You ready?   I resemble that remark. Instagram, Twitter, more juicy content... It's so juicy! That sounds like a cartoon... Yeah, like a classic cartoon characters thing. silver! Yeah, something like that. Or yabba-dabba-doo. Not that cartoon. Anyways, today we're acting to a new Malayalam teaser. I think it came out just about a week or so ago. I think. I think. I don't know. But it's called... Spell that. Wow. Kala. It's Tavino Thomas. Say that. Rohith VS. And so there's two. So we'll watch the first one. It's two teasers. There's two. Oh, trailer, sorry. Two trailers. But I think only a minute long. Yeah, about a minute. So I consider that teaser. Yeah, I consider that a teaser. I feel like... I know there's no definition, but I feel like a teaser is something around that time. A trailer should be more than two minutes. I guess, for me, a teaser is anything under, like, 60 seconds or less. Yeah. If it's over 60 seconds, it starts to fall on the trailer. Yeah, and I don't even know that there's a criteria for it. But do you know there's not a distinction between a mountain and a hill?  What have we been living all our lives? I know. You mean to tell me Everest could be a hill? It technically is. There's no differentiation. One day, I just randomly asked my family. I was like, what is the actual definition? Like, what at what point does it become a mountain? Right. And so we looked it up. There's actually no specific... Obviously, we all know what the difference is. Yeah. Like, that's a hill, that's a mountain. But technically, there is no... And a hill is just... There's a specific amount that... A big mound, that's what a hill is to me. It's just a really, really big mound. And then once it starts to have peaks and valleys, it's a mountain. There you go. But technically, no... Technically, no definition. And what that has to do with teasers and trailers? Nothing. Your guess is as good as mine. It has nothing to do with it. Nothing. Anyways, so let's go ahead and watch the first one. Here we go. Oh, that's a great quote. Very cool. That was really cool. Like, I don't know. I couldn't tell you what it's about. I think it's something like kind of creepy. There might be some murders and some love and lust, all that kind of stuff. But man, syncing it to the sound and the cinematography. I don't know if the director of this is an editor, but I bet he is. Yeah. Here's something I don't think I've ever shared this with you, but it's really common for us. When I say us, so on the release of a big film, whatever it might be, it's an Oscar Contender, it's a Marvel film, pre-COVID days. What we all used to do, me, Corbin, Stephanie, Ashley, Alexis, Micah, Harrell, we would all... And maybe sometimes a couple of other friends, there would be eight to ten of us that would go to the movie. And whenever the trailers came out, we would always look at each other after the trailers. And then I'd go, or go, right? This is one of those that when it was over, we would look at each other and go, heck yeah. Yeah, that was good. Yeah. I would totally see that. So, let's go ahead and just watch the second one while we're still here and see how this one is. Yeah, I would have been like, yeah, I don't need the second one, but let's go ahead and watch it. Pete, I'm watching that. That is... Yes! I love that. Oh, this blood smells different. What did it say? The feel-bad film of the year. Oh, that film of the year. Great idea to call it that. Oh, the cinematography looks fantastic. Absolutely nothing but praise for both of those. Yeah. It's freaking great. Okay, so a psychologist that revolves around Sai-Jai? Shaji, I guess that's his name. Who faces an intriguing conflict with the many layered shades of human behavior? Awesome. Dang, if you could be any more vague than that. And I gotta tell you, the fact that it's got a little over the... It's like a two hour, 10 minute runtime there. Man, I just... Those trailers just put the expectations crazy high for me. And I don't... You guys can tell us if we've seen anybody, but I don't think we know anybody from the production to directing to acting. I could be wrong. You guys can tell us if I'm wrong, but it looks like a bunch of people I don't know, but it did say from the maker of blah, blah, blah. So clearly he's done something that's warranted. Oh my goodness. This just looks... I just... Come on. So director has done three films.  Looks like he's part of the priest, which we reacted to, which looked really good. Okay. Only seven films for the DP? Wow. Looked phenomenal. When does it come out? Ben said it already released. Oh. Like three days ago. Let us know how this film is, and how we can get ahold of it. Did it say Netflix? Hold on. Tell me right now. Kala, right? Search. Is it Kala? It's just Kala? Yeah, I'm just smiling at them. Because there's a Kala Kalapu on Netflix. Yeah, it's just Kala, huh? Kala. No, it has Showtime, so I'm wondering if it's the theaters, and it'll go to a streaming later. Probably. March 25th. Release in India. I can promise you it's not in any theaters. No, I'm looking to see if it is. Without a doubt. One of the banner reviews, a mindless celebration of violence. I mean, ooh. I do love that. Well, it looked really good. So if you've seen it, let us know how it is. And there's a streaming service. Let us know if the creators are watching. Sometimes that does happen. That has happened before. Because we're in Los Angeles. If we can get a screener of this somehow, we would love to. Because just those two by itself, I would just watch it. And it looked that good. Yeah, and hi, kudos. If any of you in the creative team that put this trailer together are watching, that's as good as it gets right there. You guys did an absolutely superlative, fantastic job. One of the best trailers we've seen. Let us know how it is down below.


Thoroughly ready to do this, I am a co-founder of Github. How many guys in here and girls use Github? Raise your hands. That's what I like to see. You guys are alright. So I'm giving a talk today about entrepreneurship and how I went from an unknown in San Diego to where I am now, which is up here speaking to you about how you can do what I did. So hopefully you'll be able to get a few pointers from this talk. And if you are on the journey yourself to being an entrepreneur, if you are right now in this place where you're writing Ruby code and you want to be an entrepreneur building your own business, then listen because you might learn a thing or two. So it's common knowledge that if you want to be good at something, you have to put in long hours of practice, many, many hours. People throw around this number of 10,000 hours of practice to become an expert at something. That's great. It makes sense, right? But how do you know what it is that you want to be good at? And I think the answer to that is experimentation. In order to know what you want to do, you have to experiment with a lot of different things. Now 20 years ago, I was growing up in Iowa, a little town on the Mississippi called Dubuque. And my dad was what I called at the time a construction worker.  Construction worker. Well to me as a kid, it meant that he kind of did odd jobs. He would do roofing jobs or he would do demolition type jobs. And one of the things that was kind of a perk of this job, well these jobs, was that he got to bring back all kinds of stuff from places that were on fire and that had burned down and he was kind of hauling away all the stuff.  Just whatever he could find that he could bring home and then scavenge for metal. He would just resell that. Now to my parents, that was just piles of junk. But to me, these were magical things that I could take apart because they were just junk and nobody cared. So I'd go in there with my screwdriver and something to just piece these things apart, open them up and see how they worked. And this was where my journey down experimentation, free experimentation where nobody says you can't go and do that. A lot of days you run into things and there's no permission anymore. It's like you can't take apart your iPhone because you avoid the warranty, right? But for me back then it was all about let's look inside these things and see what makes them tick. So this attitude of experimentation where I wasn't going to let anyone tell you what I couldn't do because I'd grown up with the freedom to do these things. This experimentation mindset followed me through high school and through college and eventually into the very first company I founded which was called CubeSix Media. This was originally a three person team. I found it in San Diego after I'd been laid off with a previous job doing job coding. And now it's maybe a little optimistic to call it a company because really the other two people that I founded it with kind of bailed out and went and started their own companies and I was left alone to run this company but that was okay because it was what I wanted to do. It was what I felt passionate about. And so really what I was was a freelancer and I was looking for jobs doing web application coding but not knowing anyone, not being very well networked in San Diego it was hard to find clients that I could go to and say hey I want to do this for you and here's my credentials I didn't have a lot of credentials of stuff I could show people and it didn't know a lot of people that were well connected. So what I did is I experimented with some other things like graphic design. I did a lot of work for posters and catalogs and brochures. I also experimented with photography. I spent a lot of time building out a nice little photography studio where I could take thousands and thousands of photos of sandals because that was the one photography job that I could reliably get. And so this, yeah, you take three or four hundred pictures of sandals and you get to know sandals really well. So I experimented with photography, graphic design and other things but I would always come back to web application development. That was always my true love coming from a Java background doing web applications back at the end of the internet bubble. This is what I wanted to do. And so at my previous job, I had been writing Java and one of my good friends who was working on the front end his job was writing cold fusion for the website itself and kind of the big e-commerce thing and this and that. And we would talk and he would make fun of me for how long it took me to write something that he could write in just a few lines of cold fusion. And this always made me a little bit jealous because why am I sitting here fighting with abstract container factories when I could just hit MySQL directly and pull the information right out? So that cube 6 medium, I started to experiment with cold fusion. Cold fusion was great for a while until the proprietary nature of it kind of wore down on me and the fact that I was pirating software because it's very expensive to run client sites just didn't sit with me very well. And so eventually cold fusion as awesome as it is just started to lose its luster. But at the time PHP was starting to come on the scene and PHP was very much like cold fusion and it allowed you to grab things directly from the database do iterations really quickly not have to deal with a lot of ceremony to get simple things done and it was completely free and ran on top of completely free software like Apache and it was very well integrated and there was a lot of documentation and you could get started without any money involved at all and this is exactly what I needed because I wasn't making a lot of money. So I did that for a while, I did PHP and as many PHP developers did at the time you started to create your own web framework because there weren't a lot of web frameworks out there and eventually you get tired of writing that same form processing code over and over again. And so I was creating a framework which I called ZEN with an XZN and I'm really glad I didn't stick with that name because there's something of that name now that is slightly more popular. But what I did do is come across another technology which was really nice and kind of blew my mind and that was Rails. I had done a little bit of Ruby before I had seen it I had looked at the blocks and tags and said from my PHP and cold fusion and Java perspective what the hell is going on? How many of you had that moment where the first time you looked at blocks you were just, okay, well you're all smarter than me apparently. But to me it was very magical and when I saw Rails it was exactly what I wanted to do in PHP already done for me ten times better and it was using Ruby which I had found intriguing before because it exceeded the scope of PHP. PHP is very much the web layer and Ruby on Rails and Ruby sit all the way down the stack but you can write anything in Ruby, right? You're not constrained to just websites so I found that very exciting. So I started writing Rails almost immediately once I found it and started doing that for client sites but it's difficult to learn a framework simultaneous to developing client sites that use that because you make mistakes and then your client gets angry and it just doesn't work out so well. Also, all that other stuff you did back in the day in PHP and cold fusion, you're still maintaining but you don't want to because you're using Rails now and it's so much better than anything you've used before that to go back and look at those sites that you had done previously in those old languages it just, it hurts inside, you know when you learn a new technology and then you have to keep using an old technology it's just, it's painful and so I wanted to escape that and what I did was I talked to one of my friends one of the friends who had originally found in Q6 Media with me was working at a company called Helmets to Hardhats and they had just hired a full-time Rails developer to do a full rewrite of their web application Now don't get me started on how terrible an idea complete site rewrites are but this was an opportunity for me to come in kind of ditch all that old stuff I was doing and not really making that much money anyway and start afresh at this company doing Rails work so I kindly told all of my old clients that they were fired and I took a full-time job at Helmets to Hardhats and this is where I met one of my best friends over the years, Chris Van Pelt he now runs and has founded a company called CrowdFlower in San Francisco so he's where I met, at Helmets to Hardhats is where I met Chris and together we kind of learned Rails and built all kinds of technology and did this horrible database migration from the old site to the new site and learned a lot about the technology what was possible I think at the time we were using Rails 0.11-ish it would have been around that time so there was still a lot of things moving everything was progressing very rapidly so at this company I was delving deeper into Ruby itself going past the layer of Rails and down into Ruby Land and I signed up for the Ruby mailing list and on that Ruby mailing list one day a guy by the name of Kevin Clark comes on and says, hey, I'm thinking of starting a Ruby users group in San Diego are there any other Ruby developers around here that would like to join in and Chris and I saw this and we said hey, that would be cool to go down there and meet these guys and maybe broaden our horizons as far as the Ruby world goes and see some new stuff see some new technology see what is really happening in this community and maybe involve ourselves a little bit more so we went a couple of times just kind of sat in back you know, scooped it out and it was really cool people would go up and they would just demonstrate things they were working on or a library that they found it could do something cool and it really struck me that I wanted to be one of those people that was up there talking about something that they were doing this idea struck me and so over the next few weeks I think Chris was working on another side project of his own where he needed some kind of date, time, entry field, 37 signals at the time had a calendaring part of Basecamp I believe where you could say I have a dinner at 6 p.m. or something 6 p.m. at 6 p.m. dinner like the Google calendar type entry style and he said, well I would like to have something like that but there's no library for Ruby that does this kind of English date parsing and I said, that's interesting that's an interesting problem natural language date, time, parsing is an interesting problem and so I went home that day that he had brought it up and I was thinking about it and took out a notepad and started jotting down the different kind of date, time, sequences that you could have things like tomorrow for yesterday afternoon 3 months ago 6 p.m. whatever right just all of the different iterations of how that could look and after 30 days of doing this after work every night I came up with chronic and I like to think that it's that it was on purpose that my talk today started at 4.20 I'm not sure if it was or not but I like to think that it was because it makes me happier about the world if that was on purpose so chronic how many of you know what chronic days are going to be that's a little ridiculous because I myself have never used this library this was a project that I thought was interesting something I wanted to experiment with to see if it was indeed possible for me to do and so those 30 days went by and I came up with something and the reason that I did this and the reason I do a lot of the things that I do is because they're what I like to call bomb tick problems and this stands for wipe off more than you can chew and it's especially cool that when you say that acronym out loud you say bomb tick and this suits the purpose very well because a bomb tick experiment is something that is dangerous on purpose is something that you commit to do even without any idea how you're going to do it so I do this all the time I do this with programming projects I do this with oh hey Tom do you want to come and do the keynote at startup school or not the keynote but at talk at startup school or a keynote at some conference in God knows where Russia or something right it's like something that you want to do that you feel like you can do it but you don't know how but you still say yes those are the kinds of things that I consider to be bomb tick problems and I try to approach these constantly because if it makes you a little scared if it makes you feel like you might be overstepping your boundaries a little bit or pushing what you are able to do those are the kinds of experiments that maybe they end in disaster and maybe they end in spectacular triumph but those are the problems that allow you to grow as a person the kind of things that you're not just going to stumble into them you have to actively go after those hard problems dedicate yourself to them and then see if you can actually pull it off so chronic I wrote it about a month I put out an initial release the 01 release and I went back to the San Diego Ruby users group and I gave a 45 minute talk on it where half of the things that I attempted to do broke but that's okay if you go back to that URL that was on that SDRB slide I'll go there and look for you if you go to this URL you'll see 4 or 5 talks that I did over the course of a few months 5 years ago so if you want a good laugh go watch some of those and you'll see the one about chronic so I wrote chronic I went to San Diego Ruby users group and I did something that we at GitHub today are very fond of which is to ship it and we have a special little image that we use in Campfire when we want to tell someone else that they should ship it he's called the Ship It Squirrel and you yourself can benefit from this by grabbing the image at this URL now the Ship It Squirrel doesn't necessarily mean go and do it right now but it means this looks awesome take it to the next step and so that's what chronic was about for me it was build something see if it works get it out there in front of people so that I could become instead of being a lurker at the back of the the conference room at UCSD instead of being back there just watching I wanted to be up front telling people about what I was doing and so that was the step so here's another interesting question how many people in here have written and released a Ruby gem that's awesome writing a Ruby gem this is how you learn this is one really great way to get your stuff out in the open and especially open source stuff and see what's going on if you haven't yet written a Ruby gem I would definitely recommend that you start making today right now about some problem that would be suitable to be solved by a Ruby gem go figure out how to write it write it and release it because it is such a good learning experience and such a great stepping stone from where you are just watching to someone who's in there participating and producing something new to the world so if you don't have a Ruby gem released figure out how to release one and make that your next project so in the title of this talk I sort of promised that I would talk about Ruby hacking and how that's relevant to entrepreneurship and for me Ruby is so good for entrepreneurs because it allows you to test your experiments very rapidly in no other language I can think of can you have an idea implement it so fast as you can in Ruby so when you are thinking of things for a Ruby gem to create for instance you can go from no code to working code that maybe other people are using in a matter of just days sometimes and that's the kind of power that lets you explore a wide sloth of potential accomplishment very quickly and this is important spreading yourself out through a bunch of experiments to find that one experiment that really hits it if you're lucky that might be right away if you're not so lucky the night might take a little bit longer but over the past four or five years I've written all of these Ruby gems I am primary author or maintainer on each one of these gems and this is how I explore the universe of what is possible some of these things like God a lot of people say shouldn't even exist I just let that one sink in for a second but really a lot of people say to me all you ever do is re-implement stuff that already exists they say not invented here syndrome etc but when you look at some of the projects from the perspective that I'm just trying to do something that is already a common need but just in a different way in a slightly different perceived way a different approach to these problems this is how all the good things come to exist I can almost guarantee that everything that you're using today in life was at one time seen as some kind of duplication say oh why does Apple need to create a better laptop there's already existing ones that solve that problem but they do it in a slightly different way and that way ends up being a lot better sometimes I can see by looking around that a lot of you agree so don't worry too much about duplicating an existing problem if you have a different angle on it a different angle is what's going to take a good idea and make it a great idea so I'm in San Diego still and you might remember the two names that I brought up Kevin Clark isn't that I have to do that again it's like flames flaming head circles I don't know I use myself sometimes Kevin Clark and Chris van Pelt and you can see me just with the left of Chris these are the two guys that I met and became really good friends with in San Diego but this picture isn't taken in San Diego this picture is at the power set office in San Francisco so here's another step on my journey from that Rubyhacker who didn't know anymore to San Francisco running GitHub this was a very important step the power set was wikipedia search very very hyped maybe over hyped I'm not sure but it was a great place to work and it got me to San Francisco so the deal was I knew these guys from San Diego and they had both moved out to work at power set and they kept badgering me to come up and do an interview and they said well I can't because I have a life here I own a house my whole I have a job but everything is set I can't just leave and move up there that would be a huge ordeal but eventually I had the opportunity to go up to San Francisco on a different matter which was to talk to the automatic guys about a potential acquisition of Gravitar which is another project that I did back in the day and so I was already going to be in San Francisco and I said ok I'll come by the power set office and see what you guys are doing and maybe just talk and whatever no commitment to anything, no interview nothing like that so I went up there, I had my meeting with automatic they didn't go for it at that time they went for it later on but I was in San Francisco and I stopped by the power set office and they showed me the technology Kevin was in there and they were showing me the stuff and it was legitimately exciting and my wife was with me Teresa who's here in the audience and after that demo I was kind of excited and so the next day we were scheduled to go back to San Diego and we went to the airport, we were at the airport and we were sitting there and we were trying to decide whether it would make sense to go take that interview at power set because we went up there and it was a Sunday and the next day was a Monday and the interview would have to be on that Monday but we were supposed to fly out that afternoon so we were at the airport and we decided what the hell let's reschedule that flight back to San Diego and I'm going to go to this interview and we'll just see what happens what's the worst that could happen let's check it out and go back the next morning and I go through a grueling like eight hour interview at power set they were serious about their interviews but it went pretty well and everything okay went back to San Diego and a few weeks later got an offer to join our team and now this is really interesting because at the time our living room looked like this we were in the middle of a giant remodel the lights are impenetrable okay I will describe this to you it's not as cool in words but this is our living room which has one entire wall completely gone down to the studs and just basically disaster everywhere so we were in the middle of this giant reconstruction of the living room that we were doing ourselves this is another one of those bomb tick problems kind of literally where it's oh hey let's remodel our entire house I've never done this before what could possibly go wrong and in this next picture you can see that when you take out walls you discover that there is electric stuff in those walls in any case that's another story but our house was going to shambles so do we take this job do we move it to San Francisco how are we going to deal with this house how we can't sell it like this it's a wreck and over the next 30 days we decided to see if we could finish up the remodel and so about 30 days later I'm working every night literally sometimes in 11 at night with a tile saw out on the driveway we took that big mess and we turned it into something that we could actually appreciate so this is not only just a part of the story but this is another lesson in what you can accomplish when you don't know what you can't accomplish so always think about that when something seems too big to overcome I say go for it anyway because the worst that can happen is maybe you won't do it but the best thing that can happen is that you'll have done it in photographs during talks so we finish that up and we move to San Francisco and San Francisco is a special place there's no other place in the world that I can think of that you can go to lunch and just randomly be sitting next to people who are talking about optimizing seat compilers and this is what makes it special there's a great quote from Mark Zuckerberg at startup school where he said he was asked the question why do you think startups should go to Silicon Valley or what is special about Silicon Valley and he said San Francisco and Silicon Valley is like instant startup mix everything that you need to do a startup is in San Francisco and the Bay Area everything is specialized for the mindset of creating a business from scratch everything from the incorporation papers and documents the lawyers that know how to create startup structures the way they need to be in order for you to give out options and create the kind of company that is going to be something that investors can invest in you've got all the talent available in that area all of these things line up and all you have to do is add a good idea and you can get a company rolling really fast and that's what makes San Francisco special but not only that but you've got a place that you can go mountain biking and grow really killer mustaches I really wish you guys could see these in their full glory this is me with a kicking fumenju like you've never seen before and another thing another little piece of advice is when you're stuck on one of these really hard problems when you feel like maybe you did bite off more than you could chew for real go out and get some exercise because for me going out and doing an up bike ride getting a little adrenaline going getting a heart rate up it's so good at clearing the mind and opening up your creative flow again to tackle those problems you're stepping away from the problem go do some exercise, go get out in nature it really recharges you in a way that nothing else I can think of accomplishes so give that chance next time you're stuck on something go out and exercise San Francisco is great for that now you might be thinking okay well San Francisco sounds great and all but how do I get there how do I do what you did it's not like I can just get a job there well maybe you can because we have this thing on github now called github jobs I'm just shamelessly plugging all my stuff in and if you go to this site jobs.github.com you will see that not only are there a ton of jobs here for many of them review developers but 40 out of those 137 jobs that are on the site right now are in San Francisco there is a huge necessity for talent in San Francisco right now and I'm saying this a little selfishly because we ourselves benefit from drawing a lot of technical talent to San Francisco but if you are serious about going down an entrepreneurial path you can do it anyway don't get me wrong you can start a business from anywhere in the world but you can't start a business anywhere nearly as easily as you can in San Francisco so I'm in San Francisco power set doing my thing doing Ruby tools on the back end it's a cool gig I'm learning a lot I'm hanging out with awesome Ruby developers still learning Ruby down to the very low levels of learning and all this but it's not really what I want long term what I really want is to start my own business to run my own thing my own way and how do I do that ask myself how do I go from working at a startup to creating a startup and do it without having to put myself in a large amount of jeopardy by quitting because I've got bills to pay back in San Diego etc right how does this happen there's a really great book that just came out by a guy named Steven Johnson called where good ideas come from and he has this really great quote he says chance favors the connected mind and this is kind of the thesis of the whole book which is ideas good ideas don't just come from one place or one person or one point in time they sort of aggregate over time by many ideas bumping together and transferring that little piece that was missing so a lot of ideas start as one notion and as you go out and talk to people you'll get a little piece that you were missing you have a hunch for years and years and all of a sudden you're at a conference and you meet someone who says something and you get to that that just tricks something in your mind and it solidifies what takes your hunch and turns it into an idea that is great and actionable this is what he talks about so I wonder what a couple of ways to do this to make this happen to get these ideas that are going to be the foundation of something that can become a business so here's a couple one of them is to write down something that frustrates you and I'm sure you've been frustrated by a dozen things just today if you start writing down everything that you think could do better a lot of those things are things that people will pay for and maybe the way you write them down isn't the way that you build them and get people to pay for them but if you compile this list of ideas maybe you just do it in your head that's fine when you're thinking about those things you grow a base of ideas of concepts that you can have for later when someone says something or expresses that same problem just in a slightly different way and maybe the way they express it is all of a sudden monetizable so write down the things that frustrate you those are the kinds of things that you can build a business out of for us, GitHub came out of the frustration that sharing gift repositories was a huge pain in the ass and in fact that was our tagline for the first year or so get hosting no longer a pain in the ass it said that on the website so pick a problem that you have and kind of iterate on it see where it goes a nice way to do that extend those ideas is to start writing books and I think this, the Kindle is one of the greatest things to ever happen to literature now I don't have one of these I have one of these and I've read probably 12 books on this thing on my phone because I can do it anywhere when I'm in line, on an airplane in a bathroom, why not you know you do it but you can go through so much collected knowledge in books so quickly a book is so much better than blogs too, stop reading so much stuff online and start reading books those are the people that really take time to express their ideas well you can find some good stuff online but for me, reading books is far superior and now I'm going to sound like a hypocrite but you should also blog but I'm actually not a hypocrite because blogging isn't about other people it's about yourself there's something really magical that happens when you start putting ideas onto paper you have one concept in your mind then you start writing about it and you wonder what the hell you were thinking because it no longer makes any sense the way you put it on paper and so writing things makes you really crystallize the concept that's in your mind and once you have that crystallization once you have a really good grasp on what you think then you can start taking those ideas that are well thought out and combining them with other ideas this is something that we did all the time at a ruby meetup in San Francisco called I Can Has Ruby this came out of a dissatisfaction of the existing ruby meetup and a group of us said we're going to go do our own meetup that we don't invite VCs to that was mainly the problem the VCs would come and just try to hire people and that kind of ruined the feeling of the meetup and we started our own and there's a lesson here too while I did not particularly start this meetup I found over the last several years being in a leadership role leadership really is just about inviting people to do things all it takes for people to do something is an invitation to do so if you go out there and you start suggesting things solutions to problems ideas that you have for something or just with your buddies to say next weekend let's go to Tahoe and go skiing if you put those ideas out there if you take that leadership role all it takes is just a suggestion just an invitation and I think that's kind of blown my mind because it's that simple really a lot of the times being a leader really is just about suggesting something that isn't too stupid for other people to not follow you in doing it so give that a try next time in the way that you want just jump in and just make something happen it's not going to work every time but it works well enough that I think it will really change things depending on your situation so I came in as Rudy we go to these meetups and this was the traditional meetup kind of thing where it was an hour or two of talks and then we would go to the bar afterwards and these are the kinds of meetings where you can meet people that are enough outside the scope you normally do that you get ideas that can really help your idea that can really compliment what you're already thinking about because if you just talk to your friends all the time they're already going to have the same ideas as you they're going to be too close the network is too close you need to go to a broader network to start meeting the people that are going to provide the ideas and the connections that you need to create those really good ideas for github started and in fact github was born at a bar this bar right here Zeke's in San Francisco this is where I went to Chris Von Strath and I said hey I'm thinking about doing something with a ruby library that allows me to read github repositories off disk and then create a site that makes it so people can share them and he said that sounds awesome because he had been thinking about those kinds of things too but not in quite the same way what I had for sharing repositories hid the ideas that he had for making those kinds of things easier the process of open source easier those ideas came together and we were able to create github out of it that's the power of going to meetups and drinking with your buddies just connecting those ideas drinking isn't about drinking it's about sharing ideas so here's my two co-founders these are guys that I met at meetups and drinking and here's where we go back to once you have those people, once you have those connections and those ideas made you go back to ruby you can make those ideas a reality in a few weeks we went from no code at all for github to a private beta where we started inviting our friends in three months of working evenings and weekends three months we took building that initial private release six months to the public launch six months we started charting for github so you can take those ideas and with ruby turn them into a reality much faster than you think you can and the speed with which you can do that means that you can try a lot of things if one of them doesn't work and that's the key here and once you do have those things you can assemble a team of people and continue that collaborative idea making this is how we do things at github we don't have individual desks we have large tables kind of mimicking the coffee house experience when we got our office we took everything that we liked about coffee houses and removed everything that we didn't like really what we wanted was a place that we could go and hang out together and not have to buy crappy coffee and get to play whatever music we want that's what we wanted so that's what we created in our office and this is a great way for ideas to spread too you're sitting across from someone and an idea strikes you you just talk to them directly if they're not there in your presence sometimes those ideas just get lost they're just gone Linus Pauling said one time that the best way to have good ideas is to have a lot of ideas and implicit in that message is the admission that not all of our ideas are going to be good ones and that's okay because if you let your ideas collide with other people's ideas and you use something like Ruby to implement those ideas quickly you can go from concept to completion fast enough to try out enough things that it's inevitable that you'll eventually have something successful thank you


We're talking to Art and some of the players yesterday and they said it's more of a mental kind of camp, more so than physical. How has that been for you? Has it been tough to kind of understand everything? I feel like I got better from yesterday to today, you know, fix some of the mistakes I did yesterday. And that's the goal from those types of camp when it's more mental. Just focus on the mistakes you did the previous day and focus on making them right for the next day. I want to get back to the mental thing.  I feel like the Senior Bowl helped me. So you know, my thought process coming here, I've already had one experience at Garza. I already knew what to expect coming here and having like the NFL playbook at the Senior Bowl helped me as well to get prepared here and you know, for the details and stuff for the assignments.  So you got to get adjusted to that too because we didn't do that in college. It's an adjustment too, but just because it's bigger dudes, generally bigger dudes that you're facing. How has that been so far?  So you know, what's cool about me is that like, I'm athletic, but I'm also strong and you know, kind of big dude. So you know, it's transition has been alright. The one thing that keeps coming up is they're saying you're mean and nasty out there. Where did you get that from? I was just natural. I think I was born with it. You know, I don't know where I got it from.  At what point in college did you start thinking about this being a possible landing spot for you in the Interfinery? Yeah, you mean Atlanta? The position. The position? I mean, I didn't know until I got to the senior board and they just threw me a guard one day. It got to the meeting and they were like, hey, Bergeron, you got a guard. And I just adjusted, went in there, you know, gave my best and I did the same thing when I got here. When Atlanta picked me, I kind of expected moving inside and you know, I kept the same mindset. Look, I haven't had a lot of experience in it, but I'll just give my best every day and see what that takes me. You know what I'm saying? Well, just a couple of days, but what is Coach Litford's coaching style like? He's a great dude. He's straightforward, straight to the point and I feel he's a really technical coach. So I've been, you know, we've been having a great time and I'm excited, you know, going forward with him. How cool is it to have another rookie lineman with you as well and you guys kind of like bomb trying to get used to everything or what's that been like?  So we can both, you know, pick our brains and stuff and just ask questions. And, you know, as the camp went on, you know, I feel like we got closer and closer and he's center. So obviously communication got to be on point as well. We obviously won't know all of the, or you won't have all the pieces here until later with everybody returning. But when you look at what this offense could be, what do you kind of think about and how excited is it to potentially be a part of it? An offense with all these different weapons that you guys may have. I'm excited for it. You know, I think at Syracuse we run the ball well. I'm just excited to run the ball. I think that's one of my, you know, best attributes in my game. You know, I'm physical, aggressive, and I feel like the mindset of this team is running the football. I'm just excited to be a part of it. What's kind of been your, like, welcome to the NFL moment in this rookie minicamp, like, has it kind of hit you yet and what's been the biggest difference for you so far?  I think that's the biggest thing.  You can't take a rep off because everybody's fighting for a job. Going back to what you said about being a nasty, being a natural thing for you. When the veterans were on the field here, how does that mix with being respectful, rookie, but being your natural, being a nasty son? No doubt you got to respect the veterans.  You know, when it's my turn, I'll go hard and we'll also respect those guys and what they've done for the program. Did you always have that mean and nasty side or did it come hockey? Like when you were playing hockey, how did you learn it a little bit? It was always, even when I was a kid, you know, I'd go and I was just pushing kids in the school. It was just natural always. And I know you played hockey a little bit growing up. Does it translate at all or did it help you at all? I feel like I played a lot of sports growing up, not only hockey, you know, soccer. I played goalie and soccer. You know, I swam a little bit and also played basketball. So I feel like all those sports helped me, you know, to be the football player I am today. No doubt it's cool. He's a great player and he's really humble. You know, I've had the chance to talk to him and, you know, we bond it quickly.  So I'm definitely grateful to be blocking for him. All right. Thank you. So far it's been going good. Getting to meet all the guys and everything, you know, learning to play book and stuff like that. Everything's been good. What's been the biggest adjustment for you? None big really. Just like the schedule and everything is just like fall camp. So just nothing really been a big adjustment. Just finding everything here. That's the biggest thing. I know it's only a couple of days, but what were you hoping to kind of prove out there and show the coaches? Nothing really just going out there working. Same thing as the guys doing my part, the things that I can do and just doing whatever they ask. Is it fair to say you have a little bit of a chip on your shoulder coming in kind of that last draft pick and wanting to make a statement? Yeah, a little bit, but not really, you know, they drafted me. No matter where they drafted me, I'm gonna come in here and still work and do what I'm supposed to do. I know it's early, but what do you think about Bijan? Huh? Oh, he's a good guy. Yeah, he's my roommate right now. So, you know, like, but he's a good guy. So you guys are rooming together? Yeah. What have you, I don't know, learned about each other? Who gets up first? That kind of stuff. Some fun room. Been around the same amount, but he gets up pretty early. I get up pretty early. So, yeah.  Right now, we've just been tired. So as soon as we get back to the room, everybody pretty much go back to the room. So, yeah. It's already cerebral position. Like, what are some of the nuances that you're trying to pick up? Just from playing guard, like, playing guard, I really don't have to make as many calls, things like that. I wait for the mic point, then from there, I make my calls. From the center, you have to make the mic point and then calls from there. So that's a little different, just more thinking.  Are you looking forward to this challenge, being able to step in and play center or guard, like, no matter what they want? Oh, yeah, most definitely. I'm just here, like, whatever they want to play, guard, left guard, right guard, whatever it is that they might need for me. I'm just willing to do whatever. Are you a chip on your shoulder guy that you're going to keep that in mind? You write down your draft position or you write down the teams that passed on you? Always been one. Always been a chip on the shoulder guy. So that's not going to change. No draft. You know, whether I won seventh round or first round, I was going to add another chip. I'm that guy that I always had one. You're going to write down all the names of the corners that they took in front of you, like, the receiver from Detroit did? I'm a rock. Yeah, he's from California, too. I'm going to get on the field and I plan on playing and, you know, that's my plan. I'm on the field right now. I just want to play football. I'm glad I'm here. Where's that chip come from? You said you've always had it. I've always been 5'9". Always been 5'9", and being a corner of 5'9", is one of the more difficult things. And I'm grateful for it because it's allowed me to keep that chip. Great DB room around you. You're going to get to play alongside Jeff Acuta and things of that nature. What does it mean to you to be able to come into this DB room and this defense in general? For me, it's just about coming in and learning, taking what I can, you know, from the older guys and just, you know, coming in and getting acclimated and understanding the playbook and doing what I can to help the team win. Being 5'9", do you think that can kind of, I don't know, give you an advantage? Like, people look at you and like, oh yeah, no, I've got this, but you're like, no, no, no, no. Like, I'm like, shh. Don't tell them that. Now, you know, they can take it how they want and my thing is I'm going to be competitive.  Can you think of a time when somebody tried to, you felt like somebody was trying to test you? I feel like... You can probably think of several. Can you think of one specifically? Not right now. We just finished practice. But I can definitely say that's definitely happened, but I am glad I'm here now and I can guarantee that somebody's going to take, you know, that approach going forward. What's your overall disimpression of Bijan and just kind of the versatility that he brings to the offense and what you've seen from him so far? It's special. A dude like that can, you know, pretty much do everything and I'm glad to be on his team. You know, he's a super hard worker and I'm, you know, just glad that I'm in here working in the building with him. It's kind of been the biggest adjustment for you, though. Have you had a welcome to the NFL moment going up against some of your other teammates now? Yeah, yeah. I mean, day one was yesterday. Day two is today. So everything's kind of new and for me, it's just getting acclimated. Everything's a little bit sped up the paces and for me, it's just trying to learn the playbook and learn everything and just get better day by day. What's it like now that you're just fully professional and you don't have to kind of worry about anything else other than, you know, coming to the facility, trying to get better? Is that kind of, does it help you? Is it kind of nice to just not have any other distractions at this point? Yeah, nah, I'm glad you mentioned that because I'm a business major. Management and marketing was my, was my minor and major and so I definitely took school serious while I was in it and I've got a little bit more to finish up. But yeah, it's great to right now be able to focus on just football because I've never had a time in my life where that was a case. Except for now. Has anybody told you what it's going to be like late July for training camp here? What'd you say? You mentioned the humidity. I'm wondering if you've been told what to expect and make you live when you're training camp. So I'm glad we're starting now. Yeah. So I'm glad we're starting now kind of getting acclimated. Let us, you know, young new booty rookies, you know, get used to this thing and just kind of take it all in. Being a guy I played in Salt Lake for three years, this is going to be adjustment, you know, either way. So how much did you play inside the college? Uh, I don't know the exact number but I played a lot, you know, my last year a little bit more than the two years before that. But so I'm glad that I'm playing both now. You're comfortable in there? Oh, yeah, yeah. Can you give us your take on the matchups with Drake London? A lot of us have been going back and looking at those matchups. Okay, okay, yeah. It was a competitive matchup. It was a competitive matchup. I'm glad that, yeah, humility. He's not me. I'm glad. He's not me. You see, you see, and I... I'm listening to that. Tell us. So it was a competitive matchup and I'm glad that I'm here right now. We get to continue to work together and go against each other. Keep on competing. Is it fair to say though, go to school and study and like you fully now get to focus on football? Is that kind of exciting for you to think about like if I can just focus on this craft, how much better I can be? Yeah, that's what I, you know, that's what I'm super excited about now having all of the time to literally just hone in on football is the most beautiful thing about it. You know, so that's what I'm glad about and I'm excited about because yeah, there was never a time in my life where I've been able to just focus on ball. We're gonna see where to be. You're talking about the competition with Drake on the field.   But I like to have conversations in games. Conversations. Conversations. Yeah, yeah. As I said, his version of it was telling us that he's nasty and he's being, what kind of guy are you? Like describe your game. What are you like out in the field?  Most definitely. I think the great ones always have that switch and that ability to be a people person and you know, be that guy off the field but get on the field between those white lines is a serious thing. And you know, it's the nitty gritty and it's a grown man's game. So I definitely say I'm that guy that definitely turns up a notch being 5'9' and wanting to turn up with you. And so that's the guy. Is Drake a trash talker? We're going to see. We're going to see. The league is bigger, faster, stronger. Right. How do you feel? What do you feel is your best asset the translates being in the NFL? I think knowledge of the game and consistency. When I say consistency, I'm talking about studying the playbook. I'm talking about knowing the details and also being a just super confident dude. And I think the preparation that I put into the game breeds the consistency. Is there anyone you study or try to model your game after that's currently in the league right now or outside or anyone that's been a mentor to you throughout your career? There's been a lot of guys, but I'm super grateful for the mentorship and all the coaches that have poured into me throughout the years. Primarily the guys at Utah, Coach Scali and Coach Shaw were definitely super influential on my career and my trajectory and me being able to be versatile as I am. Now you play in the college conference with a lot of talent and why we're single. See like how they made you get better after all these things. Man, it was constant competition. When you call yourself a great DB, you don't become great by just guarding the average guys. And I think by me being able to guard so many guys and everybody for that sake on my team being able to guard so many different guys in our secondary, it was something that definitely improved our game. And for me, definitely improved my man coverage and zone coverage and made me a more versatile DB.


Any advice on how to memorize a lot of text quickly? Memorize? How to memorize a lot of text quickly? I've never been good at that. I'm not good at memorizing. I even took a speed reading course at university to be able to up my reading speed. It helped a little bit. It helped a little bit. You can use your fingers to scan if you're reading and stuff like this, but I wasn't really into speed reading, to tell you the truth. When I'm reading, I like to sort of appreciate it, right? And I've never been into memorization. Never been into memorizing. Never. I'll give you a story. I was in university and I was taking a Petrogeology course Basically it was a course where we had to memorize the formulas and names of everything, the minerals and stuff like this. And this was during a lab and the lab instructor really liked me. I liked her. I liked most of my, not most. I liked a lot of my teachers. The teachers that really like me, they really like me. They knew what I was about. So I went up to her and I said, listen, I'm not into memorizing. She goes, well, you have to memorize these formulas and stuff. I said, I'm not going to memorize it. I'll answer everything else in this course, but I refuse to memorize formulas. If I need to use something I'm going to use it enough to be able to know what the formula is, but just randomly memorizing the formulas. The chemical formulas of all these minerals is idiotic to me. And she says, that's the course. That's part of the course. I said, that's fine. I'll just make sure I do really well on the other part so I pass the course. She goes, okay, it's up to you. So in the final, the final was like seven pages, eight pages, and three pages was just formulas. I'm guesstimating here what it was, right? But three pages. About a third of the course was just memorizing formulas, chemical formulas of all these things. Or knowing, you know, they would give you the name of the mineral and you have to write down the chemical formula. They would give you a chemical formula and you have to write down the name of the mineral. A third of the exam, I wrote down, I just went across the page. I said, I refuse to memorize. I refuse to memorize. I refuse to memorize. And I answered everything else. And I passed the course and that was fine. And the teacher still loved me because I passed the course, I guess.


In this video, I will describe the processes of reabsorption and secretion by the proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. And then I will explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasorecta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. There are three major processes that contribute to urine formation. The first is filtration. And filtration occurs at the renal corpuscle, where fluid is forced out of the blood in the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. After filtration, the liquid in the nephron is known as filtrate. Filtrate is modified through reabsorption and secretion. Reabsorption is movement from the filtrate to the blood. In contrast, secretion is the opposite. Secretion is movement from the blood to filtrate. So reabsorption is important to reclaim the majority of water and essential nutrients that we don't want to lose in the urine. In contrast, secretion is a mechanism to help remove waste from the body and secrete that waste from the blood into the urine. This illustration shows us the locations of secretion and reabsorption in the nephron in order to regulate the composition of urine. Reabsorption, I'll highlight with green, is the movement of substances from filtrate back to the blood. Here at the proximal convoluted tubule, we have reabsorption of a large amount of water. 67% of the water that is filtered gets reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule. So a large amount of water as well as a large amount of the solutes in that water are reabsorbed. For example, sodium chloride is a major solute that's reabsorbed in large amounts by the proximal convoluted tubule. And then some essential nutrients like glucose, amino acids, proteins, vitamins, and lactate are reabsorbed in very large amounts. Essentially 100% of the glucose is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule. For many of the vitamins, essentially 100% will be reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule. So in contrast, secretion is movement from the blood into the filtrate. Secretion is a mechanism to remove waste materials from the blood to get them out of the body. And so here we can see the arrow that's pointing into the nephron representing secretion at the proximal convoluted tubule. Secretion removes the nitrogenous waste from the breakdown of proteins as polypeptides are broken down by hydrolysis to produce amino acids. And then amino acids are deaminated. The nitrogen from deamination is removed as urea as well as ammonia and uric acid is also a nitrogen containing waste. And so urea, uric acid, and ammonia are all secreted at the proximal convoluted tubule to help remove these waste from the body. Also creatinine and some drugs are secreted as well as hydrogen ions are secreted. Of course, secretion of hydrogen ions is a mechanism to help maintain the pH balance of the body. If the blood pH is too low, hydrogen ions can be secreted in order to help elevate the blood pH as a long-term pH balance mechanism. So now moving into the loop of Henle, at the descending limb of the loop of Henle, we see water reabsorption. Then in the loop of Henle, we also see secretion of urea, the nitrogenous waste. And as we're moving up the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, we'll see reabsorption of sodium chloride as well as potassium. Then now in the distal convoluted tubule, we see there is reabsorption again of water, sodium chloride, and bicarbonate. So the reabsorption that occurs at the distal convoluted tubule is variable. Whereas reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle is not regulated by the endocrine system, we will see that there is hormonal regulation of the reabsorption of water at the distal convoluted tubule. There's also hormonal regulation of the reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule. Then the reabsorption of bicarbonate is coupled to the secretion of hydrogen ions at the distal convoluted tubule. And likewise, the reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule is coupled to the secretion of potassium ions. Here at the distal convoluted tubule, we see more secretion occurring, secretion of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and ammonia. Then as we move through the collecting duct, the collecting duct provides the final opportunity to concentrate the filtrate to produce the final urine volume. So there is more reabsorption that can occur at the collecting duct, and this is also variable. So just like in the distal convoluted tubule, there was variable reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. There's also variable reabsorption of water and urea, and this enables us to regulate the volume and concentration of the urine produced. Here we can see the mechanisms that are driving reabsorption and secretion at the proximal convoluted tubule. The driving force for most of the solute transport at the proximal convoluted tubule will involve primary active transport of sodium. The sodium potassium pump that uses energy released by hydrolysis VATP to fuel the active transport of sodium out of the proximal convoluted tubule cell into the interstitial space across the basal lateral membrane creates a low concentration of sodium inside of the proximal convoluted tubule cell that enables sodium to then move across the apical surface down its concentration gradient. And as sodium moves down its concentration gradient, this will fuel the secondary active transport of other solutes across the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. So here we can see the sodium dependent chloride transport, sodium dependent calcium transport, sodium dependent amino acid transport, sodium dependent glucose transport, sodium dependent phosphate transport. So all of those are secondary active transport mechanisms that are driving reabsorption. So I'll change the color to green because we've been using green to represent reabsorption. All these substances are being reabsorbed and it's a secondary active transport mechanism that drives reabsorption of chloride, calcium, amino acids, glucose and phosphate for the transport across the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell. In order to exit the basal lateral surface of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell, these substances will move through a facilitated diffusion mechanism. So there are channels and transporter proteins on the basal lateral surface that enable facilitated diffusion. Similarly, water is moving by facilitated diffusion through aquaporin proteins, proteins that provide water channels for water to move by osmosis. The high colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood creates a osmotic driving force for water to move into the blood and as we're actively transporting solutes from the filtrate into the interstitial space, this will create an osmotic driving force to add to that osmotic driving force of the blood colloidal osmotic pressure in order to continue driving water reabsorption. So a large amount of water reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. The majority of water that was filtered gets reabsorbed and that's being reabsorbed by facilitated diffusion through aquaporin proteins. There's also secretions shown in this illustration and that's the secretion of hydrogen ions. And so the sodium proton exchange pump as well as the transporters for calcium, amino acids, glucose, and phosphate are all providing a secondary active transport mechanism to move hydrogen ions into the filtrate. So hydrogen ions are secreted at the proximal convoluted tubule while water and numerous other valuable nutrients are reabsorbed. Here we can see the mechanism for the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions at the proximal convoluted tubule which is coupled to the secretion of hydrogen ions. Bicarbonate ions that are filtered into the filtrate can react with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid. Then the enzyme carbonic anhydrase converts carbonic acid into water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide then moves into the proximal convoluted tubule cell by simple diffusion. Within the proximal convoluted tubule cell, carbon dioxide and water are converted back to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic acid then dissociates from a hydrogen ion to be converted to bicarbonate. The resulting hydrogen ion can be actively transported back into the filtrate whereas the bicarbonate ion can be actively transported across the basal lateral surface to enable reabsorption into the bloodstream. The nitrogenous waste are nitrogen containing molecules that are produced as we break down proteins and nucleic acids. When proteins are broken down, the hydrolysis of polypeptides produces amino acids. Then amino acids can be deaminated to enable the use of the resulting carbon skeleton for an energy source. But the nitrogen then is released from amino acids in the form of ammonia. Ammonia is one of the nitrogenous waste produced in the deamination of amino acids but ammonia is relatively toxic so the liver will convert ammonia to urea and then urea can be transported to the kidneys through the blood. Then urea will be secreted in order to remove that nitrogenous waste from the body. So uric acid is also a nitrogen containing waste product and uric acid is primarily a waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids. Here we can see the mechanisms of reabsorption and secretion in the loop of Henle. In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed while urea is secreted. Then in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, sodium chloride and potassium are reabsorbed. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water and so water reabsorption does not occur in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. As sodium chloride reabsorption by active transport forces sodium chloride out of the filtrate, the concentration of solute in the filtrate within the ascending limb of the loop of Henle becomes more and more dilute. Meanwhile, the solute concentration of the extracellular fluid in the medulla of the kidney becomes more and more concentrated. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water and so water moves out through the descending limb by osmosis and urea moves in across the descending limb by diffusion. The concentration of solute is deep, the concentration of solute is greater as we move deeper into the medulla of the kidney. And this high concentration of solute is a factor that will enable the concentration of urine at the collecting duct. A countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle helps to keep the concentration of solute very high deep in the medulla of the kidney. The countercurrent multiplier system results from the structure of the loop of Henle where the ascending and descending limbs are in close proximity to one another and filtrate within is moving in opposite directions. Then the vasorecta, the blood vessels, the capillaries that are surrounding the loop of Henle contain blood that's also flowing in the opposite direction to the filtrate. In this way, as sodium chloride is actively transported out of the filtrate in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, that sodium chloride can be taken up by blood in the vasorecta as that blood is moving deeper into the medulla of the kidney. This will help to concentrate sodium chloride deep within the kidney. Then as water reabsorption occurs in the descending limb of the loop of Henle, blood of the vasorecta is moving up towards the cortex and will be able to carry that water away out of the kidney preventing dilution of the solutes deep within the medulla. While most of the water that entered the filtrate has been reabsorbed by the time we arrive at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of solutes in the filtrate at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle becomes very dilute. The filtrate exiting the ascending limb of the loop of Henle into the distal convoluted tubule is around 100 milliosmol per kilogram, which is about one third of the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the cortex of the kidney or the osmolarity of the blood plasma, which is around 300 milliosmol per kilogram. This low solute concentration of filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule enables an osmotic driving force for water reabsorption. However, the reabsorption of water at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct is variable. We will see that hormones regulate reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. However, having an osmotic driving force enabling water reabsorption makes it possible to create a very small volume of concentrated urine if we're dehydrated. And in contrast, if we're over hydrated, if we've been drinking a large amount of water, we can produce urine that's very dilute in this way regulating the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct enables us to regulate the volume and concentration of urine as a mechanism to help maintain water balance of the blood plasma.


Good morning Cal family and welcome to this year's Charter Day celebrations. My name is Eric Monzo And I'm a senior here at Cal and I'll be your host for this morning's event today We celebrate that 153rd anniversary of our University of California I'm excited to be kicking off this event in the virtual world and one in which we can welcome people from Berkeley Community all over the world to celebrate the University sister The University of California began in March 23rd 1868 when Governor Henry Hates signed an act catalyzing Audacious goal that California should have a public university one that would serve equally the children of immigrants and settlers Landowners and industrial barons that goal was solidified in 1973 when the Berkeley campus was developed and has grown since to a system that expands our great state March 23rd our Charter Day has long been a day to celebrate the birth of UC and all it has accomplished in pushing the boundaries of what is possible The first formal Charter Day was hosted in 1892 when Charles Elliott, President of Harvard served as a keynote speaker and since then We've had many come to speak about this special place. That is the University of California We hope today serves as a reminder all Reminder of all the people who have come before us and push us forward to look into the future of the University of California We stay true to our goal of our Charter every day making amazing contributions to the state of California and to the world All while uplifting generations of Californians And one way or another we're all part of this history that spans generations Now to celebrate our generations of Golden Bears Please enjoy our virtual class processional a showcase of the symbols of graduating classes of years past Let's watch the video now I always love looking all those class banners and I really can't wait for us to be able to do a full processional when we're back on the Berkeley campus And speaking of getting back to campus I do want to acknowledge that we've had an incredibly difficult year and I and we still have a challenge ahead of us before we Can return to life back to normal on the Berkeley campus to tell us more about the current state of our campus and where we're going Please welcome Chancellor Carol Chris for the Charter Day address Thank You Eric Good morning on So many levels Charter Day offers ample reason for celebration. It was on March 23rd 1868 that Governor Henry Hate signed legislation creating the University of California a year later Instruction for 40 students was underway at a temporary location in Oakland and work soon began on what was to become UC Berkeley The flagship campus of the world's finest system of public higher education What's more the animating vision and values for public institutions of higher education in general and the University of California in particular Were progressive and enlightened Even when viewed through a contemporary lens It was in 1862 during the Civil War that President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Act Leading to the creation of our national network of public universities The intended purpose of these institutions known as the people's colleges was to provide an accessible system of higher education for all without regard to inherited privilege Here in California members of our very first legislature Envisioned a university that would serve equally the children of immigrants and settlers landowners and industrial barons Simply put Berkeley was established as a means to protect and promote democracy Advance the greater good and spread the blessings of an excellent education beyond the offspring of the elite Today we value and celebrate our identity as an engine of socioeconomic mobility As a center of resistance to the status quo As an institution animated by a determination to make the world a better place We prize and take pride in our support for social justice Diversity equity and inclusion Yet we cannot fully and authentically inhabit that institutional identity We cannot be who we collectively aspire and claim to be If there is not justice and a true sense of belonging for each and every member of our extended campus community And that is a goal we cannot fully achieve unless we examine Interrogate and confront our own institutional history of racism Our bias and discrimination towards members of communities of color And our disregard for the rights of Native Americans and the many profound wrongs they have been subjected to It was just over a week ago that we marked the one year anniversary Since we as a campus community Responded to the perils posed by COVID-19 by closing down all but the most essential in-person activities For me, this has been a time of reflection introspection and learning It's been painful to witness the extent to which the pandemic has exposed and exacerbated racial and socioeconomic disparities and inequities Like so many of you, I was appalled and outraged by the killings that took the lives of george floyd Amad Arbery and briona taylor While these are among the names and despicable incidents that dominated national news and discourse They are not by any means isolated Nor is the racism that underlies them This collision of crises offers us more than reason for reflection We have also before us I believe opportunities for reckoning and reconciliation And if we do not squander them This can also be a time of renewal and repair for our campus state and country As I consider what our university's future canon should look like As we begin to emerge from the pandemic's constraints and challenges I've realized that charting a course for where we want to go Depends on our ability to understand and learn where we have been And that is as true for the last 12 months At as it is for the last 153 years There can be no doubt that the composition and conceptualization of the public We were originally chartered to serve has dramatically changed In 1870, there were some 560,000 people living in california And 90% of them were white If our charter rested on an expansive notion of equal access and opportunity for all Our reality was far more constrained The members of our first graduating class the class of 1873 were known as the 12 apostles 12 men all white In fact, it would be another 32 years Until Charles Edward Carpenter became the first black person to graduate from Berkeley in 1905 In 1924, we named a campus building in honor of the brothers Joseph and John Laconte The latter a former president of the university Both the owners of slaves And it was not until 1852 that we provided tenure to David Blackwell The first black member of our faculty to achieve that status For years we've been in denial when it comes to our relationship with the indigenous people of california Recent research suggests that by 1878 the university knew that land upon which we sit Had once been occupied by members of the Yoloni tribe And there's evidence that our faculty club was built atop the site of one of their villages We have held far too long in the Hearst Museum Native American ancestral remains And belongings that are not rightfully ours As I reflected on and researched Berkeley's historical record of interactions and relationships with california's array of ethnic and racial communities I was struck not only by what I discovered But also by what I did not Despite our state's checkered and troubled past with members of all marginalized communities There's little in the way of historical records and writings that delve into our university's history with members of these communities I hope that this absence of knowledge and acknowledgement will be addressed as we continue our efforts to write the wrongs of the past These are about a few examples of the difficult truths. We must accept and interrogate For there is no other path to repair and reconciliation We no longer serve a state that is overwhelmingly white. In fact, our state is diverse to the extent that no race or ethnic group Constitutes a majority of california's population And that is a gift a blessing for a world-class university For I believe that Berkeley's excellence depends on diversity of thought and perspective Both of which are the result of and profoundly enhanced by the diversity of our campus community I am pleased that we're making progress to fully align our deeds with our words And our institutional identity We have unnamed buildings that honored those with racist paths A residential hall has been named in the honor of David Blackwell We have launched a concerted effort to accelerate and expand our repatriation of Native American ancestral remains And cultural belongings to the tribal nations We are in track to be a Hispanic serving institution by 2027 Last fall, we admitted the most ethnically diverse class in 30 years We have launched a broad range of initiatives to increase the diversity of the campus community We now customarily acknowledge that our campus sits on tribal land And that our university must be more accountable to the needs of American indian and indigenous peoples These are all steps in the right direction But there is more much more to do if we wish to serve the incredibly diverse and dynamic california public of If we want to ensure That every member of our community feels a true sense of belonging While the latest survey of students staff and faculty Show a strong majority in agreement that diversity equity and inclusion our values promoted at berkeley Perceptions of the campus climate were far from uniformly positive 25 of our friends and colleagues from marginalized groups reported that they regularly experience exclusionary behaviors That cannot stand We must provide equity of experience for all These values were front and center last spring as we responded to the pandemic with plans that were developed and implemented through an equity lens We were determined to provide equity of experience for all To offer care support and compassion for those in need And it is because of that approach not despite it that berkeley is weathering this unprecedented storm While upholding our commitment to minimize job losses ensuring broad adherence to essential public health guidelines And experiencing a renewed appreciation for our collective and individual resilience While we still face extraordinary budgetary challenges Our university remains strong We have protected the health of the community Sustained the continuity of instruction Preserved our research mission and adapted the public services we provide I have been in awe of our staff Who have gone above and beyond to sustain and support the excellence and scope of our academic programs As well as the services we offer to help support students academic success and well-being And here too reflection reveals lessons and understandings we can and must carry into the future We have through our individual and collective efforts shown how important the notion of community is to our campus And how essential the public research university Is to our country and our world Even as our students have been teaching us what it means to have an unquenchable thirst for knowledge and enlightenment No matter the circumstances Our faculty have developed pedagogical muscles. They never knew they had Finding new and innovative ways to convey knowledge and love of learning As a result we see and are exploring new opportunities to implement remote learning strategies That support improved learning and outcomes for students even after the campus reopens for in-person instruction For example undergraduate bottleneck courses and large lectures Our examples for expanded use of remote learning can help reduce time to graduation Improve graduation rates while improving equity and quality By the same virtual token, we also see in remote learning opportunities Remote learning new opportunities for distinctive professional master's programs Earlier this week. I had the distinct pleasure of informing the campus that we're planning for a fall semester We're all but a very few large classes will be meeting in person Where students faculty and staff will be back on campus Our university will once again be suffused with the passion and purpose The electric energy and excitement our campus community is known for While challenges and uncertainty persist, there's an ever-brightening light at the end of the tunnel I believe that through our reflection on the past We shall emerge stronger Wiser and far more appreciative of those things large and small that we once took for granted I know that we can celebrate this charter day and at the same time Open our hearts and minds to an honest examination of our personal and institutional past To reflection on the historical and present day gaps between our words and deeds Between our stated values and the lived experiences of our friends classmates and colleagues For my part, I have renewed gratitude for the ties that bond us together And the role our university plays in our society and our lives I believe that Berkeley And all of you are uniquely equipped to meet the demands and opportunities of these times And I know there's no place I would rather be physically or virtually And so I say fiat looks and go bears Thank you so much Chancellor. It's always great to hear about where we've been as an institution What we're doing now to bring in the next chapter of Cal State Street. Thank you And now for my favorite performers on campus, please join me in welcoming the amazing university of california marching band Let's relative Thanks for watching that video. If you'd like to see more, please like and subscribe as always go bears Thank you so much cal band amazing as always and from home. Will you please join me in a cal band great on three? one two three Cal band great Awesome With that, I would like to thank you all for attending today's charter day celebration to mark the founding of our wonderful university It was great to be able to share this celebration of our proud history and legacy with all of you And Berkeley just wouldn't be the place it is without the support of amazing golden bears like y'all at home Again, happy birthday Berkeley. Have a great rest of your day. Remember to mask up and as always fiat locks and go bears