First session we are going to continue our discussion on HTML and we are going to discuss extensible markup language or XML. We shall see the main differences between HTML and XML and identify certain basic features of XML. We will not be using XML explicitly in any one of our assignments or something but it is important for you to understand what XML is and what it is used for. After SQL, XML is emerging as the largest and the most important tool for exchanging information between disparate systems. So XML is therefore extremely important in building information systems going way forward. Okay, so we will very briefly review HTML, understand the difference between rendering versus meaning and then look at the XML basics to some extent. You will recall our discussion on hypertext markup language. We said that the markup language is essentially used by proof editors and it describes fonts, margins, bold, italics, underline, whatever, whatever. Essentially features are how a document looks. So it is about looks or rendering. HTML has predefined tags which describe the appearance. Appearance means rendering basically and we also remember that HTML document can embed programs, programs which are written actually in any programming language but we saw specifically the JavaScript notion where we could embed the JavaScript as a part of the HTML document itself and the browser would act as interpreter of not just the HTML for rendering but also can execute the JavaScript. If we embed a Java program then we require a separate Java interpreter to interpret that but essentially then a document is no more a plain container of information. It can also contain code which can be executed while the document is being rendered. That is the advantage of HTML. XML is an extensible markup language. The same as between HTML and XML is only in that both are called markup languages. HTML is hypertext markup language, XML is extensible markup language but the extensibility is more important than just what HTML stands for, namely rendering. XML is actually a meta language to represent data or a piece of information. This is different from rendering. So this is in fact the most fundamental difference between HTML and XML. The purpose of HTML is to indicate how a document will look like when you render it on screen. The purpose of XML is to define what the document contains. The markup of XML elements is again done through tags. So you have tag followed by data, followed by slash tag. This is the standard structure for any markup language. Now the difference is the tags are user defined here. In HTML, they are predefined tags. So when you say slash b means bold, whatever, whatever. Here the tags are user defined. They are case sensitive and they are used to denote meta data. So data about data is what is represented in XML, including of course data. Here is a website which you might want to note down separately so that you don't have to refer to the slides. This is www.w3schools.com. I think I mentioned w3c. It is actually a committee which defines the standards for all activities on World Wide Web. So www.wcommittee. And there is a w3schools which gives you a whole lot of tutorial and other information on related things. So most of the material are picked up from there. So you have easily accessible resource on the web. Like HTML, you also refer to XML document, like you have an HTML document. Each XML document has a root element and has several other elements, some of which could be nested. So these other elements could be characterized as either simple elements or mixed elements. A mixed element in turn can support other elements and this support can be sequential or hierarchical. This could all be confusing because it is all terminology. So we will go through an example to understand what exactly we mean, what is the root element, what are the other elements, how other elements can be simple or mixed and how a mixed element can be having other elements which are sequentially defined or hierarchically defined. Please note one thing once again. XML document is not about how the document will be seen when you render it on the screen. XML is about what the document contains. So it is about semantics of data. Here is an example. So consider that I am describing a note document.  So will you meet me tomorrow? So typically how will you write a note? This would be a typical note that you and I could write. As a teacher I would write this note and circulate this note to my T.S. Now you and I all can make sense out of this note. So it says it's a reminder note. Note is a generic word but type of the note is defined. Then to whom? So it is addressed to someone from whom? Who is addressing it? And the matter. Now you and I as human beings can easily identify components of this note as a structure so that this is a note whose type is defined here. The note is meant for someone. The note is written by someone. Or there is a matter of the note. Does it matter how do I write this particular thing in terms of the context of the individual metadata that describes this note? For example, suppose I wrote the same note differently but you all agree that in terms of the contents the note represents the same information? You and I understand it. The computer doesn't. For the computer these are strengths. For the computer this appearance is completely different from this appearance. You agree? So if I were to write an HTML document for this and HTML document for this these two HTML documents will be different. They will be treated differently. And the computer may display on the screen either these or this. But none of these two HTML documents will make sense to any other automatic computer program to tell that program that look I am a note that this note contains from field to field. This note contains some information. This will not be there. This will not be understood. HTML permits you to describe the metadata about this note as a structure and can interpret that metadata and the associated data. So this is what we shall see in a moment here. Let's get back to our slide. To describe this note as a document first of all we define something called a root element. Remember what we said about XML? It has a root element and it has other elements. So the root element is what we call the note. It contains four child elements which are the four child elements to form, heading and body. Now we are describing. I am describing. So I want to tell a machine that what I am going to send is the metadata about a thing called note that this note has four child elements. One is a to field, from field, heading field and body field. And each element has simple data type. This is what I want to tell you. What is that data? So two could be TAs for three, six, four. From could be Dr. D. B. Futter. Please note that from is the metadata. The actual value from Dr. D. B. Futter is the data. So data and metadata both will be put together in an acceptable document. Here is an example. Note. So notice that this is the XML document itself. Note is the XML document. Then it is heading. What does it say? Reminder and heading. So the note has a heading which is reminder. So it is a reminder note. To Pratibha. Pratibha is my wife's name. So to whom I am writing this note? To my wife, Pratibha. From Deepak, that is me. Body. Pune. Visit this weekend. Slash boy. And slash note. Can you make sense out of this? Semantically. It's a reminder note. Written by Deepak to Pratibha. Telling her that this weekend we are visiting Pune. Now all of us can make sense out of this. But the beauty is that now a machine can make sense out of this. Because to the machine, we are not giving some simple text. Arbitrally colored, bold, italics, etc. Such that the computer cannot ever understand where what content is going to be displayed. But here we are trying to tell it that the document that I am giving you has a structure. It has some metadata associated it. And we are saying the structure is that this document is called a note document. It starts here, it ends here. This has simple four components. This is a heading component whose value is reminder. It's a two component whose value is Pratibha. From component whose value is Deepak. And body component whose value is this string. Suppose an application reads the XML document. Now this is the beauty of the interpreter of XML versus interpreter of Pune HTML. A browser can interpret HTML and render it as bold, italics, superscript, subscript, whatever color they set. And XML interpreter actually extracts these elements. So it understands that this document has four elements. So it extracts an element called to, element called from, element called heading and element called body. And let's say it produces the following output. Now look at this output. It says reminder note to Pratibha from Deepak. Pune visit this weekend. Please note that now we are saying that there is a program which will interpret the contents in terms of metadata and data and will render the contents as well. So the rendering part is similar to HTML interpretation. Now this may not be the default behavior of any XML. I have just shown it as red and blue color. You can check what is the rendering behavior by default. The beauty is that you can also put HTML tags. If you want additional rendering to be done. But the important thing here is that I can give a metadata about the elements and each metadata can be extracted separately. Now imagine that I modify the document. What does this document say? Note, date, 31-3-2005 slash date from Deepak slash from. To Pratibha slash to. Reminder slash heading. Body Pune visit this weekend slash body slash not. Notice that this document is different from the old document. The sequence is completely different. If it were a HTML document then the lines would have appeared in the other in which they appear in this document. In the old document they would have appeared in the other in which they were written. Here they would appear in the way in which they are written. If XML was about rendering. The fact that XML is not about rendering. The fact that it is an XML document means that the application which we talked about a hypothetical application. Remember I said application has two parts. One part which extracts the elements and the other part which renders the elements. Now imagine I give this document to the same application. This is now a different document. But see what could happen and you can guess what will happen. The first part will extract elements from this. That part now sees that it has five elements instead of four. Which are the five elements? Date from to heading and body. And it gives these five element values to the rendering program. The rendering program understands only four values. It does not understand date. The beauty is that the rendering program will negate this date part and will still print exactly the same thing using the four elements which have been picked out because the program recognizes two elements from element, heading element and body element. So if the same application is used again, will it crash? No. It will still correctly extract the required fields and produce exactly the same output ignoring extra information. We have seen all the importance. I am now able to convey to some application program the metadata along with data in a recognizable form. The order in which the metadata is given and the data is given is not important. Metadata and data should be associated. For example, if you go back to this document, from DPEG slash from is a single unit. From is an element slash from handset and what is contained in between is the data. So imagine a roll number, okay, then 98200175 slash roll number. What are you doing? You are actually defining an attribute and it's value. Name slash name. CPR slash CPR. Hostel slash hostel. You will get no point. It is now possible to describe a student's recall in terms of the metadata and the actual data for that student. Now, if somebody's name is missing, doesn't matter the remaining things can still be understood by the interpreter. If I give some more hobbies, the application will say I don't understand what hobbies is. It depends upon how I have written that application. What it understands about rendering or filling. But the fact is that I have now the ability to supply the metadata and data in a recognizable manner, which the program can recognize. They are fundamentally different from an HTML or any text which is rendered. Notice that if this were an HTML and if I just change the order, the order in which things will appear will be different company. And that is because HTML is only about rendering. Whereas XML is about semantics of that. So this is the point I wanted to. As a result, even if I modify the document and I add let's say a data element, I exchange from and to, I put hidden somewhere down below, it still does not matter because the same application. We remember all that we have assumed about that application is that that application has two components. One component which understands the XML document and extracts element from it. The other component which renders the extracted elements. The rendering is fixed as shown here. Normally that it will always render the reminder at the top, the type of note at the top, to next, from next and bury it. This is the way in which it will end. The first part will extract these four elements. In case I give the second document, it will now extract five elements. The rendering part understands only four and it understands the order in which they have to render. And that is how we say that it will still correctly extract the required fields, produce exactly the same output ignoring the extra information. The word extensibility comes from the fact that if I use the same application where I have an extended document with more elements, the same application will still work without any problem. For example, in my Kubo application, I add three more fields later. The XML creator, whenever translating a particular row, will add those three fields and their values also. But even if I add an old application, the old application is still capable of interpreting the elements which it understood earlier and you do whatever. Either it can render or it can insert into database or it can fill it up into something else and further exchange that information with someone else. XML therefore has become now the standard of exchanging information across disparate applications. And since in real world, while new applications may be developed using Oracle as the back end or MySQL as the back end, there could be applications which are still Kubo applications, there could be C programming applications, there could be two database applications where the schemas are different into applications. Different meaning? All things is different. Let's say row number name is stored somewhere else but CPI is stored in some other table. It's possible, right? After the schemas of two applications could be different. But if you put every data into an XML form, send it and if you interpret every data from XML, it is still possible to create an interface without changing your original application. And that makes XML extremely interesting and useful. Today in fact, there is hardly any mechanism which exchanges data without XML format. So that's the power of XML and XML has reached these status rather quickly. So let's see a little bit more on XML elements. We now go into the details of how an XML document could be. First of all, all elements can have sub-elements. These are called child elements. So the father element, the parent element and child element. These sub-elements must be correctly nested within their parent element. For example, if I have root and below that root I have a child, below that child I have a sub-child, then sub-child must end before the child element ends. After the child element ends, they root element. This is common sense. Any nesting, I mean parenthesis, you must match opening and closing parenthesis. There is something as simple as that. Here is an XML elements example. So let's look at this example. First line says book. So what does it mean? This is an XML document called book document. Just like we have a root document, this is a book document. The next line, can you interpret this? This document has been created to be self-explanatory. So find out if you can't understand something. This is a command. What does it mean? That if I wrote a less than sign followed by an exclamation mark and then wrote anything and put a greater than sign, then this does not indicate any tag or an element. It indicates a command. So any command with exclamation mark is ignored by the acceptable interpreter. What does this element say? Title. So this is an element now. Title is an element. My first XML slash title. So title ends. Title is an element of a thing called book. This is one of the elements. Next, proud ID. Proud ID is product ID. This is another element. But wait, this is a very familiar element. It says proud ID, 1, 4, 3, media, paper, and then there is no information here and slash proud suddenly. So this looks like an element. But unlike this element called title slash title in between which I have given actually some string title, here there does not seem to be a value for this element. It's an empty value thing. However, there are qualifiers within the definition of that element itself. So while the element is called proud, I'm qualified yet by saying that this proud has an ID which is a string 1, 4, 3, and the media for this production is paper. So this is a peculiar feature where XML permits you to qualify the elements. Consider next chapter, introduction to XML. Ultimately I would have expected slash chapter because element begins element ends with the value. But here it says para. What does it mean? Para is a child element. So para, what is HTML? Slash para. That means one paragraph ends. Alumn para. So another para element. What is XML? Slash para. Slash chapter. Now you understand that an element called chapter started, it had two child elements and then that element ends here. Here another element called chapter. XML syntax. Para. Elements must have a closing tag. Slash para. Elements must be properly nested. Slash para. Slash chapter. Slash book. You will understand this XML document easily. It's self-explanatory. What is important to note is that it is actually conveying metadata and data together. And it is explaining how the elements can be nested internally and so on. No. There is no predefined tag in XML. That's why it's called extensible. The question was are these predefined tags? No. I am defining these tags. You can define it in any way. You can define it in any way. But if I don't know the way you define, then my interpretation will be a problem. Okay. That is a good question. So how do I define tags? For example, the case that we consider, a program which stores students' records. Now there I am calling a number, name of student. Whereas the database says a soul. Okay. S name. Now whether that element and this element is same, these two applications have to understand. What XML permits you to do is it can separate out these elements, give the metadata and data and send it across. In short, what XML is permitting to do is to send schema and data together for each record. Ordinarily how do you envisage a database table? It has one schema and then there are ways of data. Now imagine the table contains only one row. Then the table will be fully described if I describe the metadata on the row and I further separate it out. The metadata is one element, value of element. So value of element, value of element, value of element. That is what XML is. Whether the name of that element makes sense to some other application or not depends upon the common understanding between these two applications. And that is why as we shall see later, there is a notion of XML schema. So I can send the XML schema which is understood by interpreting program there and then wherever in the context of that XML schema I send some elements. It can make sense of what is that XML schema the other way. So that is how you can actually connect the two different applications easy. In the context of the previous simple document that I had shown I am explaining what this document contains. So first of all each element may have a content and it can have different content types. So an element can have an element content, mixed content, simple content or empty content. And element can also have attributes. So very funny. Element we thought element has a name and element has a value. Well number 940145 to Pativa from Deepak. So element name and value. But now we are understanding that there can be many other things. So each element can have a content which is an element content which itself is a mixed content which could be a simple content or empty content, no content. Additionally an element can also have attributes. We are now interpreting that big document. I am sorry I don't have a document here. But let me just go back here. Go back to the previous to previous slide. Just sort of try to keep this in mind. So it has book, title, pod with some attributes, chapter slash paras slash paras slash paras slash chapter. Again chapter paras slash chapter book. This is the structure. Let's look at this structure in terms of interpretation in slide number 14. The book which is the XML document itself has element contents because the book as an element contains elements. So its element is element content. Chapter is another element. And it has mixed content because it contains both text and other elements. There is a chapter name and there are other elements also. Power has simple content or text content because it contains only text. Power has empty content. It has no content value. But because the power itself carries no information. However, power has attributes. So external elements can have attributes in the start tag just like HTML. Attributes are used to provide additional information about elements. So course type, elective, it640 slash course. It640 is the name of the course. Course slash course is the element definition. But there is an attribute for this course. It says type elective. So that means it's an elective, not a core course. So this is the kind of information I can provide using XML tags. The pod element had attributes as we saw. What are the attributes? Prod id equal to 143, media equal to paper. The attribute named id has the value 143. The attribute named media has the value paper. So not only I am prescribing attributes, I am prescribing the values also. Now this element may have 10 attributes, may have 3 attributes. But as long as I have sort of a common understanding of the kinds of attributes that I can have, a particular XML document containing only 3 attributes, those 3 will be correctly interpreted, independent of the order. If another has given 5 attributes, out of which 3 are same, 3 will still be interpreted the same way. The other 2 may be interpreted the way their interpretation is made. XML permits us to implement the semantics of beta data and the associated data together. So whenever information is not part of the data, I will generally try to provide it through attributes. For example, here is this. File type equal to rtf, tutorial.rtf slash file. Here is an element called file, file slash file. In between I have an attribute called rtf. And this is the name of the file, tutorial.rtf. Now name of the file is ordinarily sufficient. Why am I introducing this attribute? The attribute is important because maybe my word processing software would like to know what type of file it is so that it will open it appropriately. So it could be a doc file. So type could be doc, type could be rtf, type could be pdf. This semantic is very vital because then the interpreter on the other side will take this file name, will open that file, but will open it using the right program depending upon the type of file that I have given. Of course you have to build a lot of intelligence on the application on the other side. But that's the whole point. These days you make your applications what you may call XML aware. That means the application should be able to receive an XML document, interpret it meaningfully and do whatever activities it is supposed to do for processing that information. Where we define the path of the file? Well, I mean this is an example. But this example alone will not be sufficient. For example, if this is what I am communicating, then there is a default location that the other fellow must understand. So for example, my application might be writing a file in a pre-assigned directory and the other fellow is supposed to open that directory. If I don't like that, then I may send the entire path. So that depends upon what is the understanding between me and it's almost you understand the protocol that we discussed in the communication protocol. The protocol between the two parties must be established for communicating anything. What XML is doing is it is permitting part of the protocol to be defined on the fly. There still has to be a major understanding between the two parties to interpret values correctly said by oneself. So you are very right. This is just an example to illustrate what XML is capable of. This is a limited example. But you are very right that there may be much more information that needs to be conveyed and so on. So this is the way you give the attribute values here. For example, even if there is this broadest production and let's say I am a publisher, I produce books. Publishing said 20 books. Now each book might have a name or some such thing which will give value. But all these books may be paper books. A few books may be e-books. So I will say media equal to CD. So the attribute is a generic thing which qualifies many data values, many actual values together. That's the problem. Suppose I am sending a message element. What is the message? If salary is less than 1000, then this is the message. So I am giving something here somewhere. But one message I want to give is if salary is less than 1000, then whatever, fire that fellow or hire that fellow, whatever, some message is there. The point being illustrated here is not about salary. Point being illustrated here is if the message itself contains a less than sign, then you have a problem because less than sign is typically the beginning of the young type or beginning of a sub-child target and so on. So you have some standardization here. You have to replace the less than character with what is known as an entity reference. So AND LT is representative of less than sign. What will be the representative greater than sign? And GT. This is common sense. It is like escape characters that you use in any string representation. So AND LT, AND GT, AND AMP. That is ampersand itself you want to represent. AND APOS means apostrophe. AND QUOTE means double apostrophe or quotation mark. So these are again standard, what should I say, nomenclature that is used to represent these particular things. Entity references always start with an AND character and end with a semicolon character. Notice this. AND LT semicolon. AND GT semicolon. Now these are peculiar ways that the language designers are almost arbitrarily selected. Why semicolon? Why not colon? Why not comma? Why not full stop? They said semicolon is something which will not occur ordinarily in such a string. The next question that I will ask is, suppose in my string value and AMP itself is a value, then how do I represent? It's a chicken in a kind of story. So you choose such strings such that they will not occur because if you hypothetically suppose I ask you a question in an exam, how will you represent AND a pass?  Answer ends, right? Because that is the basic design philosophy of doing this.  But then you will say that theoretically XML is incomplete. Since XML is designed by scientists and scientists don't like to do incomplete work, they have completed the task by saying, you have such fancy requirement of sending strings which are AND and this and that. So I create a separate section called seedata. If your text contains a lot of less than symbol and characters, where will you contain this? It is not an ordinary data for information system. But suppose you are transporting a code itself, C-program code, Coral-program code, SQL code, etc. That code itself is your data. Now how will you port that data because every time there is a less than symbol or greater than symbol or AND, you have a problem. So what the examiner says is, I will give you a separate section called seedata section. Everything inside a seedata section is ignored by the parcel. That means XML will not try to interpret contents of a seedata section. It will understand that seedata section is typically used to create large code lines of code, C-program, SQL-program. So it is not XML's job to understand. XML's job is to take the seedata section and deliver it to a C compiler or a Cobalt compiler or whatever. So XML parser, although the application which understands XML, extracts, elements, they will say, oh, seedata section, I will not look at it. So it is clear now how you could put lots of less than, greater than symbols, etc. However, how do you make the seedata section itself appear to begin uniquely or appear to end uniquely? That itself should not be confused with something else. So very special symbolism of starting the seedata and ending the seedata. A seedata section starts with less than symbol, command, opening bracket, seedata, another opening bracket. If you get this chain, then this is the indicator that what follows is a seedata section. And then it ends with closing bracket, closing bracket, greater than sign. So look at this. Less than sign. This typically means what? Beginning of an element, right? After that, exclamation mark means what? Command. So from this, everything will be ignored by the parser actually. Whether I like seedata or not, doesn't matter. But there is an opening bracket, seedata, another opening bracket, and ends with closing bracket, closing bracket, and greater than sign. So what is the purpose of doing all of this? You see, to the XML parser, you want to cheat by saying what I am writing is command. But remember there is somebody else there waiting for this contents, which is actually a seed program or a SQL program or something. Now that fellow should be able to understand this is a program. If just a command is ignored, like all commands are ignored, then this way also get ignored. You don't want XML to ignore it completely. You want XML not to look at the data. But you want XML to understand that there is a seedata section, picnic contents, and give it quietly to another fellow. So when you say opening bracket seedata, the XML parser will understand that seedata section is starting. There is another opening bracket. After this, whatever you write is the program code, which will be given separately. The first opening bracket closes this. The second closing bracket closes this. I leave it to you to wonder why opening bracket seedata, opening bracket, and then the seedata section, and then this closing bracket, closing bracket data. You figure that out. But people have done a lot of work to appropriately write this such that you can always write code in any programming language as a part of seedata section and transport it across different systems. Here is an example. People generally know seed programs. Some people will know seed programs. Here is a seed program code actually. Function, match negative, a, b. Opening bracket. If a less than 0 and a equals b, then return 1, s returns 0, n. So notice what I have written. Script and script. This is the element actually. Within the script and script, I have a seedata section. So I have written the starting seedata section here. I have written the entire code and I have then written this. So this means this whole thing is a script. In fact, I can give an attribute to the script by saying programming language c or whatever. So that attribute could be interpreted by the other system to say what I am getting is a c programming code. Compile it and run it whatever purpose I want. Somebody will ask whether the document should start with something describing that this is an XML. Yes, indeed that is the case. In fact, the first line usually informs you about what we call the character encoding. Whether character encoding is ASCII, ASCII 7-bit, ASCII 8-bit, ISO standard, Japanese, Hebrew character, whatever. So this character encoding can be described by the first line where you usually have a question mark at the beginning. Remember, exclamation marks means command. Question mark is also something under the command. There is not to be ignored. It is to be interpreted and understood by the XML parser for other purposes. The other purposes are indicated here. This one says version. Just like we had IPv4, IPv6, XML itself has versions. Different versions might have different interpretations. So you are permitted to give version. And encoding can be prescribed. So ISO 8-59-1 is one type of character encoding. This is standard and this is interpreted by the XML parser to make sense out of the values that are ultimately given as textings and so on. Now here is the problem. As somebody I think here has the question, are these tags standard? And I said no, of course not. They are user defined tags. But if they are user defined tags, then there is a confusion that is possible. For example, I have written one document in which I have used some name of a tag. Let us say, whatever, XYZ to mean something. You might have written another XML document where you have used the same tag XYZ to mean something else. Now there could be a lot of problem. How do you avoid this confusion? So since two different documents can use the same name describing two different types of elements, I must have a mechanism of avoiding this confusion. Here is one example. Table is an XML document. TR, TD, apples slash TD, TD, bananas slash TD, slash TR. Can you recognize this TD, TD, TR kind of things? What tags are these? These are HTML tags, right? So I am writing a table in the sense a table drawn here. The table has two rows. First row is apples, second row is bananas. And then end of table. This is one example. Consider this table. Name, length, table, slash, name. Now I am actually describing a piece of furniture. So this is a document called table. There is an element called name of the table which is length stable. There is an element called width. So this is three feet. There is an element called length which is six feet slash table. Now I have a problem here. This is also a table which has apples and bananas. This is also a table which has length stable three feet by six feet. The name is stable. You have used table for apples and bananas. I have used it for length table. Isn't there a confusion? How do you avoid that confusion? So what we may do is we may use a prefix. So instead of saying table, I can say F colon table. F now becomes my prefix. F colon table.  So what happens now? Although I have used the word table, this qualifier prefix makes it unique. Provided of course, I use F and you use G. If you also use F, then there is more confusion. Same confusion in fact. F colon table that you have as apples and bananas, F colon table that I have as length stable. In short, I like this notion of uniquely specifying an element name by putting a prefix. But I want to ensure that the prefix is unique. Prefix is different for you. Prefix is different for me. Prefix is different for somebody else. What is the easiest way of ensuring that the prefix is different? Yes. But the number, your number is 35. And like a man-man, I also think of 35. We are sunk. Sorry? Time numbers. But time numbers can be thought of the same time number by two different individuals. So in the internet world, what is likely to be unique for you and unique for me? IP address. IP address is one. Something better. Your website. My website is www.cac.itb.ac.in slash dvp. That is my website. In your CAC department process, I was website is slash nls. His website is different from my website. In fact, in all likelihood, forget an individual. Suppose a group of programmers in computer science department are preparing an XML document. Then at least amongst them, they should have an understanding of not using the same name. So if they use a common qualifier, then it will do for that group. Another group in IIT Kampur CS department which might think of the same as my name, another common qualifier. It works out that your website or URL works as an ideal qualifier. An ideal prefix. And here is the namespace attribute which is placed in the start tag of an element which has this syntax. XML ns. Let's see what XML ns means. XML ns. ns means namespace. So actually what I am trying to do is I am trying to create a unique prefix for me. That means I have a space for all the names that I give and this space is mine. You have a space for all the names that you give. It may still have the same names but it should be treated differently. So you should have a namespace. I should have a namespace. XML permits you to define this notion of a namespace by saying xmlx name space slash prefix equal to whatever namespace. For example, xmlns.f equal to http.iitb.ac.in-furl Now this is, so namespace is nothing but a namespace prefix and this prefix could be made unique whether an individual or a group of people who choose names in some collaborative way. So you agree that now there cannot be any confusion between the names that me or my group chooses and the names that you and your group may choose. You may use the same name to mean something else but it will be understood by the interpreter because the interpreter will take your thing as your namespace followed by whatever and my thing as my namespace followed by whatever. And the URL does not mean anything more. It is merely a name. It is just to give a unique name. I am giving a URL. It may not be a URL if I, if somebody is suggesting, it is not just the prime number but let's say that like a postal address you try to create a unique address. So every namespace created by IIT Bombay could say IIT Bombay department of computer science and engineering third floor school of IIT building. Now that means everybody using those names here is come. But instead of defining such arbitrary prefixes it is best to use URL as a prefix. So URL is a simplified way of using a namespace. The namespaces are important because the world has to exchange XML documents written by absolutely every Tom Dickens Huy and he has still to make sense out of that. So W3C that great committee has spent a lot of time in nomenclature of these namespaces. So there is a W3C namespace specification which states that the namespace itself should be a uniform resource identifier, URL. When a namespace is defined in the start tag of an element all child elements in the same prefix are associated in the same namespace automatically. You don't have to give prefixes later. The address used to identify the namespace is not used by the parser to look up information. So the address URL that I give has no other connotation. It will not be used to do something meaningful. It is just a tag, a unique tag. The only purpose is to give the namespace a unique name. However, very often companies use the namespace as a pointer to a real web page containing information about the namespace. Since the namespace can be a URL then a company may actually give that URL to meaningfully point to something about some more description about that namespace. Maybe what you call style sheets or whatever. So I would request you to read more about this. It's also very interesting information, extremely well organized. They have thought of practically every possibility of having uniqueness yet having simplicity of interpretation and ensuring that metadata and data can be composed, can travel and can be interpreted to convert into whatever form. You can define a default namespace for an element so that you don't have to use prefixes for all the child elements. This is a simple extension, not very meaningful. So here is one example. Xmlns, http colon, www, etc., etc. Name, lunch table, width 3, length 6, table. Now here, this table will always be associated with the furniture table because of this namespace. On the other hand, the other one could have name with some other thing and it could have apples, bananas or whatever that you wanted. So the table that we have created is an empty table. No, no, no, this is not a table. Don't confuse this with the database table. This is not a database table. This is a dining table. It's being described. Now here is the notion of an XML schema. XML namespaces and XML schema. Forget the DTD reference and all those of you are interested, can look it up. But essentially it is about defining the legal building blocks of the XML document. So, XML schema actually is used to define what that XML following XML document will contain. Just like database schema defines what data will come in the tables, XML schema defines what kind of XML document will come later. So here is a sort of content for XML schema. It defines elements that can appear in a document, attributes that can appear in a document, number and order of child elements, data types for elements and attributes, defaulted fixed values for elements and attributes. Now you can see XML is becoming powerful. Remember we first said that suppose some XML documents have only three elements, other has five elements, something else has eight elements. If I can agree on an XML schema, then I can define an XML schema which will describe said 10 elements. Which are the 10 elements, how many child elements each one has, in what order they will come. All of that I define as an XML schema. And I exchange that XML schema with you. Now anything, any document altering to that schema is now commonly understood between you and me. Because that XML schema says that this will have whatever chart, paragraph, whatever, whatever, or this type and this will have these attributes. So XML schema is a brilliant way of exchanging commonly understandable information on both sides of the parallel. And as long as I keep sending documents which pertain to that XML schema, the XML document itself can be passed. Some document may have fewer elements, some will have all elements, some will have attributes, some will not have attributes. Here is an XML schema. Okay, question mark, XML version 1.0. XSD colon schema. So you remember, you know, data definition language in SQL. So XSD means it is XML schema definition. Okay, colon schema. There is a known space. HSTP colon, there is a spelling mistake here. Should be HTTP, okay, whatever. W3D.org slash 2000 slash 10 slash XML schema. This again, as I said, it's only a URL. It's just giving a unique name space. XSD, element name, card info, type is complex type. XSD, sequence. XSD, element name, name, type, XSD string. XSD, element name, title, type, XSD string, phone, string, email string. XSD, end sequence, XSD, end element, XSD, end schema. I would like you to make sense out of this. First of all, there is a given element name, card info. So what kind of card information it has? A visiting card. So I am describing a schema for visiting card. And I am saying that this visiting card will contain, the type of visiting card is, it is card information and card information is complex information. And what are the complexities? That card info itself will have a sequence of four elements. The first in the sequence is name and the value is string. So name here could be DB, phyton, okay. The next would be title, type is against string. So it's a Subramanaka Nietzsche professor or lab superintendent or whatever, administrative officer, whatever. Phone, type is against string. So 25767747, somebody else's number could be different. Okay. And then email, DBP at IITB, whatever, somebody else's number. Observe that, once I describe this XML schema, then the data for 2,000 cards like this can be given. And since it is known that every card that comes now at most these four elements in this order, the interpretation will become very simple. The XML document containing the card itself, we'll see how the notion name, value slash name, title, value slash title. Phone, value slash four. You understand that? That will be the XML document. But its meaning is now clear. And if this XML schema is understood by both parties, you can see that the data exchange will be very smooth. And frequently, when XML documents are exchanged, not as regular documents which contain C data, section C code or something, but documents which actually contain data from database, then they usually be associated with a XML schema for this part. Here is an example, XML document, put them into that schema. Card in four. Name, DBP, father, slash name. Title, chair, professor, IITB, slash title. Phone, plus 911, this, slash phone. DBP dot IIT, syntax error. It should be at IIT dot IIT, whatever. Slash email. Slash card in four. Now this is an XML document describing contents of one card. I can send exactly 2000 such elements in a card. And 2000 card data is transferred automatically. And as you are saying that there should be no confusion that what this name means, title means, phone means. The XML schema of the previous thing defines all of this. Can we now relate to the basic notion of database, schema and data? It is something very similar here and very brilliantly used to convert everything into standard string forms and exchange data across systems. We have not discussed this, but it was unbelievably difficult to make different application systems in the world interact with each other. There used to be special applications called EDI, Electronic Data Interchange. And a lot of programmers and programming companies have made a lot of money in ensuring that the data from Boeing is understood by data, by general electric. Data from general electric is understood by somebody else and so on because everybody was putting data in very peculiar format, one's own format and there is no easy way of exchanging data. So files used to be transferred, then file metadata would be transferred by some other application, exactly same application as to run there. If some other application runs, it can't figure out. XML therefore makes it generically possible to convert metadata and data. And the notion of XML schema is a very powerful notion which makes it easy to exchange data. It appears simple now, but that's why I'm stressing that prior to the XML, the world was a mess in terms of exchanging information easy. Automatic exchange of information could not happen.


Oh dude Dude, I wish I had streamed or recorded this game, dude Grayson, however, what's your name?  I lost it dude after that game I saw that plus 12. Oh, dude. Is there a clip was better classic or TBC? TBC was more fun TBC was a lot more fun to play Classic had more memorable moments, but the gameplay was was way more fun I'm so hyped Yeah, could do it especially we thought three days ago.  I thought that the house was haunted. It was wailing It was like Inhabited the house, but then when I got closer to his door, I realized that I was just him It was true. No, I was not crying. She's just lying. I thought there was somebody else in there But it was just as fun. We think watch the clip. Okay. This is the final seal to us chat I haven't even seen it from Grayson's perspective yet now now hold on there is an update Did the leaderboard update right now? What if you woke up right now?  I never was crying. I never wait. Why is Grayson watching me? What are you doing? Grayson go cue We got to watch the whole game cut offs updated nine minutes ago. This is the happiest thing I'll ever say Let's go dude. Unless he actually physically wins this new role Let's go Dude, hey, it ends in 17 minutes. It ends in 17 minutes, and we finished at 2248 We went up from 22 set 27 to 2248 today So before the OTK meeting tonight, we're like, okay, I might have to miss I might have to miss the meeting tonight to cue we log in we cue one game We go up against a double mage team. We have not played against double mage. We go in What happens is we're on blades edge. We're like, oh god. Just dammit. Okay blades edge We have the bridge casters have like a huge advantage there, right? When we go in and we enter Do up gets a sap off.  We go from 227.  We're good. We are safe We are safe. I'm going to my OTK meeting. We're gonna go do stuff. It's gonna be great. Is that it? But Like you are right now. I thought you already did that but here's what happens. Huh? I wish I was live I wish I was live for I wish I'd recorded these games, dude I regret not recording these games, but it's okay. What happens. I'm in the meeting all of a sudden. I hear this Colonel colonel and it's Grayson. He's like S band the cutoffs just got updated. The new cutoff is 2234 I go up. I'm like damn. We're in the meeting. I'm like tips I'll be back and I leave and then they're like that's how what are you doing? I'm like, oh, yeah, so the cutoff went up and everyone's like, okay, of course So then I leave I get home and we're sitting there and we're talking about like, okay, do we queue do we queue? Do we queue? Let's wait. Let's wait. Let's wait and and what's happening is is we're paying attention We're looking at who's queuing the leaderboard is going up and down It doesn't actually update. So we're just having to see people leave the game We're like, okay, are we gonna lose it? Are we gonna lose it? It doesn't update the cutoff doesn't go up, but we're seeing other teams climb and we're like, man We have to queue we have to queue Grayson is queuing twos while he's queuing twos We had been getting queue sniped queue dodged everything there that people are watching us and trying to dodge us People are watching us and make sure they get us if they counter combo all kinds of stuff, right? So we're like, we just gotta we just got to try and like quick strike get a game in don't let anybody even know We're queuing we get in the group get ready Grayson's playing on his rogue alt tab over Accepts the group invite on his mage and we queue boom get in we play against the 4 DPS Healer holy paladin elemental shaman shadow priest and Frost mage team what happens? Let's watch the lot. Let's watch Grayson's POV Look, it's playing the rogue boom rogue just kidding. Let's go baby. All right, this is it. Let's go I Was so I was so like locked in Let me I'm gonna try to set this mage. Okay. Yeah, it's okay For deep yes I'm right here. I'm on the I'm on the right side I Am bubble bubble Can't even see his health bar I'm up here. You can't see it's help We're gonna watch you Just watch watch the one you can see up top just watch watch right here. I mean I'm in I mean I'm in Immediate red podge droid when you can I think Sean I think Sean bro.  That was a team we went back and forth with a lot That was bad guys. Thank you for all the subs man. Thank you guys so much, dude. Amazing. Let me just let me make sure We these guys all Man, I'm so hyper right now. Yeah guys. We went up over six teams We completely hard secured the win dude hard secure so car. Thank you for the 40 months Harold that's true Harold. Thank you for the five dollars and they give it a 20 gifted from Harold Thank you so much, dude and TBC with a seal twist dude the final seal twist. Oh Amazing Amazing Okay, so tomorrow the fresh servers open Well tomorrow what the plan is gonna be is I'm gonna make a new character on a new server When we make that character is what we'll just level up there. Okay, so so do you know what you're gonna play? He's like, I'm gonna try and level probably kind of fast Do you want to run alongside me and try and keep up and I'm just tell you what to do, okay?  I'm worried that's not gonna be fun Well, I've already had enough time playing. I mean you haven't even scratched the surface You're only in the beginning area still But like I Wonder if you'll get a better experience of like Well, I'm just saying I think all of this. I think I'm I think you just give it have a better experience I mean if you want and I just want can you just treat me? And you just you just follow me along. Yeah, okay.  That's so sick.  That is crazy I'm so happy for you. Thank you I'm forest I feel like experience dude. There it is dude. It's official 2235 cut off Do you think people are watching your stream right now? Who are also in and they were they're like kicking themselves And they're watching celebrate and they're like crying like you were it's like three days ago I was never crying But she probably are And I've been there I was the first two seasons. I barely miss you've been there I barely missed it the other person's stream if they were But Chad that's a it's a wrap dude. It's a wrap It's a wrap dude Back-to-back two-time gladiator multi gladiator. Mmm.   We got it guys Dude how when does that ever happen to us? We're like, yeah, let's just cue one game and both games today We did it twice dude the end of the season is always so hype I mean it's always so much fun streaming it to because everyone's so like Invested and like cares about each game. Yeah, that's how that's how wow should feel bro It's so funny that the last game too is you a hundred owing a mage dude how that's like that's like poetic Yeah, it is like that's what have been so good if you made a PVP and you titled it like the last It'd be so good the final seal twist man. All right, I'm gonna go see if Mitchy J wants to sauna. Yeah Good luck with your CA bro guys. We got gladiator baby. I don't I don't I gotta do the CA. Yeah Yeah, I gotta do yeah, we got gladiator gladiator There it is And he's a bad thing soon as we're gonna play. I don't know probably not dude He doesn't play classic he'll stream it for a couple weeks and then he'll quit like it's just but he's not a really a classic player So rather which King is gonna be a whole new new challenge. I will miss this Very dearly. I don't really I don't like it's weird cuz like I don't really want it to end But at the same time it's kind of coming out at the right time You know, you know what the phrase is is the phrase will walk away while they're still clapping, right? You you want things to end when people don't want them to end and this expansion man and What they did with classic the specific things that they really they did some things wrong Throughout the course of classic in general whether it was vanilla or TBC But they did a whole lot more right than then especially in TBC They they went back through and they fixed a lot of stuff. I feel like they don't get credit for One of the things they did in burning crusade that they just don't do in retail while like at all is they they fixed the game They fixed the issues of the game early like things things that were a problem were not a problem for very They actually acted very quickly, which they just do not do in retail


Well, thank you all, and I want to welcome you to the White House and let you know how lucky I feel. It's not often these days that I get to have lunch with my roommate. But thank you for joining Nancy and me in this, the second annual conferring of the National Medal of Arts. And permit me to thank our committee on the Arts and Humanities and its chairman, Andrew Heiskell, for proposing that we create the National Medal of Arts. To Congress, for enacting the authorizing legislation, the National Council and the Arts for providing us once again with such a fine list of nominees. And Dan Tara, our Ambassador for Cultural Affairs for continuing his tradition of holding a State Department reception on this occasion. As we award these 12 medals today, we celebrate 12 rich contributions to American arts. And in a wider sense, we celebrate American culture itself. The culture of liberty, the culture in which artists are free to be true to themselves. Nearly two centuries ago, when this grand old house was built, our nation comprised for the most part a narrow band of towns and villages hugging the eastern seaboard. A rugged and often unlettered people clinging to the edge of a vast continent. Our art, drama, music, and learning Americans looked not to themselves, but to Europeans, not to the new world, but to the old. And yet as those rugged people pushed west and gave birth to a great country, they likewise gave birth to a great distinctive culture. First American arts took on the twang of the frontier of fiddle, fiddle, and the sharp clean lines of our primitive paintings. And then came the joy of jazz, the sparkle and spectacle of film, the stirring sense of space and light in the work of artists from George Innis to Winslow Homer. In our own time, we've seen the rise of superb regional orchestras, ballets, and opera companies, the coming of age of fine museums throughout the country, and the emergence of cities like New York and Los Angeles as art capitals of world importance. So it is that in matters of culture today, Americans look not so much to the old world as to the new, to America itself. And they do so with pride. Our administration is sought to emphasize these distinctively American aspects of our own culture. And Frank Hodsel at the National Endowment for the Arts has devoted to this charge all his acumen and skill. Under Frank's leadership, the endowment has helped to widen state and local support for the arts across the country. And with the support of the Congress, the endowment is expanding arts programming on television and radio to reach all our people. And today, we have this wonderful event, this moment to pause and appreciate 12 magnificent contributions to the artistic life of our nation. We honor patrons, those who enable the distinctively American tradition of private support for the arts to flourish. And we honor artists themselves, their pains, the triumphs, their devotions, all of themselves that they've given to their work and hence to our nation. And now Nancy's going to help me award the medals. Mary Ann Anderson was born in Philadelphia, and at the age of eight, she started singing in choirs. She began her career as a contralto in Europe, and it was Saul Hurac who launched her career in the United States. In 1955, she made her debut with the New York Metropolitan Opera, thereby paving the way for the acceptance of black performers on the concert stage. Arturo Toscanini said that a voice like hers comes only once in a century. Mary Ann Anderson is one of the greatest ladies of opera, and accepting for her today is her cousin, Miss Sandra Grimes. Eric Capra was born in Palermo, Italy, and came to our country at the age of six. He served four times as president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and three times as president of the Screen Directors Guild. A pioneer of the art of film, he's one of the greatest directors and producers in motion picture history. We'll never forget the classic films. It happened one night, Mr. Deeds goes to town, Mr. Smith goes to Washington, and you can't take it with you. He's earned five Academy Awards and has been honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Film Institute. Frank Capra is one of the truly great artists of a uniquely American style of filmmaking, and we're pleased to have his son, Tom Capra, accepting on his father's behalf. Aaron Copeland was born of Lithuanian parents in New York. He studied privately with many of the world's greatest musicians, including Nadia Boulanger. He composed his first symphony in 1923 and continued creating masterpieces using truly American folk themes and tunes. We're most familiar with the Lincoln portrait for which he won a Pulitzer Prize in Music and Billy the Kid. He collaborated with Agnes DeMille on Rodeo and with Martha Graham on Appalachian Spring. Aaron Copeland is a paramount American composer, and accepting for him is Mrs. Vivian Perlis, his close friend and official biographer. Bill Helm de Kooning was born in Rotterdam, Holland. He worked his way to our country as a wiper in the engine room of a steamship. Before establishing himself as the great painter that he is, he made signs and window displays. He was a carpenter, furniture designer, muralist, and began his work in abstraction in 1934. As a leader of abstract expressionism, he's influenced all modern painting and is acclaimed by all the world as America's great contribution to modern art. Accepting for him today is his wife Elaine, who is also a fine painter. Agnes DeMille was born in New York. Her name is certainly synonymous with the art of dance. As performer and choreographer, she is unforgettable. There's no memory of America that could be complete without the dance of Oklahoma, Carousel, Brigadune, or the ballet of Rodeo, Fall River Legend, or the Four Marys. Agnes DeMille is written over a dozen books on dance and is also distinguished as a teacher. She's a great artist and a great American. Eva Ligallion was born in London and became a citizen in 1927. In 1921, she starred in her first film, Lilium, and went on to triumph in Camille, the Master Builder, and Mary Stewart. She also earned a special Tony Award and an Emmy for her outstanding performance in the PBS special, The Royal Family. Eva Ligallion founded and directed both the Civic Repertory Theater in New York and the American Repertory Theater. In addition to her many talents, she's also a recognized translator of the Scandinavian classics of Ibsen and Hans Christian Andersen. She's a great actress, director, producer, teacher, and author. Accepting for her is Mrs. Anne Kaufman Schneider, a close family friend and colleague. Alan Lomax was born in Austin, Texas and is without a doubt the world's most renowned folklorist. He's devoted his life and talent to collecting, compiling, and preserving the folk music of the United States and the world. As director, producer of an original folk music series on CBS Radio in the 30s and 40s, he presented to all Americans for the first time such then-unknowns as Burl Ives, Pete Seeger, Led Belly, and Woody Guthrie. In the past 24 years, he's been a president scholar at Columbia University where he's pioneered the study of expressive styles of culture. Recently we've seen his work in the television series American Patchwork. Mr. Lomax, you have truly enriched our understanding of the cultures of America and the world. Louis Mumford was born in Flushing, New York. He's one of our most distinguished historians, literary critics and commentators on cities and urban design. He's the author of some 31 books and was the recipient of a National Book Award in 1961 for the city and history. Mr. Mumford has said of the city, if it ceases to be a milieu in which people can exist in reasonable contentment, it will be unprofitable to discuss architectural achievements. His concern for the whole of the city as opposed to the single architectural triumph has taught us how to strive for architecture as the home of man, the title of his highly original book on the philosophy of architecture. Accepting for Mr. Mumford today is his daughter, Mrs. Allison Morse. Eudora Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi and lives there today. Ms. Welty is a preeminent American writer who is most well known for her books about the South and the Southern family. She's influenced generations of young American writers. In 1941, she published her first book, A Curtain of Green. And in 1973, she won a Pulitzer Prize for the Optimist Daughter. Her work is read widely throughout the country and the world. Ms. Welty considers her 1984 autobiographical work, One Writer's Beginnings, a very significant and recent expression of her thoughts. And we're very honored to present her the National Medal of Arts. Dominique de Manil began her career as a bold patron of the arts in the 1930s by giving Max Ernst his first one-man show. In 1941, she came to this country from Paris. She's organized exhibitions in New York and Houston, as well as in France and Germany, and is currently chairman of the Pompidou Art and Cultural Foundation in Paris. She's played a primary role in the renaissance of arts institutions in Houston, where a new museum will soon house the world acclaimed collection of Dominique de Manil and her late husband, John. We're honored to have her here today. Exxon Corporation began its support of the arts in the 40s. And today, it's known by millions for its promotion of the arts on television through great performances and live from Lincoln Center. A pioneer of the program Dance in America, Exxon not only brought dance into American living rooms, but stimulated live dance performance across America. Exxon has also supported the technology of live broadcasts and simulcasts for audio fidelity. Over 300 new orchestral and chamber works by American composers have been brought to broad audiences by this corporation. Exxon is an outstanding example of enlightened corporate support for the arts, and with us today is Jack Clark, Exxon's senior vice president and director. Seymour H. Knox was born in Buffalo, New York, where he still lives. As a collector and patron, his contribution to his birthplace is everlasting. Few know that he was a champion polo and squash player in his youth, who represented our country and international competitions. However, he will be most remembered for his perceptive eye for the new and is daring as a collector of contemporary art. The Albright Knox Gallery, under the leadership of Mr. Knox, sent major precedents in opening its doors to modern art. And we're pleased to award him the National Medal of Arts. Well, thank you, Nancy. Thank you all. On behalf of the American people, I commend you, each of you, for crowning our nation's greatness with grace. You have forever set an example for artists and patrons in the years ahead to live up to. I know the endowment will draw on these examples as it launches its new initiatives in arts education. Certainly the existence of strong music and fine arts curricula is important to keeping the humanities truly humanizing and the liberal arts truly liberating. So for all that you've already achieved, and for all that your work will continue to mean to our nation in the decades ahead. Once again, thank you, God bless you all.


Veerabhadra, Veerabhadra is a small element. Shiva, Shiva himself personally did not want it, want to get into a violent mood. So he took a strand of his hair and created Veerabhadra. The situation arose in Shiva's life where a great injustice happened out of which his wife Sati became a victim of that. She emulated herself. When he heard this, he wanted to act. But parts of him were so still that he was not made for action. So he pulled out a strand of his hair and created Veerabhadra. A Veerabhadra means a valiant one, a courageous one. The word Veerabhadra essentially comes from the word Veerabhadra. Veerabhadra means the sperm, the seed out of which a human being is born. These two aspects are so directly connected. That is, the significant aspect of Shiva's life is that he never spilled his foam. So the significance of this is just this, the fundamental vital energy in the system. Instead of letting it go in a physiological manner or a physical manner which will lead to reproduction, he used the same energy to hit the peak of consciousness. He spilled from the top of his head. No yogi can be called a yogi unless he spills from the top of his head. So Veerabhadra was just a hair, a strand of hair. He went and performed single-handedly. He went and slaughtered the armies of the king who caused this injustice. The story is trying to say that because Shiva spilled his veerabhadra on the top of his head, his hair is the patent that just one strand of hair could destroy a whole army. Once a human being is not involved in the reproductive process, naturally his attachment to the body is very minimal. Once his attachment to the body is minimal, his sense of fear does not exist. Once there is no fear, he is naturally a valiant. That is the consequence of this.


Thanks for continuing to watch 12 p.m. tutorials. Today's tutorial is going to teach you to use a tool that protects your privacy online by making it difficult for websites and online snoopers to find out your information. This tool is called Tor. In addition to ensuring your privacy, Tor makes it possible for you to view information online that may be restricted in your area. Tor works by routing your connection and information through a system of randomly selected relays before it ever reaches the internet. This ensures that your information is next to impossible to obtain by people you don't want to have it. Now that you know how Tor works, let's go get the software. Open up a web browser and go to www.torproject.org.  Now click Download. Here you can download versions for Windows, Mac and Linux. Click on Installation Bundle for Windows and save the file to your computer. Once the file finishes downloading, go to where you saved it and double-click the file. The installation program will ask you to choose a language from the drop-down menu. Choose your language and then click OK. Click Next. The programs listed here are what Tor uses to run its service. You can get an idea of what each program does by running your mouse over it. The only program here that we have to mention is the Tor button. If you are using Firefox as your web browser, Tor will want to install the Tor button for Firefox while the regular installation is happening. OK, click Next. Now choose where you would like to install the program. Once the installation is complete, it will ask you to install the Tor button for Firefox. I'm going to agree to install that now, and then I'm going to click Restart Firefox. Now, if you look down here in the lower right-hand corner of your browser, you'll see the Tor button. We'll come back to this later. For now, go back to the installation wizard and click Next. Tor will ask you if you want to run the installed components now, but I prefer to run it manually. Now, go to Start, Programs, Vidalia Bundle, and Open Vidalia. This launches the user interface and allows Tor to start connecting to the service. It can take a moment or two for Tor to connect, so let me tell you about the different buttons you see here. Stop Tor will disconnect you from the service. Setup Relaying gives you the opportunity to use your computer as part of Tor's relay network. Use a new identity will route you through the relay network in a new way. View the network will allow you to see the different connections. Settings allows you to configure a couple of different options for Tor. Once you see the green onion, you know you have successfully connected to the Tor network. Speaking of the green onion, if you look down here in your taskbar, you'll see a green onion icon. You can right-click the icon and it gives you the same options as you have in the user interface. Now, we're going to go back to our web browser. Look at the Tor browser button. It's still disabled. We're connected to the Tor network, but we haven't turned on the service in Firefox yet. Go ahead and click the button. If it now says Tor enabled, then you are successfully using Firefox with the Tor service. Want to check to make sure that Tor service is working? Go ahead and disable Tor again by clicking on the button. Now go to www.checkip.org. This is my unprotected IP address.  Well, that definitely looks different from my real IP address. Now you know how to install and use Tor.


Hi everybody it's Sam here thank you for watching today so I'm going to be showing you how to make this reverse easel card now I do have a reverse easel card on my channel it was some years ago now and it was in a six by six version and I think it was even using the same stamp so I'll link that one up here now but that was like I said in a six by six this is five by seven and I've used the beautiful oh so sweet papers by first edition so today's video is very kindly been sponsored by craft label and there'll be a code popping up now you can use that code and it will give you 20% off any of their full price owned brand product only it's a great website I know lots of you are already familiar with it head over there they've got all your popular brands and they've also got a lot of cricket products there as well for you digital crafters so again there's the card it all folds flat you've got space on the back here to be able to write your message so let me show you how to make it so today I'm using the oh so sweet 12 by 12 paper pad by first edition I will link up a couple of other projects that I've already shared using this paper pad and it's got loads of really nice elements that you can cut out quite easily as well then I've used the have a sweet birthday for inside the card and that's from my mate a surprise sweets and treats and then for the main sentiment on the front I've used the dovecraft and it's the I think I've put down their birthday boy and girl but I don't think I brought them together I think they each one of these is separate they're all dovecraft stamps I'll probably still be able to find some of them available for you and I'll check the craft label website but I've used that lovely birthday girl there and I've already heat embossed that which I'll show you in a moment and then I'm using the circle dies but you could have any shape and you don't have to have these as dies you could just cut your shapes using your trimmer be a square rectangle or any other die shapes that you might have but I've just used these ones here I'll give them measurements for those in a moment so I've already gone and cut everything out you'll see there that's the sentiment when I've heat embossed it like I said at the beginning this is the five by seven version if I haven't already linked the six by six I'll link that up now so you'll want a piece of 10 by seven and along the 10 inch side you want to score it two and a half and five then just fold it in half so you've got a five by seven card blank and then fold back that two and a half inch score line and just burnish and that will give us that reverse easel so we're now going to stick everything onto here if anybody's new and you're you've not seen how a normal easel card usually what you do is you would score still how I have but you would fold so you'd have a you know mounted fold then another mountain and that would go like so and then you could build up in front of it but this is a reverse easel and it's going to go like so I've then got this polka dot paper from the pad along with these two pieces here so this one here is six and three quarters by four and three quarters these two pieces here are two and a quarter by that six and three quarters so they're going to be stuck here here and on then on the bottom so you'll have a nice border I'll stick those down in a moment and then because the card will be folded like this and you're going to have this like so so take out the envelopes it's again it's a landscape style I thought I would have my message on the back here so I've already gone ahead those same sizes two and a quarter by six and three quarters I'm going to have this piece along the bottom so I can write a little message here and then I've got this pattern piece which is going to go in this top section there so in total you'll want four pieces of that two and a quarter by six and three quarters but you obviously want them to be a little bit different depending on how you want to decorate it so I'm going to get all that stuck down then I'm going to stick this onto this slightly larger circle now the sizes of these just to give you a rough idea like I said you can have any shape you want here so you're looking at about three and three quarter diameter for that one and then just over four and a half about four and five eighths but just something roughly around that size you can go even bigger you might want to have a really large piece here and then add even more decoration on that piece but I'm planning on having this size and then I can kind of decorate into these spaces here so I'm going to pop this up on some foam I'm just going to pop some of these squares around okay next I've got this piece which I'm going to use for my stopper but I'm going to decorate some more on top of this so I'm going to have maybe you know some of these elements and the lollipops and stuff the idea is is I'm going to stick this piece to the top here and then this piece here is your stopper and I just want to decorate that a bit more and then more decoration along the top so this piece here is the seven inch length or width of the card and then I've got this pattern piece which is one inch and then this piece would be I would do one and then one and a quarter it's entirely up to you you don't even have to have it as one long strip you might just want to have a small little cluster here I have a playlist of easel cards there's so many different ways to do these so check that out if you want a bit more inspiration but I've popped foam in between these ones here but I'm going to pop some more foam again just to ensure that the circle here you know does stop against that so take the backing off what I would suggest is sticking this down at first now I want to stick this so that it's in the centre of the card when the card's closed so that looks really nice when they take it out of the envelope so what I'm going to do is flip it over make sure it's perfectly straight so that's the top there sit that inside and then I'm just going to add my glue along that top half there and then I can just lay that back down just make sure you've got equal amount on each side there and just secure that in place and now I can lift this up and it's up to you I mean you could have it you know quite far forward I'm going to have it kind of in the middle yeah it's about in the middle so I'm just going to stick that one down and just make sure that's nice and straight like so and now you'll see it just locks itself in there you can see that holds itself really well if yours is too bouncy you just need to burnish the score line here so I'm pleased with that so now all that's left to do is to start decorating it so it's going to be difficult for you to see so I might just angle it slightly like this just so you can kind of watch me decorate it it's quite easy then for me to see how I want to place everything but so I've got this pretty floral piece which is from the pattern paper one of the the sheets like the lollipops the sundae I might stick maybe that one there and I'm just going to play around like I said I want to put some more there as well okay so that's the finished card really easy to do use anything in your stash you can make these for any occasion I love how that all folds up it looks really nice when it's closed and then pops up like so you could if you wanted to have your message in here you could put another circle over the back of this one and have something in there if you wanted to but I've got mine on the back there and you can see you've got the space there and I added a little bit more decoration it is hanging over slightly there I'm going to leave it for now I may just make a slightly bigger envelope for this one because I do like the way it kind of sticks out like that but yeah there you have it so I hope you've enjoyed my 5x7 reverse easel card today remember to check out that code I'll pop it up again here now and head over to craft label I'll link everything in the description box along with the code again there as well there'll be some other tutorials popping up if you want to watch them next and if you've enjoyed today and you haven't subscribed just hit that subscribe button and hit the notification bell and then you'll be notified every time I upload a new video thanks again for watching and I'll be back again soon


Appalachian Wireless now has new forward pay pricing where you can pay up front and get the data and features you desire. Five gigabytes of data, just $39.99. Unlimited, just $79.99. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. A piece of the Pikeville landscape that has been in place for the past 40-plus years is changing and it's all in the name of progress. Officials with the Pikeville Area YMCA have been operating the Pikeville City Pool for the past several years, but they say its age is showing and the costs to operate it have skyrocketed in recent years. So in its place will soon be a new fieldhouse and practice facility for several Pikeville High School athletic teams, but the decision to permanently close one pool has opened the door to a brand new one. But it's just been recently that the city of Pikeville announced they were going to close their pool and wanted to collaborate with the Y in planning this new development. It's very, very exciting, it's wonderful, it's dynamic and we're just elated to have the city involvement in this along with other groups. Now that the Pikeville City Pool is gone, officials with the city of Pikeville are working with the YMCA to help bring its dream of a new pool to reality. We had hoped to build two swimming pools at the YMCA since at least 2007 and one would be a six-lane competitive swimming pool and one would be a warm water indoor pool also. A recent marketability study on the new YMCA pool will be released next week, opening the door for YMCA officials to take the next step towards beginning construction. We're hopeful that we'll be able to get it done in the 10 to 11 months time frame so that the pool at the city will be only shut down for one season. I know that the community is worried that they're missing their pool for one summer but when this gets built then they'll be able to have water activities for 12 months out of the year instead of just two months. The new Pikeville area YMCA aquatic facility will be built adjacent to the main building near Bob Amos Park. In Pikeville, I'm Shannon Deskins, EKB News.


This 2015 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Big Horn is stock number 20J148A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2015 Ram 2500 has the 6.4-liter V8 Hemi engine. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off, and this truck is 100% ready to go. Granite Crystal Metallic is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition and looks and styling of the truck before seeing it in person. If you like the video and want to subscribe to our YouTube channel to see videos of all the trucks and cars we do each and every day here at Summit Auto, in the lower right-hand part of the screen is a subscribe button. Click that and then click the bell notifications and you'll get updated every day we do videos here at Summit Auto. It comes with the polished aluminum 18-inch rims and it has Goodyear Wrangler all-terrain adventure tires. These are LT27570R18s and they have, I'd say, probably 70 to 80% of the tread left. So good tread left on those tires, frame and underbody, other than just a little bit of surface rust on those welds. Looks really good. Front fender is in excellent condition. No major dents or dings on there. And the headlight lenses are nice and clear. Factory fog lights. Front bumper is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on that. The hood is in really nice shape as well. Passenger side front fender looks really good too. And the passenger side rim. No major scuffs or scrapes on there. As you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. These HD videos, so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from the comfort of your own home. Doors look really good. Box side looks really good. Back rim, no scuffs or scrapes on there. Looks really good. Back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. And like I said before, just other than on the welds there, framing under bodies in pretty nice shape has all the remaining factory exhaust. Looks pretty good underneath for a six-year-old truck from Wisconsin. Lower rockers all look really good and it comes with the factory chrome step bars. Once again, box side looks great. Coming around to the back of the vehicle, the rear bumper is in nice condition as well. No dents or dings on there. The back parking sensors. Tailgate is in nice shape. Only thing I saw is one tiny little ding underneath the big horn logo there. You can barely see it. Locking tailgate back of camera and it comes with a very nice trail FX drop-in bed liner. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly and as you go down on the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side, no dents or dings on the box. And for full disclosure, this back rim is in nice condition as well. Driver's side doors look really good. It does have the heated fold-out tow mirrors. They fold up like so. They also fold in like that. Has built-in directional signals on them as well. Inside the big horn package gives you the gray cloth interior. No rips or tears on the seats. These front seats are heated as well as the steering wheel. Driver's side lumbar, factory, all-weather floor mats. This one does have auto headlamps, power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. Like I said before, these mirrors fold in. I always like showing both sides so that you know that both sides are working properly. We'll hop inside. Take a look at the ignition. Turn that on. Check out the radio. Check out the miles. We'll dim it down for better view and get the big horn animation there. You can see that this one has 47,896 miles. You do get the digital speedometer. You get the compass display, temperature display, time display, range to empty display. You can change those to read whatever you'd like. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the heated leather wrap steering wheel. Cruise controls on the right. Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. Comes with the six-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. Turned-out four-wheel drive. This one has the 8.43C radio, AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities. You can do your heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons here as well. This is where your backup camera shows up too. And then you get all your different apps here. Now, while this radio does not have navigation system on it, you can add nav to it for $595 see your sales professional for more details. It does have the Alpine Premium sound system. Climate controls down here. You can also do your climate controls up on the screen. But if you like more tactile climate controls with the buttons and the knobs right there, also volume and tune knobs as well. Factory brake controller. Heated seats and heated steering wheel buttons. Stability control toe hall and backup parking sensors. You can turn those off and on. It does have 115 volt, 150 watt plug-in. Two cup holders and a nice cubby space. And another one right up there. Passengers side floor mat is an excellent shape, as well as the passengers side seat. No rips or tears on there. And the headliner is in really nice condition. You can see you get those speakers in the ceiling. Part of that Alpine sound system. Map lights, power slide and rear window button. And your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. 911 and assist controls in the mirror. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Back seats are just as nice as front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may want to put back here. Power slide in rear window. Seats are in nice shape. They do fold up for extra storage and it does have a load floor, which is nice if you've got muddy boots or tools. Put them on there. Not going to wreck your nice seats. Or if you've got pets, put both sides down and they've got a nice flat place to lay. And once again, not going to wreck your nice seats. Receiver hitch reducer. Storage underneath there. You get in-floor storage with removable bins for easy cleaning. You can put ice and drinks in there side curtain airbags. Inside of the doors all look really good and it does have the child safety locks on the back door. Also underneath that passenger side back seat is the subwoofer, which is part of the Alpine premium sound system. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video you'll be able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around. Inside out under the hood we have the 6.4 liter V8 Hemi motor. Engine bay is very clean. Runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. Here's your mission sticker. I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, halftones, three-quarter-tons, one-tons, you name it, we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com. Remember to like, subscribe, and share. For notifications you'll get updates of videos of each and every day we do here at Summit Auto. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left. To link to more Ram 2500 truck videos like this one in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. And we're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2015 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Big Horn and Granite Crystal Mattel. Thank you so much for checking out the video


Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. This afternoon I thought I'd just give you an update on our police response to the flood efforts to date. Certainly we are still focused on the townships of Condemine and Derrenbandi which remain isolated by floodwaters in the west. We are assisting in the resupply and certainly maintaining a watch over the situation in both those areas also impacted is the town of Hebel. As you know Rockhampton is now open and the recovery efforts there are very well underway as they are in the Brisbane and Itchwich areas. Unfortunately we are continuing our search areas in the Locky Valley. This is a very very difficult task for our people and unfortunately today we located another body at Grantham on the outskirts near a creek. We have also today confirmed the death of a male person who died in his vehicle at Carabin in the Itchwich area on the 12th of January. That victim has been confirmed as being a flood related death so the total now stands at 20 deaths since the 10th of January. We only have 12 persons missing at this stage. One of the missing persons was a homeless man that we have since located in the last 24 hours so he has now been removed from that list. Overnight right across the state we still have 15 evacuation centres operating and a total of 1300 people were housed in those evacuation centres last night. But as each day progresses and the evacuation centres, the support in those centres continues we hope that those numbers will drop. The Queensland Police Service through its investigations have located 410 people who have been reported missing since the 10th of January in the Tuumber and Lockyer area. This has been an amazing effort and we are very grateful to all of those who took part in this particular activity. In terms of looting, the number of persons currently on looting charges is 15 and there are a total of 17 charges in relation to those persons. I'm happy to take any questions you may have in relation to that information. Okay, I'll say one other thing if you like. Today the Premier has announced a commission of inquiry into the floods and the response effort. We certainly stand ready as an organisation to cooperate fully with that inquiry and particularly from the perspective that we are looking at ways that learnings that may come from that inquiry and obviously the ways we may improve our activities in such very, very difficult circumstances. Thank you. I'm happy to answer any questions. Certainly this has been a very, very difficult case to manage in terms of the search operations. It's very difficult terrain and the mud and the debris is quite extensive. Interestingly enough our officers today located a large safe 20 kilometres downstream from Grantham where it disappeared from at the height of the floods. We believe the floodwater has taken that safe all the way down that creek and that is an indication of the force of the water. Similarly in terms of our response just a short time ago as you know we performed a swearing inactivity in relation to over a hundred interstate officers who will now join with our forces in ensuring the safety of the community, particularly around the Brisbane and Ipswich areas. Certainly the safety of property is a critical issue for those areas that have been evacuated. We are undertaking this activity specifically to give confidence to those people who are not yet able to return to their homes that their properties will be safe. Our people have worked very, very hard since before Christmas now and having these extra officers from interstate police services is a great bonus and I think a boost to the morale of our people. Certainly we've committed to at least three weeks of having extra officers but there will be rotations during that time as officers finish their rotation and return to their states and other officers take their place. Provided that no further bodies are found we are hopeful that the search of the township of Grantham will be completed by close of business today but that is obviously tempered with the location of a further body this morning. But we are certainly working towards our police resources having finalised that search by this afternoon. Thank you.