Hei, mae'n gweithio i'r Stade J a'r ddweud yw'r awddiad ar EFM 2016. Mae'n gweithio i'r ddweud Beth Healy, sy'n dweud 14 ymgyrch yn y pobl south, ac mae'n gweithio i'r ddweud o gweithio gael y cyfnodau a ddwylo. Felly, mae'n gweithio i'r Beth. Hei, mae'n gweithio i'r ddweud, ac mae'n gweithio i'r ddweud i'r antartica yn y dyfu wrth dyddiad a tafodu o'r awddiad lleolion yng Nghymru. Mae'n gweithio i'r gweithio i'r醜io eu mirio a gyda'n gweld i'w modd cyfnodau. Felly, yna wnaeth eich ymweld o'r gweithio eu mynd i'w fidein os ydym o'r cyfeirio sy'n ddweud. Mae'n gweithio i'n ddefnyddio eich clywriaeth sydd clynutu am hyffordd. Bydd ymgyrch yn gweithio y Llywodraeth, mae'n ddwylo ar hynny, sy'n dói gyda ni yw hyffordd. Mae cyfnodd yn ymddiad yma'n gweld yma. Mae'r artistau, mae'n amser o'r gwahau a'r hwn. Mae'r cyfnodd yn ymddiad, mae'r cyfnodd yn ymddiad. Yn ymddiad, mae'n cyfnodd yn ymddiad, mae'n cyfnodd yn ymddiad. Mae'r ardal yn ymddiad yn ymddiad, a'r ymddiad yn ymddiad. Nid ymddiad yn ymddiad. Mae'r cyfnodd yn ymddiad. Mae hynny yn rhaid iemddio wrth sydd am ei bwysig fel ydym yn ddod. Mae'r cyfnodd yn ymddiad yn ymddiad, a'r cyfnodd yn yr ardal. Mae'r cyfnodd yn ymddiad, mae'r cyfnodd yn yr ymddiad. Dyma yn ymddiad. felly mae'r cyfwyr yma, yw'r hyn o'r hyn sydd yn ein panhau. Efallai ein bydd yna'r cystafai yn llunio ddiwylliant, o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn o'r hyn. Felly ei ddaui eich llunio ays i chi ar y cyfoedd yma, ydyni chi'n gweithio beth ychydig yma yn yr oeddenau hefyd. mae'n golygu. A o'r llwyddo, o'r maes. Y ffutur y ffraith cyflau hwn yn ymddangos. A mae'n rhaid o'r ffraith. Rhaid o'r ffraith. Rhaid o'r ffraith, beth hili, meddwl drf-f-e-s-e-s-e-r-g-n-cordia-stasi-n oedd y ffasg-y-er. Rhywb i'n meddwl i'n llwyddo i'r antartica i'r ffraith o'r gweithio'r wath. Fy enw'rchnoedd ychwanegion o'r ddweud yn cael ei meddwl hwn. Dwi'n ddylaiechion y gallwn ffordd i chi gutu'r bly Familiad wedi'u dweud am ysgrifwysig iawn cyfrifiadol am y ddisgu. Fyddo i chi gwych yn gweithio ar ei meddwl, ac mae hoffa'r gweithio ar y land-onir opa hwn. Ac mae angen i chi'n fydd o edrych ar y cwsadod, ac yno hwn yn tyg honno'n dweud am ein gael ar Ddaintarn Tantarsg้au ffort yw Isa. So, I'm a medical doctor, and I've got a background of working as part of expedition medicine teams. So, part of medical logistical support teams for endurance races, mainly in polar environments. So, I've been sort of North Pole, Greenlands, Falbards, Siberia, and places like that. So, if there's any medics amongst you, which are interested in that kind of thing, come and see me often and we can have a chat about that. But, while I was at university, I was really fortunate because I got to go to the European Space Agency and learn a bit about space medicine, which ultimately led to me getting the job working for you, Sir Dynan Antarctica, now that I am a doctor. So, I'm just wondering, does anybody know what a space-flight analogue is, or if they've got any experience of analogue programmes? So, probably one of the most popular ones, and the ones that most people would like to do, is to spend two months in bed and get paid quite a lot of money for it. But there's loads of different analogues, and all of them are good at looking at different things. So, if, for example, you've got sort of bed rest studies, which is looking at the effects of microgravity and not using your muscles for long periods of time. And you've also got other ones like underwater programmes, which is like the NEMO project, which is NASA run, and that's mainly used for astronaut training. Concordia is a little bit like Mars 500, and so much that we're really looking at the isolation period. So, Mars 500 came before Concordia, and this was 500-day simulated Mars mission, which was done essentially in a Russian car park. So, the crew of six people were recruited, as you would astronauts. We had a mission control, and we did the full simulated Mars mission. And this was really good in loads of different ways, like the research was really well controlled, and also the crew was much more similar to a crew, which would be selected for a space-flight mission. But there is one limitation of an experiment like this, and that is that you do have a door which you can walk out at any point. And after being down in Antarctica, I think actually, I would have found that a lot harder to deal with, because if I had known there being a door which I could walk out of at any point, I think I probably would have spent 499 of the 500 days wondering whether or not I should do that. And whereas in Antarctica, because you don't have that option, it puts different pressures. And whether it's easier or more difficult, I'm not really sure, but it's definitely a different psychological pressure that you have as a crew. Whereas in Antarctica, during the long polar winter, which is nine months, you're actually completely isolated, even in case of emergency at Concordia, because the temperatures are so low there that we're not able to fly in during the winter. So this was Concordia, and this was my home for 14 months. I just got back in January. It's one of only three of the inland stations in Antarctica, and it's up on the Dome Charlie Plateau. It was actually originally built for the ice core drilling, so up at Dome Sea, we don't actually have much precipitation or snowfall at all, which means if you drill down to the core, it means that you don't have to drill so far to go a lot further back in time. But that's an aside. So White Mars, this is what we're often known as by ESA, and there's lots of different reasons for that. As I mentioned, the isolation is certainly one of them. But there's also a few others which are really useful for us to use Concordia as a space flight analogue. So one of them is we're an international skeleton crew, and so this is my crew that I spent the nine-month overwinter period with. It's about a 50-50 mix between technical team and scientific team, and so there's lots of different researchers down there, and I was the only one working for ESA down there, so all the other participants were volunteering for us. But we're international, so we had six French and five Italian and myself, so all different languages and also a Swiss-German chap. So that brought in a different mix compared to a base like British Antarctic Survey where the predominant language is English. And we ended up having our own language which we actually called Concordian, which was a mix of everything. And it really came to light when we had emergencies. So we were actually very fortunate as a crew, so we didn't have any big emergencies at all. But as you can imagine, even small emergencies in those kind of environments can get out of hand quite quickly. And because it is such an extreme environment, if things do happen and go wrong, then it's very serious. So to give you an example, we just had a big leak coming through the roof because of burst water pump, and immediately everybody went back to their native languages, and it was absolute chaos in terms of communication. So we learnt a lot from those kind of experiences. And we're also isolated for the nine months, but you're also very confined as a crew. So with temperatures at about minus 80 outside, although you can go outside and a lot of people did most days, you can only go out for short periods of time. So you're actually living sort of on top of each other, and that leads to this kind of forced human interactions, which again is a lot like space flight because you are living in a confined isolated environment. You're also limited with your supplies, so for nine months of the year, we couldn't get anything in or out at all. And it's a big logistical operation to get things in during the summertime.  But unfortunately, if you forget anything like in space, you can't get it halfway through. So as many of you might know, we've got an abnormal day and night cycle down south. So I actually was 105 days without seeing the sun at all. And then during that period in the summer, the opposite way around, so 24-hour night time. And that affected a lot of people in a lot of different ways. And that was another big thing which you so really interested in, especially the effects of the artificial lighting on your eyes and also the way that that affects your sleep wake cycles. So I've been working up in the Arctic a lot, so I'm really used to sort of 24-hour daytime, and I went down quite smug thinking I'd be absolutely fine because it's never affected me the 24-hour daylight. But the second that we lost the sun, I was all over the place and my sleep wake cycle went to pot. And I probably didn't sleep for about the first three days. And that was really interesting for us as a crew because we actually ended up forming subgroups. So we're a crew of 13, and quite typically you form subgroups within that size. And we were actually shifting our sleep wake cycles out of sync with other people, which is a real problem for communication as a crew. And so we actually had to enforce having lunch and dinner times together to make sure that we did stay sort of in as much of the same circadian rhythm as possible. And Concordia is also an extreme environment. So this is giving you, this is a normal screenshot during a typical winter day, so you can see it's really low temperatures, we've got minus 81.4 there. What you might also notice is that we're actually at very low pressure. So Concordia is actually 3,300 meters altitude. And because we're in a polar environment, that's personified because, and giving us a sort of alpine equivalent pressure of about 4,000 meters, which is essentially a little bit like living on Mont Blanc for the year. So that affected a lot of people as well. And also you have real danger when you're going outside, so it's cold, dark, and so you have to be very careful, and this is what it looked like. And you're also there for a very long time. So I was there for 14 months, and nine months of that was the overwinter period where we didn't see anyone else. And we also have water recycling technology, and this is also developed by ESA, and it is actually one of the original prototypes which was due to develop the current water recycling system, which is now used on the International Space Station. So that meant having to use sort of not normal shampoo or conditioner for entire year, which for the girls amongst us was a bit of a struggle. So you have to use special things in the shower to accommodate for that. We also have really good telemedicine facilities, so if we are thinking of going on longer durations, space flight missions, we do have to think towards a similar medical model to that that we have down in Antarctica. If at the moment we have a medical problem up in space, we can evacuate normally within the day, and Antarctica is a very different story. So we actually had two medical doctors down there, so it was myself and also an Italian surgeon. And between us we can more or less deal with most problems that could come into a doctor's surgery. So now I'd like to just share with you a little bit of my experience and what it was that I was doing down there. So before I went away, I was sent off to Chamonix where I learnt from the PGHM, which is the mountain rescue team about pre-hospital care and retrieval medicine, and I also went to all the different institutes who are running the experiments down in Antarctica for ESA. But probably the most important part of my training was actually at the European Astronaut Centre. And so here we are as a crew meeting for the first time at the Astronaut Centre in Cologne. This is actually at the Neutral Buoyancy Facility. And here we had what's called Human Behavior Performance Training, and some of you might know that before astronauts go up into space, they're given a lot of training by this team, which is about living and working together in close proximity. And so we're given all the same training that astronauts have before they go up into space. So we're really lucky to have this as a crew. And we also got to look around all the training facilities and have a bit of fun as well. So that was really good. And this is astronauts, Samantha Christofretti, who actually was our mascot for the rest of our mission and called us up from the International Space Station down in Antarctica, which was really, really cool. Especially for the Italians amongst the crew. But like with any experiments, so we had to do all of the baseline testing before we went away. And this is NVHAV, which is a big medical research facility which is run by the DLR, which is just outside of the Astronaut Centre. And this is actually where Tim Peake had all of his testing before and after going to space. So one of the experiments we're doing is doing functional MRI scanning of our brains before we went down and afterwards, and then again six months after. So I've just had my last one taken in Cologne. And we're looking for any structural changes which might have occurred during that isolation period. We also had loads of blood tests and loads of different other tests and some of them were more fun than others. And I think this Italian chap particularly enjoyed this one as there were two pretty nurses taking his blood. And these are the bed rest studies. So this is actually where all the bed rest facilities are based as well. So this is the other analogue that I mentioned before. So once we've done... Oh, sorry. Once we've done all the testing it was time to go to Antarctica. There's two ways of getting there. You can either go by a boat or you can go by plane. And so on my journey down I actually went by plane. And this is the Hercules plane which took me from Christchurch to Antarctica. And then from there you get a smaller plane which is called a Twinotter plane from the coast to the central station at Concordia. I actually got a boat on my way back and that was an amazing experience too. So that's sort of a two-week journey back. So here I am. This is 16,500 kilometres from home. And this is the summer time. So I was like, oh my goodness when I arrived. So pretty chilly. So in the summer time you're talking about minus 30 at Concordia is the average temperature. But you do have 24-hour daylight and a really low humidity. So it's actually quite comfortable to live in. And this is my predecessor, Giornos. And he was the user doctor before me and he taught me probably one of the most important things for anybody thinking of doing an overwinter in Antarctica and that's how to learn baby football. So a very useful tip. And then all the food and fuel came during the summer. So this is the Overland Traverse. And this travels from De Mont de Ville station all the way to Concordia which is 1,300 kilometres. And it does this twice during the summer season. And this is how all the experimental equipment arrives from ESA. So this was one of my ESA boxes. And so the summer is a really busy time for setting up all the experiments which we do overwinter. ESA are only really interested in that period of isolation. And so that's the main part of our work. We do a little bit before and after but we're really looking at the effects of the crew. And so there's lots of other experiments going on down there. So lots of glaciology, lots of digging. And this is actually the Epica Coring project. So this has got actually the one of the oldest, well the oldest ice core ever drilled which is 800,000 kilometres, 800,000 years old. And this is pretty much what it looks like everywhere at Concordia. So it's completely flat. So you do have sort of sensory deprivation as well. And like Tim Peake said when he came down from space you don't actually smell anything in space and it's similar in Antarctica. There really isn't any smells. So that's one of the first things that I noticed when I came back on the ship is just the smells that are all around us here. And this is like a typical day during the summer so pretty comfortable outside. And also lots of sport that happens as well. So it's actually during that period quite nice busy time. But it's all in preparation for the winter time. So this is learning how to sort of do these fire escape which is like a big sock which comes out of the side of the building which is absolutely terrifying. But we also learnt lots of roles. So like because it's a skeleton crew you learn lots of shared roles. So although I was there as a doctor I sort of also learnt lots of other things about cooking. I had cleaning jobs. We taught sort of the plumber how to scrub into theatre and vice versa. I taught how to sort of be a fireman. So this is a really busy time for us to take on new skills and learn how to do different stuff. And that's really important as a crew living in that environment is that you are able to take on different roles and a lot like in space. So this is the last plane leaving so a pretty emotional time for everybody. And this is actually going away. And here we are now as a crew of 13. And this is the beginning of the overwinter. And ESA are often called as hivernaughts which hiver in French means winter so it's sort of winternaughts. And this is the ESA lab. So this is my home for 14 months and I'd like to just give you a bit of a flavour of the experiments that we're doing in there. I can't really cover everything here today but if you'd like to catch me afterwards I'll be happy to answer any questions that you have. And do stop me if there's something you'd like to ask. So neuropsychology, this is a big experiment that we were running between ESA and NASA and it was developing a tool in space which is looking at the cognition of astronauts and it's a four part experiment but the main part was a cognition battery. So the idea is that astronauts do it on a regular basis that looks at lots of different areas so it's looking at risk taking behaviour, memory testing, reaction times but essentially it's a red flag system. So astronauts are just tested against themselves and any different performance is a red flag for mission control to be like why are they dipping? Are they getting enough food? Are they getting enough exercise sleep? Are there emotional problems going on? So this is a big thing that we're developing and that's a really exciting thing about Concordia is not only are we looking at the isolation but also often used to increase subject numbers for experiments which are also happening up in space and that's because astronauts are very few and far between and so in order to develop things a bit more quickly and to have enough subjects to get a reasonable power for the experiments and we're often used to supplement that. And also as part of this experiment was the functional MRI scanning which I mentioned before and also wearing activity watches. So these activity watches are really useful for not just looking at our general activity levels but also our sleep wake cycles and how that was changing over time. But perhaps more interestingly these are also interacting with each other so my watch would interact with your watch and so it would know how much time we're spending together as a crew and how our relationships are changing over time and it would also know where we are on the base so it's looking at habits so sort of how often am I going to the gym how much time am I spending working and interestingly also how much time am I spending sort of seeking out social interactions so in sort of social spaces for example the living room or how much time am I spending isolating myself and it's really looking at myself and it's really looking at critical time points in the mission where people are more at risk of isolating themselves and also to have big arguments and conflicts and formation of subgroups within the crew so it's really looking at sort of crew dynamics. We also were a heart monitor looking at our heart traces and as I mentioned the cognition battery which we were developing so these are the beacons which we had on the walls and that's what was actually detecting where our watches were on the base and here's the cognition battery that we were developing and here it is also being done at exactly the same time by Scott Kelly up in space and excitingly it's now been taken out of the research phase and this is actually going to be implemented on the ISS it's just part of normal astronaut routine in the next couple of months. Another experiment is video diary so again a bit big brotherish so we're just speaking doing a video diary once a week and from this we're trying to develop technology which can pick up non-verbal cues about what we're saying so it wasn't really looking at the content of what we're saying but how we were saying it and whether we can infer from that how people are really feeling despite what they're saying. I was also doing an experiment called back finder which again was run by the DLR and this is looking for extreme bacteria that can survive in the environment that we have at Concordia so with such low temperatures the conditions are really similar to other planets for example Mars and so if we could find new species of bacteria which are able to survive at Concordia then perhaps this can tell us a little bit more about perhaps we could find on other planets elsewhere. At the moment we've never found anything to be able to survive at Concordia outside other than of course the humans living there as Nova winter crew but we've never found any bacteria outside so my samples have come back on a ship and they've only just arrived back in Europe but fingers crossed would have found something exciting there and this carried on throughout the whole winter so this is me finding the poll where I was taking my samples from and that's actually a lot harder than I thought so the first time I went out during the winter I did what I normally did and just you know took my pad took my equipment and it really did let me know that I was sort of in an extreme environment so I opened up my pad and the glue on the spine of the pad just broke completely straight away all the pages went flying I took out my experiments to take all the meteor data and all the batteries had run out completely because I'd had them in my rucksack and my goggles were completely iced up and my fingers were freezing so I had to go back inside and sort of start again but it really did make me realise how difficult it is to take these kind of data in an environment like this and this was just after doing it we also looked to the effects of artificial lighting on our eyes and this was particularly looking at apatupal reactions and I just like this experiment because it demonstrates how although all the research is designed by ESA and sort of for space flight it's also very relevant to a lot of medical research which is happening back in England so for example this one is really relevant to people working for long periods of time using artificial light for example sort of factory workers doing a lot of night shifts so a lot of the experiments although they're designed towards space are actually relevant to a lot of people and this is just to say that there were lots and lots of other samples as well so I've actually got a little bowl patch on the back of my head still because they took so many hair samples from me as well so it was constant constant sample time so it's really being the ESA doctor at Inconcordia is very much just by like being Mr motivator so you're constantly asking people if they'll donate things for you if anyone's thinking of doing it be prepared for that and then this is one more experiment that we are doing so if we are to go on long duration missions it's a lot easier to build space flight at slightly lower atmospheric pressure than here on earth so it's interesting to look at this chronic low level hypoxia so we're not really interested in sort of what it's like up on the top of Mont Blanc sorry, Mount Everest but we are more interested in looking at sort of the pressures that you get around the Mont Blanc which is what we were at so this is an arterial blood gas machine and I was taking venous and capillary samples down there looking at sort of our oxygenation status so this is me at the gym and this was just a few well actually the month before I was about to leave and so I've been here for 14 months and I definitely acclimatised I could tell that from my blood so I was actually alkalotic in terms of my pH which is typical for somebody who's acclimatised well but you can see here even with a little bit of exercise I was saturating at 88% and for anybody that's medical amongst you typically it's supposed to be about 98% and if I presented to an A&E department with those saturations in England I would sort of be admitting myself so you really are having sort of really low oxygenation even at the end of the acclimatisation and this is just to say that and there's lots of different experiments happening there and they tend to change each year so this is a new one that we've bought in this summer and this is the Sawyer Space Flight Simulator so this is the actual one that we use to train astronauts on and this has been taken down to Antarctica to look at skill retention over time so this one we're training crew on different training schedules and looking at sort of what's best in terms of retaining skills without putting too much pressure on a crew and this is also to look at whether we need to be considering taking something like a space flight simulator on a longer duration mission because the last thing you want is your astronauts to arrive at Mars and not be able to land the spaceship so this is the kind of thing that we're looking at here and then this is just to give you a bit of an idea about what life on-base is like other than doing the ESA experiments so as ESA MD I was out doing a lot of the medical rescue training so this is us and it's a lot harder than you might think to pick up a casualty with sort of three different languages and big balaclavas and things so this is a lot of our time we spent training doing things like this we also do a big evacuation of the entire base during the overwinter as well which takes a couple of days to do and this is because the temperatures are so low that if we were to have a power failure it would be catastrophic unless we were able to set up the new generators which live in the summer camps so there's lots of lots of other things which you might not sort of think about when you're working down for an overwinter I also did the analysis of the water that we had down there so the grey water recycling and we had lots of problems with people peeing in the shower unfortunately, unlike on the ISS we're not able to remove ammonia from the showers so if people do pee in the shower at Concordia, please don't so it's my advice it's pretty grotty so now lots of my friends and family are just like why on earth would you want to go to Antarctica for 14 months so I'd just like to show you some of the pictures and sort of explain why it is a great place to go and sort of do some research so and the first one is the Aurora so here you can see like a tiny little Aurora which is coming off the left hand side of the tower there also in terms of the social side we did so this is our chef Luca so we actually had an Italian chef there so I can't complain too much although we didn't have any fresh fruit and vegetables for the entire time that we were there as part of when you're working down in Antarctica we have lots of like sort of inter-antartic things going on so we have an inter-antartic film festival and we also have an inter-antartic darts tournament so we Skype all the other bases and play darts against each other essentially and halfway through my winter just after midwinter it was time to Skype with Scott Base which is sorry South Pole Base and halfway through the darts match they bought out a watermelon which I was absolutely devastated to see because I hadn't had fresh fruit and vegetables for all that time so if anyone's thinking of doing a winter definitely consider going to somewhere where they have hydroponic plant grey so I was pretty upset by that but Luca did a great job in terms of every Saturday night especially we used to have a different sort of meal and this is the English night that we had going on down there people often ask me about communication so we did have internet access and we could Skype as well so we had one Skype computer down there and if we were doing conferences and things like that we could dedicate the line to do a good sort of Skype call so we did have good communication with that respect and we also had WhatsApp so we weren't completely isolated but we didn't have sort of internet on individual computers so you'd sort of have to go to a special computer where you could access your emails and things and it was very slow I mean you could sort of check your Google check your Facebook probably but you couldn't really browse the internet so that's the kind of level that we had during the winter we did actually have two months where nothing worked at all so we just had a set of phone and I'm still on the fence as to whether it's easier or harder without good communication so when you have good communication it is great so if you have an argument or something you can quickly sort of WhatsApp back home and then be on Skype and not too long which was great but also it's quite hard to sort of detach yourself from home and sort of form as a crew so a lot of the time on a Saturday night a lot of my friends would send me sort of selfies on nights out in London and you know you did sort of consider why am I sat here in the middle of Antarctica on my own so and then during the period where we didn't have any communications you don't have any of that sort of external pressure and also you can have bad news and things coming from home which puts pressure on the crew and sort of relationship breakdowns and things as well and so some people actually find it a lot easier during that time where we didn't have any communications with the outside world so yeah I haven't really decided which was easier but they definitely both have their pros and cons and this is just to remind me that lots of science goes on all year there and these are some of the guys really dedicated scientists who are going out absolutely every day to take all these snow samples and things outside so as ESA doc you only have to go outside sort of once a month I did go outside a lot more than that but sort of in terms of the job description that's all you have to do but these guys were going out sort of absolutely every day and sort of climbing up big towers which were 40 meters high and sort of minus 80 conditions so there's lots of great science going on in Antarctica at Corncordia in particular we have seismocays which is look for seismic activity underground so occasionally you get to go inside them when they're doing sort of changes to the experiment so this is inside them and they're really weird you can sort of write on the wall and it glows through and we also have big lasers going off so these are called lidars and they're sort of testing the atmosphere as a lot of you might already know but this was the night sky and so this photo was actually taken around lunchtime and this is really what it looked like all the way through the winter period so it really was you could see the Milky Way clear as day at any time so it's the sort of Stargazer's paradise during these sort of at the either end of the period where we didn't see the sun you did actually and see it kind of looked a little bit like the sun had just set at the horizon so you have like that little glow at the edge that you could kind of tell whether it was day or night but during the middle of the winter like there was absolutely nowhere I could tell you what kind of you know what day it was and it is strange how we did shift in terms of patterns and it really was only our lunch and dinner which did keep us together as a crew during that period and it wasn't an intentional thing you know as a crew we were you know relatively on good terms all together but you just sort of naturally shift and sort of the scientists tend to work better at sort of later on at night time whereas sort of technical team you tend to have more of a structured day sort of working together so it really did form a big problem and we can definitely see that on the data that big shift that happened but these are some of the auroras we had down there as well so pretty beautiful and this is the sun that came back say this is the first time we'd seen the sun so really emotional time for everybody and you really did feel the energy levels just soar through the roof when this came so during the winter it's like really hard to sort of motivate you yourself to do anything back here in England I'm sort of running to and fro from lots of different places and always really busy go to the gym exercise regularly and those kind of things whereas actually you really slow down you feel like kind of hibernating a little bit and even writing an email is like a massive struggle but as soon as the sun came back we really did all feel energised and then this is what it kind of looks like for most of the other times you get this weird pinky purple and the sort of purpley grey that you can see there is apparently the shadow of the earth that you can see as you're rotating around which is pretty cool and this is the plane that came back to get us and this is Jim so he's a pilot that works out in Antarctica every year for I think the past 15 years and he was actually involved in the recent evacuation that you might have heard of at the South Pole base as well so it was really people like this which managed to keep everything running and I was very grateful that he didn't get lost on the way back when he came to pick me up and here I am on the day so and this was another point that I noticed was so people which weren't coping so well with the overwinter period and the isolation actually got on the first plane out of Concordia so it wasn't that initial plane that came in but it was the plane sort of a few days afterwards and so they had a massive shock between sort of going from sort of the isolation of the overwinter period into sort of normal society as it were but the people who were coping a little bit better actually had a more prolonged sort of reintroduction back to sort of normal life so it was quite interesting to see however and how people were coping going back into sort of seeing people and some people actually resented the first plane coming back because they felt like it was a big sort of invasion of their home so it was interesting to see psychologically how that affected people and also the loss of roles within the base so our station leader was obviously our station leader during the winter period but he was superseded by somebody he came during the summer and there's lots of conflict and friction with those big changes that happen and this brings me to the last part of my story in Antarctica so as part of the ether experiment back finder I actually had the opportunity to go on the overland resupply traverse which I mentioned at the beginning of the presentation so the big land train and so we went here from Capridome which is the little red dot on the coast there and this is where we set up all of the traverse and we drove back to Concordia station so I flew to Capridome to drive back and these are the some of the guys who again are working in Antarctica year after year and really are the lifeblood for all the experiments and everything which is going on down there so and these are really grateful to all these guys who managed to keep all the experiments running and it's a lot again it's a lot like spaceflight you know there's a huge teams behind all the experiments and all the astronauts going up into space and so this is just to just to show you all the guys that sort of dedicated their lives I mean some of these guys have worked for like 10 over winters in Antarctica and most of these guys working on the traverse had done about 15 15 or 20 years down that so so big periods of time so these are some of the guys that I was fortunate enough to work with so and then they kindly added me to their team and so it's not all glamorous working for Issa so I was here for two days changing the screws on a caterpillar tractor tractor so there's all different roles that you got to get involved with it it's just something that I really enjoyed and in true French style I was given sort of half an hour driving lesson which was involved sort of driving one these huge challenge attractors sort of around a little circuit they put on an L plate on the back of mine and then we were off across the Antarctic Plateau fortunately there's not too much that you can crash into other than the other tractors so it wasn't so bad and here we are so this is the land train it's quite hard to get the whole thing into the pictures to in terms of how it works you've got two challenger tractors which are these huge tractors which are made specifically for the traverse or modified for the traverse and so you drive in tractor pairs and we had four sets of tractor pairs so eight big challenger tractors and each tractor pair is driving sort of tied up to each other so you have one a big piece of rope a second one and then a huge amount of weight and equipment behind it on these sort of special skis and these little trailers here these are actually the ones which carry the fuel and so this is how we drive across we also have three snowplies so you have one snowplie right at the beginning one in the middle and then one at the back as well and the snowplies come and help you out if anything happens so they're sort of very manoeuvrable whereas the big tractors sort of go in a massive line so and that's how it works so here I am inside my tractor a bit of a tractor selfie there and this is in my tractor so I spent Christmas our new years this year driving in one of these tractors so this was yeah the second of January that this was taken and you can see in front of there that so we were the tractor pair there so that was my pair actually when you go from the coast you drive as a pair well not a pair at all three tractors so it's even more because actually the initial bit from the case is a lot steeper so we sort of drive as three for that first day just in case you're interested and also I got to experience some of the bad weather that you have in Antarctica you're quite sort of although the temperatures are really low at Concordia you don't actually see very bad weather at all the skies are always really clear because you don't have that precipitation you don't actually have much wind at all but it's certainly not the case at the coast so the temperature is actually a lot higher at the coast but you do get to see all these sort of exciting storms and this is one that we are driving through and this is actually my tractor tractor number six so but you do have your problems so this is how I spent new years eve actually so this all came off the sort of road that we built so the French said that this is the Italians the Italians said that it was the French as long as it wasn't the Brit I didn't really care so and this is how we did that and then these are yeah this is just the tractor so at night time you park up all the tractors together and we sort of plug them into an electricity supply as well so that's how they don't freeze overnight and but the reason I was doing this experiment is I was taking snow samples during the whole length of the traverse and we're looking at the transition between where we do find bacteria at the coast and animals obviously surviving so you've got all the penguins and things at the coast to somewhere like Concordia where we don't have any life surviving there at all and so we are looking and it's also the traverse provides us with a pristine untouched environment because this traverse only happens two times a year and so if you go off the track just a little bit you're walking in sort of part of Antarctica that's never been walked in before so it's really exciting opportunity to be able to take sort of snow samples from this virgin snow which was a real sort of pleasure to get to do okay and then it was home time so this is the boat that I got back so it's called the Italica and I got that back to Christchurch so I'd like to spend the rest of my talk just going through any questions that anybody has which hopefully you do have did you find the behaviour and location tracking sort of oppressive which I imagine it would in an ordinary job if you if people knew where you were all the time and we're analysing it it must affect your behaviour as well surely well I thought that might be the case at the beginning but the way we were tracking people was using watches I mean obviously everybody was consented to the experiment so everybody knew what the watch is for and what we're doing with them and the fact that we are tracking people but you are down there wearing these watches for 14 months and so sort of after a few weeks I think most of us kind of forgot really that we're even being tracked at all and certainly you know I don't think I changed my habits because of it I mean I think at some points you did I did wonder especially because obviously I'm working for Issa who are running the experiment I mean they know how often you're spending in the lab and like how often you're spending working and where you are doing things but it was all confidential in terms of sort of what we found so I think because nobody on the base got sort of direct feedback in terms of sort of their habits and what they were doing I don't think it really affected the crew but obviously I mean that is a limitation with all the experiments that you are doing with people because we do know that we're being tracked or doing experiments on I think I don't think the tracking one was really affected by that I think the one which was probably more affected would have been the koala which is the video diaries I think people felt a lot more self-conscious doing that having said that with something like koala again you're looking for non-verbal cues and astronauts would also have some similar pressures in terms of that they know that they're being watched and sort of analysed as well when they're talking to mission control so I mean it's difficult to say but I think just because we are wearing them all the time for so long I think that people did kind of forget that they were wearing them and there's also some things that you can't really modify in terms of do you know your sleep weight cycle as well which we were able to get data from but we were really lucky to get that data because it's quite hard to get ethics for that kind of experiment and it's one of the few that have ever been able to actually get that on a platform on sort of a research platform so it's quite a unique data set in that respect I can see sorry I can see we've got a few more questions unfortunately for time we haven't got time to ask them here right now but would you mind Beth asking answering questions outside just afterwards yeah absolutely so if anyone's got any questions please ask afterwards okay thank you thank you very much indeed for your talk


Hi everyone, Joe for jasmine's case breaks comm coming at you with 2022 panini flawless baseball one box Random team break number five the nice way to end the night last break of the night big. Thanks to this group for making it happen There are all the teams right there Let's do it. Let's roll it randomize it names and teams two and a six eight times each one two three four five six seven and eighth and final time After eight got Kevin down to Chad Nice late-night rally everybody two and a six eight times for the teams one two three four five six seven and Eighth and final time After eight we got the Royals down to the Braves All right, Kevin with the Royals Dennis with the Angels David with the Nats Boyd with the Rangers David with the brew crew Chad with the Tigers Ryan with the Reds Dennis with the Mariners and the Rays Brad with the Rockies David with the Pirates Nancy with The O's Dennis with the White Sox Chad with the Phillies Sal last Bob Mojo my Dodgers Dennis with the Yankees David with the Cardinals Brandon with the Cubs Victor with the Diamondbacks Boyd with the Mets Nick P with the Astros Josh with the Guardians Dennis with the Marlins David with the Blue Jays Ryan with the Twins David with the Giants Dennis with the A's Rex with the Padres and Chad with the Red Sox and the Braves We'll open a short little Troy trade window here when we come back We'll see if there's any trades and then we'll have the break stick around BRB


In this lesson we learned about garnet. Personally, garnet is one of my favorite minerals. Garnet is beautiful. I have some garnet jewelry on today. It is also functional. Garnet has a lot of industrial and household uses as an abrasive, it's used in sandpaper, it's used for polishing, and it's used in sand blasters and water jet cutters. Garnet is also really, really useful scientifically for geoscientists who are interested in understanding what has happened in Earth history in terms of the plate tectonics and moving plates, building of mountains. Garnet serves as an index mineral which lets us know what the metamorphic grade was. That was achieved in a particular mountain belt or in a particular metamorphic setting. Garnets can be dated, so we can get ages and not only that, but garnets grow concentrically starting at a seed and growing outward like tree rings. So we can get multiple dates from one garnet that has grown over the course of perhaps as many as millions of years. And then within that time range, we can use garnet and inclusions of other minerals that get trapped inside of the garnet as it grows form some calculations that we can make that are useful as thermometers and barometers, so what we call a geothermometer or a geobarometer that allow us to calculate based on the composition of the garnet and the composition of the other minerals that we find inside of it exactly what pressure and temperature the garnet has experienced. And what that means is by looking at one garnet that grew over a long period of time, we can calculate, we can determine exactly how the pressure and temperature changes that were experienced by that garnet, how they changed through time and map out the history of tectonic events, something like a mountain building or a subduction zone carrying ocean crust deep into the interior of the earth and understand the rates of how these processes happened and when in time they've happened. So I think it's pretty cool. So another very cool thing about garnets is that they can also inform us about somewhat more recent history and it's because garnets can be proven quite accurately thanks to a lot of the properties that Maureen was just describing. And so as you learned in the video from the Römisch-Germanisch Zentralmuseum in Mainz, there was a project in Germany to provenance a bunch of garnets that were used in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon and other types of Germanic jewelry from sort of the migration period in Europe. So roughly between about 400 and seven or 800 CE. And with those they found that most of them were coming from particular areas of Rajasthan and from Sri Lanka but that there was also a change in the trade routes that must have occurred right around 650, 700 because we start seeing changes in the garnets themselves and the types of garnets. There's more evidence of reuse in some of the later, the more recently made pieces of jewelry. And garnet can be used as a substitute to sort of inform historians and particularly historians of economics about trade routes for other materials that we don't have surviving examples anymore. So for example, the spice trade or trade in textiles where we might have some material remaining but it tends to be much more fragmentary. And so garnets are a wonderful stand in for economic historians and art historians in order to examine those trade routes. And again, they're beautiful and highly symbolic when we're talking about the red ones.


You're watching FJTN, the Federal Judicial Television Network, coming up on Court to Court. I think that everyone in my class thought it was one of the best things they've ever seen and it really hit home. No one else is doing this and if you don't reach that one kid, no one will. Capone was stunned a few weeks later when Wilkerson rejected the recommendation stating, it's time for somebody to impress upon the defendant that it is utterly impossible to bargain with a federal court. This is Court to Court, your connection to what's happening in the federal courts around the country, providing information and ideas that will enhance your job and how the courts function. Now with today's program, Michael Burney. Welcome to Court to Court, the Federal Judicial Center's educational magazine program for all court employees. Today we'll learn about a public outreach program aimed at keeping young people out of bankruptcy court. We'll hear from several participants in the center's federal court leadership program and we'll learn about the trial that sent the notorious gangster Al Capone to prison. The number of bankruptcy filings has been rising steadily, reaching more than 1.6 million in 2003. That's a 98% increase in the past 10 years. Perhaps even more striking is that bankruptcy filings among those who are 25 and younger have shown about the same increase. Some people believe that financial literacy, or lack thereof, plays a big part in these numbers. Many in the bankruptcy court community are working to improve financial literacy, especially among young people. Recent studies indicate that just over half of all in-store financial transactions in the United States are now handled without paper. It's going to be 1731. As cash and checks give way to plastic debit and credit cards, consumer debt has more than doubled in the past 10 years. And mainstream media is paying attention. At the same time, Americans with credit card balances are carrying a record amount of debt. How much credit card debt is the average American family carrying? About $8,000. Debt is an American epidemic. More people are maxed out on their credit cards, going bankrupt or being foreclosed on than ever before. I sense a ground swell of support sweeping the country for financial literacy. It's the one part of education that probably is not a fundamental in every curriculum. It's the one thing that most of us, every one of us, deals with every single day. So why wouldn't we want to provide an educational foundation for our young people in that regard? Despite the obvious answer, Frieding says that young people don't seem to get much information about dealing wisely with the money they will earn during their lives. Plenty of people give us ideas on where to spend it, and not many people give us ideas on how to manage it. Who's there with credit cards? Among those who are giving young people information to increase their financial literacy is bankruptcy court Chief Judge John Ninfo in Rochester, New York. Over the years, many people he has seen in his courtroom are there because, by their own admission, they were overspenders and credit abusers. And when I've talked to them and interviewed them, it's very clear that in many cases they just did not know the basics of finances. Things like budgeting, the difference between wants versus needs, the true cost of credit, the addictiveness of overspending. And so many of them really said to me as I interviewed them, you know, if only somebody had come into my high school and told me the things that you're talking about, maybe I wouldn't be here today. And I took that to heart. So he began going into his community's high schools and speaking to students. But there were more young people than he could reach alone, so he asked the County Bar Association's Bankruptcy Committee for help. And in November 2002, the Credit Abuse Resistance Education Program, CARE, was launched. I really believe that the unique knowledge and experience that we have in the bankruptcy community can be of great benefit to young people today. Perspective employers, landlords, automobile dealers and so forth like we talk about in the brochure are pulling credit checks. And if they don't like what they see on those credit reports, they're turning people down for jobs. Student loans, like you saw, admission to graduate school, higher insurance rates. The CARE program teaches high school seniors and students entering college about budgeting, about the true cost of credit, about wants versus needs, that just maintaining debt does not mean being able to afford it, and about the many consequences of financial problems for young people.  The judge admits that presenters can't teach everything in 45 minutes or an hour, but they can lead students to awareness. The purpose of the presentation is to sensitize them to the fact that there are advantages to living a debt-free life as opposed to a debt-filled life, and that there are lessons, tactics and techniques that we can teach them to start them on the road to being financially literate and improving their financial IQ. Judge Ninfo says there's no single formula for a successful educational program. The key is committed people with knowledge and experience. Those committed people are the judges, the trustees, the assistant United States trustees and the private attorneys who see the problems of overspending and credit abuse every day. One of the questions I ask is, how did you get here? When we look at someone who has credit card debt in excess of their income, it's what happened. Attorney Lucian Moran has been making presentations with the CARE program since it began. And I believe the court will find that the local members of the bar and even attorneys who are not formal members of the bar, very receptive on doing these type of presentations.   Of course one doesn't just walk into a high school or college and start talking to students. Clerk of the bankruptcy court Paul Warren, himself an attorney, also has been involved with CARE since the beginning. You need to be realistic going in to understand that the schools aren't going to throw their doors open without some level of education and discussion. Principles are pretty overwhelmed across the country with the challenges on their plate. Helen Wall is the new principal of Athena High School in the Rochester suburb of Greece. And something like this could sort of get in a pile if it just sort of breezes through the mail and comes as sort of like an invitational letter.  He actually made an appointment to see me and came in. I think you need to have somebody from your organization go out and actually sit down with that principal, sit down with that teacher, that guidance counselor, that superintendent, whoever it is at that school or school district. From my point of view, having a judge gets the bell rung almost every time because they're federal judges and doors will open to them that will open more slowly for the rest of us. When he left he had sold me not only the idea but I was very excited about getting the teachers together and making it a connection with what they teach. This is a very important topic and something that I believe is easily marketable by simply letting people know and showing the parallels and the connections to the learning standards that districts already have. The state education department standards in the area of career development and also the social studies standards. And I had two teachers in my office, one an economics teacher and one a life skills teacher and also a business law teacher. And they are very excited about the pre-teaching they will do before the presentation, about the articles they'll have the students read, about the website. The CARE website provides material not only for students but also for anyone wishing to create this kind of outreach program. Anyone can download anything from the website. Because the lessons, tactics and techniques that are in those materials they're applicable to everybody, adult groups, senior citizen groups, realtors, whatever. The presentations can be 45 minutes to more than an hour depending on a school's schedule. Most presenters combine the lecture format with visuals or even a video. I'm only 18 years old and in college I didn't even make that much in the year. I had 0% interest for 12 months and then it set up to 23%. I think across America school districts are really open to the concept of having experts in various fields come in and help us to prepare our students. But if you're not a teacher... It sometimes can be problematic of how do I talk to a high school group or how do I talk to a college group. I think a lot of lawyers have the impression that if they're in an auditorium full of kids someone's going to embarrass you. Having done 20 or 30 of these presentations it's not that bad. Everything you have to say to them is brand new. They've never heard it before. They're going to listen. It might be a little foreign to them. But once you start bringing in real stories, you connect it to students their age, you connect it to parents, grandparents, and you make it very familiar. A couple, your parents age, living in a suburb of Rochester just like you do, living the suburban life, doing the things that everyone does, supporting their children, all those things. They had $40,000 of credit card debt. The message is uneducated use of credit cards and unrestrained use of credit cards will be bad for you and let us tell you some of the things that we've observed in our professional lives have happened to other people and we'd like not to see that happen to you. Last weekend for the football game outside the stadium every 25 feet there was a kiosk people hawking credit cards to the students and they were giving away the neatest looking Penn State towel you've ever seen and the kids were lined up 25 deep. The judge's message surprised some of these Athena seniors. I can't believe how the credit cards pretty much scheme like they show up at football games and stuff. A normal family like mine has over $40,000 in debt. That's kind of surprising. I was surprised at how debt could affect so many other aspects of your life. I can't imagine my parents not helping me with college. When we come back, we'll hear how these students plan to change their financial behavior. We'll learn some guidelines for making a public outreach program such as this successful and we'll meet Athena high school graduate Jessica now in her first year at college. I think in college after hearing his presentation I've realized that his stories are true. The administrative office has developed a prepackaged educational program for high school seniors to make them aware of what filing for bankruptcy protection entails and the consequences of doing so. It's called staying out of bankruptcy court. It's available on the JNET site and soon will be promoted as a national event. To learn more, contact Rebecca Fanning in the Office of Public Affairs. The care program format has been adopted by a number of bankruptcy courts, including those in Cleveland, Kansas City, Missouri, Reno, San Diego and Vermont. As it continues to expand, care relies on the knowledge and experience of those in the bankruptcy community. In the second part of our report, we'll learn more practical techniques that help make an impact on young people. Now a first-year college student, Jessica graduated from Breece Athena High School outside Rochester, New York, where she heard Judge Ninfo's credit abuse resistance education presentation. I think in college after hearing his presentation I've realized that his stories are true. Credit card companies would do anything to get people to sign up. There was a day where there was a free six-inch sub and everyone's like, oh we're going, we're going but you didn't know that you would sign up for credit cards. My friends had no idea that this credit card meant anything. They were like, oh no, no, we're not going to use it. And I said, well it still makes a difference. If they had been to Judge Ninfo's presentation, they would realize that that credit card is going to be open for the rest of their life until they close it. It's that kind of awareness and knowledge that those involved in the care program hope to achieve in the short time available for a presentation. They think they can afford the debt just because they can pay the minimum payment of $15. They can just keep paying it and borrowing more. As a tangible reinforcement, each student at a care presentation gets the brochure, which covers the points presenters hope to make, including one of the judge's favorites. If you can eat it or drink it, don't charge it. It's like 12 bucks, can you afford that? Sure, don't worry about it. I've got my credit card. For the presentations, sometimes it's more effective to work in teams. If I miss something, someone picks it up, or if we have a question, perhaps one of the panel members that are there are best or better able to answer that question from their own life experiences. Regardless of technique, Judge Ninfo believes the bankruptcy community makes an impact. They will listen to what you say because you have that firsthand experience. If that's what you need to do, yes. Do you have the money to pay when it comes in? Well, if you do, then... No, do you have the money to pay? No. See, that's the number one question. Since I've heard Judge Ninfo's presentation, I've definitely changed my spending habits. I now don't charge anything under $10. Actually, I have a new rule. I don't charge anything under $20. Because that way, I always know how much I'm spending, and I can see the cash, and I can compare it to how much I'm working. I can say, okay, this is two hours of work, this is three hours of work. With a credit card, it's no hours of work because you don't physically see what you're spending. I think I'm going to get this. All right. How are you going to pay? Cash, credit. Credit. Credit card. If you're seeing how much money you're giving, you're not going to want to spend as much money.  Judge Ninfo believes it's important to set realistic goals when developing an outreach program, and not expect initially to make presentations at a large number of schools. And you do one high school, and you reach one student who otherwise wouldn't have this information. Your program has already been successful because no one else is doing this. No one else is doing this. And if you don't reach that one kid, no one will. I think that everyone in my class thought it was one of the best things they've ever seen and it really hit home. Actually, my friend raised her hand and she said, this is the best thing I've ever seen! And she wasn't kidding. The U.S. Trustees Program, which makes available an educational brochure at 341 meetings of debtors and creditors, encourages programs such as CARE. So what we're doing at the U.S. Trustee Program is reaching out to others to partner up and make available to high school and young folks and college bound folks as well, a financial education program so that they can acquire the skills that they need to get through life. It's something that has nowhere else taught, and it's stuff that I'm so glad I knew when I came to college. And that will start accruing interest at 15%. So now I'm paying interest on interest. Every single time I walked out of there as a public servant, I made a difference to some or all of those kids. Probably never apply for more than one credit card at once. I'm going to make sure I do that so I don't get caught up and just make sure I'm not buying anything I don't need. If we can assist people in making a life choice, and they remember the charges mantra of wants and needs, perhaps they won't find themselves before a bankruptcy trustee or before a bankruptcy judge. I'm going to try to set up a budget because I think it would be a good habit to get into. When I go out to the store with my mom, I won't say, Mom, can I get this? Because it's not something I necessarily need, but it's something that I want. It's about the kids. Reach one kid and you're already a success. If you want to learn more about the CARE program, contact Chief Judge John Ninfo at the email address or phone number on the screen. To learn about other financial literacy programs, contact the Executive Office of the U.S. Trustees Program or the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts at the numbers on the screen. One result of our country's experiment with prohibition in the 1920s was the rise of criminal gangs. Among the most infamous and violent was Al Capone's. While he avoided prosecution for the many murders and other crimes he and his gang committed, he was eventually prosecuted for what today is called white collar crime. Here with that story is my colleague Bob Fagan. During the late 1920s, law enforcement agencies struggled to convict Al Capone, notorious head of the Chicago underworld, for countless murders and other illegal activities. Named Public Enemy Number One by the Chicago Crime Commission, Capone easily evaded prosecution through bribery and intimidation. By 1928, it was estimated that Capone's organization made over $100 million from various illicit rackets, including bootlegging, gambling and prostitution. In Washington, D.C., frustration with the failure to convict America's number one gangster mounted after the election of President Herbert Hoover. Have you got that fellow Capone yet? Became Hoover's daily refrain. The federal government couldn't go after Capone for murder or other state crimes, but income tax evasion was a federal offense. A group of special internal revenue agents was put on the case to dig up information proving that Capone had knowingly and willfully evaded paying his income taxes. On learning of the investigation, Capone was overheard to say, the income tax law is a lot of bunk. The government can't collect legal taxes from illegal money, and he would have been right a few years earlier. But in 1928, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against a bootleger who had not filed tax returns for that reason. The court could find no reason why the fact that a business is unlawful should exempt it from paying taxes that, if lawful, it would have to pay. Because of that ruling, Al Capone could be prosecuted for tax evasion. After more than two years of hard digging and promises of protection for witnesses, in June 1931, the Internal Revenue Unit presented enough evidence to get a grand jury in the northern district of Illinois to indict Capone. The indictment charged that he owed $219,000 in back taxes for the years 1924 to 1929. Facing a possible 34 years in prison, Capone offered to plead guilty in exchange for a light sentence. U.S. Attorney George E. Q. Johnson recommended a sentence of two and a half years and a fine of several hundred thousand dollars to U.S. District Judge James Wilkerson. Capone was stunned a few weeks later when Wilkerson rejected the recommendation, stating, it's time for somebody to impress upon the defendant that it is utterly impossible to bargain with a federal court. He permitted Capone to withdraw his guilty plea and set trial for two months later. During those months, the mob boss managed to get a list of jury panel members for his case and set out to bribe or intimidate them. But Capone was in for another surprise. The prosecution found out about the jury tampering and told Judge Wilkerson, the judge assured a worried Johnson, bring your case into court as planned, leave the rest to me. On October 6, 1931, crowds of spectators gathered to see Capone as he arrived for trial exuding confidence. He soon realized, however, that the judge had foiled him by switching jury panels with another judge at the last minute. The twelve jurors selected that day were from a rural area. They included three grocers, a hardware merchant, and a farmer. The jury was sequestered to protect members from any tampering. The government had to prove that Capone had earned taxable income during at least one of the years named in the indictment. The prosecutors called dozens of witnesses to testify about the huge sums of money the gangsters spent. Finally, the government presented a letter written by Capone's lawyer seeking a compromise of the income tax claims. It admitted that he had income of more than $200,000 during the relevant period and had paid no tax on it. His attorneys argued strenuously that the letter couldn't be used as evidence against the defendant, but in a devastating blow, the judge ruled against them. The only defense left to Capone was to argue that he had gambled all his money away at the racetrack. In closing argument, the defense counsel contended that the prosecution had only proved that Capone was a spendthrift. After less than nine hours of deliberation, the jury delivered its verdict. Capone was guilty on five of the 23 counts. Judge Wilkerson sentenced him to 11 years imprisonment and a fine of $50,000. Prosecutor Johnson credited the absolute unreachability of the federal courts for his success. I cannot too emphatically praise the high caliber of the federal judges, he said. Capone was among the first group of inmates sent to Alcatraz, the new maximum security federal prison in San Francisco Bay. He was released in 1939, a sick and broken man. In 1947, the brutal mob boss who violently murdered so many of his rivals died quietly at his home with his family around him. He was 48 years old. That's a moment in court history. I'll be back with another in a future court to court. The FJC's federal court leadership program completed its fourth class last year. Among the requirements for each participant is a project that includes a temporary duty assignment. Many of these projects focus on techniques and practices that other court units may find useful. When the class was here for its final meeting, we spoke with several participants about their projects. We have what is called a step child syndrome. Smaller divisions tend to feel like they get left out. Division manager Catherine Bacon looked at problems common to court divisions and bank branch offices. And they tried to deal with that by communicating to the other branches. Whether the communication dealt with them or not. They felt like including them in everything made them a part of the team. And it was the power of positive relationships. To better understand motivating others, Hank Greer spent time with his local high schools cross country coach who in 16 years has had 12 state champions. I knew that that school district didn't have a monopoly on the fastest kids in the state. And so there had to be something that he was doing to bring the best out. He was always positive about how well he did and the effort that they made. And he always showed his appreciation for that. Greer says the same techniques are important for supervising court staff. Letting them know that they are important to you and that you appreciate that the work that they do. And in turn trying to bring out the best in them. Helping them set goals and ensuring they have goals to reach and guiding them along that way. To help determine if a similar public service area would be advisable and how to staff it. Operations manager Karen Moore visited a state court self-help center for pro se litigants. Their emotions are extremely high at that time. But I found that they felt comfortable coming to a center that was designated solely for their reasons. The people that would be in the public self-help center wouldn't necessarily be court staff. During the conversations that we've had in the clerk's office with our bar association, there are agreement with a public health center where they would staff people. Training specialist Ruben Amaro wanted to know the techniques of a national retailer noted for always putting the customer first and how that could be applied in a court setting. One of the things that I noticed in the visit was just how individuals were really recognized by not only their managers but by their peers on how they provide exceptional customer service. All of us provide something to the court and by acknowledging the efforts of each employee, they could make sure that each employee recognizes that they do provide something to the courts. And I think employees would feel good about their role and want to do even more to make sure that their court is providing the best possible service. Melissa Romero spent several days at a nationally recognized medical center. I wanted to learn about the organization and the quality of service that they provide to the community. I focused on their leadership style. Well, I learned that everybody in the organization has a role to play. My role as a supervisor is to create a culture and it's so important to create that culture of shared values. Every task that we perform should be aligned with the court's mission and vision. You can soon access a list of all the recent federal court leadership projects at our website on the DCM. You'll find the link by clicking on court staff education and then on multi-phase programs. If you find a project you'd like to know more about, please contact Fran Tolar here at the center. That's our program for today. We'd like to hear your comments and get your ideas for future topics. Please email me at the address on the screen. Our next court to court will feature an easy to use property management system and look at the work environment in smaller divisional offices. We hope you'll join us. On behalf of everyone at the Federal Judicial Center, thank you for watching today.


Hey everybody and welcome to my desk. It's me Lady Aida at my desk doing some hardware Got two projects. I was working on this weekend. So I thought I'd show them off So maybe first up. Let's go to the overhead. I'll talk about how I'm working on this camera tester So I'm writing the tester for the memento camera It's kind of our all-in-one little camera board with the ESP32 S3 and TFT display and like buttons and there's a lot of hardware And you know one of the things we got to do before we ship it is I have to program it with codes, this is it with a preview screen. Hi I gotta have all the boards tested. Now to test the LED plate and the LED plate tester actually did already and it was really easy. I just used hold on Cables like totally Woven into everything else. Yeah, if you have cables are always hold the place Okay, so I'm pretty sure this is still programmed with the tester. Yes. So this is the Tester for the LED ring, which is a separate board like it's completely disconnected It all does is show red green blue and white if all the LEDs light up then, you know, it's working It's really easy to visual test and I just used a Pico for that I've kind of been changing all my testers to use Pico's Because they're pretty durable. They have a lot more memory then Arduino Uno and Another thing I really like about them is that, you know, the boot loader is built into the ROM so what I do is I make the first tester for every board and then There's people on the fabrication team and I say here's how you make the tester and here's the code And it's easier if I can give them a uf2 because you don't have to use like AVR dude to burn in a hex file I mean they can do it, but it's like I just think you have to use our way easier so This test was really easy only took me five minutes, but then the next tester I have to do is for the camera itself So the first thing is I use One of our Pico brains boards actually this was this board was originally here so Um to use a Pico brains board and I store the firmware in flash or on the SD card and then I program the board through this like adapter place You know this brain board is the same every time and this adapter changes You can see this one is like, you know, it's just my mental on it And the way this works is I've got these Test pads here for reset and this is the boot pin And that's how you get into the wrong bootloader on the ESP 32 s3 and then here hidden under the TFT our two RX TX pads and What's interesting is, you know, I was originally making these testers and I was bootloading them over USB To actually use the wrong bootloader with like USB serial and I would use that to program But actually is a little bit faster to do your RX TX even though like USB is Like, you know, 12 megabits per second, so it's like 1.5 One yeah 12 megabit and this would be You know Two megabits. I think it's kind of the fastest you can do maybe three megabits But ends up actually being a little bit faster probably because of like delays and encoding and packetization and stuff So and it's also just a little bit more I don't say durable but less flaky like sometimes USB uploads fail But I've never had a failure with the you are bootloader So, um, you know, you would you press this on to here and then the Pogo pins make contact with the You can kind of see they make contact with the the pads and That's how we do the programming So what I have to do is I have to write the test program and one thing that I've done recently that saved me a lot of Time and programming and like effort in you know, distributing factory test firmware Is the code that's used to test the board and the code that the test like the shipping demo is actually the same example And then I have like a flag I have a way of detecting whether it's being tested or you enter test mode And if you you're telling it enter test mode the factory code will like go into test mode and do the test and that way I'll have to burn one Code in I have to like burn one binary file in and that binary file You know, I said like I said, I send it like a york command to say hey, I'm going to put you in test mode I do the test and then when the customer gets it it boots up into the factory demo and they don't even Know about the test code and like everything we write is open source It's not like oh like I have to keep it a secret like if you really wanted to you could like Put it into test mode by sending it the hex code af. That's usually what I do the to signal. It's time to do test um But like and I don't It's not a secret and uh, it's all good. So, uh, I've been writing the test codes and go to the computer Um I'm writing the test code uh with platform i o and the reason I'm using platform i o is it's it's just very like lots of um revisions update, you know, I have to like I'm constantly like tweaking the tester and adjusting it and making it like Okay, what can I test first and how do I optimize it? It's there's a lot of recompilation and um Arduino IDE is just not as fast as platform i o um I will eventually have this compiled in arduino because I wanted to include the bootloader and platform i o doesn't and I Can't quite figure out why Um, it said it said there's good reason for me to make sure it compiles an arduino ID but to start um, I'm just testing it with um With platform i o Um, and so right now I just have a Boolean that tests whether it's testing and then just as I'm like done with the test You know like finish the test program Um, that's when I set this variable to false and then I'll have like some again something that reads the u r Or the usb and like oh if it's connected and it says something something put it to test mode um, so One one another trick I do when I do test mode, especially for testing Complicated boards is I have this repetitive loop that tests over and over again because sometimes Like a test will fail because of just some timing or you'll see like I have a microphone speaker test Or an accelerometer test and if somebody's holding it off, I don't want to just fail It should retry a couple times because it it's probably okay. Just you know something jittered it or um Like a pogo maybe didn't make contact first with second or like they had just placed it or whatever So, um, I have you know, I try to chunk off the test into sections of like You know, I'm testing this element at a time Um, for example, you know, I tested accelerometer. There's a couple tests I perform and then once it passes that test I set this global flag. It says test that part has been completely tested correctly I don't need to do it again and that way it just cleans up the output because that way I'm only I don't see all this like okay. This path this past. I just want to see what failed um, so if if we're testing, um I have the the display shows the test as well as the um Serial monitors if you go to the overhead real fast, I'll I'll just show the test program so this is uh You know the test program so for example um In this case the accelerometer spend the accelerometer just failed because it needs to be level and I'm holding it tilt right now And so, you know, if I tilt it forward um I'll turn it off. Um It it stops at the uh speaker microphone test One of the other things I try to do is if I can get like two things to test each other That's kind of handy So often I'll have like a neopixel that's tested by a light sensor Or in this case there's a speaker and over here there's a microphone And so I have the speaker make a loud sound and then the mic Picks up the sound. It's not I'm still tweaking the numbers a little bit. Um, because like each each board has a slightly different, uh You know speaker volume or a microphone response rate So I have to just like tweak the numbers to get them to run nicely. Um But you can see Maybe there you go. So now once it passes the, um Like speaker test you can see it's tested like the sd card Actually, I'll show if I remove the sd card It first verifies if the sd card is inserted Um, and that actually tests the io expander as well because that's that goes to the io expander and then You know, and then what's nice is that I can move the sd card and it's like it's already tested So it doesn't test it again And then the final test is it's like, okay, press the buttons. So in the back, there's the gpio buttons and so As you press each one They turn green to let you know And then the shutter button is last and then it will go into Camera mode although I think Let me try again. I think we're moving the sd card made it upset Okay, so pressing the buttons Yeah, and then it'll go into camera mode And then, you know, this is the final test because if you see yourself or whatever if you see something on the screen Any way of your hand uh in front and it shows up on the tft then, you know, the camera works Um, and the display fully works and now you're you know, the board has basically passed tests and everything You know for the camera to work all the power supplies have to be good All these gpio have to be good like the camera's not going to work if any one of the gpios isn't working because It does uh She's that true No, I think actually to do a color bar test also and then I'll I'll check that the all the colors appear Another thing I can do is have it send me a jpeg I don't think this is a jpeg but maybe it is if you send me a jpeg and it decodes that means that the full 8-bit interface is working And And then you know the buttons have been tested the microphone the piezo so That's it. I mean, that's kind of my my test procedure Um, and then this is also by the way this camera mirror thing is also the factory demo like when you get it um It says here I don't know if you can read it but says battery 6.6 volts and the reason it does that is actually I've I've messed with the uh camera game slash resolution. I have to like the adc Gain for the microphone after so we set that before I pop into camera mode. So a couple things remaining Um, but otherwise this is pretty good. I think it's a couple hours right the test Um, but I like it. Okay. So the next app Um, I'm still working on this, uh, icn um Or let me put this away I'm gonna turn this off so it doesn't beep So I've got this It's such a mess here. I've got this. Um icn board So we were working on this icn breakout for the icn 6211 and this is actually working great But now I actually am trying to kind of like Revive this project where I have these screens that I bought that are four inch 800 by 480 And I wanted to turn them into like a pi tft hat So this is an icn This is the dsi connector and then the this cable goes over here ever moved it just so you can see the wiring Um, but it's not working Just why it's in pieces And I'm not sure why and one of the things that is a little um tough is you know If you guys remember a couple weeks ago showing off like oh, you know, you can test You know, I've got this icn hooked up to this display And because these this round display uses the st7701s, which is like a really nice chip That I like and I'm friends with you can send All pixel on all pixel off command modes To that display and it will at least tell you the spi interface is working But this chip if you go to the computer is a er Uh er 6148 what is who freaking knows it's some guineasauce chip, which I've never used before And I'm sure it's wonderful, but it doesn't have that command if you see it says like Enter invert mode 21, but then it doesn't have 22 and 23, which is the all pixels on and so I was like, oh, well, maybe I'll Enter an exit invert mode and I'll see like the pixels change, but that actually wasn't working either Um, and then I you know, I had this other setup with Well, be careful, maybe I'll just remove the overhead rather than be bored Uh, okay, so can you go to the overhead and then? okay, it's a little Wash this out. So here I've got um Actually, no, this is not wired up to this. This is a hat and you can see it's working And um, this one has a Um, this is using dpi and it's got a samd Uh, so you go a samd 09 on it and so I was able to like, you know, we program And test the board with the samd 21 to just to send the initialization commands to here But the display doesn't turn it doesn't the invert mode only works if it's getting a valid vsync hsync Um dot clock Signal which is really annoying because that's the thing that's not working like if it was working I wouldn't need to test it But it's not working And I think that either it's like sensitive like maybe the hsync isn't good enough like maybe it's 40 hertz It should be 60 hertz exactly Or maybe something is config like I don't know maybe the icin is generating 800 by 480 instead of 4 e by 800 I don't know exactly what the deal is Or the dot clock isn't quite right And so i'm i'm i'm not like i'm i'm not stuck like I know what to do next Um, but it's challenging because I don't know On this board here. What is broken? Is it the? Um, at tiny sending the spi commands like I think it's working like I see this display flickering Or is it the icin not sending correct? Um data for the color bar test So, you know the one good thing about ttl displays is that they are um Like very basic um in that It doesn't matter what's being sent on the rgb and rgb lines like they could they don't there's no like Knowledge about those all that really matters is that The hsync vsync data enable and pixel clock are correct and so Um, I don't know if like you can see but really Close up How close it oh I can get pretty close Okay close up my autofocus and i'm gonna go Plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus So what I did is I removed um here this had a um a 402 times four um With sister pack which is used to just reduce a little bit of ringing and um, I removed it and I'm soldering directly to it so I can pipe my own um vsync hsync data enable and pixel clock and then This data, you know, this is definitely there's like signal. It's twiddling, but If the chip is upset because the data isn't coming in in the exact right clock speed or the right synchronization or whatever um in theory if I pipe in This from that working display that I know works from the raspberry pi like the raspberry pi is generating correct um hsync vsync data enable and clock Um, it should work, but it's still not working. So I don't know. Um Hopefully by next week off. I mean it's one of those things like once it works They'll all come together, but it's like I don't know where the broken thing is but um, That leads me into the great search Where The great search brought to you by did you key and ate a fruit every single week lady to use your power of engineering? W s you find the things that you want and need on did you get calm thing? Did you key lady to what is the great search of the week? Okay? So if you go to the overhead back I was just talking about How I'm trying to debug this board and I'm having some failures with these signals They're the displays and recognizing these synchronization Signals is correct, and I don't know why and I'm in a I'm in a snit And so I removed one of these resistor packs in order to get directly through that data So I can pipe in known working data and at least then I can remove one pin at a time until like Magically works. I don't know And to do that I soldered um these wires on and I was like, oh, you know, I've never covered Wire wrap wire, which can be really really handy. Um, this is Kynar wire wrap wire Oh my god, this is so close and um, this 30 gauge solid solid core wire with the called like it's called kynar sometimes Coating I use it all the time for debugging and hot wire fixing boards Sometimes it's called blue wire because people tend to use the blue wire for wire wrap Hacks Very very common. Um, I definitely recommend if you're doing pcb designed to have some of these because Um, you can get into you can see quite small pads Um, you know, if you're using like eight eight or 10 10 mil wools, um, you could definitely use this wire So let's go to My computer go to digikey another option Um, because I want it because it's like we just have you in wire wrapping to digikey a little boring You can also use a magnetic wire. Um, and this is from elm chan who like somehow Um has written all code that everyone uses for electronics everywhere. Um, really cool person. I hope one day to meet them Uh, so they recognize they they've made some beautiful designs and they use magnet wire and magnet wire is also a very Thin wire. I'll say one thing that's nice about magnet wire is that um, the enamel on it you can see it's It the enamel is what makes it non-conductive. It's often used for coils For, you know, so it needs to be coiled up and then the enamel keeps it from conducting But it's very very thin. You can get it much thinner than wire wrap wire And you don't have that cover that might get in the way But on the other hand, there's the risk that if you nick it it will conduct. So it's like it's risky It's like more advanced because it's riskier. Um But it allows you to like really complicated boards like this one you see is a mix of syc Looks like, you know dfn and uh tqfp. So Pretty cool stuff. So let's go to Actually, let's go to wikipedia and I'll talk about wire wrap. So wire wrap wire was originally used um for Wire wrapping around these pins that were used to create pcbs And this was how you did point-to-point wiring before printed circuit boards were basically like two bucks a piece They used to be Virtually impossible for people to get very very expensive And so students would use or even engineers would use wire wrap wire and they would have these posts that they would Wrap using a wire wrapping tool. Oh, actually, sorry. This is not, uh, I don't know if they have the tool here Yeah Wire wrapping tool, uh, and so this with a wire would snake in and then you would you twist it and um, it would make this perfect tight Wrap and it would be like a cold weld. It would be a good soldering connection without soldering And you could undo it and you could with colored wires you could trace it around and you could of course make these complicated 3d shapes Uh, so wire wrap wire You know, which is why? Had his own category Uh, so let's look at what is available. So it's like 99 which doesn't seem like a lot, but it's like There's not a lot of variation in it. So let's look at active And only stopped it, uh in stock So just you just get rid of all the other ones. So the wire gauge 24 gauge seems really thick. I think that's what actually be used for like wire wrapping power connections. Um for PCB hacking 30 gauges plenty It's more than enough Next up, um, what color? Basically everyone goes with blue. I'll say that there's one interesting thing. So there's two Jackets available. There's pvdf Like, you know pvc and that's what I use and it's perfectly fine. You could also get Uh tetrafluor which like a thick teflon.  It's it's less, uh, it's more resistant to temperature variation And I believe that when you solder, you know, you solder the the tip of the wire the Jacking doesn't pull away because it's more resistant However, having worked with teflon wire. It's a total pain the ass to to strip with wire strippers So it's like you have to have it like really good quality wire strip But you can't just kind of oh like it's close enough and I'm just yanking it's not if you just you have to like really cut through and yank rather than just sort of pulling the jacking off so um You know, if you absolutely need the temperature resistance go for it um, and then you know You could go by price, uh, you know, we have A role you can get um Jonard has multiple different colors available kind of like these photos red yellow green Honestly, a lot of people do blue, but one thing I thought was interesting. Oh, it's interesting. You just get like little Strips, um, is that there was a version Because I was like looking at this and I was like, what do you mean with dispenser? so, um, if I had to do it first off there's this cool like Five wire color kit, which I recommend if you're like going to be doing a lot of wiring Uh and repair it's a little bit more. It's like 85 bucks can get a lot But this is definitely cool So one thing that is really annoying about wire wrap wire is you buy a spool of a couple hundred feet But you're never going to get to use it because it gets like knotted so quickly because it's it's like you're pulling in and it's It twists around itself and then it comes off and you rewrap it and then when you rewrap it it gets tangled You can get them with dispensers Which I did not know If I was going to start my life over again With all the knowledge I have She's like it's like a meme. I would get Wire up wire with the dispenser. So this is what I recommend not Just a spool get it in this casing. You'll actually get to use the whole thing It's just in my pick For the way that's a great church Where Righty, thank you so much everybody. Thanks everybody here in the background. We have a uh Little engineer here who wants to Be fed and then she wants my tattoo. Yeah, so thanks for joining us. Thank you We'll see everybody throughout the week but shows new products and more And thank you so much for spending your sunday night with us. We'll see you next week. Bye everybody