So let us continue with our study of irreducible subsets of affine space. So we have just seen in the last lecture that the condition that the zero locus of an ideal is reducible is that the radical of the ideal is prime ideal okay and so let us look at some examples and in fact also examples of the Zariski topology how it looks like. So in fact the Zariski topology is very special when you take A1 namely the affine line which is K itself endowed with the Zariski topology okay. So let me make a few statements. So consider so let us look at some examples these are general examples about also about the Zariski topology and also about reducibility. So you first consider A1 this is just K with the Zariski topology okay. Now so what is the zero set of A1 what is the closed subset of A1? A closed subset of A1 of A1 is Z of S where S inside K of X1 is a subset okay this is the definition of closed subset okay. So S is a bunch of polynomials in one variable okay and of course you know if you want this closed subset to be non-empty you should assume that the ideal generated by S is not the whole ring, Z of S is non-empty if and only if the ideal generated by S is not the whole polynomial ring okay this is essentially one of the versions of the Nuhl-Slernsatz okay or rather weak form of the Nuhl-Slernsatz which says that you know the zero set of an ideal is non-empty if the ideal is a proper ideal okay and so in other words the elements of S do not generate a unit okay and in fact you see what are the irreducible closed subsets of A1? The irreducible closed subsets of A1 are going to correspond to prime ideals in KX1 okay and so the irreducible closed subsets of A1 correspond to R of the form R of the form Z of P where P inside KX1 is a prime ideal okay but then you know if K is a field then the polynomial ring in one variable over the field is a PID it is a principal ideal domain that is every ideal is generated by a single element and you also know that in a PID non-zero prime ideal is also maximal okay so the only chances for P are either that it is the zero prime ideal okay and the other chance is that it is a maximal ideal okay so P is either zero or a maximal ideal okay this means that the zero set of P is correspondingly K1 because if you take zero set of zero okay the set of all points which at which the function zero vanishes when you get all the points so when P is zero you get A1 or yes a single point lambda belonging to K because the maximal ideal will look like X minus X1 minus lambda okay so if P is if P is zero then the zero of P will be A1 it include all the points that in particular tells you that A1 is irreducible okay if you use the fact that the zero set of a prime ideal is irreducible and if P is a prime ideal is non-zero then it has to be a maximal ideal and a maximal ideal is of the form X minus lambda X1 minus lambda for some lambda in K I told you this is also another version of the Nulsel and Sats but actually in this case because it is just in one variable you do not need the Nulsel and Sats okay you just have to use the fact of fact that K is algebraically closed so you know the fact is that if you take any ideal okay which is a proper ideal then you see because it is a principal ideal domain this ideal be generated by single element and therefore the zero set of this ideal will be just the zero set of a single polynomial okay so and then the zero set of a single polynomial will be just the union of the zero sets of the linear factors of the single polynomial any single polynomial is can be broken down into a product of linear factors because K is algebraically closed and each linear factor will correspond to a point so what you will get is that the only closed sets are just finite subsets of points okay so that means the open sets are just complements of finitely many points and from this you can see that you take any two open sets they will certainly intersect which is what you should expect because any two non of course I mean any two non-empty open sets because you already know that A1 is irreducible so any two non-empty open sets have to intersect but the fact is any two non-empty open sets are just complements of finitely many points and but there are infinitely many points the reason that there are infinitely many points is because an algebraically closed field is always infinite a finite field cannot be algebraically closed okay so let me write all that down since K of X1 so let me write here here it is for P is equal to ideal generated by X1 minus lambda since K of X1 is a PID principle ideal domain any ideal is generated by a single element any ideal is generated by a single element so Z of S is just Z of ideal generated by S is just Z of F for some element F in the polynomial ring okay but since K is algebraically closed F can be written as a product of linear factors the number of factors will be equal to the degree of F of course I am assuming that F is not a constant polynomial it is not a constant polynomial because if F is of course if F is a constant polynomial 0 then you will get the whole space if F is a non-zero constant then the ideal generated by F will be the unit ideal it will be the whole ring and the 0 set will be empty okay and the empty set is always a closed set by definition okay so since K is algebraically closed the F is some ideal generated by F is just ideal generated by X1 minus lambda 1 times X2 minus X1 minus lambda 2 times X1 minus lambda m okay and which implies that the 0 set of S this is 0 set of F is just the union of all these points lambda 1 etc up to lambda m of course I am putting the satiating notation some of the lambda s could be repeated they would be multiple zeros of the polynomial but the fact is therefore that any closed set is just a finite subset okay and you know what this will tell you is that see this will tell you that you do not at least as far as A1 is concerned you really do not need to use the Null-Celensatz to get all these results okay you do not need to use the Null-Celensatz so because the Null-Celensatz is kind of redundant it is superfluous in the case when N is equal to 1 okay when N equal to 1 Null-Celensatz is just the definition of what an algebraically closed field is okay so you really do not need the Null-Celensatz so all this can be directly seen the moment you define that is ketopology even without using Null-Celensatz okay. So in particular for example how do you see that A1 is irreducible one way is of course from the general theory you can say A1 is irreducible because the 0 set because ideal it is the ideal of A1 is 0 okay and 0 is a prime ideal therefore the 0 set of 0 of the 0 ideal is irreducible namely A1 is irreducible that is one high-five way of seeing it but more easier way of seeing it is that you see if A1 were reducible then you should be able to write it as a union of 2 closed sets 2 proper closed sets but you see any closed set is finite so if you are able to write it as a union of 2 proper closed sets that means you are saying A1 is finite but A1 as a set is just the field. So saying that A1 is reducible is the same as saying that the field has finitely many elements but that is not possible for an algebraically closed field an algebraically closed field is infinite therefore the fact that an algebraically closed field is infinite will automatically tell you in this case that A1 is irreducible okay so note that K note that since an algebraically closed field is infinite A1 has to be irreducible okay. So in this case everything is very easy to see just because of the fact that every ideal is just generated by a single element because it is a principal ideal okay and you know I want you to really think you see let us put for K complex numbers okay put for K complex numbers and K complex numbers are usual to policy okay complex numbers is just the R2 the xy plane if you want okay if you can also think of it as a argon plane okay the point is if you take if you think of R2 in the usual topology see the so many closed sets okay the so many closed sets for example you take a disc and then you take its closure that is a closed set you take a rectangle and take the closure that is a closed set you get all kinds of closed sets but you take see the Zariski topology then the closed sets are only finitely many points you see you see there is so the open sets are complements of just finitely many points it is just the open sets in the Zariski topology for complex numbers is just the plane punctured at finitely many points the huge open sets okay and the closed sets are just finitely many points so you see it is a you see there is such a huge difference between the ordinary topology and the Zariski topology and you can from this also see the Zariski topology is highly not highly non-Hausdorff okay because Hausdorffness is a condition that given any two points I can find open sets which contain these two points and which are disjoint from each other okay I can do that in the usual topology you give me two distinct points on the complex plane then you know I can find two small enough open discs surrounding those two points which will separate these two points the two open discs will not intersect but if you try to do that in the Zariski topology will not be successful okay that is because any two non-empty open sets will intersect so you cannot find two disjoint non-empty open sets containing two given distinct given points so you see the Zariski topology is highly non-Hausdorff and you know this leads to thinking in a philosophical kind of way you see the topological spaces which are not Hausdorff are not well behaved okay because the Hausdorffness is if you look at it from the topological point of view it is a fact that you know if it is the uniqueness of limits okay see in topology the existence of limits and the uniqueness of limits put together is what is called as completeness okay the completeness is the property that limits exist okay for example when you take subspaces of the Euclidean space you know completeness is just the fact that you take any Cauchy sequence in that subspace its limit should also belong to the subspace so and of course the limits limit of a sequence is unique so you get the existence not only of the unit of the limit but also that the limit is unique okay. But the truth is that the uniqueness of the limit alone if you take it out as a property and forget the existence of limit it is a uniqueness of the limit that is promised by a Hausdorff space okay. Now so the fact that complex the complex plane with the Zariski topology being non-Hausdorff gives you the feeling that it is somehow there is no uniqueness of limits if they exist. Now the answer to that is that you should not think that way in algebraic geometry the notion of uniqueness of limit is not Hausdorffness it is another property and that property which is the analog of Hausdorffness is called separatedness okay and so the nice thing is though the complex plane is not Hausdorff it is what is called separated okay and separatedness is the right analog of Hausdorffness in the you know in the Zariski topology. So what you should understand is that though at the outset it looks non-Hausdorff but for all practical purposes there is the analogous property of separatedness which I will explain later okay. So the next thing that I should look at is yeah and in fact let me also remind you of a fact from you know field theory if you have a finite field okay then the algebraic closure of the finite field is countably infinite okay this is one fact so it is infinite and if you in general if you have any field then the algebraic closure if the algebraic closure will have the same cardinality as that of the original field if it is if it is infinite okay then the algebraic closure of the field will have the same cardinality as the field itself okay this is a fact it is just a counting argument because you get the algebraic closure by putting in zeros of all polynomials in the field after all algebraic you go to the algebraic closure of a field because you want to solve all equations you want to get zeros of all polynomials with coefficients in that field and but then the polynomials when you look at zeros of polynomials polynomials can be counted by degree okay. So you can see that somehow you will get a countable union of subsets which are just as the same cardinality of the field and then you will see that you will again get the union will again be the same cardinality as that of the field okay so this is a fact that you can look up from any you know standard algebra book okay so that is so let me repeat the field is finite then it is algebraic closure will be infinite and countable if the field is infinite then it is algebraic closure will be infinite and have the same cardinality as that of the original field and why I am saying this is also since I brought in the idea of algebraic closure I should tell you why this is important this is important because you see we somehow in this course we are only worried about algebraically closed but you know you can write equations over fields which are not algebraically closed okay for example real numbers then what is a theory the theory is that first of all whatever equations you write you can always go to the algebraic closure of that field and work there and for this you need the existence of an algebraic closure and this is a theorem in algebra from field theory which says that given any field you can find an extension field a larger field which is algebraically closed and which is algebraic over the given field namely that it is gotten from the given field by just adjoining roots of polynomials it coefficients in the in the given field okay so this existence of algebraic closure tells you that no matter what bunch of equations you are trying to look at zeros of over a field that all that will always make sense over the algebraic closure of that field and when you come to the algebraic closure of the field you are in this situation and you are doing variety theory okay so this gives you an idea how to proceed if you are having equations over a field which is not algebraically closed okay that is one thing and the other thing is that many of these results that I have written down are not true if you remove the algebraic closure property okay that should be obvious to you because you know this algebraic closure property that gave rise to that is needed for the null still and such. So and you know the null still and such is somehow you know indispensable in all the main statements that we are making so if you remove algebraic closeness that is if you take a field which is not algebraically closed you will be in lot of one could be in lot of trouble so the simple example is you know if you for example you know if you take an equation like x1 squared plus 1 equal to 0 which makes sense over the real field you know that first of all the zero set is empty if you consider the affine space over the real field because there is no zero the zeros are they are complex roots so the zero set of a polynomial might become empty okay might turn out to be empty and that demonstrates the failure of the null still and such if you work with the field which is not algebraically closed. The other thing is this fact that if you start with the prime ideal and the zero set of the ideal is reducible that also kind of goes wrong for example if you take the if you take the polynomial ring in two variables over R the reals the field of real numbers let us call the variables as x and y okay then if you look at the polynomial xy-1 whose zeros are the is that is the locus of the rectangular hyperbola then you can see that of course it is in two pieces okay it is certainly not connected right but the ideal generated by xy-1 will certainly be a prime ideal because xy-1 is an irreducible polynomial okay and you know in a unique factorization domain an irreducible polynomial an irreducible element will always generate a prime ideal therefore the irreducible polynomial xy-1 will generate a prime ideal in R of xy but the zero set in A2 of R which is R cross R will be the rectangular hyperbola and that is not connected okay. So here is so the fact that the zero set of a prime ideal is irreducible is contradicted as just because you are working over real numbers which is not algebraically closed. So you should always remember that when you are all these results strongly depend on the fact that the field is algebraically closed okay so let me write that down note that if k is not algebraically closed many of the important results obtained so far may not hold examples is for k equal to R real numbers okay x squared plus 1 ideal generated by x squared plus 1 so let me write it as in Rx is proper but z of this in A1 R is empty okay similarly xy ideal generated by xy-1 in Rxy is prime z of xy-1 in A2 R is not connected okay so and if a subset is not connected it cannot be irreducible because irreducible is very very strong. So if the field is not algebraically closed you will not get many of the important results here okay then the third thing is to look at I mean just to look at the whole affine space if you look at the whole affine space then you will of course get that the whole affine space is irreducible for n greater than 1 a nk is also irreducible since it corresponds to the to the 0 ideal in polynomial ring which is prime okay and you know of course the 0 ideal in a ring is a competitive ring with 1 is prime if and only if the ring is an integral domain and you know that the ring of polynomials in n variables for a field is an integral domain that is a product of 2 polynomials cannot be 0 without either of the polynomials being 0 you cannot have 2 non constant polynomials whose product is 0 that can never happen okay and more generally the fact from competitive algebra is that you know if you have a competitive ring and you look at the polynomial ring over that competitive ring then the if the original ring is an integral domain then the polynomial ring in n variables over that integral domain is again an integral domain okay this is the fact that you can check. So more generally instead of k if I put an any integral domain then the polynomial ring over that will continue to be an integral domain okay so this is this is one fact and okay so maybe I will continue with my discussion and for that so I will go to what is called as noetherian decomposition so I will go into what is called as noetherian decomposition so this is another important feature of irreducible cross search okay it is the in some sense it is the analog of the noetherianness of a competitive ring okay. So you know so let me make a definition a topological space X is called noetherian if it satisfies DCC for closed sets so DCC is abbreviation for descending chain condition okay and what does what does that mean it means the following thing if you have a sequence of closed subsets which is becoming smaller and smaller okay a descending sequence of closed sets then that sequence has to stabilise beyond a certain stage okay it has so what it means is that if you have such a sequence then beyond a certain stage all the sets occurring in that sequence have to be the same. Another way of saying it is that if you if you are going to look at only strict sequences namely a sequence in which every next set is a strictly smaller subset of the previous one then it has to be only finite length you cannot have infinite length sequence like that and the actually I should tell you at the outset what this what is the importance of this topologically the importance of this topologically is the this gives you a handle on being able to define the dimension of a space okay you can define the whole notion of dimension of a space can be defined if you have this notion okay so you know so it is if you think of linear algebra okay then suppose you have an n dimensional vector space okay then if you take a sequence of subspaces then you see that the sequence of subspaces has to stabilise in fact if you take a sequence of strict subspaces then you know it has to stop because as you take a stricter subspace the dimension falls and the dimension cannot go below 0 and the 0 dimensional space will be just the 0 vector single point okay and it cannot go below beyond that so you if you have a vector space of dimension n and you take a sequence of strictly decreasing subspaces then you know you can get only something of length n plus 1 starting with the whole space which is n dimensional then a hyper plane which is n minus 1 dimensional then a hyper plane that which is n minus 2 dimensional and you can go on up to 0 so that will give you n plus 1 terms from 0 to n okay and it cannot be any longer than that so in the same way what you are doing for a general topological space is that you are of course in the case of vector space you have subspaces okay but in a general topological space what you do is you do not use subspaces but you use closed subsets okay and that is the that is the difference but the fact is that this DCC allows you to define dimension okay so let me write that down given sequence of closed subsets f1 or let me use z1 containing z2 containing z3 okay there exists or there exists m greater than or equal to 1 such that zm equal to zm plus 1 and so on. So the sequence of a descending sequence of closed subsets at some point has to become constant okay of course the other way is that if you have strictly descending sequence of closed subsets that has to be of only finite only it cannot be infinite okay that is another way of saying it. So let me write that also yes I am continuing here another way of saying this is that any strictly descending sequence of closed subsets has to be finite that is given z1 properly containing z2 properly containing z3 and so on the sequence has finite length finitely many terms okay. So this is another way of saying it okay a strictly decreasing sequence of closed subsets has to terminate does stop okay and so you of course the main purpose of this is I told you is that it allows you to define dimension okay and but there is something more it gives rise to what is called noetherian decomposition okay. So let me write that probably I will erase this part of the board probably before that let me do the following thing let me convince you that the affine space is noetherian okay. So the affine space An with the Zariski topology is noetherian and the reason is because this noetherian condition on the affine space actually translates if you apply the if you apply the this if you apply the I function to the ascending chain condition on ideals of the polynomial ring which holds because the polynomial ring is noetherian okay. So that is in a Jiffy saying that the affine space is noetherian okay. So let me write it like this geometric so there is again a geometric and there is a commutative algebraic and the geometric thing is so I will use the following or equivalent okay for a topological for a topological space X number 1 X is noetherian okay which is DCC for close sides okay it satisfies DCC for close sides number 2 the you know but before I come to number 2 let me let me take the case when X is An okay if you take so I go from this picture to this picture on this side I am writing it only for any general topological space but I am going from here to here only when I am looking at An okay and what happens is that you see you will see that again the following are equivalent for number 1 K X1 etc Xn satisfies ACC for ideals okay. So this is I mean this is you know this is one of the definitions for a ring to be noetherian for a commutative ring to be noetherian ideal should satisfy the ascending chain condition okay and this polynomial ring is certainly noetherian because that is because of the Hilbert basis theorem or ME noetherian theorem that if a given ring is noetherian then the polynomial ring infinitely many variables over that ring is also noetherian okay. So you see this corresponds to this but then if you look at the definition of a there are several other equivalent formulations of the definition of a noetherian ring of course the there is one other definition which says that if you give me any non-empty collection of ideals it has a maximal element. So this is another condition so any non-empty collection of ideals in K X1 etc Xn has a maximal element okay and you know usually it is a zone slimmer axiom of choice kind of argument that tells you that you know these two are equal right and you see the point is that there is something corresponding here the corresponding thing here is you see ideals if you take an ideals correspond to closed subsets. So you know the translation of that will be any non-empty collection of closed subsets has a minimal element because you see the when you take an into the picture on the commutative algebraic side you will take you are actually looking at K of X1 etc Xn which is the ring of functions on an. So ideals correspond to closed subsets and you know maximal means with respect to inclusion they will correspond to minimal subsets because the because this correspondence is inclusion to reversing. So in fact it is true that for a general topological space also that is correct that any this condition that X satisfies dcc for closed sets is equivalent to any non-empty collection of closed sets of closed subsets. So of course here I mean closed subsets has a minimal element okay any non-empty collection of closed subsets has a minimal element and you know but you can write something more here and what you can write more is just because in this case you have topology the complements of closed subsets are open subsets you can also say that any non-empty collection of open subsets has a maximal element okay because that is just the complement of this open sets are just complements of closed sets. So in fact I can also write any non-empty collection of open subsets has a maximal element okay so you get that also on this side okay. So it is clear that it is immediately clear from this comparison that An is a noetherian topological space with the Zariski topology. So I will just draw a line here and say clearly An is a noetherian topological space and you know let me tell you again but I will come back to this in a later lecture and that is you see the whole point about this noetherianness is to study finite dimensional noetherian topological spaces and you know by any amount of intuition even by common sense you should expect that the dimension of An must be N okay you should expect that and that is what we have to prove okay. But for that you know there are two things first of all you should know how to define dimension okay and then you have to prove that the dimension is N okay and it is very easy to define what dimension is. What you do is that you imitate what you did for what you see happening for a vector space of dimension N. If you take a vector space of dimension N if you take the longest possible strictly descending sequence it will have N plus 1 terms starting with the full space of N dimension and ending with the 0 subspace which is 0 dimension there will be N plus 1 terms. So what you do is you define the dimension of the topological space to be you take sequences like this strictly descending sequences and take their lengths and take the supremum. We have to use the word supremum because there could be I mean you could have larger and you could have lengths of any I mean you could have sequences strictly descending sequences of any length okay. See the definition of noetherian only tells you that if you have a strictly descending sequence it has to be a finite length but it does not tell you that the lengths cannot exceed a certain finite quantity. So you could have sequences different sequences each of different finite lengths and with the lengths increasing going being unbounded. So you take all possible sequences like this strictly decreasing sequences and take their length okay and in fact you should take length minus 1 okay because you know if you go by the vector space analogy then the length of strictly decreasing sequence max the largest possible strictly decreasing sequence is N plus 1 terms and you have to take away 1 from that to get N which is the dimension of the vector space okay. So that is how you define dimension and then after you define dimension you will have to show that dimension of An is N this is what you want okay. So what you should try to understand is that on the geometry side you see we have the Zariski topology and now we are talking about dimension which is a topological property okay. So you know this is the this is the this is how you start studying the topology of varieties okay and as I told you this is the first step in geometry you look at you look at some topology look at the topological properties try to talk about dimension connectedness with reducibility and things like that try to understand what are the closed sets what are the open sets and so on and so forth. And then after you have done enough topology then you start worrying about more complicated things like things that are you know connected with analysis like you know tangents spaces and smoothness and singularities and things like that okay which also we will do in this case okay. So what I am trying to say is that at this level we are still looking at the topology okay and so I need to tell you also one more thing. So you might wonder how this notion of dimension is going to translate into on this direction and the topological dimension on that side of An being N is going to translate into what is called as a Krull dimension okay named after the commutative algebraist Krull of this ring okay and the Krull dimension of this ring is N and that will correspond to the topological dimension of the affine space okay. So we have to translate all this to things here and to prove that the Krull dimension of this is N you need some field theory and some commutative algebra which I will recall okay. So that is to indicate to you how this is going to go about alright but apart from that what is this thing I started with I started with this Noetherian decomposition. So if a topological space is Noetherian the nice thing is that every non-empty closed subset has a Noetherian decomposition okay and that is kind of the importance of having Noetherian topological space okay this break you can break up any closed subset into a finite union of irreducible closed subsets such that no which can be made unique up to permutation of the factors in such a way that it can be made unique if you assume that none of one of these is contained in some other okay. So it is Noetherian decomposition that is very important so let me write that down that is a theorem and we will probably look at a proof of that in the next lecture. So theorem if x is a Noetherian topological space then any closed subset any non-empty closed subset y of x can be written can be decomposed as y is equal to y1 union y2 union and so on ym and where dy is irreducible closed subsets and this decomposition is unique and the decomposition is unique up to the permutation of the sets appearing provided no yi is contained in some in another yj this is the theorem on Noetherian decomposition. If you have Noetherian topological space you take a non-empty closed subset you can break it down into irreducible closed subsets and finitely many of them and you can make the decomposition unique if you assume that there are no redundancies that is no yi is contained in some other yj okay and if you believe this theorem what this will tell you immediately is that since An the affine space with the Zariski topology is Noetherian it will tell you that any closed subset of An namely the zero set of an ideal can be broken down into a finite union of affine varieties any irreducible closed subset of An which may not be irreducible it can be broken into a finite union of irreducible closed subsets and you know the irreducible closed subsets are called the affine varieties and therefore you get a decomposition of any closed subset into a finitely many affine varieties and those finitely many affine varieties are called the irreducible components it is just like an topology when you have a space which is not connected you know you can break the space down into union of its connected components okay. In the same way what you can do here is that an irreducible any subset of a Noetherian topological space any closed subset of a Noetherian topological space can be broken down into irreducible components and these irreducible components are closed so these yi's are called the irreducible components of y okay then the yi's are called the irreducible components components okay. So I will end with this and I will just make a final remark to tell you that you see the notion of Noetherianness has is essentially needed on one hand to make sense of dimension okay and on the other hand it is very helpful because it allows you to break down any closed set into irreducible closed sets in a nice way okay and that for us is important and all this for as important is because you can talk about dimensions of affine varieties okay and you can also break down any closed subset of affine space into its irreducible components which will be affine varieties and which will be essentially unique okay so that is the importance of the Noetherianness and so this is the geometric part of it but if you come to the commutative algebraic part of it what is it? It is just the usual Noetherianness of the polynomial ring. So you see this is the beauty of algebraic geometry that some nice property on one side gives rise to properties on the other side which have nice consequences so after all the fact that the polynomial ring is Noetherian okay is a completely commutative algebraic property but when you translate it to geometry you see the advantage is that it allows you to define dimension okay and we are eventually going to prove that the dimension of An is n as you would expect okay and it also allows you to decompose any closed subset into affine varieties okay. So you see this is how you see how a nice commutative algebraic property translates into such nice things in geometry okay see this is essentially the attraction of algebraic geometry to go to take something on one side and try to go and investigate what it means on the other side you get interesting things on the other side and here we are going from this from the commutative algebra side to the algebraic geometry side okay. So I will stop here.


One piece is dropping legendary bomb after bomb. In just the previous chapter, we finally saw Shang's inaction, proving why he's arguably the strongest pirate in the series, and this recent chapter showcased the power of perhaps the strongest non-pirate in the series, Monkey D. Garp. Garp is truly a living legend, the hero of the Marines. The man who's said to have cornered the pirate king multiple times, and this chapter finally shows us a glimpse of what's behind the ridiculous powerhouse that earned him his hero title and legendary reputation.  The events in this chapter also gave us a lot of things to think about, such as the importance of Kobe in the story, the epic devil fruit showdown that's about to begin between the Blackbeard Pirates and Sword, and it also hinted at bringing another player back into the story. And the seeds for these current events was planted with Kobe declaring outside Amazon Lily that he's going to capture the pirate Empress Boa Hancock. This is what resulted in the battle between the Kobe-led Marines and the Kooja tribe, during which time a wild Blackbeard and his crewmate their appearance, attacking participants alike. And although Boa were shown to be impressive in this battle, turning most of our opponents into stone, Blackbeard, as he usually does, ended up gaining the upper hand, and just as Blackbeard decided to kill Boa, a wild Dark King appeared, with Rayleigh kindly asking everyone to leave the island quietly or else. And that else is something that Blackbeard did not want to stick around and find out, so he and his crew left taking Kobe with them. And now we finally find out the reason behind Blackbeard kidnapping Kobe, that being because he wants to use Kobe as leverage against the world government to turn his base Hachinosu into a kingdom approved by the world government, making himself the king of Hachinosu. And then what's interesting is the information divulged from Kobe and Aokiji that Blackbeard's plan won't work because sword members are Marines who have officially resigned their codes, therefore no longer falling under the responsibility or the liability of the Marines. And this new revelation forces me to reconsider who may or may not be members of sword. For example, on one hand, Aokiji being a member of sword seems much more plausible now. Previously, I considered it more likely that he was actually now working as a revolutionary, and this was largely based on a conversation with Smoko, where Aokiji says something to the effect that the world government isn't the be-all and the end-all, and that you don't have to be affiliated with the Marines to achieve things, and that independence may actually yield more results. Well, Oda's just about gone and confirmed that sword is exactly this, unaffiliated and independent to the Marines. Although caveat, it's just on paper because they obviously still work very closely together. I can sense Oda is deliberately making it very tricky to decode whether Garp is also a member of sword because all the other Marines who have shown up in this arc have received info boxes confirming whether or not they are a part of sword, except of course Garp. But then there are so many other clues that suggest that Garp could in fact be a member of sword, maybe even its leader. I mean, in fact, Garp calls Kobe the future of the Marines, knowing that Kobe's a member of sword, and that's gotta mean that Kobe is the future of the Marines as they see the Marines. Not as the dogs of the celestial dragons doing their bidding, but an institution with integrity perhaps unaffiliated with the world government. Personally, the most exciting part about all of this for me is the incoming meeting between Garp and Aokiji. We know that these two have a closer relationship than most members of the Marines, and Aokiji has always looked up to Garp to whom he owes a debt for helping him sometime in the past. And the idea of an extended backstory between the two, perhaps even showing us in detail how Garp helped Aokiji, and maybe just maybe how Aokiji residing from the Marines and joining the Blackbeard Pirates is part of a plan between him and Garp, because as we've just established, after all, residing from the Marines still allows you to be a sword member, and infiltrating the Blackbeard Pirates is a form of attacking a Yonko crew by going after their intel, which is the only operation we know sword to be working on today. The absence of the other Blackbeard Pirate members during their ambush against lore is explained in this chapter as Shiru, Pizarro, Vasco Shot, and Sanwan Wolf are confirmed to have stayed behind at Hachinosu, and just as we saw of their crewmates in Chapter 1063, we are finally shown what their devil fruits are capable of, and I have to say, they are ridiculous. Perhaps one of the most OP devil fruits we've ever seen. Pizarro is the holder of the island island fruit, which as I understand it, allows him to control everything on the island, and perhaps the only thing stopping this overpowered ability is his somewhat oddly careful attitude. Him saying that he doesn't want to wreck the town right after they finished repairing after the Rocky Port incident, not only does this make some suggestions about his personality, it's a scary indication of his potential. I mean, I can't imagine how much more crazy this ability could be if Pizarro goes beyond the limits he sets on himself. Vasco Shot's liquor devil fruit is very fitting for his epitode, but this is the one that makes me most curious as to how it's going to be used in combat. I'm very excited for all sorts of very creative fighting that may result from this sort of ability. Sanwan Wolf is a big boy, and it's confirmed that with his devil fruit, he can turn into an even bigger boy, which is something we already sort of knew through his Vivera card, but now we also know its name, and it's only a matter of time before we see what sort of havoc his colossal size will wreak. Together with Shiru, these titanic captains are definite heavy hitters, but it seems they face equally diverse devil fruit wielding opponents in sword, because the members who were introduced back in Chapter 1061 are shown in action, most of them with devil fruits, but not Hibari, who was the girl begging with Helmer Poe to save Kobe. And it seems she doesn't have a devil fruit, but she was revealed as a tsundere sniper who uses one of Vegapunk's inventions, the GP flower bullets, which can turn enemy gunpowder into flowers. And Vegapunk's mobile prize-winning invention was first seen in the cover page of Chapter 1073. And its effects make you wonder if Vegapunk has always been a pacifist, wishing to replace dangerous weapons with beauty, or is this the result of one of his failed inventions? Either way, it's a nice homage to Flower Power, which is a Pulitzer-winning photograph, which captured the pacifist movement during the Vietnam War. Also, speaking about Hibari, I just love the callback to her introduction, and the contrast in the little care that she expresses to Kobe in this chapter. Girl, you're not fooling anyone. Prince Gru, or Prince Gru's, I'm not too sure how to pronounce that. You guys confirm whether or not it's a silent S, but either way, the prince is confirmed to be a devil fruit user, owner of the Clay Clay Fruit, and he's seen able to create golems with his ability. Other sword members alongside Prince Gru's bodies were also turned into clay by his devil fruit. And the potential of a Clay Clay Fruit seems boundless if you consider other devil fruits that are similar in nature. For example, we've seen Katakuri use mochi to his advantage in a fist fight, such as by extending his power and range to ridiculous extremes, although it remains to be seen whether Gru's can also use his devil fruit in this similar way. The girl who was next to Prince Gru's in his introduction is confirmed to be Rear Admiral Kuchaku, and she is the granddaughter of Vice Admiral Suru. She's also a devil fruit user having the whip whip fruit, which gives her the ability to command anything she whips, including inanimate objects, as we've seen her whip buildings. Mami?  And now that we've been introduced to what these new characters are capable of, I want to see what a character that we are already familiar with will do in this battle. Helmepo has been an interesting addition to this story, because he was someone who we were originally set up to despise, who has since turned into an ally and best friend of the very character this mission is trying to save. So maybe a full-powered Kobe and Helmepo tandem is upon us, and I would just love to see them in action, because it would be the addition of another great dynamic into the story. And then retrospectively looking at their early appearances in the series would be even more fun. And to that end, I think it would be the perfect time to see some of Kobe in combat, please. Because so far we've heard a lot of talk, but no action from the man who's the current people's hero and the future rival of Luffy's. Speaking of familiar characters, in Kobe's escape with help from Perona, it's revealed that Moria is still alive and imprisoned, which confirms that Moria declined Blackbeard's invitation to join his crew, and although Moria is probably one of the least liked villains in the series, it seems he may be a part of the developing story moving forward. All I can say is with Moria's devil fruit capable of creating an army, he's going to be useful whichever side he chooses to join. But of course, the star of the battle is none other than Monkey D. Gar. Gar was hinted in Chapter 1071 to have taken some battleships to go with him to Hachinosu, undercutting some of the fleet that was ordered to be sent to Egghead Island by Kizuru. And with other random pirates on the island after Kobe's five star reward, this is turning into a full blown war. But battleships or not, we have one powerhouse who is demanding all the attention, I seriously love Garp. In fact, I was actually in the middle of writing a video analysis on Garp's character and future in the story, but since this chapter's dropped, it seems like I'm going to have to put that in the backlog. Or actually, you know what, I'm gonna just use this as another chance to talk about him in the context of his role in this arc. But where else can I start?  It's perhaps the most devastating attack we have ever seen in the series, without the use of a weapon or devil fruit, but it's definitely comparable to the most biggest attacks we've seen in the past. This has to be one of, if not the highest displays of haki we have ever seen in the series. It explains how Garp could go toe to toe with the late pirate king, and it makes you think how differently Marineford could have gone had Garp been serious and actually unleashed his full power. He only delivered the most basic punch to Marco, which still sent the white bead commander flying. But imagine if Sengoku didn't stop Garp to go after Akainu. I have literal goosebumps right now. And this is just a glimpse, because Oda has an opportunity to show his readers the full extent of Garp's ability against half of the Blackbeard pirates. Fingers crossed, fingers and toes, that this is not just off screen. The idea that Garp is this strong in his current state, out of prime, and Luffy just entering his prime, it really makes you wonder how ridiculously strong dragon must be, since out of these three, dragon might be the one currently in his prime years. And with the innate physical ability of the Monkey D bloodline, provided that dragon is indeed part of the bloodline and not by marriage, but adding his rumored devil fruit into the mix, definitely makes dragon strength my most anticipated reveal in the series. But as for Garp himself, seeing his capability now, it only makes me so much more excited to see the God Valley flashback, because if this was only a taste of his strength, I am salivating at the thought of witnessing him in combat during his peak. So the same as Kobe's bounty, I give this chapter five stars. I mean, that's just based on the last two pages with Garp's appearance alone. And everything else is just icing. But that's just me, what about you? What did you think of this chapter? Let me know in the comments below, and please like and share if you liked this video. As usual, this has been Joygirl. Thanks for listening to another one of my ramblings, and I'll see you again soon.


What's the word y'all listen? We are back. It's been a minute since we've done one of these trade videos And when I say a minute, I think it's been like four days or so You know I'm saying if you know around here one thing we do very often on this channel is go through articles react to trades And I say hey if I was this team I'll accept it, but I won't accept this team And it's usually at the expense of bleach report, but I have not got a call a text an email to say hey Kenny How about you stop talking about our articles negatively? So we're gonna continue to do that I'm just kidding. I mean I I give constructive criticism a south of Zach Buckley He's usually the guy that's going to be making these trade articles and for the most part I He does a solid job at times And I think in this video we have two different trade articles and I think they're both written by Zach Buckley So he just out here boom boom boom GM this GM that he says to leave like when the video Subscribe if you're new let's get into it five stars five star NBA trades You never thought of five stars. He usually when we do these reaction videos to these trades sometimes you get traces like okay It's a rotational player for a rotational player the end of that ain't nobody cares. We're talking about five star trades star And we got James Hardin so we're gonna get to the point where James hards in a tray package And I have an idea this probably gonna be dealing with Joel and beat or Ben Simmons because that's something that has been I wouldn't say rumored but NBA fans have been drawing this up since H-town got eliminated from the playoffs and Since Philly got eliminated both of them. So let's see what we got mr. Buckley trade number one Philly finds a playmaker Utah ads stretch for we have My colleague George's knee aim Tobias Harris shake Milton to first round picks five star NBA trades Five star in the trades Tobias Harris my Conley five star in your trades to bet It ain't adding up. Okay. So here we are Philly finds a playmaker Utah adds a stretch for my colleagues one of my favorite players in the NBA He's one of the few players in the NBA that I have you know, like those Jersey shirts I don't say like the team name and the number and the stuff on the back I got a Memphis Grizzlies my Conley one years ago and only have a few of them in my my dresser So my colleagues really a guy I like Very disappointing season very very disappointing season I thought he was gonna potentially you know potentially give Utah this as if they were looking for but he just did not do that Especially we compare it to like the year before that year before that So this trade on paper is just I don't enjoy it for either side really I mean, maybe if I'm great and then who would like it more to be Utah and the only reason I say that is because you're getting off to Tobias Harris contract But you're also throwing the two first round pick So do you want to trade the be sure you want to get off this money because my colleague will be a free agent You know my colleague be a free agent because I think he has a player option So you'll be a free agent after next season Tobias Harris is guaranteed for four more years So you want to get off this max money for a player that's nowhere near max max caliber Do you want to throw one of your young promising guys in two picks? To dump a contract and just get a guy that disappointed last season probably not so in this situation I'm gonna say no no no hard pass next Wizards get defensive interesting jazz get younger deeper now second trade Two of them dealing with the Utah Jazz and not with the same trade piece Hypothetically speaking if you wanted to draw this up it's okay. You could put together both of these trades to see what happened to the Utah Jazz So you have really go bear getting traded for Thomas Brian Troy Brown Joe your is Smith more Wagner in a ninth overall pick So we got all of you all of the West was just players to suffer Bradley Beal and John Wall in this case really go bear Okay, this is an interesting trade I mean this is Depending on if Utah Jazz have decided that they do want to break up Donovan Mitchell and the really go bear tandem Obviously it works well It's just maybe not well enough that you would want to win a championship and really go bear It's gonna be up for a contract soon and we every time his name comes up in each trade videos I have to mention it because it's very important really go bear. It is a very good good NBA player He's been an all NBA player defensive player to your twice all defensive player for the last couple years He is that impactful of a player, but he's gonna be qualified for a super max contract Personally, I would not want to be the person the team to give him a super max and maybe that's not really his value Maybe maybe whatever team he is on whether it be Utah whether they get trade them don't even offer him a super max I just don't even want it to be on the table with him on him on my team, right? So this is the jazz of like, okay We don't want to give him the max and we want to go a different direction Sure, this kind of makes sense for that way, but for the watch to wizards, it's interesting We don't know what John Wall is gonna look like and one thing we can say about John Wall Whether he looks great or not. He's gonna force feed a center, you know Marching or time was out there just getting the ball to do a quick little flip shots like that because John Wall set him up So well and we go bearer like that I mean he complained about touches, but I guess these classifies touches, but they're not like give me the ball Let me create it's just like again flip up shots So that would be cool to see but think about the money that will be in Washington. You just extended Bradley Beal John Wall's making 40 plus million then you could potentially have to pay Rudy Gobert a max contract super max contract That three is good enough to make the playoffs for sure That's not a championship quality three and you'll be giving up three max boxes and the rest of your team is gonna be bonds You have really hot you more someone's Ricky deal But you're gonna be signed a place for the vet minimum to come to Washington and just be good, but not great I'm passing. I'm passing Next we have Pacers at point God. Okay. I like to see the point God He's gonna be in every single trade article because he's one of the most valuable assets Depending on who you ask on the trademark of the season Let's get the third star and a thunder embrace you again making trade articles where there's two teams It's hard a three-team trade is damn damn possible to make it work So let's see if he did any other Pacers get Chris Paul in the 25th overall pick from Denver The Denver's pick from okay, see Brooklyn gets Victor deep on Jeremy Lamb. He did say he wanted out But then he reacted retracted that statement Okay, see gets cares liver Jared Allen and Torian Prince. I Bet okay C fans will be happy with that because you know, you're gonna have to trade Chris Paul That's the fact you get a carousel of her who has shown glimpses that he can be very very good in his league Jared Allen has so he could be very very good in his league And he can be the next center because you're probably gonna have to deal Stephen Adams or let Stephen Adams Do his thing because he just doesn't fit the timeline. I bet okay C fans will be happy with this Honestly, this package for Chris Paul in a 25th overall pick not bad Brooklyn You're giving up Keras You're giving up Jared Allen and you're getting up Torian Prince and you're getting back a guy coming off an Achilles injury and Victor Ladipo who Has to redeem himself. Let's be honest after the injury. He doesn't look amazing I still have hope but he had to redeem himself and then Andy gets a point guard. I Guess Malcolm Brogdon. They play a lot of backer or back off ball when he was in Milwaukee and even this season, too He played a lot off ball need he thrived in that role Paste your fans you'd be trading Victor Ladipo and Jeremy Lamb for Chris Paul in the 25th pick And maybe it's something I don't know but I don't think that's terrible, right if Victor depots really like I won out Then this ain't terrible. The only thing is of course Chris Paul's contract and his age That's something that's gonna hold you back for sure And Chris Paul with this roster doesn't make them a championship contender either So I can see you'd be like and we'd rather just keep Jeremy lamb and Victor Ladipo and look for a different option Brooklyn, I think Brooklyn will be okay with this You know One of the reasons they made the firing of their coach is because there was some animosity between Jared Allen and DeAndre Jordan As far as who gets to start and everything So if you're getting him out of there you already seen or you're already making the narrative that Kara Sliver Won't be able to fit alongside Kyrie and Katie because he is ball dominant Victor deep on Jeremy lamb wouldn't be a terrible package The only thing is both of these guys are coming off injuries both of these guys are coming off injury So maybe you don't want to you know, take that leap It's not a bad three-team trade, but there is of course pros and cons to each thing in here next Sons go big. Okay blazers rebuild. They now we're getting to the star caliber trades For sure in the worris at a wing another three-team trade This guy's just throwing out the three teams like this like that. The sons receive Damian Lillard Okay, Portland Treblazer fans. I don't see Damian Lillard ever getting traded like honestly He's he's looks like a four lifer for me, but again, we're just living in this fictional world Let's see what else he's what else is going on So if you are trading Damian Lillard Portland Treblazer fans, you're getting back Ricky Rubio Miquel Bridges smiley Jordan pool the second overall pick the 2022 first round pick top three protected from Phoenix and a 2024 first round pick unprotected from Phoenix Um The only way you trade Damian Lillard is if you walked into the office and say, okay, I'm done Right. That's the only reason you would trade him and if you are trading him Sure, you don't get the star player in return that you would probably want but this is a rebuild You get Ricky Rubio who's older, but he'll be off contract very soon You get Miquel Bridges who in the bubble we saw that he is a really viable 3 and D option and I think he's only 23 24 years old you get smiley who was killing the G-league I'm just gonna I'm just trying to talk you into everything smiley was killing the G-league Jordan pool, I still don't have an opinion all just yet.  It's just not the number two I Think the Phoenix Suns do the straight again. They've been wanting to make the playoffs You saw they went they were 8-0, but then again, you're probably like, hey, we just want to wait 8-0 Do you want to trade Miquel? Do you want to trade Ricky Rubio these guys yourself? Let's go 8-0 in the bubble But it's Damian Lillard.  Problem trouble is fans again This is only if Damian Lillard walks in to say I won out you get the second overall pick You get some young pieces and then more picks and then the Warriors get another wing that they can they can add Onto the rotation who could run some four back of four or four spot If you want to go small with Dreymon at the five and wigs and clay and stuff, and then you whoever you get that 10th overall pick I Can say so far these three team trades ain't terrible. I've seen some really bad three teams trade trades, especially uh Especially on Twitter next Milwaukee moves All in Minnesota adds a star and Houston resets Okay, Milwaukee Bucks get James Harden You got to show me what okay Houston getting Jericho over a top 7 the was he number five pick last year in that realm Didn't look great as Ricky season, but he was a rookie Dante DeVincenzo DJ Wilson James Johnson in the first overall pick and the 24th overall pick and a another pick That's top three protected from Milwaukee. That could be interesting. I'm saying it could be an instant pick Minnesota Tracy first overall pick and get back Chris Middleton in a second Same thing like I said any other article or the other trade up here This is if James Harden walks is like okay less. I don't want to be here anymore, right? That's the only way you trade James Harden at least I think I thought there's gonna be a trade dealing with Philly I did not see this happening the Milwaukee Bucks getting James Harden will be ridiculous But if you are trading James Harden, you get the first overall pick and again, this is a draft class. It's not stark power There's no guaranteed job. There's no guarantees. I I like last year, but the first overall pick can get you something great, of course Jerk over some of these guys may be not amazing This this is I I guess again if James Harden wants out Men Minnesota I think it would be hard to convince the Minnesota fans to trade the first overall pick for Chris Middleton Even though I don't know if there's a person in this draft class that will ever peek at the point of Chris Middleton and Minnesota fans want to make the playoffs, right? Chris Middleton would help you make the playoffs. I'm being honest with you The Angela Russell Chris Middleton and Kat will help you make the playoffs But it's gonna be hard to convince the fans that we're trading the first overall pick for Chris Middleton That's it. There was another article that I had and It's also star related. Let's go back full-screen Trades to rescue ringless star like NBA's ringless stars. I don't know how many there is in this one There's five. There's five of them and we've already gone 12 minutes on the other one This won't go 12 minutes. I don't think but this one's from today. Here we go We go bear to Boston. We've already talked about really go bear and why maybe you don't want to trade for him But let's talk about why you might want to in this trade You got really go bear and Davis and George's in the Yang for Gordon Hey, we're Daniel Tyson Gordon didn't go in here for your booed after he left Gordon Hey, we're Daniel Tyson 14th overall pick Boston the reason you would potentially do this deal is of course as bad as I've mentioned You know, you happen to be the team to pay him. You'd also have to pay Jason Tatum coming up He raises your ceiling as a championship quality team. It is a fact and As long as you have a coach that is willing to sit him when he is not being good, then you're fine and Brassie this can be that guy Brassie this can be that guy This definitely raises your ceiling Again, yeah the money the money the money you touch as fans I don't know how you feel about bringing back Gordon Hey, we're Daniel Tyson the 14th overall pick for your all NBA Center next Chris Potter Milwaukee We don't have to talk about this. This trade has popped up a thousand times every blitz. Oh Every side of yourself and I said even this we just trades popped up a thousand times. I do this trade cool Yannis Lillard get a new run hold on Yannis and Lillard get new running mates. Okay. This is weird Bradley Beal goes to Milwaukee Chris Middleton goes to Portland and Washington gets CJ Anthony Simons Naslittle 1624 and another pick that's top three protected Okay Trailblazer fans How do you feel about trading CJ and a lot of pieces by the way, you're not just trading CJ You trade in Anthony Simon's who I still believe the Anthony Simon's gonna have a very a decent NBA career You trade in Naslittle who I didn't see enough of to have an opinion on you trade in your pick And you're trading another pick to upgrade from CJ to Chris Middleton Chris Middleton is a better player at this point on both sides of the floor I think I can say that and not get crucified in the comments section But I see that much of an upgrade that you're willing to throw this big package at Probably not this this he raised your ceiling more than CJ probably so but as you raise your ceiling to a championship team probably not On the other hand Bradley be able to be exactly what a team like the Portland I mean a team like the Milwaukee Bucks could need because let's let's be honest, bro That 30 is not a fluke You know that 30 is not a fluke that guy actually he's just built like that Paul George to Brooklyn. Okay Carousel vs. Mississippi and Jared out 19th overall pick. I mean if you're gonna trade Paul George This is not a bit. This is not a bad return for Paul George. Honestly, it's not it wouldn't be a bad return for Paul George Carousel we already talked about, you know, how he showed sides of being very very good and he can play on ball special then would he shot to special then would he Very solid Jared Allen.  I Don't hate this. I wouldn't hate this credit if I'm the Clippers if you're looking to get off Paul George at this point before it becomes a free agent next season not a bad return and for the Brooklyn That's we know Paul George is ceiling We know he's ceiling and in this situation you wouldn't have to rely on him to be your second best player He'd be your third best player Right. Yeah, we can we can say that. Yeah, he'd be a third best player And then lastly we have James Harden to Philly. This is Detroit I thought it was gonna be in the first article James Harden for Ben Simmons Mike Skye's out your Smith in a 21 I think it's an interesting little thing. I think it'd be interesting. Honestly, I think it'd be very very interesting. I Would love to see the Houston Rockets have been Simmons with the shooters around him And I would love to see Philly have a guy like Joel and B It's been a long time since we've seen James Harden and like a flowy good offense It's just kind of like give me the ball on my nicely I would love to see him in a flowy moving off the ball type offense and it's been a minute So he'd probably have to relearn how to run off screens, but It's interesting straight. That's it. You enjoyed the video leave it a like let me know what you think about these trades I'm sure your team may have got hit So let me know what you think about the trades that it was associated with your team leave it like subscribe. I'm out Peace


The president and leader of the Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria, Ash Bishab Panti-Flebers-Mosa, highlights conflict and insecurity, the climate crisis, and a shrinking civic space as issues affecting the country. Flebers asks the federal government to intensify its effort in tackling insecurity in the country. Deep seated divisions witnessed in our country during and after the 2023 general elections are unprecedented. We have witnessed bitterness and people turning against each other. And the Church is not immune to these ugly developments. Now, more than ever, it is crucial for us to stand united as one body and not let our ethnic, political, and cultural differences negatively affect us. Our unity is our strength, and by embracing it, we can effectively address the pressing issues before us.


From Hollywood the CBS radio workshop dedicated to man's imagination the theater of the mind On college campuses across the nation from Bowdoin in Maine to Occidental in California this Indian summer afternoon the freshman class is anxiously settling down to the first of its bright college years for them we have a story it is a tender legend of the Yale of yesteryear young man written by Sinclair Lewis Yale class of 1907 and dramatized for the workshop and directed by William N. Robeson class of 1928 narrated by John Hoysrott class of 1926 at most particularly dedicated to the Yale class of 1961 young man Axel Brogd it was a September afternoon in one of the years between the two world wars the great elms of the old campus war the last of summer's greenery the warm sun caressed the gothic crag of harkness and spread a golden sheen on the weathered bricks of Connecticut Hall before which Nathan Hale class of 1773 forever stands in bronze despairing that he has but one life to give for his country into this timeless scene through the entry between Osborne and Vanderbilt Halls strode in a necronistic figure a rugged white bearded old man wearing a neatly pressed black broadclothed suit and celluloid collar Knut Axel Brod retired Minnesota farmer a man with a destination the office of the Dean of Yale College come in excuse me you are the Dean of the college yes I am Knut Axel Brod yes mr. Axel Brod what can I do for you I am here about the entering college see and where is the young man the young man yes your son or perhaps your grandson oh no sir it's me it is I you well I must say this is rather irregular no sir everything is regular I pass all the examinations it wasn't easy but I pass yes yes so I see yes here's your name Knut Axel Brod yeah that's me everything seems to be in order but mr. Axel Brod yeah please pardon me for saying this but you are not well not exactly the usual age of our beginning students oh yeah I know but what well there's a fellow said once youth is so wonderful it is a shame it must be wasted under very young but I feel still young oh yes yes I'm sure you do but I'm still curious about what Dean why Yale why did you want to come to Yale well how could I say that yeah all my life I work hard I farm my land I raise my family I get up with the son I go to bed with the son and always I say that is not enough always I say Knut you are a dummy I say what good is a man without education and then when my last son is grown man I quit I give him the farm and I say Knut now you can get the education so I read all day long I read sometimes after night I read almost all the books in the public library back home in your element then one day I read the book about Yale and I say by golly I got to go there and and learn some more what book did you read Stover at Yale yes but mr. Axel Brod you understand that Yale has changed a lot since that book was written Yale is Yale I believe that oh so do I sir but Yale is for well what I mean to say is what you mean to say is maybe Yale is for the learning of beauty yes yes I suppose that is what I meant to say and so Knut Axel Brod was duly registered as a freshman in Yale College and assigned a room not in Berkeley over where the cream boys of the prep school cliques lulled in comparative luxury but in a grubby frame building far down high street where were large the unplaced freshman the scrub seniors and assorted grinds and self-help students here he met his roommate Ray Gribble come in the doors open are you mr. Gribble yeah I am mr. Axel Brod and whatever you're selling I don't want any oh but I'm not selling anything I am your new roommate you're what your roommate who said so the fella at the registrar's office he said to come here roommate team and he say my roommate will be mr. Gribble well beggars can't be choosers please and nothing you can have that bed over in the corner got a couple of broken springs I'm afraid you know how it is first come first served oh sure sure thank you mr. Gribble Knut Axel Brod set out to savor the college he had learned from a book he sat on the Yale fence in what he felt was an appropriate pose not knowing that this was no longer done not realizing why the undergraduates snickered as they passed he went out to Yale field to watch the football tryouts but when he tried to get acquainted with the beefy candidates they clearly indicated they thought he was crazy everywhere his warm overtures of friendship were met with the cruel cold disinterest of youth he was not a campus character he was the class freak it was brilliant and the slide he told us that guy and gimbal in the wave all mimsy where they bore a grove hey Axel Brod pipe down I got a math assignment to finish oh I'm sorry Gribble you know but this this book by golly it is so funny what book Allison Wonderland Allison what is that your English assignment don't know well and why are you wasting your time on it it's funny by golly I don't understand you Axel Brod I just don't understand you why I'm a simple fellow well it strikes me a man of your years ought to be thinking about saving his soul instead of reading children's books oh I don't think Allison Wonderland is very much for children it says some pretty deep things in the funny way rubbish and my soul's in pretty good hands I go to chapel every morning it's compulsory Axel Brod what is your purpose in life what do you hope to get out of Yale I can't say it very well but there was a fellow once maybe said it better he said truth is beauty and beauty truth that's all you know on earth and all you need to know you try to buy a meal with truth and try paying the rent with beauty the same fella said a thing of beauty is a joy forever its loveliness increases it will never pass into nothingness yes but remember longfellow's exhortation and let us then be up and doing with a heart for any fate still achieving still pursuing learn to labor yeah but another fella said the world is too much with us late and soon getting and spending we lay waste our powers oh you are a hopeless romantic Axel Brod and I doubt if you will ever amount to a hill of beans hi Gribble hi Atchison well well how's old man Axel Brod tonight good evening Atchison I think our bearded wonders in his second childhood I just caught him reading Allison Wonderland you do better to work I'm at English assignment for tomorrow that merchant of Venice I can't make head and a tail out of Shakespeare the quality of mercy is not strained it dropeth like a gentle rain from heaven it is twice blessed it blessed him that gives you know it by heart I learned it a long time ago yeah but do you know what it means I think so that beats me listen what is that the whiffing poofs over at Maurice whiffing poofs what is with them poofs a whiffing poof is an undergraduate with a rich father in a so-called singing voice he's got nothing to worry about he can afford to hang around Maury's and drink beer and sing every night his old man pays the bills he doesn't have to work for his education the way fellows like Atchison and I do but if it weren't for us they never get through college we wait tables for them we tutor them I think it's not so bad to enjoy life when you're young there is such a long long time afterwards when there is nothing but work I say the time to learn proper work habits is when you're young yeah that's right Gribble these rich kids couldn't get their first base without their old man's money behind them take Washburn for instance no don't talk to me about Washburn oh what's the method with Washburn is he a whiffing poof not even that he doesn't do anything he's a disgrace to the class media doesn't go out for anything yeah he claims he's a poet but he doesn't even heal the lid he's a bloody snob he seems like a nice young fella how would you know you ever talk to him no but I seen him in class when he cuts most of him well that's one consolation he'll probably flunk out at midterm no not him he gets on the Dean's list his old man will throw the university another million-dollar endowment that's the way these bright boys get through you know what you fennel sound like what a bunch of hired hands talking behind the barn at harvest time what's that mean they don't own the farm they don't like the farmer and they can be replaced anytime look here Axel brought I don't think I like that remorse all be quiet little boy and listen to the written poofs earth is earth wherever one walks upon it be at Camelot or Minnesota or on the Yale campus possibly even in the Harvard yard the building ceased to be temples to Knut Axel brought they became structures of brick and stone many of them beautiful some of them excessively ugly the young men ceased to be young gods but individuals many of them pleasant hedonists some of them excessively rude even the professors ceased to resemble that are day Socrates and so gentlemen there was no doubt in the mind of the mystic leads he and only he was certain of the meaning of the oracles words your safety lies in wooden walls well then what she said what could she say considering the circumstances one of the professors don't pipe down whiskers maybe I pipe you down anytime pop anytime that is all good day gentlemen say professor yes Axel brought I'd like to speak to you one minute yes what is it you a fine fellow professor I'd like to hear what you say well thank you and I'm pretty strong fellow and I do something for you what are you driving at but these fellas in the class they don't pay attention you just call on me I spank the son of a guns for you thanks so much Axel brought but I don't fancy that will be necessary after all they're not schoolboys they're young gentlemen well then why don't they act like it speaking of behavior Axel brought there's something I've been wanting to mention to you oh yes professor I do wish you wouldn't show off so much when I call upon you during quizzes show off yes you answer at such needless length and you smile as though you find something highly amusing about me oh no professor no I don't know I smile if I do I I guess it's just because I am so glad when my stupid old head gets the lesson good yes well that must be very gratifying I'm sure but in the future let's be more careful shall we hmm yes sir good day Axel brought down from the Harkness Tower floated the chimes of noon unheeded by the busy undergraduates piling out of classes Chris crossing the campus as they dashed for eating clubs and fraternity houses but not unheeded by the old man with bowed head and no place to go and no one to go with going home the chimes sang to Knut Axel brought going home and before his misty eyes the flaring red and orange of the autumn trees and the yellowing ivy covered walls seemed to give way to the rolling gray stubble of his Minnesota farm he had to get away from the campus from the students he had to get away by himself somewhere anywhere where he would not be reminded how alone he was he walked slowly out Whitney Avenue toward the butte-like hill of East Rock and they're sitting atop the rock at last he found a friend that's quite a view isn't it Axel brought mm-hmm oh I'm sorry I startled you oh no that's all right you're washburn aren't you that's right I don't think we ever met officially but I know who you were of course yeah I guess everybody knows who I am mind if I share the bench with you no no go ahead yeah you're cutting classes too yeah today I cut classes you know Axel brought I'm glad they're running to you you are why well I've been thinking quite a lot about you lately and it seems to me we have a lot in common you and me mm-hmm where the class scantles you know we came here to dream if these busy little goats like Atchison and giblets or whatever your roommates name is think we're fools not to buck for grades I guess you're right now that they are so serious about everything grades the football team burning their way they never laugh or sometimes I think they are older than me exactly that is a pretty book you have there oh this is the poems of Alfred do must say you like to look at it yeah I never see such a book that there is so soft printing is in gold it's a foreign book I can't read that but you know that is the kind of book I always wanted to hold in my hands would you like to hear a little of it yeah yeah please Salivre toute ma jeunesse je l'ai fait sans presse qui sont j'ai les pareils je le confesse et j'aurais pu le corriger by godly that is pretty well it means no I don't care what it means it is like music like music I never heard before music must say that reminds me shernstein is playing lalo tonight oh I thought the game was tomorrow oh no no no shernstein is a violinist lalo is a composer I've got a couple of tickets now maybe you'd like to go with me oh sure I like to hear fellow play fiddle you know we got the fellow back home early Hansen he can play turkey in the straw faster than anyone in cottonwood county shernstein isn't exactly that kind of fiddler but I think you might enjoy it sure I will buy golly this was fiddling such as can do to never dreamed of this was more than music to the old man it was beauty beyond bearing the rapier flashes of the violin tore jagged wounds in his soul and in the next phrase soothed them bowled them and healed them with the heavenly unguent of melody clute did not listen he felt the music submerged himself in it and sank slowly into its all enveloping on long after the last note died away the music played on includes memory as he sat in the room of his new friend having a midnight snack there we are teas brewed nicely sugar lemon freight I have no queen just tea please right I'll do try some of this party before God what's that you try it you'll like it thank you what do you call it party before God that tastes like the liver sausage we got back home well yes I suppose it does that well that's what it is really it's goose liver oh well then why don't they call it goose liver well you see that's the French name aha you've you've been to France oh yes a matter of fact I spent all last year in Paris you did yes but what is it like Paris well it's women are the most beautiful in the world it's men the wisest it's food the finest it's boulevards the grandest and it's monuments the most well monumental Paris is beauty and maybe it's a good thing I never go there why well that's the way I thought about Yale before I come here oh well yes I I guess beauty is in the eye of the beholder yeah maybe you see different things when you are an old man oh come on now now you're not an old man that's what they call me old man Axel broad nonsense to me a young man Axel broad I am why certainly people like you and I don't go the talk went on and on good talk of books and philosophy and beauty the talk Knute Axel broad had thirsted for all his life but at last the fire had burned to ashes the candles were guttering in the window was a gray rectangle of twilight dawn look by gully's daylight so it is well I go to bed now I think well I suppose that's about all that's left to do I I don't have the right words maybe but I want to say thanks thanks for what for this night I think this night is what I came to college for this one night well we must do it again sometime real soon yeah we do that well I well look here newt take this will you put the pretty little poetry book yes but no I want you to have it please thank you thank you but life cannot be only good talk before a crackling fire dawn comes cold dawn comes gray dawn brings reality as Knute Axel broad walked across the morning empty campus he knew what he must do age and youth they just don't mix this beautiful place belongs to the young man not to me and that boy if I saw him again it would not be the same I tell him all I got to say tonight next time I wouldn't be young man Axel broad I'd just be an old bore I live 65 years for tonight it was worth it that afternoon in the day coach of a westbound train an old man sat smiling a look of great content in his eyes and in his hands a small book in French though the curious fact is that this old man couldn't read one single word of French you have listened to the CBS radio workshop production of young man Axel broad by Sinclair Lewis adapted for radio and directed and produced by William and Robeson John Hoyt was the narrator Carl Swenson played young man Axel broad and others in the cast included John Daner Dick Crenna Jackie Kelk then Wright and Frank McDonald the chorus was under the direction of a marigomarino with this program we conclude the current series of workshop productions we wish to thank the many many loyal listeners whose constructive and intelligent letters have encouraged inspired and directed our efforts in presenting plays in the theater of your mind we look forward to resuming this rewarding task in the not too distant future until then thanks and goodbye this is the CBS radio network


I like that tea. I'm shy. Hey, welcome back to our Jupiter eggs. Did you get some Corbin? I'm stopping. That's me. She's beautiful. And you can follow us on Instagram and Twitter. No. More juicy content. She's much better than Rick. And they brought us some patron and follow us on Twitter account. And our little baby is sleeping or hopefully sleeping. Hopefully he'll stay asleep. In the process of sleeping, but new trailers dropped and we got to get to him. Rick still quit the channel. He's still really mad about something. I don't know. Go check out his channel. But a trailer dropped. I think it was just a day or two ago with Tapsi Panu. Do you know who Tapsi Panu is? Have you seen anything with Tapsi Panu? I don't know. The name sounds familiar though. Did you see Pink? No, I wanted to watch it without me. A way to put me on blast here. You didn't see Badla. You didn't see... No. Yeah, I don't think you've seen anything she's in. She's really good. One of her favorite. You've probably heard her in the song. We've said her name a lot. We like her a lot. But the synopsis of this film called Thapt. Sounds like something. Thapt.  Oh yeah, okay, I was right. Slaps her once in a party. But in one slap is enough to question what a relationship stands for. Oh, nice. It stands for leave him now, Tapsi. That's a synopsis. I wonder if it's based off a true story. I guess we will see. Here we go. Section 9, restitution, conjugal rights. You have a legal notice to take you home. I don't want to go. What's the real story? Is family? No. Is that a real affair? No. Do you have a real affair? No. So, just one slap, then? Just a slap? Okay. I won't do it. I won't do it. I won't do it. I want to sleep. Wait for a while. I'll sleep. I don't sleep at all. I just don't believe that I'm going to sleep in the company. I'm not going to sleep.  It happens. Movie could move on. You were such an emotional investor in a company. You could not move on. You have lost your life with me. How can I move on? I don't love you. I'll divorce you. Let it go, son. You should be a bit more patient. Every relationship is a lord. You have to keep it a secret. If you want to keep it a secret, it means it's broken. Sister, he's got it back again. But I've thought about it yesterday. No one has ever given us a chance. Where will you go? We don't take any effort to make a relationship. We don't take any effort to make a relationship. What should I do? There's no need for more questions. It's a work. Nice. You should give him a chance. Imagine how embarrassed he already is. He's the one who has the most losses. He's the one who has to pay for the divorce. You're doing it wrong. We always think the right way. And many times, the result of doing the right thing is happiness. I'm not a big fan of love, sir. We have eye-witnessed a testimony that there was no violent document in the night party. The next petition is to say that I'm a drunkard, mad and depressive because I'm feeling incomplete right now. You still don't want to play, sir? He killed me. I couldn't kill him for the first time. It's just a matter of time. And my petition is just a matter of time. What happened with that shock? With that shock, all the unnecessary things got stuck in my heart that I was about to move on. Strong feelings. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's, it is... I feel like you... I could tell you what Rick's reaction would be. You don't hit women, which is a good reaction to have. I feel like he would have strong feelings and if you guys want us to, when he's back on the channel and stops quitting, he could come back and give his reaction. But it is interesting that this is a film in India because that is a bigger problem. Well, not that not domestic abuse. It's huge here. But the fact that they would make a movie about it, that would show kind of a two-side argument. But in America, you wouldn't get this argument.  And I think, I don't know if that film would be made here in America because everyone would be like, yeah, that's horrible. What's his side to this, what? But it's not a story that's only pertaining to India because this happens every day in millions of relationships around the world. And I like Tapsi a lot because she liked Aishwarya Karana who was in Article 15, the main guy. He often picks his projects based off of social messages and what he will message you. And he wants to still change, kind of like the pika with the acid. But what did you think? I think every woman deserves love and respect. Do you think she should stay with him after she's released after? That is a completely different. I don't think so. Completely different question and conversation. I don't think women should, but more often than not, they do, because they'll fall into that whole like, like he was saying, it was just a one-time thing, it happens, things happen, you lose control, blah, blah. And they'll fall into that because, oh yes, you love them and it just happened. But more often than not, that one is a gateway to... Oh, great line that she said at the end, she's like, you know what, that slapped it and showed me all the things that I've been ignoring that you do. That's a fantastic line. Totally. And I think that it's super controversial because that is the thing. So many women will just bow out and like, it just happened. But... Yeah, they'll bow out because they're like, I love him. And they don't want their, they don't wanna give up on everything they've built in that relationship. Yeah, exactly. Like I've invested so much time and energy, how could I just walk away from this one? Or should they have a kid? Did she have a kid? I don't, it looked like it in one scene, but I don't know if it was hers. Yeah, especially if they have a kid. They're like, oh, we gotta stay together for the kids. But the, I don't know, the fact that it was done at a party in front of all of these people and then his retort is he's already so embarrassed. Like, you should be embarrassed. Yeah, I'm betting that's where it would be a different film in India than it would be in America because a lot of men will feel certain.  And, you know, obviously it's sad that some men think that way. No, man, of course. But that's why, that wouldn't happen. If he's left a woman in public, that's even worse. I know. I'm like, did nobody at the party have a problem with this? Yeah, and so I think that's one of the things that Tapsy probably wanted to get across was that this is a big issue that we need to address and we need to better society. You just, you can't do that. That's not something you can do. You shouldn't, violence shouldn't be a thing in a relationship. No, no. But either way. No, but that's the thing is like love, there's no violence in love. Love is pure. But love is violent. No. Okay. I want it to be the devil's advocate here. Love is a pure feeling. You can't have, which is so beautiful that she said, I don't love you because there's no place for that type of a relationship in love. It's, that's, they're two, they're oxymorons. You can't love and hurt. And it is, that is exciting that it's this director, I don't know if you know how to pronounce his name. I don't. Okay. I'm, I'm, do Bob, fun. Bob, I knew Bob. I don't know. But he was the director of Article 15, which we both saw and it was fantastic. Love that film. But he also did Malk, which we haven't seen, but I've, it's, I heard it's a very controversial film. So this guy likes to do controversial stuff with sultry messages is what, is what it looks like. And that's, that's great. I like that. I like films that make you question certain things and make people actually have conversation and also try to do better. Their society that they're in. And also I love Tapsi Panus. She's one of my favorite actresses in India. And doesn't, I can't, I don't recognize, it looks like there's a person in Bistrami Mastanani that we saw, Tamasha, that I don't know who she was and Tamasha, do you? I don't. Yeah, I don't, I don't either. But, looks good. Let us know if she did what I have to come in this case to be here. Whoa. I know. Let us know what you thought in the comment section below. The baby's waking up. Hi, baby.