problem was show that alternating group is generated. Alternating group is only symmetric sorry or even number of permutations, which means you cannot get just by transposition. If you have a generator all powers of the generators should be elements of the group. If you put transposition as a generator you are stuck right, all powers includes even powers and odd powers. So, better thing to start with the generator for a alternating group is minimal one is only a three side is that clear. So, your alternating group U n will involve identity and all possible three cycles. I am not writing and then you will have powers of them and then you can also multiply them ok. You can also have situations where you have 1, 2, 3, some power you know you can have this with 2, 3, 4 and so on. So, this is the meaning of saying it is a all possible three cycles are the generators. With those generators you can create the whole how many what is the order of this group? Order of this group someone n factorial by half the number. Conjugacy class is another question which you have to worry in the symmetric group of degree n, let us look at only the even permutation elements and see whether if they fall into a conjugacy class, do they still fall into the conjugacy class here? All these questions you need to check at least for permutation group of degree 4 ok. If not for higher permutation at least up to degree 4 you should have a feel of what happens. Conjugacy class we worked out for in the class for permutation of 5 objects right. We drew the partitioning for 4 objects you can write it out and see what are the conjugacy classes. And then which of the classes which are going to be elements of the alternating group not all of the elements right? Like for example, if I have a conjugacy class which is if you have this it is 2, 2 cycles. Each cycle is a transposition it is still allowed it is an element of alternating group also. But if you had something like this is this allowed? This is 1, 3 cycle and 1, 1 cycle that is a cycle structure. So, this is what even permutation or odd permutation 3 cycle will have 2 transpositions 1 cycle no transposition. So, it is even. So, you can start figuring it out which are the even transposition which are the odd transpositions and so on. So, this one is probably not allowed this is not an element of is that right. So, this way you can figure it out and also look at the number of elements. So, this also a passingly set bilateral axis. If the principal axis is in the plane of mirror symmetry that is if it had a sigma v plane that is the meaning then the axis is called as a bilateral axis.  If it is perpendicular the u 2 axis is perpendicular to the principal axis then also you call the principal axis as bilateral. Yeah mirror plane basically mirror plane is plane will have two directions, but both the directions at least one of them should coincide with the principal axis which one coincides I do not get ok. The mirror plane has to x z or y z I do not worry, but it should have the z axis which is the principal axis direction then you call it to be a bilateral axis ok. X y plane if you had as a mirror symmetry and z axis as the principal axis then you do not call it bilateral. Is that clear? C and v has a bilateral axis enfold symmetry axis is that right? C and C and H here you can call the enfold axis as bilateral. Enfold axis is principal axis only not bilateral ok. So, this enfold axis is a principal axis and it is known as bilateral axis, but this one is not a bilateral axis. Similarly, if you take d n groups d n groups they have principal axis you also have a twofold u 2 which is perpendicular to let me call this the principal axis C n ok. So, if this is in this case also you say that the principal axis is a bilateral axis. In both the cases the enfold principal axis will be called bilateral axis if there is an additional twofold which is perpendicular to the principal axis or if it has a mirror containing the principal axis. What is the advantage of defining a bilateral axis? Once you have a bilateral axis then you can you can check of course, you can verify, but you can also say that if you do C k n ok. So, if you take the principal axis do it for C n is the generator for rotation enfold 2 pi by n rotation. If you do it k times you can always find some element in the group C n v G inverse which will be this you can always find where G is an element of for example, difference or anything I am just saying the principal axis has another name which is the bilateral axis for both theahedral group and C n v group, but not for C n h group that is all I am saying no difference. Once you have a bilateral axis even here you can show that. So, this is true for the d n this is true for the once you have a bilateral axis you can show that the elements are conjugates to each other which elements are conjugate a C n k is conjugate to C n n minus k if you did not have the mirror plane. So, C 3 for example, what are the elements identity C 3 C 3 inverse it is an abelian group right and you can show that each element is a class by itself. C 3 is a class identity is a class and C 3 inverse is a class that is the C 3 group. Suppose I go to C 3 v what are the elements this generators are C 3 and sigma v and then you have and you can show that sigma v C 3 sigma v sigma v inverse is same as sigma v. You can show that this according to that property it is C 3 1 will be C 3 2. C 3 2 is nothing, but C 3 inverse. So, what happens now to the structure here is you have an identity union C 3 C 3 inverse they form a conjugacy class by this or this gets the three fold axis gets promoted to a bilateral axis. So, you have C 3 and C 3 inverse is the conjugate element and what else? These are the in the planes of symmetry you started with one mirror plane the C 3 started generating for you the three mirror planes right. Take a ammonia molecule I showed you picture wise there were three mirror planes all these three mirror planes can also be shown to be conjugate to each other. So, essentially your C 3 v still has three classes like your C 3, but there are classes with two elements there are classes with three elements and if you see it like a permutation group you will call this as a three cycle you will call this as a transposition or two cycle by isomorphism too. So, I am just trying to justify for you for C and v. I also want you to check for D 3 what happens? I will leave it you to check ok. So, I have tried to give you some flavor for C 3 v here, but I will leave it you to check what are the conjugacy classes breaking like this for C 4 v C 5 v in general a C and v and also to get some feel on dihedral groups. I have not done D 3, but you can do it and generalize it to dihedral groups with an n fold principal axis that is the meaning of D n ok. So, just to give as a result dihedral groups distinguish between odd principal axis if the n fold principal axis is odd then you find there will be p plus 2 1 then you have this one by using this property which I was talking now. Similarly, for C n 2 and C n 2 p plus 1 minus 2 and so on. So, there will be p classes for the principal axis symmetry which is 2 p plus 1 folds in it and you can see that these are like your various 2 fold axis which are generated. S is like a 2 fold operation you see that those set forms a class together ok. So, do similar thing for D 2 p you will see some difference there. The midpoint rotation if you take D 2 p sorry D if you had D 2 p clearly once I write D 2 p the 2 p fold axis is a bilateral axis right, but what you can show is that C 2 p p is same as that you will not find in the odd case. So, that is why there will be at least one midpoint element which is a class by itself like take C 4 v, C 4 v will have a C 2 is a class by itself ok. So, there is slight difference between an odd and an even. So, the number of classes will increase by 1 or decrease by 1 that will be at least you know I want you to check these parts. There will be some class it is not only identity element is an element which has one element you will also have a midpoint element which will be a element which belongs which is self conjugate that is what I mean ok.  So, those are the distribution ok. So, the other things which I want you to look at it is that I did show you some slides on cube symmetries which are having 2 fold, 4 fold and 3 fold. This comes under the classification of octahedral symmetry they denote the point group symbol as O for it and similarly proper symmetry, proper symmetry I mean only rotational symmetry improper will involve reflection, inversion all those combination. So, regular tetrahedron the methane molecule has a similar symmetry and you can you will denote it in the point group literature by a capital T. Capital T is the tetrahedron symmetry and then you can add improper reflection planes and you have O subscript H, T subscript D, D is because you can generate diagonal mirrors. So, you can write the conjugacy class and so on. So, these are the symmetries and you can start generating the conjugacy class for the tetrahedral symmetry and T D is when you have the mirror planes and you will have rotor reflections. So, I leave it to you in fact, even in the Otterbein website you can start playing around on the methane molecule and get a feel of what is the T D group symmetry. So, this is where I left last time that you can give a matrix representations. So, matrices which you can write and then when you multiply C 2 with sigma x z you should get sigma y z right. Is that right? C 2 times sigma should give you this element. Is that happening? If you do the multiplication it becomes minus this becomes minus no this becomes plus and this is plus right. So, it is having the group properties and you have a matrix representation. Can we write a matrix representations similarly? So, we did this also I wrote it for the. So, suppose I have an object A 1, A 2, A 3 and I do an operation goes to A 2, A 3, A 1. So, can we write this element? What will be this element? Somebody is this right? So, these are the matrix representations you can write which this is corresponding to like a 1 2 3 element in your permutation group right. Suppose I want to write gamma 1 2. So, let me call this here as 1 2 3. What will this be? Only 1 and 2 will get interchanged. So, clearly when I write all the elements some elements will be diagonal, some elements are off diagonal and this particular example of C 2 v everything was diagonal, but sometimes you can take representations these are also good representations for the symmetric group of degree. The question is that when you have these representations do we need the fundamental minimal dimension of the matrices to be 3 by 3 or can it be lower? So, that is the question I am asking. Do we need the representations or equivalently? Can I find a matrix S? Some matrix S I should be able to write it in a block diagonal form. So, this is what I am calling it as a block diagonal. This is for all G same S should be 1 S which breaks all the elements identity element is anyway in the block diagonal form and S or S inverse will cancel right that is not enough. I have to find an S such that every element can be completely brought into diagonal this is one possibility. It may not be possible to make it completely diagonal you may be able to break it up into a 2 cross 2 and a 1 cross 1. Is there an S to do this? This is 1 cross 1, 1 cross 1, 1 cross 1, is there an S to do this? One possibility is you can give it to the computer and ask it to figure it out. Another possibility is that we should be able to rigorously figure by some kind of a methodology just like I did permutation group and now you are comfortable with permutation group of arbitrary degree. If I write a 50 by 50 matrix whether it is can be brought to this form or this form completely reducible, reducible as block diagonals these are questions which one should be able to understand from a set of theorems and how to go about it. So, this similarity transformation will not alter the trace that also you remember. If this trace is 0 by doing this transformation to make it into a diagonal or a block diagonal you will not change the trace. Trace of the matrix will remain same. This operation will only tell us whether we can break this 3 by 3 into further fundamental blocks which is what we call it as a irreducible blocks. So, this is the aim ok. So, let me stop here.


As we've seen earlier, the unit circle provides geometric representations for both sine of theta and cosine of theta. That is to say cosine is just the x-coordinate of points on the unit circle and sine is just the y-coordinate of points on the unit circle. Do the other trigonometric functions have similar representations, geometric representations on the unit circle? The answer is yes, and I want to explain those in this video. So consider this diagram you see on the screen right here. So this in yellow is going to be our unit circle, and we have some angle theta in play right here. And just for the sake of argument, allow it to terminate in the first quadrant, although similar diagrams could also be constructed for the second, third, and fourth quadrants. So if we take the point on the unit circle for which the terminal side intersects the unit circle, you're going to get this point P equals x, y. And to make it a little bit easier, I'm going to zoom into this picture and focus mostly just what's happening in the first quadrant. Again, just to make it a little bit easier for the viewer to see here. So we have this point P whose coordinates are x and y for where x coincides with cosine and y coincides with sine right here. So associated to this point P is the right triangle given right here. Let's call the origin O that's going to be the center of the circle. It's also one of the vertices of this right triangle. You're going to have vertex A, which is where the right angle coincides. And then this point P right here.  One side is sine theta. And as it's a it's a triangle in the unit circle, the hypotenuse here is just a radius. It's one. So you get this triangle here AOP. And so I'm going to kind of keep this track on the side over here, kind of pulling it out of the picture to kind of avoid the clutter. You have angle theta, you have OAP, which again, the hypotenuse is one. The opposite side is sine and then the adjacent side is cosine. This we know from our previous unit circle discussion. All right. So what I want to do next is consider the following triangle you see right here in the diagram. This would be the triangle BOR. All right. So where does that come from? Well, it'll have as one of its vertices again, the center of the circle, the origin O, take one of the sides of the triangle to be a radius of the of the unit circle. This is the radius that coincides with the positive X axis. And then if we take the line perpendicular to this point. So B is going to be the point one zero. This is the point on the positive X axis, which is on the radius of the circle right there. Take the line that's perpendicular to the X axis coming out of B. Eventually that point will intersect the terminal side of this angle theta, call it point of intersection R. In which case then we are going to get this much larger triangle. But if we label all the appropriate parts, you get theta, you have O, you have the point B with coincides to the right angle. And then you have this other point R right here. What do we know about this triangle? Well, we do know that the side length OB, I guess you'd call BO if you prefer, that's going to be one because it's a radius of the unit circle. We also know that these two triangles, the triangle AOP and the triangle BOR, these triangles are similar to each other. Notice how they're both right triangles. So they both have a 90 degree angle and they both overlap at the angle theta. So these angles right here, the angle P and the angle R are going to be compliments to theta and thus their congruence to each other. So you get these two triangles are similar to each other. So because they're similar triangles, we can set up ratios to compare things. So if we take the distance BR and we put it over OB like so. So notice that BR is this side right here. It's unknown. This will coincide with PA and then the side OB, which is the adjacent side. This will coincide with the side OA like so. So because the triangles are similar, we get the following. But what do we know about this? OB is a radius of the unit circle. So it's equal to one. So we're going to get BR over one. OA is this side right here. It's the adjacent side, which we already know is cosine. This could be the X coordinate for the unit circle. That's just going to be cosine of theta. And then PA is just the opposite side here of the unit circle triangle. And so that's going to be a sign right here. So simplifying this, we're going to get that BR is equal to sine over cosine. This is equal to tangent theta. And so following this similar triangle argument, we get that this distance BR is equal to tangent. Let me clean up the screen a little bit here and label will be just discovered. So this side right here is tangent of theta. And so you already see that labeled on the diagram right here. The line segment right here is of length tangent. Let me give you a little bit explanation of where the name tangent comes from. When it comes to a circle, if you have a line that intersects the circle in just one point, that is the line just kisses the circle right there, just intersects at one point, we call this a tangent line. And so you'll notice that the line determined by the points B and R, even though we didn't draw the whole line if we continued it on, this is a tangent line. It touches the circle only at the point B. And so the trigonometric ratio tangent got its name because tangent, the tangent of theta represents the length of a segment on a tangent line to the circle. So the idea of a tangent line actually existed prior to trigonometry as we know it today. And the name tangent came about because it's measuring the length of a tangent line to the circle. Okay, continuing with this similarity right here, I want to show that the hypotenuse of this triangle is going to be secant. Let's again do a similar argument, a similar triangle type argument. Take the line segment OR and divide it by OB. Alright, OR is the hypotenuse, so it'll coincide with OP. And then OB is the adjacent side, so it'll coincide with OA. So by similar triangles, we get that right there. But we know some of these things. OB is still length one because it's the radius of the unit circle. So we get OR is equal to OP. Well, OP is also the radius of the unit circle, so it's a 1, and OA is going to be cosine. So we get 1 over cosine, which of course is equal to secant theta, like so. So I'm going to erase this stuff that's on the screen right now and then summarize what we discovered. The line segment OR is equal to secant of theta. And so this distance right here, the distance from O to R, is equal to secant of the angle theta. Now let me give you a little bit of an explanation of where secant came from. I'm going to have to zoom out a little bit to do this correctly. A tangent line was a line that intersects the circle at exactly one point, but a secant line is a line that intersects the circle at two distinct points right here. Notice the line determined by O and R. It has two points of intersection with the circle. One of those is P, and one of those is on the other side of the circle. We didn't give it a name, but this line OR is an example of a secant line intersects the circle at two different points. And therefore the trigonometric ratio secant of theta got the name secant because it's measuring the line segment of an associated secant line of the unit circle. So tangent was named after a tangent line, secant was named after a secant line. The other two, cotangent and cosecant, they'll get similar considerations, but it comes from taking complements here. So we're going to have to set up a different similar triangle here, but we can do as much. We're going to show that the triangle AOP is similar to the triangle. Make sure I get this one correct here. We're going to get the triangle QOC, which if you haven't noticed, that's this triangle right here on our diagram, QOC. So let's consider what's going on here. So we have a line segment right here. So C is giving me the point 01. So this is one radius that the radius of the unit circle that coincides with the positive Y axis. The point of intersection between the positive Y axis and the unit circle will be the point 01, call that point C. Let's take the perpendicular that comes out, the perpendicular line that comes out of this point C that's perpendicular to the Y axis, that is. This line will eventually intersect the terminal side of our angle theta, call that point of intersection Q. And so we get this line segment right here, the CQ line segment. And then these three points CQ in the center of the circle, the origin form a triangle. And I claim this triangle is similar to the original triangle AOP. And the way we're going to see that is actually using the alternate interior angle theorem. This line segment right here, this line CQ is parallel to the line segment OA. And the reason we know that is that these are both horizontal lines. They're both perpendicular to the Y axis. So these are parallel lines. And therefore the terminal side of our angle transverses these two parallel lines. So by the alternate interior angle theorem, this angle Q right here is in fact congruent to angle theta down here. And so smoothing things around, you're going to see, I'm going to do this in a different color to emphasize it here. If you take this triangle and rotate it like this, you're going to get angle Q, which has, excuse me, vertex Q, which has angle theta. You have C, which is the right angle, and then O is over here. So again, if you rotate this triangle over here, that's what our diagram looks like. What do we know about this triangle? We know that the side CO is the radius of the unit circle. So that distance is one. We want to show that the other sides are the complementary trigonometric functions, cotangent and cosecant. So we have the similarity now established. All right. So what are the comparisons we want to do? So take the segment CQ and divide it by OC. So you can kind of see what we're always doing here. We're taking an unknown side of the triangle and we're always dividing it by the one side we do know, which is length one. It's a radius of the unit circle. So we're always going to take an unknown side like CQ and divide it by the known side OC like so. And then we're going to compare it, right? CQ, this is the adjacent side. So it's going to compare it to OA. But OA, getting ahead of ourselves, is cosine of theta. Then OC, OC is the adjacent side, excuse me, the opposite side. It coincides with PA, Pennsylvania. But we know that's equal to sine. And if you put that together, cosine over sine, this is the same thing as cotangent. And so, but also OC is just one. So we get that CQ is equal to cotangent and that's this distance right here. So erasing these for a moment, we get that QC is the same thing as cotangent of theta, which you'll notice that the line QC is also a tangent line to the circle. Although you could say it's complementary to the tangent one we had before. This was a vertical line. This is a horizontal line. So that's where it gets to then cotangent. It's complementary to the tangent, but it also is measuring the distance of a tangent line associated to the unit circle here. Now for the last one, we need to know what this side is right here. So we would take OQ, right? Divided by OC, because we know OC is one, because it's a radius of unit circle. OQ is the hypotenuse. So it's going to coincide with OP, which is equal to one. And then OC, like we saw before, it coincides with the opposite side of PA, which was equal to sine theta. And so we see this equals to cosecant theta, just like we expected it to. So we get cosecant theta right here. And so moving these things down, we can summarize the six trigonometric ratios. Oh, can I get the whole picture in there? If I zoom out, I can do that. So we get that the six trigonometric ratios represent sides of triangles associated to various parts of this diagram, involving secant lines and tangent lines and triangles. So this discussion gives us geometric interpretations of tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant, representing that they're distances related to associated tangent lines and secant lines. And that explains the name tangent and secant. Cotangent is the complement of tangent and cosecant is the complement of secant. So those all make sense now, given this geometric interpretation. Well, cosine is clearly the complement of sine. So it begs the question, where did the name sine come from? The geometric interpretation, we never talked about anything called a sine, other than this meaning of sine. Well, it's kind of a funny little history. It turns out that the English word sine is actually a transliteration of the Latin word sinus. Which sinus would be translated as a curved line, something that concave curves, something like that. And when you think of the graph of a sine wave, I guess that kind of makes sense. A sine wave is kind of curvy, but it turns out this Latin word is actually mistranslation of an Arabic word, which I'll apologize if not pronouncing this correctly, jiba, which jiba, and this translation miss up is due to Robert of Chester. But I'll give Robert some credit here. Jiba is not actually an Arabic word. This is actually a transliteration of a Sanskrit word of jaw. Again, I don't claim that's the correct pronunciation there. For which jaw in Sanskrit, that is to the Indian mathematicians, this would represent a half cord, which a cord is kind of like a secant line. A secant line is a line that intersects a circle and two points. A cord is a line segment that intersects a circle and two different points. And so if you think of the line sine right here, sine is half of a cord, the other half being down here. And then cosine is also half of a cord in a complementary manner here.  It's a half cord. But because of some various translation complications, we get this artificial term sine in the English language. Kind of funny, huh?


Welcome to JSA TV Europe together with a greener data movement for this quarter's live event focused on the European Digital Infrastructure Sustainability I'm John March Lim and joining me today from Stockholm is Isabel Kamlin vice chairman of chairwoman of the Swedish data center industry Association Isabel, thank you so much for coming on board. Thank you for speaking to me You are sitting in probably what is one of the most interesting markets in Europe for the last eight years What makes Sweden such a preferred destination for data centers? Well, I think there are Several things that actually make makes this so interesting And I think the first and foremost is of course the probably a faster return on investment so it's a Short time to market with quite many sites They are ready to build with permanent permits already in place. We have a transparent actually a permitting Process and the authorities really want to help companies to establish We also have competitive land prices. We have like Sweden is a is a physical big country From that I mean that it's like the distance from from the north to the south If you kind of flip the whole of Sweden, you get down further below than Rome So it's a big country. So we have a lot lot of land and We have excellent connectivity Nowadays, I mean 20 milliseconds down to the flap region is Is an average what we have and we also have very big like very built at the government had put a lot of Money into making sure that we have high speed fiber capacity to all households and it is really a stable connectivity, but The I think one of the biggest things of course is that we have reliable green and see you neutral Power supply so I wouldn't say fossil free but fossil neutral Because we have a mixed energy mix based on renewable power sources such as hydropower wind and wind And we also have yeah, the the rest of the mix is is nuclear So I think those things in combination with for the the power and excellent grid system Is something that is makes us very interesting in addition, of course You were just mentioning and Stockholm as we were talking about Iceland and what's colder Sweden also have a cold climate the average temperature up in north is three degrees Celsius We have also a high degree of district heating systems that actually allows for heat reuse for data centers and In addition because we actually got Facebook established quite early in the Nordics and For for being outside of of of the flap And that have actually created. Yeah, we have a very technical Like it's really leading the development of sustainable data centers So it's not just that we have you know district heating There are also a lot of new technical innovations that is coming on top of this Yeah, so there are there are several the list can be long The workforce as well. We have now a lot of technical Well technical people skilled people and we have also been working with the global pay players Both met and Microsoft and Amazon has been here now for quite some time Google is in the planning as well So, yeah, there are a lot of a lot of things that can be done Also to come I think because it's so highly highly interesting before it's been like a Boss on now. Is it going to happen? But now we can really see that things are ensuring all the dice are turning six Like the highest punctuation you can have I think that goes kind of for the Nordics so we can see also that large investments big Especially industrial funds that want to have one portion As a digital investment has been looking and Investing a lot in the Nordics Okay, and I mean another aspect which you touched upon as well It is the government support for all the Sweden has been one of the first ones to push out Data center for any regulations to speed up development, which is I mean, it worked out well for the nation at least I was going to ask is we do tend to focus a lot on the positives And there's a lot of them especially on the energy front But are there any challenging situations right now in the in the Swedish data center space? I mean and this could be anything we the world is dealing with high interest rates, for example What's what's like the few things at the moment are a little bit more Precarious when it comes to data center development So I think from a data center development. We are struggling probably with what All all the other ones in there in the world are so for example Regarding with the pandemic and the war in Ukraine with material supply But this has actually also led to that we have now more local suppliers So the the the teams are not just You know purely flying in and do your work and build something and construct and then move off It has actually led to having engaged More of the local the local community, which is very Positive in the long run for us in in Sweden and the Nordics The energy supply of course is also one thing The demand going forward, but I think here for example, Sweden it It's we see numbers that it needs to double its electricity demand by 2050 But this is You know, it's far worse in in in flap and in in in Dublin, for example So I think it's important to put these things in perspective I think talking about the the energy I think we also in the industry need to a little bit reflect on how we We measure things So with that, I mean that there are for example, we are talking about the power usage effectiveness And that is of course We we we measure the amount of power used by the it workload against the amount used To power and cool it But I think what we also need to start to look at at the end the industry start to to discuss is actually the power capacity effectiveness So actually the total power that is consumed Compared to the total power capacity that is installed So this is This is something where the cloud companies are very good at because they can move their data a little bit all over them So that they have They are really using Every every megawatt if it's a big site And but the colos are tied to SLAs where they are in average only using 50 to 60 percent So the shortage of energy we we really need to look at is it a real shortage. Yeah There's a lot of waste going around. There was actually some something that we're talking about With our previous guests as well around the the the loss of power through through green transportation through power transportation But then also how data centers sometimes are not using power efficiently And all the energy that comes in Yeah, sorry, that's kind of interesting because we have also been looking at it because we have been kind of accused of using so much power But when it really comes down to it, I think it's really really important to look at real numbers and recently rise research Institute of Sweden have done a report Where they have really got into the integrity of this And looking at it and it's been on the request of the energy agency in sweden And so the current energy usage of data centers in sweden is estimated to be around 2.8 to 3.2 terawatt hours in 2022 and adding one Yeah, adding one to one and a half for Cryptomining, but I think this is like these numbers It's not like 100 terawatt hours that someone had Expressed so we really need to have a look at the real numbers here and And what what is what is are we really using because we're we're blocking a lot in the colos But what are we really using? I think picking up on the The figures that you just shared the not important aspect Is the time of those figures because you mentioned 2022 that's very recent figures A lot of times when we talk about data centers, we are using figures from 2012 2015 when it comes to power at least 2012 2015 of course things have changed Dramatically, I mean there's not even comparison to what the sector was 10 years ago. Yes Now this was actually released. I think it's like a week or 10 days ago. So it's really really fresh Exactly There's another big issue that the industry has is like it's Up-to-date data on these very important topics But just going on into the Swedish status in association because you guys are a massive player In everything that happens in the country and also within the the Nordic region What's the the association up to nowadays and what's the plan for the next year or so? In terms of your operations so We have just celebrated that we have now reached 50 members. We were founded in 2019 in in the beginning of the whole covid Challenge that we all Wanted when we wanted to meet we could not do that but We are we are an Industry association that is actually focusing Not only it's not only the operators is also the service and product providers And actually companies that are interested in the data center industry So what we have been recently focusing very much on is what you actually talked to your previous john booth about It is the legislation coming on in EU So this is there are a couple of things there that we are Yeah, really really want to be on top of and is that's really crucial, of course for our members going forward We are really welcoming to measure sustainability Because of course we do believe it or we know that the the numbers will kind of Show real facts that even stronger that the the Nordics is a is a good place to to place your data center but It needs to be in a in a wise way. It's not yeah not It needs to be done in a yeah proper and and good way. So that's what we're working really hard on We also have different working groups. So around both skills and education Sustainability, we're doing quite a lot of webinars, which are actually free So once a month Approximately we have different topics Um John booth is coming up. Uh, who is going to talk about sustainable digital infrastructure facts Facts or fiction, which is going to be the 23rd of March We also have a panel at um, a fair called stock on tech the 4th of May Where the former minister of energy and digitalization? cashier Parma bar We have a represent Someone representing amazon and also a couple of kolo companies where we would discuss how Well, the future of digital infrastructures And how we are actually an enabler of the digital development. So that's that's a very Exciting things going on right now full on agenda But I'll join a couple of those events to be honest And just before we we finish quickly because you've already mentioned rise And I know that plays a big part in your day-to-day life as well. So talk us very briefly what rise really does And your involvement with uh with them. Yeah, so uh from april I will take rise is actually The abbreviation for research institutes of sweden And from yeah end of april I will start to work as business and innovation executive together with a team that actually works with the infrastructure and cloud data center test environment So that's actually a world leading test at an innovation center Which focus on digitalization and it's right at the infrastructure So companies like meta, virtue, ericsson, wattenfall, bp kastrel as very well as highly interesting startups Like submer blix nexelus and besiro are a few of the companies that are already joined the journey Are partnering with ice fire ice So, uh, it's actually a way of getting different big companies small companies in one neutral platform And they're kind of the projects are directly company funded or partly funded by the swedish energy agency EU or swedish innovation agency So virtue is looking at sustainable data center infrastructure bp kastrel at immersive liquid cooling startups like besiro Has a new innovative software technology which enables higher Query speeds in large databases So they can increase the speed with more than 150 percent and the conventional algorithms And nexelus are looking at direct water cooling of service service the actual cpu of it So it's really really high tech and And in the forefront of of the development of sustainable data centers So it's it's interesting. We see we see quite a lot of trends as well So there it for example with natural gas as a power source and liquid cooling Instead of air cooling. Um, so that those things are things that of course have been discussed But we have actually in this facility up in luio tested this So with the natural gas as a backup power instead of diesel generators Or can be used as main power source And the liquid cooling so I think that's interesting because metha announced in late 2022 That all their data centers will be cooled with liquid cooling by 2030 So instead of air cooling. So this is kind of pushing things and the development as well So super interesting It's it's very interesting and again He goes back to your concept that you mentioned before around the circular economy It's not just about getting the operators anymore And I remember well going to stalking in 2016 And the whole thing was just it was pretty much just operators And at the time the market that's where the market was at the time But now it evolves to encompass the entire circle economy But then so isabel if you want to reach out to to find out more and to maybe join the association What's the best way the best way is to go on on on On our website with which is sdia.se as in sweden Um, and also to have a look at the rise which is easy. It's r i dot s e As in rise Yeah, easy to remember. Otherwise, it's just to reach out on linkedin where If you want to reach me personally and I can tell you more Okay, sounds good. Well isabel it has been a pleasure I'm always quite excited to see what happens in the nordics and especially within the stockom region But it would suit and not just even in stockom outside of stockom and all the other places So very interesting. So thank you so much for joining us and And to our viewers. Thank you for tuning in into jsa tv live Don't forget to check our social channels for more content and until next time. Happy networking Thanks


And like, let's just say we could sustain torturing and killing animals en masse. Would that make it morally justifiable? Massive amounts. They leave all of the stuff in the ocean as well. And they dump them back. What's this, mate? Come and face me, fish boy. Yeah. Come over here. Do you want to help you talk about it instead of debating with you about it? Okay, well, we don't have to have it, but I can explain to you my position. You can stand there if you want. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, come and sit down, man. Come and sit down. What do you mean by this? Sure thing. Because you might be thinking, well, just eating fish is just eating fish. It's not, I'm not being cruel to the animal. That's probably what you're thinking, eh?  Yeah. So I just see it more as it's a cycle of life. Not a circle of life or a cycle? Not a circle. It's just, it's life. It's life? We need sustenance and there's alternatives. Vegan food, vegan options. That's right. To choose a path. Yeah. Right? There's other alternatives. Of course. I don't know if it's sustainable at this stage for everyone to turn vegan overnight. Oh, really? Do you think killing animals is sustainable? Well, it's sustaining at the moment. Isn't it? Or is it not? I don't know. Let's talk about, we can talk about sustainability, but it's a bit different topic to what I'm talking about, which is like the animal's rights, you know what I mean? But like, let's just say we're breeding, we're killing actually 74 billion land animals. 2.7 trillion marine animals, okay? They're dragging them out of the ocean 2.7 trillion every year. The documentary the other week. Seaspiracy? Seaspiracy, yeah. What do you think of that? Yeah, it's obviously horrific. Did that look sustainable? Based on what they said, no, it doesn't seem sustainable. And like, let's just say we could sustain torturing and killing animals en masse. And it was sustainable. Would that make it morally justifiable? It depends what your moral compass is, you know? I mean an eternal holocaust of torturing animals so we can have a burger. I like the descriptive words. I don't see it as that personally. End of the day you're taking a life, but I think how have we gotten to where we are? You know, how have we become what we are today from, you know, whatever the evolution was? Yeah.  And that's how we got here, yeah? That's our DNA. That's how we got here, though, yeah? Yeah, that's the timeline. And we've also killed animals to get here, yeah? But like, now we have technology. We have alternatives, okay?  I mean our self-defense situation is different, I get it. But animals are innocent. We don't need to eat them to survive.  I think one of the big holdbacks from people is that it's actually probably not that easy to live a vegan lifestyle. Like a practical issue, I mean? There's practical issues involved. It's getting more simple, but I think it's still very impractical. Yeah. And, you know, I've heard things about the vitamin B12 deficiencies. I don't know that, like, it's not in the vegan diet, or you have to supplement it. Okay, yeah, B12? Is that true? Yeah, well, I would recommend everyone supplement vitamin B12. It's water soluble, so you can just, they actually add it to the food. Is it not more necessary for people on a vegan or a plant-based diet to supplement B12 into their diet? Well, do the people who consume meat products get a level of B12 through food? Well, they give the animals that people eat B12 supplements. So the chickens in... Would the animal not get that through their natural... No, no, no. Well, what do you mean? Were you eating animals from the wild? Well, that's ideally if you can't be... What do you eat? Chickens? I eat chickens. I eat all meat, yeah, always. Okay, so you eat pigs and chickens? They're factory farms, predominantly? Predominantly, yes, yeah. The large, vast majority of farms indoors? Like, steak and stuff. So where would the pig get B12 indoors? Fish. I don't know if fish has B12 in it or not. Yeah, certain fishes do have a B12, but... Yeah.  A supplement.  Obviously, chickens, they're probably highly consumed, but you've got all of the other animals out there, from fish, you know, you could eat kangaroo, you could eat cows. You could also have a supplement. But what I'm getting at is we've gotten here thousands or tens of thousands of years. By murdering animals, yeah. Without needing to consume supplements. It doesn't matter. Like, we've also gotten thousands of years without having hospitals and dentists, but you still use them because they're good for society. Yeah, I believe... Technology and... You look at how long we would live. 200 years ago, maybe the average male... I don't know the numbers. Maybe it was, like, 60 years old or 50 years old. No, no, no. Less, like 40. 40, and then now we're living substantially longer. So just because it's a supplement, it doesn't mean that it's bad. I personally take B12. Yeah, yeah, it's good. And I eat meat, but... You don't have to just eat meat to get the B12. No, my whole thing is if it's not... If it's a vitamin that we ideally need for good health and sustenance and a plant-based diet cannot offer it... A meat-based diet can't either. I just told you they... Have it in there. Yeah, but, like, not all fish have enough B12 for you to really track. And the cows... They add B12 or inject cows with the same supplement that you can... Let's just assume that we were eating plant, like, as in cows that live off of grass-fed, live off of the land. Well, okay, we can talk about that. I just want to make it clear that you know that animals and animal agriculture are supplemented with B12 in their feed or they're injected with it, yeah? I didn't know that, but it makes sense. Because they obviously need the vitamins. Because in the... They're getting given rubbish food. There's a folder deficiency in the soil, so the cows can't always get it from the soil either. Yeah. Okay, so the soil can become B12 deficient. Yeah. So the cows don't even get enough B12, so the farmers, even if they're grass-feeding these cows, they have to add it to their diets. Yeah? Yeah. And chickens, as well, they don't get to see outdoors most chickens until they get slaughtered. Yeah. And so they're supplements. So why not just take the supplement instead of causing this massive, you know, eternal, like I said, mass murder of innocent beings just for a vitamin we can go to the store and get easily? Yeah. I mean, what you're saying has sense, but where I'm coming from is just from our raw, not from an ethical perspective, more or a moral perspective, more from a... A natural perspective? Yeah, a natural perspective. What got us to where we are today and why is this diet lacking and this other one, although now, because of the ones where... When I refer to what's good meat-eating, I refer to the natural meat-eating, right?  Catching a fish from the ocean with your rod and eating that fish, you know? Going out and hunting your own cow or... Hunting a cow? No, not your cow. Like a wild animal, like a deer? Wild animal, a deer, yeah, deer, elk, kangaroo. Yeah, you're talking about... I don't do that personally, right? However, I feel... You'd rather do that than be vegan? No, I feel that that's the right way to go because why is that got... What do you mean by right? You mean because you're trying to go back in history to what they used to do, have to do to survive? No, because, like you said, that has B12 in the diet. You love it, it sounds all good stuff. Wait, didn't I meet you before, mate? No, not me. No, we're trying to teach people that eating fish is cruel and unnecessary. No, it's all good, mate. Do they feel pain, though? We don't worry on YouTube. Do you want to be on YouTube, mate? Nah, you're the star of the show now, mate. So you don't care... You care more about what's natural. You were informing me that the livestock that we grow in farms and all of that have to be supplemented because the feed that they're giving them doesn't have the right nutrients, right? Well, they just... They do supplement all... Almost all animals in animal agriculture. So I'm asking the question, does the animals that just live wild, living off the land and whatever their, you know, natural food is, do they have then the B12 and the essential... They probably do. Let's just say they do. Let's just say they did. Yeah. And let's just say that eating the wild animals was healthier. So then what I'm saying is, if we're eating a vegan diet and we're lacking or void of B12... We're not because I'm eating vegan. You're basically... What you're doing is you're designing a vegan diet that's deficient. You know? But I'm saying without the supplement. Why would I do that? Because we didn't have the supplement... I don't care. We didn't have condoms back then either. I wouldn't sleep with a girl I didn't know without a condom. I mean... Well, it depends on your views and your values. I wouldn't. I mean, I'm saying I'd use medicine and technology now. So why would you create a vegan lifestyle that doesn't have a supplement in it when it's just... It's silly. You know what I mean? We're not living in the bush with a spear. And we're actually living in civilization right now. You have a phone and clothes. I do. I have shelter. I use technology. Okay? You can live a vegan lifestyle with a B12 supplement perfectly healthy without stabbing an animal. Like I said, I have a B12. I eat a B12. I had one today, so... Yeah. So you're suggesting something that is unbalanced. You're saying you should do your vegan diet without a B12 supplement. See how long you live for. No, I'm not saying see how long you'll live for. I'm just going, let's see if you would, you know, have deficiencies down the line. Because if you didn't supplement it. Oh, yeah. The way I look at it. You could as well. Most B12 deficiencies come from non-vegans. They don't have absorption issues. You know, like everyone should be supplementing with B12 because you don't really know how much you're getting from your food. Yeah. When you supplement, you definitely know. But when it comes to meat-eating as well, I think there's also like a level of meat-eating that's, you know, if you're eating processed, packaged, unhealthy meats, I don't see that as a good thing either. You know how before you're like bacon and things like that, I don't see that as a good form of meat-eating because it's so fatty. Yeah. You're talking about health, right? Yeah. I'm talking about ethics, right? Yeah. You know, there's B12 and, yeah, we're sort of, yeah, because when you say it's not healthy, I don't care if it's healthy or not. I care more about is it ethical to do? Well, that's where we're different. Because for me, like, if you're going to tell a lion or any animal not eat its food, right, but here, start eating vegetables. A lion's in a survival situation. You're in the surface paradise. Yeah, but I think... You're not in a you're in a survival situation at all at any time in your life have you been in a survival situation? In the sense that you're discussing, no. Have you ever been starving? No, never.  Necessity. Camping, I didn't take things with me, but if I had the option you could go to the store and get potatoes. Yeah, but it was by choice, not by necessity. Necessity. Okay, so at least you're intellectually honest with me. So basically, you're doing it for like a needless reason, causing this cruelty and violence to the animals. That's what I'm trying to get to.  Yeah, so to summarise our discussion, I guess I see if sustainable meat-eating or fish-eating or what not done in the right ways with the right you know, practices, I don't see a problem with that practice. What do you mean the right practices? Just trying to clarify what you mean by right.  You're still okay causing suffering and cruelty to the individual animals if it's sustainable? Yes, yeah. Personally, yes. And the words you're using, you know, suffering and cruelty, they're living great lives as a fish out in the ocean and then you catch the fish and then you kill the fish. Yeah, you catch your fish. Yeah, you use a hook and what happens, you trick them with food? Yeah, you put bait on the and it tricks them to bite the hook and then the hook grabs them by the face and it drags them out the ocean and they, you know, they go on from sometimes the depths of the ocean and pulled up so that can rupture their insides, yeah. I don't go deep sea but yeah, people do, yeah.  Well, the idea is if you're choosing to keep it, then you just kill it straight away. What do you kill it with? A knife. So you stab them in the head? Yeah. So you would say that there's no cruelty suffering? Of course there's suffering. Yeah. But it's just, oh, one other thing as well, not that this is my argument, but the nervous systems of fish is much more simple than that.  The studies on fish, you know that they compare, they, they actually feel pain similar to mammals. Oh, I've read stuff that said otherwise, but I'm not discrediting what you said. Well, they react to not the degrees, but they start swimming really quickly. If you take them from cold water to warmer water, they swim really quickly. Like, if you try to stab a fish, they'll avoid that. They act differently when they've been injured, you know. So, they might not be exactly the same as us and they don't express. They might not even have the same type of brain, but you don't need all the type, all the parts of the brain that we have to experience pain and suffering like the fish do. So, but wouldn't you just give them the benefit of the doubt?  Yeah, obviously depending on the circumstances, if my whole thing was I was going out fishing to catch a fish to take home and eat, then I, I was going out for the goal and I achieved the goal, right? But if, if I was coming from your perspective where I was just completely looking at it or you know I don't need to inflict pain on a fish, I can have a salad sandwich. You could have some potatoes and tofu and beans and vegan burger, there's more to the fries there. Yeah, I didn't like it, honestly. You didn't like it? Nah, I'm sure there's good vegan burgers. I've had good vegan burgers out there, but I didn't particularly like that one. If you didn't particularly like that one, that fish doesn't need to be stabbed to death because of it, just because of your taste preference sort of thing, you know what I mean? Like the taste of that burger says the fish that goes and then eats three other fish two minutes later. Well, fish can be hypocrites, right? It's a lie for an eye, mate. Yeah, but not really, because that fish didn't do nothing to you. So like, he did it. He did it. So like, fish can be, they don't have moral agency like we do in civilization, like so lions don't have moral agency. They don't have the option. They don't have options. They just go down and get the vegan. But you can and like if lions act in a certain way, because lions do it, mate. Like, what are you going to tell a lion and savannah to eat lettuce?  No, we act civilly, you know, with morality. Like if it was a dog here, I gave an analogy today. I was talking to fishermen, right?  I said, would you think that's moral? And everyone would freak out. And there's no cook or not. So you're going to have to have to have a knife or something through the fish's ears that's happening to them except the nervous systems are different between the two of them. Keep keeping it's the same thing, but there is a different level of how do you know if fish don't feel pain, well, pain, but how do you know it's not worse? Oh, once again, I watched some videos and read I wouldn't say it's inferior, it's probably serves. Did we evolve from fish? It serves what they're doing better, but what I'm saying is how, you know, I pinch you now or like it, I even say something mean about how you look and that could hurt your feelings even, you know. So it's, I think. The difference is in intelligence. I think it's a difference. Yeah. It's different because we are different. I think even a dog's an animal, a fish is an animal, but I think even they share.  I would say physical pain perhaps, but once again, do you have any empirical evidence to, there's no comparative data today sitting down with no, no researched backgrounds, just my own perspectives and ideas. It's important to be sure about these things if we're going to make like decisions that impact other beings.  But if you go, well, mate, I'm not sure.  Some people do. Yeah, I've seen. And in fishing boats, where you probably get most of your fish from, I don't think you fish for every single fish that you, yeah. No, no, no. No, no, no. I eat sushi from sushi train. Yeah, yeah, yeah. A lot of people, that's what they think. Oh, it's just this guy out there on his boat, reeling him in nice and gently. It's mostly trawling nets, dragging massive amounts. And they leave all of the stuff in the ocean as well. And they dump him back. This. Some salmon. What's this, mate? Come over here. What are you, are you being scared? Are you scared? Are you scared? What are you scared of, mate? Then come and face me.  Come over here. Come on. So what's this? What did you put here? Well, because they suffer and feel pain. So why would I want to cause it to him? Did you just buy that? So why did you dump it over here and run off? Oh, I'm not too sure. Are you a bit of a coward? No, definitely not. Why don't you tell me your opinion instead of running off? So I think fish feel pain, which I do. They're sentient, they're conscious beings. And they deserve not to be tortured and killed so we can have a five-minute meal. So that's my position. And you've got this, which is a cut-up animal. And that's probably a factory farm salmon. Maybe. There's no salmon here in Australia's factory farmed on big fish farms. Not necessarily. Well, let's have a look. Where's it from? Well, let's just say it's not. This fish, this animal went through immense suffering so you could dump this on the table. So why do you think that's justified? It has a choice either they can choose to eat it or not. They could. They could. I don't see why it needs to be preached that you shouldn't be eating any sort of fish. Well, you could say that about any type of animal. Well, I don't eat any type of animal because for the same reason. I wouldn't want to see you get, even though I don't particularly like you, but you might not particularly like a fish, right? But I still wouldn't want someone to hurt you and I would stop them right now if they tried to, right? Especially if it was for something like a sandwich. You know what I mean? At this sandwich you can literally get any other filling, vegan fillings that don't contain animals.  Yeah? And that was animals' entire existence. That's the only existence they get which is why I don't consume any of them. Because when you buy this, let's say you bought this from the shop, you pay for everything that happened to that animal. When you subsidize the industry, when you pay for the product, you supply and demand. Anything, even vegetables, fruit? Yeah, well fruit and vegetables don't suffer. They're not conscious beings. A banana. Very true. I don't care about a banana, but like I care about a pig, a chicken, a dog, a human, a fish. That's all. But you can take your fish. Take care. Ah, Joey Carp's wrong. I appreciate the chat, man. It was very polite and respectful of you, mate. Thanks for sitting down and giving us your opinion. Did you want to take a... Did I give you a couple of these? So this is just some fish facts. And this is a how-to vegan guide for your brother. Take care, mate. No worries, mate. Take care. I said we could eat fish, so there's nothing wrong with eating fish. No God did not say anything like that.


Hi, this is Dr. Don. I have a problem out of Chapter 6 about confidence intervals. Here we're asked to construct the indicated confidence interval for the population mean using a T distribution. We're given the data here, summary data. The confidence level we want is 0.99. The mean of the sample X bar is 1.15. The standard deviation of the sample S is 10 and the sample size N is 16. Just a clue, when you're looking at these things, sometimes they won't tell you which distribution to use and you need to look for clues. The first clue I always look for is the standard deviation. Is it sigma, the population standard deviation? If so, that would push me to use the Z distribution, the normal distribution. If N is less than 30, that would push me to use the T distribution. And here we're given S, which is the sample standard deviation. So that confirms that I should use the T distribution, which is what they've asked for. Remember up here in question help, if you click on that, you can get the stat crunch. So let's open up stat crunch. Just like many problems, we start with stat and this is a T stat. We have one sample and we've got summary data and we just bring that up. We type in our mean of 115, our standard deviation of the sample of 10, sample size of 16. We click on confidence interval for the mean. We put in our confidence level of 0.99 and we're going to click compute. And we get our results there, lower limit of 107 and that rounds to 0.6. We're looking at one decimal place and 122.4 for the upper limit. So I hope this helps.


Every single week on desktop lady and we do the great search with digikey and a fruit lady It uses her engineering skills to show you how to find how to find all the things on the digikey Website, we call it the great search now I have a little video that I want to show later about stemma stemma qt But why don't you kick this off? Yes, so I thought people probably wanting to make their own stemma qt boards. These are boards that have these little connectors on the end Or maybe you want to connect to our larger stemma series which uses the stemma ph pens and I thought let's go to the overhead real fast and I'll show what these look like So So on something like this board you'll see I have these kind of large JST ph connectors and like you know if I have an led strip For example, I want something with high current Something with a big connector that can handle these thick wires JST ph is great. This is a two millimeter pitch connector. It's very common You'll also see it in batteries spark front originally started getting lipoly batteries with JST Ph connectors two millimeter pitch connectors and so they kind of became the maker standard And so I started using that exact same pinout and then other boards like the micro bit uses that same connector So you can like start to cross connect all these batteries and it's become sort of a maker standard So if you want to maintain that standard And have your stuff work within this community or you want to prototype with these maker parts and then make your final product These are really good quality connectors. They're really great value And they're really reliable one thing I'll watch out for I'll tell you to watch out for is I've seen folks use non genuine JST connectors and they catch they are they don't have this like really smooth click and click out So these are you know, they're firm you have to like exert a little bit of pressure to remove them But they don't stick like they they don't end up yanking the wires out of the housings And I've seen that if you don't get genuine JST. So, you know, just watch out for that Some of them are compatible, but they're not quite compatible So these are the larger two millimeter pitch and then for The stomach qt boards. We use One millimeter pitch again, this is another standard spark fun came up with They're really good at you know being the innovators in this market And they said let's make breakout boards that just plug and play and chain over iSquared C Um iSquared C has become basically the standard for sensors. We rarely see spi only sensors anymore Um iSquared C you can clock it at 400 kilohertz or up to a megahertz And uh, it's it's, you know, well supported by pretty much every platform on earth So having just power Ground clock and data over iSquared C works wonderfully for many chips like this, uh, bmp390 barometric pressure sensor Um, and again, it's these they fit snugly They don't come out easily but they do with a little bit of a yank, which I really like These are non-latching connectors as long as you're cool with non-latching connectors then Then I think jstsh and ph are wonderful So the difference sh one millimeter pitch ph Two millimeter pitch. Okay, there's other pitches too, but these are What you'll see a lot of um, they you know, why not just go for 0.1 inch pitch There are there are you know xh series and other series Pins that are 0.1 inch, but they they start to get very large right once you start getting passed like Through your four pins. You're like wow like this connector is getting really chunky And if you're not carrying that many amps of current, um, these are much more compact Which will mean that your your board doesn't start getting overwhelmed like if I had a connector This size on a breakout you see would start to take up, you know Half the body of the breakout would be the connector and it wouldn't be as uh, slim And svelte as these wonderful jstsh's so let's show off Um, finding some jstsh connectors. Let's go back to the computer Don't forget if you want esp 32 s2 minis. They're in stock right now Okay, so um, remember there's two kinds. Let's first go to the jst ph um, and there's data sheets, of course available for these um When you search for a connector like jst ph, you know, you're gonna get a couple You're gonna get a lot of connectors and cables and like pre-assemble things So again, don't forget to go here and then you can look at the photos to see if that's what you want. Yes And these come the ph has come in like, you know, 15 position four position um Men, you know all the positions you want and they come in Uh, this is called the right angle and this is called the vertical, right? This sticks up off of the board you plug facing down Um, they are keyed which I really like. I think When I was younger, I used non-keyed connectors I thought as a child I spake as a child and I soldered as a child But now I use keyed connectors and I no longer Flip from my cables around There If you see the obsolete that's probably because it's non-row house versions So you'll probably want row house versions And then, you know, I use the two three and four pin the most And um, these also come in through hole the ph is coming through hole because they're large enough And so if you're using, um, a process where you need a high mechanical strength These, you know, these are Quite strong and they're inexpensive. You could pop them in easily and wave solder them Um, for the surface mount versions, you'll notice that there's those big tabs on the side If you solder them down flat onto your ground plane, you'll have pretty good mechanical stability Not as good as through hole, but still quite good. So, um Yeah, use these, uh, they're I like that they're available and you know, like every size This is the through hole right angles and there's a through hole straight version three pin four pin all that good stuff and, um, you know, we use these again for You know, anything that has to pass like an amp or two of current, uh, you can also get the matching connector Let's see if they Link the matching connector. Oh, they do have jumpers. This is kind of handy So if you want to just buy cables directly, uh, they're linked from the bottom. So it's a jumper cable from jst Um, there's the mating products. So, uh, various Types of housings that you can use and then you can get the pins to make housings or Honestly, just get the jumper cable and then, you know, you're you're good to go You can always cut the jumper cable if you want to solder it to some other device or connector. All right Uh, next up, let's look at jst sh Again, you want to go into the, uh Pin connector in this case, we're going to go for the four pin because we want to have it work with our stomach qt boards And we want active um Click okay, and we'll see. Yeah, there's pretty much you can get, um Vertical there's two vertical versions here, and I don't quite Know the difference These look good to be identical Tbt. Oh, you know what probably one is in a um tape and wheel and one is uh is cut tape or something um, so this one, uh is vertical so it again it points up and um, it's a little tough to see But maybe I'll show on the 360 Give it a moment to load. This is handy when you want to like make sure that the connector is Exactly right okay, so You can see that there are these Um solder tabs. So these are like, you know, melted into the body So you'll just have to have a solder Two big solder pads to keep these from from pulling because especially since you're going to be pulling up on the connector Um to make sure that your uh footprint has those Um, it's in the datasheet And you can also download uh CAD models, which I've been starting to use by the way Uh, I used to make all my models by hand my CAD models now. I actually download You know one of these whatever suggested and then I might tweak it to kind of fit The way I want it to look but the footprint especially I really like Having the footprint made for me and then I can attach that to a schematics symbol I already like okay one quick question um Let me find that uh, do they have jst connectors that you can clamp onto a ribbon cable to make your own custom cables? That's a good question. I think that you're not going to find something Like that like, you know, you it's not going to find an idc connector for um this size Sometimes let's look back to the ph This one I think that this might be a crimp connector. You might be able to poke a wire into it Um, that's the best thing you're going to be able to do because it looks like you can either Yeah, you see how there's a little there's no 3d model, but see how there's a little uh you here I think you you can use a tool like a punchdown tool and you could You could poke wires in and then as long as it's the right gauge check the datasheet for the gauge It'll it'll grab on to the wire and cut through the um wire sheathing And it won't be a very strong cable. I wouldn't use it for like long-term use But it probably would be good enough for you know, very basic work Or if it's enclosed and protected like you know, if you yank on it, uh, you could yank it loose But for something that's protected and not being yanked. I think it's fine Okay This is as close as you're gonna get to idca to be honest Okay, so sorry we were at jstsh 4 pin So if you are um making uh a stem at qt board, is it pretty much the part you want? Um, I think it's a really good thing At the 360 if you want it um the photo so this is the basically the connector we use on all of our boards and You know, it's in in quantity. It's going to be about like 20 cents or so we can get them in real But they're really reliable Pretty much add them on like now tens of thousands maybe a hundred thousand different boards and uh, you know no failures almost no Pick in place failures either. Um, and you know, they they have many cycles of use So no so far. Nobody's like worn out this connector. So I really like it Um, jst, they make really good connectors. Check out the jst website Also, if you want to see other cables and connectors that they make so you can mix and match with You know your existing design depending on how much curtain you need and the gauge of the wires you're trying to connect to That's the great search That's a great search with zutiki, but we're going to have one little extra segment We have a special video all about stemma that we just did so i'm going to play this and then we're going to Do you like this connector? Here's more about it What is stemma qt? Stemma is an easy way to connect sensors and devices with no breadboards or hand wiring needed A controller board can plug into a bunch of devices for fast building and prototyping Stemma qt is the smallest stemma connector used exclusively for i2c communication You get two power wires and two data wires i2c shares the data wires so you can chain together multiple boards Stemma qt is compatible with spark fun quick and seed grove devices using a jst ph2 sh adapter So you can use all the hardware you already own Stemma qt is built into eta fruit glue mag tag qt pie and more You can get building without any soldering at all stemma qt is built into tons of eta fruit sensors and devices Just look for the stemma qt logo on the back of the board And with that is a great search


Good day, film investors. Whenever I make a video about stock market crashes, my views explode. This means that there is a lot of worry out there what will happen if a stock market actually crashes and when the stock market crashes. However, I think that having a good well-organized strategy when it comes to long-term investing that includes planning for what you are going to do when such a crash occurs, then that makes investing very, very easy. And in this video, I'll give you a complete overview of my investment strategy related to stock market and individual stock crashes, how I balance that out within my two portfolios and why I think that my strategy over the long term will bring to higher investment returns with limited risk. Let's start. So I've been investing since 2002. And in 2002, when I started buying stocks, everybody was saying, you're crazy to buy stocks. There have been the Asian crisis, the dot-com bubble and many, many lost money on stocks. So nobody wanted to buy stocks. I started buying this really, really well. I lost some money in 2008, like most people, but I was aggressively buying in 2009, 2012 during the European crisis. And then I did really, really well. So I have experience of stock market crashes. And this gives me confidence that when the next crash comes, the only thing I have to do is simply buy more of good value when the opportunity arises. However, you never know when the crash will come. Therefore, you'll have to have a timely strategy how to take advantage of the opportunities and not be burned too much if and when the crash actually occurs. So let me show you my portfolios and their crash recession preparation, let's say strategy, discuss the most important things when it comes to recession proof investing, show how crashes happen all the time and how to take advantage of that. And by the end of this video, as I said, you should see how my ideas fit your personal investment preferences, your portfolio, and then whether you can apply those to increase your long-term returns and always lower your risk. Let's start by explaining my two portfolios. I have two stock market portfolios. One is a lump sum portfolio where I invested 100,000 starting this year. So 2019, the goal is to build a track record to maybe later launch a fund based on that track record. So 100,000 lump sum investing, the goal is to maximize investment returns. I cannot add money, buy more or so really maximize investment returns and be careful about risk. The other portfolio is a portfolio that I launched a year ago when I launched my stock market research platform. And the other portfolio is 10,000 initial and then 1000 added every month. I wanted to make a portfolio that reflects what most people do and that is monthly additions to those, to their portfolios. So over the next 19 years, I'll be adding 1000 per month to that portfolio, which means I will be a net buyer of stocks, which makes things very, very easy. You actually hope for a crash, but more about that later. Let's start with the lump sum portfolio, which is very tricky and very interesting for those that have already huge amounts, large portfolios and their financial well-being depends on that portfolio doing well. So let's start on that. The key with such a lump sum portfolio is always to manage risk, to have some cash to take advantage of the opportunities, and then of course not to get burned by having too big allocation with one stock because you never know what can happen. I'm very, very comfortable with having a maximum of eight stocks in my lump sum portfolio, which eliminates permanent capital losses from a portfolio perspective, but still allows me to hold the best eight businesses that I can find, the best value investments that I can find. As I said, I started this in 2019 and I am now 74% invested in seven businesses and there is 26-25% in cash. I'm very, very comfortable in having 20% in cash and 80% invested because I never know when there will be a crash, when there will be a recession. So I think that having 80%, 20% in a normal market environment long term brings to the highest possible returns. I'm not Buffett, so Buffett has a limit. He cannot buy smaller companies, so I can do that. Therefore, I'm much more invested than he is. The most important thing is that you need to have a strategy when it comes to crashes, and my strategy is related to the business yield risk and reward adjusted returns, average long-term returns I can get from the businesses I invest in. So my goal is 80% invested when I can find investments that will lead to a 15% long-term average yearly business return. The investment has a margin of safety and is generally a good value investment. If some stocks crash and there are more opportunities and when those businesses, the same businesses or other businesses offer 20% average long-term business returns from earnings, from dividends, from future cash flows at acceptable risk, I'll increase my exposure to 90%. When those returns increase to 25%, I'll go 100% in, and if I find great businesses that offer 30% and higher long-term business returns at very little risk, the dividend is more than enough to pay for the margin interest, and there is no way to get a margin call because the margin call happens only if my whole portfolio falls another 50%, 60%, 70%, then I might go 20% of the portfolio on margin. The point is that I will not do something just because stocks crash or this. I will always look at the long-term business yield. Businesses are much more stable than stocks that go up and down. So if I focus on that, those businesses, earnings will be a little bit lower or even no earnings when there is a recession, then those earnings will grow and it will be cyclical, but much more stable. And if I can buy and sell around those cyclical situations, then I'll do very, very well. And the business focus, the business yield, the focus on the business yield gives me the courage to buy when others are selling and even sell when others are exuberantly buying. Let me show you the business value I own because I think it will be extremely educational. So if I look at my LAMPSAM portfolio now, the portfolio exposure is focused a little bit on commodities because that's something I can really understand well and I feel it's something that will do well over the next decade because of the tailwinds in the sector. Plus it's cheap at the moment, so I like to buy things. I like to buy value on the cheap. As you can see from the third column, the average price earnings ratio is about 10, which is much lower than what the market offers now. Plus most of the companies are growth stocks, growth companies alongside value. If you look at the dividends, price to book ratios and debt to equity, you will see that there is no fixed level as I mostly invest in the long-term business outlook. So I try to find undervalued opportunities and I also try to find value in something that might happen three, four, five, ten years down the road. So the real value is not yet reflected into fundamentals. Nevertheless, the company has either high strong cash flows, which you can see with the high dividend yields or very, very low debt, which means that whatever happens, high gross margins, whatever happens in the sector, the company will survive, which is a very important margin of safety for me. I'm buying quality assets. I believe all the businesses trade below intrinsic value, which gives me, again, a margin of safety. Now, when it comes to investing and a stock crash can always happen, I think there are three key factors that you have to implement in your strategy. A margin of safety, focusing on the business yield and don't forget about dividends and takeovers. For a margin of safety, I simply believe that if the business is good, the business will be there in 10, 20, 30 years. It gives me certainty and safety that if the stock price crashes, there is enough, no margin of safety for stock price protection, I can simply happily buy more because I know that I'm buying value. That's it. That's my margin of safety, which leads me to the second thing and the focus must be on business returns. Long-term investment returns are perfectly correlated to the underlying business returns of a stock. I'm focusing on those and I'm trying to find business returns that are underappreciated by the market because of who knows what. The market is over irrational. So when I focus on those business returns, I know that my returns will be close to what the business yield is delivering. So if I can work hard and find those businesses that will give me 10, 15% plus some growth plus a margin of safety, I'll do well. I'll explain what I mean by discussing the SAP 500. The current earnings business yield of the SAP 500 is 4.72%. At the current level of 2,852 points, the business earnings are 144.8 points. This means that an earnings yield of 4.7 will lead to long-term investment returns of around 5%, 6% when you add the growth inflation, etc. So if you wish for safety and are happy with a 5% return, buy the SAP 500. Now, if you know stocks are volatile and there could be a crash coming, then you can manage your lump sum portfolio by putting portfolio exposure thresholds depending on the yield you require. Let's say that at the 4% yield, the portfolio exposure is 70%, short-term treasury is 30%. This is all arbitrary. See how this fits your personal investment scenario. SAP 500% you increase the exposure, lower the treasuries, at 7% you're 100% in stocks because you are happy with the long-term return of 7%. Such a strategy will allow you to be happy if stocks crash as you will be able to buy more of the things you already own and like at a lower price, which means you will buy at a bargain. And the most important thing with such a strategy is that you buy more when those things actually crash. You have to be reasonable with what your capabilities are. If you don't want to think about the stock market and are happy now with such 5%, 6%, 7% returns, the SAP 500 might be the best answer to that because you simply buy. You don't have to think about anything. You're exposed to the global economy. And when the yield is the average yield, you can use a cyclically adjusted price earnings ratio, the CAPE ratio that shows 10-year average earnings. When the yield is where you like it, you buy more. When it is above, you sell a little bit, you manage that. And then whatever happens, crash or no crash, if stocks go up, you're happy or richer. If stocks go down, you buy more. That's your managing risk. And when you manage risk, whatever happens in the stock market, it doesn't really matter to you. And then there are dividends and takeovers. People used to forget dividends because what is 2, 3, 4, 5% when stocks go up and down 5%, 10% all the time, especially in a month or in more longer periods. But when you focus on those dividends, then you can see, okay, those dividends bring in more cash, which allow you to manage your risks even better. If there is now a crash, I'll be getting approximately 4% on average on my portfolio per year. And those dividends are expected to grow. So 4,000 in my case, 4,000 something will be reinvested just from dividends. If stocks crash, I could again buy more of what I own. Then on eight positions, there is always the possibility that a takeover happens, the company counts, pays a premium. And suddenly you find yourself with 10, 15, 20% additional investments in cash. And then you simply patiently deploy it again when some investments hit your business return threshold. So these three factors really allow you to easily manage risk and in relation to potential reward and make things easy when it comes to stock market crashes. Now on the model portfolio, the portfolio that I started with 10,000 a year ago and where I add 1000 per month. And now it's a little bit higher. You see the additions have added to the value, some stocks have gone up, which is again a positive, but that's mostly because of market volatility. Long term should be okay. And now here I have written down the added amount, which is 12,000 per year. Then I have used the discount rate of 10% and calculated the present value of the added amount over the next 19 years. The current portfolio invested is just 24,000. The current cash is 1,800. But the value of the futurely added cash, the sum of present values of the 19 years times 12,000 that I will be adding is $1,000. So if you put it in that perspective, the total portfolio now is 127,000, 28,000 and the cash is 102,000. So when you have such a portfolio, when you constantly add money month by month, month by month for the next 10, 20 years, even 10, even five, then you should be extremely happy when a stock market crash happens because you can then buy more, own more, have higher yields, higher dividends, higher earnings yields that will increase your long-term returns and lower your risks because risk is a function of price. So the lower the price, the lower the risk. So this makes things easy. If you're investing every month, if you're adding to your portfolio every month, simply embrace stock market crashes, be happy when those happen because you will do well and because you're buying more on the chip. It's like a sale in the store, in the supermarket. So think that ways if you're adding on a constantly monthly basis. So before going on to the stock market crash scenarios, just to conclude on my portfolio strategy, it's really, really simple. I buy value, below intrinsic value, focus on the business yield that will lead to long-term stock market returns, take advantage of the volatility, increase my exposure if the yield goes up, lower my exposure if the yield goes down, balance the risks and carefully watch my basket with my seven, eight eggs because I want to know everything that goes on with the company. What are the long-term risks? Are there changes in the management, et cetera? But that's what I do. If you don't have the time or don't want to bother with stock simply, you can use the SAP 500 index. And then if you add on a monthly basis, balance your portfolio exposures, you'll do extremely well over your long-term investment horizon. However, there are some stock market crash scenarios that really emphasize what am I talking here. It's extremely important to know that markets are not linear, stocks crash all the time. You can't time the market, a crash can be inflationary plus there can be a currency collapse. Let me show you the Chinese stock market compared to the SAP 500 over the last five years. And you will see that stock market crashes are not linear. Something crashes while other things go up. If you compare the two indices, you can see that the SAP 500 was much, much less volatile than the Shanghai index. And the Shanghai index has gone through three bull markets and two bear markets in the last five years. So while something was stable, something else was crashing. So you can always take advantage of opportunities. And there will always be something crashing. So you can sell something, buy something else, and then take advantage of other bull markets, because that's the nature of the stock market. What is also important is that not everything crashes at the same time. The SAP 500 has been down 2.6% over the last month, but some stocks have jumped 26% at the same time. Long term, some stocks will go up even in a crash. This is Gazprom, they increase the dividend and then the stock jumped significantly. So the message is don't focus on the general picture, focus on the individual positions. Something will go up, something will go down. Just be prepared. And if something is a much better bargain, buy more of the bargain. Then stock crash all the time. If you look again at my portfolio, the average decline from five year peaks is 41%. I would call that a crash. So practically all my stocks have crashed except one. So crashes constantly create opportunities and crashes are always around us. I wish I could time the market, but all I can do is focus on the business, because I cannot predict those crashes. And market timing is very dangerous. And I've been listening to market crash predictions since I started investing in 2002. There will be a recession, there will be a crisis, buy gold, run to this political collapse, you name it. But those are risks, those can materialize, you simply have to have a plan and then everything becomes easier. So the main message is again have a plan. Let me explain this. So if you invest, and let's say you buy a business that has a long-term 15% earnings yield, so you expect it to grow for 15% over the long-term. And over the next four years, things go good. But then there is a crash of 30%. After five years, you are still ahead. Your $100 are 106. If that happens again, again over five years, you are still ahead. Now if a recession happens every five years, okay, your returns will be good. But in the meantime, there will be takeovers, there will be exuberance, there will be high volatility. So nothing will be linear, as we said. So you can take advantage of those, sell earlier, buy something else. So you will do even better than these returns that have crashes coming constantly. Further, it's much easier to focus on individual stocks than to listen to market gurus. If I would have listened to Ray Dalio in 2018 and not bought my copper miner, which was my largest position in January of 2018, because if there is a recession, copper prices simply go down the toilet, then I would have missed on what was a great investment, the best investment of 2018 for me, because I would not have bought a copper miner, in this case, Navson Resources. However, I believe that at prices below 2.5, it was a huge bargain. And even that if there was a recession, I could wait five, 10 years for the value to unlock. However, Z-Inmining bought it out, I made a huge return. And if I would have listened to the doom and gloom situation, I would never have bought. Further, a crash can be inflationary and there can be always a currency collapse or inflation. And if you just look at Argentina, the Argentinian Merval index is up 34 times over the last 10 years, while the peso is down 93% against the dollar over the same period. So 1,000 invested, 1,000 dollars, American dollars would still now be around 2,450 since 2008. That's better than the SAP 500. So always keep in mind that if there is more inflation, businesses, value investing, buying productive assets will bring you a lot of protection, better than many other things. So for me, it has been simple over the last 18 years, focus on value, value, value, buy below intrinsic value, look at the business earnings, future potential dividends, future potential cash flows with a margin of safety. When you balance that, there will be crashes, stocks will crash, I'll have a buffer to buy more, which will increase my long-term returns. This is my strategy. If there is a crash tomorrow or in five years, I will do well anyways. So the key is have a plan. I hope that I have helped you with this plan. Leave a comment below if you have further questions about this. Thank you for watching. Please consider subscribing if you like this mindset. Check my website if you want to know more about my research portfolios, everything. Thank you for watching and I'll see you in the next video.


People are exhausted. They are tired of working 50 or 60 hours a week. They are tired of not being able to spend enough time with their children.  Think outside of the box. Don't accept the options or the worldview given to you by the media. Think about this one for a second.  And what they said is, we are not beasts of burden. We want a 40-hour work week. That is what they said a hundred years ago. And you know what? Today, most workers in America still don't have a 40-hour work week. Something is wrong. An explosion of technology and worker productivity, a global economy, and yet the middle class continues to decline, and almost all new income and wealth goes to the top 1%. Let me be very clear. If elected president of the United States, we are going to create an economy that works for all of us, not just the 1%.