Hey everybody, it's Eric Johnson and in today's video we are going to look at something that you can probably relate to. This is a video for young throwers and coaches when you're coaching an athlete that is super active with the upper body. By that I mean they're too active, they're opening up, they're leading the throw and what they're doing is is they're losing all of the power and sling that we would want to get in the discus. Now you can do the same thing in the shot but in this particular case working with the young athlete she actually moves pretty well but she's so active with the upper body that the sequence is totally out and this is going to be a longer process to correct so it's one of these things that just takes patience and time and it will get a lot better but you have to be focusing on it. So we're going to take you inside a training session so hopefully you enjoy and can relate and find some value so check it out.  Stop right there so see what you're doing there's no angle on your lower body up lower body stays here and you're doing this you're not moving everything like this that's the position you're supposed to be in closer getting center of mass and dropping on it is very different than starting here and pushing here okay they look the same they're not so set it yep okay put it down yeah see wait wait see how you're bending over I wind there's no bending I wind because in the throw I would come here and I would come to this point you see that and I'd be pulling here wait see that no no no stretch this open your left foot now you see how the difference in your lower body is you're doing see where your shoulders are so watch this is what you've been doing you're not creating tension that was closer okay so why that's going to be bad and you're going to screw up your back you think throwing is this now look where my hips are there's no way you can get your hip ahead of that you need to stop your arm here throw wind okay you see what you're doing this look where your shoulders are this is where you're at your chest is never over here look at the difference that's freaking massive do you see that so now bend your knee open this leg oh your knees and your hips moving into the throw now look oh yeah go go go go go go now see how your shoulder is coming up arm here stop do not move it this moves everything okay keep turning that's what you're not doing smooth that's better push your hips back feel how you're loaded now you can push and pull pull it so that was better okay so you're so used to pulling this shoulder that's a nightmare problem see how see this is this is the thing i got to get you out of you have your arm basically like this you're by default pulling your shoulder back so you've got to keep your arm stretched not do you feel the difference this is this is little stuff like this is what people miss it was a little better but you did the the wind up is incorrect that was a better one look at the difference look at the difference so much better feels much better right


All right, here we go. Welcome to another video. I've got a new tent. I've got a new tent We're gonna do We're taking a look at the brand new Cedar Summit Alto We're taking a look at the brand new Cedar Summit We're taking a look at the brand new Cedar So I've got a new tent the Cedar Summit Alto TR2 Two years in the making from Cedar Summit. It's their first Foray into the world of tents. I was just looking for a new tent. The reason being is that it's a hilly burg is It's the Rolls Royce. It's lovely, but I feel like it's just there's too many people who have it now. I feel like you don't If you're into wild camping there are certain scenes in wild camping that if you don't have a hilly burg You're not, you know, you don't know what you're on about or you're not you've not reached that pinnacle and I think it's nonsense really. So I'm just trying to book the trend and I wanted to just I Didn't want to just be another sand-colored hilly burg On the side of a mountain. I wanted to look for something a little bit different And so I set out looking for a two-man tent and after a lot of research I found this the Cedar Summit Alto TR2 This is how it came in two parts Pretty nifty I've had it out. I've had it. I've put it up and had a bit of a look round it and and tested it out a little bit I've not done any overnighters in it Looking forward to doing some overnighters in it I'm just gonna set it up here in the garden and show you some of the some of the cool features because it has got some Amazing features. Look how it comes Comes in this fancy bag With these clips on and you can undo the clips so you undo the clips and it comes into three pit three parts there The fly the inner and then the poles so you can Distribute the weight about yourself perfect for bike packing or if you're going camping with your friend or your partner or both You can one each so there's not a lot of weight to it all I will put the specs on screen and I'll put all the information down below. I Just want to say that before I get into it. This isn't a sponsored video I've not been paid to to use this tent. I bought it out my own money because I Like the look of it and I want some a little bit different So yeah comes in two parts and this turns into something a little bit snazzy I'll do the stuff sacks for the for the outer and the inner which we'll have a look at it's got all the Instructions there on the bag so you don't get caught out it comes with this fancy guide It gives you all the information how to set up the different formations and the little the little tricks and tips that you Can do with it, which is it's got some cool little features, which I'll show you there's a few things that I found a Bit niggly. It's a tough one to set up, but we'll have a look I'm excited. I'm excited to have a new tent. We're not far off being able to use it either We'll keep that for later. I'll show you what that does later on. It's pretty cool My concern with a pitch inner first is that if you if it's if it's pissing it down with rain You don't want to get the inner wet like a lot of the MSR That's what steered me away from the MSR tents but with this one you can set it up fly first and then set everything up inside it and Similarly when you when you're packing it down, you can pack everything away keep the fly up and then pop the fly away Smells new smells new Peg bag there with a little pocket on the front of it which has Some extra guys in there Repair kit with instructions Cool. It was pretty bonkers putting it up Because I've not I've not been flummoxed, but I've not been flummoxed with a tent For many many years it reminds me of when you first start camping you like what where's that girl what they plug that into what I'd no idea mate, so Be warned is it's a tricky one to get your nogging round at first But like with everything practice makes perfect these are all attached So it's really easy just to Clip them all in place two at one side one at the other Yeah, shotgun someone's having a shoot and there you go. It looks pretty bonkers, right? That didn't even go that way that you'd think that goes that way to curve it over, but it doesn't It goes this way Which helps to create these vertical walls which give you loads more room inside You see this this goes that way up and Then there's a green tab and that just slides nicely on there These have got little hooks on the edge for these loops to go over and then similarly to Like the helm to and the hilly bug it has these clips so you can clip the inner to the poles Just not as many of them as the hilly bug. I like to which is good. Look at that mate already. You can see So this is the stargazer mode so you can have it like this Really steep walls on either side because of this This pole it's like inverted to create this Perfectly straight flat side bit, which is excellent. So these bits now these reinforced bits with the loops on one with the green loop on one side and one with gray So, you know, which way around it goes because this this attachment is gray and the other one is green So you're not getting it backwards. So these go on first. I'll let you have a closer look. So these reinforced Reinforced bits go over over and onto their like that So this is all in with one peg and then the fly has this Which can either Fasten on there like that or if you don't want that inner it can just go straight around the pole as well You can cinch it all up Let's get in there. Let's get in. They are YKK zips. So they are good quality You've got the one zip there, and then you've got another zip from the top Velcro as well So this is the one of the just one of the negative points for me Is this tie-off point? It's not elasticated which is a bugbearer man and Because of the nature of the material it's quite slidey so that with a bit of wind And what see all that just falls down Like that. So it's kind of It ends up being pointless really when it's a When it's a bit windy so I found toggles feel really nice Like a boomerang shaped toggle now the inner is elasticated, which is good Just keeps on a bit a little bit better and because this is the mesh isn't as slippy so it doesn't tend to fall away You can open both sides as well And it is a dual-entrance tensor For you and your partner you're not gonna work each other up when you're going for a slash in pink socks You coming in come on Come on in so what it does have is that vertical wall so that you can you'll be able to sit where you where you make Like that side by side and staring to each other's eyes while you have your hot noodle or whatever It feels nice. There's loads of tie-off points in here. You can get a gear loft separately for it But what I'll do. I think I'll just put some dyneema cord on just some it to chuck me get out man. Just Danielson just something to chuck my socks over and stuff sir Yeah, I think the gear loft is about 20 quid and you can get footprints You can get a footprint a smaller footprint just for the bathtub or you can get a larger one Which covers the vestibule area as well Which is what I've gone for this turns into a light bar What's a light bar mate? Hey There's no such thing as a daft question mate. Don't you worry about it because I'll be honest I didn't know what a light bar was but has these little studs on there which you can Stood on Come on light bar. Don't let me down in front of lads And so you put your headlamps and torches in there and this light will diffuse the light so you get a nicer light all Through your tent. We have the long pocket to either side Any room to chuck your stuff in but check this out Again, you've got your studs on here. Tell me this isn't a great feature So not only do you have the one at the side, but you've got this as an extra storage bag It's got a little bit on the front there to put your whatever's in and your whatever's in there as well I don't think it'd be Let me go on this side Like you're gonna struggle to get two air beds in here It'll be a very tight squeeze for two of you But for one person, I mean you could get two here in there if you're going ultra light But for one person it is perfect. It feels good. It feels roomy. You've got loads of options You've got the fly only mode. You've got the inner only you can do the hangout mode Which is where you use your hiking poles or some sticks and you can create a nice little Shelter from the rain where you can hang out with your friends and as I say you've got you can roll the fly up so you can have it For fully dry you can have it a partial fly mode There's lots of different modes you can have. I'll be honest when I first set it up I didn't like it. Well, I did like it, but it frustrated me because they didn't know how to set it up That was just more frustrating than anything else I think it's gonna get a lot of getting used to setting it up and the different ways of setting it up Yeah, little pink socks on me. Oh, what? Not long now until I can take it up the top mountains Right, let's go inside for some final thoughts Testing testing division two football red x-boy band footballer My first impressions. I say I've put it up a couple of times the first time was It was a bit of a nogging scratcher because normally I get a tent and I won't even need to look at instructions I because they often are similar in ways to put up so it's sort of easy But this one was a bit of a nogging scratcher at first especially with the multiple ways to set it up I love the features. I love that you can use the bags as Storage and the pole bag as a light diffuser. I love that you can do the shared carry or just Place it around your pack to even the distribute the weight if you need to especially with bike packing That'd be quite handy the way that the ridge Goes up on the outside and creates these vertical walls. It gives a really It gives a feeling of space when you're in there like nothing I've had in a tent before because normally you have that curved Curved roof, but it's sort of straight up so you can have a couple of you sat there quite happily and the versatility of it as well There's so many different things you can do having the the fly sheet partially rolled up So that you can check out the stars and then get back out if you can even go to sleep with it And if you feel a bit of rain you can get back out And it's really easy just to chuck the fly back over and attach it back to the to the attachment points and it's not until I get out and do multi-day hikes with it and get used to setting it up and taking it down On multi-day hikes, and then maybe I'll take it on a long distance hike Maybe it'll take over the Lanshan 2 as my as my lightweight backpacking tent because It feels like it's good quality when you're in there. It's it feels Light but sturdy. It doesn't feel as sturdy as the hillyberg. There's something about hillyberg that it's it's robust but you pay for that in the weight of the thing because Especially when we're coming up to finer weather the the hillybergs are really quite heavy So the alak-2 is like carrying Danny DeVito on my back wherever I want to you know up to top of a mountain and so I can only do one night So this tent is perfect for summer multi-day trips And when I just want that little bit of extra room as well. I've got the TR-2 it comes in a TR-2 plus as well, so like with the the four-season hillyberg tents or like with any four-season tent it doesn't have mesh and it has more of a cotton vibe to it to keep the warmth in and that You'll be able to push it into four seasons with that But then you're gaining a little bit of weight so it's it's what you want it for really and they do an Altro TR-1 and the TR-1 plus which is the one-man version that looks really good and for you ultra light backpackers That saves a bit of weight as well. I Went for the tube because I like to have a little bit of room and you never know if you might have someone coming with you at some point so You just covered more options for me having the two person tent and then they do the telos Which is the telos TR-2 and the telos TR-3 even with this one and that's a self-standing tent again it weighs more but It all depends on what you want it for I guess so you make your own mind up and that's it first impressions I love it. I love all the extra features. I love all the little the bells and whistles But are they just bells and whistles and how does it perform in driving rain? How does it perform setting it up and taking it down on multi-days when it's wet? Who knows stick around to find out because I'll be using it a lot in the coming months Yeah, the price is not a cheap tent. It's not a budget tent. It was four hundred and thirty pounds for the TR-2 it falls Into the more expensive category like your MSRs and your your big Agnes is and Not so much your hillyburgs there on another level out there, but yes, I'd say it was a It was it's in that the upper end of the price spectrum And that's it We're gonna be allowed out soon to be able to test all our new tents I'm sure everybody's been buying tents and buying bits and pieces to where to use once we're allowed out the gates And I look forward to it. We're over the hump now out. We're in our sender lockdown. It's you know I feel for the people that it's taking a toll on and You know just because if you haven't felt it personally, it doesn't mean other people are struggling So as I've always said just be understanding me just be a little bit more Compassionate and more considerate in these current times and look after yourselves. There's always it starts with yourself Look after yourself then you can maybe look after other people as well Absolute you all my fellow human beings right look after yourselves, and I'll see you all soon Goodbye


I want to remind everybody that in order to participate, please raise your hand from Zoom or press star nine. You can also use the q&a function at the bottom of your zoom screen to put your questions in. So I want to welcome town Amherstown clerk, Shavina Martin to our chat today. As well as your town manager Paul Bachman, Shavina is in the throws of election, but also is the co chair for the Amherst Complete Count Committee with myself and doing a lot of work around that. So before we launch into q&a I'm going to give Paul the chance to offer any updates he might have. Sure, thanks Brianna. So there are two things that we're really focused on this week one is the FY 21 budget, which is going through the finance committee at this point their finance committee will have about three times on the budget this week alone. Their goal is to make a recommendation to the town council so the town council can consider the budget on Monday, July 20. There's interest in this budget more than I've ever seen, and a lot of comments and public comments which has been very engaging. And so it's really presented a lot of food for thought for the council as they start to consider it. So and then the second thing has been the welcoming back the students to from the university in the colleges, and I just was on a call with representatives from all five colleges. As they start to work through their plans and trying to make sure that everybody is coordinated and that the five colleges are communicating together which they always do. And talking about the impacts on the town both through the business community and through the general public and the public health for the town so those are the big focuses that we've been spending a lot of time on the last week since we since we last talked. All right, thanks for the update Paul, I am going to give Shavina a quick chance to just give an update with all of the things happening in her department right now and then we're going to launch into Q&A so take it away Shavina. Good afternoon, everyone. So here in the town clerk's office have a lot of new and exciting things to report to everyone. As of July 1, we were able to launch our payments. So now you're able to request the vital records, which are birth, death and marriage certificates of right online pay form and then it'll come to us electronically and we'll mail out to you the next day. And also you can now renew your dog license right online as well. Well, same process, you can go right up to details right from the town page. And so we're excited about that many residents have already been utilizing it so I'd like to encourage everyone to continue that. And then we are moving into our election season. And without holding up a lot of time. I just want to notify everyone that as of yesterday the Secretary of State began, well, they began mailing out 2020 vote by mail applications. So anyone who would like to vote by mail can do so. No reason is required. And all you have to do is fill out the application and send it back. It's pre-postage to be addressed right here at the town hall. And then if you have any questions surrounding it, you can always give us a call with your Monday through Friday. Okay, thank you, Shavina. So we've got some questions here that we have on deck that involve just town clerk operations, election information as well as census. And just want to remind everybody who's joining us live to use the Q&A function to put your question to the room. Although we would prefer if you raise your hand and came into the room and asked your question live, we'd love to hear from you. So that's always an option as well. So the first question I have kind of relates to some of the things Shavina just said. We've gotten this question a couple times a week. I can attest to. I want to get married. How do I get that done now with town hall closed. So right now with town hall being closed, completing a marriage intention is a multi-step process. It requires both parties to be present. And there's a lot of documents that you have to fill out. And so right now we are not processing marriage intentions. And the reason we're not doing it is just to minimize the exposure to possible contaminants of the virus. And the thing to know that I would like everyone to know is that in the state of Massachusetts, you can complete the marriage intention with any community because you're getting married in the state. So you don't have to file your intention in the town where you're going to have your marriage ceremony. I didn't know that. So I got my marriage license from the town of Amherst. So I have fond memories of that. Now we've a question from the room. Sarah asks, you may receive thousands of ballots by mail. Will you need additional volunteers to handle these? We will. And we do have, we've always had our election worker job hosting up on the town's website. Anyone who is interested and anyone who is healthy, I am encouraging to go on and fill out the application. And then those get sent right over to me and we will begin reviewing all of those. We've had about eight people already apply. And the Secretary of State is also doing an update. So if you are interested, please apply. It is that application on our career portal. It is. Okay. And that web address is amherstma.gov slash jobs where you can find that and all of our other current job postings as well. So I have a question here. Is it too late to answer my census? The quick and easy answer, I guess I'll take, I'll take that one is no, it's not too late. You can still answer online by mail or by phone. Several different options there. It's not too late. However, for those who have not responded, there will be census workers and new raters coming out in the community. Following safety protocols with masks and whatnot starting August 11. So if you'd prefer not to have a visitor at your door. While they are going to be practicing safe protocols. It's probably a good, good time to answer if you haven't yet so that you can not show up on that list of non-response. And that's going to start here in August 11. And so you'll start seeing people with identification. They will have census badges. They will not ask to enter your home. They will not ask any of those types of questions about social security numbers or anything like that they're going to be simply asking the questions that are on the questionnaire. So, please don't give out any of that information if you have concerns about that you can you can definitely let us know. And we have another question that kind of was a follow up to that. And this has been a big, a big topic of conversation for us. I'm a student and got sent home due to COVID. Where do I count do my parents count me. That's a question we get, we get a lot. No, your parents should not count you if you live in Amherst for the majority of the year. And if you split your time equally it's where you live on April 1. However, this year that's a little different and the census clarified that you should be counted where you live when you're at school. So for those students who lived on campus you have been counted by your university. And for those who lived, who live or lived off campus or coming back into off campus housing you should be counted where you live. When you live at school, if that's Amherst then you would get counted here in Amherst. Alright, so I've got another question. If we served as election workers in the past, do we need to reapply for this fall. No, we will not. We will begin the, everyone here in the office we're going to start reviewing all of our election workers next week. Many have already notified us if they are available if they're unavailable, but if you worked last year, or if you worked for the March 3 presidential primary, then you're already considered on our activists, and so you'll get a notification. Okay, I've got this question to hear that I have probably gotten at least 20 times since the building's been closed to the public. So this person needs to get something notarized, but everywhere seems closed. Does the clerk's office do this during this time or is there a recommendation of where they can get this done. I have not been performing our notary service and I do know that the banks have been doing it. So any of our community banks in the area in town have been doing them and some attorneys offices have been doing them as well. We get that question a lot as well because anyone who has to renew their business certificate this year, it requires a notary seal. Okay, thank you. This question kind of references the mailing that you mentioned a little bit earlier. Is everyone getting mailed a ballot now? Do I still need to ask for an absentee ballot separately? So just to clarify, it's not a ballot that everyone is going to receive. It's a request for an absentee or early voting ballot that every registered voter in the state will receive. And so you won't get a ballot unless you return that form requesting a ballot. And you can fill that form out for the whole year or if you want just the ballot for the September vote primary, you can indicate that on the form. If you want one just for the November 3rd election, you can indicate that as well. Also, if you are an independent or what we call in the state of Massachusetts an unenrolled voter, there will be directions on how to choose which ballot you want. Because you have to choose. Hey, Shavina, what's the difference between early voting and absentee voting? And how would I know which one I want to use? This seat, well, okay, so that's a great question.  No, you're not required to give a reason you can or if you're not just not early voting just allows you the ability to catch your vote in advance of election day. This year when the legislation that governor Baker passed and signed on July 6, you need no reason. And the ballot actually says so the ballot says absentee. So this year, it's kind of the same. Exactly. You would need a reason in the past. If someone was admitted in the hospital. Right before the election, we could have, we could have a relative bring a ballot to the hospital if they're admitted. And those laws have been relaxed this year. Those are temporary changes. Sorry. Yeah. So, so if I wanted, if I get this thing in the mail, and I want to vote and not have to go to the polls. I just say yes, give me something, give me either one. It doesn't really matter and you'll send them the same. It'll be whether I asked for absentee or early voting, I'll get the same packet from you. Yes. So how you'll do it. It's going to be, it'll be pre populated. The application is going to be pre populated with your name, your address. And if you have an mailing address with us, then you're mailing address. And you can indicate where you'd like to have your ballot and mail. And then it'll have your birth date. I mean, your year, not your birth date, but just your birth on there. So like for me to have 1979, and then you just sign it and mail it back. So then the, and can at the same time, I think you said this, and maybe I wasn't listening clearly. I can ask for both the September primary and the November general election at the same time. I'm not going to get a second mailing. Great. That is correct. Good. That's really important to clarify those things. I think there's been a lot of confusion and in the media and even locally that people would be just automatically getting getting a ballot. You're getting an invitation to ask for a ballot. Correct. That's good to understand that. All right, now I've got a another question coming in. I'm moving to Amherst in two weeks. How do I update my voting address? Do I have to come into town hall? So there's a number of ways you can do it. You can do it right online on the second case website and that comes over to us electronically, or you can contact our office and we can mail you out a hard copy form in order for there to be any changes to anyone's voter profile, your signature. And what's the deadline for the next election in order to be registered to vote or to update your registration. The legislation changed that. So originally it was going to be August 12th, which is why we were going to collaborate and do a big thing with census, which, you know, we know since this day was going to be August 11th. That's now been moved to August 22nd, which is a stat. August 22nd, 2-2, is that what you said? Mm-hmm. Okay. Yep, 2-2. So 8-2-2, 2020. To last day to register to vote for the primary? Yep, for September 1st. Okay. Another census question here. That's a Saturday, right? It is a Saturday. That's also the first day of early voting in person. Oh my gosh. The town clerk's office never sleeps. Oh my God, you guys. It's going to be a long time. Send them lots of love and coffee. Yeah. So I'm going to go ahead and give this a little bit of a pivot real quick to another census question. And I've actually got this a bunch of times and I just got clarification on this from them a couple of days ago. So someone asks, I made a mistake and I didn't count my youngest child on my census. What do I do? That's a really good question. And I think one of the things that I really like to see is this a lot of people who respond online. Was to go right back into the, um, the 2020, whoops, this way, 2020 census stuff of, um, and start another questionnaire with your, with your address and your information. And, um, they will knock out your other response and take the newer response. your younger children, which actually happens quite frequently. It's a huge concern nationally, but also an Amherst has been designated as being at a high to very high risk for undercounting our youngest children. So if you did answer and you forgot, you can go back in. If you haven't answered yet, be sure to count everybody in your household, even if it's, if you're not the parent of the child, but they're living there predominantly with you, they still count. So we're doing a lot of programming as the complete count committee targeting families with young children starting Friday and for the rest of the summer, the Amherst Complete Count Committee is sponsoring additional meals on Fridays through the schools in collaboration with the school's meal distribution. So they'll be getting additional meals to go home for over the weekend and the meals will have stickers and information similar to what you can see behind my head in different languages and those will be affixed to the meals to just prompt and remind and give the web address for people to answer and we have other programming also coming out tailored at families with young children and hopefully off-campus students as well. It looks like I have another question here in the room. Another voting question. So if there is in person early voting, where will that happen? That information will be revealed in the weeks to come. And once that's ready, we will have that pretty prominently on our homepage. Also there's a voting page AmherstMA.gov slash vote where we'll have everything that you do need to know and we'll put that out there once we have the details. So and just to put that in context, I think it's a complex question that Savina has been managing with our talking to public health, public safety folks in terms of whether it can be inside, whether it's going to be intense outside, where's a good location to manage traffic. So multiple locations are being examined but we will settle in on that pretty soon. And I just want to remind the people who might have just joined us, please feel free to put your questions in the Q&A, raise your hand via Zoom, or star nine for those of you who are calling in. We'd love to hear your voice. I'm tired of hearing my voice so please feel free to pop in. Otherwise, while we wait for another question to come in, I've got some more here. This one kind of hopefully we've touched on but I'm living in another state now, but I need access to my birth records. How can I do this? Okay, so you can do a number of ways. You can use our EPAY online. When people are out, when you're an out of state resident, I always ask you to call us first just to ensure we have your record. If you go online and you just request it and you pay for it, it's a multi-step process to refund your money if we don't have your record. So give us a call first so we can locate your record. And then you can request it either by mail or through the EPAY system. And the same goes for death records and copies of marriage certificates as well as should be explained. They're all up there and online, amrisimay.gov slash payments or if you hit our homepage, there's a big button that says E-payments. And we've been steadily adding different categories to that with more to come. So feel free to check that out. Yes, that's been a really great initiative that Brianna really led and with the pandemic actually drove us saying we got to move on this right now and make it easier for people to access our services electronically. So great work on that. Yes, absolutely. And I think that one of the first times I met Shavina and we talked, she said let's get all this stuff online. And of course things take a little longer and I'm glad we got it done but she came in with wanting that to be to improve her services for the community. So I have to say that. Okay, I've got a question here that's directed towards Paul. Paul, does the university seem responsive to the concerns you outlined in your letter? We have not heard a response back from the university at this point in time. I think the concerns that were expressed in that letter are shared by lots of people in the community and they take them very seriously. I know and I think they're trying to figure out how to address them. The scale that they're talking about that thousands of students in terms of testing and protocols is pretty gigantic. But they have a lot of resources at their disposal as well so I expect that they will be addressing them at some point in the future. And will when they do get addressed is that something that we will make available? It depends how they want it. We've asked for a number of things, actions on their part and even just a meeting basically. And so it's at a fairly high level and so that's what we're waiting to hear from. And you mentioned this but I will echo the fact that there has been a lot of activity and conversation through our multiple different channels from the community members expressing opinions and concerns about that. So we hope to keep everybody people's comments in mind and to keep the information flowing. But feel free to reach out to us if there's something. One thing we should all expect is when the university and the college is open that there will be an increase in COVID-19 cases because they will be doing a lot of testing. They really I think their intent at least for on-campus students is to test twice a week. So they'll be doing a lot of testing. We know a lot of young people are asymptomatic and those cases will be recorded so people should expect to see an increase in cases in Amherst. We need to sort of gauge what's the expected increase, what that should look like, so we can inform the public to say, yeah this has been within the norms of what we expect. So the one thing we have that's really good is that they're public health officials and in a lot of ways UMass is its own entity in terms of handling cases. The cases on campus are managed by the university and then the cases in Amherst are managed by the Amherst public health department. So but there's a lot of communication between the two health departments so that's a really good thing for us. Absolutely. I'm going to ask one more census question that I've gotten. I can't even count how many times but basically is my data safe? Are my responses safe? And I think we can come at this from a couple of different lenses in our community primarily people can have a mistrust of government or the administration and don't feel comfortable sharing their information or are concerned about an immigration or a citizenship status. On the other hand of that we have many off-campus students who may have more than four people living in a unit so there's concern about that. But by law the Census Bureau cannot release any of identifiable information about you, your home, your business even to law enforcement agencies. They certainly can't release that to the to the town and we wouldn't be looking for that so in the case for students living off campus they should feel confident to answer if there are five people living in your unit even though that is not technically allowed in our town due to zoning information. We will not be seeking that information we will not get that information so we encourage people to answer as accurately as possible and make sure everybody is counted. And that that's protected under Title 13 in federal law so it's not something we're seeking to do and even if we were we wouldn't be able to access that. That might not alleviate everybody's concerns about privacy and data but it is certainly something to mention that it's very protected information. So hopefully that helps some people feel better about answering and we've spoken a lot about you know we want to get a complete count and we need we need this but it's really we didn't talk so much about why we need it and I'll just say quickly as far as Amherst is concerned it's really about representation in our in our House of Representatives making sure we're adequately represented we did lose a seat in Massachusetts based off of the census response in 2010 so we don't want that to happen of course and it really is about funding for almost everything in our community schools roads grant programs federal funding it's it's going to impact us for the next 10 years and we will we will feel it if we're we're under counted so that's my spiel on that one. We are coming up close to our times I'm going to say one more time to the room to please pop in if you have a question or a comment you can use q&a raise your hand or star nine from the phone so while we give people another chance are there any things Shabina that you wanted to share that you didn't get asked directly today? there will be we will be putting out a lot of information that'll be forthcoming and the weeks to come surrounding elections so I just would like to encourage everyone to you know stay tuned we're gonna put it in all the news media outlets up on our website and things like that and it's one of my desires is to keep all of our residents well informed and that way you all can have confident conversations and be well informed and make good decisions and I try to give you the information as soon as it comes to me. And I'll mention too that we just put up on our our social media channels on Facebook and Twitter and we'll add it to our YouTube channel but Shabina did a great informational video about voting in the 2020 election with Dr. Demetria Shabazz so that video is out there so feel free to check that out if you wanted to get some additional info and resources. All right I don't see any other questions from the room Paul did you have any last pieces you wanted to share before we close up? I think we're good to go on this thank you. All right thank you everybody we'll see you next week and if you have follow-up questions please email us at info at amherstma.gov and we will get you the information that you need. Thank you Shabina. Yeah thanks Shabina. Bye everyone. Bye guys. Bye bye. Thank you.


The course catalogue, this is a work in progress this to us right ice, you know by the productivity group and What we're working on basically is the MVP for the learning catalog feature that we call course catalogue and This in this first stage, but we're going to this replacing the model LMS core course catalogue Slash course if this is enabled and we're already are in courses for now programs will be will be added later and when we have programs it will become the learning catalogue in And it will be possible to configure it just as the site home page and allow public access to the same way You can figure it in it system course catalogue So this is basically the foundation stone and the MVP and we will be all the catalogue features on top of this So the work on this is started. This is a big I think that will be growing and the Expressing in in more places already working on these and three issues at the same time And next is that please Adam On the same topic we started working on on a proof of concept for the course core for the cover courses for programs Which is something that will need to? To add so we can have problems to the catalogue. We thought that we would like to explore this option to simplify course program allocation through course enrollment and also to allows discoverability of Programs so basically the ideas that will have what we call a cover course for program But this is the course that these created automatically when you configure it in a program In a program and this is the course that the user will see in the course catalogue so in the course catalogue will show Programs through this cover course and this will also had to simplify enrollment because When we will basically synchronize the enrollment from this course to the program which means that any enrollment that works Actually in the courses it can be applied to programs also without the need to Reimplement in all these enrollment plugins at a program level. So we are just exploring this option This is not for the course catalogue MVP, but we need to explore how it will work. So we can define So we can design the next release of the learning catalogue taking this into account, but it's very likely that will take this path We implemented a proof of concept that it works as expected. So looks like this is a great option. So we'll see


statistics and excel bell curve test score data example got data let's get stuck into it with statistics and excel although we'll be using one note this time but we'll be talking about excel first a word from our sponsor yeah actually we're sponsoring ourselves on this one because apparently the merchandisers they don't want to be seen with us but but that's okay whatever because our merchandise is is better than their stupid stuff anyways like our trust me i'm an accountant product line yeah it's paramount that you let people know that you're an accountant because apparently we're among the only ones equipped with the number crunching skills to answer society's current deep complex and nuanced questions if you would like a commercial free experience consider subscribing to our website at accounting instruction dot com or accounting instruction dot think of it dot com you're not required to but if you have access to one note we're in the icon left hand side one note presentations 1016 bell curve test score example tab we're also uploading transcripts to one note so that you can go into the view tab take a look at the immersive reader tool change the language if you so choose and then either read or listen to the transcript in multiple different languages tying into the video presentations with the time stamps one note desktop version here in prior presentations we thought about how we can represent different data sets using both mathematical calculations such as the average or mean mode quartiles median and so on and with pictorial representations such as a box and whiskers or histogram the histogram being the primary tool we use to envision the spread of the data and we can use descriptive terms about the spread of the data on the histogram such as the data is skewed to the left the data is skewed to the right we then thought about certain curves and lines that we might be able to represent using formulas that could give us an approximation of the actual data whenever we could do that it would be a great thing to do because that gives us more predictive power generally into the future over whatever the data is representing because we have now a formula for it so some of those curves and lines we've talked about in the past are a uniform distribution binomial distribution the poisson distribution the exponential distribution now we're looking at the most famous one of them all the normal distribution or the bell curve so the bell curve like all of the other types of distributions is is only going to be useful in those cases when we're looking at certain types of data to that conform to a distribution like a bell curve so we have the same kind of process we might go through such as looking at the data testing it to see whether or not it looks like it conforms approximately to a bell curve if it does then we might be able to use an actual bell curve to give us that kind of predictive power over the data now many things of course do align to like a bell curve type of shape the bell curve i think one of the original ways that the bell curve came about was actually to test errors in approximation so when they were trying to see things in the stars for example and see where a star is going to pop up or a planet's going to pop up or something like that they would try to make mathematical representations about it and of course they would all be off but they would have a tendency if you average them together to be off in a normal distribution around the correct answer which is quite interesting and it does give a lot of weight to the idea of how you might structure certain types of things so if you're trying to find something in the ocean or something like that for example instead of getting in a room and having everybody kind of come to an agreement you might have everybody actually do their own calculations and and then try to figure out where the thing is in the ocean and then you put all those calculations together and average them that might be a more more uh better way to find an answer in some cases so it's kind of interesting but a lot of things in nature also kind of conform to a bell curve so whenever we're talking about heights of things like humans or other or or animals or trees or things like that you would think that they would basically be conforming to a bell curve they most of them would be around the middle and they would have a bell curve distribution out you could do that for heights in general for heights of males and females you can do that for weights for example you can do that for things like calorie intake you would think that we would hover around some midpoint and go above and below that from time to time but not too far because otherwise we would get really big or really small you would think so there's many many things where a bell curve might approximate the data however it does not always approximate any data set which is sometimes a a misconception that people have they think that everything kind of should conform to the bell curve and that's not necessarily the case we run into the same issues we saw with the prior curves the data set could be doing anything it could be doing something very chaotic and we don't have any curve that can approximate the data so so what we want to do is determine if the data can be approximated if it can then apply it now oftentimes test scores of course might be something that conform to a bell curve because you have a similar kind of thing if you have a bunch of people that are somewhere in the same area the same grade or something like that or they're in the same level of education you would expect that the the results that they have might conform somewhat to a bell curve type of distribution and that's of course also one of the most common examples both for instructors and students as there are always kind of analyzing the grades so let's imagine we have this information for grades now note that in excel you could generate your own data in real life we're imagining that the instructor has the data has compiled the data and is now looking at the data to see if it conforms to a bell curve in practice you might say how could i get this data can i make up this data in some way you can't really just use a random number generator because it's not going to be completely random it's going to be in accordance to a bell curve kind of distribution there's a tool in excel that allows you to do that though and it's in the it's in the bar up top under the data tab so it's under data and then you're looking in the analysis and it's data analysis now we turn this on when we work this in excel so if you want to work the excel problem you can check this out if you don't have this analysis tab in excel then you can go into the options the file tab and the options and turn on the data analysis which again we do in the excel practice problem but great tool to be able to practice with these bell curves and some of the other distributions so that you can generate your own data that you can practice with which is great so in order to generate that data we need to know the mean and the standard deviation in real life we might not know the mean or standard deviation if we were the instructor we would just be picking up the data and then running the analysis on that information so here's our our random generated test scores now note that the test scores I purposely made them not in the format of a decimal or a percentage but rather in the format of 90 0.97 representing a 90 percent right so and that makes it a little bit easier sometimes when we do the the norm dot dist calculation so in other words if you're working with a data set that is represented in decimals or percentages you might want to multiply it times a hundred so that you end up with a whole number of representation because then you'll have percentages when you do the norm dot dis so just to point that out that's what we did here so the 76.26 represents the 76 percent and so on and so forth so here is all of our data so then based on that data we're imagining in in our scenario that we're an instructor that has collected this data over multiple years or something like that we can take the mean or average of that data and that would of course in excel be the trustee average function equals average of all of this data we just sum up or take the average of it and it comes out to 74.29 now you might say why isn't the average exactly 75 because i used 75 to generate the data in excel and that's because there's randomness involved in it so it's going to come around something close to that midpoint of 75 but it's got the randomness so it's not exactly 75 it's 74.92 and then the standard deviation which would be the standard deviation here of the population is what we're using at this point in time of these numbers gives us 10.09 which once again is not exactly the 10 which we had to use to generate the data because of that randomness involved in it and then we have the median the one in the middle and that's the equals the median of this data now note that the mean and the median are pretty close together that is one indication that this might conform to a normal distribution or bell curve you also might calculate the mode which is the number that that has multiple times the same number comes up and if that is also similar to the mean or median it would be another indication that you're close you might be i have a bell curve distribution now in this case the mode might not work exactly because notice we're not representing the grades as just like a 72 or a 90 we've got decimals so the fact that we have decimals means it's a lot less likely that we're going to have multiple numbers that are exactly the same however if we did not have decimals if we rounded this to the whole number then it would be quite likely that the mode would be a useful tool and it would probably be similar to the mean something like a 74 all right and then we've got the now if i want to plot this the next thing we're going to do is say okay it kind of looks like this data conforms to a bell curve due to the mean and the median being the same we could make a a curve from it to further test that so we could so if i make a histogram of this data it looks like this now the histogram is where we have the buckets down below so this is going from 40 to 43 63 and the middle point is in here remember the mean is like a 74 so this is going from 71 to 75 and so and so you can see it kind of looks somewhat like a bell curve notice that it's not going to be exactly like a bell curve because we don't have a whole lot of data i can't remember exactly how much how many data points we put here but the more data points the closer you would think that it would conform to a bell curve if you're using something that doesn't have as many data points you would expect it to be a little bit more jagged also it will be impacted by the bucket sizes that we're going to use down below which we talked about in prior presentations but we're saying hey look the the median the mode look like they're pretty close and uh and it looks like it's kind of conforming to a bell curve and we have an intuition that this data might conform to a bell curve so we might then want to graph this thing as a bell curve so we're going to choose the x's and we're going to choose the p of x's so we're going to then plot this thing out plot our data points so that we can then create a chart from this information so then the question are the x's when i start my x's i can think about this and say well look this is grades so i would think it would be going from zero uh up to 100 100 representing 100 percent zero representing zero one representing one percent so i could do it that way i could just go from zero to 100 but i might want to in other examples i might say i might not have that convenience i might say well where where should i start my beginning and ending x's when i want to plot my graph and then it's going to show up on the x axis well we know that in a bell curve that the vast majority of the data will be within three or four the vast vast majority of the data will be in four standard deviations so we could say let's take four standard deviation both above and below and that should be encompassing all of the data so for example the standard deviation is 10.09 if i take that times four there's four standard deviations if i'm starting at 74.92 the middle point minus that 74.92 then i can say that the lower x should be uh should be 34 so i can really just go down to 34 and still be picking up all the data i don't have to go down to zero in other words because it's unlikely that you're going to have test scores all the way down to zero that would be quite badly performed test people could guess and you probably do better than that if i did this again 10.09 times four and then go above the mean four standard deviations above the mean plus 74.92 then i get to 115 now you might be saying 115 doesn't make any sense because it's over 100 but you know in some cases you might have such like extra credit or something but in the bell curve scenario note that you can go on forever when you look at the theoretical concept of a bell curve so to so it might be useful even though in practice it's not going to go over 100 to plot it out to 115 so i can see the entire bell curve tapering off as bell curves do and then i can also see like the total adding up to 100 percent let me show you what i mean we've got then the x's so here's our x's going from 34 on down and then we're going to do our p of x calculation to do this we're going to use the norm dot dist function within excel so this is going to give this is going to be kind of similar to some of the poisson distribution for example or binomial distribution we talked about in the past but now we got the norm dot dist the x is going to be 34 in this case representing that grade and then so what's the what's the likelihood of getting a 34 for talking about the bell curve with the mean and standard deviation defined over here so the mean is going to be the 74 and then comma the standard deviation is going to be the 10.09 and then is it cumulative or not this cumulative is similar to what we saw with the poisson distribution for example although here we're we're representing the area under the curve so so it's so it's a little bit different in terms of it's kind of like calculus involved the area under the curve but the concept is basically the same do we want the cumulative up to that point or do we want just that point in this case we want just that point so it's false or zero and then we get to around zero percent so if we take this down we're going to say okay what's the likelihood of getting a 46 we're going to say 0.07 percent right so that's the questions that we might ask with this now most of the time if you're a student for example you're probably going to be asking what's the likelihood that I get like a 70 or above that kind of question which you might say well I can go down to 70 down here and then add up everything from 70 on up but you can't usually do that exactly because again although you might have been able to do that with a poisson distribution here we're talking about the area under the curve that might give you an approximation but you'd want to use a formula with the cumulative formula which we'll talk about a little bit in a little bit here but there's our p of x so that'll give us our approximated curve so if I was to look at it then it would look something like this here's our approximated our actual curve that approximates the actual data and this is the blue representing the the curve and the orange representing our actual data so now we're plotting the data on top and you can see it kind of lines up I'll show you how we did that in a second here so then just to note here we can say the frequency now I might want to compare my p of x information to my actual data and I have a problem with that because my actual data over here is being represented is actually outputs my whole my whole numbers over here and my p of x is in the likelihood of something of a 34 so what I could do is try to convert my p of x into a number by multiplying times the number of samples that we have or we can try to take our actual data and make it into a percent which is probably the more common thing so what I want to do to compare my actual data is I want to look at my actual data over here so there's my actual data I want to I want to count how many times each of these data fall into the buckets now note that these numbers aren't exact because I'm looking at for example on this 35 how much how many data sets in our actual data are within or above set 34 up to and including 35 and then how many items in the data set count them if they're above 35 up to and including 36 that's going to be our frequency calculation which looks like this frequency the data array would just be highlighting all of our data saying that's what I want you to count basically and then the bin array being all these information which are the bins that we want you to put those counts into so if we said this we how many times did you count 34 how many times did you count above 34 up to and including 35 zero scrolling down we're going to say how many times did you count up to and including or over 40 up to and including 41 to two times that that happened in our actual data how many times did you go above 50 up to and including 51 how many of those were in our data set three of them and so on and so forth and if we go all the way down we can see the data if I add up all of that data it adds up to a thousand that should be the actual number of grades in our sample data that's how many sample data points that we generated that's a nice check number that we have to make sure that we picked all of them up and put them in an appropriate bucket now what the problem here is that I can't compare that 10 to what I got in my norm dot dist because the norm dot dist is 0.79 I could multiply the 0.79 times the 1000 sample right I could say well I had a sample of 1000 I would predict based on the norm dot dist times 0.79 that it would be 1000 1000 times 0.0079 would be 7.9 right I could do it that way I can multiply all these times 1000 to compare it to these actual counts or I can take my actual counts and divide it by the total which is what we'll do here so now I'm going to say all right let's take like this if I take this 14 and divide it by a thousand 14 divided by a thousand then I get if I move the decimal two places over 1.4 now that 1.4 is in a percentage format so I can now compare it to this percentage format so I'm just doing that all the way down so this 19 is 19 divided by the count of a thousand so move the decimal two places over 1.9 percent which is pretty close to the 1.97 that we got with the norm dot dist function so then I can compare these I can look at the differences this is what I got with the function this is my actual percent data of the total and you can see we're pretty close on the data so that would that would give us what you know it's somewhat close that would give us another indication that are how far away from a normal distribution we are and then here we got the z score now the z score is another way to represent our data and it's trying to say I'm going to represent the data in terms of how close it is to the middle point which is the mean of our normal distribution so if I look at my my information over here the middle point on our graph is going to be 74.92 standard deviation 10.09 so what I what I could do is start to say well if I look at my graph and I say well this is you know this is the middle point I could start to measure how far away above and below that middle point the normal is how far away are you from the normal would be the z score right that the lower the z score the closer to zero the z score then the closer you are to normal the mean the further away you are in a positive sense the higher you are from the z from the middle and on a negative the lower you are so over here how do we calculate that we're going to say that that we're going to take each point in this case 34 34 minus the mean which was 74 minus this number 74.92 and then I divide that by the standard deviation the standard deviation so divided by the 10.09 and that gives us our in this case negative 4.06 so that's going to be our z score and I can look at all these and each of these data points then remember oftentimes when we're looking at comparing something like job performance or performance in schools sports performances and stuff then we have to represent things in percentages a percentage we don't we don't we're not saying how many how many we got correct or incorrect we're taking a percent of the total which is even more useful if you if you're talking about things that are uneven like batting averages or job performance because you had a different number of tries at something that's why the percent is a useful tool in and of itself to make more comparability and then we can also compare kind of with the z score which is going to give us our how close we are to that middle point or middle when we're talking about a normal or bell curve distribution represents what's normal the average what normal people do so notice that the bell curve is kind of interesting too because before that you got to think that people might not have had as tuned a sense as to what normal is like the bell curve almost seems like a kind of defined normal so people that are too tall used to be used to be thought of as kind of weird now they're kind of idolized for being very tall and that's always been the case I guess to some degree but too tall you'd be saying that's abnormal abnormal was bad well how do you know it's abnormal because we have a bell curve and it's on these types of thing it too small is abnormal so now it's weird it's outside the it's outside the range so you got to think before the bell curve did people really think in terms of how abnormal something is or something like that but in any case the middle point is around 74 so you can see that z scores around zero and then the z's are positive going above it from that point okay so that's the z score so we have those questions so now we can kind of ask questions such as we can we could say okay well what if a test score is equal to 90 and the operator is less than or equal to so if we had something like this p of x is less than or equal to uh the 90 how would we get you know that calculation because remember if I look over here we're going to say okay well 90 if I go down to 90 I can see that the likelihood of me getting 90 would be 1.92 but that's not usually what I want I want usually greater than or equal to 90 or less than or equal to 90 possibly but either way if it was greater than if I what's the likelihood I get above 90 I could you think well I could add these up I can add all this up down to here but again you can't do that exactly that'll give you an approximation because we're talking about the area under the curve so you could do that it'll give you an approximation but it's not going to be exact to get an exact number this is less than so this would be the the likelihood of something less than or equal to 90 would be equal to norm dot dist the x is going to be up top the mean 74.92 standard deviation 10.09 and then the the x is 90 and the cumulative and then the cumulative bit do we want it to be cumulative we do so that means it's going to add everything up which gives us the likelihood of 93.24 this isn't the test score that we're looking at the likelihood that we have something at a 90 or below the likelihood of getting a 90 or below based on the bell curve is 93.24 percent in other words we would expect 93.24 percent of participants to score 90 or less on the test and then if I looked at the z score I could say okay well what about the z score then where do they line up with the z score well we've got 90 minus the mean which is 74.92 which is 15 divided by the standard deviation 10.09 and that gives us a z score of 1.49 remember that zero is normal zero would be at the 74 so so remember that normally you would think with test well average should be 70 right wasn't that like but but but then you got to think about well what are averages on this particular test right in this in this case the average score the middle point is 74 around 75 so if you get a 90 so 74 75 would be zero in terms of z scores if you get a 90 you're clearly well above that and so we're at the 1.49 in terms of z scores and then if we look at this one we can calculate this same thing the probability of x being below or equal to 90 not with x this time but with the z scores so the z scores and is kind of like another is another way that we can we can represent things by x or the z score right and if I do it with a z score the formula would just be equals norm dot s dot this and there's only two things we need to do the z and cumulative we only need the z because notice that the z score itself calculated and included the x the mean and the standard deviation so all we need is the is the z and then one for cumulative to get to that same answer if we had the z score instead of x and we wanted the likelihood of getting less than or equal to the 90 so then if we if we want a question like greater than or equal to 90 then it would be a similar thing over here we can say okay well if I go over here now I'm looking at 90 which has a 1.29 percent likelihood and then you would sum everything up down to here but that will not be exact but you can do that as an approximation to be more exact we can use a formula one you could do it this way you could say well if to get less than 90 is that so I can say 100 percent minus 93.24 gives us 6.76 in other words if I'm going to have less than or equal to or greater than or equal to 90 is 93 percent and it has to add up to 100 then then the likelihood of the other side greater than or equal to 90 is is only the 6.76 percent or you can do it with our calculation so now we have to say it's the same thing norm.dist but now we're taking one representing 100 percent minus the norm.dist of the x 90 percent the mean that we saw up top same standard deviation and we want it to be cumulative so that's doing the same thing we did up here one minus the answer we got before we're just doing it in one cell now one or 100 percent minus the answer we got before and then we can do the z score same thing so we have our z score same z but now we're asking getting over the 90 or that z score same concept one minus what we got the norm dot s dot dist so we we can do the same thing just like we did up top with either x's or z's whatever the case may be and then we could say what if we're doing in between so the next question you would ask is well what if I what's my likelihood of getting somewhere between a 75 and what did I say a 90 I can live I can live with that I won't die at least I won't die if I do that I probably won't die if I get below that anyways but I might there's a chance that it'll kill me so you could sum those up but again it won't be exact because because it's the area so we can be more exact like this we can write this a couple different ways p of x I like is is so now you have x is greater than or equal to 70 and less than or equal to 80 I kind of like writing it this way which is probably not the most efficient way because I like to have the x on the left so x is greater than or equal to 75 and less than or equal to the 90 but in any case the formula would look like this it's a bit uglier because we have to use that cumulative thing as we saw in the poisson distributions we want to take the cumulative on the high side so if I look at my picture over here and the pictures are nice to use we're going to show how to make these in excel so if I'm if I'm trying to find you know the the if I'm trying to find like this side then I could take the whole thing I could take the whole thing minus so if I'm trying to find the blue area I could take the whole thing minus the cumulative minus the orange area will give us the the blue area 100 percent minus the orange area if I'm trying to find something in the middle, then I can take the cumulative up to the top point, and then take the cumulative up to would be would be the bottom point, and you would be left with the middle right. And so that's what we would do here. So so that's what this formula is doing norm dot dist of the higher x, the 90, the mean standard deviation, it needs to be cumulative. That's what the one is minus the norm dot dist of the lower bit, the 75 will give us the bit in the middle 42.93%. Remembering this does not mean that we're talking about you're going to get a 43% on the test. It means you have a the of all the people taking the tests, we expect around 43% to have scores between 75 and 90. So or equal to include 75 and 90. We could do that with the z scores as well. So if I was to calculate the 75 z score, so I can say I can say, Okay, what are we doing with the z scores? The z score if I'm talking the 75 75 minus the minus the 74 minus 74.94. That's the distance from the middle point divided by the standard deviation 1010.09 is going to give us that that point 00. That didn't it didn't work. It's 75. I think I said 7075 minus 74.92 divided by 10.09 gives us that around 0.008 if I move the decimal two places over and this z score is 90 minus the 74.92 divided by the standard deviation of 10.09. And that gives us the 1.494. So I can do the same concept. But instead of using X is now using the Z's, which would be norm dot s dot dist. Then all I need is the Z because I already have kind of the X. I'm sorry, the mean and the standard deviation, the X, the mean, the standard are all compacted into that Z cumulative. That's for the higher bit, the 1.494 minus the norm dot s dot dist for the lower Z. And that'll give us the same 42.93 the part in the middle. So there's our there's our Z's and we can actually plot this over here. So if we want to make our graph, notice that I made these with bar graphs. And this is an actual area graph now. So we did this with the area. And then the question is, Well, how can I draw these graphs, which is quite useful, especially if you're like me, and you're really not good at drawing these grasses kind of really hold held me back learning math in school because I would get all messed up on how many numbers should be on the X and the Y. And so if you can make these in Excel, then it's great. But it's still a little bit complicated to do. So this so we do this in Excel, so you can you can plot this out. We're doing this with an if logical test. So if we're saying that if this X here, if this X is greater, so we're right here, we're looking for less than or equal to 90 X is greater than or equal to 90. So we're taking this X and we're saying if it is less than or equal to, I believe the 90 is what we're picking up in our formula over here. And we'll do this. I highly recommend taking a look at it in Excel. If you're interested in this, there's the 90. And then we're saying that if that is true, then we want you to give me the result, which is this P of X. And if it's not true, we want you to just give me a blank cell, which is represented by the double quotes, because whenever you have text, it's with the quotes. So you can see it's got stuff in it up to here, which stops at the 90. And now you have blank stuff. So if I graph this on top of my other chart here, then that's where that's where we get this line, which gives us that that nice representation. So we can try to understand a little bit more pictorially what is happening. Notice that this graph is really pretty neat as well, in that we also put the X is here, as well as the Z scores down here. So now we can look at two X axis is because remember that we talked about the idea that we can represent a lot of this stuff in terms of talking about it in X's, which are the grades right and talking about it in the Z scores, which is the distance from that middle point. So we can actually put two of these in here, which is a little fancy tricky thing to do in Excel. So you want to check that out in Excel so you can you can utilize that tool as well. Also note that you might be able to get away with like one of these graphs, because remember, there's basically three questions we ask. Oftentimes there's more than three, but one more of the common ones would be, what is above? So we asked, what is everything above a certain point like the 90? So that would be the area of the blue side. And then we ask, well, what's everything below a certain thing? And notice that if you use one graph, you can kind of ask both those questions, because if I'm asking what is above a certain point, that's the blue side. That also means that because it adds up to 100%, the orange represents the question of what if something is summed up up to and including everything below a certain point. And then the next question often asked is the one that's in the middle. And that's the one you can't you might have to do a little bit more fancy graph. So we have a whole bunch of different ways that we can make these graphs that will demonstrate in Excel and try to explain them a little bit here in the one notes. Also note with this graph, we when we graphed this, this is the actual bell curve in a bar chart in our actual data. This is the this is the bell curve in the actual data. And when we graph those, we graph this one on top of the percent of total column to get this one. So those are the that's the general idea. Again, I highly recommend checking this stuff out in Excel.


Now let's look at the deflecting plates that move the beam horizontally. The same thing goes here. When the voltage reaches A, the beam moves horizontally to A. Every change in voltage produces a corresponding horizontal deflection of the beam toward or away from center. Next let's see what happens when sine wave voltage is applied to both sets of deflecting plates. Remember that when we apply voltage to one set of deflecting plates the electron beam is deflected upward. And if we apply the same amount of voltage to the other set of plates the beam is deflected sideways. The combined action on both sets of plates is to move the beam along this diagonal path. To simplify the diagram let's call the voltage applied to the vertical deflecting plates Y and we'll label the vertical deflecting plates Y. We'll call the voltage on the horizontal plates X and label its plates X. Now since these voltages are going to be applied simultaneously we can watch them more easily if we put one below the other. And to compare the movement of the voltages at any one instant we'll put a grid over them. Let's see what happens when voltages X and Y both reach their positive peaks together. The beam is deflected to its extreme diagonal position. That's because the vertical plates are deflecting it all the way up and the horizontal plates all the way to the side. As the two voltages complete their cycle of variation together the beam follows a diagonal path. Upwards to the left and downwards to the right. When the voltages vary together like this we say they are in phase. Now let's have everything that happens to the X voltage happen half a cycle earlier than it happens to the Y voltage. When we have this half cycle lead we say that the voltages are 180 degrees out of phase. Let's see what will happen to the electron beam under these circumstances. When voltage Y reaches its positive peak the beam is still deflected to its maximum upward position. However voltage X has reached its peak in the opposite direction causing the beam to be deflected to the right. The result is again a diagonal path but this time from upper right to lower left. Suppose that the phase shift was only half as much 90 degrees instead of 180 degrees. Notice now that at the starting point of the cycle the beam is already at its maximum left position. That's because voltage X is already at its peak while voltage Y is at zero. A quarter of a cycle later voltage Y reaches its peak and voltage X is at zero. The beam has moved through a circular path to its maximum upward deflection. As the cycle continues the beam continues on its curved path forming a circle and of course as the action picks up to its normal operating speed you get the illusion of a circular baseline. Remember that this circle is the end view of a stream of electrons. If we vary the phase shift the result will be some compromise between a circle and a diagonal line and ellipse. But phasing isn't the only thing that will affect the shape of our circle. You can have the voltages 90 degrees out of phase and still not get a circle if the amplitudes are allowed to vary. If for example the amplitude of voltage X becomes less than voltage Y it will change the circle into an ellipse pushed in on both sides because the horizontal deflection is not as great as the vertical deflection. However once you've corrected the amplitude you'll again have a perfect circle. If voltage Y is smaller you'll again get an ellipse but one which is squashed horizontally because the beam is not deflected to its maximum vertical position. If both voltages decrease in amplitude the same amount the result would again be a circle but a smaller one. When the voltage amplitudes are corrected the circle returns to its original size. So any change in the shape or size of your circle means an improper phase or amplitude adjustment. When you've corrected the amplitude and phase you'll end up with a perfect circle of the right size. Now you've seen how the deflecting plates can form a circular baseline. When this pattern is projected onto the face of your scope you get a baseline almost three times as long as the horizontal one we started with. Now that we have our circular baseline how are we going to produce pips on it? Both sets of deflecting plates remember are busy forming the baseline so something new must be added. It's a thin metallic rod inserted in the tube from the base through the center of the screen. This is the deflecting rod that will take care of forming the target pips. Here's how it works. Let's take a look at it from the front. We'll slow the beam way down so we can explain what goes on. There. That white dot is the end of the electron beam as it strikes the face of the scope. When negative voltage is applied to the deflecting rod the electron beam also negative will be repelled from the center. If we leave the negative charge on like this the beam keeps being repelled all the way around and as a result we get a bigger circle. If we remove the negative charge the beam returns to its original path. If negative voltage is applied to the deflecting rod for only an instant the beam is repelled from the center for only an instant and then comes back to normal. The timer synchronizes the deflecting voltages so that every time the electron beam is at top center the transmitter is triggered. The spill over energy picked up by the receiver and applied to the deflecting rod causes a pip to be formed. The main bang up at top center. This is zero range. The returning target echo voltage is also applied to the deflecting rod and another smaller pip will be formed somewhere on the circumference of the circle. As you can see this scope gives us everything in a scope did. A main bang, a target pip and a baseline along which you measure range. But because our new baseline is circular we can make it almost three times as long without increasing the size of the tube thereby giving us a more precise means of measuring range. Since our baseline is circular to measure range we simply put a circular range scale around the edge with zero at top center. By reading range clockwise to the pip you can tell at a glance how far away the target is. Here's that same J-scope you saw earlier. It's the coarse range scope of the SCR 584 and measures ranges out to 32,000 yards. To measure range even more accurately crank this hairline around until it's on the target pip. That makes the echo appear as an expanded pip on the fine range scope. They're at the right. It's also a J-scope and shows you an enlarged 2,000 yard segment of the set's entire range. With these two scopes you can locate a target to within a few yards. So much for the J-scope. There was still a need for another type of scope but before we get into that let's take a short break.