Cannabis Stocks and CEO Interviews brought to you by Rich TV Live. Hi, how's everybody doing today? This is your boy Rich and I'm here with a very special guest and his associate. I'm here with Corey, who is the co-founder of Namaste and Aaron. How are you doing today guys? Hey, good yourself? Oh, I'm doing fantastic. Today we are very, very excited here at Rich TV Live because we're going to get a chance to do a tour of the Can-Mart facility. So why don't we talk a little bit about what you guys are doing over there? And we're excited to see what you guys are, what the facility looks like. Yeah, I think it'll be nice for your viewers and our shareholders to actually see inside the facility and sort of what goes on here, you know, on a day-to-day basis. So it's just after five, but we still have some staff here. There's activity going on. So it'd be a good time to sort of walk through and show you guys around a little bit. And, you know, it's certainly a very unique facility. I mean, this is the first license that's been granted to sell cannabis to a non-cultivator. So you're not going to see, you know, it's essentially kind of like a distribution center for cannabis. You're not going to see any plants growing anywhere here. And, you know, it's product like we have a combination. You know, there's bulk product that comes in that we test and package and weigh. And then we also receive pre-finished product as well. It's been tested and packed. So that's part of the new legislation too that's been updated. So it's a combination. And today we're actually have the team here that's gone back and they're unpacking our new shipment from GTEC, which is some super high-quality product that I was just looking at and was really impressed with it too. So we'll get to show you guys back there as well. That's great. Well, I can't wait. Thank you so much for the opportunity. And yeah, let's take a look. Awesome. All right. Well, we're going to go over now, walk over to the customer service area. So don't worry, I'm on my laptop here, but we'll show you. So this is kind of your main entrance area here. And this is our customer service area here. Erin's going to let us in. Everything is keypad. Everything is secure. Everything is secured. It's like a CIA office in here, you know? So this is the customer service team in here on the phones, with patients. So these are the customer service representatives that are taking in calls from patients currently? Correct. So if you are calling in, checking on an order, have questions, these are the people here that pick up and answer the phones. So this is where the magic happens, the customer service, which is super super important to us. Absolutely. To the area.  So it's like I said, it's very serious security and regulations in here. So this is the room here. So this is the gown room, right? So anybody that comes past this point, has to have full gowns, booties on your feet, beard covers as well. Okay. All right, we've gone through this next lock door here. So we're moving back now, got all of our gowns on, beard mask, booties, everything ready to go. So we're just gonna walk back here. I'm just gonna show you a couple areas, okay? So we actually just received a shipment of product from GTEC. There was an announcement, GTEC announcement, just our first purchase from them and I'm super super impressed with the quality of the product. So we're gonna go into the, this is the package room here. So when we receive product, we either receive product that's in bulk, where we have to test it, unpackage it and package it ourselves, or we receive pre-finished product where it comes tested and finished. So this is the area in this room here where we actually do packaging of cannabis products. So for example, you can see here, I'm just gonna show you. So here we're weighing out product. These are the, this is the product that just came in from GTEC and we're actually just launching, we have new one gram containers. So this is really nice. We found that a lot of people, when they're ordering, they like to test different strains. So instead of ordering like large quantities, we're really happy to now have these one gram containers too. So you don't have to buy a lot of quantity if it's a strain that you haven't tested before. So I'll see if I can get in a little bit of an angle there. So this is the product that's being hand-pipped and weighed and then packaged. So obviously for us, we like to have, buy pre-packaged product where it's already tested. It just goes straight on the shelf and it's ready to go. But depending on the relationship or the supply agreement, sometimes we do do that, the packaging in-house as well. Do you have anything to add there? Yeah, no, I mean, I think you kind of hit the nail on the head there. Our preference is absolutely getting a free package and branded. Leverage the other producer's brand. But at the end of the day, we do have a packaging facility here and we're certainly accommodating our customers by packaging into two sizes that will fit their needs. And it still is branded and sold as, for example, as GTech products, right? So yeah, just the difference in the way that we actually receive it, versus whether it's bulk or pre-packaged. So this is the packing area in this room here and they're just packing up that stuff right now. And then we'll walk over and I'll show you a couple of the other rooms here too, okay? Very good, thank you. Where to next, Erin? Let's see the shipping room. So look, I was here when we had our first pickup from Pineapple Express today, right? So we're offering Sandy delivery service out of here now too. So Pineapple comes to pick up. So this is the shipping area here. In case if you have the team, there's some people, it's late so most of the shipments have gone open. We've got people working here. This is all the storage equipment and shipping. Couriers will come, Canada Post or Pineapple Express will come pick up the shipments right in the back here. So this is the output from the facility at the back door here. Very good. And where is your facility located? It's in Etobicoke, Ontario. So it's literally like... Etobicoke, that's crazy, small world. Oh, it's like five minutes from the airport. So I think what's really cool too is when we announced the regulations in Ontario are gonna be such that licensed producers are able to open a dispensary within their physical facilities. So we have this location and then Camart Labs across the street, right? And Camart Labs is gonna be exclusively for producing oil products, cannabis oil and different types of aftermarket products. So in that facility too, we'll be able to have a dispensary at each location. And I'm pretty sure I'd be willing to bet these are gonna be the closest dispensary locations to the airport as well. So people coming in town that wanna pop by here will be welcome to come and pick up products from here directly too. Wow, that is fantastic. And I think that relationship with Pineapple Express is brilliant. The same day delivery, I think is brilliant. Yeah, it's been going really well so far. Like they're very organized. They've done a great job of their initial rollout and they're here pretty much every day now picking up orders, right? So we got crazy.  You know, part of the issues that we identified initially was the whole onboarding process, right? Like if you can get a prescription, then getting onboarded to a licensed producer can sometimes take quite a while. So we've really sped up that whole process now and really the goal would be to be able to get your prescription, get connected, order and have the product delivered the same day. That's, I think that is going to be a huge part of your business moving forward. Yeah, it's really exciting. I mean, people are used to having that type of service and I think it just really hasn't existed in this space yet. So I think that we're just ordering on new territory for things like this, right? They're cannabis in real time, right? They don't want it. It's like pizza, right? They want it in 30 minutes, right? Yeah, absolutely, absolutely. That's pretty cool, man. Is there anything else we want to go back here? You know, there's, you can see here, like the security systems are very everywhere. There's cameras all over the whole building, swipe guards and key pads to get in every area. You know, I can't even get in here without having someone else take me in.  It's about 5,000 square feet for this whole building. And it might seem small, but don't forget in most LPs, the majority of the space is taken up because of their cultivation, right? So we have no plan screwing here. We don't need grow rooms. We have a packing area, storage area. We have a vault actually, there's our vaults over here and then the shipping area. So it's not like overly complicated. We don't need a ton of space. Wow. You know what? So bringing us into your facilities, we feel so fortunate that we were able to actually see that. Let's do this again very soon, Corey. Yeah, absolutely. All the best, Sass. Thank you very much as well, Aaron, for your time today. And let's do this again soon, guys. And hopefully as you guys have any new products or any break can use, we can do this again and we can talk about it and we can collaborate in the future. Absolutely, thanks very much. We really like your guys show too and I always watch it myself and so appreciate the opportunity beyond two. Oh, thank you so much. We really appreciate your time today, guys. Have yourselves a great day. Continue all the great work, guys. Thanks a lot. Take care. Cheers. Bye.


Interoperability is crucial for research infrastructures that offer services and scholarly works content that need to be exchanged, processed, and analyzed among different information, communication, and technology systems. Open-air interoperability guidelines documents and collects the standards, rules, and processes that any interested party needs to follow to connect with open-air infrastructure and, therefore, EOSC. How many levels of interoperability should a system comply with to connect with open-air? Legal, operational, semantic, and technical. Open-air interoperability guidelines offers information on literature, institutional, and somatic repositories, data archives, current research information systems, software, and other research products. To run a compatibility test with Open-air, you can use the Open-air Metadata Validator service within Open-air Provide. The guidelines can help you to make your service, content, infrastructure compliant with Open-air and EOSC. Minimize the risk of legal, technical, and operational failures.  Follow the standards of the Open Science Ecosystem for seamless operations. Enrich your metadata. Reach interconnected systems that speak the same language with your system and produce comprehensive, fair, and innovative outcomes. It's a service for content and service providers. Research infrastructures. The guidelines are available openly online and updated when new information becomes available. Research community members can participate in discussions and contribute further improvements. Open-air interoperability in practice.


What's going on everybody? Got Kyle and Donnie here relating sports cards, and we are ripping 2022 NT hobby and immaculate collegiate first Our immaculate age hobby two box mixer number three random team stop. We did a random for the break guys We had Paul B with the Packers down to Matthew P with the Bears Good luck here guys. Let's see what we got in this one start with the immaculate. Hey, good luck MP See you can get your Anthony Richardson for the Colts some good jets in the NT multiple jets in there Thick one in the middle, man. Very thick in the middle. Wow All right, you got Tony Pollard to start us off that one is going to the Cowboys Tony Pollard number 299 on the base Cowboys This one is number to 61. It's gonna be glove relic Zach Charbonnet out of UCLA going to the Seahawks there Charbonnet behind that we have RPA number to 65 going to the birds. I mean Nola Smith 35 is 65 Nolan Smith there one of the Philadelphia Bulldogs Now I'm said gloves. I believe on the Charbonnet another one for the Eagles Four of ten on the hat relic that one's Tanner McKee. Hey, nice one there RPA Tanner McKee for the Eagles there on the hat relic QV number two Four of ten nice one Eagles pick one there Next up we've got eight of ten hook them horns on the Bijan nice one there Bijan Robinson on the RPA Eight of ten and go into the Falcons Nice Bijan there a lot of people are high on Bijan, man I was looking at a mock draft and he was a one of the top picks for running backs this year crazy Eight of ten on the Bijan RPA. No, it's more crazy. It's one there Falcons True he is the highest paid running back to that is also crazy as a rookie That's nuts Next up we got Seahawks again number to 99. It's gonna be Zach Charbonnet on the rookie auto out of UCLA Charbonnet Charbonnet UCLA There we go now we're getting it All right, you guys still 16 to go on the next one still 16 to go same same boxes as this one Nt collegiate and or sorry. I'm at collegiate Nt hobby break it next got Nt now Don't know why you have a rookie Thousand-yard runner and then you're like, hey, you know what we need Running back. Yeah, exactly. I don't get it. I mean if he plays out to be the breeze all Yeah, I agree Paul. I think it's gonna be good man. It's just like yeah, they do have some good running backs already All right guys Nt now. Come on now What do we have come on it come on now a little bit of a chunky one You get a couple of different catchphrases you can marry it around But come on now Come on now Gets gets played a lot. I mean it righty. We got a Packers there number to 99 Rogers Rogers on the base Packers Still on the Packers there to 99 Behind now we have Joe burrow for the Bengals 25 at 35 Bengals there dual Jersey number 299 this one's Davis Mills Sunday Treasures dual Jersey for the Texans Texans Davis Mills Home back to back next one is Texans as well. It's going to be Number to 88 on the Jersey number that one is John Michi on the dual patch Number to the Jersey number there that one is seven of 88 Behind that we have to 35 another dual Jersey Maddie Corral That one's going to the Panthers Panthers Maddie Corral and to 49 we got tremendous treasures tremendous treasures that one is George Kittle. That is pretty cool Pretty cool. It's Kittle their Niners tremendous treasures to 49. Got Dallas Mark M Mark M with Dallas We've got a Marcus where on the NFL shield one-of-one nice one there material treasures auto boom There we go, uh Dallas one-of-one on the DeMarcus where Laundry tag logo Nice one there will mag that for you mark nice hit there with the Cowboys laundry tag NFL shield Now we've got behind it is to 49 Colossal Jersey auto DJ more Still the Panthers there on the DJ more 47 of 49 Colossal Jersey auto Panthers and True RPA this one is cave on Tibido nice one there to 99 Giants This guy is a beast Nice hit for the Giants there. I want is Larry. Yeah, we'll mag this for you Larry Cave on Tibido on the true RPA. I got you Larry Tibido and on the back to 99 we have crossover RPA gonna go to the commanders Johan Dotson Johan Dotson commanders. That's Gary Only three color patch there 45 of 99 Dotson Nice one there commanders Alrighty friends and that will do it For the NT and I'm at college football two box mixer number three. We'll do a quick hit recap here We had Jersey auto to 49 DJ more he had Charbonate and 99 Seahawks This one is Bijan Robinson. That is to 10 RPA there for the Falcons. This one is Nolan Smith to 65 RPA Eagles this one is to 10 Tanner McKee Tanner McKee Eagles and One of one for the Cowboys the Marcus right where on the NFL logo 101 Jersey auto nice one there Cowboys Got Johan Dotson on the crossover RPA and we had true RPA to 99 cave on Tibido Yeah, so Trin and these are This RPA right here the vertical one to 99 is what they consider the true RPA Like this one is considered the crossover. It even has it on there. It's called crossover This one is actually the true RPA and then they also have the rookie material sigs so they consider the true RPA This is vertical one number to 99 any of these that are number to 99 on card The other ones are crossover and rookie material signatures. There's different names for them. Alrighty guys I'll do it for the mixer 22 NT and 23. I'm at collegiate. Thank you guys got another one coming up next number four


Hi, I'm Samantha House. Today we'll be exploring Blend Space. It's a web app that can be used to create interactive task cards. Before we get started, don't forget to subscribe and hit the bell to enable notifications for our channel by clicking our logo during the video. Also, leave us a comment or check out our related videos by clicking the pop-up cards in the upper right corner. Here's how to get started with Blend Space. If you haven't signed up for Blend Space yet, click Sign Up, choose I'm a Teacher, and then you can answer these quick questions about yourself. Once you're signed up and logged in, you can create your classes. Click Create Class and give it a name. Choose your grade level and click Create Class. You can see you have a class code. Just copy and paste it into Google Classroom. Ask students to go to blendspace.com, join with their Google username and password, and enter the class code. Then they'll be able to be in your class and see your lessons. To create a new lesson, click New Lesson. Enter the title here. For the first box, I usually like to include an introduction. Click Add Text. You can change your font options here. You can include an introduction to tell what the lesson is going to be about, a standard and an essential question, or whatever else you need to include. Then click Done. In the other boxes, you can include resources for students. To find additional resources for your Blend Space task card, you can use the toolbar on the side. One really good feature is the Google Search feature. You can type in what you are looking for, and it will give you a list just like a Google Search. For example, here's an article by National Geographic. I can hover over it and click Preview. This allows me to look at the article before assigning it to students. If I like the article, I can click on it and drag and drop it into the task card. Where it says Enter Description or Notes, you can click and type instructions for students, and click Done. Here's a video I can hover over it to preview it. Once you have reviewed it, you can drag and drop it into the task card. If you have a Google Doc that you would like for students to complete as part of the lesson, open a new tab and go to Google Drive. In Google Drive, search for the document. Once you find it, right-click it and choose Get Shareable Link. If you want students to be able to make their own copy of the resource, make sure it says Anyone at Ori County Schools can view. Then you're going to change Viewer to Editor. Click Copy Link and then go back to Blend Space. Back in Blend Space, choose the link icon on the toolbar and paste your link. In the link where it says Edit, highlight everything after that and change it to Copy. This will force anyone who opens the document to make a copy. Then click Search.  Drag it into the box. You can then enter the instructions. Then click Done. If you want to end with a quiz, hover over the box and click Add Quiz. Type your question and your answer choices. To add another answer choice, click here. To add another question, click here. And when you're done, click Done. Students now have an easy way to know the order in which they should complete their assignments. When you're done, click Share. You can choose Collaborate to add a co-author. If you want your collaborative team to work on your task card with you, you can copy this link and paste it into an email to your collaborative team. They will then be able to edit the board. When you're done with the board, click Share. Click your classes. Or you can click Google Classroom. And it will put your Blend Space board in Google Classroom. Blend Space also has a tremendous library of boards that have been created. To search for those, back on your dashboard, click Lesson Library and you can search for a lesson. Once you find a lesson you like, click Copy. After you make a copy, you can then edit it. Thanks for watching. Be sure to like, comment, or apply to one of our other videos, or share the playlist below. Subscribe to our channel and enable notifications so you don't miss out on our next episode. Don't forget to check out our other resources and see what else is going on in Orie County Schools. Be sure to follow us on social media or contact us via email or our blog.


All right, so we're almost ready to rock. I think we're going to give people just another minute or two So while we're waiting, I'm gonna tell a story because It relates to this very thin room. So and some people probably haven't heard before I don't think you guys have heard it So in 2008 I took a job after my first startup failed with this company called go grid Which was the second public cloud in the United States after Amazon web services And two weeks after I started I found out that public speaking was actually part of my job description Which I had never done before and I had been volunteered to go speak at SNIA So I'm sweating bullets the whole time, right? And I'm like doing all the research and trying to understand how Steve Jobs presents and you know I got two weeks. I prepare I build this whole deck. I show up there walk in the room The room's about four times larger than this I'm like Crap I Didn't get any sleep the night before I'm so nervous I'm so nervous I get up on stage and the way they had to set up You kind of came out like you're a rock star and all the lights are like lights were like two three times brighter than this I couldn't see anything except I the entire room was empty except for like five people It could fit like 400 people and they're like five people in there and so I was still nervous though So I went through the whole deck. I gave my presentation and you know the thing I focused on was content I'm trying to make sure all the content was really interesting how these data points from GoGrid and At the end all five people asked me at least one question So that became my new bar like I don't care how many people are in the audience What I care is like do I give you guys the value and do I get high-level engagement? So That's just my story. So the room's a little thin But you know, I'll be I'll be very happy and so will our panelists I think if you ask good questions and get engaged because you know We're just here to have a conversation and try to understand things right nobody's got the answers But in having a dialogue we kind of together find out and you know, and hopefully learn more about what we're trying to accomplish Yeah, all right, so we're gonna go so your panel today. I'm moderating. I'm ready by us and I hoped that you know who I am I find out that his open stack is bigger and bigger as a figure. I become smaller and smaller within open stack I've been part of open stacks since the very beginning I founded a company called cloud scaling that I was the CEO of which was sold to EMC last year and at EMC I am one of a few people including Josh who Tries to make EMC think differently. So as you can see, I'm not the typical EMC executive I have no colored shirt. This is how I tend to go to business meetings even in Japan So, you know, that's that's me and then I'll let each of the folks introduce themselves in it. Thank you, Randy Myself. I'm its tank. I'm a senior principal cloud architect I help a direct TV with their cloud initiatives lead teams for putting open stack in production and different use cases around a cloud Hello, I'm Lachlan Evenson. I'm the cloud platform team lead at lithium technologies You may have seen the keynote yesterday where I demonstrated croc hunter. So we're using containers in production on open stack at the moment So I'm user operator bring that experience in the enterprise space So I'm Josh Bernstein. I joined EMC in May from Apple where I was responsible for data center infrastructure for Siri So as part of joining EMC Randy and I are kind of the tag team show I guess trying to Steer the ship if you will change of the direction of the ship. There you go So for those who haven't seen Me moderating a panel before I go to fairly great lengths to try to have a diversity of opinion I do not pick people who are my friends I do not peak people from vendors and strategic partners or even customers necessarily what I want to see is Some different viewpoints because if everybody on the panel says, oh, yeah, I agree with the guy next to me Then we don't really learn anything right that where we find things out is in the areas of disagreement So I tried to carefully select a panel of somebody who is trying to understand what his container journey looks like That's a myth. He doesn't he's not using containers yet He's just the very beginning of understanding and in trying to figure out containers and you can talk about this more in a second He's trying to figure out like do I put them on open-sack? Do I not put them on open-sack? Then I picked Locky who's using containers on top of open-stack and harmony and very happy with it And then I picked Josh who I work with but he's got the very interesting story around, you know, one of the world's largest Container deployments at Apple where they use absolutely no virtualization. So we have containers at scale with no virtualization at web Scale we have containers on top of open-stack in production where there's a lot of learning happening And then we have somebody at the beginning of their container journey So that's kind of why I got these three folks in here so we could kind of explore You know, do can do containers have a future in open-stack or do they work in harmony with it? Do they work against it? And so that's what we're going to talk about today All right, so good So the place I want to start with was to have each of these folks kind of describe their container journey And let's start with Josh and then work this way and just each of them are going to sort of tell us in more detail What that journey was like and what are the lessons learned so far? Yeah, thank you. So We started at at Apple with You know one of the one a very very large virtualized environment running VMware and after about two years or so we decided that it was just too operationally complex to run something with virtualization at that scale and In the meantime there were there was another group kind of going down the open-stack journey in parallel They spent about 18 months on their open-stack deployment and we were kind of at an inflection point decided We had to do something different and so when we took a look at what open-stack had offered them and gave them It was kind of just the same mousetrap but different than what we had already built and we were looking for something fundamentally different and really fundamentally simpler, right? At a certain scale the complexity of a virtualized environment makes operating at its scale very very difficult and so that's where we landed on mesos and containers It drove a lot of complexity out of the environment. It gave us tremendous capability around scale and You know we were lucky enough to have gone through that journey very quickly. I think and how big was that environment? It was when I when I left it was in the 85,000 server range. Those are physical servers. So it was big Great. Thanks. Lucky So our journey started about six months ago So we'd been running open-stack in production with VMs for about two years But we really didn't feel like we'd actually solve the problem for the developer getting their app out into the cloud environment as Josh was saying it still felt far too complex and when we took a look at how our developers were deploying their app They would spend typically a month writing a microservice So four sprints and it would take three months to get that into a VM cloud environment Stably so we felt that was a failing and we felt we could do better than that as a team and Around that time we started looking at Docker and we went to Docker con and we've been keeping an eye on the container gone ecosystem and What we found is is containers gave developers a really nice Handoff point a contract point where they could package up their app and hand it to the infrastructure So we thought you know, let's give that a try But we wanted it to be developer led in the past We'd actually tried to come up with this tooling and give it to development But this time we said with very little overhead. Can you run with containers and we'll provide the infrastructure so you know in one month we went from no containers to containers in production basically on the demand of the developers and That three-month lead time to get something out is now down to about 15 minutes on the first run and we're down deploying We've deployed 30 microservices on containers to production In two months. So that journey has really made it a smoother transition. You're doing that in a hybrid fashion Is that right? Yeah So another another value prop for containers is that we found was you could develop them locally and there are mutable images And you could put that image you had a common run time whether it was on AWS or an open stack So it kind of leveled the playing field what we could have we could use two clouds as essentially two different AZs right and have the same app and that's what I demoed yesterday running in two places Great. I meant Very interesting lucky and Josh. Thank you Our our journey is a little interesting. We take we tend to take a contrarian view on we have a cloud Infrastructure that's already in place legacy cloud as well as some open stack base clouds in flight Towards production. So the question that we asked was why do we need containers and that started out evaluation journey? Are there any microservices? based approach that we could take for new applications or taking existing applications and decomposing them and then using them on Containers if the answer to those questions would be a yes, then let's go ahead and actually Evaluate containers more closely and we did venture into that area. And so currently we don't have anything in production We do have several proof-of-concepts going on where we are evaluating containers in Open stack containers on VMs containers on bare metal looking at different ways where you could Possibly leverage the best performance like hardware native performance for cases use cases like NFV and stuff and At the end of our journey. We'll probably hopefully have a more clear picture on whether we could put Containers into production on 10 percentage of the workload footprint 20 percent 30 percent And so forth Okay, great So if you want to ask a question you could raise your hand or if you could come up to the mic Any time as we're going along would be great And since you were saying that you're gonna you you want or that you are contrarian I'll just give it to you for a second And by the way, I'm not necessarily gonna follow the script here This just gives us a basic arc to talk through and it seems like when people are getting into containers They're still trying to understand. Is it is it the same as virtualization? Is it different? Is it application packaging for the developers? Is it a lightweight form of VMs? I mean, you're very early in your journey in doing that the exploration. I mean, do you have any kind of initial sense of like Is it one or the both or one of the other or both or what? Sure, great question. I think we tend to see it as a combination of configuration management and packaging put together Nicely boxed up in one container format Whether or not it's same as Virtualization, we don't tend to see it as the same as virtualization like another replacement of virtualization platform Because really virtualization does give you nice level of security isolation resource isolation and many of those better tested proven Attributes that come with a KVM or say ESXi or some of the other hypervisors, which today Doesn't come along with containers So we don't see it as a another virtualization option instead. We see something at as adds value or augments our virtualization Strategy so Siri runs without any isolation between the containers and it's a free-for-all and you know to complete I mean not not speaking specifically about Siri I mean containers fundamentally differ from virtualization in that the containers rely on the same underlying kernel So that if you have workloads that need different OS's for whatever reason then you have to virtualize right if you can if you can get All of your application instances to use the same kernel then you've eliminated a layer of complexity in the system I think there's still plenty of ways that you can guarantee security and abstraction in the same way that containers give it to you Net or virtual machines give it to you now So I just I mean I think that there are I Think a lesson that we learned was well Why do we need all these different kernels for all these different use cases well because that's the way? We've always done things and that's the way it's been validated and tested right But really like any the kernel really doesn't matter right so you can pick one kernel all your applications can leverage it And what you gain from that decision is this removal of this layer of complexity I think and that's the fundamental difference Do you need the same OS or not or and really not by OS? But I mean the same kernel you can run the same kernel everywhere Why wouldn't you do it makes hard supporting hardware easier eliminates complexity? It's just it's just simpler Agreed and would you say sorry didn't mean to have a quick follow-up thought So would you characterize your apps as mostly user user space apps and not apps? Which have user and kernel presence as as being those kind of target candidate apps? Yeah, I think so. I mean There are certainly certain applications that need a kernel space derivative like maybe a file system driver or some like an NFV instance So I think yeah, that's a good characterization of it Okay, I think you know when when you actually have a look at how our infrastructure is utilized and this isn't a main driver for us but there's We're running so many kernels and they're managing memory. They don't own Via hypervisors right so there's actually a tremendous amount of waste on your infrastructure by running all these kernels And not only that you take a look at kernels. It's something to patch something to manage something you need config management you actually Can simplify not only not only from the performance standpoint So the hypervisor is a piece of middleware, right? And it's essentially feigning all these resources, right? It's doing hardware emulation. It's doing hardware emulation if you take that out of the way you have direct access, right? And it's a churruded C group.  That's not a specific driver for us today It was actually getting apps out and time to market But it's something that we're aware of as we look at the overall utilization of our cloud and how dense we can pack things long-term Containers actually are a lot more compelling when you look at it that way Well when I when I first started using containers It was free bsd jails and I was using them to create isolation and to create better security for a web-facing Application so I've always been a little bit Be mused by you know position of VMware part of the emcee federation That you know that the type one hyper hypervisors are somehow more secure I like that wasn't necessarily my experience I mean they seem like they could both be equally secure But it does seem like the tooling around container security and management is much less mature than than VMware Yeah, I think that's true It's definitely less mature from a tooling perspective and you could argue that a virtualized environment at least with VMware is more secure because if you broke out of your virtual machine your attack surface is ESX it's not Linux So I think you know the security discussion is if you get a bunch of reasonable security people in the room You run around in circles about what is secure enough and there's always somebody who's kind of Unreasonable in the room that has some sort of philosophy or religion on it and you're never going to convince them I mean, I think that's the state of security. You're either you either get it and you accept the Arguably slightly additional risks for greater operational efficiency or you cripple yourself with all this ridiculous security nonsense And I trust that the community will come to pass that the way containers are deployed ask is secure the same way You know VMs had to go through that same process So I'm kind of relying on the fact that that maturity will come with time and this will come to pass that okay Yes, the world is at consensus that is that this is a secure way to do business great point and I really resonate with one of the point that Josh just made where the advantage that you gain by making it more efficient is Something that is definitely going to be more worth it even if you have to manage the security aspects of it a little bit actively So let me just get this straight Like over here. I wish I had a picture for this over here. I've got you know sort of like You know an infrastructure as a service layer that provisions me virtual machines which have an operating system And then I have a configuration management system like chef puppet ansible salt And then I have my application that gets deployed on it and then kind of over here I have a management framework and then over here I've got sort of like containers with a management framework kind of all the way down almost like a more like a vertically integrated silo and Sounds like I've not only really removed some of the complexity around the type on hypervisor and managing multiple operating systems and kernels But I've also removed a lot of the configuration management tools And I've got something where it's very easy for me and very very fast for me to spin up and Put a container out in production or scale aside scale sideways. Is that right? Yeah, absolutely I think one of the one of why would I care about opensack? I mean why why not just go all miso's I? I think that's a good direction to go. I said it there I said absolutely so absolutely so what what our development one of our developers to quote him was Getting a nap out with VMs is like a Rube Goldberg machine, right? Where you've got an incredibly complex set of things that have to go in order to automate something like a napkin I don't know if you guys have seen the Rube Goldberg Images, but yeah, you go through that kind of journey to get a VM and an application deployed, right? Which is incredibly complex and if any piece of that breaks the net effect is the the application doesn't get deployed right so but when you What for us having opensack there meant that we could leverage a platform that? Basically resourcified network compute and storage and we could overlay Container orchestration really quickly and get it out there in a month if we didn't have something like opensack that gave us Access to all these different pillars How that you need network compute and storage we wouldn't have been able to turn that around in a month for sure Interesting take so Randy you made an interesting point, and I want to speak to that when you say That you've gotten you you taken out the configuration and some of the other aspects of it Are you alluding to having moved? Offloaded those things to an excellent entity which would then act as an orchestration layer Or are you alluding to the fact that somehow you've turned your application into? Either state a stateless or stateful form where you'd no longer need any of that configuration at all Well, it seems to me my experience has been so far that if you go to our developer and you say hey learn this chef for puppet thing Versus, you know package your stuff up in a container. It's sort of a no-brainer for them, which is less effort Right, I mean, I love chef and puppet. I built my very first startup around puppet, but it you know, they're complex Yeah, so no that's a great perspective, and I remember one note you made of which was very Insightful note that reducing the surface area for the developers But does that mean that by reducing that surface area for your developer?  No, I don't think so in fact I think that I Think that you know one of the lessons we went through is when we got rid of virtual machines our the size of our Puppet repo Decrease substantially right the first thing you do when a developer spins above VM is now they want you to like Oh, can you change the version of Java running in that thing? And so now you have all this you have all this bloat in your puppet environment, right? And so if you can if you can just simplify that all down I think it puts less burden on the ops guys and certainly less burden on the developers right the developers focus on What are the runtime requirements that they want and certainly when you add a pass on top of that where they can Be declarative about the versions and the container itself and the image itself is built automatically like the burden is tremendously lifted off of both teams Interesting. Yeah, I mean some people would say that you can't really eliminate complexity of an IT system I've heard this argument before you can kind of just push it around Some people would say and I'm kind of more in this camp that You can eliminate some of the complexity if you're willing to have some of the trade-offs I mean like one of the fundamental things Amazon taught us is like hey if you move some of the complexity into the application layer In terms of you know managing apps managing themselves and being resilient and scaling out that like suddenly like all the stuff You have to do at the physical underlying infrastructure leg is way way simpler and I'd argue that that's not an even trade-off Like it like there's so much more complexity save that the infrastructure layer and cost that like it's like a no-brainer to push it into App layer and once the tooling's all there then you know your average developer can use a pass or whatever It's very simple. I think though that there's also you know We we as an industry have put all of that you look at running Oracle, right? We go to great lengths with our infrastructure to support H8 Oracle, right? You have all these hardware things you have all this multi-path fiber channel environment, right? Like the database or the application should be aware of its ability to replicate and do dr That's really where that complexity belongs Because to do it correctly it has to be in the application We've just accepted for so long that that we'll just we'll make this a hardware problem, right? I think that's the wrong place to solve that problem to begin with Yeah, not only that but once you do you tread they I see everybody treats it like a hammer And then they just go around trying to reuse that hammer for everything even when that apps don't require that level of redundancy and resiliency So I don't think I got my my question answered though, right? I mean Does open stack matter? Can we just get rid of it kick it to the curve and go with mesos? I don't think you want me to answer that question. I want you to answer that question In fact, Josh, please answer that question. I Mean we're at open stack, right? So it's I think that Look I think that the reality is is that there are applications that are environments that for whatever reason people want a virtualization They want that abstraction. They want to run multiple os's. They want want to run different kernels and so on and so forth and so For those use cases sure I can't argue with that But I think that there's a tremendous amount of complexity that's still an open stack that can be eliminated By looking at other options and I see some of you are ready to like jump up on the stage and kill me, which is fine but but um You know, I was I was in a session earlier today where they talked about You know all of the holes and all the problems in in the open stack API is and depending upon what plug-in you were leveraging You would get different semantics around calling the API like How is that really like open and easy and modular like it's just abstraction for the sake of abstraction, you know it and Maybe at a small scale I think at a small scale it works just fine, but at the data center scale.  You have all this complexity in the network and then you want to layer like a network abstraction on top of it How do you operate at that scale efficiently? I don't know well I I mean to play devil's advocate a little bit, right? I mean how much does direct TV look like series series pretty much a single app, right? It's pretty easy. I mean we it's it's several apps, right? It's several microservices people just call it one and so I get a little flack for that but but You know, I mean talk about your experience running, you know running your open stack at scale Yes, so for us specifically we see you know a need for both still so that keeps Open stack and AWS very much alive and VMs very much alive for us So, you know they complement and you know, it's about Using the right tool for the right job and what business problem are you trying to solve, right? There are still definitely a need for virtualization in some cases some apps just mentioned are not Container friendly you can't just pick them up and put in a container such as such as let's say a database Some database technologies, so I mean they were they were built on the assumptions that the hardware Depending on the database right if it's if it's Sandra Kafka sure right, but if it's if it's my sequel it wasn't built to Go up and come down and reattach and go up and come down and have multiple and issue scale up and scale that down Commands, right? It wasn't built like that, you know, maybe maybe one day I'll be there But for us right now, I guess the other thing to note is it's a journey, right as you go through these things You know AWS is at Lambda Our people really consuming lander lambda. Is this something that we're going towards are we are we evolving? From VMs up to containers up to application run times that are that a borderless compute I don't know but you know as as we hand these things to developers. It's giving them little steps, right to to Really consume different levels of the of abstraction and complexity So you know for us it's still a journey and we still see a need for both And that's why you know open stack is is important in our environment Mid you were saying that you were trying to evaluate which apps could go in containers and in which don't like What do you are you? Mostly homogenous or have you got a heterogeneous set of operating systems and I mean, how do you figure out what apps make sense? No, we definitely have heterogeneous Environment and I am leaning towards a lock lease position on this that there are certain things like a fusion middle where for instance where there's just so much monolithic layers of software running there that Trying to even consider decomposing them or like trying to put that into like a service perspective So a perspective may not necessarily make sense right away. Instead if you're trying to build new apps or new services Those probably are better candidates for Considering containers as a target I do however want to come back to your original question about whether or not open stack matters So not just direct TV while working with EMC and Cisco I've worked with many fortune 500 companies building and architecting solutions for them where Every company will have to travel that trajectory that journey where they are being introduced to From a legacy environment virtualization environment to an open stack kind of environment They are not gonna necessarily be able to leave frog Always there'll be outliers, but they may not necessarily be able to leave frog directly to containerize world By passing the API friendly open stack ecosystem Questions anybody Can I ask a question? No. Yes. Go ahead. I think there's this miss There's this like perception also in the industry that like some apps can't be containerized I don't agree with that. I think that there are certain classes of apps that That are harder to containerize Also, you don't You don't necessarily have to run them in a container They can run on bare metal if you're running on get a fee or some other kernel components, but um, I don't get it Like my sequel runs in a container. No problem Postgres runs in a container. No problem Oracle runs in a container No problem. Like I think that there's this like mindset that people say well my app can't be containerized I Don't really buy it when it comes down to it Yeah, I you know everything can be containerized. There's no doubt It's doesn't make business sense and risk if it's you your crown jewels to go and pick up infrastructure that's been running and Running platforms that you rely on that you're making business Decisions on picking them up. That's a that's a big risk factor, right? So, you know even our journey to VMs, right? We didn't go and say let's just pick up data stores that we've relied on For 15 years in business and just put them in VMs day one. We've said let's be pragmatic Let's take let's take things slowly and move things in and see how it goes, right? And then as that evolves you I know you can be absolutely you can run my sequel but to do that day one It's just a big pill to swallow for the business. So business risks, you know, I'm gonna go further I'm gonna say it's actually easier to run some of these legacy apps in a container and here's why My use case when I was first my first startup was I was orchestrating puppet in 2006 when nobody had heard of it And we would like spin up on Oracle database and we would run the command to create an empty database 30 minutes later. I had an empty database Unlike when my is go where it takes like half a second and like if I had already created that empty database in the container And I can just replicate that out. I just saved 30 I mean an extra 30 minutes in the provisioning time to scale out. I mean that's unacceptable Yes, I don't know it's tooling and knowledge and and the people that have that have run it, right? I don't think anybody's going to going to not want to go to it But it's just you know, it's the journey and even the front-end applications that we've moved, you know And I'm sure it was the same with Siri.  How do we get the tooling around?  Don't need to touch her again. She's an organism Living and breathing when you actually get in the trenches. You're like, what is it a C group actually doing when I ask it for this month? And how does that look and what's noisy neighbor look like in a container? What do all these things that I've actually solved with virtualization look like and that is the journey that we're on now, right? Actually building tooling around Containerizing so that's probably why it takes it's a largest pill to swallow with something like crown jewels Your data stores, right? Your system a record.   I think we call that Mesa's already Don't mean Mesa's be a little bit different, right? I mean, it's got a whole scheduling system in a level of sophistication at an open stack by comparison is not There's no orchestration necessarily, right? Yeah Absolutely, I think there's there's room for it and again it comes around tooling in the journey, right? So you've got all these API's that you've built tooling around you've got Cinder You've got neutron whether it makes sense to use these down the track but in your journey as you start going down Rebuilding everything from scratch is sometimes too hard. I mean some in some cases. It does make sense where you've got green field Maybe just you don't do it. Mesa's you know the thing is like we talk about like this pets versus cattle thing, right?  Are you dressing your cattle now? Is that what yeah? I mean, that's what it's like Right, it's like I spin up the me I'm and I touch the block stores to it and I put on this VPC and the network has to be There's two network interfaces and it's pretty elaborate Right in but like in container land. I'm guessing that Siri doesn't have like multiple network interfaces per like container and You know that it's just a lot more stripped down because I mean Google's not doing that with their container based system Absolutely, you know, I get a lot of questions around the production environment, right? What's the IP address of the container? I said forget about it, right? You're attaching it behind the load balancer. Just forget this everything's ephemeral Right, you don't even care about the IP address of a container, right? It just doesn't matter. Everything's by name forget about IPs, right? But it's just again, it's a journey and people You need to break the way people think and and help them, you know, handhold and move them on I Think like a an all container open stack would be cool I mean, I think that there's a tremendous amount of complexity that gets removed out of that that kind of stack Right and I'm all about making it simple at a certain scale. It's got to be simple So I think that if you could remove all this I mean you look at a you look at all the vendors on the show floor where we have our own, you know Reference architecture for open stack There's empty on VLANs and there's all this complexity and you you got to attach the store here and there's two network ports It's just it's just crazy There's just so much complexity in that system that anything you can do to drive out all of that I think you'll be better off longer term even at a small scale. I don't know man I seems like most IT engineers prefer complexity That's the way they solve problems is adding another piece another layer of abstraction, right? anyway, um, so I Would really like somebody to come up and ask these three smart guys questions You have the person who built the infrastructure under Syria here And you know, you know, there's no hankering in your heart to learn something about that He might not tell you but you could give it a go. I Can call on people don't embarrass people already. Don't that ship is sealed Anybody oh my god, we must be terribly boring Okay, I'm walking going. I don't mind talking, you know me Um So Thank you. You win a prize. I don't know what it is But Nicole right here is gonna help you out later on go ahead. You've won a pony I mean, I see a lot of you folks who are managing these clouds and driving the fact Let's move towards containers is the push strongly coming from the app side app developers or you know Is there a lot of momentum on that side or are they kind of too busy doing the day job and really don't know I mean You know, I especially let him or Siri was the push that let's use our infrastructure at higher utilization So let's make the effort and then the app guys will push them So I just want to understand which side of the game and you know, that's a good question At least in my experience it wasn't the app guys that wanted to go down that route It was really it was really us as the operations team. I think that that Different organizations, you'll get the pressure from from either the apps or the ops team Depending upon what the pain point is I think in most organizations the IT infrastructure is lacking And so the developers try to take more and more of that responsibility on their shoulders because when the app breaks in production They get the phone call so I think that That when you hear about application developers wanting containers and wanting this sort of things It's because the underlying infrastructure has been so insufficient that they want to take on That responsibility on themselves and that their day job is you know features not ops And so they want the ops piece to be as simple as possible but I think there's other organizations where You know that the ops guys want to I mean I think if we're all IT ops people here We all want to be successful Running infrastructure, so I think it comes from both places depending upon what the politics and what the dynamic is in the organization Yeah, from our perspective, I don't think and I think probably across the board Developers couldn't care less whether it runs in a container or a VM, right? They just have a certain set of requirements and they need to get something out, right? They compute storage network and that's all they really care about how it runs and what it runs on really isn't what they're necessarily concerned about but You know that the promise we sold with the cloud was we were going to make self-service infrastructure easier, right? And when we actually queried our our development team on we'd actually Obstructed it so much that we've made it more complex and It was almost easier to deploy to bare metal than it was using an orchestrated VM Infrastructure right and and we looked at that and said, you know, that's not the promise that we sold those guys we actually said we were going to make it easier for you to deploy your apps figure out what's going on and Stop worrying about the infrastructure. Just start worrying about what you pay to do Which is write features and get features out into the environment. So You know, we we saw the lack there and we tried to actually help them Meet that need which was stop worrying about the infrastructure and and start worrying about writing features So that's something they've come back to us and we're actually just getting you know I've got an email as long as my arm just saying thank you. I can now start worrying about just writing features So that's something we've achieved with containers, but I don't think necessarily they cared that it was containers Docker just did a very good job of making it sexy to put things in containers, right? That's what for developers for developers, right? That's there, you know, something they've done a tremendous. They've made the experience to containerize things. It's absolutely invented containers, right? No, I mean they made container sexy. I was using Solaris zones 10 years ago in production and you were jails So in addition to some very interesting perspectives already shared, I think the the need arises from multiple stakeholders, maybe an architecture group and the operational group the the executive management wanting operational simplicity and agility on the development side when translated into technology container is a very good option to consider and so I I kind of believe that it's not necessarily the application owners that are driving this it's multiple stakeholders and The you know just one more thing, you know The confluence of dev ops and microservices and all these things have kind of led to play into the Field of containers the sweet spot. Yeah, where you've kind of given developers access to the infrastructure You've asked them you've given them the pager. They have to get out of bed So actually making it easier for them to get things out and fix things and deploy things is something they want and need so So as I'll follow on to that last question and this discussion which I find really interesting So it ops side. I think all people in the room get it. So the dev side You're rolling it out. Hey guys, you're gonna get containers come Monday What do the developers need to do or understand or learn? Differently with say the Docker environment or what have you to be able to encapsulate the dependencies and all that is it a big learning curve Is it easy? I don't think in my experience. It's it's It's a learning curve. I think that Depending on how the infrastructure set up to receive the the container The developers just declare what their runtime dependencies are just they just declare them differently than they did in the past so for example if I'm running a Writing a Java application. I would email my ops guy or put in a ticket that's saying hey, I need Java 1.7 Right, so they make this declaration about what they need and they expect it to be in place Whereas with containers they can declare that requirement Themself for themself and they can trust that the the infrastructure will honor that declaration So the learning curve is you know instead of filing a ticket because the app is packaged up with all those dependent Yeah, that's right Java 1.7 plus the app plus the library plus whatever else you want plus you want I don't know what else you'd want with a Java app, but It's it's the learning curve is basically instead of declaring it through a ticket or through an email or through a Document that you you give to the ops guy you declare it in your Docker file, right? So there's maybe a little bit of a learning curve a syntax learning curve But I think it's something that but the fear of all operators is when you give the developers that power They'll do they'll put crazy stuff in there that maybe increases to your attack surface or you know Isn't the monitoring standard that you picked or whatever? Yeah, that's true I mean it I think it's better than giving a developer a credit card Right, I mean I think the most dangerous thing you have is you have all these developers running around with P cards and credit cards that are going out on Amazon and doing whatever, right? I think that's more dangerous I mean you can you can allow them to declare from a set of curated packages for an example to deal with those types of things So it's not totally the Wild West Go ahead. I mean we've we've actually found it to be They want to be more compliant right because we can provide these containers cut with Java 1.7 in them That are based off our security best practices and they can just basically all they need to say is from lithium Java 1.7 Add my jar right and run my jar and they're like this looks like a bash shell script, right? And that's what they're expecting. They're not expecting a chef recipe in a run book and a puppet manifest, right? Which is a big massive overhead for them to deploy an app But one of you to go back to the original question, which was we have to wrap up soon Okay, yeah, I'll finish you talk more than Randy. It sounds We'll have a contest on that later and Normally, I would try to summarize What we talked about and I feel that that's a little bit hard in this case, right in the reason I think it's a little bit hard is it's clear that depending on whether you're a web scale or a startup or a classic enterprise Maybe your your needs are very just enough that like containers either like a really awesome fit or not You know only do a little bit for you But the things I thought that we agreed on is that it makes the developer's life a lot easier And a lot of time maybe makes even the operator's life a lot easier So there's some clear wins So maybe it's like open stack sometimes and may so sometimes now But you know, I've always had the belief that kind of all businesses at some point have to move towards being more Web scale like maybe I'm wrong about it But you know if you watch me, you know, I I promulgate that notion. So in that case, maybe it's like it's An idea an ideal goal a platonic ideal that we would want to try to achieve which is more pure play containers and then What do you think I'll give you your last 30 seconds That's a very tempting future where you have that open stack maybe even bare metal ironic provisioning and so bare metal containers coexisting in that ecosystem and Definitely as that Maturity arrives even classic enterprises will have to consider it as a very compelling Way of solving certain technology problems. So there's definitely very Interesting future pipeline there lucky. I mean I mean for us. It's 30 seconds. They're clear The value prop for us is that you can take that container image and run up the same way whether it's bare metal on a VM in AWS just don't care. Just don't care. I Think my closing message is whatever you do keep it as simple as possible, especially at scale. Love it. All right. Thank you Thank you very much the panel. Thanks guys. Thank you. Thank you, Randy


Hello, I'm Zofan from University of Western Sydney. My question is to the paper on aid and inequality, Latin America, yeah. In the framework, you showed that the link between aid and inequality should be most likely through poverty reductions. But in the empirical executions, you see the direct effect. So I'm wondering why not formulating a kind of two-stage process? So a kind of reduction in inequality is the outcome of poverty reductions. And then before the reductions, it's the outcome of, say, inflow of aid, for example, and see how the outcome would look like. So that's a short question. Thank you. And then back here. Thank you. I'm Christophe Moulin from the University of Ex Marseille in France. I have a question for Rosé-Marie, and another one for James. Rosé-Marie, you showed some very interesting graph about the channels, the possible channels of influence of aid on inequality. And I found that you don't exploit so much all the reflection that you had about this in the estimation output at the end. And I was wondering if there would be a way to do it more. For example, something which is really puzzling in this aid literature is that we would like to look at the component of aid. Surely food aid and military aid, this is completely different for what you want to study. Naturally, the kind of data that you have doesn't allow you to do it always. But for some countries, you have this kind of information. You know it. You know that at the time of a war, when you get aid from the United States sometime, it's not going to be food. Not all the time. Another simple way to do it would be to introduce cross-effect in your regressions. You have a lot of variables. You have a lot of information on these countries. If you, very simple things, the level of aid at the time of civil conflict or military conflict, perhaps means something else than in another time, et cetera. So I would like to encourage you to explore more this dimension that you have already sort of. James, I'd like to emphasize that these new methods are really important for a reason that you don't mention, perhaps by modesty. But there were a lot of data lying in most of the countries of the world about discrete ordinal characteristics which had been collected for ages and which are extremely cheap to collect. And people were wanting to use this data, but the equipment, the simple characteristic of people for monitoring poverty or monitoring social programs. But in practice, it was not really used because it was too messy to complicate it. So one of the huge benefit of this method has been to summarize this very important information by using counts of deprivation. This is what is behind it. Naturally, that works only in situations which are favorable, which are probably most of the empirical situation. But if you have a country where you have people who are dying of hunger, and that's all, and other people who are not dying of hunger but are deprived, I don't know, of saying else on education, in that case, your approach would not work because the ranking would not correspond to what you would do if you had more information on standard living conditions. So we believe that this special case, in fact, doesn't happen very often empirically. We believe that there is a correlation between dimension which is strong enough. Now, what I want to say is that this method of using limited information, partial information, in the form of discrete on order characteristics, is, in fact, an approximation of what you would like to do if you had a very accurate description of the conditions, if you had market, if you could convert everything, for example, in monetary equivalent. So it's an approximation. And I'm wondering if the degree of approximation that you ask when moving from identifying the poor to introducing some transfer sensitivity in your measure, is it the same degree of approximation or are you asking something which is much, much stronger and that perhaps is a bit too much for the assumption? My comment is on the trade paper for an alien inequality. There was a report almost a week ago by BBC that most of the foreign aid to developing world, including Latin America, is badly misused. There's huge corruptions, so that almost supposed to save like 3 million deaths, and yet it does not because of the bad use of the aids.  How if you allow for the fact that there are negative effects of foreign aid, such as the corruption index or any other proxies that allow for the fact that the aid is also bad, not only for growth, but also my enhancing equality. Are you going to get the same results? Just like the way the allow for some factors then the African army disappears. Thank you. Julie Taruzconi from the ILO. So my question is actually for the first presentation. I was wondering when you look at the effect of EPL and the rigid disease and the changes actually on inequality and growth. Have you thought about taking into account the degree of formalization of employment in a country because I mean, we know that there are some countries where you have a large informal market, so because we couldn't, it was very fast, so I couldn't see if you have thought about that right now. Thank you. Okay, I think it's the easiest on me if I just start actually with Nado and work our way back up the table. There's something I think for everybody. So Nado? Tension of the speed. I'm usually very, very slow. I made the point at the beginning that I mean, this is a total, the exercise is measuring the laws. I mean, there's very little effort to capture any kind of de facto and enforcement issues. And I think I mentioned at the beginning that if they bite, if the formal sector is dominant, then there's a direct, very clear link between the rigidity of these regulations and enable market rigidity, right? And I also, I think I mentioned very quickly too, that that effect changes across the distribution, across levels of per capita income, particularly when you go down per capita income levels, I mean, the formal sector is much larger and therefore the bite of these regulations diminish and of course affects the size. Not sure about the sign of the effect. I mean, that is a very, very important issue. I mean, there's some evidence that the role of enforcement is not that severe, but I don't think it's very much at the beginning of the discussion on enforcement. And it's an important issue that still needs more research. I mean, the index is very humble. I mean, if you want to be not generous, it's ambitious enough as it is, but the focus is only, only, only on the loss, only on the day you are in. Thank you for the questions. I think that the first and the second one are very related. I think it has two dimensions or two parts. One, it's more related to econometric technique or a technical aspect. I'm not the econometrician, David Castels is my co-author, who has dealt with these controversies. I will pass the question to him, but I think that, well, we can try to use to list the square ordinarily or to establish squares, but I think that the main problem, we have to select an instrumental variable. If you don't have a very good instrumental variable for inequality, so you can use or external instrumental variable, you can use internal instrumental variable that is what system GNM is doing. I don't believe that internal instrumental variable prove causality in strictly terms, but it's what we have when we deal with the numbers. So I think it is very interesting to analyze the indirect and indirect effects and we have to classify by types of course. I think the ideal research program is try to analyze which program has designed specifically to reduce income inequality in each country. And I think there's no way now because I suspect that there will be any program is specifically designed for reducing inequality as experimental evaluation. And we only will have the impact of this program, not the average view or the overall effects, but just for some possibly good result, we have detected that there's a high correlation between foreign aid channel to education sectors and the public expenditure in education in Latin American countries. This is not causality, this is not proof, anything is just a correlation, but maybe if we can think about 10% or 15% of overall foreign aid is channeled to education sector. We have to disentangle tertiary or primary education, but thinking in a counter-faltile manner, what will happen to these people or zone or region either foreign aid doesn't enhance the education level in that country or in that region. Of course there will be a lot of cross-effects. We don't have a very, very high correlation in our correlation matrix. So in principle, we don't think that this is a very big problem. And we only, for the third question, we only deal with, we don't deal with corruption. We only contemplate the political regime through a policy two index that is a measure of the quality of the governance or the democracy in Latin American countries. I think that empirically you can detect how the corruption can affect the impact of aid on inequality. Maybe because we don't know how much aid is corrupted. But there is a huge suspect that when foreign aid is channeled through elites or it's captured through the elites of government, this aid is not affecting of course the inequality or even it's improving inequality because the earnings or the incomes of elites has increased. Maybe this will be the case or it could be the case in Nicaragua. I know that in Nicaragua, most of the foreign aid is over the table of the Ortega's president. So he decides what foreign aid is going to every zone or every sector. This is the reason because some donals as Sweden has abandoned Nicaragua. But I think this is more related to political problems that empirical problems. That's what I can say, thank you. Hello. So approximation. Yes, in certain ways, clearly it's a crude measure. It's connected to real conditions though that people are experiencing. Compare that to PVP going up and down with someone's time of day or some weather. PVP has had a very serious problem with the income-based approach because you are so out of control that these wide ranges can occur that are totally unconnected to what people are experiencing on the ground. And measures of this sort are concentrated on to be sure simple and crude indicators and the result is not going to be that sophisticated in many ways, but it may be a better approximation from that point of view. That's just one way of doing it. In particular, in addition to that, the dimensions can be connected to policy directly and that's how it's done in Columbia because the interest was in terms of quality of jobs in the informal or non-informal sector. That's one of the dimensions. Do you have a job in the formal sector or not? Also, quality of housing can be put right into there and that's a big important policy variable for Columbia and that's why it's in there. So that makes it much more tangible and much more interesting, I think for policymakers as a result. It's also the organizing mechanism for the entire ministries, all the ministries dealing with poverty in Columbia. They get together in a room with the president every two months and look at the measure and see how success has been, in each of the dimensions has been occurring or not. That's keeping your eye on the ball to get a job done. That's kind of interesting that you can actually do something about poverty potentially. Try and change income in a short term in using any sort of standard policies. Finally, the discussion of whether it's too much to expect that you'd be concerned with inequality within a measure of this type. I think you're probably right and in fact, I'll go one step further nor Alastair has been talking back and forth with different people as to why do we have these inequality sensitive measures anyway of poverty? Now that of course hits me in my heart, but that's okay, I can put up with it. Her point is that when you have a transfer between a poor person and another poor person, is that really where we should be focusing on policy? No, we should be looking at transfers from out there among the rich to the people who are poor and those transfers don't need to be money, they can be other dimensions in public goods and so forth. So I think that's where the inequality that's important is being realized in that kind of dispersion between the others and the poor. I have a question for her. Good. It's a poison. In fact, I have a question for all three. I noticed that all of my colleagues here were talking about indices like me. That was surprising. The first colleague was talking about an index, I guess it was quite interesting. I'm fascinated with measures of quality of jobs. I just think it's amazing when the World Development Report has an entire volume on jobs and quality of jobs, but never defines what it is. And so I think it's really important to have something that goes that way, but of course this is getting into a backwards way because you're looking at laws. But still, I was wondering if you did any robustness analysis with that and changing assumptions whether counting is good enough or whether you wanna emphasize one or the other types of law more and whether that would affect the results. That seems natural to look at.  I'll just ask a question. That disappeared in the second part of your discussion with perfect competition, of course. How do you reconcile those two parts of your paper? So I'll answer that. And then finally, quality of aid. It seems like the Center for Global Development has a very nice measure of quality of aid. That's all they're talking about in so many ways. So I would think you could get your hands on that and do a little bit of discussion within your work. Thank you. Thank you, James. So I have actually shown the concentration indices for in the first section of my paper in order to show that when the quota is removed or that there is any liberalization policy, then I want to actually identify or I want to show that what happens to the market structure and that is the first stage or first step of my presentation that the market gets concentrated. And then in the second step, we have shown that what is the final outcome of this concentration? So concentration indices have not been used in the second part and we have only shown the inequality aspects and the theoretical justifications or theoretical substantial of the empirical verification. But concentration indices are constructed in order to show that the structural features of the market has been changed because of this policy reform. Yes, I know the index and even they have a quality of ODN health or in agriculture. But I think that the purpose is to compare across donors. I don't believe that they have a few to introduce in a panel later. I don't know. I know what the law defines as a good job. Yeah, but we look at the pro components of the Botero index to check whether or not they make a big difference which one you pick and it's usually not the case. But I mean, that's obviously because you're looking at just the laws and I'm showing different regions in particular out of gas. Enforcement issues will dictate that some of the components work better or not. Okay, exactly, I mean that's a natural. We started a little late so I'm happy to let people vote with their feet if they want to go. But if there are one or two other questions that people have, I'm happy to extend the session for another five minutes or so just to let people ask any burning questions that they might have for the speakers. So it's speak now or go to your coffee. One of the two. It looks like go to your coffee. So let us thank the speakers very much for a fascinating session.


Hi everyone, in this tutorial, we're going to talk about the continuous statement in Python language. Continuous statement in Python language causes the current iteration to end and to jump to the beginning of the next iteration. And when continuous statement executes the current iteration of the loop body terminates and execution continues with the next iteration of the loop. Suppose that we have a while loop with few statements inside it and inside it we have an if statement with some condition and if this condition 2 is true then our continuous statement is going to be executed which further mean that other statements in this current iteration below this condition they're not going to be executed. In this example I'm having just one statement but if you're having more than one statement those statements they're not going to be executed if this condition is true and if those statements are down below after this if statement. What's going to happen next? Next this loop jumps to the beginning of the next iteration. It's almost the same case if you're using for loop again inside this for loop we're having if statement with a condition when this condition is true that continuous statement is going to be executed which means that other statements after this if statement down below they're not going to be executed but is that after this continuous statement our loop is going to jump to the beginning of the next iteration. I'm going to give you a simple example. I'm going to open a new file in Python IDLE. Here I'm going to show you a simple example with which you're going to get the point how and when to use the continuous statement. This example is very simple and it's simplified for you to understand how to use the continuous statement and please avoid the usage of continuous statement like this but use it in more complex examples. In this example that I'm going to show you you can solve the problem without the usage of the continuous statement. In my example I'm going to make a list.   The variable sum is going to have value zero and now we're going to use for loop in which we're going to iterate one by one all elements from this list and if an item is less or equal than zero then in this case we don't want to add them into our sum but we're going to avoid adding this number to our sum. So if this condition is true then we're going to jump to the beginning of the next iteration but if this condition is false we're simply gonna add that current item of this list to the sum and finally we're going to print our sum. So again we're going to loop through the all elements of this list and if an element is negative number then we're going to go to the next iteration we're going to skip the current iteration because in each and every iteration we want to add our current list number to our sum but if the number is negative or zero then we're going to avoid adding it and again telling you that this is very simple example and very simple case in which you can't avoid the usage of continuous statement but if you're having some more complex condition here or some complex math or more complex statements here you can use this continuous statement to jump to the beginning of the next iteration rather than continue working with your current iteration. Okay I'm gonna save this example like for example maybe sum.py and then I'm gonna run it and we're gonna get the result 9 what was happened here so we're adding in this case just the numbers which are positive so in this case I choose all the numbers from this list which are positive numbers and the sum of these numbers are number 9 in this video we've talked about the continuous statement in Python thanks for watching don't forget to subscribe to my channel see you in the next video happy coding