causes of death, 1900 versus 2010. And this is Joan's paper in 2012. And you notice on the left, 1900, the top three causes of death, pneumonia, tuberculosis, gastrointestinal infections, all are infectious. Whereas in 2010, seven of the top ten causes of death are chronic disease, heart disease, cancer, COPD, diabetes, and so on. We'll come back to this. Now, interestingly, also from Joan's paper, this is a list of the causes of death in Boston in 1811, the town of Boston. And if you notice on the lower left, there is none listed for heart disease. And on the far right, 25 sudden death cases. And in the upper left, cancer, five of 942 deaths. Now we'll come back to this as well. So this is the timeline for heart disease over the past couple of hundred years here in the United States. And so, again, 1811, Boston, no heart disease deaths, but 25 sudden deaths, so that's 2.6 percent, right? So even if all of those are heart disease, it's 2.6 percent of cases. The entire 19th century, there's eight worldwide published papers on Heart Attack. Eight. 1897, Sir William Ostler, famed physician, started Johns Hopkins Hospital, reported in his previous 21 years of hospital experience about six cases of angina, chest pain, but not a single MI, not a single heart attack. 1900, we know from Joan's paper, 12.5 percent of deaths were due to heart disease. But that wasn't coronary artery disease cases. Those were valvular disease, rheumatic fever, endocarditis, syphilis, valvular cases. Again, not coronary artery disease. 1912, John Herrick publishes the first known case of myocardial infarction heart attack in the United States with documented autopsy evidence. 1930s, coronary heart disease now becomes the leading cause of death 30 years earlier, virtually unknown. Why? By 2010, 32 percent of deaths in the U.S. due to coronary heart disease, again, nearly one in three. So if you look at the increase, it looks something like that, and I'll show you the real data later. Now, cancer. 1811, Boston, 0.5 percent of deaths, five of 942. That's one in 188 deaths due to cancer. 1900, it's rising 5.8 percent of deaths. That's one in 17. 2010, 31.1 percent of deaths. That's nearly one in three again. So the increase probably looks something like this. Type 2 diabetes. We know that diabetes of any type was rare in the 19th century and for all of history prior. 1935, it's rising 0.37 percent. Notice it continues to rise up to 2015, we're at 9.4 percent. So in a period of 80 years, there's a 25-fold increase in diabetes. Obesity. We know from the 19th century, from studies in prisoners in Nebraska and Texas, obesity was 1.2 percent in men, 18 to 80 years of age. It rises by 1960, we're at 13 percent. 1988, 23 percent. 2015, 39.8 percent. So over a period of roughly 115 years, obesity is up around 33-fold. Macular degeneration. My area of expertise. So Herman von Helmholtz introduces the ophthalmoscope, 1851. That allows ophthalmologists to see the retina. The next 80 years of potential discovery, there's no more than around 50 cases of macular degeneration in all the world's literature. 1940, Duke Elder calls macular degeneration, quote, a common cause of failure in central vision in old people. 1975, 8.8 percent of Americans over age 52 now have AMD. That's 4.5 million people. 1994, 15 million Americans. Today, around 26 million Americans with macular degeneration. Worldwide, 196 million people with macular degeneration and climbing. So if we look at the timeline for macular degeneration, 1851 to 1930, it affected about one in thousands. By 1990, it's nearly one in three, around 29 percent. All right. So what about processed food during this time? So we know from 1822 to 1999, sugar consumption was rising. It went up 17-fold, nutrient-deficient food, right? Cotton seed oil, our first vegetable oil introduced right after the American Civil War, about 1865, 1866. We got roller mill technology, which created refined white wheat flour and nutrient-deficient food in 1880. 1911, Procter & Gamble introduces Crisco, trans fats, right? So that's our four processed foods right there. Put those together and you've got processed food. Weston Price recognizes all this in his epic research and his treatise, nutrition and physical degeneration, publishes this, connecting these four foods essentially to what became diseases of civilization. Nobody listened, right? Or we wouldn't be in this mess. 2009, our own USDA shows 63 percent of the American diet is made up of these four processed foods and diseases of civilization look something like this, right? They're through the roof. But the human food experiment didn't begin in 1980 when we were told to go low-fat, and it didn't begin in the 1950s when saturated fat was vilified. It began right after the American Civil War when the first vegetable oil was introduced. Now, so here's our data, total vegetable oil consumption. You can see from the 1860s up until about 1909, we're around two grams a day. Steadily rises then with the introduction of all the other vegetable oils up to 80 grams a day by 2010. So we went from zero to 80 grams of vegetable oil a day in 145 years. This is an infinite increase in these. We didn't have them before. 80 grams a day of oil, that's 720 calories, that's 32 percent of U.S. caloric intake. That makes this the single greatest change to nutrition in all of history. I don't think anything else can even begin to compare, and we haven't even talked about the toxicity here. Now, 1900, 99 percent of our added fats came from animal fat. By the way, this is all published data. I'll tell you the one time that it's not published data. Everything here is published. 2005, 86 percent of added fats came from vegetable oils. So the vegetable oils almost completely supplanted animal fats, lard, butter, and beef tallow. Now, I think it didn't happen worldwide. Just in the period between 1963 and 2003, they're in developed countries, vegetable oil consumption doubled. Developing countries, it tripled. Japan, for example, four and a half fold increase. China, in this period of time, almost an eight-fold increase.  So here's Pufa consumption, omega-6 and omega-3 together, from our own USDA, 13 grams a day in 1909, rising to 45 grams a day by 2008. So that's a more than tripling of our Pufas right there. All right. What does this do to us? So these omega-6s, they accumulate in our fat tissue. And this is a study from Stephen Guine, put together. He compiled 37 studies that looked at Linnolake acid, the omega-6 in our adipose tissue and human adipose tissue from 1959 to 2008. Look where it was in 1959, 9.1 percent. Look where we ended up in 2008, 21.5 percent. Now, let me let me let you know that 9.1 percent in 1959 was far too high. I think this number should be more like 4 percent, but we don't have any good data to tell us for sure. All right. So when we consume Linnolake acid, we tend to accumulate it. We just can't burn all these for fuel. All right. So here's what we should be eating. This is from Spethenspielmann in 1983. These are wild ungulates, wild-hoved animals. And look at their Linnolake acid consumption. If you can see it there, highlighted in the green. It ranges from trace to 3.85 percent with an average Linnolake acid of 2 percent. So this is the sort of level of Linnolake acid we should be getting in our diet, around 2 percent. Don't believe it? Here's grass-fed beef, 2.01 percent and 3.41 percent. So this is where we should be getting our Linnolake acid primarily, our omega-6. But instead, here's what the fats look like today. So now the top four on this list, coconut oil, butter, palm, and lard, these are great fats. All the red is the saturated fat. That's what we want. All the blue is the omega-6. And if you look from cotton seed oil down, that's all the vegetable oils that have been added since 1866-ish. All right? And that's all the omega-6 we're getting today, right there. Now, transplant yourself back to 1865 and for all of history prior, this is what we would have gotten. So we would have gotten butter, lard, and beef tallow. This would have been our sources of omega-6 and their approximate amount, concentration, based on grass-fed animals. So butter, about 3 percent. Lard and beef tallow, about 2 percent. So that's what we, that's what we should be getting. Here's what we're getting today. Look at all the blue. And here's what we should be getting. So what did this do to us? This is published data for 1909 and 1999. So the omega-6 in 1909, 4.84 grams a day. Confirmed. This is data from ourselves and from Tonya Blaseball at the NIH. 1999. We're at 18 grams a day. All right? Now, I went back and calculated what we should be getting in 1865 had we been consuming a typical diet then. 2,000 calories, 40 percent of it coming from pastured animal fat, two and a half percent of that coming from linoleic acid, which is what we should be getting. And that gives us 2.2 grams of omega-6 per day. 2.2 grams. So over this period of time, 135 years, this elevated about eight fold. Right. So Barry Popkin's paper says the world is shifting rapidly towards a diet linked with noncommunicable disease. Well, absolutely. And the question is why? So we're going to talk about weight gain first, obesity. This is a very interesting study where there's three groups of rats on isochloric diets that was done back in 1993. And this is a three week study. So these rats got identical amounts of calories, protein, fat, carbs, and omega-3 fats. One variable, omega-6. All right. Three different diets. Beef tallow group, omega-6, 4.4 percent. Olive oil, omega-6, 7.7 percent. And a safflower oil group, the high poofa group, omega-6, 36.6 percent. Okay. So here's the table. So you've got the fat source on the left, beef, olive, and safflower oil. Calories, all the same. Fat. It's a high fat diet, 59 percent. Look at the omega-6. And I'm going to highlight these. So we get 4.4 percent in the beef fat, 36.6 percent in the safflower oil group. Look what it does to their body fat on the far right. 10.3 percent in the beef fat group, 54.5 percent in the high poofa safflower oil group in three weeks. Now I want to point this out. Even the beef fat group, the omega-6 is too high. This should probably be more like two, two and a half percent, which leads me to believe this is KFO raised beef, not grass fed beef. All right. So what is this due to these rats in three weeks? Now, they all gained weight. These are all adult rats. They all gained weight relative to the beef fat group. The olive oil group, seven and a half percent more weight. That's 12.8 pounds human equivalent. The safflower oil group, 12.3 percent more than the beef fat group. That's 21 pounds human equivalent. Steph and G&A also calculated this. So how is this possible? They all consume the same calories. They all consume the same macronutrients. The only difference was the omega-6. Right? So here's the question. How could a high omega-6 poofa diet induce obesity without increasing calories? And the answer is energy dysregulation. And what I mean by that is very, two very simple concepts. One, energy is stored more efficiently. And two, energy utilization expenditure decreases. So when we're gaining weight, getting obese, we have less energy utilization, expenditure, and we store it more easily. Now, I'll show you why. So let me ask you a question. What condition is it that unifies all of these diseases of civilization? Just name it. Meschemic heart disease, heart failure, cancer, aging, obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, AMD, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's. The list goes on. The answer is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are where we produce our energy. Why would all of these diseases share this in common? What's going on in our mitochondria that results in all this disease? So let's go inside the cell and we're going to look at electron transport chain because this is where around 89% of our energy is produced. And I think this is where the answer is. So in order to understand what goes wrong in the mitochondria, we have to understand lipid peroxidation. So when we consume lipids, there's two potential situations. One is they accumulate in our cells and they can undergo peroxidation. They're oxidized. They're damaged. Two, you can burn them for fuel, beta-oxidation. Here's what happens if they accumulate in our cells, lipid peroxidation for one. Now the PUFA is the omega-6 and omega-3. They're very high risk to oxidize. Why? Because of the double bonds. Monoinsaturated and saturated fats have almost zero risk to oxidize, to undergo peroxidation. So as one lipid researcher put it, he said, you want to oxidize the, you know, monounsaturated and saturated fats, throw them in a can of gasoline and light it on fire because that's what it takes. Right? Okay. So if you look at the model, you see the unsaturated lipid in the upper left reacts with a hydroxyl radical. Those are created by the trillions in our bodies every day. That creates a lipid radical which undergoes reaction with oxygen to produce a lipid peroxyl radical. That reacts with yet another unsaturated lipid sitting right next to it. Then that creates propagation. And that propagation creates another lipid radical. So this is a circular reaction. And this entire reaction takes one millisecond. So a thousand molecules a second can be peroxidized. This is very damaging to us. Alright. So keep that in mind. So what this does is this is going to affect a molecule called cardiolipin that is critical to our mitochondrial electron transport chain function.  The proteins in the electron transport chain depend entirely on it. And you'll see why. So here's a model. If you look at the cardiolipin molecules I have labeled there on the upper left, they sit next to an electron transport chain carrier protein. And if you'll notice the fatty acid acyl chains fit together neatly, they interdigitate properly. And that's critical. Alright. Now we're going to go down a little bit smaller and we're going to look at these at the molecular level. So this is a cardiolipin molecule on your far left. And you'll notice it has four acyl chains. These acyl chains are fatty acids. And incredibly, they are usually omega six fat. They're usually linoleic acid. But notice what happens. I'll highlight this in the middle picture. If that linoleic acid or whatever fatty acid it is, if it oxidizes, the oxygens are added. This creates a three dimensional conformational change in the molecule. And that makes these not fit together properly. And then on the far right, it can become pathologically remodeled. So interestingly, linoleic acid here is often, there's a substitution of arachidonic acid or docosahexinoic acid. So AA or DHA are substituted for linoleic acid. Alright.  And now you're going to see very simply with this little diagram on the left is how healthy cardiolipin normally looks. But look at it on the far right when it's pathologically remodeled because those fatty acyl chains become oxidized or replaced. That's what happens. And you're going to see how this devastates the electron transport chain. Alright. So cardiolipin normally is a proton trap for oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is how we make ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Alright. Now we're inside the cell. And if you notice on the far right of this, what looks like a complicated picture, there's a cardiolipin that's labeled and it's sitting next to complex four in the electron transport chain. Yeah. Assume this is a healthy cardiolipin. Alright. Now on your far left, when we consume food, goes through glycolysis, goes through the Krebs cycle. Now we're inside the mitochondrion. Those processes create NADH and FADH2. NADH and FADH2 are high energy electron carriers. They donate electrons into this electron transport chain. Now if you watch the chain, they're going to donate electrons to complex one, complex two, to ubiquinone, to C3, to cytochrome, to complex four. And then oxygen is the final electron acceptor and that makes water. And that's why, with oxygen there, that's why we need to breathe is because this whole process stops if there's no oxygen there. Now, there's hydrogen. I just put these in the picture. Hydrogen protons all over inside of this, inside these membranes. And when the electrons are transported, they lose a little bit of energy and that energy is used, if you'll watch here, to pump protons, hydrogen protons into this intermembrane space. And so complexes one, three, and four are the ones that pump these hydrogen protons into this space. And this creates a proton gradient. This has electrochemical energy. Okay? And now there's only one place for these protons which want to re-equilibrate. They want to come back through because we've got this gradient. So there's one place they can come back through. And if you look on your friar right, it's complex five, which is ATP synthase. And as these protons come back through, they use that energy to convert ADP to ATP. That's our energy, right there. Okay, this is how the system normally works. All right, now, but what happens when cardiolipin peroxidizes? And I want you to notice that this kind of research is being done in physics labs, physicists, organic chemists and biochemists are working on, this is some of the most complicated in all of science, in my opinion. So here's what happens. So I try to put this together into the simplest model. So we're kind of looking at the same model again, except if you'll notice right away that on the far right, I have a pathologically remodeled cardiolipin. This is a cardiolipin where those fatty acyl chains have been substituted or oxidized. Now it doesn't fit together and there's a membrane pore. There's a gap here. Okay, so here we go. Watch the electrons. They're going to be transported down the electron transport chain. And they're going to eventually end up at complex 4, oxygen's the acceptor. We're going to put the protons into the picture. These hydrogen protons now are going to be pumped through complexes 1, 3 and 4. All right, into the intermembrane space. We're creating our proton gradient in order to try to create energy next, right? Now watch carefully. Watch what happens to the protons. They're going to escape through this remodeled cardiolipin. This pathologically remodeled cardiolipin. So guess what happens? We lose energy. You know, some are going to make energy, some won't. What happens when we can't make energy? The cell gets sick. All right, so this leads to catastrophic cell injury and cell death is what may happen. All right, so I want you to see this study. This is one of the most interesting studies I've ever seen. So this is, this is, this reviews this essentially. So these researchers hypothesized that chronic dietary omega 6 poofa can induce free radical generation predisposing the cardiac mitochondria to oxidative damage. So they had two groups of rats, a normal, a high poofa group with normal lab chow with 20% sunflower oil and a low poofa group with normal lab chow. This is a four week experiment. Here's what happened. So look at the, the, so we've got the low poofa group on the left, the high poofa group on the right. Look at the cardiolipin in the white histograms. So in the high poofa group, the, the cardiolipin is reduced about five fold. It's destroyed. So the high omega 6 destroys the cardiolipin. Look at the linoleic acid. It's reduced about 10 fold. So this is the paradox, which when I first read this, I couldn't understand, but when you consume a whole lot of linoleic acid, it causes this pathological peroxidation cascade and this destroys the, the linoleic acid where you need it in the cardiolipin. So here's lipid hydro peroxides, which is a measure of peroxidation. It's double in the high poofa group. Here's total phospholipids, which are critical to cell membrane function reduced about three fold in the high poofa diet. Now this needs a little bit of explaining. So across the top in the red, 8 OHG and nitrothyrosine staining and the composite. So if you look at the bottom, 8, 8 OHG is 8 hydroxygonazine, which is a measure of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage. Nitrothyrosine is a measure of oxidized lipids and proteins. Now if you look at the low poofa and the high poofa group, notice that the low poofa group has no staining. They have no damage to the DNA or lipids or proteins. High poofa group has marked staining, marked damage to their DNA and to their lipids and proteins. There's oxidation everywhere in the high poofa group. So what does this do to them? In four weeks, the rats on the high poofa group have heart failure. Notice they have a 32% reduction in cardiac output at high afterloads, which is a systolic blood pressure of 135 mmHg. They've got heart failure in four weeks. So now this is just boilerplate stuff. Omega-6 poofa. This is how we get to inflammation. So just notice, I'm going to have to go quick here. So those produce prostaglandin-2 series, which are unfavorable, pro-inflammatory icosanoids, leukotrienes. They're totally pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombogenic, clot-inducing. Omega-3s, on the other hand, anti-inflammatory, create resolvents, protectants, marisans, mostly inflammation-resolving, anti-thrombogenic and anti-arhythmic. So now a third mechanism, toxicity. When we consume Omega-6, they're peroxidized to lipid hydro peroxides. These rapidly degenerate into these toxic aldehydes. This is something that's rarely talked about, but these are chemicals like 4-hydroxy-noneanol, malendialdehyde, oxidized linoleic acid metabolites like 9- and 13-hode, acrylene, carboxyethyl pyrrole, and these, collectively, are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, atherogenic, and thrombogenic. So these collectively lead to all the diseases of civilization. And this is an example of this. So this is Martin Grutfeld and colleagues in the UK. So what they did is they cooked these lipids, and so you see corn oil and sunflower oil versus coconut oil and butter. And what they measured is the number of these toxic aldehydes. So you see that the corn oil and sunflower oil had really high total unsaturated and saturated aldehydes versus the coconut oil and butter, right? And so that's the take home point right there. Now I'm going to show you a histogram, and you look at the bottom there, 20, 40, and 60 minutes worth of cooking, and you'll notice that in the light blue colors, that's the coconut oil and butter, how low the toxic aldehydes are versus the corn and sunflower oil in the sort of pink and purplish colors on the far right. Okay, so here's what we see. Omega-6 linoleic excess plus westernized diet. Throw in your sugar, your refined carbs, make it nutrient deficient, which it will be, right? This leads to a catastrophic lipid peroxidation cascade. What happens? Pathologic cardiolipin remodeling. Out of that, we get electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation failure, mitochondrial dysfunction. The first thing that happens out of this is increased reactive oxygen species. That leads to a vicious cycle back creating more lipid peroxidation. Next, we get due to energy loss, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations. Out of that, we get cancers. Over on your left, reduced fatty acid, beta-oxidation. Now because the mitochondria are failing, we're not being, we're not able to burn fats for fuel properly. So we become more glycolysis dependent, which is what happens when people become obese. So what happens out of this? Weight gain, obesity. Back on your right, energy failure leads directly to apoptosis, programmed cell death, or necrosis, toxic cell death. We get neurodegeneration, diseases like macular degeneration, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and so on. From the reactive oxygen species, this directly creates insulin resistance. That leads to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Over on your left, we've already seen this, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to heart failure. And back up with the lipid peroxidation cascades, toxic aldehydes, contributing to all of the diseases of civilization. So let's look at one of these real quick, acrolein. So acrolein is a major cigarette related lung cancer agent. And it's in both cigarettes and in edible oils, which those both share a lot of toxic aldehydes, in fact. So here's acrolein. It's 18 to 98 micrograms per cigarette. But the acrolein in 154 gram of French fries, Grootfeld's research shows, is 1,000 to 1,500 micrograms. All right. Now, how big is 154 grams? Well, a large French fries at McDonald's is 150 grams. So we're talking, you know, similar amounts. All right. So that means that eating this large French fries could be the equivalent of smoking up to 83 cigarettes. Right? Now, I'll put, this should be the fine print, but I'll make it the big print. Acrolein content in 154 grams of French fries is equivalent to smoking 17 to 26 average cigarettes or 83 cigarettes lowest in acrolein. So that's why I decided I don't eat vegetable oils, so I thought I might take up smoking. You know, I don't see the problem with it. In fact, ladies and gentlemen, thinking about starting a new company. Yeah. I think we're going to call them acrolein lights. And notice they're healthier than vegetable oils. I think we're going to do well. What do you think? All right, folks, I couldn't help it. I'm sorry. All right, I'll move on now. Seriously. This looks like child abuse, does it not? But the question is, is eating processed foods made with vegetable oils even worse? And I will submit to you that it indeed is. Why? Because when this two-year-old boy eats these French fries, he's poisoned for the next two to six years. Why is that? Because the half-life of these oils in cell membranes is 600 to 680 days. Right? Okay, but I'm not picking on just French fries or potato chips. These oils are in hundreds of thousands of foods all around the planet. Right? They're the fat of choice added to these foods, and they're in restaurants everywhere because they're the cheapest oils they cost about a dollar per kilogram. All right, now, Einstein himself said everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. And so taking that to heart, metabolism is fantastically complex, right? But if you plug processed foods, poof of oils, nutrient deficiencies into our system, you know what we end up with is fubar. If you're not familiar with fubar, I believe it's a German term. It means roughly translates to fouled up beyond all recognition. And out of that, we get all the diseases of civilization. That's really the most parsimonious explanation I can give. But now I want to show you just a couple things that I'm through here is this is a list of linoleic acid omega-6 fats from our own NIH. This is the top 15 sources in the American diet. Now, I'm going to highlight all the ones that are high carb, and it's 10 of them. Now, my point here is that although ketogenic low carb diets generally do work, I don't believe they work because they're low carb. I believe they work because when you have no clue what you're doing, when you go low carb, you're usually reducing your edible oil. And that makes you healthier, it makes your mitochondria healthier. Now, just so you've seen it, this is our published data, vegetable oil and saturated fat versus heart disease deaths. Notice the remarkable correlation between vegetable oils and heart disease deaths and virtually no correlation between saturated fat and heart disease deaths, right? So moving on, okay, here's all the high proof of oils right here. So, but they are pro-oxidative, pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, thrombogenic, and atherogenic poisons. That's what they are. So why are they not labeled like this? And the answer is because they're chronic toxins. They're not acute toxins. They don't kill us today. It takes months, years, usually decades, and it depends mostly on the dose. So one of the most important things we do in medicine, in nutrition, is pattern recognition. But if we only look back months, a few years, or even a few decades, we're just lost. We might think all this chronic disease is just normal, but it's not. Is it? If we looked back 135 years, we realized that virtually all this disease didn't exist. And so probably everybody here recognizes that it's the man-made, processed, nutrient deficient, toxic foods that drive all the diseases of civilization. But of those, the proof of oils are the only ones that are pro-oxidative, pro-inflammatory, toxic, and are consumed to a scale to cause catastrophic global disease. They're the poisons. Ladies and gentlemen, I represent CureAMD Foundation. We are a nonprofit organization. And our goal is to prevent vision loss due to macular degeneration through ancestral dietary strategies. We're at CureAMD.org. And I want to thank the Ancestral Health Society. And I want to thank all of you. It's an honor and a pleasure. Thank you on the test. Yes, it'll all be on the test. Well, that's a great question. I honestly don't really have an answer for that other than, you know, I would guess that you would have to measure virtually all the studies you would normally measure for signs of metabolic syndrome, given that virtually nobody is going to be measuring the adipose linoleic acid levels. That would tell you a lot right there. But honestly, I would personally, if I were a clinician in this regard, I would be paying attention mostly to the history and just realize that it's going to take months and years for people to bring their linoleic acid levels down in their adipose and get healthier. And in fact, I've seen it in myself. I quit all these in 2011. And I really felt like it took a few years before my health got back to normal. I am not aware of any societies that have significant obesity and don't consume omega-6. I'm not aware of any. And there's some, Stefan Guine gave a presentation way back in 2011 looking at Pacific Islanders that were consuming diets that were 95% approximately carb, but of course, all natural carbs, fruit and root vegetables, I believe it was primarily. And they had virtually zero obesity, and they had no metabolic disease. And they smoked. A lot of the Pacific Islanders, they smoke like crazy. We saw that in our macular degeneration research with the ophthalmologists in Samoa, the Solomon Islands, and Curabody. And down there, the smoking prevalence is extraordinarily high. And yet they had almost no macular degeneration at all. But they don't get any vegetable oils.  Is that what you mean? I think we have to, I think there's no other answer than to say we have to pay for our nutritional sins. It's going to take time. There is no way that I'm aware of that you can just remove these. The only way to do that would be to just drop your omega-6 consumption way down to where it should be. And I do believe it should be in the range of omega-6 omega-3, 1 to 1 to 4 to 1, somewhere in that range. And just wait it out. That's all you can do.


Now before going to the rules of inference we will take a look at the connective that we have discussed in the previous lecture namely implication the connective implication is denoted by an arrow like this or an arrow like this we will be using the former symbol to denote implications suppose p and q are two propositions then the statement p implies q is denoted by right arrow q what we have seen is that this proposition namely p implies q is false only when p is true but q is false the truth table of p implies q is written as now we will introduce some terminologies here the left hand side proposition in the compound statement p implies q namely p is called premise or hypothesis or antecedent the right hand side expression or proposition q is called conclusion or consequent so we can reward what we have said just now that is the statement p implies q is false only when the antecedent is true but the consequent is false we now move on to another type of implication which is called a logical implication a proposition p logically implies a proposition q that is q is a logical consequence of p implication p implies q is true for all possible assignments of truth values of p and q in other words p implies q is a tautology here let us recall that a tautology is a proposition which is always true irrespective of the values of the propositional variables involved in it now we define the word inference the word inference is used designate a set of premises accompanied by suggested conclusions regardless of whether conclusion is a logical consequence of the premise and inference is valid if the implication is a tautology otherwise it is faulty let us have a relook at what I have stated suppose we are having some propositions which we call premises and denote by p 1 p 2 p n and what we can do is that we can combine them all with a conjunction to get a single premise p 1 and p 2 and so on and p n so this is the combined premise that we have and we write another proposition what we call is a conclusion or a consequent and we join them by a implication symbol now this total thing will be called an inference we can write this also in a in another form which is writing p i is one below the other in a list and then write a horizontal line and then write therefore q both these notations will mean the same thing now we will call an inference valid if the statement given here that is the implication is a tautology otherwise we say that it is not valid as a rule of inference we will have a list of valid inferences and we will also have some very common faulty inferences or fallacies we will move on to right now so let us go to the next page here we have rule of rules of inference related to the language of proposition the first one is called addition here we see that it is essentially implies p union q now p q are propositions p or q which is true if p is true therefore if p is true then p or q is always true and thus the implication p implies p or q is always true and therefore this implication is a tautology and hence a valid inference we can quickly draw a truth table and check this fact the last column is corresponding to the proposition p implies p or q and we see that it is always true second p and q therefore p in tautological form this is p and q implies p this is called simplification now we can again draw a truth table to check that it is indeed a tautology for that we take all the possible values of p and q which is f f t t f and t t and p and q and finally p and q implies p p and q is of course f f f and t and here we see that if the antecedent is false then the implication is always true and at the end antecedent is true and consequent is also true therefore the implication is true and therefore we see that p and q implies p is a tautology third one the third rule is p and p implies q therefore q in the tautological form this is p and p implies q implies q this is called modus ponens let us check that it is indeed a tautology by using a truth table we have p q again as before and we have p implies q and lastly we have p and p implies q and then p and p implies q implies q we list down the truth values of pq then p implies q is true true false and true p and p implies q is false false false and true and here p and p implies q and q it is implies q is whenever this is false this is true so we have to only check the case when where p and p implies q is true and then q is true this is true therefore the truth value is true and thus we see that modus ponens is indeed a valid inference for negation of q p implies q therefore negation of p this is written in the tautological form as negation of q and p implies q implies negation of p this is called modus ponens fifth rule is p or q negation of p therefore q in the tautological form this is p or q negation of p implies q this is called disjunctive syllogism I am not showing that these rules are indeed tautologies like I have shown for the first three cases but using the exactly the same process it can be verified that these are tautologies there are few more common rules of inferences left which I will list right now the sixth one is p implying q q implying r therefore p implies r in the tautological form this will look like p implying q and q implying r implies p implies r this is called hypothetical syllogism then seventh is p q therefore p and q this is simply conjunction 8 p implies q and r implies s p or r therefore q or s this is written as p implies q and r implies s and p or r implies q or s this is called constructive dilemma 9 p implies q and r implies s negation of q or negation of s therefore negation of p or in the tautological form this is this is called destructive dilemma and finally there are some equivalence equivalences which are very important one is the de Morgan's law which states that given any two propositions p and q p or q negation is equivalent to negation of p and negation of q p and q negation of the whole is equivalent to negation of p or negation of q these together are called de Morgan's laws and we have another equivalence which is called the law of contrapositive which states that p implies q is equivalent to negation of q implies negation of p once we have seen a long list of valid inferences we will end today's lecture by looking at some faulty inferences so we move on to some common fallacies the first fallacy is the fallacy of affirming the consequent which is written as p implying q q therefore p let us look at the tautological form and try to build the truth table this means that p implies q and q this whole implies p now the corresponding truth table will be now we come to the point where we have problem because in the first line p implies q and q is false and p is false therefore the implication is true in the second line p implies q and q is true whereas p is false therefore the implication is false and we stop here because of this we see that the inference that we stated above is not valid an example of this fallacy is like this suppose p is the proposition the price of gold is rising and q is the proposition inflation is surely coming then p implying q is if the price of gold is rising then inflation is surely coming the second statement is inflation is surely coming now from these two statements we are tempted to write that therefore the price of gold is rising but what we have learned from the fallacy of affirming the consequent is that this inference is not logically valid this is not a valid inference the next fallacy that we will study is called fallacy of denying the antecedent this fallacy is written in this way p implies q negation of p therefore negation of q now we have already stated that p imply q is equivalent to negation of q implies negation of p therefore we can replace this inference by negation of q implies negation of p negation of p therefore negation of q and we see that this is precisely the previous fallacy that is fallacy of affirming the consequent the third and last fallacy that we will look at in this lecture is called non sequitur fallacy this fallacy is essentially taking two propositions which are not connected and claiming that one implies the other for example suppose I say that Socrates is a man and conclude that therefore Socrates is mortal is a fallacy because Socrates is a man and Socrates is a mortal they are essentially two different propositions here I am not using a proposition that a man is mortal or anything that is something outside the system for example although this looks reasonable I could have taken two different propositions such as a triangle has three sides therefore a triangle is a square so obviously this look this looks meaningless but they are both same because they are essentially trying to connect two different propositions so non sequitur fallacy is of this type p therefore q where pq are two different propositions with this we come to the end of this lecture thank you


Good evening, friends. And as we took the session on section 205, the legal journey and that we received a lot of messages to understand the subtle difference between section 205 and 30017 CRPC. Despite the fact that just as Ram Kumar was quite busy, but keeping in view the request we received on the WhatsApp as well as on the YouTube. We requested him to share his knowledge of the prior during the absence of the accused. The analysis or what we say comparison under section 205 as well as 317 of CRPC. As usual, that should be a short talk and short insights. And without taking much time, I request sir to share his insights. What do you say. Thank you, Mr. Vikas. The other day, we had discussed the contours of section 205 class one CRPC, as per which the magistrate while issuing summons under section 204 CRPC can dispense with the personal attendance of the accused and permit him to appear through a pleader. Now, today we will examine the difference between section 205 and section 317 CRPC. There's a lot of confusion between among some members of the bench and the bar as to 205 is the section or 317 is the section. Section 2051 plus one of section 205 CRPC, which is in chapter 16 pertaining to commencement of proceedings before magistrates. It deals with the power of the magistrate to grant exemption from initial appearance and not during trial. Therefore, it falls in chapter 16 commencement of proceedings. See, the chapter 16 start with section 204 as per which the magistrate issues summons process is issued to the accused. Therefore, at the same time, the magistrate can present the exempt personal appearance of the accused and give him the option of appearing through his pleader. That is where section 205 applies. Now, you kindly note the wording of summons in the form number one of the second schedule to CRPC. The set format gives the wording of the summons. If you notice the wording of the summons, it gives an option to the accused either to appear in person or by his pleader. You are therefore directed to appear in person or by a pleader. So that option is given in the summons form itself in form one of second schedule to CRPC. That means even in the summons form, the power under section 2051 CRPC is exercised by the magistrate by giving him giving the accused the option to appear through his pleader. And option to remain absent and appear through pleader. This is the permission given by the magistrate under section 205 once CRPC while issuing summons. Where the magistrate has granted such exemption at the initial appearance, then subsection 205 reserves the power of the magistrate to enforce his attendance at any time during trial. After having permitted him to remain absent and to appear through his counsel, the magistrate has got the power at any time of the proceedings to ask him to appear. That is subsection 205. Now, any discussion on section 205 CRPC will be incomplete without reference to section 317 CRPC and vice versa. Any discussion on section 317 will be incomplete without reference to section 205 CRPC. If the judge or the magistrate at any stage of inquiry or trial wants to exempt the accused from personal attendance before court, section 3171 CRPC is the provision, appropriate provision which enables the court to pass such an order for exemption. Section 317 occurs in chapter 24 CRPC dealing with the general provisions of inquiries and trials. Therefore, 317 occurs in the general provision for inquiries and trials. Therefore, 317 operates only during inquiry or trial. In Rameshwar Yadav v. state of Bihar, AIR 2018 Supreme Court 1435, the author of the judgment is Justice Ashok Bhushan. It was held that even in a petition filed under section 205 CRPC, the magistrate is not powerless under section 3171 CRPC to consider the prayer for exemption from personal attendance during trial. See, it all occurred due to confusion among some members of the bar and the bench. See, very often 205 is the provision involved during inquiry or trial. But actually 205 is the provision to be involved either the magistrate himself may invoke it along with the summons in the summons form itself. Or immediately after appearance, the accused can invoke section 2051. But after the commencement of inquiry or trial, 317 is the provision to be invoked. Therefore, the Supreme Court made it clear that even if 205 is invoked, the magistrate is not powerless under section 3171 CRPC to consider the prayer for exemption from personal appearance. Now the power under section 317 CRPC also includes the power to excuse the absence of the accused on any particular day on which the case stands posted provided he files an application through his counsel explaining the reasons for the absence. Likewise, this section also empowers the court to dispense with the personal attendance of the accused in cases where the accused is persistently disturbing the proceedings in court. Supposing the accused is in a rebellious mood, he does not allow the court to carry on with the proceedings. In fact, we had an under trial prisoner who flung his slippers at the magistrate, but flung his slippers at the magistrate. He was very often calling bad names to the magistrate, to the counsel, to the prosecutor, all those in present in court. That would be a fit case where the court would be exercising the power under section 317 to exempt him from personal appearance. No, such a person should not be allowed to dislocate the proceedings. The court has also the power under section 3172 to enforce is after having exempted him from appearance, court can always ask him to appear at any stage of the proceedings. In all cases where the court has for section 3171 CRPC is granting exemption to the accused from personal attendance during the stage of trial. At the instance of the accused, it can be done only on his application with an affidavit incorporating the three conditions which we discussed while considering section 205 CRPC. This is not a provision in the CRPC. This is a judgment made law. The three conditions required to be stated in the affidavit are that evidence may be recorded in his absence. He is going to remain absent and if his permission is granted, the court grants the permission, he is going to remain absent in the dock. He will not be in the dock. Then who will represent him? His counsel may be permitted to represent him during his absence. Third condition, since evidence is going to be recorded in his absence, he will not raise any question regarding identity. The two rulings both by justice Katie Thomas. I had given you the other day anyway for the sake of even at the risk of repetition, I shall give the citation. UP Pollution Control Board versus Mohan Makin's Limited, AIR 2000, Supreme Court 1456. Second one, Bhaskar Industries Limited versus Bhivani Denim and Apparel's Limited, AIR 2001, Supreme Court 365 both by justice Katie Thomas. Because we have noticed that by filing such an application, the accused is actually forfeiting his rights under Section 273 CRPC, which enjoys that evidence shall be taken only in the presence of the accused. He has a right to be present when evidence is recorded against him. That right he is forfeiting by filing such an application. But while he is forfeiting his right to be present in court, he is also depriving the prosecution witnesses an opportunity to identify him. Because during the trial of the case, the accused is not in the dock. Therefore the prosecution witnesses will not be able to say that he is the person who attacked me. He is the person who assailed you, who is the culprit. They cannot identify him. Therefore normally a person can be found guilty by the court only when the victim or a witness identifies him in court. Now that right to the victim or a witness, he is deprived, he is denied by the accused by remaining absent. Therefore he has to be penalized for that. That is by the third condition. During his absence, if during the trial, during his absence, he will not raise any question regarding identity. Therefore after the trial is over, he cannot turn around and say, No, no, nobody has identified me as the assailant, as the culprit. Therefore the court cannot convict me. No, he will not be heard to say that. We notice that by filing such an application. Now again there is one more decision. Our Annapurna v. Ramadugu Anandakrishna Shastri. 2002 Vol. 10 SCC 401. Again by Justice K. D. Thomas and R. P. Sethi. If the accused persons who could not succeed, that is the case where the accused persons could not succeed in getting the criminal proceedings against them. Quashed by the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. Due to the opposition by the first informant Annapurna. Then since they could not succeed, they made a second attempt before the same High Court. Without making Annapurna as a party. This time they succeeded. On coming to know of the order, the Annapurna made a request to the High Court to recall the order. But that was dismissed. Consequently, she was constrained to approach the Supreme Court. The apex court set aside the second order passed by the High Court, which was passed behind her back. The Supreme Court while disposing of the matter, however, permitted the respondents accused to move the trial code for exemption from personal appearance on the aforesaid three conditions which were laid down by the two rulings referred to earlier. There's one decision which is worth mentioning. It's a decision by justice as Patmanabhan of the Kerala High Court way back in 1986. The citation is Matthew versus state of Kerala 1986 KLT 128 very, very, very, very with the observation. The very existence of courts is for dispensation of justice. The process of court should not be used for harassment of litigants. The insistence on the appearance of parties before court need be only if it becomes absolutely necessary for some purpose. Courts are entitled to compel the appearance of the accused. But such insistence should not be for the mere pleasure of the accused being seen in the dark. Sometimes his presence may be absolutely essential, say for instance, for questioning him or for himself being identified by the witnesses. Insistence on his appearance in such cases may be alright. To insist on his appearance on a day when his appearance has nothing to do with the progress of the case will only result in unnecessary harassment, and he has some inconvenience and his counsel is prepared to represent him. There is a ready counsel prepared to represent him and he may be having some inconvenience and nothing is going to happen on that day. Just it's a formal posting. If on that day also the court insists on his personal appearance and penalizing for his absence, it will be very harassment, nothing judicial harassment. In yet another case by the Karnataka High Court, by Justice Nesarghi, para-10 of Subarao K versus State, 1979 Kermin Law Journal 369 Karnataka, the author of the judgment is Nesarghi, Justice Nesarghi. His lordship held that the magistrate was wrong in dismissing the application under section 317 CRPC for the reason that counsel for the accused had filed only a memo of appearance and not a vakaalat or special vakaalat. Vakaalat is the prescribed form, but this is a criminal case where the liberty of the accused is involved. Therefore, even if the memo of appearance is filed instead of a vakaalat, you can't find a fault with the counsel and deny him benefit. Now, supposing on a particular day the accused remains absent when the case is called and there is neither the representation by the counsel nor any petition seeking exemption for his absence giving reasons is filed. What will be the consequence? The consequence will be that the court will be entitled to proceed against the accused and his sureties if any under section 446 CRPC for realization of the penalty. Mind you, while executing a bail bond, the accused and his sureties are executing separate contracts with the government that in the event of the accused failing to appear before court. Bond will be for appearance. In the event of the accused failing to appear before court, the accused as well as the sureties will separately forfeit to the government the sum prescribed in the bail bond. That is why when the court grant bail, court will say that he is directed to be released or he is released on bail on his executing a bond for rupees 10,000 with two solvent sureties each for the like amount. These are the usual readings of the court. Therefore, once he commits a breach of that condition by remaining absent, court has got the power to proceed under section 446 CRPC for recovering this amount. Of course, there are some rulings which say that there are two opportunities to be given. Once he remains absent, the bond is automatically forfeited. For that you may kindly read form number 47 in the second schedule to CRPC. It says you had executed a bond agreeing to forfeit to the government such and such amount on your default. By committing default, you have forfeited the bond. The forfeited bond is automatic. Once the bond is forfeited, then he has to be given an opportunity as to why the bond amount should be recovered as penalty, For that he can give reason. For example, he was laid up with COVID and he was unable to communicate with his lawyer, maybe a valigram or there was a hartal disabling him from coming because there was no transport, disabling him from coming to go. Or his mother died and he was attending to her obsequies. Or he was already in prison in some other case, so he couldn't come to the court. These are all valigrams whereby the court may either wholly or in part exempt him from paying the penalty. With that we conclude our discussion on section 370. So we have combined section 3205 and 370. 205 is at the initial stage when summons is issued. Magistrate, when the magistrate is in the summons itself, gives him the option to appear through a pleader. It is 205 clause 1 which is invoked. Then after the commencement of inquiry or trial, it is section 370 which is to be invoked and the magistrate can, on his application, grant permission provided, he files an affidavit incorporating the three conditions referred to above. With that we conclude this discussion. Thank you. Thank you sir. Those who have missed the previous webinar can always log in on the Beyond Law CLC and see the previous webinar in respect of section 205. And be that as it may, Justice Ram Kumar has been kind enough to share his deep knowledge and you need not deep dive further in the knowledge of law because Justice Ram Kumar covers this intensively and extensively. And what we say, expensively as well as not expensively. But yes, the knowledge is very expensive. For that you can always watch his previous webinars. You can like, share and subscribe to the channel of Beyond Law CLC. I'm sharing my knowledge and experience free of charge to the entire legal fraternity in the country and abroad. Everywhere. So thank you everyone.


online on Facebook with the Angus Kennedy of Nature Northwest. Angus good afternoon to you. Good afternoon John, happy Christmas. And happy Christmas to you and yours. Now at this time of the year one of the things I suppose that's synonymous with Christmas is pines and pine cones and they come from obviously from pine trees but interesting to note that there's only the only native there's only one strand of native pine tree because all the rest were wiped out am I right in saying that? Yeah 100% yeah and evergreen I suppose evergreen plants back in ancient times it always held a bit of a mystery to people why is it that so many plants dropped their leaves and seemed to shut down for winter and then some of them just kept going like the ivy or the holly or the pine tree the conifer trees in general all the conifer trees and in fact they're associated a lot of the different evergreen plants are associated with all sorts of festivities that happened forever at this time of year this morning I was watching the live stream on the Heritage Island website of the Salstice and the Salstice is coming into Newgrange and it was very cloudy so I don't think they were able to see a huge amount but it's the I think tonight's the longest night and today tomorrow kind of thing or the shortest days and then the hour or the the the minutes start to add on again our days start to build and build but of course back in the ancient times incredibly dark time incredibly worrying time for them so they treasured their evergreen trees and any tree that's a conifer is a cone bearing tree and most of them are evergreen and there's a few exceptions I had the large being one that famous that famous Celtic cross that is planted in the woodlands when you're on the way out to Derry that's all large and it changes color which makes it jump out but usually conifer trees are evergreen most of them are evergreen they're like the fir trees which are your typical Christmas tree now most of us if we have a real Christmas tree in the house it's probably a fir tree but it's not native our only native conifers are juniper you trees and then the big scott's pine okay and people might think when they hear scott's pine well that's not a native tree but it but well one strand of it is native Ireland yeah it is indeed and scott's pine have been in Ireland for thousands and thousands of years and they like they can tolerate a certain amount of wet not too wet but they don't need very new nutrient rich soil so they will grow up the mountains they'll grow in the kind of rougher places on the west and the north and so on and and and they would have covered our mountains in places where where oak wouldn't have been able to do so well the likes of birch there would have been bits of willow maybe bits of hazel and scott's pine would have been there as well and they still have some of those big scott's pine forests in scottland but we have managed to to wipe all of them out of course we've only about two percent little less than two percent of native woodland in Ireland anymore that and what i mean by that is over 90 percent of all of Ireland was covered in some kind of forest at one stage and now that's less than two percent is the native trees that are there but scott's pine we knew that it was growing here because it's preserved in the bog and they thought it was completely wiped out from the landscape in Ireland about one and a half thousand years ago but recently only about three or four years ago they discovered a little stand on a private estate in the burrin a limestone area that probably because of its estate it was protected more recent times and it probably wouldn't have been farmed much anyway back in the day because the limestone and they discovered that the scott's pine there is genetically the exact same as the scott's pine that they dig out of the bog that might be one two three four thousand years old okay so so that's how they'd be able to make the connection and it's easy enough easy enough to spot because um because there's no lower branches for some reason no lower branches they're an amazing tree the way they adapt so as they mature and they get older when they're younger they've lots of lower branches but as they mature and get older um you get this big kind of nearly cathedral effect these beautiful very very tall straight um trunks but they shed their lower branches unlike say the likes of sitka spruce you go into one of those big plantations the comfort plantations they're quite often sitka spruce very fast growing as um as well but they will keep their lower branches the lower branches will die because the the the top branches the canopy branches chop off all the light and they stop any light coming down into the forest whereas the scott's pine it's adapted to know that so it sheds its lower branches it doesn't need them anymore and that means no a lot less windage so it's able to tolerate the storms a little bit better because of course they're often growing in the kind of places that they grow with the kind of places that they do well it's often very thin soils and so the roots aren't able to go very deep so they need to be able to shed those branches so they don't tumble over in the storms uh two things that we i would associate with pine trees would be the the cones and there's a very distinctive cone on the scott's pine and also the the the needles and i think there's there when it comes to scott's pine their little pairs yeah little pairs so all the so there's about 600 different conifers and about half of those are pines and all the pines have those kind of slightly longer needles most of the species are in pairs and the scott's pines they'll be as long as your little finger or sometimes longer again so you can identify them quite quickly by looking at the pines on the ground because of course all evergreen trees they still shed about a third of their leaves every year but then they grow a little more than a third and keep growing that way whereas the likes of the fir tree that might be in your your living room or your wherever you have your christmas tree right now and they have the much shorter and softer needles and then the sitka spruce trees which aren't used those christmas trees because they dry out too quickly they'll drop their their needles too quickly they're very spiky if you grab them will be sore because they're tough and spiky because the scott's pine they're long which gives a little bit more elegance as well and also that bark that those trunks you refer to they have the beautiful orangey color and then the leaves themselves when you get a little bit of sun on them they have a kind of bluish tinge so when you look at scott's pine from any bit of distance high up in the tree and mature trees you'll see beautiful orange especially if it's catching a bit of sunlight and then that kind of metallicy blue tinge and to the needles very graceful things they're a very majestic tree the the scott's pine and as you mentioned earlier glenn vay national park a great place to to to see them and there's a there's a new booklet out in glenn vay there is glenn vay of course it's our own national park up here and we should be so proud of it and they do they do an awful lot of preservation work when it comes to nature all sorts of different nature and habitats they've cleared one area specifically to propagate that native species of scott's pine we mentioned because seeds are being collected from that tiny little stand in kanamara and places like glenn vay now are going to start propagate and start growing that tree so in time to come my children will be able to go and get saplings from them which will be the pure genetic one they won't be mixed with any others but there's um uh shawna gweehan the head gardener there has an amazing knowledge of of all sorts of things wild and naturey and of course gardens as well but he takes great interest in a lot of the native plants in there and he produced this lovely little bookish i got my hands in one there a while ago and you can pick them up i believe in the visitor center in glenn vay and the ancient woodlands at glenn vay and it's got a map in it and it maps out all of the different little patches of woodland some you can see some you don't know are there at all and tells you a bit about the history the species that are there and it's fascinating because each one it's very um it's very accessibly written and each one gives you a little snapshot into what all of Ireland used to look like and the different types of trees be it low in the valley be it high up in the mountains or wherever it is so well worth looking at for yeah absolutely i would pass a great day for the family maybe over the course of the holidays and um something else that's been produced recently and uh you've an involvement in this and that is a video produced by a people's out of Skolwara in Remelton and it's all about the Lennon it's all about the Lennon and it finally it ties into scott's pines it ties into you think of the lovely holly trees that people are looking out for and all the rest of it this is the very type of thing these students were doing it was funded by the local authority water program uh and the Donegal branch of on uh of on Tashka they went and applied for this funding and then I went and um and did a three-day project with the school we spent a day learning in the school and then a day exploring the Lennon at three different sites from high in the mountains to halfway down past Garden Lake to just downstream of Kilmachrenn and they tested the water quality and they looked at the amount of vegetation on the side and they looked at the amount of bugs in the vegetation that they could find at each site and then the third day was their findings and the rest and we made a little movie it was Charlie Joe Doherty the talented filmmaker made a gorgeous little movie um and it's uh it's an interesting thing it's a new departure for for all of us really filming uh children and young people but they they were fantastic and what's different to this nature movie to other ones that I've done before um it's not my voice or anybody else's voice or any of the colleagues that were working with me it's all it's narrated by the students and they explore from the beginning right down the Lennon there's some beautiful footage of the Lennon going all the way down and then they explore why the Lennon is good as a nature corridor and crucially how it could be improved by all of us um so it's a it's a lovely thing the whole idea was for young people to engage the community to engage with the river um but by goodness they took it in their ram on it you know it was uh it's impressive now absolutely and give us an insight to into one of the most important rivers in the county and and how how healthy it is and what it means to the the environment and that that nature corridor yeah completely and we saw and the students were able to figure out for themselves very much the more trees the more riverside habitat that there is uh also it helps with the flooding and holding the river banks together and filtering the water for anything that might be coming down but also it acts as a corridor as a nature corridor because we need to have our our more productive land and we need to have our built land and our towns etc but um but if we planted up more areas and if we fill the gaps that are there we'd have a pure nature corridor for the squirrel or the bird or the the the parrot on the run from Ballybuffet or whoever it is to go all the way from the mountains right down through Trenta and through Kilmachran and through Remelton and then on to Luxwilly and of course all of our rivers have the potential to act as nature corridors like that if we look after the um we look after voices but if you listen to the the children talking about it it's very compelling and they just get straight to the the knob of the issues which is great well let's hope that part hasn't made it over as far as the linen and finally Angus you know seeing as we're we're almost at Christmas there's a question about holly and people will be out you know this is the one time of the year when people take take note of holly and also the berries and someone says we have holly near our house but there's not many berries how come are they unlucky is this a good year for berries or yeah it's it's very interesting people and we've often talked before um about how our berries a sign of the winter to come uh and it's really more they're a sign of of the spring or the summer past and holly um flowers come out a little bit later than say the likes of Hawthorne or certainly Blackthorn and late in spring and summer our weather was very good so the flowers didn't get blown off and the pollinating insects had a good warm chance to pollinate them so quite a few of our holly trees are actually doing pretty well this year however what can throw people about holly is that there's male and female trees a lot of trees have both male and female parts and but the holly trees they're separate and if it's a male tree it'll have those little white flowers in spring but it won't have the berries um and that it's producing the pollen with them and then the female trees they're the ones that'll have the little round berries so bear that in mind if you're out looking for holly if you're out looking for berries first of all they're hugely important as a source of food for the birds um and second as well a only half of the trees out there are able to produce berries in the first place and holly ran into trouble outside of protected place like a like our nature reserves in recent years because people were so enthusiastically collecting um the the red berries didn't know they were doing it wrong they thought there's a lovely thing which it is however if you do go and you have something growing in your own place make sure you leave some for the birds and some just generally for nature because those birds will spread the seeds then the the following year all right okay then Angus um informative as always and uh you have a great Christmas and and uh no doubt we'll be chatting to you in the new year thanks somebody brilliant thanks John you'll find those videos by the way uh that that video of the Lennon on naturenorthwest.ie there's a video page there now of all of that um and and also the video that i looked about scott's pines that featured you in it where's where can that be seen that's on the same as well naturenorthwest.ie and there's the whole page uh that nature video page there's a series of six short videos each one five or six minutes long um uh on a different type of native tree and they were all produced a bit earlier earlier this year as well and i've got to say that the footage it's easy for me i can talk and i like to talk um but uh Charlie Joe Daherty and then some of his colleagues that have added some drone footage into it their work at editing and bringing these together and makes them very lovely pieces i think yeah they look great okay Angus thank you take care have a Christmas happy Christmas and see you in the new year your mental health is important and now it's easier than ever to find the supports and serve


Good evening, everyone. This is Melissa with thestockswitch.com and welcome. Welcome to the QQQs. Just wanted to do a review here. And it's interesting, I looked at this gap that happened back in the 15th and I even rated the gap per my own rating system just to double check and see if this was really a good gap, a quality bearish gap, if this was actually going to have some meaning here in this overall chart of the market. And it did not rate per my system to qualify as a quality gap to trade, like the one that I would have watched to trade to the downside. It was like right in the cusp, it was just under the point rating that it would have been playable for me to do, to be real. So I said, you know what?  It doesn't rate high enough to trade, therefore I'm going to let it be. Now as it turns out, it actually did move red on the day. It didn't have any follow through though, didn't have any follow through, didn't rate over 20 points, didn't have any follow through. And now here we are, one, two, three, four, five, six days after the fact. The market has completely reversed the gap. So it's done for this thing. And it was nothing but just a regular gap. There's lots of times in charts that things gap up or down, it doesn't matter, but they don't have to be significant. A significant gap is one that changes the trend in an overall stock chart or even the market because the market gaps too. And in fact, the market gaps a lot. The market gaps more than stocks gap, just the very essence and nature of the market. But I still can qualify, and you can too if you learn how to rate gaps from me, rate market gaps to determine if they are really something that is significant that you need to keep an eye out for that's going to change some type of trend. And I never thought anywhere in here that we were anything but bullish. And even here, when we were holding this, it's exactly like this over here, it's exactly what it was and we were holding and we could have come down. I had the numbers written down for us to come in here. I said, there's no way we're going to break this level. But I really was fine with us even pulling in more if we wanted to. We still would have been bullish. We still would have been an uptrend. Even if this had followed through for a few days, it still would have held in here and still would have been bullish for the market. But we didn't even do that. I mean, we are so strong, we didn't even do that. And then we gapped up a lot in the morning of Friday and I said, I think we're going to pull in first, we did. And then the market was heavy in the afternoon here, over around this period here. And I actually thought we were going to come in and retest the low of the day then. And actually even possibly break in and just trade red in the day. But we still would have been proving the bullishness Friday no matter what, because where we gapped up and gapped up over that gap and held so well. But as it turns out, we didn't even do that. We actually held really bullishly into the whole afternoon here. It doesn't matter that we didn't get over the high, we held so well. And in fact, I think the spies got over the high. I don't have to look at the spy chart, but the queues held beautifully. In the middle of no man's land open at 7673 and closed at 7667. So it's basically was a neutral open and close. So this is like a little doji, but the tail formation here is bullish. Why? Because the market traded down red all morning and that held itself very well and came up and it could have come in here. Actually could have come all the way down to 7620 or even 76. But we didn't do it. We are bullish. I've been saying that for weeks and months we are bullish. We are absolutely bullish. This really was a bullish gap that happened here. It's not one you would have bought, okay? But it's just another bullish gap in this chart of the many, many bullish gaps that have been in here all over the place. Here's one here. It's very evident. Here was the other one here. And they're all falling through higher and higher and higher. So this coming week, the last week of the summer here, last week before Labor Day, last week before the holiday, it actually looks like we might break out and go higher and make new highs here again. Really, we seriously might do it right this last week in August, which is so interesting going into the fall, going into the fall period. So we'll see what we do. We could squiggle around here a little bit the next five days before we go higher in September, but we are higher. I've been saying it all along. There's nothing stopping us now. And again, so important to read trends in here to see what's going on in the overall picture. I know if you look at all this. Here, let's go back. If you look at all this, it's confusing for people. They're not sure. We're in an uptrend. We are a downtrend. Are we sideways? But the reality is that we are in an uptrend in the market. We are doing continuation gaps all along. And even the gap downs that are happening are going nowhere. And they could.  But every time we gap down, we hold and trade red for a day if that. And then we just hold so well. And we've been just holding so strong, so strong in here. Look at this. Look at this. We could come down here if we wanted to. We could have, but we didn't do it. So market is higher. Market is absolutely higher. And that's how I've been reading it. And I continue to check it and double check it and recheck it and just triple check it. And that's why I rated the gap even the other day because we did trade down on that day back on the 15th. But it didn't rate high enough. So I didn't really pay it any mind and figured if anything, it was a pull in and it could have pulled all the way down into support down here. And it didn't. Look, I tell you one thing for sure. We're not going to break this area here. I have like 100% conviction that this is solid as a brick. So, you know, we could squiggle around in here again next week or we could just continue higher. Looks like we're going to gap up Monday morning. The way that we closed here on Friday, we just ran out of day. Remember, time is an indicator in the market. Made by us as humans who set the time of the market and when we trade. And if the market had continued to trade all weekend long, I'm sure we would have flipped around and gone green. So this is Melissa with the stockswish.com. This is a QQQ market review. Have a great weekend, everyone. Look for the market to be higher next week. If it wants to, there's nothing stopping it now. We've set the tone. It's reinforced anyone that thought we were top year coming in or shorted that bearish gap and it's flipped around now. It's way over it and we're higher in the market. We are in a bullish uptrend 2013. This is it. Looking up into the fall, the fall looks like to be a very bullish time in the market unless something tells me otherwise. But for now, we're up, up, up. So have a great weekend, everyone. If anyone would like more information on how to read gaps, rate gaps, read trends, or any of the classes that I offer, please feel free to email me at melissa at the stockswish.com. Thanks.


I'm going to show you, this is Khan Academy's new, quite awesome, computer science module, and I'm going to show you how I use it to make a program to do numerical modeling in physics. Okay, so why this particular platform? The cool things about this, I've already written a program here and I'm going to explain to you how it works, but one of the cool things, let me just show you, is that I can go over here and change these, I can click on a variable right there and this window comes up and I can actually just drag it and it changes dynamically the position of the object right away, so let me put this back to 400. You can do that too for colors, if I click this background color up here, this little thing pops up and you can choose whatever color you want. If you have an error in your code, let me delete this thing, it gives you a little error message and show me where the problem is and it says I think you're missing something. This is something that's always bothered me about computer programs, is that if you know there should be a semicolon there, maybe you could just put it, but I got it. I got it, okay, because you know, then it wouldn't be me. And so you can share it, you can save it. Their tutorials are very nice, they have a little play button down here and you can pause it and interact with the code at any time. So it gives you this real output window and the code is fairly nice. It's not Python, but you know. So let me show you how this simple program works and I'm going to run it right now. Instead, let me show you some important things about this and I'll explain everything in here. Okay, so first I drew a picture, here's a picture I drew. So this is the, one of the things, here's the window with a whole bunch of too much code on there, but. So the first thing is that the origin in this display is up here in the corner in the upper left hand corner. So that's positive X and that's positive Y. That's not perfect, but we can deal with it. So what we're going to use here is, I want to model the motion of a ball going up in the air, using basic physics. So the first idea that I want to use is this right here. This definition of velocity is the change in position over change in time. So what I can do with that is say delta Y is Y2 minus Y1, here's Y2, here's Y1. And I can get this equation right here. Pretty straightforward. Y2 equals the position where it was, plus, and here I put V1 because I'm being tricky, times the change in time. So if I have a time step on my computer, some small time step, and I know the velocity, and I know where it was, I can find out the new position. So I can say, here's where the ball was, and now here's where the ball is going to be, and I can tell the computer to draw it there. Now if this is projectile motion, then the velocity is not going to be constant. If it were, then I just have some value right there. Okay, so let's look at this side over here. How do I find the new velocity? If the ball is going up, and I know the acceleration, acceleration is defined as the change in velocity over time. And I'm not using vectors in this case, just to make it, I want to make it as simple as possible. Oh, before I forget, this is 200 pixels this way and 400 down. So it's 200 by 400. But then I can use the same idea right here to solve for the final velocity. So v2, the velocity at this position, is going to be whatever it was before, v1, plus acceleration times the change in time, whatever that change in time is. And now here's the big trick in numerical modeling. If delta t is really small, a small time step, then I can use the velocity, I really want this is really the average velocity, which would be the average of these two numbers. But if I haven't calculated that velocity yet, then I can't do that. But if the time step is small, then v1 is going to be very similar to v2. And so it doesn't really matter which one I use. And this is what we're going to do in the program is to take these small time steps, calculate a position, the new position after a small time, and the new velocity after a small time. And then start over and do it again, and do it again, and again, and again. And that's where the computer comes in. So here's the program. Let me explain the different parts of it. This just, I don't think I actually need this first line right here, but it's there. So this first variable, one of the things when you play with this and say, what does this variable do? Well, click on it and change it and you can see. That's one of the nice things you can do. In this case, changing the other variables won't do too much. I can change it later. So that's where it starts, 400 down here at the bottom. This is my time delta t, I'm calling it dt. And then here's my initial velocity, which is up, right? I put negative 50, that's this way. And then I have here the starting time and the acceleration, which I just called dt. I probably should call it a, but whatever. Sorry. Okay. That's just so we can, the t is needed just so I can keep track of time. This is something that I'm pretty sure I calculated correct, but I might not have, but you can't control that I know of so far, it could be wrong, how fast it does each loop. So I've calculated that it's one second in here is 0.035 seconds in real life. So one second in real life is 28.6 at the Khan Academy seconds. So here's the main part of the program. When you put this draw equals function and anything in here, it just keeps on repeating and doing. Okay. So this is what I have in each, let's just go through each line. This first part right here, background, sets the color. If you don't have that in here and you should try moving it out, then it won't redraw the background and so you'll keep on getting a ball each, it won't delete the old balls. Okay. Ellipse, this draws the circle right here. So this is the x position, the y position, you see I used the variable y from up here. So whatever y is, it puts right down there. And this is the x and the y width. You can see you can change this, let me change the y one. So it makes it skinny or whatever. The color of the ball, if that's important to you, is from the fill. Okay. You click this and see I have it as red. But you can change that if you want. Let's make it blue. Boom. Blue ball. Okay. I like red. Why do I change it? Okay. That's kind of pinky. See what happens when you change? Never change. Now it's still pink. Oh, I know. I can just change this to zero. It was 25500. There. Okay. So this part right here, all this stuff, this just writes this text in here. Okay. So this t equals puts that t equals and then I have the actual t, the variable t, it prints out the time. This is the x and y coordinate of where I want those locations to be.  For here for the y, I want this to be positive y. So make this 400 and this zero. So I just put 400 minus y. I don't know. I just like that. Okay. So here's the physics part. So here I put an if loop. You don't have to have this. You can put this without that and it would just keep running forever. But I want this, I want to shoot the ball up, have it go up and come back down and stop when it gets to here. So I said as long as the y variable is less than or equal to 401, remember 401 is right below this little window here, then do the following. First thing I do is this is just like y equals y plus v delta t. That's just like going back over here, this. Now there is one small difference. Where was I? Okay. This is not an equal sign. That's an assign sign. That says make y equal to whatever value it was before plus v delta t. Okay. So it's not an equal sign. And then this, it's just like the v2 equals v1 plus a delta t, okay. And then I'm also doing the same thing for time. So I'm changing time. Actually, if you took this out, the program would still run. That time just wouldn't change. Okay. So let's go ahead and run the program. And then so it keeps on doing whatever is in this thing until y gets less than 401. The restart, and it's not real fast because I had to go 50 meters per second up. And you can see that it's pretty high. And so this is the con time, not real time. Yeah. But that would be the time it would take a ball to go that high and come back down. So now it's coming back down. And what did I say I was going to change? Okay. There are all sorts of things you could change here, but I want to show you something. Okay. So it's done running. I'm going to go down here and press return. Now I'm going to say, what if I want to know the final velocity? Let's just put text v and then let's put 0, 0, put it up in the corner. Oh, you can't read it. Okay. Let's move this to 100, 100. Oops. I guess it didn't. Why didn't it print it there? Let's see if I put it in here. There. Okay. So I can find the velocity. You see the velocity when it ends is about the same as what it started except this is negative, right? Because remember everything's backwards. So you can write down things that you want and find things. You can actually use this to do useful stuff. And this is a very simple case, but you can use it. Okay. So I'll link to this and you can play with it. And make sure you say, okay, what happens if I change the time interval? So go over here and let's make this, ooh, not that, let's make it 1 and let's make it 0.1. You have to put 0.1 or it gets angry. And then restart. See, cool, huh? I'm pretty excited. Okay.


Royce's footage shows the moment a man set fire to a copy of the Quran, Islam's holy text in Stockholm on Wednesday. An event sparking diplomatic anger from Turkey that may put Sweden's bid to join NATO at risk. It was part of a protest outside the Swedish capital's central mosque, staged at the start of the Muslim holiday at Id al-Adha. Hundreds watched as two men ripped up the text, wiped their shoes with it, and draped bacon on its pages before setting it to light. Well, it's been quite an eventful month for Muslims worldwide, particularly those living in Sweden. The hostility reached a peak when an Iraqi asylum seeker sought permission from the Swedish government to ban some books selectedly claimed to be the Quran. Now, I must clarify that I used the term books because in truth the Quran is beyond any man's ability to burn. To attribute such an act to these Iraqi individual, others in places like Norway, is simply ignorance. The Quran is the internal word of God of Allah and it is disrespectful to suggest that a mere mortal could burn the immutable words of the Almighty. That's not possible. The individual banned what he perceived as mere books containing other's words. There are consequences for attempting to bring the word of God into disrepute. Nevertheless, this incident has garnered significant attention and why it may bring some joy to Islam folks. It will likely intensify people's curiosity about this much misogynistic scripture around the world. Now, let's hear what Mohtemang has to say about all this. Subhanallah. So it's a blessing. People burn the Quran. I swear every man who has ever burnt the Quran has given rise to thousands of people studying the Quran and so many of them entering the fold of Islam. That was Allah's way of introducing the Quran to the world. Subhanallah. One of the ways. According to Mohtemang, Allah may use such incidents to draw more attention to his words but there is something even more profound in his message that called to protect the dignity of Allah and his prophet Muhammad peace be upon him. It's worth noting that I, as a convert from Christianity to Islam, find it rather absurd that some resort to violence to express their grievances over Quran burning. Well, I understand the emotional connection and hurt people may feel about the incident. I disagree with the use of violence as a means of protest. It's really not the best way to go. Why? Because the status of this messenger does not need your defense or mine. We will do it because it's an honor. But Allah did not need you or me to defend the status and honor of Nabi Muhammad peace be upon him. Allah does it anyway with you or without you. Allah says, wallahu ya'asimu kamin annaas versus revealed where Allah says Allah will protect you from the people in every way physically as well as your reputation. Physically, he was protected. No one could harm him. Frankly, those who've been the Quran often do so to provoke angry reaction from Muslims and sadly, when we react emotionally, they use it against us. They paint a negative image of Muslims to non-believers saying, look at how they react. They are these and I'm in the end that. So let's be wise in our response and rise above such provocations. Violence wouldn't lead to understanding and it certainly would make the Quran's beauty and wisdom more apparent to those who misunderstand it. So however, Muhammad Hijab has a very interesting line here for us. You are claiming to know about the religion of Islam, which is a religion that followed by according to Pew more than 1.8 billion people. That's not relevant. Excuse me. Let me just finish my comment. I'm saying that you claim to know what Islam as a religion said. I asked you a very basic question that any child in any madrasa would know. Excuse me. I asked you what is the six pillars of Islamic creed and you couldn't even offer me an answer and now you're going into hadith and what the Quran says, this is way above your pay grade. Why do you think you as an unqualified, uncredential person that's seeking job seekers allowance, whatever you're doing as a jobless man, have the right to speak about Islam? Whether I work or whether I ever have work is not relevant. Why do you think you're credible to talk about the religion of Islam? Because Islam is... And you don't know the basics? I know the basics. What are the six pillars of creed? Islam is so easy that the desert Arab understands it. Okay, so what are the six pillars of creed? You can be illiterate and understand Islam. So you say you understand it, but you don't know what the six pillars of creed are, which is something... I understand it because I've read how the Seerah, I know what kind of persons this Muhammad guy was. I'm saying that you've read it so much that you don't even know the basics. Muhammad, you've read the Seerah, what's his full name? Let's say we have an ideology called Nazism here. And you come and ask, what's the name of the guy who invented it? Or Adolf Hitler. Is that relevant? Yes, it is relevant. If I'm claiming to be an expert, if I'm speaking on behalf of Nazism, I don't know the name of Adolf Hitler, both first name and surname, I'd be an ignoramus. I'm asking you now, you're saying that I've read the Seerah, which is the biography of the Prophet. I'm asking you, what is the man's name? And you can't even tell me his surname? I don't care. You don't care? Well, you don't know him? Well, you said you know about all the verses in the Quran, which talks about fighting. So it's selective knowledge, isn't it? It's cherry-picked knowledge.  And what you travel this far to do is to distract the discussion from the topics that are... I can assure you I've come here for no purposes. I've not come here for you. Fine, good. Can I ask you a question? You are distracting this discussion from the topics that are relevant for non-Muslims. I'm asking you a question.  The important topic for non-Muslims is... Is Islam able to build societies where non-Muslims and Muslims can live in equality and peace? I've heard what you've said. Let me reply to what you've said. Let's just summarize where we are so far. I asked you what you went by war. You said defence. That's what you said. You said I want to go to all the Muslims who said they're defending ourselves by using... Okay, no problem. We'll come back to that. Then we asked you some questions, some trivial questions. We asked you what are the six pillars of Islamic creed? You had no answer. You said I've read the seal. It's not relevant. I don't know. I'm just summarizing. You're still pushing. I'm just summarizing. You are a... Generator. You don't dare to talk about this crappy religion. I'm coming to you. I'll come to you. Guys, this holds valuable lessons for all of us all the time. Firstly, it's reminders to cherish and deeply revert the Quran acknowledging it as, you know, the eternal word of Allah, invulnerable to any human action. Now, secondly, in the face of provocations, let us respond with composure and wisdom tearing clear of emotional reactions or violence that may unwittingly fuel misunderstandings and divisions among people. Instead, let's embrace patient dialogue and embodying the true teachings of Islam to promote mutual understanding among everybody. Lastly, we must remember the importance of safeguarding the honor of Allah and Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, representing our faith with respect and dignity when faced with challenges or negative portrayals. By internalizing these teachings, we can strengthen our faith, draw more Christians and atheists into the faith, embody compassion and patience and contribute to a more harmonious global community through and through. If you love what we do, please give this video a thumbs up, tell us what you think in the comment and don't forget to subscribe to the channel if you have not done so already. Until next time, Assalamu alaikum guys.