturing it. Yes, while recording, we never know what type of component in your point of view, in application point of view. Whether you're talking about search grade, as an automatic recorder won't understand what is the component, right? All it knows is, it's an element. It's basically a component, web component. But automatically, if we take a decision, but it may not be a genuine decision. Is there a way to validate X paths in IDE? Let's say for Firefox, I have a fire path. There's no kind of stuff for IDE. So, the problem is I have a thousand plus test list, which is completely working fine on Firefox. The same thing I want to validate on IDE. That's the reason why we have the solution, right? The question is, is there any way to validate X paths in IDE? If you want to know the X path of the component in IDE? There is no way. I am such a person, that's many times, but I never find any solution. It is not a good idea. Since Excel sheet, they have written some macros and they'll give you this ready-made X paths for IDE. You can open your application in the Excel browser and just point it out and it will give you all the possible combinations of X paths, CSS, and locators. Nice. How do we locate that way? It's a macro, which will open its internal browser and you can open the URL in that and do the same stuff. It's not that great, but it works for initial things like we do with Firefox IDE. Nice. How do we get that? It's from Google code. For what its name, I'll try to find out. I have it. Thank you. Thank you, everybody.


For anybody that doesn't know, not having these medications when you need them, is the pharmaceutical equivalent of me not having a wheelchair for the same period of time. It's quite serious in terms of its impact. So many people have reached out to me, deeply concerned about the shortage of ADHD medications and that those shortages are getting worse. Is it correct that 30 milligram vivants is on the medicine shortage list? It is correct that there is a current shortage of 30 milligram capsules of vivants. That is expected currently to resolve on the 31st of December. Has the Federal Government considered changing the rules around paper prescriptions for vivants so that people can more easily try a different pharmacist? Normally a script is not limited to a particular pharmacist. So I don't know why someone couldn't choose any pharmacist they want as a registered pharmacist. I think there's a particular issue around paper prescriptions, but I can get you some more information. That's not my understanding. So another tool that we can implement for medicine shortages is what's quite a serious substitution instrument. Unfortunately for vivants, because it is a Schedule 8 controlled drug, we cannot issue a substitution instrument. So the pharmacist can't substitute for a similar or for a different form of strength with that drug. So it is a little bit complex for this drug because it's a Schedule 8. Wouldn't it be great if we had a nationally consistent response? Thank you very much.


OK. I've been asked to do this one a little quick, so I will skip over a few bits and pieces during this talk. So that's an interesting looking quote I came across. That's potential, about the highest potential load you're likely to see that you come out of nowhere. I've seen at least one other presentation where someone got a similar load. So I'm talking about HTP's acceleration. I'm concentrating a little bit on the varnish web accelerator. This is a more likely load. 20,000 to 30,000 hits per second over a couple of days. Probably concentrated a bit in a few at first few hours. If you've got a proper website, you can probably handle this. Your blog at home, maybe not. So here we have a classic sort of set up internet web server, application server, running or application, running PHP, Django, whatever you like and a bit of a database behind it. And you'll be getting about 5 to 10 hits per second. I'm defining a hit as a sort of a page view. So it's a medium duty sort of thing. Maybe you'll get a little bit more. So that's, in some cases, that's a good case. Where I work, at one point we were taking 30 seconds to generate our front page and tens of seconds to generate other pages. Some people have similar, they'll have really, really big sites for various reasons. Your page will take a long time to generate. So what you can do is you can put in a data cache. So memcache is the off the shelf example for this. Basically caching your database queries and storing the result for a period. And that'll get you up to maybe 100 hits per second. Next stage, page cache. Start caching pages and pagelets of data and then squashing them and then serving them to the customer. Maybe 300 hits per second is the numbers I've seen from people. This is on commodity hardware. If you want to go past that, you are paying the big bucks. You're getting load balancers, you're getting clusters, you're getting clusters of clusters. GSLB, lots of dollars, you'll scale all the way out. And that is a very simplified picture. If you've ever run anything like this, it's tons times more complicated than that. But where do we go back? If we're generating the pages and saving them and serving them to our customers, why do we have to go all the way back to the application server to do that? Not just shove a web salarator in front of our web server and do it that way. So web accelerator, off the shelf, 1 to 5k hits per second. That's going to get you through the slash dot, it's going to get you through Reddit. It might not get you through the front page of Yahoo, but it's going to get you away there. So just as a general outline of what a web accelerator is, it caches per URLs or per pages. It's optimised to grab objects from a server behind it, caches them, serve for web pages. It talks HTTP in both directions forward and backwards. 1 to 5,000 hits per second on a commodity hardware. You can get 20,000 hits per second. I've seen people doing that in real-world situations. 100,000 hits per second on ridiculous benchmark values. Here's some examples. Squidder is very popular in Australia for some obscure reason. Varnish, Lighty, Nginx. You'll see blue-coat appliance down there that was mentioned in a previous talk. We use them at the place I'm at. We're replacing with varnish, but they're quite nice as well if you've got the money. Varnish itself, that's the URL. It's a really well-documented open source. They are releasing new versions at a regular basis, which means there is a slight problem if you see a config example. Just double-check it will work with the latest version. They're doing subtle changes, and it's used by some very, very big websites. Off the shelf it has a basic configuration and extension. Here's the basic configuration. All this does is run varnish, use this config file, listen on port 80, tells the backend server, strips out cookies, or otherwise it will serve a different page to every cookie request, and case every URL for 60 seconds. If you're getting hit 100 times a second, that'll just handle that, and it means you're only regenerating your page every minute. I'll skip this. It's complicated. How cacheable is content in general is roughly what you get. There's a big problem with that. The first four are in most cases static files sitting on a file system that you can just generate in seconds, and you don't care. The bottom two are hard to cache and expensive to generate. So you've got two opposing pressures with a cache server. You've got to keep your hit rate high on the front so you don't overload your backend, but at the same time you've got to make your content nice and fresh. Now depending on your site, there's a funny balance. You don't know how it's going to go, and there's a lot of trade-offs. The basic strategies for keeping content up to date in your cache is to expire stuff at an appropriate time. You can explicitly flush your cache, flush on a pair of object bases, and you can do silly tricks like you can use JavaScript and send out the same content to everybody and then use JavaScript to actually display different content to every person. The site I'm at uses all three of these and so do other people. This is some stuff you can push to your cache. I'll cover this in a minute. This is a person's blog. This guy's really good if you want to read a blog, but I looked at this page and I sort of realised that this is a standard off-the-shelf blog and it's probably more complicated than 99.9% of all the websites on the internet about 10 years ago. It's got so many elements in it and you can make this in 10 seconds for your grandmother. So it's got the basic content of the post, which is only a couple of articles, a couple of lines. It's got some static images over here. It's got a feed from Twitter.  That could take several seconds. If Twitter's down, it might block and the page you'll take won't render. It's got a few static columns. It's got another... I've forgotten the word. It's hashtag cloud that's generated every time a new post is made. It's got some comments on this particular post that could be updating every few seconds. And it's got a little Twitter counter here that says he's had 21 tweets that's generated by a JavaScript query off to a different API at Twitter. So you've got some of these bits. Now this one here, the top right one, that's generated by the page, whereas the tweet count, which is generated by... Sorry, sorry again. The tweet count is generated off Twitter directly, so there's no calculation involved here. So there's two main elements that have low expire times. Everything else is only updated when a new post is made. So, yeah, if you could, you'd take that out of the equation, maybe put it in JavaScript, have it as a separate something. And finally, just hitting up the corner, there's a possibility they'll send a post and type in a completely random character and be a totally uncashable result page. So here's a few things you can do on your case to tidy up things. You can strip the URLs, so if you have funny little URLs like this, you can just strip them, so you're always serving the canonical version. This is a tiny little bit of varnish conflict that does this. Another thing, you can do mobile redirects. I haven't got time to explain this fully, but it basically has a custom error message that it uses internally to forward through to another section, and then it generates a 302 and redirects you to the mobile site for your version of your site. This is an interesting trick in that when an object runs out in your case, it basically says, keep serving this expired object for 15 seconds whilst I generate a new one. Some cases, the object expires, you're getting 100 queries a second, for suddenly you get 100 queries going to your back end. This avoids it. This is some normalisation for accepted coding for GZIP and that people do. I don't know if people here use deflate, but don't ever use deflate. If you don't know why you shouldn't use deflate, basically Microsoft implements it different from everything else. If you ever send a deflate page to Microsoft, it will not work, and you don't know this because you've always sent GZIP. So just turn off deflate. You can do simple things like change the expire times for different types of objects. This is a good trick. Varnish comes with some back end health checking. It will check to see if the back end is healthy. If it's not, instead of just keeping serving expired pages for 10 or 20, 30 seconds, you can keep serving them for an hour whilst you run around and try and get everything back up. And this is a very simplified version if you have an authentication. So people are using... There's a cookie called logged in equals yes, and all this does is scan for that cookie. If that cookie does not exist, it slightly changes the URL that people are requesting. And that slightly changed URL could just say, bring up a login page and says, please log in. Obviously this isn't secure, but you can extend that and use this sort of mechanism. And I will... The other trick you can do is edge site includes. So edge site includes is... You saw those two objects. The comments area and the Twitter bit that had very low expire times compared to the rest of the page. A trick of edge site includes is you take a bit of HTML like we have here, data CGI and you can just pull that out as a separate URL to your back end. So you would basically make your page goes construct, your overall... And then in varnish, you can have your overall page with an expired time of a day and one or two tiny little objects inside it with an expired time of a minute. And that is a very aggressive way that means you can... It really helps your hit time. There is a few caveats with varnish support right now, but it's pretty good varnish support for ESI right now, but it's all pretty good. Now the other thing to remember at the end is that occasionally your nice little management will change their logo and they will say, alright three single page on the entire website to change. And so what do you do then? You have to blow it away from the cache unless you've got some amazing mechanism not to. In which case you have to make sure your provision to do this, unfortunately. So just... I've seen a few other sites say we make sure we can handle all the pages correctly and you have to... without the cache and I would very much advise making sure you can do this.  I mean we do it at work. We reset the cache at six at night. It takes an hour or two to catch up and then it's all 100%. OK, so I'm sorry but that's a little fast but I was a bit short on to that. Any questions while the next speaker sets up? There's one over there, top left. What's the method to have the apps a server tell it to clear the cache when it knows it needs to tear it up? There is a lot of examples in the varnish doc. It's basically you send a flush. It's the standard sort of way. I just didn't include it in the slides, unfortunately. Any other questions?


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Let's go Jaime Geez dude. What a box We've got Ant-Man 45 out of 49 in the zone Boom going to S Park on the on-card auto Heck yeah, dude, let's go and then how about a marble Dame Lillard One out of five as close as you can get to Jersey number Dude, what a box that was holy cow a marble and Ant-Man auto and a Nebula all in one box That was insanity. This is getting a tad silly right here Vaughn. I agree just a Smidge silly right now smidgen Jake a smidgen smidgen silly Alright, good luck everybody Dennis Rodman. There's Jalen Rose. That's gonna be nuggets and spurs on the full spectrum or nuggets and Sons Denver is Namql Sons Robert P. This will be a random to those two teams at the end Let's hope we're gonna get any of those and Fred Van Bleyte to 25 on the meta for the Raptors. I Love Spectre dude. Spectre is so clean. Got a redemption coming up here. That could be good Jalen Green rookie and Aaron Gordon Celesteel to 99 Can I go filler for me when you get a chance? slow roller redemption Got rookie dual patch autographs Card number two. Kate Cunningham Evan Mobley boom Hi, May D and Eric B that too big to random for sure that is a massive random holy cow man That's insane We're gonna mag that right down the owner's names and get in contact with you guys of what you want to do because that is way too Big to random right now. Holy cow, dude. What a case. We're rocking with right now Holy Jason Tatum down O'Vanton. There's a Daniel Gibson three out of 25 retro spec now It's getting silly with some booby Gibson now. We're getting wild Congrats there calves Luca Garza on the silver Got a gold. I believe no never mind astral coming up Zire that's gonna be 16 out of 49 Amari stottemire going to the Suns There's a nice stat for Robert P 16 again out of 49 on the retrospect nice stat Let's go dude silver tray This is getting insane Jake Getting saying dude Going a little bit nuts right now Wagner rookie We've got Josh giddy to 149 on the rookie jersey auto for the first time in a few days We got the giddy up, baby There we go. Congrats. Okay, see Frank L. There you go, buddy. Nice giddy Hands are red after that one Norman Powell Celestial to 99. Yeah, it's happened very well spread out. It's a good point Vaughan Set Steph Curry got Kai Jones to 149 on the rookie jersey auto for the Hornets Congrats Charlotte Giovanni P and Carl Malone spectacular debut to 99. I'll just soon move base for rookie We've got oh boy to 99 Sandro. Mama Kalisha Billy Going to the box on the aspiring Nice one there. Yeah, it wasn't too bad actually RJ Barrett Do you Maggie? Yeah, oh I figured you did got a gold coming up here now. What are we gonna? We're gonna get here Jake Jalen green rookie We've got a gold and it's gonna be Ralph Samson two out of ten. That's sick on the catalyst gold going it to the Rockets congrats Houston H town Bob H and Anthony Edwards the meta 16 out of 25 for the Timberwolves Stop Neeks. I'm doing well, man They're firing on all cylinders and specter right now. It's but stuff's been nuts, dude You've had the dual random before right? You've had a dual random before you know what to do with it Yeah, yeah Jared Butler 50 out of 75 anniversary rookie Jersey auto Going to the jazz. I figured I was wanting to do no way Frank Ellen the heat to nebula's baby Run it back on the nebula. Let's go all control has been lost on this case On real dude to nebulas in one case Is there a scratch on? Where are you looking? Oh Yeah Top left. There's a little bit of a scratch. Dang it man. That sucks Yeah top left a little bit of a scratch will send an empty box and wrapper with the heat can't really you can tell kind of right there Send an empty box and wrapper. I apologize.  Good catch on that one Vaughan and neeks. Thank you guys Conley wise camp. There's a modern genoble full Spectrum for the spurs. He was a spurs entire career. So that'll go to the spurs nice money And no way Luca Donchich marble one out of five Dude, this is insane Well mad this one can crash Dallas Peter M Wow, dude, let's go a nebula and a marble in the same box again Whole my gosh, dude. Oh my gosh We're only halfway through to That's gonna be a JT Thor to 99 on the radiant auto RJ Berry Tray man RJ Hampton 26 out of 49 in the zone on card auto Congrats magic and Spencer dinway on the Celestial to 99 going to the Maps I know right logo man now. Holy cow Let's put this put this case away with a logo man. I'm sorry We've got Jonathan coming up color blast First one I've pulled dude. Oh my god going to Randy This is insanity.  Yeah, why not throw that in oh my god Unreal Michael Thompson astral to 49 for the Lakers Carl Malone, I Know hits are very well spread out in this case, too. It's very nice to see Greg Brown. There's Chris tops for zingas 22 out of 49 the unicorn going to the wizards and Dennis shooter on the astral to 35 for the Rockets Rockets legend Dennis shooter Magic Johnson, there's Aaron Wiggins To 99 on the radiant rookie Auto for the Thunder. How about back-to-back Dennis Schroeder celestials to 99 Or back-to-back Dennis Schroeder numbered cards And last one here of this box. Oh my gosh, dude Cade base rookie. There you go God dear Fox nice to 49 on the spectra auto going to the Kings Kings picking up a nice hit now Sacramento tier 2 going to Leo s congrats Leo and Celestial Greg Brown to 99 for the Blazers This is crazy dude next box.   This is insane. Let's go. Congrats Raptors.  I'm pretty sure dude Jaylin Suggs rookie four of five Catalyst marble Carly Anthony town it's going to S Park Third marble of the case Wow, man, that's that's crazy That's crazy Another night you have to make this one. Mm-hmm. I was gonna never mind. You're good. You're good to 35 Tyler here Insane man Redemption that's never a bad thing Donovan Mitchell. Nope. That's gonna be nice to date Bay on the Ascension or association auto rookie for the pistons. Why not? Hi, man Desmond vane Gotta hit you a big Laker then Kaminga rookie Got 70 out of 99.  It's a Tony Allen retrospect to 99. Hell. Yeah, dude. There we go Grizzlies and AI silver spectacular debut for the Sixers Mowgli rookie There's a day Ron Sharp to 149 a rookie jersey auto for the Nets and Norman Powell to 99 Clippers Celestial Chris Middleton Zach Levine. This is I.R. Williams 50 out of 99 on the radiant rookie auto nice one again Memphis Leo Donovan Mitchell Kessler Edwards. Here's Joshua Primo 89 out of 99 on the Celestial patch of a rookie jersey auto and Kyrie Irving interstellar to 49 for the Nets All right, last box. Let's end with some bangers here Jake. Why not, dude? Why not us? Why not now?  No chance Shea Luca Garza This retrospect Roger Strickland Go into the Blazers nice one there Portland Peter M KPGA on the silver Caruso Ray Allen. There's Alex English four out of 49 nice one there illustrious legends of dude on real Going to Leo S in the Kings. How about a gold Davion Mitchell rookie five out of ten? There we go, baby Let's go man. That's awesome. What a card What a card you can just recap that one on real man Tyrese Maxey, there's a Josh giddy rookie We've got Duncan Robinson 83 out of 99 catalyst auto for the heat and Cam Thomas interstellar to 49 For the Nets. All right, let's hit something crazy in this last patch. Why not? Why not looks like a gold Zion It's over ladies and gentlemen Two of ten shalen green What a way to bring us home.  Wow Unbelievable and a Jason Tatum to 99 All right, let me let me do this random really quick and we'll get into this recap Appreciate it appreciate it Kevin All right, we're gonna random off this Jalen Jalen Rose excuse me Jalen Rose Between the Nuggets and the Suns. All right, I'm sorry mark All right Gonna roll the dice whatever team is on top after eight times. We'll get the Jalen Rose auto. Good luck one two three four five six Seven and eight go in the Nuggets Nuggets picking up the Jalen Rose. Let's do this recap man This is insanity it gold Davion Mitchell to 10 Marvel Dame Lillard to five We had Sadiq Bay Pistons day Rom sharp Nets Kai Jones Hornets JT Thor Hornets Duncan Robinson heat Kobe white bowls Rod Strickland Blazers Isaiah Livers Pistons Joshua Fremo Spurs Zire Williams Grizzlies We had Tony Allen Grizzlies Sondra Mamakalisha Billy for the bowls. I mean for the Bucks Jared Butler jazz Aaron Wiggins thunder Jalen Johnson Hawks deer and Fox King's Miles McBride for the Knicks Alex English Nuggets Christophe's Forzing us wizards Michael Thompson Lakers RJ Hampton magic full-spectrum Manu Ginobili for the Spurs Mari Stottemire Suns Jason Preston for the Clippers booby Gibson Cavaliers gold Samson for the Rockets Carly Anthony Towns marble to five Look at the number of mags, dude Unri I don't even know where to start Jake. I really don't like Dude that's Silly you're good. I mean that's like Josh Giddy RPA Going to the Thunder Anthony Edwards in the zone 45 out of 49 go into the Timberwolves Scotty Barnes universal die-cut one of eight go into the Raptors Where do you go next like? Luca Donchich marble one out of five for the Mavs like Two nebulas Siddiq Bay and Tyler hero Pistons heat color blast Jonathan Kaminga for the Warriors Gold rookie auto to 10 Jalen Green going to the Rockets and Duel Kade Cunningham Evan Mobley Unreal dude unreal that'll do it for the break guys That is the best case of spectra. You may ever see open that was on so much fun next up. We got football


of America sponsored by DuPont of Wilmington, Delaware make her a better things for better living through chemists to a nurse who fought with her own hands against a drip. Elizabeth Kenny the Australian nurse whose treatment of infantile paralysis has brought her worldwide acclaim. On our program Miss Kenny or sister as nurses are called in Australia will be portrayed by Madeleine Carroll. Madeleine Carroll as sister Kenny on the capital carried of America infantile paralysis has stopped through palace and Hubble taking its toll and crippled and disfigured bodies. But now in our lifetime a way has been found to help many of its victims. When Elizabeth Kenny was in her late teens a nearest McDonald was family physician and a close friend of the Kenny family. He called one afternoon as he so often did. Mrs. Kenny answered the door. Come in doctor. Good afternoon. I'm a bit early for tea but the wind's sharp and I thought you wouldn't mind my dropping in a bit earlier than usual. Of course not. Michael's not back yet but I'll go and have the kettle put on. Elizabeth here is Dr. McDonald. Oh Dr. McDonald I'm so glad to see you. How's my girl today. I've got something to show you remember that you let me have. Well look. He set me all dressed up. Please don't laugh. See this great paper I've stretched along his arm and here on his back to I built it up like muscle I use great paper because it will stretch just like the real muscle but to keep the arm in line I've had to stretch paper along both the under and upper side. Then as one he stretches like this the other side loosens isn't that me. That's quite good. You know what you've done. You've found out about opposing muscles all by yourself.  Oh yes I think about it all the time here we are some good hot feet for the doctor should I poor my right Elizabeth you know doctor it seems to me that this girl of mine thinks of nothing but caring for the stick and what's wrong with that. Nothing I suppose only well Michael and I aren't sure we want to become a nurse we rather think at high time she settled down and thought about getting married to give you a good report you want to come to pass Elizabeth has a mind of her own that's evidently. She decided to mess. That's what it would be you got my word for ages I've been up in the hills and how is it out there very bad just now that's why I'm here Jerry you must send a telegram for me right away what's the matter sister I don't quite know that's the trouble but Jerry it's something terrible well you sit down here and I'm happy down as you say it but I have it written down here if you can read my writing to Dr. Enius McDonald chief surgeon to the general hospital Queen. Six children here seriously ill do not recognize symptoms but all have similar manifestations fever high nausea and scramble violent persuasion in two cases neck so stiff that patient cannot touch chin to chest please tell me what to do. Sister that sounds bad Jerry you should see those poor children they're in terrible pain and I'll tell the operator on the other hand to hurry to reply that you're waiting. That's the coming through from to one of the sister Kenny. What does he say. Inventile paralysis. No no. Do the best you can with the symptoms presenting themselves. Signed that. That's not much help. But I have to do what he says the best I can. Under both all their boys here we are quickly so the wind won't strike then it's not true that you must stay out of this room all the time now I thank God you're back tell me what happened or it's getting worse sister then it can't go over at all now I try to help him but he screams if I even touch him what we're going to do sister you try the hot salt application yes but he just couldn't stand the weight of it or the linseed closest either I suppose no we must do something you can't just let him lie there or get doctor we're here I doubt if he'd know what to do either what you mean did you get some word from the doctor yes he said we just have to do what we could he wasn't able to advise but didn't even know what the trouble was yes he knew more than it's infantile paralysis now Mrs Morgan you must stand by me and help we'll find a way we must I'm sorry Danny I want to look at you know don't be afraid I'll be very gentle let me just put my fingers along your arm here where it's all drawn up now the end aside I'm all through Danny's there Mrs Morgan I think the reason he can't move is because this inner muscle is drawn up so short see there I do tight like that it prevents the opposite muscle out here from moving either yes but how do you relax them that's what I've got to find out I I'm still sure it's heat we need but we must think of something lighter weight than salt or meal well would maybe a sheet to my but no it wouldn't retain the heat long enough but maybe wool how do you some old soft wool blanket yes I'll get we'll cut them up in strips and then wring them out of boiling water and apply them I think that may do the trick here's the blanket sister and and here's the hot water on the stove good I want to lift you up yes ever so slow now we'll wrap this around your chest now one for your shoulder now for your arm am I hurting you this time Danny not so much sister fine now for the other arm any better I can't tell yet now Mrs Morgan we must find some more blankets but we'll have to change these as soon as they begin to cool off yes how you're feeling child I don't hurt so much that's the boy Mrs Morgan I think this is it look how much easier he breathes already he does I must ride over to the Burley child now and see what I can do for her and then I'll be back remember to keep Judith in the back room away from Dan I will system please come back soon I'll be back as soon as I can and every day until we get this little he's falling asleep seems like a miracle God bless you goodness you look tired my dear it's been a long weekend and no sleep to mention how's Danny for two days now he's had almost no pain at all this is Morgan I think we're out of the woods the other children rest quietly too but sister yeah what is it can't move what he's not in pain but he can't move Danny yes sister let's see you try to lift your arm sister I can't see never mind then Danny don't cry this is Morgan even in this short time it looks as if his nerves have lost their control over his muscles you mean you'll never be able to move not unless we can teach him how all over again I wonder how there must be a way Danny I'm going to try to move your arm a bit for you now you must help me but just by thinking don't try to do anything yourself see just watch me and put your mind hard onto what I do now up goes your elbow out turns your wrist up goes your elbow out turns your wrist while listening to Madeline Carroll as sister Kenny on the cavalcade of America sponsored by DuPont after days and weeks of patient experimentation all the children were up and running again as our play continues sister Kenny has gone back to to Womba to see her old friend Dr. McDonald well my girl you've been through a lot these past few months well for a nurse fresh to the job to have to face a pool of epidemic all alone is baptism by fire for certain I was pretty scared I can tell you should be able to come into the outlands to help you now tell me about the children how many did you lose none none that was great good luck a couple of them were very sick but they're all well now you told me to treat them as best as I could and I did that's blended that didn't mean how badly are they crippled crippled why they're not crippled at all not crippled what do you mean they're as well as can be well that's right you mean they can move and walk as though they hadn't had for you exactly but you said in your telegram that you let me to believe they were severe cases that paralysis had already set in it had they couldn't move but cases like that just don't recover he did but what did you do I applied heat I went blank it's out of boiling water and then with my hands I worked on the muscles until I got them back into functioning I can't believe it we must have diagnosed it wrong come into the war here and I'll show you what real infantile paralysis looks like but that's just the way they were like that exactly your children two or three days after they became sick my children appeared like though it's incredible if I've not known you since you were a baby I think you were imagining things the doctor what happened to those children over there those are the convergent ones just a little bound up that's supposed to be the newest method and best idea of how to treat them splinting and immobilization as soon as paralysis shows itself plenty yes that way we can support the parts of the body that have lost the power of movement that's the prescribed method doctor what have I done just the opposite oh I'm sorry I never knew you needn't worry my girl your children got where you say those you're looking at we'll never walk again if what you say is so and I have no reason to doubt you you have done a great thing but we must be sure and when we are sure then you must convince the men of medicine and that's the story gentlemen and all I can add is that all the children are well again sister Kelly let me question one point you say the muscles and spasm what makes you think so my doctor I can see it right in front of me can't you haven't you noticed involuntary contractions well when the one muscle is shortened that way the opposing muscle is prevented from contracting so that all movement stops do you realize that you're challenging medical opinion by claiming of the muscles in your polio cases are taught rather than weak and flexed I do for that is what I have observed to happen the muscle you thought was affected is perfectly all right it's the opposite muscle to which you've paid no attention that is paralyzed ridiculous miss Kenny I must tell you that the Royal Commission believes there to be particularly damaging to adopt your non-splinting method owing to its failure to prevent injury due to muscle stretching and deformity due to muscular imbalance gentlemen let's simplify the talk we're all striving for the same thing to make human beings especially children suffer a little less we all want that give me a chance to show you that I found out how for I have please let me do it the doctors held firm against her no beds were placed at sister Kenny's disposal in any hospital to allow her to prove her claims but in nineteen thirty seven and eight there was a severe epidemic in the Australian state of Victoria and the staunch hearted healer working as she always had without pay was at last allowed to show what she could do and she did two years later a grateful Australian government sent her to the United States to demonstrate her methods to American doctors miss Kenny I'm not surprised at this story of your reception here in America you certainly have been passed like a hot break from one medical hand to another that's an accurate description all right but I am surprised at why you came over here at all you've had such a time at home didn't you know it would be the same story over again here I suppose I did doctor Cole but I had to come anyhow don't forget after all I'm a nurse not a doctor until I can get you medical men who have the scientific authority to say I'm right the job won't be done I see your point besides you have so many more infantile paralysis cases here in the United States and Canada than we have at home or anywhere else in the world you know that I guess I had to come where the fight looked thickest Miss Kenny can't blame us for being skeptical after all you ask us to turn upside down everything that we've been taught and worked on doctors have a great responsibility to the people can't do such things lately Miss Kenny your terminology is unique if I may say so take your word in coordination for example I've never heard it in this connection what do you mean by it well doctor Knapp I see it this way a child with polio is like a man trying to lift a heavy weight by facial contortions alone he is substituting useless and wrong muscles for the ones that he should be using to do what he has to do and we've got it again seems fairly clear to me doctor Cole let's not waste more time in talk let me work here at your Minneapolis clinic and I'll show you what I mean by all these things doctor Knapp I'm trying to give Miss Kenny a chance of what do you say all right doctor Paul I'm grateful why not give her that child that was brought in this morning so that's hardly fair that child can't survive the day she's the one I want then what's her condition doctor Paul completely paralyzed on the left side the head hangs back at an angle so that she can't swallow needless to say she can hardly breathe please let me go to her here is the patient doctor I mean Miss Kenny that is all doctor what do you think a bad case the odds are 20 to 1 against us I'd say but if you'll let me I'll go to work in your hands we want the nurse to do get me boiling water on a laundry ringer then I need some old soft blankets a pair of scissors and some rubberized cloth we'll have to change the packs every 15 minutes all day and night here wait till I roll up my sleeves sister Kenny you're ready with the water and blankets again good how is our breathing it's still pretty difficult what do you think the respirator in a little while if the next two packs don't help listen sister a vocal cord loosening look and neck is relaxing good I'd say the odds are dropping keep the water boiling I'll sit with her through the night morning sister Kenny had a strange night they tell me yes doctor Paul but she's still alive you know I think I'll reduce the odds against her to two to one already you say that give me two more days and I hope I can say more sister Kenny I just come from that polio case you're at work on the astonishing what's happened first I'll bet you 20 to 1 that Rita will walk let's show the doctors what we can do where should we begin sister how about the rail is major move it all by yourself Petra rail is major that's it child now again amazing sister can I do the Lattice and Miss Dorsey next all right Rita that's fine one small doctor Paul I think next week we can let Rita walk around a bit sister Kenny you win your bit and anything else you want mr Kenny has one other thing since that first case in America and against odds almost as great she won round after round against the dread disease she won to the interest and finally the support of the medical profession don't misunderstand this treatment of sister Kenny's is not a cure much less of course is it a prevention you can see that but whether spinal cord cells are not themselves destroyed this method minimizes the after effects and often makes possible return to normal functioning as Kenny has found symptoms and visible findings in this disease of which we had no idea she has demonstrated the disease we did not know existed all this scientific acclaim for work I've struggled so long to get accepted is naturally very welcome to me but infantile paralysis is just as dreadful as ever it still strikes whenever and wherever it will the job is not yet over it's barely begun but now there is help my two hands are rapidly being multiplied a thousand times and a surely as man has beaten back the other ravages this one will be forced to the wall I'm glad to have played a part are of the evening Madeleine cow I know that you will join in my wish that the applause you have just given be transferred to the woman who rightfully deserves it she is sister Kenny and it is my privilege to present her to you now speaking to you from Minneapolis I am particularly glad that my life work has been pictured tonight on the DuPont Cavalcade Wilmington Delaware you know was one of the first places I visited in America with the objective of establishing a clinic doctors nurses and physiotherapists from that city were taught in Minneapolis and are now carrying on the good work in the Doris Memorial Clinic of the Wilmington General Hospital three years ago by Australian medical men it was announced publicly that for the first time in the history of medicine a satisfactory treatment had been evolved for infantile paralysis four months later at the request of the same group of doctors I came to America to present this great discovery to your medical men my premier had written announcing my visit to Mr. Basil O'Connor president of the National Foundation for infantile paralysis it was a foundation that supplied the financial aid enabling Dr. Wallace Cole and his colleagues in Minneapolis to investigate the method thoroughly to this combination the country owes a debt of gratitude to them and all mothers and fathers everywhere I dedicate this work for the children of America you have just heard sister Elizabeth Kenny speaking to you from Minneapolis week ladies and gentlemen on Monday December 7th Cavalcade will commemorate our first year of war with a special broadcast in which our star and narrator will be the poet of the American people Carl Sanberg our program for that night a panoramic picture of Americans at war will be called road to victory he will be again next Monday when Cavalcade presents road to victory a special broadcast to be narrated by Carl Sanberg Cavalcade is pleased to advise his listeners that RKO will shortly produce a film based on the life and work of sister Kenny tonight's dramatization was by Norris Houghton the orchestra and musical score were under the direction of Don Boris this is Clayton Collier sending best wishes from DuPont the National Broadcasting Company


Rock 103.1 FM is adding some new content to their weekend lineup while keeping the same iconic rock hits you know and love. On Saturdays you'll hear Eddie Trunk rocks from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. and the House of Hair with Dee Snyder from 9 p.m. to midnight. Finally on Sundays from 7 p.m. to midnight you'll hear the brand new show from the one and only Alice Cooper, Alice's Attic. Our weekends we thought how can we spice that up and we've done that because we've added a great lineup of legendary rock icons. Eddie Trunk who hosted VH1 Classics, that metal show, longest running show on VH1 Classic. He's been the guy in New York City rock radio since the 80s. He's coming to Rock 103.1. We're going to be having him on Saturdays from 6 to 9. The House of Hair with Dee Snyder, very successful show for us here on 103. We've ran that for years. It's going to be moving to a new time. It's going to be Saturday night right after Eddie Trunk rocks at 9 o'clock and the one that we just got, the big fish so to speak, coming Sunday nights 7 to midnight is Alice's Attic with the one and only Alice Cooper. Make your ride one of a kind and see the experts at J&M Custom Auto and Off-Road. It's your customization candy store. Visit jmcustomauto.com and select your make and model. It's that easy. Window tinting, remote starts, leather interiors, sound systems, front and rear bumpers, spray and bed liners, bed covers, wheels and tires, lift kits, step rails, even underglow like kits and so much more. If you can dream it, we can do it at J&M Custom. During Alice's Attic you'll also hear him talk about the other artists he's met and toured with. Much positive feedback about the new format has already been circulating. If you're a 70s arena rock band, okay.  If you're a grunge band, okay. If it rocks, it rocks and that's what we're putting on here. So yeah, bringing these new shows on does reflect that and I think people are going to dig it. With Alice you're going to hear, you know, he's touring with Rob Zombie this year so you'll hear Rob Zombie but then you'll hear The Who and some of the artists that you know he kind of grew up with so you know not to spoil anything because I have seen some of the playlists but it runs the spectrum man. You know it's, you can't point to one specific sub genre. If you like good rock music from 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s or today you're going to hear it on that show and it's hosted by the godfather of shock rock. You can't get any better than that. Reporting from Mountain Top News, I'm Nick Colum.


The easiest type of non-separable differential equation to solve is a first-order linear. This is a differential equation where the highest derivative present is the first, and the solution function only appears as a first power. For example, y' plus 12y equals 15 is a first order because we only have the first derivative and linear because the only time our solution function y appears is as a first power. It's important to understand that the linearity applies to the solution function, so dy dx plus e to the power ty equals sine t is also first-order linear, first-order because it has a first derivative, and even though e to the t and sine t are not linear functions of t, we don't care because what's important is that y only appears to the first power. With any luck, we only ever encounter first-order linear differential equations. We are not that lucky. However, it might be possible to transform a nonlinear equation into a linear equation through some transformation of the variables, and so we'll consider the following problem. Suppose we have a nice first-order linear differential equation in z, and z is some function of y. What's the corresponding differential equation in y? Well, that's the easy problem because that just requires us to use the chain rule. However, it does give us insight onto the harder problem, which is the only really one to solve. Suppose we have a nonlinear differential equation in y. Can we find z as some function of y, which will give us a linear differential equation in z? And there's only one way to find out the answer to this question. Well, actually you could sit around waiting for someone to tell you the answer to the question. But that's not as interesting, and you don't learn nearly as much. So there really is only one real way to find the answer to this question, which is to try it out and see what happens. Now one of the problems we'll face is that we may get buried in a mountain of notation, and so it's useful to remember that any function applied to a constant of anti-differentiation is going to produce a constant. And this allows us to reduce any expression involving our constants to a single constant. So no matter how horrible the expression looks, since all we're doing over here is applying functions to constant values, we can absorb all of this work into a single constant, where we recycle the constant name. The analogous situation with functions is that any composition of functions of one variable is a function of one variable. So maybe I have some horrible composition of functions, but because these are all functions of one variable, we can absorb all of these functions into a single function of t, where we recycle the function name. So again, back to our problem. Suppose we have a first-order linear differential equation, and z is some function of y. What's the corresponding differential equation in y? We might begin with a simple linear substitution, z equals ay plus bt plus c, where a, b, and c are constants. So if we differentiate, we get... this transforms our first-order linear differential equation in z into... and we'll simplify by merging constants and functions of t. So if we divide everything by a algebraically, we get... but b divided by a is just some constant, and we'll recycle the constant name. A function of t divided by a constant is just a function of t, so f of t over a and g of t over a will absorb this division by a. If we expand the product we get algebraically, but multiplying a function of t by a gives us a function of t, and multiplying a function of t by another function of t gives us a function of t, which we'll introduce a new name for. And if I add a constant to a function of t, it's just a function of t. To put our differential equation in something looking like a standard form, we'll subtract h of t from both sides. But again, over on the right-hand side, this is a difference of two functions of t, which is going to be a function of t. And so we can simplify our differential equation by merging constants and functions of t into... However, this is just a first-order linear differential equation. So while the substitution may make the solution easier to find, it won't help us solve different types of equations. But it might be useful elsewhere, so I'd make a note of it. Now in retrospect, we should never expect it too much, since z equals ay plus bt plus c is still a linear function of y. So what if we choose a nonlinear function of y? Well, since there are so many ways we could be nonlinear, let's try to limit our possibilities. So we might view the transformation z equals f of y, where f is a nonlinear as a graph transformation. So given some graph y equals g of x, we'll transform the graph by applying f to our function y. And since the graph tells us about the derivative, similar graphs lead to similar differential equations. So what transformations might we consider? Well, let's consider. If our transformation is z equals log y, our original graph is going to become something like this, which is very different from what we started with, maybe too different. If we apply the transformation z equals sine y, our graph is very different again, and possibly too different. If our transformation is z equals y squared, we get a graph that's, well, very similar, and maybe that's too similar to be useful. If we try z equals one over y squared, our graph is different in parts and similar in parts. And so this graph transformation might be useful. So let's try transformations of the form z equals one over y to power n. So let's try to answer that first question. Let z equal y to minus n to what type of differential equations will first order linear differential equations in z correspond? So a first order linear differential equation in z is going to be dz dt plus some function of tz equals some function of t. If we make the substitution z equal y to power minus n, then we'll need to make a substitution on dz dt. So let's find that. If z equal y to power minus n, then dz dt is going to be equals means replaceable, so I can replace dz dt and z in our original differential equation with what they're equal to. Now, this is rather messy, so let's do a little bit of algebra. One of the things we can do is we can multiply every term by y to power n plus one to clear up some of our exponents. So if we do that, we get and let's use our power of absorbing constants and functions. So I have this minus n here. If we divide everything by minus n, we can let that division by minus n get absorbed into the functions f of t and g of t and reduce, reuse, recycle. We'll call them the same thing, even though they are slightly different from what we started with. So notice that we have a first order differential equation because we have a first derivative, but because we have a power on y other than one, this is nonlinear. This type of first order nonlinear differential equation is important enough to have a name. It's called a Bernoulli equation. So let's take a look at how to solve Bernoulli equations next.


Thank you very much for inviting me and I'm really honored and humbled to be among you. I attended some of the sessions in the morning and I'm really impressed by the quality of the speakers and the sessions and This very young and energetic attendance. This speaks really very well for MSF before this Speech one of my friends who is an MSF member. He texted me a couple of weeks ago And he said I heard they're gonna be the speaker and MSF science day. I said yes Is that important? He said of course, it's important and then he he sent me this email I said he said MSF is great. I love both MSF and Sam's I'm from organization called Syrian American Medical Society Sam's But when it comes to Syria MSF Wishes it were Sam's that's his code Keep that in mind. He said five years into the crisis MSF is still looking to Sam's For guidance in spite of having 45 years of more experience and 30 times the budget I Congratulate you for having 45 years of experience and very large budget and actually we are learning from you You know really I believe that Sam's is here because of you you paved the way in the last 45 years for us To be able to challenge a failing system and save more lives And let me go into that presentation and It's always good to see good friends like my friend here from ICRC London Marcus geezer who I is always good to see you and He used to be in the United States and now he's stationed here in London London is a beautiful city. I used to stop in London with my family Every time are coming from Syria to watch Harry Potter movie You're you're setting it a lot of good trends for the rest of the world Including the election of a good mayor So I'll start with this Slide from an event that we've done in the fall of last year and this was done in coordination with physicians for human rights and also with MSF USA You're the president of Sam of MSF USA Dr. Deanne Marshmine was there and spoke and this is called a die-in at that time We wanted to demonstrate in front of the United Nations that 670 healthcare professionals in Syria were killed because they are trying to save lives That event happened after the bombing of MSF Hospital by my government in condos in Afghanistan and it happened also After 670 physicians in Syria were killed and there were many physicians there You see only part of the picture, but there are about 300 physicians Most of them are not Syrian Americans who demonstrated in front of the UN Unfortunately, now we are talking about Syria after another bombing of MSF facility in Aleppo al-Quds hospital and the killing of the last pediatrician in Aleppo Dr. Wasim Maaz So this is something is ongoing at that time They were 670 people or healthcare professionals who were killed in Syria and now we have 730 healthcare professionals who are killed in Syria This is an article that I Corot in American thoracic society I'm a critical care specialist and it talks about the impact of war on the healthcare system and Syria and some of these images are very famous including the images of I'm sorry for the graphic nature of this image of children Who died of suffocated suffocated to death in East Al Ghouta? in August 23rd 2013 after the Syrian gas massacre one of my friends who is an Ecologist in one of the small hospitals in Ayn-Turma in East Al Ghouta Told me that his hospital capacity is only 20 beds and at that time he had an influx within two hours of 700 patients Struggling to breathe and he had to decide which patients who need to be put on the ventilator And which patient that would not need to be put on the ventilator by the end of the night He had 144 of these 700 patients dead Including 44 children So that will give you a scale of the challenges that doctors in Syria are dealing with We're not only dealing with conventional weapons, but also they are dealing with unconventional weapons This is pictures from the Syria before the crisis a picture of Damascus with lights This is a picture of the Umayyad mosque and this is a place where John the Baptist and Imam Hussein and Salah al-Din Ayyubi are buried in the same mosque So Syrians consider themselves the descendant of John the Baptist of Salah al-Din Ayyubi of Imam Hussein a very beautiful site in Damascus all Damascus This is a picture of a church in my city hummus and it's a picture of a city of Hama All of these cities are important in that you during the crisis my city hummus at one point called the heart of the crisis or the heart of the revolution And this is a picture that is very depicting to what's happened in the last five years Syria Descended into darkness literally. This is a study that was done by Chinese physicians Or researchers who took pictures of Syria from the satellite at night in 2011 compared them to pictures of Syria in the satellite at night in December 2014 And as you see many of the lights went out 83% of the light went out in five years in Syria a lippo, which is large city in Syria There is no lights in 2014 December 2013 You have more lights actually in Turkey because you have large displacement of Syrians to Turkey and also to Jordan But the reason that you have more lights is because of multiple things first of all the destruction of Infrastructures that people leave leaving Syria and we're talking about the refugee crisis We have 4.8 million refugees who left Syria and because of siege areas under siege in Syria has no electricity And all it all started with with the demonstrations in the part of the Arab Spring that people young people in Syria wanted to have political reform and You know, I was reading a few days ago one of the of the presidents of MSF when he Received the Nobel Prize for peace and he said that humanitarianism is not a tool To end war or create peace. It is a citizen's response to political failure What we are seeing in Syria is really political failure from all parties including this the the Syrian government the regional powers and the international power including the United Nations Security Council if The responsible powers acted early in Syria We will not have what we have right now in Syria in term of the crisis. This is a picture of a second grade student in the city of Aleppo who were asked who was asked to To draw something and usually children when they ask to draw they draw happy children playing rivers trees Sun and But he chose to draw Children crying you have helicopter Dropping barrel bombs you have house and fire and you have children with amputated heads and and arms Every time I look at this picture, you know, it influenced me because you have children who are crying They are still alive, but the dead ones are smiling Before the conflict Syria was a middle-income country with good healthcare benchmarks We had actually some of the best benchmarks for healthcare compared to the regional Countries in Syria in spite of the low spending on healthcare by the government about $100 per citizen at that time Most of the healthcare were provided by government trying hospital and primary care facilities And we had only advanced medical care in major cities like Damascus Aleppo, Hormuz and Latakia The rural health or rural areas had in some insufficient facilities We had also a transformation of Healthcare that is catering to infectious diseases and malnutrition In the 70s to health care that is focused on non communicable diseases We had an epidemic of smoking. Syria had the highest smoking rate in the Middle East About 70 percent of men smoke in Syria. We had an epidemic of obesity We have epidemic of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiac diseases That was the main killer of the population before the crisis in spite of that The vaccination rate was very high more than 95 percent and the benchmark in term of mortality for a pregnant woman And children was actually some of the best in the region Now five years into the crisis All of that was erased And I always use this quote for Valerie Amos the past UN chief for humanitarian affairs Who said every time we use a new figure in relation to the Syrian crisis We say it is unprecedented and these are some of the figures from the Syrian crisis And some of you are familiar with it 470,000 people were killed 1.9 million injured 13 million in urgent need for humanitarian assistance The total population of Syria is 22 million 4.4 million registered refugee and I had to update that yesterday the UNHCR report And they said right now that your registered refugees is 4.8 million A 7.8 million IDPs UNHCR expects 8.7 million this year to be internally displaced in Syria 800,000 in besieged areas 5.5 million children afflicted by the crisis 4 out of 5 Syrians have no jobs We have a last generation we have this this integration of the public health care system We have a regional crisis because of the refugee we have refugee crisis Not only in the region but also in Europe because of Syria We have terrorism that feeds on the chaos and the void of leadership And the average life expectancy in Syria went down from 76 years To 56 years in 40 years We dropped 20 years in life expectancy This is one study in the British Medical Journal About the number of civilians who were killed in four years or the first four years in the crisis Most of the death happened in non-government controlled areas more than 90% of the death And as these are the causes of death of civilians You have of course small guns shooting you have shelling and you have air bombardment Which is increasing in percentage of killing the civilians in the last few months Most of the civilian death was were related to air bombardment either by barrel bombs or by fighter jets Whether it's syrian fighter jets or whether it's russian fighter fighter jets About 25 percent of syrian civilians who were killed were women and children So who is killing civilians in syria? The media focus on this And of course the elephant in the room is this And I would like you to focus on this because this is where the solution is found Of course, we have to focus on isis. They are extreme extremist group. They're very brutal and they had to be There is no place for them in syria But this is what's causing most of the deaths in syria the syrian government and their supporters Um the impact of the syrian war um is huge, you know, we have influx of trauma cases 1.9 Million syrians have disabilities or have trauma related to the violence to the bombing to the shelling Amputations losing eyes spinal cord injuries infections chronic infections. We have this ability related to that We have psychological trauma, which is really uncounted for 65 percent of syrian refugees in libanon have some type of psychiatric trauma post-traumatic Stress disorder depression anxiety bedwetting for children and so forth. We have attacks on health care and medical neutrality We have destruction of infrastructure Shortage of medical supplies and human resources siege We have about 800 000 people under siege epidemics of infectious diseases and including polio at one point We have severe malnutrition that we've never metless in syria before We have increased morbidity and mortality because of non communicable diseases Which is still probably the main killer of people in syria, not the violence. We have unconventional weapon attacks Chemical weapon attacks displacement of refugee and refugee crisis We have torture and human rights violation An exploitation of women and children all of this is because of the crisis in and in the war so if you condense world crises And in five years the end product will be what we are seeing right now in syria That's why syria is important. It's the worst humanitarian crisis in our lifetime This is a report that we published in 2013 called risking lives to save lives the ordeal of medical personnel in syria It talks about the ordeal of syrian physicians and nurses and how come that they have to struggle Every day to save people with very limited resources without support from the international community and risking their lives every day You have physicians or nurses who can be injured or killed because of what they are doing because they are trying to save life And this should not happen. This should not happen in the 21st century 150 years after geneva convention This is al-kindi hospital one of the largest medical center in alippo Before the crisis and this is the picture of the same place after the crisis I took the picture myself in the city of alippo And as you say the whole building is destroyed This is a medical center that cost the syrian Taxpayers 350 million dollars. It's the largest medical center in northern syria before the crisis Many of my colleagues were trained in this center and now it is like this This is the same picture with ambulances one time. I attended workshop by msf about Working under fire or healthcare under fire And at that time they were telling us that you have to put the emblem Of the red cross or red crescent on the ambulances to protect them in syria We actually advocate not to because that means they are they will be target, especially from the from the skies 75 percent of ambulances in syria were destroyed because of the dark Target destruction This is one of the report of the physicians for human rights the last report seven hundred and thirty healthcare professionals were killed 359 hospitals were attacked 91 percent of the killing done by the syrian government Russian attacks replaced the syrian government in term of targeting healthcare Attacks increased in intensity and frequency by time 70 percent of doctors in syria have forced to leave syria because of the crisis 70 percent in a developing country east alippo, which has Population of two two million before the crisis right now have a population of 250 250,000. It has only 60 physicians We have only two vascular surgeons among them in east al-ghota, which is under siege 90 percent of medical staff have left And that's why you have medical students You have nurses who sometimes do operations on patients to save lives. This is dr. Abdel azeez I took this picture with him after his hospital in alippo and zarzure hospital was was bombed and his main concern He's the head of surgeon in that hospital was to salvage some medical supplies in the hospital To use it to save lives for the next patient Who is doing killing? Focus the media focuses on this of medical workers, but of course, this is the largest culprit Of course because of the crisis in syria, we have a refugee crisis Europe is suffering from their refugee crisis And that's why you have more attention to what's happening in syria Not because the the population and civilians are suffering and the health care Civilian is health care workers in syria are suffering but because the refugees right now Reach europe unfortunately I'm heading to greece after this Visit we have Medical missions to greece, but as you know more than 500 000 syrians arrived to europe last year only 500 000 syrians arrived to greece took the dangerous trip from Turkey to greece and then to germany and other countries in europe And we really appreciate the hospitality and the welcoming by the by the european people Especially in german and sweden and france and other countries that opened their arms and houses and hearts of the syrian refugees In 2014 we had 100 000 Refugees in syria if this pace continued and it will continue because the crisis in syria is still happening You expect to have more than 500 000 refugees coming to europe this year I talked with some of those refugees in greece and they told me that they are leaving by the way from syria Not from turkey these are refugees who leave syria through turkey They they go to greece because they want to have safety and they have they want to have future For their children and many of them were telling me that many of their friends also Gave up on what's happening in syria and they are planning to take the same trip This is a picture of the largest refugee camp in the middle east It's the second largest refugee camp in the world after the dub Refugee camp and this is the fifth largest city in jordan al zaatari camp This is a picture of a refugee camp on the greek macedonian border in a cali area called idomini And you see many of the refugees here most of them are from syria But you also have refugees from iraq from Kurdistan from iran and other countries and many of them have fled syria because of the bombing I've seen syrian refugees from dar'a from nawa from other places. They fled fled from the bombing The healthcare system right now is fragmented. So you have healthcare system in Government controlled area that is acting probably near normal and you have healthcare system that is being under attack by The different arm group controlled areas and you have healthcare system that is under the control of isis Which is a black hole? We don't know what's happening there But there is a huge shortage and we have also also healthcare system that is controlled by Different Kurdish group. So we have at least four different systems of healthcare in syria because of the crisis This is one of the report that we produced last year and I testified in front of the united nations about The ordeal and life and death in syrian communities under siege. We have more than 50 communities in syria Under siege about 800,000 people and at that time ambassador ambassador, Samantha power Our un ambassador in united states, you know told the media that everyone who listened to the presentation was in tears And we're talking about united nation security council ambassador We don't really need tears from ambassadors in the united nations. We need action. We need to prevent this happening These are some of the facts about siege. We have different areas under siege in syria There is no electricity water and phone lines No sewage treatment and garbage collection in these areas under siege east al-ghouta, which is a large Area in syria that has about 400,000 people has no electricity for 3.5 years for three and a half years Imagine yourself without electricity for one hour This is the siege impact and this is lamar al-awmar seven month She has severe malnutrition and some of the pictures probably you've seen on social media It's one of the effective ways to let people know what's happening in syria because Reporters are not allowed into malaya and other areas under siege And the united nations and other agencies are stations in syria. Their performance is really terrible They are reaching only 3.6 of the population 0.5 of them with with food Vaccination rates about 25 80 of pregnancies are ending with c-section because women do not have access to hospitals in the middle of the night So they have to plan their end of pregnancies We have medical supplies and food Including baby milk and meat that are removed from the convoys when they are allowed into areas under siege Including daraya just two days ago when the un convoy was allowed finally the Checking points they removed the baby milk and medications from the convoy and then prevented the convoy from going in Because of that you have this extreme situation where medical students are doing surgeries and on flashlight I'm going to skip this chemical open up. By the way, it's still happening Uh, let me just spend the last two minutes about what happened in terms of uh adaptation to what's happening in syria And how are we dealing with the situation? This is a picture of emergency room in aleppo where you see the usual things you see in the emergency room But but also you see sandbags to protect the physicians and nurses from uh from bombs and barrel bombs There is no electricity. There is no diesel fuel in east alwota They are producing energy by methane methane gas. So they they're changing They are transforming animal waste into methane gas to generate to open or to To um to be used for the generators to produce electricity Many of our facilities in syria right now is under uh, uh, underground We have 22 facilities underground to provide protection for patients and for hospitals Six out of the syrian govern govern rates. Uh, we have facilities that are underground This is dr. Hasan al-araj. He's ahead of our direct medical Directorship in hama and uh, if you look at this picture, it's a normal picture of a hospital, right? You have monitor. You have ventilator. You have a patient here who's behind the dr. Hasan al-araj who has svt Dr. Hasan al-araj. I visited him in this facility. Uh, just two months ago This is the facility from the outside This is a mountain This is the facility from the inside Do you know what's the name of this facility? For those who understand arabic meshfa al-maghara al-marqazi the central cave hospital of syria It's funny, but it's painful You know what happened to dr. Hasan al-araj Just three weeks ago. He was inspecting his facility and after he left his car was targeted by air to surface muscle He's seeking missiles and he was killed. He was the only cardiologist in that area in syria We use telemedicine To reach areas in in syria. So we have a camera I can look at my iphone and I connect to icu's in syria where they can Show me the patients. I can talk with the physicians They can seek our advice and about what to do with critically ill patients So are using telemedicine or electronic icu to reach difficult to To reach areas in syria. We are using technology. We train syrian physicians on how to use portable ultrasound And they we had a study that showed 80 of them were capable to use portable ultrasound and use it To manage their patients who have a trauma and this is a patient I took this also myself in the city of alipbo who had the shrapnels and they were looking doing surgery in him and they're looking at His heart with a portable ultrasound They are we are doing teaching tele teaching also. This is dr. Basil atasi who's in chicago He's providing instruction to medical students in east al-ghouta Through the internet and you can ask me how come that they have internet and there's no electricity They are using car batteries to operate the internet So there's always solutions. Uh, so in uh, 2014 we were able to serve 1.3 million in 2015 We were able to to serve 2.3 million and we have many facilities including hospitals mobile clinics icu's emergency room birth centers, uh, and so forth In spite of the challenges in 2015 we had 72 attacks on our and uh on 25 facilities that we had We lost so far 27 healthcare professionals and 50 were injured But we believe that we can do a lot especially in coordination with our other partners So we have coalitions We call it american relief coalition for syria that is addressing the prices the crisis in syria in multiple aspects And we always hopeful for the future. We believe that syrian children and the young people of syria and the diaspora will build their country Um Let me let me end with this, uh, you know statement I had the pleasure uh to meet with president obama in august of 2013 And that that was an event in the white house and I told him at that time I delivered a letter on behalf of sams I told him I think your legacy would be determined by by what what you do in syria And and he laughed and he said but my legacy would be determined by other things also I told him but your legacy would be determined by what you do in syria Uh, I think our legacy would be determined by what we do in syria In the first session dr. Louise Lorese the deputy the deputy executive director of un aid said that if the un follow your lead Uh, the world would have been much better. I believe in that statement. Thank you very much