Hey, welcome back everybody to our second lecture on BC212 Christian apologetics. Let me go ahead and share the screen. All right, so let's compare the belief systems between the Christian faith and Islam. When we talk about God, we believe in one eternal triune God. The Muslims believe in Allah, one eternal God. Now, this is very important. They don't have a concept of a triune God. So the moment we say God, the Father, God, the Son, God, the Holy Spirit, fully confused because they don't have that reference. Or we say triune God, one God, three persons. How can there be three gods? So we must be careful that this should not become a point, not a main point when you're talking to a Muslim. Because it's difficult to help them understand one God in three persons. So triune God or the God that even many Christians believe themselves don't understand it. I mean, can I comprehend that? So we should be careful. Don't use terms like triune God. Don't start talking about God, the Father, God, the Son, God, the Holy Spirit. No, just say God. They're understanding that revelation will come later when their heart is open. But now in the beginning, avoid that. Man, yeah, we know we're sinful. Okay, Islam's okay. Basically, people are good. We have the Bible. We have the scripture. We have the Bible. They have the Quran, Jesus Christ. We say, you know, he's God who became man. So in Islam, they accept Jesus as a prophet. But anything beyond that, very difficult to accept. To say he is God who became man. And especially when we use the term Son of God, very difficult, full confusion. So the obvious question they'll ask is, you know, why do you say Jesus is God? They accept Jesus as a prophet. Why do we say that Jesus is God? Or did Jesus himself say he is God? Show us. So we should be prepared for that question and be prepared to show that if it comes. But that would be a point where they have difficulty. Life's purpose for us is to grow in a personal relationship with God. Here is to submit to Allah. Heaven, we talk about those who receive God's gift of salvation through Jesus. For them, it's those who are chosen by Allah and hell. Those are rejected by Allah. So here's the difference. The common thing is they also believe in heaven and hell. The difference is you go to heaven if Allah says okay.  So that means there is no guarantee. There is no assurance of salvation. Whereas you and I, as believers, we can know that we are saved. I have assurance. I can say I'm going to go to heaven. Muslim, if Allah says okay, I'll go. We say no. So I'll try to live a good life. But there is no guarantee. There is no assurance of salvation. It depends upon what Allah decides. So that is one important point to keep in mind about salvation. Now we have to admit that a traditional Muslim, a practicing Muslim, is a very devout person. It means they have lots of... It's like a discipline. So Islam simply means submission to God. One who submits. So it started about 680. And through the prophet Muhammad, who in Saudi Arabia came to receive messages from God and so on. Now, if you get into the details of the life of the prophet Muhammad, it is quite bad. But we should not bring that up. Because either they will hit us or it will be very insulting. But the reality, that is the fact. That his life was not a very morally good life or it wasn't something we can point to and say, that is the life of a prophet. But we don't bring it up. There's no need to do that. Because we're not here to condemn. We're here to bring the gospel, the message of Jesus in a non-condemning way, helping them understand the gospel. So we don't want to condemn and so on. So what are the main affirmations? I bear witness there is no God but God. I bear witness that Muhammad is the prophet of God. So two statements they'll make. There's only one God, Allah. And there's only one prophet, Muhammad. Muhammad is his prophet. That's it. So like imagine if you have trained to say those two lines from the time you were young, even if somebody taps you on the hand, those two lines will fall out. It's like there's one God, his name is Allah, and one prophet, Muhammad. Muhammad is his prophet. So what are the five pillars? What do they practice? They confession of the faith, which we just said, pray five times a day, give arms to the poor, fast to the month of Ramadan, fast to Meccan pilgrimage and engage in holy war. It should be primarily against Wali loss, but also Jihad also extends to anything that you do in defense of your faith. Some other things that we just need to keep in mind is that okay, there are different sects in Islam where some are more strict than others in the way they follow, and we don't necessarily need to know everything about these different sects. In Islam, there is Mufti, who is a local leader, and Fatwa is any decision made by this leader in how they interpret the Islamic faith to be applied in a certain situation. So if the Mufti issues of Fatwa, you have to follow it. Follow whatever is said. So it's almost like their life is based on these things, these directives of Fatwa, the decisions that are made by the local leader, the Mufti. And in Islam, there's this unforgivable sin and ascribing someone equal to God, which we also receive in the Jews, how could someone claim to be God? So that's something we need to keep in mind. So how do we share Christ with the Muslim? What would be our main points? Now, like I said earlier, there are different kinds of Muslims. Not everybody is fundamental. Not everybody is going to go and do jihad. Not everybody is like in that same mindset. There are very modern Muslims who are open and they're thinking new, thinking differently. And even different, if you just look at how the Arab world is, there are certain countries that are very fundamental. And then there are certain countries that are opening up. So change is happening even in the Muslim world. People are beginning to think differently, like especially in Saudi Arabia and so on. Things are changing and they're changing. So in relating to a Muslim, we want to understand where this particular individual is.  So then we can present the Gospel accordingly. Also keep in mind that generally the question, the deity of Christ is death and is resurrection. Double question. They don't believe, like we said earlier, they accept Christ as a prophet but not deity. They will not accept his death and resurrection. So these are points that they're trained to question. So we need to be able to provide right answers. Now the thing that we need to keep in mind is we cannot, don't try to get into arguments with a Muslim. There's no point. We can't argue our way out. If they're willing to listen, then we can share. And what should we point them to? A couple of facts here. One is to point to God as a loving creator, as a loving God, because in the mind of a Muslim, God, Allah, Allah is somebody far away, powerful, distant. You just have to submit. So Islam simply means submission to Allah. Just do it. Just do what he says. The part of a loving God who wants to be your father, who wants to have a relationship with us, is very different. That we can even call God our father. It's very different because otherwise traditionally, God, Allah, you just have to obey. But to feel loved by God, the nature of God, and the relationship with God is something very different. So that's something we need to emphasize. For sin, once again, like what we had mentioned when we talked about Hindu, there is a concept of sin. But again, the Muslim looks at sin from how it affects people as opposed to it's affecting your relationship with God. That if you sin, you're disqualified from even knowing God or walking with God. Do you understand that? Oh, if I sin, I just offended you. I hurt somebody. I did something wrong against you. It's more than that. We had to have them understand. It offended God. It affects your relationship with God. For the Hindu, if you sin, it's bad karma. But I can compensate for it next day. I can do some good deeds. For the Muslim, if I sin, I'm affecting you. They're not thinking about why, how it affects me, my relationship with God. That emphasis is not there. So that's what we need to bring that in. In both cases, we bring it in. But the perspective is different. One is about karma and here it's about affecting others about relationship with God. This is where forgiveness comes in that a Muslim understands the concept of forgiveness. It's based on God. But there is no guarantee. Like if God, if Allah wants to forgive even. But on what basis will he forgive? And second, can you have assurance that you're forgiven? No. Right? So there is the concept of forgiveness, but Allah will have to choose to forgive. But in the Christian faith, we have a basis on which forgiveness is given and we can know that we are forgiven. We know the blood of Jesus Christ, God's Son has cleansed me from all sin. I'm not guilty. I'm not under condemnation. We know that. Now that is not there in Islam. How on what basis? So this is where we can introduce the work of Christ on the cross. I think I already mentioned this is the Fatherhood of God. To establish that relationship with God is, you can come into that relationship with God as a father, God as a father and be his sons and daughters. Now, there was a book written by a Muslim lady a long time ago. It became very popular. Her book was called, I Dare to Call Him Father. Bilq was sick. So for her, just coming to know that you can call God your father was very powerful, which brought her to faith in Christ. She suffered and persecution, all of that for her faith in Christ. But just to know that I can call God my father was a big revelation. So she wrote that her journey to faith. And do we emphasize that the Christian life is based on God's word and led by the Holy Spirit as opposed to, you know, Fatwas or decrees being issued by the local. So these are the points of difference. Now, it is not easy to share the gospel with the Muslim. Like it's not easy because they come, they're already very strong and trained in the thing. But what we see is that when God touches their hearts and God opens their hearts, then the revelation comes. And these points of difference are things that they understand or they recognize that I can have a relationship with God. God is a loving God. I can have, I can call Him Father. I can have my sins forgiven through Jesus Christ. And so those points, it comes because of revelation, because God opens their heart. So we are goal is to present Christ, to present the message and then leave it, leave it to God to open their hearts to know Christ. Is that okay? Yeah. Any questions? Classroom and online. So partially, one day what happened is like, yeah, one day what happened is like, I'm trying to reach out to a person. So in here only, Biblical only, he's a Muslim. Diana is with me. So she said to pray for him. He's going through on leg pain something. But we asked to, shall I pray for you? But what he thought is we are praying is a mantra. We are using a mantra something. Yeah. So like how to approach a Hindu or Muslim in a prayer way. Like we should, we are ready for pray for you, but they're thinking the wrong way. How to approach a person like us that. Yeah. Very good points. Both Hinduism and Islam, there is room for supernatural. Both, right? But it is through the practice of black magic or what we would say something with the occult, you know. So they have both have room for the supernatural, but it is through the wrong way. So this is how we would do it. We just say, can I pray for you in the name of Jesus? So tell them, I'm going to pray for you in the name of Jesus. No black magic, nothing. I'm going to do it in the name of Jesus. So we just ask the permission and we tell them, I'm going to do it in the name of Jesus. Are you okay? You know, we can't, we don't want to force anything. Ask them, are you okay? I'm going to pray for you in the name of Jesus. Then we can proceed. You know, so some of them will be open. Sometimes they may say no, but most of the time they are open to it. Yeah. Yeah. And then when they experience something, then it's when we can point them to Jesus. Sometimes we may not be able to, for example, if they, especially we have, it can happen in both Hindu and Muslim, that they are wearing something, you know, like a black thread amulet on the hand here and all that. You know, they'll be wearing something. You can see, always wearing something. But those are signs of some prayers and dedications that they have done in the temple or wherever, you know. Sometimes we may have to tell them, see, I can pray for you, but you need to take that off. Are you okay?  We can't force it. We can't force it, right? They might feel insulted or so insulted, but we can ask, are you okay? Now, if a person is even possessed and is manifesting, then if there is somebody there to say, hey, some relative and all that, he would cut it off, take it off. Because that usually is what is giving that demonic power right over that person. Because they have prayed and said, I'm, you know, I'm giving my body to you or whatever prayer they would have prayed and made that dedication. So that's when, with permission, you know, either that the same person or with this thing, say, can we take it off? Or can you take it off? The better is like, you take it off. Like others, they will accuse us.   Then we can minister deliverance. So, or as soon as they are ministered, then you tell them, you take it off. You know, don't keep it on because it's a dedication they've made to something. Yes. Sometimes the reaction manifestation is very bad at that time. I've seen ministries. I tell them to remove and they'll remove. That is the time the manifestation is there. And after that, they get complete deliverance after prayer. Only if they remove. Yeah. So because of that dedication that was made, you know, so that what they're there is part of that dedication over their lives. It gives them in the demonic power access to them. So we tell them to take it off and then leave them in a prayer and say, I cancel it and break every dedication in the name of Jesus. Then you have the experience. Sir, another question. This is for our understanding. So it's written in the Bible. Angel Gabriel gave all this revelation. As you told that there is nothing good about Mohammed. You can no example. You cannot say any example. So now, so in the coming days, so the coming days is a revival time. And how we have to because sometimes this for only our understanding and this completely the revelation comes from the demonic. These are called demon plan. So most of the people are affected. Most of the Muslims, the millions of people saw the plan of evil. And this is a very big warfare. So we have burden for souls and we have burden for Muslims also to come. So only through prayer we are doing. But some areas they will come and ask questions and argument will be there. And how to avoid that or how to say, we can in front of people, we cannot argue, bring an argument that will become different. Because my ministry, many Muslims will come for prayer. They get many miracles. They receive miracle and they'll go back. Most of the people, the Muslim miracle, one Muslim convertor and when they also the relation through relations, they are not you receive complete deliverance. When they come here, they will deliver and they'll go back and again they'll have the same thing. So very difficult them to obtain the salvation completely. So this is really very challenge. And we have to face or we cannot educate them. So once we educate them, they'll go and tell the relations. So that will be. Only love of Christ only we can say and the Holy Spirit will lead them to truth. And it's a little challenge. Sharing induced is okay. It's a very challenging only this Muslims. Yeah, it is definitely challenging. But the most of the testimonies are when it's really a supernatural work that God does in their lives, you know, that somehow God opens their mind and heart to know him. Of course, we do our part, you know, whatever, you know, sharing the gospel, praying for them, ministering to them, but you leave it.  But one person is like really committed. So even I'm surprised. Surprise means like how this person is so committed. And it's only a work of God.   Most of the Muslims of my friends also, they used to say like this, huh?  Abraham, you know, a common ancestor or patriarch of the faith. So that way. But it's still very different. So when, so the social basic question is, is the Allah whom the Muslims worship, the same God, or whom the Christians worship, is he the God of the Bible? So that's the question, right? Is Allah whom the Muslims worship, the same God whom the Christians worship, or the God of the Bible? The answer is no, because the God of the Bible is a triune God. And Jesus is part of the Godhead. He is the Son of God. Do Muslims embrace Jesus? No. And the God of the Bible is a triune God.  Do Muslims have that same thing? No. Secondly, the way is very different. If you say you go to Allah through Prophet Muhammad, Prophet Muhammad and Jesus, very different, very different. Prophet Muhammad was a man. He's saying Jesus is God who became man. So how can two totally different ways lead you to the same destination, right? Let me say like Prophet Muhammad did not die for your sins and did not do the very thing. Adam brought us under sin. But who brought us out of that? Jesus brought us out of that. And he could do it because he was sinless, not so in this case, right? So the, to put Prophet Muhammad alongside Jesus is like totally different. It's like night and day, totally different. And Jesus said very clearly, you cannot come to the Father except through, if you're reaching some other Father, that is different. If you want to go to the Father, it's only through. So there is no way we can say that the Allah whom the Muslims worship is the same God of the Bible, whom the Christians worship. No, very different. Yeah, it's very different. Sir, a little bit similar. Let we love Abraham. The stories are a little bit similar, right? We, we from Isaac, like that they'll come back. The contradiction came from this point where after Abraham, right? Before and all, see, they used to worship the God of Abraham. So what they say is the God of Abraham is Allah. We also used to, we worship God of Abraham. The God of Abraham is Awe. That's where the point divides, right? Like, like that in that context, they'll say like the people who worship the Christians and the Muslims are the same. I understand the argument that is, okay, we're starting with the God of Abraham. But it's also important how we worship the one whom we call God, you know? So I think an example that we can look at is in Acts 17 when Paul is in Athens and he sees, okay, that all these idols, so many gods, they even have one idol to the unknown God, alter, to the unknown God.  And it is through Jesus Christ. So although he's referring to the unknown God, he does not say all these ways that you have many idols, okay? See, they have many ways. They already had many idols, many idols. So he says, hey, I see you're very religious people because you've got so many idols. You even have an altar that says to the unknown God. So I'll talk to you about the unknown God. But that unknown God you approach through Jesus Christ. So he doesn't tell them, you can approach them through all these ways. You approach that unknown God through Jesus. So I understand this argument about Abraham, but then the God whom we worship and how we worship him is also very important, that we have to worship him through Jesus. Otherwise if we take another approach, you're not ending up with the same God. So we have to be very careful about this. Yeah, okay. I'll pause there. Any other questions? Francis? So in their religious books, like their help corporate, I don't know which part is that, Muhammad is saying like the Jesus Christ is there, Prophet is, he's directly mentioning like us, Jesus Christ is the Son of God. So if you are saying to a Muslim like us this, like your Quran is only saying like us this, it will become a, it's not become an argument. Is it a good way to share gospel to them? Like your, Muhammad only says like Jesus Christ is the Son of God. It will become a good way or is it not a good way? So yeah, so I did meet one person and I think he's, I forget where he's based in now, maybe not for I have his number, but he was actually studying to be a imam. He had, he was enrolled in one of their colleges in Kerala, under working under priest and all that, Muslim priest. So he was training to become a imam, very powerful testimony. And he, while he was studying the script, the Quran, he saw some reference to Jesus. So he went and got the Bible to study that, because there's a reference like what you were saying. So he explained to me personally, he was saying, this is how I have some very interesting, how you came to faith in Christ. And today he's a preacher of the gospel and minister, but his whole journey was, so he was studying to be an imam. He read the Quran. Then from there he went to discover what is in the Bible. Then he started studying the Bible very seriously, because he's a scholar. And eventually he came to faith in Christ and came out of, you know, this whole thing and being an imam and he had his own challenge and journey.  But I think for us, we are outsiders, right? For us to go and tell them, hey, you read in your Quran, it's talking about Jesus. It's very difficult. I think only God has to use it. So in this particular case and probably in some other cases, that mention of something in the Quran about Jesus, prompted him to go and find out. And God used that. But I think for us to go and tell people, I think we should avoid it, because we won't be able to, you know, explain further or defend things further and get an argument. But if God uses it like how in this example, God actually did that, you know, that he read it, then he went and started searching and, you know, and so on. So I think it's better that we let God use that than us going and doing it, because we won't be able to handle all the additional questions that come up and arguments and debates if people want to argue back and forth. But God has used these kinds of things to bring people to faith in Christ. Go ahead, Francis. Like the same thing in Hindu Vedas as there. So we get news like same thing, God will use, like we should not use like this. Like in Veda, I don't know which Veda, they're saying Prajapati. It's like the one person is dying for our sin. So in case like pastor said this is not a good way to approach, God will use. And those are always the examples for TV. So God uses that as a trigger or as a pointer to cause people to go and search for the truth. That is fine. But if we start getting in, then, you know, there's a lot of additional things that come, more questions that come, which we will not be able to handle. I think we should.  So this is it very today in a nutshell. He said, look, when we present the gospel, when we present the message of Jesus to a Hindu and a Muslim are presented very simply, be aware of the main points of difference. And this is what it is. We present that. But then ultimately salvation comes from the Lord. God has to open their hearts. So let the Lord, you know, open their hearts and let them experience. Okay. So Chayesh has one dimension of another lady who came to know from a Muslim lady who came to know the Lord. And she found Jesus. And then wrote a book. Yeah. Judgment shares. We should avoid using it because again, point us back to Quran and say this is what told in the Quran. And another essence. Yeah. So we want to avoid unnecessary debates about, you know, what the Quran says, what the Vedas say, and so on. And we are not in a position to handle all of that. Okay. Right. So we're going to change topic. So our next topic, and I just introduced the topic and we will pick it up next week. Okay. So next two weeks, I'm going to be traveling on the traveling on missions next week and the week after. But what I'll do is I will record the class. First, I'm going to try to see if my schedule allowed me to connect remotely. But if I cannot connect remotely, I will make sure I record the lecture. I'll put it up on video in the classroom so you can listen to it. But the next topic is about suffering. Lesson number 15. In here, what we want to do, lesson number 15 is try to understand why is there suffering? What are the reasons there is suffering? And what should our mindset be towards all the suffering that is in the world? Right. So we need to get clarity on this and also have the right perspective on this. Otherwise, sometimes believers, as believers, we end up blaming God for things he is not doing. No. God, you're responsible. Please. So when we say, have mercy on me, oh God, God is probably telling us, you have mercy on me. You're blaming me for everything. So many of us, I mean, I was believers because we don't have the right perspective on suffering. Sometimes we blame God for those kinds of things. And so we need to get in a biblical perspective, get a clear understanding on suffering. And then so we can have that. And then when people ask us questions, we will be able to provide the right answers. So that'll be our next lesson. I'll make sure that some videos are recorded. I'll record it and upload it into the classroom so you can just follow that. So please bear with me for the next two weeks. This is like just last few mission trips that I had committed to doing this year. Okay. Any questions? All right. Okay. Let's close in prayer for today. Could somebody please pray? Then we'll wrap up our class today. Heavenly Father, we come before your throne of grace. Thank you, Jesus. We understood about how to share the gospel among Hindus and Muslims. Let this lesson help us in an understanding way. And wisely, we have to share this gospel of God to help us. Thank you, Jesus, for the teacher. Thank you, Jesus, all the students who come to here. Bless us for the glory of God. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen.


Like any money-making venture, starting a poultry farming requires a well-detailed business plan, especially if it is a commercial one. Subsistent farmers running a small firm at home raising a few birds less than 20 may do so without giving much thought to things like economics of production, risk assessment, return on investment and profitability. However, if you are entering need to make money, you may want to stick around for this discussion. My guest, Nabil Yakubo, is a citizen veterinarian with a diverse background encompassing seven years of immersive experience in the livestock sector. His expertise arts a wealth of knowledge to Nigeria reflecting his extensive hands on involvement in various aspects of veterinary practice. Nabil's journey involves carefully managing complex clinical cases and offering crucial assistance to community animal health workers across the northeast region. His proficiency extends to both livestock and companion animals earning recognition for his dedicated provision of standardized health advisory services to a wide spectrum of clients. He joins me now as we look at the poultry business in Nigeria talking about profitability. Many thanks for joining me, Nabil. Thank you. Thanks for having me. Alright, Nabil. I'm just going to dive into the main question really, profitability, poultry farming. How profitable is poultry farming in Nigeria specifically as we speak knowing the issue of dollar, food costs and other economic factors that have been plagued in the country? Is it still profitable? Yes, definitely. Just as with any business, poultry production to be specific is still very profitable because the food still remains out of all animal protein and poultry products still happens to be the cheapest. Let me about the chicken and the eggs because every meal and every Nigerian wouldn't want to eat without having a poultry and animal protein in it. So looking at our increasing population aside by placing inside the side with the cheapest available animal protein we have in Nigeria is very profitable as I speak to you. Yes, so of course increasing in their increase is still what we are expecting and what we are experiencing as well as several other commodities in the country but that doesn't stop the profitability. Alright, fine. I really still need to know if it's really very profitable especially if one is doing it on a very large scale because I know some people just at the back of the house they just have like a small space or just an area in their house where they have some cages and they do like 20 to 50 but if you were doing on the large scale is it something that you would encourage people to do knowing the fact that over time people have complained about prices of millets and maize and the feeds that are generally used for poultry production. Very well. That's a nice question. And in fact the secret of poultry production is the scale of operation determines your profitability the higher the number you invest in in fact the sooner you bask into profitability so those who do the subsistence style of 20, 30, 50 would majorly do within selling to neighbors and lead to market profit but larger scale professionals who would want to invest in thousands and thousands of beds in fact those who have started it hardly leave so the experience of those who have left is just majorly as a result of the increased costs for example as of 2017 a bag of poultry feed was around 6000 to 5000 unfortunately at this moment as the last time I checked the current cost of that same feed after 5 to 6 years is a whopping 16,000 Naira so looking at a large scale farmer who had invested for example 5 million in 2017 if you would want to maintain that pedestal that quantity of beds you are keeping should be raising, should be having nothing less than 15 million so in fact that's just a major discouraging factor in the large scale ability but those who venture into it and have the capital to stay there are really, really making a huge profit to the experts because the market is there the population keeps increasing in fact the demand as even a warranted people from for example Kaduna getting to buy eggs from as far as Lagos even importation of these poultry products is still ongoing even outside the borders of the country so it's a very, very profitable venture especially in the last year Alright Nabil, interested right now in getting into poultry people talk about having multiple streams of income now but if I need to be directed or be guided so to speak, I'm sure other Nigerians are also interested in making more money for themselves what is that thing, what are the things I should the key things I should look at if I really want to start a poultry farm in the country right now in this economy Beautiful, yeah so poultry production is the first question you would ask yourself especially if you listen like a side puzzle is do you have the capital required to raise from start to finish the good thing about poultry production is the short lifespan in six weeks you've done what you invested but it's not a business you'll be hoping you say you will buy the better I hope in two weeks I will have an expected money to feed because best will understand that Alright, it's still business insight and plus TV Africa we're looking at poultry farming in the country poultry is actually very broad based I think we have Nabeu Bak Nabeu, can you hear me, I lost you at some point okay, sorry, sorry as I was saying it's very important you have the entire funds you'll be needing to raise from start to finish you don't expect money from somewhere else when you already started because best will understand that I will be pushing not feeding you for two days it will affect their progress secondly, there are current advancements in breeds of birds so breed selection is really important for example you might have different variants of hatcheries who sell birds that are cheaper or expensive what you should focus more on is what is the species of the breed of birds these hatcheries are selling third point is the management practice management practice is just the entirety of poultry production once one maintains hygiene litter management, quality feed quality water it's just the beginning of the progress another point that's important we mention also is knowledge because it's important before you venture into any field it's best you have for example you must have a veterinarian who at least have to come and inspect your facility if it is good enough for a certain amount of birds to be keeping you also need to have a bird who would advise you on the quality feed or quality birds you need to get and several other advices and also another important information you need to know while you've started these birds it's important you understand your marketing you'll solve your marketing even before you comment rearing these birds because marketability determines your profitability so it's important to reach out to quality premium markets who would command better prices than a middleman who would pack these birds and sell at losses for you so these are many more things you should understand before going into it I'm sure those are the basic there are even more things that one should consider but let's just move up quickly so we can actually just gather more momentum still talking about poultry you talked about getting knowledge you talked about adequate research and of course other aspect I mentioned but poultry in itself is broad some people would say they want to do just egg production some say they just want to sell broilers and they just want to do de-o-cheeks and why some just want to do some other aspect in the value chain but which of these values this aspect of poultry farming is the most profitable because I'm really interested in making so much money yes so so so as an experienced veterinarian he treats us depending on who seeks to get his advice if you're a big guy for example you if I would be a vet I would advise you to go into layer production layer production also is in two phases you could decide to do points of league that is raising from poulet to 16 weeks where you sell to farmers who want to just buy and start laying eggs in less than a month you could also then do from start to finish that raising at point at that sales of eggs the good thing about the the air production value chain nothing is wasted for example a bag of manure for a poultry for example those who raise in large scale bag of poultry manure that's it done is at 7000 naira currently the eggs is going to be sold currently commanding at 3200 naira per crit what we used to get at 7800 and 5-6 years ago even after the two years of production would be sold at old or spent layers at a very high rate the bags of feed the bags in which you get your feed from are still going to be resold to some people so the entire value chain in the egg industry is so marvelous the product itself I'm sure it's hard to hear any issue of blood anymore because the demand is so on the increase and it's very much profitable so another point is okay just quickly just wrap up your thoughts okay okay okay the broader production also is profitable because there are new interventions new innovations now where in just 5 weeks or 6 weeks people sell your beds at even 40% extra profit on your capital in less than 2 months that's very marvelous so the good thing about that is it shuts them but in a long time and increase sustain profit you should go into layers Nabil you are a professional in this aspect you're also involved in livestock but poetry is some other thing that you do I know you are very successful can you share your success story what you've done differently in poetry market because most people are always complaining about them feeds and everything how have you been able to stay afloat what are you doing differently and just what would you advise you did in costs and all of that just share with us okay thank you with regards cost reduction it's so unfortunate that feeds have gone this high so one of the best approach to pushing this effect is first things first I look for the best breed of beds that has very high feed conversion efficiency feed conversion efficiency here means with little amount of feed consumed it has a total or 70% conversion into meat so that means you have less feed to be fed and to get that same desired result secondly there are multivitamins or probiotics or a minor ICU give beds that also would also improve in that meat as the mobility or increase where it starts thirdly the very important phase in every cycle of bed is the first two weeks that's the brooding phase once you brood your beds well once you ensure the adequate temperature, the adequate feed the adequate treatment is given the entire journey of the bed will be very much easier so when you stick to these three approaches and some other module to time enjoy whatsoever cycle you have in your poultry production so it's highly profitable only if you have the knowledge only if you have the consultant who seeks to advise you on best new intending practices to increase profitability only if you have also any location where marketing one good point in it is your market inspires you to increase auto-consistent increased persistent demands from your clients it's quite more or less a motivation to be still in the business so as we wrap up now Nabil let's talk about I know you've talked about feeds the price of feed are there other peculiar challenges and what are also the opportunities in poultry production and if you were to analyze how would you say is the effect of production in agriculture generally in the country very quickly thank you the fact still remains the lifestyle production in general contributes to a large a huge percentage in the country's GDP taking off or neglecting the profits or the contribution of the poultry sector so Nigeria in general is doing a lot of harm the country globally we are craving for the issue of food security food security means having food available that quality may be available to everyone at every particular time as I expected addressing issue on poultry production is a huge result in accessing food in the country secondly the rural livestock owners use these they hardly have funds in the bank they hardly save in order for them to save in the form of livestock 60 to 70 percent of the rural livestock owner would have livestock in his backyard as a form of savings so the cry of vaccination the cry of disease surveillance disease management and the government being lenient in their policies understanding the faculty I am appreciative of the latest information released by the president on the governors being intentional about livestock and speaking of the profitability of the potential it has so if the government would understand that okay let's create these guys these entire farmers in support let's provide intervention they provide them with support let them show that there is a premium market demand for each of these products it needs to be long-winded alright Nabil I just want to still find out as I wrap up in the next one minute so if I were to invest I'm thinking from my Igbo mentality you know I'm a businessman I'm a person of battery doing the math and everything so if I were to invest in poetry but just how soon can I begin to see return on investment okay beautiful so as I mentioned earlier I'll be talking about the poetry broiler and layers don't forget there are still more to it but this is what is most commonly practice for broilers you have just six weeks to raise and get your profit for example you can invest a million there adequate management and after six weeks you get more than 1.4 million there with your good practices in layer production which I love more it's a more of a long term after you raise your best for just from days to go to to lay at four months you have two more years to consistently make money consistently on the daily basis you're making money from the eggs you're making money from the fizzes you're making money from the bag of feed and you could even develop into producing or rebranding your feed because 70% of the cost in every poetry production is on the feed so when you solve the dynamics of feed you are also you're breaking even so profitability is guaranteed for poetry for broilers are six weeks while for layers from four months of age to another two years thank you so much Nabil I now know that in about two months or so in less than six months I can really get some so much money out of poetry but I actually followed the guides that you have mentioned my guest Nabil Yacobo veterinarian, livestock expert many thanks for being a part of business insights for today thanks for having me it is indeed our pleasure all right that's the size of the show for today I'm sure you might want to consider poetry farming or any other aspect of agriculture because it is a boomer for the country many thanks for being a part of the show my name is Justin Alcadone see you again next time


If you do gig work, then these are the top five app you're gonna need. App number one is Upside. With the Upside app, it's gonna save you money on groceries, restaurants, and the main thing is gas. App number two. App number two is a navigation app. They have multiples. They have Google Maps, they have Waves. If you have an iPhone, you can get Apple Maps. App number three.  Why didn't I say Rodee? I know everybody with Rodee trash, Rodee just, hey, hey, hey, hey, look. Rodee has the most consistent orders out of any app that you're gonna see. App number four, a Mowless Tracker app. Here are some examples. Why do you wanna check your mouth?   App number five is a Weather app. I know it sounds crazy, what I need a weather app for. Look, you never know, it might start pouring rain, so you need to get your weather app. AccuWeather, they also have the Weather Channel, and they also have Weather Underground.


Thank you so much for sticking to Y254. My name is Elisabeth Nguena. Our topic of discussion today, as I told you earlier, is on developments made in autism. And in this context, we're looking at, starting from April, that is the Autism Awareness Month, so far, and probably what plans for the future are. So for that, I have two guests with me. I call them two experts. First to me is Dr. Lincoln Kamau, who is the Director of Clinical Research in Autism Light, and close by there's Jessica Heller, the International Autism Consultant in Autism Light. So thank you so much, Dr. Lincoln and Heller, for joining us today. So without, for joining us for this discussion, so let's just get to the discussion. So for this whole time, you, for the media tour that you've been having this whole time to end the training that you have been having, have you seen any impact so far? Well, let's go back, let me start by saying we are glad to be back here. This was actually our first media interview in the month of April, and we are glad to be back. Yeah, we can say we are having a lot of impact in the media awareness we have been doing, the media, the trainings, the trainings and awareness events we have been having in the country. And one reason we would quantify that is we recently had a donor, he's Dr. Guru, he owns the, he's the CEO of the Defti Group of Companies. He's based out of Roiro. He has donated as a philanthropic donor to construct 47 schools in the 47 counties. So you can, by one person coming out and volunteering their money to build such, you can actually quantify, see we are making impact. You have also heard from a lot of parents, teachers, we have, we have gotten a lot of inquiries from public institutions about autism, what's autism, the prognosis. This week, in fact on, yeah, I think it's next week, we are also meeting with PCA Queen Hospital. It's also a private public hospital that's interested in autism work. So yeah, we have seen some impact. Wow, it seems you have been busy since April to date. Yeah. And we'll get, we will get back to the part of the, I would really want to know a lot about this, the donor. But before that, the Kenya Youth, the Kenya Young Members of County Assembly met to discuss on how to improve the conditions of autistic persons. So have, have they helped so far? Well, yeah, we had a motion passed yesterday. The Nyandarua County passed an autism motion yesterday. And on Friday the 5th, I believe, Garisa Assembly passed an autism education motion. That was the first in Kenya and actually the first in Africa. So the MCS from both Nyandarua and Garisa attended the literate. And we are also hearing there. We are hearing in this action from the other 20, 20 county MCAs who attended the event. You know, autism is a, is a, is a, is a, is a cause for concern for all of us. One in 40. The last time we were here, the CDC, the Center for Disease Control in the United States had one in 65 school going kids of autism. Yeah. The statistic changed in May to one in 40. Wow, that is really increasing. We, yeah, so it's, we, we can't just sit and do nothing. It's time everybody in the country did something. And especially those who are in charge of making legislative efforts. Yes. Yeah. And I mean, at autism likes, we are focused really on awareness and inclusion and acceptance. And after doing the retreat in Naivasha with the young MCAs, we have really seen that as soon as people are aware of the issue, there are steps they can then take. OK, well, on that, how many counties showed up for, for a retreat? Yeah, we had about 20 counties. Yeah. Well, what about the other counties that were not represented? What are you planning to do to reach out to them? Yeah, we are planning to get to them, but events like this also reach out to them. OK. Yeah, as much as we want to get to everyone, yeah, these leaders are appointed. These leaders are elected by their people to champion causes like this. Starting. Yeah, and autism is a concern. Autism doesn't just affect the children with autism. Yes. We have research is showing and from our experience, once a kid gets diagnosed with autism, the mothers have to stay home. The mothers, most of whom we are productive in the economy, have to stay home. That it affects everyone in the family, everyone in the county. So as much as we are doing the outreach there, there is a responsibility for these leaders also to come and reach out to us so that we can address these issues. So so far, you can say the outreach has been very has been a success. Yeah, we have been to we have been everywhere. We have been in Kiriti County, Garisa, Kanjiadon, Nyadarua. So yeah, we actually heard from the Kisumu and I think it's Kisumu Rural MP. So we are hearing from all these audiences. And what about the sustainable, the long term sustainable a long term sustainable solution in that from April to date, there's a lot that has been talked about autism. We have been hearing it a lot. So do we have a strategy that will ensure that we're not just going to hear it for maybe a few more months and then that's it. Do you have a long term solution for that? Yeah, like Jesse mentioned, we have both awareness and treatment. Yes. So treatment is where the 47 schools I mentioned that will be built in the counties because we cause that we create awareness, individuals with autism come up. We have to treat them. And that's where the long term. So like now Garisa and Nyadarua that have passed the autism education motions in their public schools, they are going to construct classes for autism. Then we are going to educate the teachers and paraprofessionals how to run kids institutions for students with autism. I mean classes for kids with autism. Then from there it will be a self-sustaining program. Well, right now in Kenya, we are experiencing a corruption crisis. And how first of all, how are you going to ensure that these schools that are going to be set up receive the right to train personnel for that? And also to ensure that the funds given, like I just assumed so many donors will come up, maybe people from the private sectors. We have the government maybe chipping in well wishers. So how well are we going to, what are you going to do to ensure that these funds get fulfilled the intended purpose? You see, we are clinicians. So our primary responsibility is to train on interventions and make sure these kids and these families are getting cutting-edge interventions like we do. We mentioned, I don't know if you mentioned this, but we both work in Boston. So we want to bring the treatments that we do in Boston to our kids here in Kenya. So yeah, we will do due diligence on our clinical interventions. The corruption, how the money is spent, that one is for county administrators and other government officials that's their ball. Well, when we were here in April, we did a number of different trainings. We did a training in FICA for about 50 teachers where we talked to them about different practices that they can use in the schools to help better teach children with autism. We also did another two other trainings with parents to help them understand the best ways to help their children succeed. And so that's sort of where our focus is on making sure that the people that are working closely with children with autism have the right skills and knowledge. Yeah, and coming to that, yeah, there's the point on mothers. We are also doing a lot of training to mothers and fathers of persons with autism and that also ties back to your sustainability. These individuals with autism, they are 24, 7, and they are homes. So we are also doing, we are actually launching a new initiative in the next few months, it will be called Mama Kwa Mama. This is how we'll be able to train one mother, who will be able to train other mothers using a trainer to train a model. So with that initiative, again, we'll be able to lead a lot of audiences and there will be a lot of sustainability. Yes, yeah. So Hela, kindly, can you expand more on the, you talked about the initiative, can you expand more on it, where you are educating people in Thika and mothers, yeah? Yeah, sure. So we did a training in Thika. There were about 50 teachers there that we gave this training to. It was mostly about an introduction to autism, as well as ABA, which is applied behavior analysis. And that is a technique that is used to build skills, kind of slowly and little by little with children with autism, because focusing on some of those smaller achievements is really important. Okay. And then we did, as well, the training that we did for parents. One was with an organization called the differently talented society of Kenya. And then another one was at the Boroburu phase one primary school. And again, we talked a lot about, you know, an introduction to what is autism, what is not autism. There are a lot of myths up there and fighting stigmas, definitely one of the things that we're working towards. Yes, no, no, yeah, yeah, yeah, on that. Have you only been, so far, have you only been able to reach people within and out, like just slightly outside Nairobi, right? Those are the trainings that we did in April. And that was primarily right around Nairobi. But while we are here in these two weeks, we are continuing to do more trainings. And we're going to be going to Garisa and Nakuru and Thamburu, other places that are much further away. Wow, hey, you have a lot of traveling to do. And autism rights is not just the two of us. We have a team in the country. So when we are away back in the United States, like we were for the last one month, we have been able to do trainings out in Kirifi County. We have been able to do trainings in Garisa, Kajiado, Nandaroa. Then we also have individuals, celebrities in the media who have embraced the autism cause. For instance, Eddie Butita has done a very good job with us. He has, when he does his campus tours, he mentions autism, what's autism? Yeah, he has a parade that the audience has spread on their commitment to create awareness for autism. And he has done that in Eldore, at the more university. He has done that in Kabarak, Ijaton, the Kayukat in Georgia, Machakos. In fact, we will be joining him again next week for one of his campus tours. Okay, well, now let's move on to motions. How many have been passed so far? And what is the expected impact? It's just the two, the one that passed in Garisa last week on Friday and the one that passed in Nandaroa yesterday. Okay, maybe we can get, what impact is expected? Yeah, by passing a motion, a county assembly makes a commitment to pay for the education of the kids with persons with autism in the county. Yes. So for instance, Garisa, we are yet to do, we are in the process of doing a survey on how many individuals with autism do we have in Garisa. So now that the county has committed to provide services for them, that's what's expected, they will provide cutting-edge services for each one of their persons from the day they get there, from the day we meet them to up to the time they graduate from their public institutions, from their primary schools or high schools. Yeah. Yeah. We really don't have a moderate search in Kenya. Again, counties like Garisa and Nandaroa, they are doing something that has not been done in Kenya. Yeah, yeah. Primarily, what we do in the United States is a child gets diagnosed with autism. They are counted prejudice to educate them from first grade all the way up to high school. Yes. And they are counted also into us, they get employable skills after they graduate high school. Yes. So nothing has actually been tried of the sort in Africa and I'm very, I'm very proud of the Garisa County and Nandaroa County for embracing this. Yeah. So that's- And yeah, this is what I wanted to ask. We do not have national policies that, you know, address autism and how do we make sure that these kids, these people, the kids or the people that their needs are addressed, you see maybe things like treatment or if someone wants help on, wants help maybe from an autistic perspective, like an autistic person wants help on that side. So what's the plan? Yeah, they are not. There is not a national policy in Kenya, but they are international standards. Okay. And Kenya is not an island. Kenya can also use the international standards. And that's what we'll be, we are doing at autism rights. Yes. At autism rights use standards that are championed by the Center for Disease Control in the United States. So as we embrace them here, the government will come around. In April there was a seminar on autism at this, in a safari park hotel in Sicily, karaoke. The, I think she's the public, she's the permanent secretary in education, was at the conference and she, she pledged to, to work with the DVD, with organizations that pass on to the autism, to ensure there is an autism policy in Kenya. Yeah. Yeah. So that's the works already. Well, hello. There, I can imagine stigma is a lot when it comes to people with autism. And the African community especially perceives that as, if you find someone in your neighborhood who, who is autistic, they think it could be witchcraft, it could be, you know, it could be a curse. So how far have you been able to, through the sensitization, how far have you been able to eliminate the stigma? Or to the misconceptions that come with autism? Yes. Well, we had, we did a lot of work when we were here in April. I think that when we were doing the trainings, that was a huge part of it. You know, hearing some of the things that the parents had to say about what was going on in their communities, and then having us talk to them about what was fact and what was fiction was really important. As well, we did a whole media tour while we were here. And the response that we got from people online and, you know, from people who saw our interviews was really, really important to hear what was happening, hear the questions that people were asking, and really just start that conversation. Yeah. And so, how can society participate in saving people? Who, how, how can society participate in including people with autism and including them in this sense? Including them in the, in the, in the sense that, you know, they, they are able to accommodate them and not making them feel maybe, you know, special or, I don't know the word, not a, yeah, special. Yeah, the stigma. Yeah, the stigma. Yeah, isolated. Yeah, and isolated. How can society participate in driving that? Yeah, I think we can do that as individuals, acceptance, acceptance. And one of the, the reason we do this awareness campaign is to create awareness, you know. You see, as, as people remain ignorant, individuals with autism will be stigmatized and isolated. So it's, this goes back to individual responsibilities. So me, you and everybody else in the studio, if you are open and accepting to persons with autism, and then to, there'll be a, that's how we started. That's how we started. Yes. Yeah. And honestly, it's from, like Dr. Lincoln said, everyone, not only the people who have children with autism in their families, but if you hear about anyone who has a children child with special needs, you know, just offer a helping hand, or just words of support to say that you're there if they need you for anything. Because I think there is that sense here that they need to hide away, you know, and not really bring themselves out into the community. And just being open and supportive is really. Yeah, people get harsh, get judged harshly in the community when, yeah, when maybe they do that you have a autistic kid or someone else with any type of disorder, they tend to be judged harshly. Yeah, unfortunately now it's one in 40, every school going kids have autism. So there's a very high likelihood that every one of us knows somebody or have heard about somebody with autism. They are our brothers, our sisters, our nephews, our nieces. So we can't stigmatize them.  We just have to embrace them. And that's why awareness like this is good media personalities like you are doing such a great job in creating the awareness. Thank you. Yeah, we can't just ignore it. And not only the public too, the government needs to come in. Like you mentioned, there is no public policy on autism in Kenya. Yeah. Like we can, I'm very worried when I talk about autism in Kenya because we are kind of rooting at a lost generation. The last time we did a statistical prediction, there are about 700,000 kids with autism in Kenya now, 700,000. And that doesn't include most of the ones who get left at home. Those who get kicked from the public schools and they are just left at home. Those are the ones that have come forward. Those are the ones who have come forward. So we could confidently predict there are 1 million kids or more with autism in Kenya and there is no public policy. Nobody is doing anything about it. So we are going to lose a whole generation if we don't do anything. Yes, that's for sure. So as we wind up, I would want Dr. Lincoln and Hela to just give us a summary of what you see the future of autistic people is. The future for autism is very bright. It's in Kenya. In Kenya, it starts from there. Yeah, it's very bright with the interventions. Research shows autism is not a deathbed.  As awareness comes into Kenya, people are embracing these interventions. Once the government chips in the MCAs, the presses with the motions and you are able to treat these persons with autism, their future is bright. Of course, there needs to be action from our legislative bodies. I think one of the things that is hardest when you find out that your child has autism is knowing what to do next, where to go, who do you turn to. And I think that I see progress being made in that with more support groups for parents and families and then the work that we're doing to try and make sure that there are places in schools for children with autism as well. Yeah, well, thank you so much for that discussion, at least to have been able to keep track of and to see the developments that have been there this far. And for that, I'm grateful. Oh, sorry. If there are, if you want to know more about the things that we are doing at Autism Lights, you can check us out. Our website is autismlights.org and we're on Facebook with Autism Lights, Inc. as well as Twitter, Autism Lights, Inc. and Instagram. Yeah, and anyone watching out there who is in Nakuru, Samburu, Royal Garisa, Nyandaroa, you are coming there in the next two weeks. Yeah. Well, that's all we had prepared for you today. And thank you so much for staying with us and seeing us and seeing the discussion to the end. In case you missed anything or you would want to revisit this conversation, just go to our YouTube page that is Y254 channel. You'll find this and much more there for you. So until next time, just keep watching Y254 for more amazing programs and youthful vibes. Bye-bye.


...zaj sem se počutil. Če so naparali, da smo učili o prejzivne prejzivne, kaj je, da ne boš v zelo, pravda ne boš počutil, ...zaj vse je, da se pričel ima nečične režite ...zaj načinovetje do kondakčnju. V sej, da se pričel ima, da se pričel ima ...zaj načinovetje in da si pričel se vse ...zaj načinovetje počutil, zato v trha there is no more than this when you do, for example, an optical absorption experiment. This ben gap, the quasi-particle ben gap, is the one that you will see. In general, you will see the optical gap that in semiconductor can be at a lower energy than the quasi-particle ben gap. This is due to the fact that the excited electron-hole pair, actually, the hole in the electron they interact with each other to the chromic interaction, and these lower, so the energy vseživaterstvega elektronijsta vseva, pa je vsevaThat's the independent particle one. The electron interaction is taken into account in the Bethe-Salpeter equation. That we will try to derive, not super rigorously, here, using a time-dependent approach. Basically we will concentrate on the response function of the electronic system after it has been excited about an external electric field, like an optical laser. In videlš, da je pačnja priča, če se vseh periodov, tako vseh priča, ki je to priča, ko je to priča, zelo pačnja. A pa če pačnja, ko je vseh priča, zelo pačnja vseh priča in vseh priča. Če je to, da se vseh priča, neč dela, da se počakajte, da se počakajte, da se počakajte, da se počakajte, da se počakajte, tudi za densitivne matriče in tudi za responsivne fungšenje, in tudi skupimo elektronične interakcije in exitonje. Sveč, kaj smo prišličili o exitivnosti, kaj smo prišličili, nekaj smo prišličili o elektroničnje sistem, nekaj smo prišličili o exitivnosti, in tukaj smo prišličili o exitivnosti na komputeritivne spektroskopi.  Hahovutne je, da ne vsimimo vzelo in na razlih, da bi posturjamo začunja skupnike, pa novimo tako, da dobro se je povresima vzelo. DFT, prezent, pa tudi tudi, zelo s betrem zespektem. To je neko mushrooms in je vzelo kurs, kar bilo šej pravi srednjih capacitorje barjez. Tako včeles tega, ne ki dobro mili, neko bili zelo elektronovne rejtire. A kče pa je izgledan, skupaj se predikšnjeni, da se počutite vzvega prizvrga. Vzvega si nekaj pridlj, ki je vredne, ali priče, da smo se počutiti na nekaj zelo, tudi je zelo in je zelo vzvega. Vzvega je vzvega in je načo vzvega vzvega vzvega vzvega vzvega vzvega načo kredim vzvega. Zato je, da pa izgledana vzvega in Av folding in single particle excitation energy is any longer, but they are the exiton energies. So how do we find these red quantities is the topic of this lecture by solving the beta-sulpehter equation? If we apply this expression for the optical absorption, we obtain a good prediction of the experiment. Actually, electron interaction is extremely important if you are interested in layered or 2D systems, tk. monolajer, boronitride. If you look at the independent particle absorption, of course it started the quasi-particle bandgap, it's here. But if I add the BSE, it's completely different the optical absorption that I obtain. In particular absorption starts two electron volts below the quasi-particle bandgap. So you see that in low-dimensional systems it's crucial to add the excitons, to add the electron interaction. And you don't do it without, right? OK. So now we see how to do that. Ah, OK, sorry. I wanted also to say that why this happens. Why we have such a large exciton binding energy here. That is because in lower-dimensional systems the electron interaction is weakly screened. You see here the field lines between electron and hole are mostly in the vacuum space. There are no electrons more or less here. So much is screened more weakly than you would have in a bulk system. So this is generally the reason. OK. So to derive the BSE, in general, there are various approaches. For example, you can do the Schringer approach. You use four-point quantities, do some functional derivatives and then arrive at the result. If you have already arrived at the inspentagon, you can manipulate it, in particular starting with the vertex function. And then you also get the BSE. But today we will follow this other approach, which maybe is a bit simpler to follow, let's say. That is what I mentioned before, following the equation of motion in real time for the response function. So let's start with the description of the ground state electronic system. Here I wrote Artefoc. You see, this is the Arte function and this is the exchange, written in self-energy style. We don't need to start from this. We can start from Konshama Miltonian, Konshama plus GW. But this is just the simplest starting point for the electronic system for us. And so this system gives us the single particle energies and the single particle wave function. So in an extended system it will be a block function. Which, for example, if this is the Konshama Miltonian, we can compute in DFT, right? And the other thing that we have here is the equilibrium density. That is defined like that. And you see at equilibrium, basically, if we expand it in a single particle state, just give us the state occupations. So these F-occupation factors that you have also in the Yambo cheat sheet for a semiconductor at zero temperature, they are just zero or one. Nothing very complicated at equilibrium. However, now a laser is coming to the system and it's rearranging a bit this density. So the full time-dependent Hamiltonian in this case is like this. We have the original non-interacting Hamiltonian, like in this case I wrote Artifok. Then we have the external field. And then we have these corrections to the density functionals, because since the external field induces a change in the density, also the density functionals will change. So they will be corrected in the ground state once, the equilibrium ones. OK. And now we have a time-dependent density matrix that for same position, a Green's function, you can just find it directly from the Green's function. You expand it in single particle states and you obtain this time-dependent version. Perfect. We are not really interested in the density matrix per se. We are interested in the response function, in the linear response, cubo formula. Basically, this gives the variation of the density matrix with respect to the external field. So this is what we want to compute. This will contain the electron interaction. And this can also be expanded in the single particle basis set. It will depend on four single particle indices, as you can see here. And of course, even in this basis set, this functional relation is still valid. So we can write it like that. OK. Now, in order to proceed, we have to introduce the equation of motion for the density matrix. As you see here, it's time evolution. It's given by the commutator with the Hamiltonian. Now, you will hear much more about this tomorrow in the real-time lectures, where there will be a more general version of this equation, a time evolution of the Green's function, which is called the Kadanov bim equation. But for us, this reduced version is in linear response to arrive to the Betzelpeter. Why? Because if we now apply a functional derivative with respect to the incoming external field, then this becomes a equation of motion for the response function. And what we have... So our objective is to find an expression for this chi. What we have to do is to compute these commutators, compute this derivative, and then hopefully to compute absorption spectra. So, in order to make this a bit simpler, we start rewriting some parts of this Hamiltonian, in particular these density functionals here, we can expand them first in the external field. So these are some of the states and so on. And then we can use the chain rule to expand again, and then we transform these into two derivatives. One with respect to the density matrix and the other with respect to the external potential. This is useful because this is just a response function. So the quantity that we want. And then we are left with this quantity that we need to kind of assess what it is. We can do the same with the fork part or the self energy part. And then for the two of them, summed, we just obtain this expression. And the part in red will become the kernel of the Betzelpeter equation, the one that encodes the electron interaction. And now we will just compute these derivatives to get the simple form for this kernel. Let's start with the time dependent heart. As you know, it can be written like this and then expand in a single particle basis like this. You see here this is like fine one graph to kind of represent what happens. This line is the pulom interaction and this is the density. So this is a Green's function that starts and ends at the same position. We can expand this density into our single particle basis step. And we obtain this. So all the wave functions are here inside this integral. The time dependent part is outside. We call the big integral V and we are done. We are happy like that. An observation that I can make now is if we switch this graph to the momentum space, you notice that this pulom interaction cannot carry any momentum of itself because of momentum conservation. For example, here an electron is coming. If the pulom interaction will take away some of its momentum, then it would carry it here. But since this density must start and then with the same momentum, this is simply not possible for momentum conservation. So this heart term will be always at q equals 0. It will only carry any external momentum of the electron odd pair. And so finally we can write it like this. So it's quite simpler. Now we can take the derivative with respect to the density. As you see, it has become trivial and we obtain this expression for the hearty part. Now if we stop here, we obtain the RPA screening. It's what Andrei Amaini said on Monday. Time dependent heart gives you the RPA screening. But we have another term here, namely the self-energy, which now I have written it in a FOC case, pure exchange. So it's not GW, V. So the G can be rearranged as a density matrix that is not diagonally in the position basis, because you see it starts at R and then at R prime. But we can also expand this in a single particle basis set. And we obtain this expression in which now, of course, the N and L indices are exchanged with respect to the hearty case. However, here we encounter a problem. Because in general, we would like to start from a single particle description that is the most accurate possible. Namely, we would like to start from DFT plus GW, right? Very good. But here, if we take just the exchange self-energy, the interaction between electron and hole will be unscreened, will be bare. And this cannot be right now, because we are excluding the rest of the system. And then the binding between electron and hole will be much larger, much stronger than it should be in a real system with a charge density. So, what we can do at this point, we replace this V with a screened interaction. So, as you know from yesterday, the screened interaction can be computed with first to do the RPA screening, screens the Coulomb. Then we put it here. Now, this self-energy just becomes basically the exchange correlation self-energy of yesterday, in fact, it's called screened exchange, sorry. So, no correlation anymore, because the screening is static here. So, of course, what does it mean as screening is static? It means that when you create an excitation, an electron-hole pair, the rest of the system instantaneously adjusts to this excitation to screen it. In reality, there is a time delay for these adjustments. We are neglecting all the effects of the screened interaction, so, I mean, it's time dependent. But you will see this is needed to arrive at a workable form for the BSC. OK, so, now that we did this, we can, ah, sorry, I also wanted to say, at variance with the heart case, here the screened interaction can carry its own momentum. So, this will result in an additional integral over momenta in Fourier space. So, now we simplified and changed in this way. And we want to take the functional derivative with respect to the density matrix. The problem is now we, OK, we need to derive this part, but also this part, because now W itself depends on the function and on the density. But we just neglect this derivative here, because it will lead us to higher-order terms in W, so far we neglected. And then we also obtain simple form for the self-energy part. We go back now to the equation of motion with these simplifications that basically becomes like this. So, we have three commutators that we need to calculate, basically. And here you see you have these W minus 2V that appears. OK, so, now we need to compute them, but we can do it, for example, the first part, the A, we can just let the Hamiltonian, the equilibrium Hamiltonian act for the second commutator, we replace the time-dependent density matrix with the equilibrium one, because we want to stay at first order in the external interaction. Since R of t depends on the external interaction, we will not be at first order any longer, so we use the equilibrium one, and the equilibrium one, applied to the eigenstates, just gives a difference of occupation factors. Again, in a semiconductor at zero temperature, this is basically one or minus one. Not anything fancy. OK, and then the third term, the large one, actually goes exactly like this. So, it's not a difficult commutator. Analog is to be. And then we obtain this equation, after we also perform the derivative with respect to the external potential. Here, OK, I just emphasize that actually the response function depends only on the differences of the two times. So, the time when we have the probability of creating the electron pair and then the time when we have the probability of it to recombine back to the ground state. And here this k is the kernel. I just called w minus vk, just for simplicity. And now we can simplify it even more. You see, all these quantities depend, for example, the kernel depends on four single particle indices. Ah, sorry, yeah. Obviously, the w plays the role of an attractive interaction between electron and holes. So, it's the binding term. It's what creates the bound excitons. Bound excitons. Well, this is a repulsive contribution. OK. Now, we can simplify this equation even more. So, when we have an electronic transition, for example, we can imagine it is the n1 state is in the valence band, and then the n2 state is in the conduction band. It can be also the opposite, a transition from conduction to valence. In general, we can label a transition with a single index kappa, and we go in the transition basis. This actually simplifies a bit how this equation appears. And now it is clear that we can easily take the Fourier transform, because we have just the time derivative here and the chi to be Fourier transformed. We do it, and in Fourier space we have this simple expression. Now it's time to... Basically, we are almost at the end. Notice that if we set the kernel to zero, which means if we set the electron interaction to zero, then this equation reduces to the... must reduce to the independent particle response function, which indeed we get, and notice that it's diagonal in the transition basis. In the diagonal term, the one that mixes different electronic transitions is the interaction term, of course. OK, so now that we recognize the independent particle chi naught, we can just rearrange this equation into a Dyson-like equation for the chi. And this is like the pictorial representation. So this is the point of connection of this real-time approach with other approaches like a Dean, Schwinger, and so on. Because in those approaches we started at a higher level with time order, two particle gains function, and then you would arrive at a Dyson-like equation for that function, and then you would reduce it to a retarded response function which is what we have here. So this is the point of contact. Of course, this kernel we can divide it in this way. W, the attractive term, and V, the repulsive term. OK. But still we don't know what is chi. So we didn't really solve it, right? We just reworked it. But now we can solve it. We just bring everything to the left, like this. And then we recognize, if we isolate omega, that this really looks like the matrix element of an Hamiltonian. In particular, a matrix element of an effective two particle Hamiltonian that we just define it like that. And now we can invert it. In this form, we invert this equation and we obtain chi equals to something. You see, it is chi equals to 1 over omega minus a Hamiltonian. So this can have the form of a three particle propagator for the excitons provided that we are going to diagonalize this Hamiltonian, which we can do. And we obtain exactly the quantities that we will need later for absorption. That is the energies of the electron-hole bound pairs. And then, from the eigenstates, we obtain the external coefficients that act as weights in the linear combination of single particle transitions in the optical strength of the absorption spectrum. Now, of course, the response function can also be written in this basis, the excitonic basis, because we have diagonalized it, so we can use the spectral representation of this Hamiltonian and we obtain this. And then, if we want to express it in the transition basis, which is what we have, starting from a single particle picture, then it will just be like this. So remember that this just gives us, it is just the response function. It is the variation of the density matrix with respect to the external field. Now, here, actually, I took a shortcut, because I didn't say that this matrix is a median. And so there might be problems. In fact, here I am restricting the possible transitions to positive energy transitions that one can go from the valence band to the conduction band. This Hamiltonian is much more general than that. It can also account for negative energy transitions. In this case, it is not a linear median in general. More likely, it is a pseudoer median, which means that the eigenvalues are still real. But the eigenvectors might not be orthogonal, but this is a problem that can be accounted for with an overall mathematics. You will see a much more detailed description of this in the next lecture by Maurizija, which she will go into details about this thing. But for us this is already enough. What we did, basically, we rewrote the problem of this correlated propagation of electron and holes as effective to particle Hamiltonian to be diagonalized by the code. This particular Hamiltonian contains this off diagonal term in the transition basis, which is the kernel, and this kernel encodes the electron-hole interaction with a screen interaction term, which is attractive and responsible for the binding of electron and hole. And this comes from the self-energy in a single particle picture, in particular for the exchange correlation self-energy in a static approximation. And this term, which is repulsive, and this comes from the heart refunctional in a single particle picture. What do we need to diagonalize this Hamiltonian? What are the starting ingredients? We need some quasi-particle energies, the best that we can get, maybe. So DFT plus GW. Some single particle wave functions, so let's say DFT. And then, of course, for the W we need to compute the static electronic screenings, so static RPA. But these you did already in the tutorials with Yambo. So when we have these, we have these, so just to recap, we notice that the independent particle picture fails to reproduce optical absorption in many semiconductors due to the lack of electron interaction. But we can account for the electron interaction if you consider the dynamics of the excited system. We consider these dynamics using the equation of motion from the response function, which really work, we recast into an effective two particle Hamiltonian, and this finally is the correct quantity, the most accurate quantities for optical absorption. But now we have switched from the independent particle picture to the exiton picture. So that's it. There is no more. I just leave you with this painfully detailed graph representation of the Bessel-Peter equation. So here you see you have all the indices, the state index, k point index, you have the sums of the g vector for the plane wave and so on. So you can maybe go on the YAMBO wiki, take these and then maybe compare with the expression that you find in the YAMBO cheat sheet if you are interested in how maybe one can really use diagrams for doing calculations. Thank you.


Hey everybody, welcome back to the channel. Today we're going to be talking about Ubuntu Web. It's going to be like a little bit of a first look, not really a review because this is a remix, it's still in beta, and I don't want to be too hard on it. Now if this is two days ago, so I wrote a script for this video and the script was not kind to Ubuntu Web. My first experiences just were not good, but I had a chance to think about it for a few days and I listened to the Ubuntu podcast and they really liked the developer behind Ubuntu Web. I'm not sure what it can't remember what his name was, it doesn't even really matter, and I had a chance to go through some of the comments on the the discourse where this was announced. And I decided to scrap the script that I originally wrote, but some of my points are still going to be relevant. So I'm going to use it a little bit as an outline, but this is mostly going to be kind of a rambly type video, not that all my videos aren't like rambly, and for those of you who are returning viewers, if there are any of those, you can tell I've done a little bit of sprucing up at the beginning here. I put my face on the opening card here and I've still had to figure out how to put my video in the corner like normal people do. But anyways, let's just jump into Ubuntu Web. This is what Ubuntu Web looks like out of the box. So first, let's just discuss what Ubuntu Web is. Basically, Ubuntu Web is described as a privacy-focused open source alternative to Google's Chrome OS. It uses Firefox instead of Chromium to run web apps in containers. It uses a partnership with a cloud services company called E slash E or the E Foundation or something like that to provide several cloud-based services that are placed right up front. It also promises experimental Android app support, which I didn't get a chance to use or figure out, so I won't be talking about that today. So the idea behind Ubuntu Web is really good. You have a desktop environment that is based on web technologies like Chrome that is based on a kernel of Linux that is surrounded by a wrapper of Chrome where pretty much everything on there is Chrome based. That's what Chrome OS is. So theoretically, that's what Ubuntu Web should be only using Firefox. But as you can see, if you look at this, this is this is GNOME. This is GNOME. And it's not even good GNOME. But it's fine. It looks fine. It's reasonably well themed. But the main draw here is supposed to be the quote unquote web apps that are containerized Firefox things that allow you to get into certain applications that are mainly on the web. So like email. Now you click on this, what do you think it's going to bring up?   But it'd bring up some kind of online email service that's easily to get to. You click on this. And you get a Firefox with a tab. And then you get a login password and thing for something called eCloud, eCloud.global. No exclamation as to what that is. When I first used this, I was like, what the hell is eCloud? I still don't know what eCloud is. I had to look it up. And you can actually, this is actually the first time I've noticed this, this actually does have a link to the foundation. So basically what the foundation is, is an open source mobile phone operating system. Basically, that's what the foundation is. Now that looks exactly like an iPhone or iOS, I guess. So clone time, but whatever. I'm not sure what a mobile operating system has to do with this. But if you click on your email here, it opens up email. It highlights Firefox. And it takes you to this. That's all it is. Now, every email is going to require you to sign in. That's not a big deal. But look at this file, this files thing. You click on files, it brings you to Firefox, and you have to sign in to do it. What? And now I understand that the files they're talking about are something is presumably something like pCloud or Google Drive or something like that. That's great. But a new user is going to think that this is their file browser, because that's what's pinned at on the taskbar. That is confusing. Now there is local file thing. This looks like, this looks like Nautilus. Yeah, this is Nautilus. Okay. But it's not pinned down here. This eFoundation files thing of a jig is pinned down here, and you can't get into it without signing in again, which, again, is fine if you understand what you're getting into.  Now, there are a couple of things here. This is called Dtube. I have no idea what that is. It appears to be some kind of clone of Ubuntu, but I've never heard of it before. I mean, I've never heard of it before. Like, I don't know if there's anybody. Let's see if there's a distro. No.  I've never heard of Dtube before. Where did they come up with this? Why isn't this library? Why isn't this peer tube or something that would make way more sense than some random strange shady website that I've never heard of? And this is supposedly their web store. This was not working yesterday. This was actually down. But I still don't see, you know, literally they have one app in education, one app in music. I mean, you gotta remember, that's fine because this is just beta software. I'm not criticizing the lack of applications, but these are just, and you would expect these just to be web extensions or whatever, which is fine. This is what it's meant to be, what it's meant to do. It's just, this is the, honestly, this is the, of the five things here other than Firefox, this is the only one that actually makes sense to have pinned down here. The other ones are things that you have to sign into. And that's just not a good thing to present front and center to users, especially when you're linking to something that is really weird. Nobody knows what the foundation is. Nobody's ever really heard of it, especially new users. So if the winter web is going to be successful, this has got changed. So I kind of got right into the rant. And I didn't want, I wanted to be generous to this, this distro. But I'm just, I'm at a loss as to why this exists if it's going to be just GNOME. Okay, so Chrome OS isn't just Linux with Chromium installed. It's not just a Android with Chromium installed. It's actually, when you log in, you're logging into a version of Chrome that looks like an operating system. That would be cool if this was what this is, was a Firefox OS kind of thing. But that's not what this is. This is GNOME, with all the things that GNOME brings to the table, all the overhead, everything like that, with some really weird pre-installed web applications that come from a service that nobody really knows about, and that nobody really uses. And it wouldn't be so bad if there was an explanation. There's not an explanation, at least so far there's not an explanation. There's just, you know, links to these things. And these things aren't even really apps, like you can tell they're not really apps, because when you open them, Firefox stays highlighted and these don't get highlighted or anything. It's really weird. It's really, really weird. So that's really my thought on the way they've implemented this. I have a whole bunch of stuff here written down. So I guess the answer, so the question I asked in my script was, is Ubuntu Web any good? And the answer I came up with, no Ubuntu Web isn't any good. But I said there's some arguments that could be made that the Ubuntu Web is a beta project, and it's not complete in yada, yada, yada. And I'm more warming to that aspect of this now than I was when I first wrote my script. Mainly because of what the Ubuntu podcast guy says, guys said in terms of, you know, this actually being a reputable developer, everything. When I first got out of this, I had no clue who it was. And I just heard about Ubuntu Web on the internet. And I clicked on, you know, one of these icons, and it came up to come up with this. I mean, this is, this is insane. I mean, this is, even Google doesn't make you sign into your files app.  Why am I signing into a file app? All I want to do is browse the files. Why isn't this, you know, on the, the, you know, the, the taskbar doesn't make any sense. And it is now. Again, that's good, right? That's, that's, this is the way it should be this your local whatever's local should be on here if you're if you're going to bother to have local things, which they are, because this is GNOME. I'm just not on board with what Ubuntu Web at the moment is trying to do because it doesn't seem to have a purpose. Chrome OS has a purpose in that it's supposed to be a lightweight web based operating system. Yes, it's based on Linux, but the Linux kernel, it's, it's based on Linux the same way Android is based on Linux. It has a whole bunch of stuff that's running on top of it to make it what it is, you know, Java and, you know, whatever. This is just GNOME with some really weird web apps. And there's nothing wrong with GNOME. It's just, we've got that already. You know, why are you wasting your time developing this? Because we got this. We have GNOME already. It's okay to make a, you know, fine, make a remix, but don't try to sell it as something that's, you know, awesome and different. This is just GNOME with the Firefox web browser. These aren't specific. The, the discord, the, the developer in there on the discourse posts made a big deal about how these are containerized wrappers for Firefox and no, they're not. No, they're not. This isn't a containerized version of Firefox. This is just Firefox opening tabs. That's all this is.  These are just links to weird things in Firefox tabs. That's what that is. And that's, that's really, really weird. And it's really, it just, it's very unusual and very mind boggling that a developer who seems to, you know, have other projects, he does the, I think he does the Unity remix too. And like, that's a, that's a legitimate remix. People want Unity. And I think that there are people out there who would love an OS based on Ubuntu that is running a brand new, you know, desktop environment that's based on web technologies. And that'd be cool. That's not what this is. This is, this is, this is Ubuntu with a couple extensions installed so that you can move the doc down here and, you know, a few custom icons and Firefox. That's all this is. This is a complete waste of time. And like I said, the argument could be made that it's beta and maybe the developer's vision hasn't been, you know, been realized yet. But I would just stop.  I mean, the anbox thing is cool. I haven't had a chance to play with that. So maybe that's the cool thing. But again, you go into the notes thing. Again, you have to sign in. And that's not unusual for notes thing. I'm doing a notes video. I think it comes out tomorrow. And most notes apps, if you want to sync things, or you're using them online, you have to sign in. So that's not unusual. It's just that none of these things that are the things that he's drawing you into can be accessed without signing in. And when FOS when free and open source software is involved, one of the primary reasons why you would get involved with such software is because of privacy. And the fact that you have to sign into every single thing, photos, notes, files, email, contacts, calendar, tasks, I'm going to be surprised if anbox am I going to open that up? You just have to sign into those things. And you can't just use, I mean, I understand why it's just that every single thing you have to do that. If when you signed up for your when you created a new user on this, it also created that account for you to get into those things that'd be good, you know, theoretically, I suppose it could be good. But there's no local you don't own any of these things, you don't have any control over it. And there's as of right now, there's no explanation as to who is really behind these things. There's the foundation. But like I said, new users aren't going to know what that is. I had to go look it up. I'd never heard of them before. The only two apps that you can use on here without signing in that aren't local are SoundCloud. And that works just like SoundCloud does. And of course, Twitter. So and again, these aren't containerized web apps, these are just links to Firefox. You know, it's not any special magic developer sauce that he's put into this. To make it more secure, more privacy focused, none of that. Like I said, they build this as a privacy focused web distribution. This is just Firefox in a tab with Twitter in it. It's not anything special. It's not anything you can do on regular Ubuntu. You can you can pin, you know, Gmail or whatever to your, your, your, you know, taskbar, you know, with existing Firefox technologies, you can do it with Chrome, you can do it with Brave, you can do it with all the any of those things you can just create. There's also, I think there's something called like Fluxbox, maybe something like that. So that creates web apps based on Electron. That exists. This is just what this is. And it's not, it doesn't make any sense as to why it exists. So I was going to try to talk about some of the good things, but I'm not sure there are any good things. This is just, you know, I mean, it's fine, and it's pretty enough. But for me, it's completely pointless. As it sits right now, I may look at this in a year again, if it still exists.  So basically, I just followed my original script. Because my original script was just bitching about all these weird applications and no purpose to this. So a lot of my criticism still stand. But the Ubuntu podcast guys seem to really like this. And I'm not exactly sure why I would love to hear them explain. I'd love to see them try this and out of the box and tell us exactly what it is they like about this, because I'm not exactly sure. So my biggest question is why does Ubuntu web exists? It just, why does it exist? And Ubuntu spin that focuses on apps that are purely web based might be a good idea. And I think it probably is a good deal. I think that low end hardware like the Pinebook and different ARM based hardware, you know, things, you know, Raspberry Pi and stuff like that, those would all benefit from a very lightweight, low powered Linux kernel with a desktop environment that is purely basically Firefox. Good idea. That's not what this is. That's not what this is. This is GNOME with a few few extensions on top of it and some walking links to Firefox tabs. It's nothing else. I just don't think it should exist. I mean, I'm all Linux has a huge problem with fragmentation. There's I mean, the great thing about links is there's also choice. The worst thing about Linux is there's too much choice. So and the fact that this exists is just going to confuse people, because it's going to be built as Chrome OS and people are like, Oh, Chrome OS is pretty good. I'm going to try this. And then they're going to realize that this is nothing like Chrome OS.  It doesn't want to bother people that it's Chrome or that it's GNOME. It's more it's these things down here at the bottom that are going to bother people. And it's also going to be that I mean, we're going to watch a local video. What if you want to watch a local video? There's no VLC here. There's a screenshot application and a document scanning application, but there's no VLC or, you know, MPD or MPV or any of those things. It's very weird. Excuse me. Macedon online. Why does it have a Twitch logo? I don't understand. Macedon is like the Twitter clone, right? But why does it have a I get more confused every time I open this up. I'm just like, it's really weird. Anyways, what does Anbox look like? I'm just curious for this. I want to say Anbox because Anbox is literally the only thing that makes this any interesting for me at all anymore. I'm all for trying new things. I really do like new things. And despite my criticisms on too much choice, I think it is great that the developer can say, hey, you know, I want to do some cool things. I want to do something new and exciting. But it still feels like a waste of time to me. And this is Android applications that you can view. So that basically takes you to, I believe that's a Gmail app. I don't know. Is it Android settings? I mean, that's cool. I don't know what the purpose of it is though. And it crashed. I mean, that's beta. I mean, that's fine, whatever. Anyway, so that's just, that's a first look at Ubuntu Web. It's more like a first rant about Ubuntu Web. You know, developers are precious, right? The great thing about open source is that developers can pretty much work on whatever they want. And thank God for that, because without that freedom, we wouldn't have a lot of good open source software that we have now and can enjoy and take it for granted. And maybe in a year, two years, five years, whatever, Ubuntu Web is this amazing thing.  It's happened before. But as it sits right now, for me, what it looks like is just a complete waste of the developer's time. And if it's still something that he's interested in, I'm all for continuing, because everybody does something that's a waste of time. It can be just, you know, a hobby for him. Fine. I think it confuses, it's going to confuse a lot of people if it ever comes out and becomes in a, I just, the way it stands right now, I don't see this ever becoming an Ubuntu flavor. But if it does, it's going to confuse a lot of people. Oops. Anyways, so if you liked this non-sentence rant, you can give us a thumbs up. If you really liked it, you can give us a subscribe. If not, don't subscribe, obviously. We'll see you next time. And thanks you for watching.