I'm Rashmi Benda, I am a radiation oncologist at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. I practice at Shore Regional Cancer Center. I take care of all cancers. I do have a focus in breast cancer. Unlike systemic therapy that gets injected into the vein or you take it orally as a pill, radiation uses x-rays or brachytherapy, radioactive isotopes, so it's photons or radioactive isotopes that we use to deliver the treatment. It's a perfect blend of patient care and technology. I have the challenge of reassuring patients, challenge of coming up with a treatment plan that fits their needs, whether it's not just their cancer, but their overall needs as a individual. Patients don't have to leave Eastern Shore for most of their care. They can come to us in pretty much for most cancers. We are able to take care of it right there, but we also have the University of Maryland resources as far as taking care of the patients, specifically the breast patients. We can offer them up-to-date care, and so for example, there's a lot of patients who can be treated now with only five treatments of radiation, and that is something that we can offer at the Eastern Shore. It gets better and better as technology evolves.


I know there's these quirky things about zoom and we're talking about that earlier we. It's confusing sometimes. Then they fix one thing and then they mess up something else. That's right you get used to it one way and then they change it. It's like a class. One from Colorado. I'm in Colorado now. Clark Colorado where's Clark. I'm not sure where Clark is. Kansas City. Hello. Yeah. We were just having a chat right beforehand. We're comparing smoke and weather patterns around the country. Since we're in all certain, we're in three different spots today.  I'm about to get some wet weather myself, but at least it gets the smoke out. So. I'm in Northern. Yep. It's pretty smoky here outside of Boulder. Oh yeah. I can bet. Oh, someone from lowland. Yeah, that's not far from here. Well, that big fire up in the Dixie fire is now well over 600,000 acres, which is. It's crazy. And it's pretty much burned about a third of. Lassen National Park. And so our good friend. Kevin. Sweeney. Who. Has run the Lassen dark sky festival. And so he's been dealing more with. Smoke and fire issues then with doing some of the interpret interpretive things. Was he a dark sky ranger? One of the. He was dark sky. He was one of the, he went through the sky rangers program once upon a time. I shouldn't say it was. Cause you always are. If you've got once a dark. Once a ranger always a ranger.  Seven o'clock. Oh, good luck with the tornado and tornado and severe storm warnings. Sue. Yeah, where are you at, Sue? I heard that there were some in Pennsylvania earlier with the. Kind of the remnants of. Friend. Well, let's go ahead and get started. Okay. So, August NASA night sky network member webinar. We're hosting tonight's webinar from I'm in San Francisco, California at the astronomical society of the Pacific. And we have Dave and basically almost Canada. And in way up in New York. And we've got Kathy from Boulder, Colorado. We're very excited to present this webinar with our guest speaker, Dr. Kathy all can the deputy principal investigator for NASA's night sky network. Welcome to everyone on YouTube for we're very happy to have you with us. These webinars are monthly events for members of the night sky network for more information about the NASA night sky network and the astronomical society of the Pacific. And just a couple of moments. I'll put some links into the chat. But before we introduce Kathy, here's Dave prosper with just a couple of announcements.  So I'm going to try and get through this pretty quickly and clearly because I want to focus on the Lucy mission to the Trojan asteroids. And I'm assuming everyone else who does too. So first I got a fun item for everyone just a hint. I just sent out the request to get our pins formally. Designed and manufactured. So the hint is the design this year may feature everyone's favorite rover helicopter duo. But that's not official official until I get the final stamp pin. So look for official announcements in next month's newsletter. Just a reminder, we bumped up some of the dates on the pins when we did the date change last year. So I'm hoping to have them available for order for you all by September, October. So I'm getting them out to you right after that. So more to come with that next newsletter. And we also have a big giant astronomy survey. We want you all to take. You may have already heard about it from us or someone else. But please, we would love if you have not taken us yet to take it and share it with anyone who might be interested. It's about 10 to 15 minutes of your time, but it is time well spent because this is a sort of a state of amateur astronomy in 2021 survey. And it'll inform our next few years of planning with the public and basically means we want to help better serve your club's needs. And to make that happen. We want to know what you think and the survey is a great way to do that. And I'll stop talking about the survey and put the link in the chat so you can take it later. Hopefully enjoy the talk now. And it is also at a bit.ly slash astro survey 2021. I want to hear from the people who aren't interested in taking it there. Actually might be more important than all of you who are enthusiastic users of the night sky network. Actually, that'd be great. Send it to some folks that may have a drop from your club, but you're still hanging out with. Maybe you get to know. That's not the survey. So it's not awkward. Oh, just a quick reminder too. If you're going to be posting any moon related events on October, post them to the end of your NSN club calendar soon. Because international observe the moon night is coming on October 16th this year. And if your club posts any public events in the NSN calendar between October 8th and 24th with the word moon anywhere in the title, you'll have your events synced up with the event calendar for the international observe the moon night folks and their setup. So you got to do this by September 1st to qualify for a packet of fun moon related outreach materials to be sent to your club. So that's why you need you to submit the events by September 1st to give us time to ship these goodies to you for your October events. And if you don't want your events synced just don't put moon in the title or make it a club or private event only in that will skip the same process. The last thing. I may be seeing many of you at this, which is Alcon virtual, which starts tomorrow. And it's free. It runs through Saturday and has some really excellent guest speakers and topics and guests like you and me. And you can join them for free on their streams at Alcon virtual.org. And that is all from me. Back to you, Brian. All right, thanks, Dave. So for those of you on zoom, you can find the chat window and please make sure that you go down to the bottom and zoom fix it. It now says everyone. If you've done an update lately, it now will say everyone instead of all attendees and and panelists. And so make sure you select everyone so that everyone can see your greeting. You'll also find the Q&A window. If you scroll down at usually on the bottom edge of your zoom window on your desktop, that's where we want you to put all the questions that you have for Kathy during her presentation and then we'll have time at the end that we'll be able to get to those. If you do have any technical difficulties, you can drop something into the chat or you can always send us an email at night sky info at astro society.org. And so with that, let me. Start my. Okay, I want to welcome everyone again to the August webinar of the NASA night sky network. This month we welcome Dr. Kathy Olken to our webinar. Dr. Olken is a planetary scientist at Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. Her main topic of research is the outer solar system, specifically planetary atmospheres and surfaces. She carries out ground based observations to learn about the size and atmospheres of small worlds. She's worked on the NASA's New Horizons mission as the lead of one of the scientific instruments, the color camera and the composition mapper. NASA's New Horizons mission provided us with the first close up images of Pluto and its moons in 2015. In 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft made the most distance encounter of any solar system object, Aracoff, and I probably didn't pronounce that right. Kathy is also the deputy principal investigator for NASA's Lucy mission. The Lucy mission will be the first spacecraft to visit the Trojan asteroids, asteroids that share an orbit with Jupiter. In her free time, Kathy mentors first robotics programs, which I know many of you have done that as well. And so robotics programs are great, providing hands on STEM education for students from fourth to 12th grade. And so having judged some first competitions, it's a lot of fun. And I'm sure that Kathy's had a very rich, very rich experience with that. So please welcome Dr. Kathy Alkin. Hi everyone. I'm delighted to be here today and tell you about the Lucy mission. So let me show you some slides about Lucy. Looks great. Thank you. All right. So today I'm going to tell you about NASA's Lucy mission. This is the first mission to the Trojan asteroids. So we've never sent a spacecraft to the Trojan asteroids before. And this is going to be a first. So I can't wait to get there and see what these objects look like. First, a little overview. Lucy is a Trojan tour. It's a robotic spacecraft that travels out to the Trojan asteroids. And we're going to fly by seven different Trojan asteroids through the years 2027 to 2033. We actually are going to launch in October of this year. The spacecraft is down in Florida at Cape Canaveral, getting processed right now and getting ready for launch. And it takes a long time to get to the outer solar system. And on our way out there, we're going to do a rehearsal at a main belt asteroid in 2025. So that's what we have coming up. We're going to fly by these objects and learn about them. As we go, and I'm going to tell you some about the motivation and what we'll be learning about these Trojan asteroids. And I should say here for those who are maybe not familiar with Trojan asteroids that in this top down view of the solar system, you see the sun in the middle. And then the inner planets and Jupiter is the outer kind of circle. The green dots are the Trojan asteroids. They are in two swarms, one that's ahead of Jupiter in its orbit and one that's behind Jupiter in its orbit. These are the L four and L five Lagrange points of Jupiter. And these are stable zones. So if you put an object there, it will stay there. And there's other Trojan asteroids as well. The outer planets like Neptune have known Trojan asteroids, but this mission is going to the Jupiter Trojan asteroids. So the science motivation is really kind of two fold. The first one is to boldly go where no one has gone before. We, as I said before, we've never seen one of these objects close up.  And part of the reason we want to understand that is because these are the leftovers, the remnants from solar system formation. They're near neighbors would have, might have gone into making up the giant planets. And so we want to look at these objects to really understand what these building blocks of solar system formation were composed of. And the Trojan asteroids are really interesting population because they're not homogeneous. As you saw it in the last figure, they're located in a very confined area in the solar system right now. But we think that might not have always been the case. And they have a pretty significant variety of albedo or the reflected light from the surface. Here at the, and the bottom left, you see the visible albedo versus a three micron wise mission albedo. And the albedo is really range from four to 15%. And then if you look at their spectral slope, so this is an indication of color in the visible. There's two specific. It's a two different populations, a red population and a less red population. And so it's not just a random distribution. It's two distinct populations. Also, in not being a homogeneous population, they have different spectral types. The different spectral types really tell you about the spectrum as a function of wavelength from about 0.45 microns out to 2.45 microns. This is a region from the visible into the near infrared. And there's a taxonomic classification system. There's been a number of them. One of them is by bus and the Mayo. And this classification system basically is a way to look at the surface properties. And they have different reflectance as a function of wavelength. As you can see over in the left here, there's C types and D types and P types. And they have different slopes in the spectral range. And we have those three types of asteroids present in the Trojan swarms that I showed you before. And you could imagine perhaps if the Trojan asteroids formed in the location they're at today and had their whole existence there, they would have formed out of the same materials. And they would have been processed in the same way. So you would expect them to be more homogeneous. And instead we see these different spectral types. We see, and the different spectral types depend on what size the objects are. So in the 20 to 50 kilometer size range, you have mostly P's and D's with a little bit of C's. And in the 50 to 100 kilometer size range, you have mainly D type asteroids. And in the greater than 100 kilometer, it's P's and D's. And these are basically telling you about the different surface features on the surface composition on the Trojan asteroids. And this diversity is really the result of accretion and the evolution in the outer planets. There's theories that the outer solar, the solar system as it was forming that the giant planets migrated outward away from the sun. And they reached a resonance, a two to one resonance where Jupiter would go around the sun twice for every one time that Saturn went around the sun. And this resonance caused a chaotic disruption of the small body populations in the solar system and would have ejected some small objects away from our solar system and some from the outer solar system into the inner solar system. And that's one possible explanation for how the Trojans became located where they are today. And so one of the goals of the Lucy mission is really to understand the diversity of these Trojan asteroids so that we can learn about their history. And these are the targets that we're going to go to in order to learn about the diversity of these objects. We have five objects in the L4 swarm. That's the one that leads Jupiter in its orbit. And two in the L5 swarm. I'll tell you a little bit more about these objects, but you can see the color. So first of all, I'll say that these are artist's conceptions of what the asteroids look like. We don't have anywhere near this level of surface detail about what the Trojan asteroids look like. That's why we need to send the Lucy spacecraft there so that we can see how many craters on the surface, what does the geology look like, and what kind of variation in the surface color and composition exists. We do know that Lucas and Oris are both D type asteroids. Remember I showed you the spectral types before. They are more red than the other objects in our sample that we'll be visiting. And then there's P type or kind of primitive objects. And that is patroclus, menaceus, and our small object, polymaly. And then there's urabates in its small satellite, Keta. So urabates is a pretty interesting object. This is going to be the first one we fly past. And it is a remnant from a previous collision. We can look at the orbits of Trojan asteroids and also main-belt asteroids and identify families. Families are a group of asteroids that used to be one object that was then disrupted, and those pieces didn't coalesce back together, but went on their own independent orbits. And so from the orbital elements, you can look and understand which asteroids had this history, was a collisional family. And the only collisional family in the Trojan asteroids is the urabates family. It's named after the largest remnant from that disruption, the one that we're going to visit. And here is a simulation of what that disruption might look like. And you can see the, how the objects coalesce in the rightmost panel. So that's going to be a very interesting object to go visit. And then I want to call attention to Patroclus and Manecius. This is a really interesting pair of objects. They orbit each other. So they orbit a common center of mass between the two of them. And you can see the animation of the objects. Which is once again an artist conception of what the objects would look like going about their common center of mass. And the scale of the size of Patroclus and Manecius relative to its orbit is correct in this animation. And I really wanted to point out the little inset box here that says Hubble Space Telescope, HST on the right, because that's a little bit different. The inset box here that says Hubble Space Telescope, HST on the right, because that's what the data looks like that we have on these objects. So when I said before that these are artist conceptions, you can see how much liberty was taken in showing you what these objects might look like from what we really know. As you can see from the Hubble Space Telescope images. And I wanted to share, since this is the night sky network, I thought you would all like seeing the way that astronomical observations inform the mission planning. So we have made extensive use of ground based observations, particularly occultations and light curve data. So photometry from the ground. Looking to see how the light varies with time that we see from our Trojan asteroids. And right here I'm showing you one of our targets. It's called Lucas. It was one of the more red ones that I showed you previously. And before we started this campaign of stellar occultation observations, of which we've had five events that we've all observed. I'm showing you four of them here. We didn't have a good shape for what Lucas looked like. So we really wanted to understand that. And it was important to understand the shape of Lucas, because it's a very slow rotator rotates, takes about 400 hours for it to rotate on its axis. And as you do a planetary flyby, that means we're not going to see one side of Lucas as well. So to really understand the mass properties of Lucas, we need to get solid understanding of its shape from the start. So we've invested a lot in stellar occultation observations of Lucas. And like I said, also combining that with light curve data. And you can see these are stellar occultation light curve cords. So each line here is an observer in the path of the stellar occultation. So we're watching Lucas pass in front of the star. And you can see the dots on the lines, which are where the light dimmed out as Lucas was passing in front of the star. And if you can see really carefully, there are little ticks there that indicate the uncertainty in that time of where the light curve draw the flux from the combined light of Lucas and the star dropped to just the light from Lucas. And so we have all of these great cords. You can see this event, which was really well sampled here. And from this data, we're able to fit a shape model of Lucas. And this is on the right here is the shape model shown you from different views of what we believe Lucas looks like. And we could still get very surprised when we fly pass because this type of modeling only gives you convex shapes. So concavities, you really can't get from this retrieval method. And you can see the resolution of the facets that we have used to fit the data. And if any of you are interested, this is described in a paper by Matola et al. That was published in 2020 in the planetary science journal. And that is open access for anybody to read. And this data, the light curve coupled with the occultations allow us to estimate where Lucas's spin pole is. And so you can see a probability map here or a chi-squared map showing the likely location of the spin pole where you have the darker colors. So before this, we didn't know the axis that Lucas rotated around. So we're learning more and being able to constrain that better and getting a better shape all from astronomical observations. And I wanted to share some of these pictures with you. These are pictures from our team in the field. And two of the people who have been helping with our stellar occultation observations are night sky network members or coordinator Christopher Erickson and Roxanne. You can see them here. And I saw that they were online tonight listening to the webinar. So good to see you virtually. And they've been participating in our stellar occultation campaigns. Next I want to show you the trajectory of the spacecraft. We launched on October 16th, 2021 on an Atlas 5-401 from Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral. And this is the type of rocket that we will be launching on. And we orbit in a one-year orbit about the sun and come back and do an Earth gravity assist just about a year later. And the actual exact details of our first Earth gravity assist depend very much on when we launch in our launch period. So this is a demonstration of what it would look like when we launch on the first day of our launch period. And we have a very sporty EGA. We're flying just 300 kilometers from the surface of the Earth. So under the space station, under many satellites. And so this will be a sporty flyby. And that allows us to increase our app helium. And we go out about twice as far away from the sun as we had been previously. You can see there. And now we're coming back closer to, we're going to come back towards the Earth. When we're at app helium, we actually do a burn that allows us to slow down. And this will increase our velocity when we fly by past the Earth at EGA too. Orbital mechanics are a funny thing the way things work. You slow down to go higher and it has lots of different implications. So we have a second Earth gravity assist in 2024. And this will allow us to boost our orbit all the way out to the Trojan asteroids. So now at this point, we're going about 34,000 miles per hour, which is about 19 times faster than a bullet. So we're really cruising by the Earth very fast. And then we do a flyby of a main belt asteroid. This is a small main belt asteroid. It's probably about five kilometers across. And we will fly by in 2025. And what we're doing at Donald Johansson, that's the name of the asteroid, is a rehearsal. We're going to be rehearsing for the Trojan asteroid flybys that are still there to come. We want to make sure that everything on the spacecraft works the way we expect. We've done many systems level tests here on the ground. We will do lots of tests in flight, but there's nothing like an actual flyby to test and make sure that we have got everything working the way that we want it. Donald Johansson is also an interesting scientific target as well.  Well, Donald Johansson is as well. So this is a remnant from a previous collision. It will be very interesting to see what it looks like. And the last thing I'll tell you is that we were able to name Donald this asteroid. We named the asteroid after the discoverer of the Lucy fossil. This is an Australopithecus fossil that was formed that was found by Donald Johansson and his team back in 1974 in Ethiopia. And the Lucy fossil that you can see in the upper right of my slides, that is really transformed our understanding of the evolution of hominids. And just like the Lucy fossil transformed our understanding of human evolution, we plan to have the Lucy mission transform our understanding of solar system evolution. So we're going to fly by Donald Johansson. And from that, from there we go out to the L4 swarm. I'm only showing you selected objects in the L4 swarm, just the ones that we're going to fly by. So there's many other objects in the area. And even though I say there's many objects in the area, the area is very large. So we're not worried about hitting one accidentally. From here we get to fly by our first Trojan asteroid target. And this is your babies and it's small satellite KEDA. And we're going to fly by in 2027. So we've launched the mission in October of 2021. And it's going to take almost six years to get to the Trojan asteroids. So we have to be very patient to get there and exploring the outer solar system takes a lot of time. After your babies, just 30 days later, we fly past polemily. This is another one of our targets. It's one of our smaller targets. I'm excluding KEDA because we're targeting the fly by of these larger objects. And we're going to fly pretty close to polemily. We're going to fly about 600 miles away from most of our targets, but polemily is smaller. And so we'll be going closer, just 270 miles away, closest approach. And the reason we're doing that is so that we can kind of weigh the Trojan asteroid by measuring the Doppler shift of the spacecraft as it flies by. I'll tell you more about that in a little bit. Next, we fly past Lucas. And that's the one that I showed you the occultation light curves of. And about seven months later, we fly past Oris. And this is our last of the L4 Trojans. From Oris, we fly back and past the Earth again. We do another Earth gravity assist. And this Earth gravity assist sets up our aim point to get to Petroclas and Menecius. Petroclas and Menecius are the final targets in our prime mission. You can see them here. And that fly by occurs in 2033. So quite a long time from now, but it's going to be so exciting to see what these objects look like. And then from there, we just continue out and we continue circling in this manner. So we're going to go forward and then back out to the Trojan asteroids. And we'll be transmitting our data all along, but the Trojan, the Petroclas and Menecius data will be the last data that comes down in our prime mission. So now I want to turn and tell you a little bit about the hardware that we have. We have this beautiful spacecraft you see on the right. And it has on the top of it an instrument pointing back towards the spacecraft. And it has a large range of motion. Basically it can point down back towards the spacecraft. And then all the way over and towards the high gain antenna that you see here. And it has a small range of motion in the cross-track direction. So the way it can rock kind of towards one of the solar arrays, either one of them. And the scientific instrument, the scientific instruments mainly sit on this instrument pointing platform. We have a high resolution imager called LORI. And this is very similar to the LORI instrument on New Horizons that brought you the highest resolution images of Pluto. And next to LORI, we have two terminal tracking cameras. These cameras are part of our guidance navigation and control system. And they allow us to track the asteroid with the pointing platform. So to take images and then line up our instruments so that we're pointing at the Trojans the whole time we fly past. We're flying past at between six and nine kilometers per second. So that's very fast. If any of you have run a 10K race, that's like doing it in just a little bit over a second. Which is crazy. So we're going to fly by really fast and we need to keep our instruments targeted on the Trojans as we do that. La Tess is this instrument right here. And it's like a remote thermometer. It allows us to get the black body curve in the infrared, which allows us to determine the temperature of the surface of the Trojan asteroids. And we're interested in understanding the temperature at different times of day so that we can understand the properties to retain heat in the regolith on the asteroids. And then on the furthest right in our instrument pointing platform we have this big behemoth of an instrument here called the Ralph. It is a color camera and infrared imaging spectrometer and it's based on the Ralph instrument on New Horizons. So it'll be what gives us our color and composition information. And the radio science will be able to do a radio science experiment like I mentioned previously where we can look at the Doppler shift of the signal as the spacecraft lies by to get an estimate of the mass of our Trojan asteroids. So we're going to do a geology investigation and the geology is really going to provide data on the shape of the target. How many craters there are on the surface? And what are the characteristics of the surface? Do we see mass wasting or mass that's slumping downhill in a crater? What type of ridges do we see? And that can tell you about the internal structure on the Trojan asteroid. And all of these data that we're looking for from a geologic standpoint are diagnostic of the history of these targets. And here you just see three very different examples of small bodies in the outer solar system or in the solar system from a main belt asteroid to Comet to a small moon of Saturn. And this is a mosaic of the solar system. And this is a mosaic of the solar system. And this is a mosaic of asteroid images that was put together by Emily Lactawalla. And these are basically all the asteroids that we've flown by and have close up images of. And the asteroids are approximately to scale. And the surface brightness that you see for them is also to scale. So over here you can see Matilda and that is very dark. And Lutetia, that Rosetta flew by, the Rosetta mission flew by is much brighter. And our Trojan asteroid targets span the size from approximately Lutetia, which Petroclus amenaceus is about that size, down to the size of Dactyl, which is a small satellite of Aida. And Dactyl is about the same size as Keta, the satellite of your babies. So we're going to be spanning a wide range of sizes and really being able to look at very different objects across the Trojans. In surface composition, we're going to be looking at for clues to where the Trojan asteroids formed and what chemical processes might have affected them. So you can see this diagram here in the bottom left shows you the formation distance in AU, where an astronomical unit, one is the distance between the earth and the sun. And so you can see where Jupiter is here in Saturn and Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. This is the average Pluto distance because it has an elliptical orbit. And these molecules all here, you can see where they get retained or lost. And so it's a function of the size and where they formed. So we're going to be looking for things like water and CO2 and different molecules to understand the history of the Trojan asteroids. We'll also be able to investigate minerals on the surface like olivine, peroxine and serpentine. And that tells you something about their formation and whether they differentiated. You can see a differentiated body down here. And the way we do this is by taking spectra. We'll be taking spectra. We'll get visible images here out to about one micron and then we'll get spectra out to about a little bit past three and a half microns. And you can see all the different species or molecules that have absorption features in this wavelength range. And so this is how we're going to be looking for the fingerprints of these molecules in our spectra. And the reason they have these different dips and undulations in the spectra had to do with the modes of how the molecules move. You can see the vibrational modes in water and you can see three different modes shown here and each of them is diagnostic of a different wavelength. And when we look at the Trojan asteroids from the ground we see spectra that look like this. These are two different examples of a more red and less red Trojan asteroid. And they're feature list generally. There's some features out near three microns. But when we get up closer to the Trojan asteroids with Lucy we'll be able to look at smaller regions on the surface and that will allow us to look and not be swamped by the overall signature from across this whole object but we'll be able to see if there's differences in the surface composition across the object. And that's something that's not possible at all from the ground. And these are some examples from the Dawn mission looking at water exposure or organic materials and you can see where they can be mapped across the surface to understand how the geology and composition work together. Next I want to talk about satellites and rings. As I mentioned previously we discovered this small moon KEDA using the Hubble Space Telescope. And if we assume the same albedo or surface reflectance of asuripides we estimate that KEDA is about a little more than a kilometer across. So like I said before about the size of Dactyl. And we have a pretty decent orbit for KEDA even that we just discovered this small satellite. And maybe it's probably not surprising that Eurobates has a satellite. As I showed you before we believe that Eurobates is a member of a family forming collision and there are examples of how satellites could form in such collisions. In addition to being able to look at KEDA because we've discovered it well in advance we're going to be searching for satellites and even rings as we approach the Trojan asteroids with Lucy. So there may be more satellites waiting to be discovered. So here is the uncertainty in KEDA's orbit shown in red. And what you see here are two different plots of the Lucy trajectory in blue. One, the one on the left is looking down from the pole of the solar system. You're looking down and then the other is looking sideways. And you can see how the uncertainty in KEDA's orbit is quite large even though we have a pretty good orbit given it was just recently discovered and how faint it is relative to Eurobates. But we're going to be flying pretty close by but we won't hit it as you can see because over in the right panel we're going to be flying under this the location where it is at some point. It's going to be somewhere in this ellipse. So we're going to continue to improve our knowledge with more observations of KEDA so that we can shrink this uncertainty cloud. And I want to tell you a little bit about naming this small satellite because we discovered it we got to suggest a name and the Trojan asteroids are generally named after characters from Homer's epic poems. But given that there are only so many names in Homer's work the IAU has allowed that now we can name small Trojan asteroids after Olympic athletes. And so we've named KEDA after the first woman to ever light the Olympic torch and she did this at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico and her name is Enriqueta and her nickname is KEDA Basilio. And so we named the satellite after her and it was really very fitting because the character Eurobates in Homer's poems was a herald and the modern Olympics that role is reenacted with the lighting of the Olympic torch. So we really liked all that symbolism coming together. And we're also going to be measuring the mass of the Trojan asteroids using our high gain antenna which operates using just 100 watts of power and by carefully looking at the Doppler shift we'll be able to retrieve that mass we're going to get the mass to better than 25% for all of our targets much better for a number of them the larger ones will be pretty easy and using the imagery data that we have for shape we'll be able to determine the density and there's reasonably that perhaps the Trojans might be very under dense so maybe even less dense than water ice and to give you an idea how big the Lucy spacecraft is from tip to tip with the solar rays fully deployed it's 47 feet and that's about the size of a large semi tractor trailer these are the instruments on board the instrument pointing platform I showed you the CAD model before but I want to show you the real thing and this picture was taken at Lockheed in Littleton, Colorado you can see a person he's kneeling but to give you an idea for scale the person is here and so you can see the instrument pointing platform with all the instruments being prepared for the spacecraft and we do tests we test a lot of testing you want to fly as you test and test as you fly and so you can see a test a deployment test of the solar arrays so our solar arrays are furled up and very flattened they're only about four inches wide when they're fully closed up and we need this configuration for launch to fit in the bearing of the rocket and then we deploy the solar rays kind of like a Japanese fan and they unfurl and this was a test of that unfurling that took place and you can see all the metal structure in the lines supporting the solar rays that's because they weren't meant to deploy under one G of force so that is a structure used to offload that weight so that we can test on the ground before we get into orbit and I encourage you to follow the Lucy mission we have a Twitter channel and Facebook and Instagram and there's both the NASA website and the Lucy project website and this is our cartoon character of Lucy on her journey so please feel free to follow us and see what's going on with the Lucy mission and from here I'll stop and take your questions all right well that's really fantastic and so maybe we could go Dave's got the information in the chat so we might want to come back to a couple of the slides or maybe put that one back up later on so that people can see it so we've got some good questions here and so very early on when you're talking about the different planets and so Paul wonders does Earth have Trojan asteroids as well? So that's an interesting question in the Osiris-Rex mission the one that went to Bennu a sample and is bringing the sample back now they were searching for Trojan asteroids there are some objects that look like maybe they get captured for a short period in Trojan the Earth Trojan points but I don't think there's any long term known Earth Trojans well hopefully before too long we'll have our own Trojan JWST that's right that is true at Earth so there's more than just the L4 and L5 point there's other Lagrange points 1, 2 and 3 and so 1 and 2 could be used to put spacecraft in and that is where the JWST will be going which will be very exciting and the reason it goes there is because it's easier to do station keeping because it's a stability point Excellent Okay so John had a question and I'm going to have to see if I can understand this entirely I think that he's asking so we have the main belt asteroids and we have the Trojan asteroids and so he's asking about the percentage of Trojans maybe it has to do with the types does it match up with the numbers and the percentages in the main belt asteroid or what are the sheer numbers like you know what are we talking about how many Yeah so right now there's 9,000 known Trojan asteroids but we believe that there's hundreds of thousands of actual Trojan asteroids many of which we haven't discovered yet just from looking at size frequency distributions and projecting what should be out there I'm very much looking forward to the Vera Rubin Observatory coming online because many more Trojan asteroids and other small bodies in our solar system will be discovered with Vera Rubin when it's online and so the question about basically types of asteroids compared to the main belt you see a gradient in the main belt asteroids of spectral types and you'll see basically different you don't see the same types of Trojan asteroid distribution of spectral types as you do throughout the main belt so that one graphic that you showed with the little pie charts those would look significantly different for the main belt asteroids they would they'd look different for the main belt asteroids and they'd look different at the inner part of the main belt versus the outer part of the main belt okay because I was wondering and this was I guess my question is that I was looking at that and in the description that noted that the least common type that you had in the Trojan asteroids were the ones that we've actually sampled and so I was wondering if the compositional percentages held true there as well or is it that we're sampled the least prevalent types so a really good point is that we don't expect that we have any samples of the Trojan asteroids in our meteorite collection because they are generally constrained in those Lagrange points so they're not coming in and impacting the earth and so that's another reason to send the Lucy spacecraft there is because we don't have a sample from the Trojan asteroids in our meteorite collection and it is true that basically when you look you see a lot more sea types further in the asteroid in the asteroid belt okay great so Michael asked will the spacecraft be visible to amateur astronomers at any of the earth passes or particularly the closer one yes and I expect that at EGA1 that Lucy will be visible as it flies by we've got a large area and there's going to be a point in time when it will be in dark sky but still illuminated by the sun and I look forward to sharing that with the amateur community and the professional professional astronomer community as well because I think it would be really exciting to take a picture of Lucy flying by and also for us to go out and look I think it might be a visible sky object perhaps as well but as I said before the exact altitude and circumstances of our first earth gravity assist really depend on when we launch in the launch window the altitude goes up as we get later in the launch window so after we launch I can let people know alright thank you that was an interesting idea and so he wonders if the redness of the asteroids might be coming from the IO volcanoes or whether there's some sort of interaction that's going on there yeah that's an interesting question so IO is really far away the closest that Lucy gets to Jupiter is actually just after one of our earth gravity assist and that's one of those things that's hard to fathom it's just that Jupiter's orbit is very large and the Trojan asteroids are quite far away so they're associated with Jupiter because they share an orbit but they're nowhere near each other so the red color would not have to do with IO at all it could have to do with space weathering so over time you can perhaps get reddening but then some people have seen some evidence that things can get more blue over time with cosmic rays and irradiation so I think it really depends it's a combination of what materials you start with and then how you weather them impact from cosmic rays or solar radiation so there's a lot of interesting work still to done there so many questions that's right I love that though I mean that's the whole point of this when I was a kid in school I learned science from my books and so often I learned what we knew but not what we didn't know yet and I think it's just really important for all of us to keep in mind what we don't know and where all these questions are and because each question that we eventually get an answer to is going to spawn even more questions which is lovely so are you hoping for questions that you don't know that you have yet after Lucy gets out there oh I hope so I think that would be great I'd love to have a new set of questions I didn't even know to ask before there you go so speaking of questions so Paul asks what makes scientists think some of the asteroids were formed or affected by collisions so you know what kind of insight are you seeing yeah we see craters on the surfaces of many objects that we across the solar system you know the moon asteroids so I would expect that we would see craters on the Trojan asteroids and in fact we have a science objective to map the craters over two orders of magnitude in size and the reason we want to do this is so that we can understand the age of the surface by looking at the cratering rates you can get an idea of how young or old the surface is there's different models for how many craters you would expect to see over time at different parts of the solar system so craters are the remnants of an impact and if you have a large enough and energetic enough impact you're going to have catastrophic disruption and we can see evidence of disruption like that in these asteroid families so there's lots of interesting evidence for collisions throughout the solar system all right thank you so let's see we've got so we were wondering can you compare the lorry instrument on lucy to the one on new horizon and they're almost exactly the same they have the same aperture they have the same detector they they let's see with the lorry instrument on lucy we added redundant electronics and some some capacity to store the images so on new horizons the data from lorry go directly to the spacecraft on lucy they'll go on to a recorder that's part of the lorry instrument and then be transferred to the spacecraft but you know optically it's really the same and yeah so it's going to be great because lorry was great at Pluto well we certainly were delighted at all the images that we got back from there and so we've got to look forward to yeah and we'll be using the lorry instrument on lucy for optical navigation just like we did at Pluto excellent okay so steven notes or asks the density of quite a one gram per cubic centimeter and so are you indicating as ice or water what's the indication that you're thinking um well so I don't I'm not sure what the density of these objects will be but um some measurements of trojan asteroids and their densities based on binary systems that would lead you to believe that they'd be less dense than one gram per cc and so it'll be interesting to see what we find and there's a there tends to be a general trend across the solar system that things are less dense further out and so that'll be another indication perhaps of where these objects formed so let's see what we got here okay let's go up to this question and so rando asks will the spacecraft have thrusters to enable you to adjust the trajectory as it approaches the trojans it does we have a by prop system on the spacecraft and we can do large maneuvers like deep space maneuvers where they're much more uh velocity change and we can do small maneuvers we have smaller thrusters for that uh with and we have planned trajectory correction maneuver 30 days before we get to the trojan asteroids and then another one seven days before we get to the trojan asteroids so that we can hit that aim point that we're going for just right and so that's definitely part of our plan and that's why we need the optical navigation as well as the radiometric data type so we'll get through the deep space network okay so uh back to the lorry instrument then for just for a moment since you brought that up again and so um so we have a question so we can probably expect more detailed images of the trojans since lucy will be closer to them than it was to Pluto is that yes yes and and so uh the highest resolution uh that we have uh we have requirements for the science images that we plan to take to accomplish our science objectives and the highest resolution one is tied to that uh imaging the crater uh populations that I mentioned and so we expect to get 14 meter resolution so that we can map craters down to 70 meters in diameter you want to have multiple pixels per crater to be able to identify the crater and we're uh um conservative in saying we want five pixels across so so 14 meter resolution uh which is in fact uh higher resolution than uh new horizons okay we're going to go for two more questions here then we're going to call a good I apologize to those that were not quite getting to your questions so uh Cria asks um are the instruments on Juno completely powered by solar power how large is the solar array I know you showed us the graphic with the semi truck how does that compare with Juno since they're basically at the same distance from the sun yes so the solar arrays are 7.2 meters in diameter I don't know what the area comes to off the top of my head um I should look that up but you can you can get a rough idea from the 7.2 meters in diameter uh and uh the Juno uh spacecraft solar arrays are actually larger in area than the Lucy ones are uh um and that's because the Juno spacecraft uh needed more power than the Lucy spacecraft does um the Lucy spacecraft will be the furthest operating spacecraft from the sun um because we go a little bit further away than uh uh Juno is from the sun all right so last question here and so John it's a different John and so we've got about four different Johns that we've had questions today I should have numbered them all and we have more than four different Johns on the project too a very popular name so uh so this John says uh what happens to Lucy after 2033 or when the planned portion of the mission ends and and I think you had one graphic that kind of alluded to that but what's the what's the plan for data acquisition and things after that yeah so after that Lucy will continue on and it will sweep into the inner part of the solar system and then back out to the Trojan clouds over and over again the Trojan swarms and so uh you know I look forward to putting in an extended mission proposal 2033 and hopefully be able to continue doing uh science on the Trojan asteroids we put a plaque on the Lucy spacecraft um and that plaque is a plaque to our future selves you know how the pioneer and Voyager spacecraft had plaques because they're leaving the solar system and so you know some civilization not in our solar system could potentially find those space those plaques and read them well the Lucy spacecraft is going to stay in our solar system and rattle around for a very long time so we put a plaque on there for future explorers in space and uh quotes from many different poet laureates about uh basically what they would say to our future selves and uh so I think that's kind of a fun thing to think about Lucy being out there um yeah and I should mention that um so Lucy's named after the fossil the fossil is named after the song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds and we actually have diamond on the spacecraft because one of the optical elements in the test instrument is a culture diamond it's a beam splitter for our uh interferometer and uh so we will be taking uh Lucy to the sky with diamonds oh very cool I love it all right so thank you everyone and thank you Kathy for joining us this evening and so you can look forward to our next webinar on Tuesday September 21st when Dr. Paul Abel will share with us NASA's plans for the dark mission here's another asteroid mission this one will demonstrate a potential of technique for actually changing the motion of one which would be kind of an important one for things that aren't stuck in a trojan um um you know position um we kind of want to know what to do with those at some point so also join us on Wednesday September 8th when Andrea Jones will return and help us prepare for this year's international observe the moon night all of these webinars you can find on the night sky network website in the outreach resources section and you can also find them on the night sky network YouTube channel so keep looking up and we will see you all next month so good night everyone bye everyone thank you thanks for joining us all and thank you


Alrighty, so we have a construction update today and it may look small, but it's packed with a lot of information. So let's get it started off with. It looks like the remainder of the lift hill is finally here. So as you can see, they've arrived on their flatbeds. They are on Fox Construction flatbeds, so they'll be shipped into the construction site where I can now confirm they'll attach two together at a time and then lift them into place onto the structure. So to get to that first A-frame and then to the second A-frame, it's definitely two pieces connected together that will be lifted up and placed onto the A-frame supports. So the lift hill will essentially go up in just a couple of days. It'll only take like two, three days to get that entire lift hill completed. So that's pretty good. I don't know if you noticed, but you can see Rutherford Construction is back on site and they are constructing rebar cages into footings or the rebar cages for the footings. So you'll see in just a second, massive land clearing is going on in the Timberwool Forest. Unfortunately, a lot of people are like, are they gonna remove the trees? Well, the answer is yes. Tree removal is going along nicely, as you can see. They've removed a lot of trees.  The footings take about 28 days to cure approximately. So from then they'll start, it'll be ready by the time a vertical construction gets over there. The footings should be dried and cured in time for the lift structure and, sorry, the support structure and the track pieces to be lifted into place. This coaster is moving along very quickly. It's very impressive. So it looked like they were just getting themselves organized today, nothing going on. I did leave essentially around 2 p.m. So when I go to the park in person tomorrow, I'll be able to check on if they got anything done. But it looks like there'll be a lot to see tomorrow, which is actually exciting. I'm kind of excited to get that in person shots. Other than that, not too much else going on. They moved the cranes around, looked like they're getting themselves set up to start lifting the piece. You can actually see the lift structure down there. Now what's interesting is, if you look closely, I know it's difficult, we're really high up in the air, we're really far away too, super zoomed in, but they have the catwalks installed or about to be installed. So you can actually see the support structure on the lift hill installed that'll hold up the staircase that goes up on either end. If you look closely, you can see the green kind of supports hanging off of the, or underneath the lift structure there. So that piece is already like ready to go on and be attached and essentially it'll be done. So you can actually see that they have catwalks laid down to the side. They'll then bring in support beams as well and install those for the second A-frame. And it's impressive. I mean, when I'm driving up to Wonderland, I'm way up the road there on the highway. I'm talking about way farther north. I can see the crane. And the crane is just a bit taller than the actual height of the ride. It looks like it's at around 250 feet tall. So this coaster will be visible from quite a distance. In fact, I know people that have helped me out covering this project that lived just across the street from Wonderland and they can see that first A-frame, which is about only 100 feet tall from their house. So this will be visible from a lot of aspects around the park. So that's really exciting too. It's definitely gonna change the skyline of Wonderland, which is exactly what they need. I mean, Wonderland is surrounded by highways, houses, and very busy streets. So the more rides that go really high up and are above the skyline, the better. It's almost like free marketing without being free. Like I get it, it's an investment, but it's free marketing from then on in. So every time someone drives down the highway, they see those really tall rides, that's free marketing. But other than that, not too much going on yet. It looks like they're definitely ready to go for Monday. They got the lift hill pieces attached and ready to go there. They have the other two lift hill pieces that are ready to be shipped in at any moment. You can see another flatbed truck there with green supports. And the land clearing is well on way. They only have a little tiny bit of the forest left. In fact, that might actually be done by the time we go tomorrow. So you can see the giant, straight plot of land, bulldozed and tree removed. There were a lot of trees there, sad. I guess we can hold a funeral and I'm kidding. But yeah, nothing else. The park looks beautiful. I love the trees. I just love seeing it from this high up. I'm so excited. Again, I know I keep saying this to use the drone again. I've missed it. There's just something different between in-person updates and then also drone updates. They both have their own different benefits and I just love this. And again, next week we will be in the park for a hard hat behind the scenes tour. Actually, I think next week we'll be there twice for a behind the scenes tour. We'll be there for an ACE event on the weekend and then we'll be there for an amusement insiders behind the scenes tour. For you guys, the park was very generous to give you guys a behind the scenes tour of the construction site. So thanks again to everyone at the park that is allowing the channel to do that. I wasn't even under the impression they were already doing them.  So I was very thankful to get that email and be invited to come. But yeah, super exciting. Next week is definitely gonna be action packed. I'm super excited for everything next week. But yeah, hope you guys enjoyed this update. Hit that like button, subscribe down below and share this video for others to watch. Thanks for watching guys. Have a good one, bye.


Ekiteiivoa na kiyomia saka eni. zurumia k landmarkiy termится Makbih 1254 Mshani aidi kawa mebebe ma waveshgh cosa kOver Ig rainssh ki wa mnikiéndi kwa kohu kakwriting taia k kanemrata katatum finde para issues na kukizuka ekiki gur Jesus kenya kudu At home and that is what we call Mark B-254 Msanee So you can see that people or young people are out like CC Retainer They are looking for older people to be in relationship with And we are in studio with none other than Mark B Msanee 254 How are you sir? Is that you? Ya, that's me. Okay. Introduce yourself, tell us everything about you that you think we need to know apart from your name. So, me na ito mga B25 forms ali. That is my stage name. I do music, I do gangiton because gangiton, it's a roots zaki zime toka kenya. And I'm also doing hip-hop. Nimefanya hip-hop from last year. Sayi me nili ya drill because hip-hop evolves. So, ya, basically I'm just an artist trying to make it in the robust city of Nairobi. Ya. Okay, we thought that there is a problem somewhere because this is not normal. So we had to bring a professional to help us put things into perspective. And we have none other than Lona Karumba. Lona Karumba is not your first time in these studios. In fact, you are becoming our official psychologist. Tell people about you those who are watching you for the first time. Yes, so my name is Lona Karumba. I am a counselling psychologist by profession. I'm also passionate about mental health. So I also deal with cases of mental health and just talking about mental health. Because mental health is something right now more than ever. It is coming up. So that's what I do.  So I'm just a normal being. Do you think this is a mental problem? We'll start from there because you'll say your personate about mental issues and all that. Do you think this is a mental problem? Now the case we have now, we want to solve now. You know mental health is very diverse. And it cuts across very many things. But it depends with the individual.  Or this is depression or anxiety. You need diagnosis. Yes, you need to sit down with the person actually understand who that person is. Yes. Because it doesn't have, you know, mental health is not like physical health. You know, physical health is something you can say, okay, corona virus. Someone is coughing. Someone has a fever. But mental health is more deeper. It needs more deep analysis. And that is why in counselling psychology we even do 10 sessions by the time we are certain, okay, this person is... We cannot do 10 today. Yes. But now we will see where we will reach with Magbi. Yes. Magbi, uli pata? So what will you be getting? My sponsors, potential sponsors. Yes, what will you be getting? Yes. But so it's good to listen to people's advices. Yes. Nika skiza for some time. So nika kwanza nika. How are people advising you? What will they tell you? What will they advise you? People will have advices, tons and tons of advices. So they are telling me that take charge of your life. Neza wuza maiai. Neza wuza miwa. Neza fanya anything. But so nika skiza. So you know, just after some time they stop calling. But situation nika baki the same, same. So you know, so Ili said that to tamu and jugu ni kukula moja moja. So let us get into it one by one. Were the potential sponsors calling or people advising or both were calling? Both. Both were calling. So what did you do with the sponsors who were calling? So for the time being kwanza nika eka pending. So in case any sponsor li kwa na pigesi mo, li kwa na wambia nisha pata lakini in the real sense li kwa kwanza nangoja. To see go under the water and see if maybe intersaidi ka another way. Were they telling you that they have the qualifications because we saw your qualifications.  Big what the mama himself also had to be big. So are these callers telling you that we meet this qualification, these specific qualifications? Some are telling me they meet the qualifications. That is a less percentage but a bigger percentage. They say they don't meet the qualifications. They didn't have some of the big things you wanted. So they are all pending. Like whatever, umewa waka pending, bad water. We are also younger girls calling. We are younger girls also calling. They also wanted to be in this sponsorship zone. Others wanted just a relationship. A normal relationship. So I came to Katiwa. Namadem of all ages. Mitu alisa maapa kwa ni ni kwa comments. By the way our discussion of the days already in our social media platforms. So you can slide in at White Fire 4 in Twitter or Facebook. Then you leave your comment there. We will read them at the end of this show. So somebody already asked that kama umewa pata moa dan umugawi e, unaizaga wa? Sosa kwaia topik. Sosa hapo sasa nda watua me. Unona apart from wanyo wana pigasi muku se mati wana ibisha wana umi lakin e ozi kwa ibisha wana umi. E ni confidensi, wana kareju zi sma mapa le aka iwiz. Tidu such kind of thing. Wanyo wana ibisha wana umi. So we wana iret kama confidence wana wana wana una ibisha wana umi. Ume pata wengine piya wanyo me uliza wanyo me sema waga iwe kama umeni wana sema kwa social media. Wengisana. So wana umewa nata aka. Wana tata aka. Niveni wana jifija. Lona. Yes. You see the elephant in the room. Men, young men want sponsors. Where is the problem? You know we are in a very tough situation at this point. And actually funniest thing is right now even in canceling psychology we are receiving more men than women. Going through depression and actually going through thoughts of suicide. So some of these mental health concerns are not just the women. Kitambo, it used to be women, women are depressed, women are depressed. But right now more men are coming out. And that for me shows where our country is leading to right now. There is a cause for concern. A cause for wondering what are men doing. What do men want. Or what are men really looking for. Or what is going through the life of a man. So I had a friend of mine the other day who I just wanted to know their life and how according to them from Monday to Sunday what is going through their mind. And I realized that there is a lot of pressure for men and especially for young men who are trying to make it through life. This is a musician who is trying to make it in life. Trying to get there. And of course most men would want to actually the bigger percentage of men are acting as the one who says that wunaibisha wanaume. But in actual sense you find that more men are asking utani gawiya. So you see there is a thin line there. Means they want is to happen but what is happening they want to hide. Behind his confidence as he is saying because according to him that is confidence. So most men are hiding behind that but there are others who come out and say wunaibisha wanaume because according to them it should be done in secret. So I think it is mental health as it is defined. Mental health is something that comes in from the sense of having to understand the psychological point of view your mental wellness and even your physical even your social being because this is social. This is wanting to be wanted if there is any English like that. Wanting to feel that kind of attachment. Someone who cares about you. We are living in a world where nobody cares about the other person. These days I found the other day someone collapsed in the streets and we are not as fast as we used to be trying to help. Everyone is like that could be COVID. So everyone takes a step forward. COVID has complicated everything. So people are doing what you call social distancing instead of physical distancing. So what is happening is the social aspect we are losing it. People are socially distancing themselves. I am not able to call you for example because I am scared. I don't know people are thinking even COVID is passed over through the phone. So you find the meetings that we used to go through the normal way of meeting someone nowadays it is not there because where are we meeting these people? Parties by 10 pm. Khafi is out for young men like him. He is in the music career. He is supposed to be maybe out there singing in clubs, in parties, maybe in other gatherings, in meetings. But where are those things? So what is happening, life has changed. There is a paradigm shift. So people are now tending to now look in another perspective of now what happens to me socially. I need to be loved, I need to be wanted. I need someone to accept me and tell me yes. Like you can imagine how he felt with all those people. It needed a bizarre thing to be done. It needed something out of the normal for him to feel, hey, it seems everyone has texted me, it seems people are reaching out, people are texting everyone is wanting to look for me. Even ladies want a relationship with him. So that is the question. Where are we at this point? It means they are young and ladies who would do something like that. They really want to be in a relationship but they don't have somebody to be or to date or something. So this problem that is cutting across it's not only men. But you've just spoken science, research. You've told me that you've seen life of a man from Monday to maybe Sunday on how they work.  It used to be women more but now they are men. You are blaming this on corona pandemic. Not really. Again, corona pandemic there is an upside of corona pandemic in what I do because people are accepting mental health. Why? Because this is the point you realize wow, okay life doesn't have to be solved by one person. I can reach out to someone who is a professional, who I can speak to and get to understand what is happening. What is happening in my life? I'm stressed up. I'm not able to eat well. I'm not able to even take the normal things that I used to love. I used to love golf. Nowadays when I go to the golf pitch, I don't know how I can't even stand there for 10 minutes. I get fatigued. I'm drained. So what is happening, corona in as much as it has all the negatives that it has for us, we are seeing it as a positive because mental health we are speaking about mental health almost every second of the day. Someone right now speaking about mental health somewhere. So it is I wouldn't blame it on corona but it has been able to bring it up. It has been able to show people that wow, mental health is real because before it used to be physical health, cancer, it used to be about diabetes, it used to be about so many other things, people coming out and talking about it. But for mental health you just say okay that's a mothera case so let them deal with that. But nowadays people are realizing that it doesn't have to be a mothera case. Even I myself could be going through something mental, it could be stress it could be a post-traumatic stress disorder, maybe I was traumatized when I was very young and right now I'm coming up. And what I'm liking about now this period is that now men are accepting that it's not only a woman's problem. Even I myself can get affected I myself can go and sit somewhere and talk about my issues without having to talk about football or having to talk about money or ladies. I can sit down and actually say I'm not okay. Let's get back to Magbi. Magbi what exactly did you want?  So for me a relationship I've been in previous relationships and for me it's not a problem because me socially I'm outgoing so the issue is about money. Nipesa ulikuna anda kutafuta or that is why you are so specific on the kind of car that man must be driving or when he msani in fact we'll talk about yo msani before it's long to touch us atangu mazako you ato umefanya atama video but I think usani ikunaka peseivi So usani ikunaka na pesa after you've gone viral after now you've started going to shows not only going for shows because I've gone to several shows where I don't pay anything I have to convince the BJ that I can perform but you see for music we get recognition so you get recognition so that when there's a show and you are the host of the show people have to come because they know you so when they come because they know you they have to pay the tickets so I can perform I can perform blaze, bioeon, pose okonyeeri because I don't have to go to the university and it's a free show did you finish? Badu onanda la last year last year I went to Pesa so when I came to the next semester when I went to Kikitu 4 years and 3 years 4.1 so I went to the next year so I went to the next year what were you studying? bachelor of commerce in marketing so you like applying one of the marketing skills when you are marketing yourself you go to the next year do you go to Pesa? Pesa because I went to the next year you have been looking for you advised not to do that so you go to Pesa you go to Pesa you go to Pesa you go to Pesa so you go before after that was on 6th so I went to Stafruti but after those 2 weeks bills I went to bills so I went to Pesa so I went to Pesa so I went to Pesa so you go to Pesa so I went to Pesa Mami do you think that is what most of them are looking for? you know the main reason for human existence basically is to work and get money and of course it reaches a point where you feel okay i'm at the end and lem me just ya wawu kadu nashima, kwa wadna uagoto nani, kwa kwiwa hivahi wanakr放저 kwa wajiv patsili, kiwa kwa waji watu tu kwa wajipi ya kwa wajne mu lao nani, kabuwa wajini waji watu kuwa na kupa raida kuya pakaia wajipi wajia waji watu kwa kola na wajikwi wajini waj Rollo kwa wajini wajini wajipi auja kwen hwoko kwa kwa wajini wajin wajimi wajini wajini watu kwa wajimi wajimi waji watu wajini wajili watu kwa wajin wajili watu What is the purpose of this time of life? It's because man is stressed because that money is what you want. You need money.  I mean that was going around of end month, what happens during end month.  Someone is knocking at your door. There is rent, school fees, I don't know what and so many things. We even stated at some point where he had to drop out of school because again not money. So what are we looking for? In life there are things that we have to look into and understand that this is what it is. It's reality. And we have to understand that we need money. There is no human being who will come, even a pastor will come and tell you, you can live your life with five shillings and ten shillings, absolutely not. We need to understand that money is needed. You have said how people are advising you.  You know when you say money, you brush your teeth. Things like that. But I think he was not ready for that because my evidence says that on 6th he was on the street. Saying that an attacker sponsor. So he loved between that and he is saying that between that and the next time went on streets was two weeks. And because like two weeks he was on the street. Are we saying that the contemporary youth are not patient enough with life? Amma are not hardworking enough. Is it because of laziness? Now we need to also understand something that this is a specific period of time. Youth are coming out. We are hearing very bizarre things actually of late that we have been hearing things that maybe they are not understanding what exactly is happening. Now it is because of also the state of affairs. Look at it even in your family situation. Kitambo parents were there. They had time for us. They had time to even look and say, mi am here, can we talk and stuff like that. And there used to be that connection. But nowadays even our parents themselves are so busy. So what is happening? Yes there is the laziness and there is everything that you are talking about. The lack of being patient that at some point I need at some point I will get the car that he wants his lady to already have.  But at the end of the day we also have to look at it in this perspective where we have to understand that we youth, we also have to understand that it is a life. It is a process of life. Things don't come as easy as we think. People just don't come and say by the way you know what I am here. So let me get everything. Everything just doesn't come on a silver plata. And I think for me personally I look at the struggles that my parents have gone through. And even by the time my dad is driving at this point, I mean he started by walking on the streets. He started by trying to take amata to here, motorbike here. But right now he is driving. What does that tell us that it will reach there. One day we will get there. And I like the advice. That is what you should tell Makbih. For me I would want to differ from that. So we are in a society that when you compare me to a lady who is the same age as me for me it will be difficult. Yeah, she is much better. Yeah. Una pata ya kwaamba So I would like to if you are dating a girl you can't go and spend just a hundred bob you can't go and spend just a hundred bob so this is it is difficult. It is difficult. So I would like to know what you think of this DM because you are the one who is in the middle and you are the one who is 30 and you are the one who is 35 and you are the one who is 40 so I would like to know what you think of this for like three months what you think of this to say my budget and how so Una pata 20,000 for three months of which somebody who has money within one day it will be 10,000 Una pata heart of waste time na mimi takini Tata futasponsa Una tata futasponsa now that the other side una tata futasa and then another thing una watu wanafa kwelewa una na kitamba kuli kwa na easy traditions sejuwi lady Mr. Anali kwa na waliwa the age maybe of 15, 16, 14 by anoda anoda money in the society so ilianda iki change kakwani ediata people must fall in love so atasisi wanaume to kichange kutoka kule laji monge you had to marry somebody when you were a lower age than you that was your society times are changing and I don't think people should start saying ati society mi aribika society mi evo this is how the current youth all of them are behaving this way are reasoning this way majority so it's clear there is a problem that we need to solve and by the way before even you answer that there is somebody asking if you have parents he is asking if you have parents and if yes have they seen this viral photo that went viral and what is their take on it so that lona you will advise parents after that Buddha Lyona hi yama maasha what was Lyona what did they tell you mi wali ni ambe you do what you have to do but pia uji chunge wali kupige yama una uchi nao atu ishi nao wakushago so wali kupige yama kwa kombi do whatever you want to do but next while you are safe laki ni at least kwe kiaf na jwa na what those parents wana kwa nga worried about maybe the ladies you will get wana kwa mbi yanga find a lady don't find ladies another thing mada amasida wuki re kaya ke sasa ofi isuna jwa kuna maali tafika atami mi ni oni but you see there is somebody kwa sayi there is a gospel musician hako hapili married na kumali mi neza advice watu ni wama kwa wana you can go on kama ni love yama whatever you want but it is kwa ni wengi ati isi kwa ni wengi so what matters to you is number but not age don't tell us something you can see we have a big problem a big problem as a society even parents our next thing a parent can tell you is this parent giving up or something I think on the issue of just understanding that it's reached a point where for him he is talking of that love in Meisha but what exactly do we why do we get into a relationship I think we are losing the meaning of what is a relationship because of money and as he is saying that 20,000 you are saving up for a woman and yet she has maybe other men out there maybe an older man has the same men of the same age so many men so he is giving up on the fact that he knows that first I need 20,000 second that is per every month or something secondly which he doesn't have she is not going to be there for me she will be with other men and that is the fear if you listen to him very critically because of course as psychologists we look into the deeper meaning I am seeing a sense of giving up on relationship on what really is the meaning of love and even for parents a parent is someone who is supposed to love you someone who is supposed to be there for you and just accept you for who you are and this is a parent who feels ok now if I for example parents are scared nowadays because you find you are talking to your child and they tell you by the way I am doing this and when you tell them no that is not right and they tell you what I have disowned you as a parent I don't care about you anymore so my life is off and may go my own life those who are in real trouble are parents now exactly because as a parent like this what is going through the head of the mum for example because you can imagine the way he was replied you can sense that this problem I think they are dealing with it they don't want to tell him that we really have problem with that ok Magbi do you have a girlfriend do you have a girlfriend for now I don't have but you used to have you used to have a girlfriend before this then what happened we made a date we made a date and then I told her she doesn't have a girlfriend I told her that I am in Nairobi and she told me oh you are new in Nairobi and you are going to be in Nairobi when you are in archives so by the way I am Hustling and I was a Tebilz so I am a hardworking guy oh you are a hardworking man so what you want what you want is pay bill so what you want from big mamas is money I don't have money I don't have money I don't have money to make it obvious does it mean that if you get money from maybe another source then you get enough money from another source to do if you have a girlfriend then you are a big mamas tell us something exactly I wanted that question because that is a reality because that is not the reason why he is entering this relationship not for love, not for something and there is a point where he said we also look into statements that are left maybe incomplete and there is a point where he has said afikanione what is that saying that he is also not going into this 100% he is not going into this because it is a right thing he is not going into this because it is what he is feeling he is going into it because of the pressures of the world things that are happening in his life that he is feeling like this is what I need and of course because of lack of events that person who is going to this is a time where I feel as a parent this is a time to come in to step up and say I need to help I need to help my son I need to give him money a lot of money all this would be gone that's what you have said there is another option there is always another option and the options are there there are so many things that nowadays I am seeing people doing sometimes when I meet even men in my office who come and tell me counselor I have given up on life I don't have any job nowadays my wife is looking because I am not able to provide for my family and there is a certain man I saw the other day who was telling me that he wakes up in the morning where he swears his suit he is not going to work he lost his job during covid and goes somewhere and stands the whole day and walks around and 5pm he comes back there are so many people like that going to archives going to Urupak going to these social places they are just there the whole day doing nothing then they go back to their house because of the pressure the pressure that has come in at the end of the day you can't tell your wife you can't open up to your wife you can't open up to your family that I don't have a job and sometimes if you talk about it if you talk about it with your wife you can't try and see how to sort it out if you was to talk about it maybe with his parents or talk about it with friends one has to come up with something and one has to fanya together nowadays I hear even men enter chamas that is really helping even men nowadays and in that specific chamas see your football packet we talk about real life problems and even the other day I was talking to my partner and he has a specific group where in that group they sit down and they talk about nothing else but about their lives and they go one by one kaya so how are you doing how is life and you will hear someone saying we talk about real life problems this is what they need a specific point where they can talk because this has come up because he is brave enough to show it out there but I can tell you more than three-quarter of the youth are thinking in his perspective they want money so how do I get money what is the easiest way option this is the way to go so how do you get money when you are in a family when you are in fame I am in a school fees I am living in Shula I will be back in a semester so you are just having a good time just to get a good salary and to get a good life so I was in another interview I was in a kikuyu interview I was in a kikuyu interview so I was in a kikuyu interview so they contributed what kind of work do you do to get a good salary I don't want to contribute I want to contribute so I am just a payment so how do you get a good salary when you are in a kikuyu interview I have two issues I don't know if it is because I am a staff sponsor but I don't know I don't know on social media I don't know if it is because I am a staff sponsor but I don't know so I have issues there is a time I recommend to support them because I have content and I don't know if it is because you are an artist and by the way you have a last name I don't know before I entered we started talking with a guy and he said he is a big time entertainment so we asked him he is a con man maybe I recommend and he clarified so we have been talking with him from March and he said every time I get something he says whatever you have you can achieve in life if you have excuses so when it comes to music if I get money if I get money if I get a studio and you know how expensive it is so I told him to me he told me how should we go and I said where should I link to Tuma Tuma Tena so after I got constraints and finances so I went to ISX and I went to archives so after I changed I got text 5 in the morning you got text 5 in the morning so I got text 30 I got text 5 in the morning so I got text 5 in the morning so I got text 5 so I got text 5 so when I got a sponsor I told him when I got a sponsor he told me he said he will be alive and later at the end of the tunnel so after I got a sponsor so I called him he told me I got a sponsor for free so I got a sponsor and he told me free music so you need to pay $25,000 $25,000 $25,000 so I told him I got a sponsor and he told me I reconsidated so so he told me I got a T-shirt $25,000 so I got a sponsor so you reconsidated you got a sponsor don't you think you're being a bad influence to youths to engina when you need to get a sponsor so you got a bad influence so this is me and I have a friend and he told me but he told me he is a good friend and I got a sponsor Na uregrat In fact, are you planning to do another one? Ya Kwanza ni kwenza ni rudileo? Ule kuhu rudileo Kwa apis asa Aka efs Aka efs Aka efs ni ubesi aku Umeyande kaiyo ni ni Umeyande kaiyo plakat Umei chora aje Sasa umesi na bando unataka sponsor Pana So, na Una jywa sasa sija maliza hi ya erikomondi So, una una after wame ni itisha hi ya Udo mi ni kwa wame bie Nye na afford in 10,000 Jywa at least mi changa Kiwaki dogo So, mi ni kwa wame bie Aka ma mziki ita kuwama Because I still have my music Mrezen Saidiana Marketing So, sasa ni kwanza kuzungushwa Kuzungushwa Ni kwanza kuleyo Pesa polipoli kaisha So, iyo from March Until Agast ni mekua Badalwa ni yambie So, sasa unona erikomondi Ali posta ki seima Ati Ati by force Yambie serikali ni pati e kazi Yes Alafu unona sasa ni ni Badalwa kwanza anke uli za Alafu ani seima studio za hawa li funga Una una Kuna mutua li Ali kwa na seima Takuchu na alafu ani seima Mngina limo ambia Ambia serikali Akupe e kazi Ating kwe piya una need kazi We want your final comments Because our time is much spent Fundisha vijana Very final comments in 30 seconds Ufundisha wa atu First We must understand that mental health is real And stress, pressures They need for something They need for validation They need for money They need for everything that you need It's between you And I like that he says that ni mimi Let nobody say that Because sasa may end as sasa let us follow This is a path that he has chosen to take And he also needs to understand That there is light at the end of the tadne We shouldn't give up It's okay not to be okay But there is always a disclaimer to the end As long as you are not giving up So I think it's a high time for us To look into such issues Even as a country at all Even as societies As people who maybe are out there And can see youth like this Who are struggling with a specific aspect Of maybe music or something Or anything That this is the time to reach out to such people I wish we had the whole day here Because this is interesting But there are plans to pick from this conversation Whether you are young Whether you are a parent Or whether you are who There is something to learn from this Mark B says he will go back to the street Not as he says he should not Or parents are confused Everything is at confusion But I think the same thing You've learned from this We will make sure that we bring Mark B back to the studio So that maybe we get deep into I know he has learned something from this So at the end of it all We shall have a lasting solution


Hello everybody and welcome to another hobby cheating video, and today we're going to help you achieve those creamy, smooth, perfect blends, even with acrylic paint and importantly, no airbrush. Let's get into it. The strict techno-mancer that is Vinci V. Let us get into the technique and learn it Vinci V style. Before we head over to the desk, I think it's important to talk about why blending is so hard. And that's really simple. Most of us are painting our miniatures with acrylic paint. Acrylic paint was not made to blend. It's bad at it. It's using a hammer to put a screw in the wall. It's actually terrible at that thing. Acrylic paint was designed for a very simple purpose. It was meant to dry quickly and it was meant to be highly durable. Those are two important things when we're painting miniatures. But because of its very solid crystal lattice medium and because it dries so fast, that makes it actually pretty poor at blending. If you've ever painted with oil paints, you know that a video of how to get smooth blends with oil paints would be completely insane because you just do it. You just put one oil paint down then another and then you just work them together and they blend. Everything's wet blending. It's completely ridiculous and easy. You can feather it. You can wet blend it. You can do any of that stuff. That's just how oil paints work. With acrylic paints though, because they dry so quickly, we have to figure out lots of alternative techniques. So in this video, I'm going to take you through many of those different techniques. What I think works the best, when to use them and so on and to help you get those smooth blends because it is something that with acrylic paints is harder and takes longer and really can often be quite a lot of effort. But as always, we're going to show the cheats and the shortcuts wherever we can to make this process easy. So let's head over to the desk. Let's take a visit with our old friend Larry the Ogre and see what we can do. All right, let's just start with some paints we're going to use. We're going to do some skin tone on Larry the Ogre. We're going to keep it nice and simple, but I want to run a wide variety of colors here. So we're starting from something low and dark like Bugman's Glow, which is what he's going to be base coated in when we flip over. We're going to end up in dark ivory, a pretty close approximation of white. So we're going to make it hard on ourselves. The first and easiest way we can combat the nature of acrylic paint where it doesn't want to blend is to treat it more like an oil paint and work quick. We grab a bigger brush. We work thick like I didn't thin this paint at all. You can see it straight out on the wet palette. I have no other random moisture in my brush and you just grab two different colors of paints like this, the key is apply thick, use a big brush, and then you're just going to mix them together aggressively. The idea here is pretty straightforward. What we want to do is start working these wet paints into each other. This is basically trying to solve the problem with acrylic paints, that they dry too quickly. When we work thick, our drying time extends considerably and when we work wet, we can now efficiently and effectively mix them together. You'll notice how I'm frequently wiping my brush over on the paper towel. So I usually keep a moist paper towel beside me and what I'm doing here is just working it back and forth and making sure that those colors are blending into each other smoothly. With wet blending, one thing I'll say is this is always your first step. It's never your final step. That's what I mean to say. I apologize.  There will be rough spots, there will be places where it doesn't quite work as well as you want. This is a very organic process. It happens very randomly and you can work as you see here, I've added more colors in and I'm continuing to work them all together. There is however, not only will it not be perfect and that's fine, you can smooth it out with later layers, more wet blends on top glazes, you can see there how it dried. But in addition, the issue with it is that you're going to run out of working time eventually. You only have so long with acrylic paints. Generally, that's why you want to work with the big brush. You want to work thick. That's the maximum possible time but it's not the most. Our next option is feathering. Here we apply again to a relatively small area a thick amount of paint and then we take a brush, we void out the brush and then from the edge of that paint, we just kind of basically rough it in. We take it with that dry brush and we just place it. You can see how I'm putting it on there and then I take it and with no paint on the brush, smooth and thin it out. You can give it like you're spreading the rest of that butter across the edge of that toast. You don't have much butter left but you want to get it covering all of that slice of toast. You're just going to work it and work it and work it and work it until basically it sort of becomes thin enough and transparent enough that it smooths in. Now you notice the first time I did it, I did it with a relatively small brush. The problem with that and with a sable brush is that it's rather soft and it's kind of hard to smooth it all out. Using a synthetic brush can actually often have some better results. You'll also damage your expensive brush a lot less when you do this. But each time after I apply that thick dollop of paint, I'm then just working it. The problem with this, the sort of danger to this one is that you either overwork the paint, damage some of your work underneath, or create little gaps in the paint where it doesn't smoothly go over everything. Once that happens, again just later glazes or more layers can happen. Now let's talk loaded brush. I started with the thin paint, the thin very wet paint filling my brush and then on just the tip of the brush, I put a thick lighter color. You can also do a thick darker color but then you've got to work up from the shadows instead of down into the midtones.  As I then push it across the model, what happens is it naturally starts mixing and creates a smooth gradient. This is effectively wet blending in the brush. The advantage here is you can use this a lot better in a smaller area but it's a lot harder to execute. This one takes a lot of practice. I wanted to zoom in here because you can see how over all the layers my blends aren't perfect. In the wet blends, with the different feathering, with the loaded brush, none of these are perfect because the end of every road is going to be glazes. None of these methods are going to be perfect after one application. That's an important thing to remember. I think a lot of times when people try to achieve smooth blends with acrylic paints, they think, oh, all I need is the perfect way to layer or the perfect way to do some loaded brush and it will always just magically create this wonderfully perfect transition. The reality is that's not how this works. When you are working with acrylic paints, there simply will need to be multiple applications. There are going to be steps that take you back and forth and have you apply the same paints over and over again. If you truly want to achieve perfectly smooth blends with acrylic paints without using an airbrush or something similar, then the road is lots of time and back and forth and back and forth, applying either the same technique or integrating these techniques together. You can, as I said, whether feathering or wet brush, whether you're wet blending or whether you're loaded brush blending or any of these things you saw me do here, none of them came out perfect and now we're going to work really close to the miniature. I want to show you all of my sins. And the end of most roads, when it comes to acrylic painting and achieving smooth blends, is usually glazes, whether a sort of micro glaze and small or larger glazes like you see here. And what I've done is I've thinned down a little mix of my shade colors and you can see I'm pulling the glazes toward the shadow color. Working over top, wherever that layer line is showing, wherever the blend isn't smooth, I bring in the glaze. I apply it, sweep it around, pull it towards there and then let it dry. And that is one of the keys. When you apply a glaze like this, you put it on there and then you let it sit. Like right there, I went back when I shouldn't have and you can see I tore a little paint up over that highlight. Glazes will never greatly shift the color. They are meant to be a filter. They are meant to let some of the colors from underneath work and you can combine these techniques in pretty good ways. For example, you can glaze and then as you see me doing here, you can then feather. So I will create the glaze over the actual transition line but now I've moved a new transition line up above wherever my brush stopped. I can then void that brush out by wiping it on a wet paper towel or similar and then smooth the now recreated edge while it's still wet like that up into that brighter area. So a lot of this as I mentioned is just going to be back and forth and back and forth. Glazing lighter colors is something a lot of people often find challenging. The key with glazing lighter colors is to not try to glaze pure white but instead integrate other tones. For example, here I'm using my bright skin tone plus a little of that dark ivory. And again, you'll notice in this case I'm glazing up toward the highlight. Always glaze in the direction of the nearest color to your brush where when you leave that drop of paint at the end, it's going to have the least effect. All right, but we still aren't smooth. So let's talk about the final easy tricks and that is number one, mid-tone saturation. Here I've thinned out some of the mid-tone skin color. This is a mix of cork and that warm flesh and I've thinned it way down into a glaze and I'm just going to pull it towards the shadow color covering over the areas that aren't smooth. By recreating that intense saturation, not only does it make the miniature feel more alive and more real and more credible, not only will it improve your overall painting, but that extra thin layer of mid-tone will also hide a lot of those layer lines very easily. So after you've glazed down into the shadows and up into the highlights, the mid-tone glaze is a good way to bring it all together. The other trick you can do is what we'll call an interference color. Here, what you're doing is you're grabbing some other color that you haven't used. I'm using just a simple, very light red color here, you know, kind of red ink or purple ink or something like that would work and I am sweeping it from the mid-tone down into the shadows. When you introduce this new color, you will need to feather the edge as you saw me doing earlier, but the addition of a new color, an interference color that wasn't in your scheme before that works with the overall scheme, especially skin with red, can again really help hide those sins and smooth out the overall blends in a really powerful way. So this gives a great way to integrate inks or something similar, contrast, thin contrast paint into the last steps of your process for ultimate smoothness. There we go, Larry's all set up or at least his skin there is on that side. I hope this was helpful to you. If it was, do please give it a like, subscribe for additional hobby cheating in the future. Don't forget, we've got new videos here for everything you'd wanna know every Saturday. If you've got any questions, you can drop those down in the comments below. I always answer every question asked. If you wanna support the channel, there's a couple ways you can do so. Myself and Uncle Adam from Tabletop Minions, we publish games under Snarling Badger Studios. You can find all of our games linked down below. Those are really fun miniature skirmish war games. If you wanna support this channel directly, there's also a Patreon link focused on review and feedback and taking your next step on your hobby journey. We'd love to have you as part of the community. As always, I thank you so much for watching this one and we'll see you next time.