Good afternoon and welcome to the Making a PG application to Sew Us. My name is Laura Hayes and I'm from the International Office here at Sew Us. So today's webinar, what we're going to go through is making an application. I'll give you a brief introduction to Sew Us, just a bit of information about the school, the programs that we have on offer, including entry requirements, and then we'll go through how to make an application, including the documents which are required, for example the supporting statement, academic references, and so on. Then I'll go through what happens next in the process. There will be answering questions towards the end of the webinar, so please do write in your questions now and I will answer them towards the end. Sew Us, we are the School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London. The school was set up in 1916, there's very much a training ground for the Diplomatic Service, so we're very well known for subject areas such as politics, international relations, law, and so on. The school is the largest school in Europe which specialises entirely in the study of Asia, Africa and the Middle East. So we offer an unmatched combination of broad global subjects as specialist regional classes. We also offer small group teaching, so for example on average, Sew Us classes have 11 students to every one member of staff, which is quite unusual for universities in the UK especially. Our teaching quality is consistently rated of a very high level, for example in the 2016 National Student Survey we were rated number one in terms of our teaching quality. Our regional expertise is currently obviously in areas where changes are taking place in the world which makes our staff and our students highly employable. The school is unique and distinctive, we're a very international school with nearly 50% of our students from overseas. And the Sew Us library for example is a very well regarded facility. It's one of the world's most important academic libraries for the study of Asia, Africa and the Middle East. It attracts scholars from all over the world and there are over 1.3 million volumes. As a Sew Us student you also have access to the University of London library and the other libraries that are part of the University of London. So that includes UCL for example, King's College, LSE and so on. So Sew Us is a fairly small school by UK standards. We have just over 5,000 students on campus. Half of the students are actually studying for a master's or a PhD program and the other half are undergraduate. Sew Us is a very international university as I mentioned previously. We are probably one of the most international universities in the UK with nearly, with over 50% of our students from overseas. And we're very lucky at Sew Us to welcome students from over 140 different countries. I think it goes without saying that you're guaranteed to be in a class of students with at least a minimum of 8 to 10 different nationalities. So so many opportunities to meet and work with students from all around the world. Just to give you an update about our academic staff. Now, Sew Us academic staff are experts in the media. They're often called upon for new to report upon current events in the world on CNN, for example, the BBC. On average, Sew Us academics appear in the media 80 times per month. For example, one of our academics from politics has recently appeared on the BBC news channel reporting on discussing US politics and Trump's first year. We have a number of academics who regularly appear on El Jazeera, plus also writing reports for various newspapers and so on. So this gives Sew Us very much a global reach, a global appeal, raising our profile in countries around the world. We're based in central London, so I don't know how many of you are familiar with the city. We're in an ideal location. The area where we're located is called Bloomsbury, and it's very much the heart of the University of London. So we're about a 10 minute walk from other colleges such as King's, Ellisey, and also very close to UCL. The school is located about a two minute walk from the British Museum. It's a very pleasant environment in which to study is made up of beautiful squares. It's a very green, pretty environment. We're also very close to areas such as Oxford Street and also Comet Garden. So if you're looking to obviously study in London, Sew Us is an ideal location. And we do have our accommodation, which is located near King's Cross Station, which is about a 15 minute walk from the main campus. So looking to study a taught master's programme at Sew Us, so we offer over 200 taught master's programmes. Now the majority of programmes will be for one year, which makes the UK a very attractive study destination for master's programmes. Students are actually enrolled for the full academic year, so that's from September through to the following September. And we only have currently at Sew Us one intake, which is in September, so we don't have a January intake. The range of degree programmes obviously they're fully available on our website. Sew Us does pride itself on interdisciplinary study, so we have a number of master's degrees that focus on particular regions. And they allow students to take courses across the Sew Us departments. So there's a lot of flexibility within our degree programmes to make up your own sort of personal, to direct your own area of study. So for example, if you're interested in the Middle East, there's opportunities to take Middle Eastern studies and make up a programme that covers areas such as politics, language, culture, music and so on. So to have that interdisciplinary approach is very much part of the Sew Us way of teaching and thinking. There's lots of linkages across our different departments as well, so you'll get exposure to different disciplines. The one year master's programme is obviously a fully internationally recognised qualification. It's recognised across the world to go on to further PhD studies. So different from other countries around the world that offer two year master's programmes. The UK offers the one year master's, which is fully acceptable around the world, particularly if you want to go on to further academic studies. In terms of the structure of most of the taught master's programmes, so usually students will choose a range of between four to six modules. Now there are core modules, which students do have to take, but there's also the opportunity to take optional course units. And again, please do refer to either the website or the postgraduate prospectus to see the full list of actual course modules available. Now also within the postgraduate master's programme, you will be expected to write 10,000 word dissertation. And the dissertation, students start to think about their dissertation as soon as they enroll on the programme. However, most students will probably write up the dissertation during the summer period, as classes will finish at the end of May when exams take place. So this gives you an indication of so as departments, as you see, we have a range of departments focusing on the social sciences, law, arts, humanities and languages and cultures. In terms of entry requirements for our master's programme, so we're looking for students with a minimum of a two one from a UK university or equivalent. This tends to equate to a GPA of 3.3 out of four in the US system, for example. Obviously we're very familiar with other international qualifications. There is a full list on our website and also on our country pages. But we are obviously very familiar with welcoming students from around the world. And please if you do, if you want to get in touch with any of the international officers, they will be able to tell you firsthand what the actual minimum entry requirement is from your country. The online application opens on the first of November and there is no application fee. And the deadline for applications is the end of June. However, we do encourage students to make an earlier application. Most we do run a rolling system of making offers, so we will start making offers as soon as we receive the applications in November. Some courses will fill up and we would recommend that all students try and make their application really by the no later than March or April. This is particularly important for those of you applying for overseas when if a visa is required, as the whole process does take time and you want to be able to have time in order to apply for your visa process. There is a £1,000 deposit required now to confer which needs to be paid on confirmation of your offer. So looking at our English language requirements, as you can see from the slide, in terms of IELTS, we are looking for an overall score of 6.5 with a 6.5 score in writing. We do also accept TOEFL, currently we are looking for an overall score of 100 and a minimum of 23 scoring writing, that is the internet based test. In terms of we do offer pre-sessionals, so for students who perhaps don't make the requirement of 6.5 overall, we do have a series of 4, 8 and 12 week pre-sessional programs. And obviously when you make your application we will then discuss and let you know about the requirements which are suitable to you. We do also offer in-sessional programs, so for some students a condition of their offer will be to attend an in-sessional and this is really a series of lectures which take place during your time or so as to help with your English language programs. So how to apply? So as I mentioned the application is now all online. The application itself is fairly straightforward and is fairly straightforward. What is required obviously is the supporting statement and this is what sort of differentiates you out from other candidates. This is the only opportunity you'll have to tell us about your interest in studying for the program. We don't interview students anymore, so this is your one chance to really make an impact on the admissions tutor. So the supporting statement needs to be no more than a thousand words and this is really where we make a decision on whether the course that you've applied for is suitable for you. So within the supporting statement you need to really highlight your suitability for your chosen program. It's always helpful in this supporting statement to indicate perhaps the area of studying which you want to pursue. So perhaps you want to identify particular course modules that you're interested in studying at SOAS. But within the supporting statement you need to cover your skills, motivations and relevant experiences towards the chosen program. It's also interesting for us if you highlight your ambitions and interests, what you intend to do after studying at SOAS, your career aspirations and so on. But it really is key to make sure that the supporting statement is very much geared towards the program you're studying, you've applied to study at SOAS. You can include an up-to-date CV, ensure there are no gaps in between dates. Again, CV needs to be no longer than two sides of type day four. In terms of your academic transcripts, if you haven't obviously completed your bachelor's degree, you obviously don't need to send these in yet. If you have completed your degree then please do send your transcript, your certificate and we do want the original transcript or certificate. Now this can either be stamped by the university and scanned and sent to us, updated onto the application form or you can send it to us by post. If you have graduated then we do require the official degree certificate and again as I said this can either be scanned and emailed to us or sent by post. We do require two academic references. Now if you've graduated less than three years ago, we will require two academic references from your current or most recent place of study. If you've been out of education for more than three years, we can consider earlier academic references as long as they are relevant to the program you're applying for and we will also accept professional references but only for those of you who have been out of academic study for more than three years. So ideally references need to be submitted through the application system which means submitted electronically. From your academic references, you need to add in their name and also their email address. We won't accept email accounts such as you who, or Gmail. So we're looking for obviously academic email addresses. So you need to add in the name and the email address of your referee and then we contact the referee and ask them to send your reference. So do approach your referees beforehand, give them some warning that SOAS will be contacting them for a reference. And this is important because often the whole process can slow down because we're chasing referees references. So do please obviously make your referee aware that they will be expecting an email from SOAS to send in a reference. Now in some cases we will accept it was difficult for your referee to send an email reference. We will accept a hard copy and again this can be scanned and emailed to us or sent in by the post. However the reference does need to be written on a headed paper and the postal address, all of these details are available online. In terms of English language proficiency, now this can be submitted at a later date. We only accept IELTS results in IBT within two years, so you have to have taken your IELTS to prior two years to making your application. This can either again be scanned or sent to us in the post but as I said, when you make the application you don't need to include this this can be sent in at a later date. Obviously many students haven't actually taken their IELTS or TOEFL tests when they make their application to SOAS. So what happens next? Once we've received the application on average we take four to six weeks to make a decision and reply back to you. So as mentioned the sorts of things that will hold up a decision are waiting for references perhaps other sort of technical issues might also hold up the application but on average we take four to six weeks to make a decision. The offer we make will either obviously be unconditional if we've decided that we'd like to make your place, you've completed university, you meet the minimum entry requirements and if you have the required English language level then the offer would be unconditional. However if you're still waiting to complete your degree and you don't have the required English language requirements then the offer will be conditional. And the offer will be emailed to you and if the offer is conditional then we will highlight the conditions and the requirements that are needed. So you decide whether to accept or decline the offer. If you decide to accept the offer from SOAS we then require the £1000 deposit. Now for those of you who require a visa to study in the UK we can only submit, you need to tell us that you need the visa and this is called a CAS request. And in order to obtain the CAS you need to have an unconditional offer from SOAS. And you can only apply for the visa three months prior to starting at SOAS. So this is very much this gives an example very much why you know applying by the end of March is really sort of the deadline because it can take up to sort of 46 weeks to receive an answer from SOAS and then you need to obviously get your transcripts together and then apply for your CAS, the CAS request. And this again can take some time and you can only apply for the visa three months prior to the programme.  And then an enrolment information will follow during the summer period. So if you have any further questions please do contact the Masters and Admissions team directly, there's the website available please do also contact international officers directly and our details are available on the web page. Thank you.


Hey, I don't hear talking to myself, but had to do this to make my other life cut off Because it won't it'll just keep buffering and buffering and buffering if it thinks that I'm on there, so It's happened to me before so I had to come on here and Do this to make this see if I can make the other one cut off.  I Don't know what's going on tonight with you, too. But hey, y'all know the devil be busy now Y'all know the devil be busy, but I came on here to Try to make my other live Go off. Oh Man this thing got me live on three different lives Chris you can have her book you own my mentor died life or put in the comments section I don't I doubt she on here. I'm just on here right now trying to make this one trying to make my my other video Cut off. Yeah on the what going on. I might need to go and get that iPhone 11 y'all. I still got that iPhone X So that might be the case. Let me see. Hey, I just came on here to make the other live go off y'all But I don't it don't look like it's working. I'm gonna be on here a few more minutes. Just cuz I'm trying to fix my YouTube trying to get that other live to cut off Maybe you too wanted me to get up a bunch of videos today That's crazy. I don't know why I was cutting off. It might be this iPhone X 10 I need to go on upgrade and I've been I've been wasting time Maybe I phone trying to send me a message tell me to go and get that new phone stop playing around I don't know why I could not but what I was trying to do is come on here Because it was two people that had a question On the other one and I was trying to get to it because I don't I don't like when somebody Send me a blessing and then I missed a question I don't like that. The devil busy the night Double busy the night newly dating. Is it good to go on dates right now?  Then you'll be able to move forward from there now. I'm trying to figure this thing out Miss question why a man that claimed to be His baby claimed to be with his baby mama for the kids grant access To his finances and sponsor her lifestyle because she works on and off but takes his time Combining lives with another woman That's independent what that lets you know where his heart is that he is not with you he's with her and But they know each other so well that he can get over on her He could allow her he can create enough distance to deal with another woman But not be all in with another woman. So that's what you got to realize Any advice on going about picking a name for your brand? Janelle, that's a great question. I know I'm working on a course right now on branding where I'm a Dive into that and I thank you for asking that question And what I'll say to you is keep it simple Try to do something that's easy to pronounce easy to spell Something that you could tell somebody in the elevator and they can actually remember it How to know if I'm fit for a relationship or even ready for one when you can love without When you can love like you've never been hurt. That's when you know you're ready Hey, y'all I'm gonna be on here about three more minutes. I'm just trying to let this thing process.  They want to see and they only grind they own their construction Company, they own a plumbing company. They allow your doctor. They want to see a woman that she on her grind She building something your life coach get your little office at regis.com It's a little virtual office where you get two days a month That that a bus stop bench right there at the light put your picture and Your website right down that bus stop bench $90 a month do it six months make that investment in yourself That man that's how you date right now over 50 you you on your grind you on your grind My man of four years says he doesn't want a relationship or looking for one He mentioned he doesn't want another girl raising our daughter. What does this mean? I left him due to emotionally cheating. He just lying.  Well, Carolyn what you got to realize What you got to realize Carolyn is that you're not the only one on here and That I'm just one person looking at these questions. So right there where you complain it That's where you could have put your question that instead of putting your complaint and right there I would have seen your question So that's a life lesson is when things ain't going your way Don't lose faith because it's the next step that you take that could be your breakthrough But when you stop and sit down and start sulking and complaining You miss your blessing because just going one step further. You will step into your breakthrough. So understand that right now understand that right now and And realize that and another thing I don't like when people be on here complaining without a picture so Then could be look like you're trolling Yeah, I got about 30 seconds more seconds on here I'm trying to get this other one this other lie to cut off. But hey, thank y'all God bless you to the 362 people that came came back. Let me get y'all something on here get y'all For um, you know what for y'all coming on here. I'm about to get y'all something. All right I'm gonna get y'all a discount code this discount code fit to be 50% off and I'm a and It's gonna be called live 3 that's the code live 3 Just just for y'all coming back on here because that means you're a true supporter Just gonna be a 50% off code now It's only gonna be good for 24 hours now making it right now on Tony gaskins academy Dot-com maybe one of the moderators could type that in there because I don't think it'll let me type Tony Gaskins Academy Dot-com it's live 3 it is one word put as one word and then in no capital live live e3 50% off any course on life code certification and not and I anybody you see this video after July 28th Don't write in by it because you weren't on here live.  I'm gonna put this lie live e3 Now listen You got the you got to use the code now and listen Your book comes in tomorrow. I'm excited You don't put the code in ain't no refund now, so ain't no refund Tell you that now no refund. That's just counted all joy So don't buy the course of Jean if you can't afford it anyways now So come on now It's right here. You got 24 hours And it's 50% off and the code is live 3 Live e and the number three Live e and the number three now when you When you go don't Tony Gaskins Academy dot-com and On the page of the course When you're on the main page where it got the description of the course and it got the intro video when you hit by now It's gonna take you to a checkout page before you hit by now again That's when you need to do a drop-down menu look at the summary of your order And that's where you put the code in it's gonna it's a little blue link It's light blue. I ain't make it that color. They made it that color It's light blue and they say have a coupon code and you click that and you type in live three And that's what that's for y'all who came on here on this third lie because we keep getting kicked off And so I say a y'all y'all some some real riders. So I'm giving 50% off For 24 hours now because I ain't had no colds going on right now So that's why it's only 24 hours. All right. Hopefully y'all know how to use a cold Everything about tan God bless. I'm new here. Hey, bless you. Bless you. Hey, thank y'all for y'all questions I really appreciate it. Sorry if I miss your question new day to see God bless. Sorry if I miss your question It's a lot of them, you know, you scroll through this hill chat only get a C certain ones and on some of them get Disappear some of them disappear. I'm take the last one. Jessica. Just a job All right. No, no, you the lucky one.  How do I deal with the first disappointment in self? And moving forward. Well, that's a life lesson, but you could turn it into a life blessing You fell on your bike Got pregnant got your five-month-old now.  You won't have number four out of wedlock and in that number five We're gonna look at a lesson, but we're gonna see that child as a blessing So because it happened to you that child gonna do great things and you got to make sure of that That child is going to do great things. That child is going to do great things And you got to make sure that that that child and the two that come before that child do great things Because you don't got all the lessons that you need for life So now your children got to be your blessings and that's what you got to realize. All right Hey God bless y'all. Thank you to the moderators who made it back on here Glam rocks and mama tish and two bella Carmel kiss was on here early and um Share I really appreciate y'all Things kept cutting off. I'm gonna cut it off the night for it cut us off So I'm feeling gonna cut this song off of them and y'all remember that cold I gave it just 24 hours Please do not email in out 24 hours. Can you make the cold one more time? Can you stand the cold one more day? No And and please pay attention and put the cold in so y'all don't have to write in Oh It didn't show a cold. It didn't have a coupon code. I did it right Your line because people people use cold all the time and cold work. All right Hey, God bless you We'll talk soon Tomorrow night Lord willing if the old ragged phone or ragged youtube work God bless y'all Oh, sorry youtube a youtube y'all need to get muck off


The use of biochar in agricultural soils as a climate change mitigation strategy may have unintended consequences, such as changes in surface albedo that could impact the climate. A study analyzing 12 years of Modi's derived albedo data found that differences in soil color induced by biochar application can lead to local instantaneous radiative forcing of up to 4.7 WM2 during periods of high solar irradiance, potentially reducing the mitigation potential by up to 30%. The study highlights the importance of considering crop phenology and management when assessing biochar's environmental impact. This article was authored by E. Bozzi, El Genizo, Peter Scono, and others.


Good morning. Welcome to the Center for Strategic and International Studies. I'm David Burto. I'm the director of our national security program on industry and resources here, and it's my pleasure and privilege to welcome you all this morning. I also want to welcome our viewers on the web, our viewers on C-SPAN, Pentagon, and so on. For those in the room, I'd like to remind you to turn off your cell phones and other noise makers. Those on the video again can do whatever you want. We can't hear you. And in fact, when we get to the question period, I want to remind you in the room, we're going to be using note cards and write down your questions. If you didn't bring a writing implement, let me know. We can get you one. We write a lot here. We're a think tank, but we're also a write tank. So we do a lot of writing. Those of you on the web can email me your questions at dburto at csis.org. That's D-B-E-R-T-E-A-U, burto like plateau or chateau at csis.org. And we'll use your questions depending on how good they are. It's a great privilege to have here this morning with us, General Halt Carlyle. General Carlyle is the commander of the Pacific Air Forces. He's got a long and distinguished Air Force career, graduated from the Air Force Academy in 1978. He's commanded at every level, squadron, group, wing, numbered Air Force, done a number of rough assignments, including astonishingly two as a legislative liaison with the U.S. Congress, which I would think is about the most dangerous and difficult assignments that we can give an Air Force officer these days. In addition, he's attended both Maxwell's, the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama and the National Security Management course at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. I had the privilege of running that program when then Colonel Carlyle was a star student at the Maxwell School. So we've asked him to present here this morning. Then we're going to turn it over in a dialogue with him and Dr. Michael Green. Dr. Green is our Japan Chair and the Senior Vice President of our Asia team here. And then we'll take questions from the floor and myself and Zach Cooper, our Senior Fellow for Asia. We'll also monitor these questions and feed our own as well in case you don't ask any. Although I look out at this audience, I don't think we're having trouble coming up and filling the time with questions here this morning, sir. So without any further ado, let me ask you to join me in welcoming General Hock Carlyle. Well, good morning everyone. It's great to be here. Hopefully everybody can hear okay in the back. So thanks. I appreciate the opportunity, David. Thank you very much, Michael. Thanks for having me here. I know the Chief talked here just a little while ago. I think a month or a month and a half or so ago. So I will try to, I know he covered Air Force to at large. I'm going to talk significantly about the Asia Pacific. And to be honest, I think I probably have not changed a slide. It should really say Indo-Asia Pacific. And in the Pacific AOR and certainly with Paycom, Sam Lockler and myself and all the components, we always talk Indo-Asia Pacific. The term we often use is we kind of cover from Hollywood to Bollywood and from penguins to polar bears because we have both the Arctic and the Antarctic and then of course the Alaska Coast California to the India-Pakistan border. The other thing I'd like to thank Michael and David for is asking me to present here after Must-Ask March was over. Mine was embarrassing. I openly admit that. There are pitchers. I've tried to burn them all. I haven't been successful, but we really, I did not do well. So I appreciate not having to have that when I was here. Some people haven't quite figured that out yet, David. You know, this topic, I'll do a couple things here, but I'm really looking forward to your questions. And I believe, and I truly believe the time I've spent out there and the amount of time I've spent in the Pacific, which is a greater portion of my career is, this really is the Pacific Century for the United States. It's been used before. I know Secretary Clinton said it a couple of times that it was even used in a PBS special back in the late 90s, but it really is the Asia Pacific Century for the United States. And it's for a variety of reasons. I think everybody pretty much knows them. The importance of the Asia Pacific to the future of the United States I don't think can be overstated, whether it's the economic, the trade ties, it's everything that is incorporated as part of that. Things as simple as it's simple. It's a TPP that is not necessarily simple, but Trans-Pacific Partnership. Just the size of the economies that are addressed in the Asia Pacific region. Five largest economies, obviously in the world, the United States, China, Japan, India, it's close, and then Russia. That alone speaks to the volume of importance. Also the trade, the amount of commerce that goes through there, and then the challenges we face there. So as I go through that, I'll try to cover all those things in the way that makes sense to folks, and I will try to make this work. Next slide. So as I said, what I'll do to start with, I'll kind of do a one over the AOR here, and we're not there yet. We were there. Okay, so I fly airplanes for living, and I can't work a clicker. So I'll tell you what, we'll leave it here. Hopefully we'll get to the next slide soon, but I'll kind of do one over the AOR. So some of the issues that we're dealing with, and we'll kind of start up in the Northeast Asia and work our way down, how am I doing so far? We'll work our way down to farther south and west as we go through this. So starting up in the Northeast Asia portion, certainly what's going on in Ukraine and Crimea is a challenge for us, and it's a challenge for us in the Asia Pacific as well as Europe. I had a conversation about a week and a half ago with Phil Breedlove for about two hours. He's not having a lot of fun, as you might imagine, but what Russia is doing in Ukraine and Crimea has a direct effect on what's happening in Asia Pacific. Some of the things we've seen is their long-range aviation, and the increase in that, those areas depicted in green, they've come with their long-range aviation and not the coast of California, they circumnavigated Guam, that picture there's an F-15 intercept and a bear that had flown down to Guam. The number of LRA long-range aviation patrols that have gone around the Japanese islands as well as around Korea have increased drastically and there have been a lot more on the way of ship activity as well. It's a combination of things, it's to demonstrate their capability to do it. It's to gather intel, obviously, in cases like full legal and the exercise we participate with both the Japanese and Republic of Korea. So a significant amount of increase in the activity from Russia in the Asia Pacific and we relate a lot of that to what's going on in the Ukraine. I think North Korea, everybody's pretty well versed in the things that have happened from the nuclear test, the threat of another nuclear test, what they're doing at Pyong Ry now, what they've done with restarting all their reactors, what they've done with their missile program, the KNO8, the intercontinental ballistic missile they're trying to develop, their launches, missile launches and space launches, the execution of Jang Song-Tek and that entire family in the purge within that government. Obviously, I will tell you that talking to Skaap Skaaparadi and Sam Locklear and I and all the components, that string for tension in the Korean Peninsula is truly as tight as it's ever been and it appears to be getting worse to us and to continue to be more and more of a challenge for us. As we work down, obviously, there's a couple things that have happened in the East China Sea. One is the East China Sea A-Disk declared by China. There's a challenge with that for three main reasons for the United States and our friends and partners in the region. The first challenge, obviously, is it was done with no consultation of any of the nations in close proximity. They didn't talk to Japanese. They didn't talk to the Republic of Korea. They didn't talk to anybody. They just developed it. So that was the first thing. The second thing was the rules to operate within that A-Disk do not follow international law. They don't follow IKO. There's rules that are not consistent with international norms. And finally, as part of their declaration of that A-Disk, there was an undefined threat. Basically, it says you follow our rules and you do what we tell you to do within that A-Disk. We have the right to use special defensive measures. Nobody's defined that, but that is laying out there. So the East China Sea and the declaration of that A-Disk is a challenge. You also have the potential for either a Yellow Sea A-Disk and a South China Sea A-Disk, which we imagine they're thinking about or maybe in the future at some point. But again, we've been very open with us and our allies talking about how that is not a good idea and that they need to do. If they're going to do anything like that, it has to be in consultation with their neighbors and other countries. Senkakus, there is a point also in that A-Disk where all three A-Dises overlap. I think most folks know that there's a triangle where the Republic of Korea, Japan, and China A-Disk all overlap. Underneath that is Sakaka Rock, which is a disputed territory between China and the Republic of Korea. We have the Senkakus, which is disputed between China, Japan, and Taiwan. Obviously all those little starbursts down there, all the different territorial disputes. Nine dashed line in the potential for South China Sea A-Disk is something we think about just about every day. The number of territorial disputes starting from the Kurau Islands all the way through the Spratlys and Paracels, down to South Lanconia Shoals, through a reef, you can read about all those challenges with respect to the disputed territory and how they're being solved. What the United States continually says, and we say in PAKOM, is that any of those disputes need to be solved in a peaceful manner under international laws, international rules, and through a peaceful resolution. The assertive and aggressive behavior of nations we do not believe is the acceptable way to solve those, and we continually reiterate that. Again, you can go through all the disputed areas as we walk down there. There's also the new Hainan Fisheries Law that basically takes about 2 million square kilometers in the South China Sea and applies a Hainan Fisheries Law to it, which means that any fisheries that come into there into international waters have to get clearance through the Hainan Fisheries Regulatory Commission again at his outside, what is an accepted, normal rule of law in international practice. The other challenges we face in the AOR include counter piracy. We have a fairly successful to date move in Straits of Malacca with multi-nation support out of Singapore, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the United States. We have cut down drastically the number of piracy attacks within the Straits of Malacca, but they still exist and that's still an ongoing challenge. There's unrest in Bangladesh, which everyone's aware of. There's emergence of Burma and Burma Slash Myanmar and what that's going to look like as they continue to make progress as a stable nation and of course the political turmoil that exists in Thailand today between the potential for Prime Minister Ying Luk being removed potentially just her or her entire cabinet based on what the Constitutional Court says. On top of that, as I mentioned earlier the tyranny of distance, the terms we like to use in the Pacific is you can fit every land mass in the planet in the Pacific Ocean and still have room left over for the North American continent and other African continent. It's 17% of the land mass of the world with just about 60% of the world's population, which is a challenge in and of itself. On top of that, you have the Ring of Fire. It's called that for a reason. It's not a question as if there will be another natural disaster, it's rather when and where and our ability to respond to those, whether it's in Japan like the East Japan earthquake and tsunami or typhoon Haiyan and the Philippines or earthquakes or Indonesia wherever that occurs. And I guess at the end of this what I tell you I've walked through the AOR is that we have learned and we believe in the United States and certainly in Paycom that as we face these challenges that we are more required to be closer with our allies and partners. In other words as we face sequestration and budget reductions we face this number of challenges and the importance of this part of the world to the future of the United States. In fact, we need to be closer and closer to our allies and partners and friends in the region. We need to engage more. We need to be more forward presence as we continue through this. This is going to be a long briefing if we have to wait for all these slides. I have no idea how to make it go to the next slide. Okay, so the next slide is one that has several engagements that we are participating in and I think it goes to the point of the term again something we often use as a statement that virtual presence is actual absence. We've got to be forward in the AOR. We've got to engage last year or this year in fiscal year of 14 about 400 different engagements in the Asia Pacific region. Excuse me Indo-Asia Pacific region and everything we are doing there. The other thing that the U.S. soil depict you can probably see it up there but if you draw a line from Alaska down to Anderson over to Hawaii back up to Alaska commonly referred to by us as a strategic triangle it basically it's U.S. soil that projects into the Pacific that allows us to do power projection engagement and everything we need to do is we project that into the Pacific region. We also obviously have permanent bases in Japan and Korea and then we engage throughout the rest of Asia and we're moving more and more to the south and southwest as we engage more and more in Asia. You've heard some of the things that have happened recently. We're doing a force posture initiatives engagement with Australia where we get a rotational presence error. We're also we just sign the enhanced defense cooperation agreement with the Philippines we have presence in Singapore that we operate out of. We have a continuous engagement with Thailand and we're continuing to do that and one other thing I tell you is it's places not bases we're not building any more bases in the Pacific. We won't build any more bases in the Pacific but we will have a rotational presence. Back in the late great days of the Cold War we had a program called Checkered Flag where we would take stateside based units and we'd rotate them into Europe about every 18 months to two years. We are trying to do that and we're becoming successful in doing that in the Asia Pacific. About every 18 months to two years we intend to have just about every unit in Kona as if we can rotate through somewhere in the Pacific and obviously these are just an example of some of the places we're doing that. Red Flag Alaska, Red Flag Nellis are the high-end exercises. We also have Cope North trilateral exercise with the Japanese and the Australians of the United States. We also include a humanitarian assistance disaster response in that exercise. The Koreans participate in last year. The Filipinos are going to participate in that. New Zealand's going to participate in that once growing. We are continuing those exercise and we move farther west. Cobra Gold is the largest multi-service exercise the United States conducts. It's in Thailand with many nations. RIMPAC is about to happen out in Hawaii. I think 26 nations are going to participate in that to include the People's Republic of China. We'll participate in RIMPAC in July of this year and then Cope Taufan with Indonesia. We do Cope India with the Indians and we continue to move out. So the exercise right now to date we've done about 185 for this year, fiscal year and we have about 200 left as we move on. Next slide. So this slide worked well done. You might get promoted now. You're doing good. Thanks. So I won't spend a lot of time on this but this is what we call in PACAF, we call it the 3x5, the PACAF strategy.  Contingency ops, free access to international environments both air and maritime, stability, prosperity and security in the region deter aggression and when called upon respond to defend United States interests and our allies. We use those five lines of operation as a senior airman in the Pacific. I kind of wear four hats on the joint force air component commander which means everything that flies within the Pacific theater is under the JFAC or the joint force air component commander. I also have the role of the area air defense commander which means 52% of the world's surface is unresponsible for defending as an area air defense commander which is one of our biggest challenges you might imagine. Space control authority and air space control authority. So those five lines going across those five lines of operation as we call them or lose are the five things that I have to be able to do every day in order to meet what the national command authorities and what Admiral Lockler expects me to do. Theater security cooperation is just what you would expect. It's engagement, it's phase zero it's building partnerships, building relationships, it's all those things you do to maintain access, maintain good relations and maintain the ability to interoperate with our friends, partners and allies. Integrated air and missile defense goes directly to the area air defense commander role and I will tell you it's one that bothers me every day. The largest missile arsenals in the world are Russia, China and North Korea in that order and most of them are pointed at either us or our friends and allies and so our ability to defend against a potential missile attack is one that is hugely a challenge and you can see that when you look at what North Korea does even today with respect to their growing missile arsenal. Power projection is exactly that. It's our ability to do global vigilance, global reach and global power anywhere in the world and my ability to do it in that 52% of the world's surface is to get whatever kind of asset I need in place in hours not days to be able to provide intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance to be able to provide mobility humanitarian assistance, disaster response and if called upon to put power projection capability into that theater in the way of global power. Agile flexible C2 is the other challenge I think I think about just about every day for the last decade and a half the United States hasn't really had to worry about command and control of our forces. If you look at what we've done in Iraq and Afghanistan everything more than about 80 feet off the ground we've owned and we've been able to do anything we want unfortunately in my AOR that's not the case. We'll be contested in a variety of ways. We'll be contested just for the start by the paucity of assets that exist in that theater. There are no comm satellites that exist in the Asia Pacific region is paltry compared to anywhere else in the world yet on top of that cyber attacks denied communications contested denied integrated environments and the ability to command and control. So how do you do flexible command and control? How do you go from centralized command to distributed control where you go down to nodes to control the forces that you have in the field and then how do you then do decentralized execution to meet the commander's intent and stay inside the decision loop of your adversary or potential adversary that you can operate faster than he can. And then finally the last line of operations are incredible airmen. 45,000 airmen that exist in the Pacific theater I will tell you the greatest asset this nation has. If you want to gain faith in America or America's youth just walk out to the flight lines, the shops, the offices, they're incredible and they will dazzle you every day. My job in life is make sure they're taking care of and everything I can do to make sure them and their families are taken care of and that's the final kind of operation that we have in Pacific. On the left hand side is the ways that we go about doing that. So expand engagement again is just that it's kind of the heart of theater security cooperation. It's our ability to engage it's forward presence, it's key leader engagements, it's training exercises, subject matter expert exchanges, interoperability it's ability to do all those things. In time of sequestration increase in combat capability is hard so how do you do that? It means that every single dollar you spend you have to make sure that it is the dollar that's going to give you the most capability because you may not have another dollar to spend. Today I believe that we have more mission than we have money, manpower, or time and it's going to stay that way as I see it for the foreseeable future. So our ability to focus our efforts to get the most out of everything we're doing with our airmen and with our money and with the time that we invest has got to be to give us a greatest capability. And then finally the integration warfighter integration is for the Air Force, it's airspace and cyber and how do we integrate those three across all of them? It is across the joint force, how do we do air sea battle how do we do integrated air and missile defense, how do we take the advantage of the stealth type platforms like submarines and F-22s and F-35s and combine them with higher visibility platforms and get the most combat capable we can possibly get and it's integration amongst us and our allies. When the Australians buy with their buying the P-8 Triton the F-35 as well as they've also announced that they're going to buy 58 F-35s, the Japanese are going to buy them, so how do you integrate with those partners and then how do you bring the lower capability partners, the Philippines to the greatest capability you can integrate and operate with them at the same time. Next slide. So I know, we'll get to questions here shortly, I'll go through these fairly quickly. I know watching people's travel photos is not everybody's greatest time, you probably don't want to do this, but I'll go through just a couple of pictures of some things we've done and I think it's indicative of the engagements that we're doing in the Asia-Pacific. This is General Welsh and myself, we visited China back in the fall of this year. It's the first Chief of Staff visit to China for 15 years, 1998 was the last time and that's the chief sitting in a J-10. It was a great engagement it was enlightening, it was constructive, it was substantive, it was enlightening. I've been in China in 2009 and I hadn't been back since, so four years later and I will tell you folks, I was dazzled by the change. It was amazing, if there's any doubt in anybody's mind that China is on the rise, there shouldn't be because it definitely is and it was obvious in the way they conducted themselves and we got to see a lot of their military operations and just in the cities we visited writ large. There's also a level of confidence and I think probably an extremely high level of confidence by the PRC, their military and their civilian leadership. We did have a chance to meet both General Ma, the head of the Air Force and Vice Central Military Commission, one of the vices of the Central Military Commission, the former Chief of the Air Force, General Shu, so it was a very substantive visit. I think at the end of the day we all walked away saying that the military forces of China and the United States have the opportunity to operate significantly more in close proximity to each other in the future and that will only grow over time. The opportunity for miscalculation is great and our ability to deal with that, to deal with those frictions, we must and can do a better job of managing that friction because the potential is there for something bad to happen and we don't want something like another P3 in the Heinen Island incident that happened before. So it was a great visit. We got to visit many places, got to see quite a bit of their equipment, spent a lot of time with their military and again it was obvious that the nation is doing exceedingly well. Next slide. Obviously Australia is our close partner. We fought side by side with the Australian since World War I and we still are today. It is an amazing relationship again just if you look at what their interoperability was and their procuring for their nation, their ability to operate. Benny Binskin has just been named. He's an airman as the new chief of defense force for Australia and Jeff Brown has been extended for years. They're chief of the air force. That's all great news for the United States, both great folks and a great relationship with the United States. I went to the air power symposium. This is the air power symposium we went to. It was fantastic. Many nations were represented there, all of our allies and many of our friends and partners throughout the region. It was incredibly valuable. A picture on the lower right hand corner is kind of a neat story. Those are a set of twins from a guy named Flight Officer Mobsby. He was an Australian RAF pilot that flew with the 90th squadron, the U.S. squadron, B-26s out of Papua New Guinea. In World War II he was killed in a very dangerous flight. The rest of the flight got silver stars. He did not. His family kept up the petition for that and I was able to award the silver star to his two daughters. They never met their father. They don't remember him. They were born about six months after he deployed. Pretty neat story. But the relationship with Australia is the strongest it's ever been and growing stronger all the time. Next slide. Got to go to Vietnam. Went to Hanoi, Da Nang and then Saigon slash Ho Chi Minh City. They still call it Saigon by the way. They don't call it Ho Chi Minh City very often. But they use both names interchangeably. It was a great visit. I will tell you that General Hoa, the Chief Staff of their Air Force, very open and welcoming. The entire country was. They were noticeably appreciative of our efforts to engage with them. There are legal ramifications. There's things we have to watch by law with what we can do with the Vietnamese. There's many areas where we can grow that relationship. It was incredibly productive. We are looking at a couple of things using some of the mobility assets and flying through Da Nang. There's some training environments that we're looking at potentially being able to help them with. That picture on the right is a Pacific Angel. We do those four or five times a year. We've done them in Vietnam in 2009, 10, 12 and 13. Pacific Angels are events where we take doctors and dentists, veterinarians, engineering capability and we go to a place that needs some help. We do huge medical engagement. We do engineering engagement and probably as valuable as we bring in the host nation's military and government officials to increase their visibility with their own population. So it's very valuable and has a positive response. Thailand, obviously another of our treaty allies. Five of seven treaty allies the United States have are in the Asia Pacific region, Japan, Korea, Australia, Philippines, Thailand. This is the end of Cope Tiger. It's a trilateral exercise with Singapore, the United States and Thailand. Again, hugely successful. It's been going on since 1994. We also have a very big one that I mentioned earlier and that's Cope North with the Japanese and Australians in Anderson. Next slide. And finally, this is the Pacific Air Chief Symposium. We had 14 Pacific Air Chiefs that met me in Hawaii. Then we traveled throughout the United States. It's General Welsh is the host of it and I get to escort him throughout the United States. Incredibly valuable. Again, 14 Air Chiefs from throughout the region. The picture in the upper right hand corner is at the USS Arizona. Down on the lower left is the Boneyard in Davis-Montham and then F-35 at Eglin. Tremendous engagement. Tremendous opportunity to spend time with these Air Chiefs. Hear their problems and spend time with them. And I think at the end of this what I would tell everyone and kind of the thesis or the basis of this whole talk is, as we face problems, budgetary problems that we have and we see sequestration of those things, in fact our relationship with our friends and partners and allies has got to get closer. We have to pull them closer and get greater understanding of each other's challenges and issues and become more and more interoperable and integrate our forces closer and closer as we move forward. Next slide. So the takeaways I'll leave you with and then be more than happy and I look forward to answering your questions. The rebalance in the Pacific, it's alive and well. I think, I know people talk about is it actually happening and during sequestration did it happen? Yeah, it happened. I think the amount of engagement we're doing has gone up drastically. It is the effort the emphasis, whether it's the President's trip, Secretary Hagel, Secretary Kerry, it's Admiral Locklear and his moves throughout the AOR. It is certainly an active and the rebalance is fully engaged. We were slowed down by sequestration. Frankly, I will tell you in 13 we had to cancel some exercises that cost us terribly. We had to cancel the exercise in which the red flag, Nellis that the Indians were going to participate in and that was a devastating blow to me. I will tell you and it was something that we regret still but we have made it up. They're going to participate in FY15 and so we're continuing. I think we've managed it as best we could and as we went into 14 we were able to go back to kind of the full engagement scenario and the full engagement setup. We had to shrink footprint a little bit just because of the reduction in budget. Overall I think it's going well. The key to this whole thing is relationships. It's about building those relationships. When we talk theater, security cooperation, it's all of that. It's from subject matter expert exchange to key later engagement to exercises on the grand scale to smaller exercises to everything we can do. So with that next slide I think that's it. That's questions and I appreciate your attention. I told David before this that I hope that I finish speaking before you finish listening. I hope that worked out for you and I look forward to answering your questions. Thank you very much. So while they're moving the podium back if you have written questions raise your card up. We've got staff. Actually it's probably the guys moving the podium but as soon as they're finished moving the podium they'll come pick up your questions and get them up to us and with that I'll turn it over to Dr. Green. Thank you General and thank you all for your patience with our technology. We will be posting the general slides on the CSIS website www.csis.org. That was a very robust and busy. Or too long. No, no, no, robust and busy and concise agenda for engagement and it prompted me to ask at first if I could a broad question about the culture of the Air Force and the philosophy of the Air Force because historically in my view the Air Force has sometimes sent mixed signals. In the 90s you had this idea of elegant presence. When I was in the NSC there was the idea of deep strike. So at times historically it seems like the Air Force has approached forward presence and engagement a little more with a little more distance than some of the other services but what you're describing is quite different so I wonder if you could put it in some historical context for where you see the Air Force overall as it thinks about the Pacific. Yeah, I'd be more than happy to. So I'll kind of go to my history and what I grew up with and then where I see it today is kind of what I mentioned with the checkered flag mentality. When I was there's some of us in here that were part of our Air Force during the late great days of the Cold War but we, Holloman, I station at Langley and we rotated through Europe continuously and it was called checkered flag. It was to figure out where your forward operating location was and what would happen when the great full of gap war occurred and how we'd respond to that and air power was a key component to that obviously. Well the Pacific is kind of, we're taking that same kind of model in some ways in that it's more about engagement, it's more about security and stability and it's more about forward presence and goes to that actual presence not virtual presence so no more places I mean no more bases but more places so our ability to go operate out of pick a couple of places in the Philippines Cubie Point or Clark, our ability to go operate out of Taiwan, Singapore and Singapore, our ability to operate out of Karat in Thailand. It's that rotational presence and I think you'll see we know Europe, the dry down in Europe I believe that's as small as it could possibly go. I don't think you can get any smaller. The Middle East there will be presence there for a long time, forward presence there for a long time certainly as we see it in the foreseeable future at the main bases that we're operating out today out of the Middle East and in Asia, it's the same thing. I think our presence there, the bases we have will maintain the newest technology as they have so far the newest stuff when it shows up it goes to the Pacific. Those bases will stay at the robust state that they're at now, I believe they will and certainly in the foreseeable future and then we'll continue that rotational presence and we do it today with theater security packages and continuous bomber presence, we'll do the same thing in the future. So you'll see the expeditionary air force is one that we post 1991, we've been working continuously, we've had some hiccups whether it hasn't always gone exactly like it should but the expeditionary air force and our ability to get out of town and get someplace rapidly and operate there is one that we're continuing to expand on and it's certainly viable in the Asia Pacific and part of that is tyranny of distance alone. I love my Navy brethren, they do incredibly great things for us but they travel in days that we travel in hours so when you're talking about that size AOR you have to be there rapidly and the ability to respond to hours makes a difference. Let me try to put a little fuel in that inner service rivalry and note that Admiral Greenert at the western Pacific Naval Symposium with his colleagues reached what could be a significant agreement on how to handle unintended or unexpected incidents at sea. The PLA Navy announced that it doesn't cover the east and south China seas for the ink was dry but still that was a pretty impressive outcome for the western naval symposium. For the Pacific Air Chiefs and as you look at your engagement what kind of confidence building measures could you foresee coming out of these kinds of discussions particularly since as you noted in the east China sea we're talking seconds in the air not minutes days or hours as we would with Coast Guards or Navy. Well there's a couple things and I think part of it is and this is part of the reason we're in China is that interaction and it was a constructive visit and in many ways I think the PRC is very open to some of these discussions but when you look at what happens in the aid is today and whether it's not LRA from the nations or it's scrambled in response by the PRC you know there's cases where we have many airplanes in close proximity. There was a point last year up off the peninsula off the Korean Peninsula where we had air forces from North Korea, South Korea, Japan and the United States and they were all within close proximity and fortunately the only people that knew who everybody was was us and part of that's that sharing information sharing. We're trying to work on that to increase that information sharing so that we have a common picture that's one way that we can start addressing some of that is try to continue to work on that common picture and the information sharing with respect to what's going on and then confidence building maneuvers is engagement interoperability the potential for hotlines which is some of the ones that have been talked about it's notification for something out of the ordinary or exercises things that's going to happen so all of those are things we're working on to increase the understanding because there is a high potential for miscalculation and that's one of the things that is very concerning to us. Good thank you. You posed the question in your presentation how do we integrate with our allies and partners particularly as high end partners like Japan and Australia are integrating F-35, high end partners are doing missile defense, these are more expensive the depot maintenance is more complicated and expensive interoperability and links are more important so you posed the question I wanted to throw it back at you and ask how do we or how do you foresee integrating these different alliances of partnerships recognizing their political sensitivities these are all bilateral alliances but the capabilities are becoming networked or should be networked. Well I think one thing we're working hard on is going from bilateral to multilateral so that's part of it we had the red flags where we'll get multiple nations and in recent past last year we had very successful red flag where we had the Republic of Korea and Japan were both there the Republic of Korea deployed fighters off of the peninsula for an exercise for the first time in their history hugely successful as a matter of fact we had all three command and control platforms operating together which is unheard of presenting the picture so very successful in that respect I think the equipment interoperability is one that in some cases is a challenge we're getting better at that I think some of the most recent announcements from some nations and the kind of equipment they're going to procure that makes it easier I think it's the symposiums we get a lot of understanding and also some of the information passing in the exercises for how you can it's great to talk about it but actually exercise and go out and try to do it and we do that in Cope Tiger with Thailand and Singapore we do it in Cope North with Japan and Australia we do it in Max Thunder with the Republic of Korea in the Korean Peninsula we do it we've had some integrated air and missile defense exercise with the Japanese where we've looked at that interoperability and that information sharing so it's it's a continuous process you never finish you have to keep working at it I think that's probably you can never say we're interoperable that doesn't exist you always have to work at it and continue to do it but I think some of the things we're doing with respect to engagements key leader engagements exercises war games we're getting better and better at it as we go forward we uh if I can engage in a brief moment of self advertising we have a project here at CSIS across our defense security and regional programs looking at what John Hammery calls federated defense and knowing when the technology is more complicated when you have countries like Japan relaxing their sort of out of date export control rules countries like Australia and India interested in doing more with Japan and with Korea and other that you have an opportunity there to get more deterrence for your money and jointness interoperability combined capabilities are our deterrence and our thought is it even expands beyond that to confidence building when you start focusing on interoperability as you said do we have some card questions ready the questions have been pouring in so including those from viewers on the web so I'm going to merge a few together into a multiple set if you will the first actually there's a whole series of questions about China and your comments about how rapidly they've moved forward and how we engage with them etc but their questions sort of tend to fall down are they really an expansionist power or in fact are they sticking with as a regional guard their flank sort of thing what do you look for in terms of the signals because clearly we have to prepare for either way what do you look for in terms of signals they say and including for instance what would be a response to the creation of a second ADIZ over the South China Sea that's not the whole point of the question it's really the broader what do you look for from expansionist tendencies versus cooperative tendencies well I think there's a couple things that I talked about first of all there is if you look at the declaration of the East China Sea ADIZ you look at the development of their aircraft carrier CV-16 you look at their mission action some of the exercises they've done that have gone significantly farther out to what they call the second island chain the first island chain obviously being the closer in with the second island chain out farther so and they've continued to expand their ability to operate farther and farther away so we see that all the time same thing in the South China Sea with their ability to operate farther and farther south I think the territorial disputes and the way that they're being handled is one that is that we have concern over I think the nine dashed line the ability to solve that in a peaceful manner within international on international norms that's one that clearly we think about we haven't really seen and I'm not a lawyer so I won't make any comments but the legal basis for their nine dashed line I'm not sure that a lot of people understand where their legal basis is or if it exists there so with respect to that there is a look that China is continuing to move to be able to solve those disputed islands so that part of it is concerning with respect to what they're doing on the same hand their engagement is they are participating in RIMPAC this year they just had the western naval symposium they've just so they are engaging and I think the issue for us is our ability and they talk about it with the type of relationship the United States and the PRC has and that is that an existing world power and a rising power and how do you operate together and solve disputes in a peaceful manner under international on international norms so I think there are indications that they are continuing to try to solve those in an aggressive assertive way so we would not agree with some of the things they've done in relation to both Malaysia and the Philippines would be disconcerting and we think that's the wrong way to go and then there's other cases where they're engaged and things are handled in a more appropriate way so I think it's it's kind of the national strategy with China which I'm not sure I mean that's a I'm not sure how you would answer if the two United States national strategies with respect to the PRC so there is a there is kind of a case where we're looking at both sides of that challenge is that there is some kind of movement to territorial game. I'm going to again merge a number of questions together and you can take them as you wish. One is Dr. Green referred to a lot of bilateral engagements as well and most of your examples were sort of bilateral in their description but there's probably a way to defense in other ways and opportunity for trilateral, multilateral operations as well so one is how are you and Pacific Air Force thinking at a multilateral level or trilateral level. The second is as you surveyed the region there's one big country that you didn't mention at all now technically it's not inside your AOR but it's got an awful long Pacific boundary that of course is Russia so talk a little bit about how you calculate Russia into your thinking as well. Yeah I think maybe I didn't talk about it enough but our going from bilateral to multilateral is we're doing we're working very hard on that. Cope North is one at Anderson right now it's Japanese Australians in the U.S. on the HADR portion the humanitarian assistance disaster response the Koreans are now the Republic of Korea is now participating New Zealand's participating we'll probably have the Philippines participate next year. Cope Tiger is Singapore, Thailand and the United States as I mentioned Red Flag Alaska we had the Republic of Korea and the United States and Australia there as well as us Red Flag Nellis we're having significant larger exercises so Pitch Black we're going to participate with Australia and Pitch Black with F-15E's and there are going to be folks from many nations there I think to include Singapore and Thailand and Indonesia I believe so we're working very hard on the multilateral and the Federated Defense and you've heard General Wells talk about it as we face the challenges we face in the future we have to pull our friends closer and rely more on that ability to operate together and to do things together so I think we're making good positive response on that. The second question was I talked about the long range aviation and what they're doing there they are becoming increasingly active in the Pacific and they do have a long as a matter of fact it's not an RAOR but it is because we think about it all the time we have forces in Alaska the closest point of approach between the United States and Russia and how we operate up there with our Alaska Norad region and what we're doing as they continue to expand into the Asia Pacific there are things that are concerning with respect to how they operate and how transparent they are with other nations in the vicinity Japan's doing some engagement and I think they have some positive momentum but it's something that we basically consider the Russia I mean we deal with it as part of our area of responsibility just because that Pacific boundary they are there there are concerns and I will tell you that what's happening in the Ukraine today is causing some significant concerns into Asia Pacific How do you respond to those concerns? You know I think it's twofold one is there's the very aggressive act by the Russia on the Crimean what they're doing in eastern Ukraine for many nations that have real disputes are internal unrest I mean PRC being one they have unrest challenges they face in Xinjiang in Tibet in Taiwan so in some ways that's disconcerting to them because of internal unrest and then in other ways quote unquote the ability to take what they believe is rightfully theirs in some method other than under international law then that's something that's concerning together in the spectrum I think the belief in what Ed Milakler and all of us do is spend more and more time reassuring allies that cooperative defense our ability to operate together our ability to build security and stability is really dependent upon how well we work together and how well we engage as teammates as we go forward so predominantly when we respond it's we'll be we're here we've always been here we'll continue to be here and we'll continue to operate with you and work together as partners you mentioned the getting the exercises back on track after some hiccups as a result of sequestration in fiscal year 13 historically one of the big lessons that comes out of exercises is lessons about logistics and no theater faces logistics challenges like you do in the Pacific so what are your big concerns about logistics what roles can our allies and partners play in helping the logistics and then what happens if things like the lower number of the fit up come to pass and we don't have KC10 so that just complicates things even further yeah I mean the lesson of logistics is not lost on anybody in my opinion and certainly nobody in the Air Force because the ability to supply the forward force to engage is one that you have to have logistics trained to be able to support that and the biggest concern for me obviously is attorney distance is one of them and the other part of it is command and control of those logistics capability because you know those networks potentially can be degraded denied disrupted and deceived and so our ability to operate the command and control of logistics and then have the ability to move it forward part of it is that interoperability with our friends partners and allies and how we potentially position things one of the things as a result of the enhanced defense cooperation agreement with the Philippines is to put humanitarian distance disaster response supplies forward which you know that's a nature made disaster that has the same problems if you remember during the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami calm was shut off to the Korean Peninsula because of the fiber that was broken so that can happen for a variety of reasons it can happen by ill intent or it can happen by natural disaster so command and control of that the logistics chain and how you do that again I think agility and that's why we talk about agile flexible command and control that's also we have to talk about agile flexible logistics and our ability to put stuff in the right place and interoperability with friends and partners is part of that our closest allies certainly our treaty partners as well as other nations in the AOR but Australia Japan Korea Singapore Thailand some of those are very close and our ability to operate the logistics with their aid and as we work as a team that's going to be part of the solution but command and control is one of the things that I think about most when it comes to logistics you're raising of the Philippines agreement that was announced last week brings into question some of the broader issues of dispersal as a tactic and heartening as a preparation if you will I think you've referred to that in the past as resiliency you know how do you describe your thoughts on resiliency and how your strategy on resiliency works with engagement as well as with with planning I think it's their hand in hand resiliency and our engagement our access is part of that discussion the basic premise obviously is that if you have a few number with a large concentration of capability those become vulnerabilities so in the past if you had a huge amount of force at Anderson and huge amount of force at Kadena those two that becomes a vulnerability so the ability to disperse and move forces throughout the theater if required for whatever case you're responding to gives you more flexibility it also removes some of those vulnerabilities of large concentrations tremendously large concentrations small area now there's a balance there as well because every place you are you have to also be able to support logistically and defend so the resiliency is the ability to move things to multiple locations while at the same time being able to defend them and support them logistically and that's a balance that so it's you don't you know put one airplane at 72, one single airplane at 72 different locations so you have three squadrons of airplanes but you probably don't put 180 at one place necessarily either so it's that ability to move them out and it is the resiliency pieces there's a passive defense which is that ability to move out it's hardening it's runway repair it's fuel storage and then it's also your ability to move stuff and support that can I ask you while we're piling the hard problems on can I ask you generally say something about cyber and space how does a regional component commander develop strategies and operational concepts and so forth for what is you know two problems space and cyber that don't really know boundaries where attribution can be hard in the cyber case there's a lot of it about what you do with allies and partners can you say a bit more about how in a regional context you deal with these sort of problems that no-no boundaries and they're in different domains and some of it is developing over time one is cybercom and what General Alexander did and Major General Williams and those folks in presenting what's called the cyber command and control model for the department of defense as it interacts with other departments within the US government so there's it is a complex man made domain that we have to figure out how to operate and if you talk cyber there's the ability to support your own networks there's ability to defend yourself and then there's offensive either soft kill or hard kill kinetic or non kinetic type of attacks you can do in the cyber domain so all of that is overlaid by authorities you have and don't have so when when Sam Locklear sits down with his what's called cyber pack the pacific cyber element and the cyber support element CSEs that operate within each one of those components then we start building our ability to predominantly defend our own capability our own command and control capability which includes to some extent reaching out getting out beyond our boundaries to see what's out there before it gets to our boundaries so it's defensive but it has some offensive mindset to it in a way at least in trying to figure out what's out there and then our ability to deny potential adversary his ability to use that and that is cases which within which are within the authority of a co-com combatant command and ones that are not and then there's active cyber that you're going to go out and take out other portions and how you operate that it's incredibly difficult as a nation for us to figure that out and certainly as a combatant command I will tell you that in my opinion on the international front working with allies and partners it becomes an order of magnitude more difficult because of authorities in some of our closest allies we you know and there's very few of those in the five eyes for example we are working those issues but it is the cyber discussion is a huge challenge. You mentioned also shortages in ISR and although I don't think you used the word shortages but challenges in ISR capability if you will what are you doing across there and in particular what role does global hawks play in both the U.S. and Japan and how's that going? Well it's going well the global hawk is the assets doing great it's moving to Masawa at the end of this month and at the end of May and it's going to operate out of Masawa to get out of the typhoon belt for the summertime and we think we'll probably get 60 70 percent greater utilization by moving and operating out of Masawa. There's other nations that are interested either buying them or looking for them and obviously the Australians just announced that they're going to buy the Triton, the BAMs or the Broad Area Maritime Surveillance equivalent of that. It's a key component but the rivet joints are a key component. The JSTAR is a key component. The U2 in fact is a key component of that. So it's I will tell you across the board and certainly with Sam Locklear and the Pacific Command if they had one more dollar to spend they would go out and buy more ISR. If we get relief in anywhere they'll go and buy more ISR because that's the thing they feel like they have the least of. We are getting better at using all the capability we have. We have a JSTAR in the Pacific for the first time for the entire year this year. PH are in theater now which is fantastic. P3 and EP3 and to include the LSRS. All of those capabilities are being integrated. We're doing some great work with our ability to use multiple platforms together on what we call cross queuing. So we're getting better at it and we're trying to take advantage of every little piece we have but we never have enough. You have a heck of a job. You're trying to understand where technology is going and marry that to a region where a lot of us who spend a lot of time in the region are trying to figure out where the region is going. But it sounds like a comprehensive strategy. We wish you the best of luck and very much appreciate your joining us here today. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thanks Michael. Thanks Kyle.


Thank you very much members of the press and our listeners and our viewers. First of all I want to address myself to what is agonising our parents and you know parents of our children that are going to school after the schools have been opened. Last year when we had the privilege to raise the issue of free education as pronounced in the campaigns by the UPND president and the UPND members that they are going to form government and implement a policy of free education for all from you know early childhood education to university and there was you know a reaction from the citizen that maybe we need to give them time until they begin to implement their own budget. This time around the president the minister of education Mr. Dagracia Kanoma continued to assure the people of Zambia that come first time of 2022 free education will be implemented but now what we have witnessed and also zooming through our binoculars you can tell that their bluff and lies are being exposed. Most parents diverted their you know budgeted money for school fees to other needy areas especially with the disastrous agricultural you know season that has been mismanaged in terms of input and other requirements. Today our parents are being shocked that they are going to schools and they are finding that they need to pay a number of fees including mandatory buying of uniforms from the respective schools because now schools have to try and find avenues always through which they can try and raise funds for their operation. Government has not released adequate funds they are now trying to direct people and parents teachers towards a CTF fund as a means through which the so-called free education will be implemented. Mr. Kandahitrem instead of going to launch a book written by some white fellow who was able to write that book on the basis that they acquired education you should have been here to make sure that this policy that you pronounce is properly implemented and it should not be crowded with too many stories and excuses and you know challenges that so far has been faced our teachers school administrators are now stressed not knowing what to do as a result of the whole potato that has been thrown on their laps in the name of free education both secondary primary and indeed we're going to see university universities in this class country grappling on how best this can be implemented. I can only but summarize and sum up my description of what is happening as a disaster a scandal called the free education police of the UPND and Mr. Akande, Mr. Douglas Yakanem and all those responsible must be ashamed to even be walking the streets of Zambia saying that they are implementing a free education policy. Number two, now it is embarrassing to see a head of state because of possibly an inferiority complex towards a white man and a clear confirmation that we have a person in state house who is an agent of the West in terms of a new capitalist and new colonialism. These are people that have been orchestrating on the continent of Africa a regime change agenda tilted towards benefiting themselves that because as an empire they have been losing grip in controlling the mining rights on the continent and the mining rights here in Zambia. Just when the continent is beginning to gain its place on the global scene in terms of the economic setup we are having a situation where puppets of these mining empires and you know business empires are beginning to be being assembled and our president is not even ashamed to break all men of diplomatic etiquette. He is assembling and mingling with opposition leaders. How does that speak to our relationship with Zimbabwe? How does that speak to our relationship with Uganda? Because in the diplomatic circles it's an head of to have a head of state mingling with opposition. It means that actor is indicating that he could be interfering with the democratic in a processes of those respective countries which are sovereign states. I think there is need for Misaka in there to sit down and learn. We have people like Neverson and others who are trying to associate with him and their former diplomats. Let him advise this fellow. He's embarrassing us. How can a head of state go to launch a book in South Africa and even call it a working visit to go and parade himself before some white fellows who are just interested in continue to cannibalize the resources on the continent of Africa. Thank you very much.


Well, next topic is the sexual reproduction in invertebrates. So sexual reproduction, as we are familiar with, has two individuals. One of the parents produces sperms and the other eggs. There is fertilization and then the individual, the zygodes form which becomes deployed. So this is something like we have studied in the Mucleph modules previously. Now let's see how the sexual fertilization is done in the Mucleph and invertebrate groups. In the Unidarians, this is an obelia, this is an obelia colony. On top of this, there are polyps which are only for food taking. And its tentacles and they take the food in. And there is a formation of medusae. This is another part of the same colony. Now these are the medusae. Now these medusae have reproductive organs. And this is one of the medusa that produces eggs as a male and the other female. It produces the eggs, the sperm that you write together. There is a fertilization and there is a swimming larvae produced. And then it attaches itself to the underlying water or underwater. And then this colony develops. So this is the process which occurs in the Nidarians. There are flat worms. Flat worms, they are hermaphrodites. Or having both male and female sexes. And they typically reproduce both sexually and asexually. The majority of the sexual reproduction is through cross fertilization. Where both individuals fertilize each other. So this is that occurs in flat worms. And the same process is observed in polykeets. Like the examples of polykeets are earthworms. So they come together and then they exchange their sperms. So the polykeets species normally have separate sexes. While most oligokeets are hermaphrodites. In one individual, both sexes are there. In hermaphroditic species, each individual has both male and female sex organs. Which we have the example of earthworms. Then, archipods have a great diversity. There is a lot of diversity in this. In terms of sexual reproduction. A few species of insects such as honeybee reproduce parthenogenetically. Which we have understood in detail. That the eggs develop without fertilization. And in this, they are deployed. Deployed individuals. And a few species of insects. We have to quote the example of bees. In the bees, some individuals may or may not be fertilized. If they are not fertilized, they will remain haploid. And the individuals we call them as the drones. And some of these individuals become kings. And this king produces only mitotical sperms. Whereas the deployed individuals develop into the queen. The queen's size increases. There are two deployed individuals in this. If the deployed individuals develop into new individuals, they will become royal jellies. And if they do not become royal jellies, they will remain female workers. This is a very interesting phenomenon in these earthworms. Well, all known terrestrial earthworms are dioceses. Diocese means that they have different sexes. Different individuals. And they use internal fertilization. Now, once the eggs are fertilized, the females usually lay the eggs and continue developing outside the mother's body. And if fertilized, the eggs internal fertilize. Or they come out of the body and then they develop into the individual. Now, most male terrestrial earthworms they produce waterproof, that is waterproof, sorry. Yes, waterproof sperm packets, which we call sperm metaphors. Now, sperm metaphors, which are female, they take them into the bodies. They go into the bodies. And these are the sperms. Then they fertilize the eggs. Now, most earthworms, they lay eggs, but scorpions, because this is also an earthworm group of earthworms, and in these, in scorpions, there is oviparity. So, oviparous, as a condition, in which the fertilization is internal, and these eggs develop internally. And these scorpions, then they lay young ones. But directly with the individual or with the female, they don't have contact. They just, that is develop within the cavity. And then, when the young ones, which are hatched out of the eggs, they come out of the body. So, this is a lot of variety. We have quoted a few examples here. But normally, in the earthworms, there is a lot of variety of this sexual reproduction. But basically, it is the same. The sperms and eggs, they come together, proliferation occurs, and the zygote develops. And this zygote, then changes undergo a long series of processes. Or ultimately, a complete individual is formed. And then, it hatches out of the egg and then grows at the expense of food. And then, it becomes adult. So, this is the sexual reproduction in invertebrates.


Kavo 3 thin films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy exhibited low electrical resistivity at low temperatures with residual resistivity ratios exceeding 90. However, films grown at either CA or VXS showed deteriorated transport properties due to the presence of extrinsic defects resulting from the non stoichiometry present in these films. This article was authored by Tatyana Kuznetsova, Mani Muller, Saskia F. Fisher and others.