This short video describes a paper appearing in the current special issue of human mutation that focuses on deep phenotyping. The paper written by me, Peter Hammond and Mike Sutty describes techniques for large scale phenotyping of 3D facial morphology. These techniques are very visual in nature, so it seems best to show them in action rather than to describe them in words, and we begin by showing you 3D photographs of our own faces to my left and to my right. Both of these 3D photographs that you can see contain more than 25,000 surface points, which is plenty to capture even very subtle facial features. Laser scanners and CT and MRI devices can also be used for face shape analysis, but 3D photogrammetry is still the most commonly used modality in image acquisition. 3D facial phenotyping often begins by calculating and comparing average faces of homogeneous groups, and they could be healthy controls or individuals with the same micro-deletion or mutation. For example, this is the average face of a group of male individuals with Williams syndrome, which involves a micro-deletion of some 30th-O genes of the short arm of Chromazone 7. By contrast, the average face of a set of healthy male controls on the left clearly demonstrates differences in overall size and differences in shape in the nasal and perioral regions. These differences can be more clearly seen if we animate them in this morph between the average faces of the two groups. Now you can see more subtle differences such as the backward rotation of the mandrel and the fullness around the eyes. But lighting effects can mislead the appreciation of facial contours, so we consider shape-only comparisons without appearance, and these two, of course, can be animated. A more quantitative depiction of the difference is a heat map showing green regions of agreement with the control mean, and red regions of contraction and blue regions of expansion here is shown at two standard deviations, so the predominance of red emphasises that the growth delay is part of the Williams syndrome phenotype. Such comparisons of average faces of syndromic groups and controls are particularly useful for teaching dysmorphology to pediatricians and clinical geneticists. But if the interest is in phenotype-genotype comparison, then analyses need to be at a more individual level. These heat maps of the faces of 48 female individuals with Williams syndrome are normalised against healthy controls matched for age, sex and ethnic background. The regions of maximal red-blue intensity once again denote differences of two standard deviations, and we refer to each heat map as the face signature of the individual. Generally speaking, the more red and blue in the signature, the greater is the facial dysmorphism. A crude overall estimate of facial dysmorphism across all the 25,000 points on the face surface is the signature weight. It can be used to compare facial dysmorphism in groups. Here is the distribution of signature weight for the healthy female controls. As expected, the facial dysmorphism associated with Williams syndrome causes the associated signature weight to be significantly further to the right. Face signature can also be used to identify individuals whose face shape is atypical even for a dysmorphic condition like Williams syndrome. This scatter plot shows the face signature weight of female individuals that we looked at earlier. Horizontally, we normalise their facial dysmorphism against healthy controls and vertically against individuals with Williams syndrome. So 42 of these individuals form a reasonably homogeneous group, while 6 others are outliers. Compared to controls of similar age and sex, these two individuals have exceptionally small faces, hence the red in the heat map. Compared to others with Williams syndrome, their facial dysmorphism is coloured at a milder level. They are still at the edge, but within the pack. By comparison, these 4 individuals when compared to controls are at the mild end, but compared to others with Williams syndrome, they are extreme outliers. Indeed, the largely blue here indicates that their faces are unusually large for Williams syndrome. So as outliers, these 6 individuals may be of interest in genotype, phenotype studies. These signatures provide a panorama of facial dysmorphism, as in these 48 female individuals with Williams syndrome. If we inspect these just by eye, we can see similarities and differences, but we can induce more formally clusters of individuals with a similar pattern of facial dysmorphism. For example, these individuals obviously have a similar signature, and hence similar dysmorphism. We can arrange them to reflect who's dysmorphism is closest to whom, and we can link each individual to the other individual who's got the closest facial dysmorphism. If we repeat this for all 48 individuals, we get the associated safe signature graph. Individuals at the centre of this graph tend to be the least dysmorphic, while those at the peripherally are typically the most dysmorphic. That of course includes the 6 that we just found by looking at signature weight. Signature graphs can become much harder to interpret when we start to mix large groups of controls and affected individuals, as in this case. But by colour coding the nodes, we can distinguish between the controls, the empty circles, and affected individuals the filled circles. This coloured map form of the signature graph highlights this affected hypercluster, or collection of smaller clusters, suggesting they have a more homogeneous phenotype than the rest, who are more dispersed and hence less dissimilar to controls. So I hope that this brief description of facial phenotyping intriguing as wedges your appetite for reading the favourite fall, and I look forward to your comments and queries at the following email address.


Healthy Planet, the show for people who care about their health and the health of our planet on the ThinkTech livestreaming network series. I'm your host Dr. Grace O'Neill. Joining me today is Stephanie Phan, the commissioner of the Siji Foundation of Hawaii. Today we're going to talk about the wellness center that's opening there. So let's get started. Tell us exactly what the Siji Foundation is and how it got started. Okay, Siji was founded like, I don't know, almost 60 years ago in Taiwan by our founder, Master Chen Yan. And it's a charity organization actually locally. It's founded like 27 years ago. And so we started out, we had a free clinic in downtown. We actually do a lot of charity work. When there is a disaster, our people are there. So for example, Ukraine, we have people there already now. But locally, for example, when there was a volcano eruptions, we went to the volcano site. We actually help out and give up debit cards. When the recent flood on the island, our team also worked with Red Cross to give out debit cards. And on our Kaimuki office, we actually run a Chinese school for the Siji Academy. For those who are interested in learning Chinese culture and also the language. So haven't you guys also done work with the homeless and you give out food to the homeless? I understand it's mostly plant. I think it's all plant-based food, actually. Right. So not during the pandemic. We actually did some. But then before the pandemic, we used to go and we would serve, we would call it five-star restaurant experiences. We will provide whole food, plant-based diet. And actually, we don't just kind of like cook and in the fashion, we want to like serve with a restaurant experiences. So with fresh foods and all the whole food and things like that. So for example, we go to the IHS. We have been doing that. And how often were you doing that before the pandemic? In the, for the homeless, because basically on our site, we kind of offer when there's any gathering, we actually offer a vegetarian diet. And so, but then at the, with the homeless population, it depends, but usually we do it accordingly. And the food that you guys have, and that's mostly cooked by volunteers, I understand. Right. Exactly. Yeah. And are you guys transitioning to completely plant-based without dairy as well? Right. So, so what happened is our teacher, Master Ching Yen, has been promoting whole food, whole food. She didn't really talk about whole food plant-based diet, but, you know, just vegetarian diet, looking at how the world is now, how, you know, consumptions of meat and beef and these things actually create a problem for our planet. So, and, and how, according to Booth's teaching, how important it is to kind of like give rise to that heart compassion, as you kind of vow that I want to become a, you know, I don't want to eat meat. And so that's, that has been always our mission. But for me, it has been very hard.  So, the way that we've been promoting is that it will be good to eat more vegetable and less, you know, less meat and that, that, you know, that aspect. But ever since then, when we found out that 21-day kickstart, because in Malaysia and in Taiwan, because in Taiwan, our organization had about seven hospitals, and they were promoting the 21-day kickstart, and with tremendous health effect. So, with that, I kind of, I gave us a confidence that we should promote it, because if you're going to talk about the health of the planet, sometimes people just say, okay, you know, you can do that, but don't, you know, I don't want you to kind of like, you know, sort of judge me on that. So, for us is that, you know, it's good for your health, and if you can try to do it more, eat more vegetable, it's good for your, your, your own health, but it's also good for the planet Earth also. Yeah, so what happened with the 21-day kickstart? I think they had it in Taiwan and Malaysia, and what other countries did they have these? Indonesia, basically is many of the, you know, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, but then, you know, USA is the hardest one to get started. You know, Hawaii actually was the first one to kind of say, we're going to do it. I don't know how long we have been working on this, and we actually get, you know, several restaurants say that they would support us, and we were working on it. We wanted to provide 21-day hopeful plant-based diet for people to join us and have them kind of see, you know, the difference when you kind of like commit to this kind of diet. But what happened is because it's the cost, and recently because, you know, the inflation, everything, we feel that it's important. We need to start no matter what, and especially with everything's opened up. So actually, starting this Saturday, we're actually, every Saturday, we're providing, we're basically inviting our members to come in and just try it out and be healthy. And, you know, after the, after the pandemic, I'm saying after the pandemic, you know, when now that it's opening. But it may, because on the first week, Saturday, may, we actually have what we call a Buddha bathing day, which is a day that celebrate just like how we celebrate, you know, Jesus' birthday.  So we actually, on the first week of May, we actually having a what we call Buddha bathing day celebration. So but then the week after we're going to have a three week of people need to sign up to try it out a like a 21 day kickstart, but it's only that Saturday that we're offering the vegetarian diet and people, but you had to sign up is going to be a little bit number, but we're working on it. It's actually a whole food plant based diet, correct? We're trying to do a whole food plant based diet. It's going to be 21 days and anybody can sign up. So even, you know, people who are not part of the temple yet, and how would people sign up for it? And what's the cost? Where is there a website people can go to at this time? At this time, we're still working on the website, but it will be coming out soon. They're working on the Google form for people to sign up because right now I was told that there's they're going to limit in numbers, but you know, we're hoping that we're going to get as many as possible. Everything's free, you know, free whole food plant based diet for lunch. And also we would have exercise, you know, information regarding how to go about, you know, living more healthily. Yes. And I think it's great that everybody can sign up and it's free of cost because the problem we were having with the 21 day kickstart and for those of, you know, those out there that do not know what the 21 day kickstart is, it's a program that was kind of first started by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. And there's actually an app that you can download where they have different recipes and people were going to just try being vegan for, you know, our plant based for 21 days. And it's the theory is that it takes 21 days to sort of change your palate and kind of get rid of all the bad stuff you've been eating, like, you know, sugar, salt, oily foods and kind of restart your palate and then, you know, kind of start from there. And it's also a small time period. So people aren't intimidated because if people say, Oh, I'm going plant based right away. It's kind of overwhelming for people. But 21 days, anybody can do anything for 21 days. And so that was a theory behind that. And we had tried to, you know, I was working with Stephanie trying to get the 21 day kickstart going, but the cost was quite costly. And if you thought about it, you know, breaking it down, meal per meal, it might have not been a lot, but just having all those meals together for a person to pay for that. And then the delivery and pickup was a little bit difficult. Now, in these other countries that they've done it very successfully, the cost of food is a lot less expensive there. I mean, how much did, do you have any idea how much the food costs for those participants over there? I think it's about $4 per meal. Yeah, I mean, that's so important. Yeah, here, I mean, we were trying to have $15 per meal, but you know, it adds up because you have, you know, we're offering lunch and dinner. So that's $30 per day 30 times 210. That's already, you know, 630 or something, right? So it was quite pricey for people, you know, just for 21 days. But if you do have a healthy conditions, and if you need to go see the physician, and this can be an opportunity to kind of like, you know, improve your health, and just imagining that it to go see the physician or the kind of cause it will take, right? So it's not really expensive, but then it just, for most people, you just don't, it's beyond, I mean, people would not think that it's worth that. Yeah, I mean, it's crazy what people think is expensive, because that's true that, you know, you might think, well, it's really expensive to pay for this food, but would you rather be paying for more expensive food that's healthy, or paying for high blood pressure medications and surgeries, and other procedures, and, you know, doctor visits, which is definitely more unpleasant. And, you know, we wanted to show people through this 21 day kickstart that actually plant-based food can be delicious, and people don't always realize that. But actually, I will say, because I go to the Siji Foundation as a volunteer, the food is very delicious, and the volunteer cooks there are wonderful.  So, tell us more about the, I mean, I guess, if you could show some of the pictures now, Eric, with the pictures that we have over there. So, I think what I want to explain is that, because this organization began, really is a charity organization, we do a lot of charity work, but charity began with ourselves, right? So, when we start looking at the way that what we can do for the local population, and it begins with health, and we feel that it's central for health and wellness, with all the things that we do, and coming together can truly serve our local population. And that's why we started out, we've been working on this for quite some time now, but it takes effort, because we're all volunteers. And, but we have this conviction that if we work together, things can change. So, we even have, like, you know, starting out doing the gardening, right? So, there are some other things that are happening, but- People are using the gardening, Eric. She has pictures of the garden, yeah. Right. So, I didn't show you how it was like, okay? So, but it was that the whole yard wasn't planned, and then recently, we have someone from the vegan society actually kind of helping us, and she becomes our volunteer. He has worked on the yard constantly. And then, you know, we have a lot of, you know, other volunteers coming in to help. And so, like today, they're actually cooking some of the out of their harvest at our office right now. So. So, what do you currently have growing in the garden then, Stephanie?  So, they also have some fruit. Nice. Nice. Yeah. So, I mean, it's great to see things go from garden to table to, so if anybody's also interested in being a volunteer, what about people interested in volunteering? How can they start volunteering, you know, either through the garden or, you know, if they're interested in, you know, for our wellness classes, doing the yoga or other things, how can people get involved if they're interested? They can go on a website and there's this volunteer, you had to go to the Pacific Island region and then, well, you don't have to, just go to the website and there's this volunteering, www.siji.us, something like that. And you'll be able to, you know, there is this volunteer tab that you can write down and apply for it. You can also call our office,<PHONE_NUMBER>. That's our office number,<PHONE_NUMBER>.  You can do gardening, you can go out, we also do, right now we don't do it. We're going back, we have been like doing the Palo Alto Chinese home, we haven't worked with them. We call this the heartless life program, which means that, you know, in everyone's heart, there is a lotus. You know how lotus is, right? The lotus come out from the mud, but they remain pure and fresh, right? And so, and fragrant. So we hope that every one of us will come to this place, not only come in and really like take every whatever obstacle in this world, we'll take that as nutrients and in the same way, not only we have food for thought, and we also want to, you know, really take on healthy diet physically. Yeah, so I think that's great. I mean, with the wellness, let's go through the wellness program a little bit more. So we have, what are the components you're going to have? Aren't there specific components? Like there's going to be a food portion, obviously, and, you know, trying to teach people how to make delicious plant-based food. Number one, right? So number one, you can see one of the, the PowerPoint has all the recipe that we have every Wednesday on the Honolulu advertiser. Next one, there is a whole group of, you know, recipes that we do it every Wednesday, you'll be able to see the pictures, yeah, of the, you can actually get the recipe, but then that's one part. And the other part is, you know, and so you can, right there. So basically is that that's on one part, we want to promote the vegetarian diet. This way that we've been getting people who kind of like learn about the recipe that they want to come in. And when they call, we ask them, come on in, just meet our different volunteers chef. And then, you know, they can discuss about how to cook a better meal or something like that. So to begin with. On the website, are those recipes? I can't quite see it that well, but. This is on Star Bulletin's website. Oh, okay. So that's not evidence. People can go and try. We're right now putting into ours. So we're working to get those into the Center for Health and Wellness. And the other part is what we call the healthy lifestyle project, right? So what we're trying to do, we're going to do workshop, you know, with physician joining us, giving workshops at the, the one in May is part of the healthy lifestyle project where you just kind of like want to kick it started with people like kind of like promoted come together has some, you know, and be able to kind of do some exercise yoga is Tai Chi and just to get it started. But we also have what we call community classes. So because we in our side, there are quite a lot of classes, no classroom and we're working to give more people to kind of join us and to be able to offer classes like Tai Chi, you know, different kind of yoga and different kinds of classes, medications. And then we're also, I mean, also the wellness program, planning to have different physicians talk about different aspects of wellness as well.  So you know, I don't know whether you know him, but he has been like coming out and talk about how important sleep for everyone's health. And so we're hoping that he can come on and share with everyone regarding, you know, how to have like some sleep and be effective in terms of helping our own health. Did you say that was Stephanie? I didn't quite catch that. Nothing awkward young. Oh, he's a retired OBGYN, but... Oh, okay, okay. Were you going to, just in case people are interested, were you guys planning on, I think we were planning on recording the sessions too, right? Or I don't know if people will be able to watch through Zoom, was there any intention? Well, there's no idea. I think we should, we should, you know, I think that's a good idea. We should make it available for people to join us or having the recording done now. I mean, just in case the pandemic comes back or anything, you know. Yeah. So what happened is Dr. C. D. Lai, because remember Katie, our younger volunteer, they kind of presented to Dr. C. Dai because Dr. Shirley Chen is coming this Saturday, right? So they kind of promoted to Dr. C. Dai. And Dr. Lai really liked this idea because we had the free clinic before. We actually have a dental clinic in Chinatown. We had it since 1998 to 2015. And then because they're not after the Obamacare and there's not as much, you know, and then the rent was so high, so we kind of canceled it in terms of, so we just continue the service in Chinatown. But then we started having the service that I call the chemical office from some time. But somehow later, you know, we become referral service if we need someone who needs some kind of service and we try to refer them. So this time again, when Dr. Lai listened to what we kind of presented, he's really happy. You think that the Center for Health and Wellness is what, you know, our organization, we really like to provide for the local, you know, our residents and the young can come and enjoy one another, enjoy the food, enjoy the exercise, enjoy healthy together, something like that. I mean, you can also come if you don't live in Kaimukui, correct? You can come from Kapolei, I mean, because there's people, there's members like, you know, Betty, right? She lives very far away and same with Wendy. So, right, so, so basically, because we have a Chinese school on Saturday and Sunday, so that is still going on. We, you know, we are looking at, so basically it will offer scholarship for those with financial needs. And another one that we really like to do, I think we have it on the slide, is the, what we call the High School Si Sao Program. The High School Si Sao Program for Tsiji is basically they, it's connected to the presidential volunteer, you know, some kind of president, I think I have it on there. So Luisa, who's in charge of this, and right now, starting in April, we're actually having this Earth Day celebration. There will be a group of young people working with us and try to gain more hours in through their volunteer work. And there is actually a scale, you know, if you kind of volunteer 250 hours for a high school student or 150, I'm sorry, 150 hours, you actually get a medal from this year from President Biden, right? So, right, so this one is actually what our young people did is to gathering book for the, on the Wai Nai population there, why some of the Wai Nai school there. So that's, that's one of the things that that right now currently, we're trying to get young people to come join us to do different kinds of volunteer work. And because we partner with also with Red Cross. And so there are other work that we can do as a team. So how did you manage to get the medal from President Biden? I'm curious. So this is a, I think it's our national project. It's our U.S.A. national team actually connect with what, you know, that committee and then we're part, we're one of the organizations that are connected. So anyone who volunteer with us, they actually, up to a certain point, they will be recognized even with adults also. Oh, nice, nice. That's wonderful. I mean, in the meantime, before May, if people are interested in a plant-based diet, is there anything that they can do besides waiting? Can they go to Siji? I mean, just randomly show up or what, what can people do? I think, I think this is what we need to do. We actually haven't done this yet, but people have been calling. So again, they can call our office number,<PHONE_NUMBER>. You can call this number. Another thing is, you know, you can drop by Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, but it's better that you call first so that we know that we have, we need to get an extra pair of chopsticks and more food for someone to join us for lunch. Yeah. Yes, that's great. So I mean, I think this is a great resource for the public. And I don't know. It's, it's just wonderful that something like this is available for people, because a lot of people, you know, we used to have the Ornish program, but now, you know, due to the COVID pandemic, it was hard to keep that going. So now there's sort of an alternative to that. And so it'll be kind of great if this really takes off. So I certainly hope so, but it takes time. And we just kind of, we actually had a meeting, Betty was just saying that, you know, we need to just try it. And so that's why it made original. They were like, are we okay? You know, are we going to do this? And in the end, everyone says that let's just move it. And from that three weeks, we'll gain some experiences. And then we can talk about the next stage. But we kind of want to put that, you know, our vision there. And that's why we kind of with this, the webpage, right? So we're not completely there, but we're setting up the webpage for us to go move to that direction. And we were very convinced that it can help. Yeah, I think it's great. So if anybody wants to, you know, just put it on their calendar, the first Saturday or the first three Saturdays in May, that's when the program is going to start, it comes, it goes from 10 to 12. So contact the CG foundation, either call them, or you can also just show up in Kaimuki. It's right beyond where the Goodwill was on, what's the street it's on? It's on Wilhelmina Rise, correct? Right, Wilhelmina Rise. One, two, three, eight. One, two, three, eight, Wilhelmina Rise. But yeah, so definitely keep it on your calendar and hope to see you. And we're unfortunately out of time now. So we're going to have to wrap it up. Again, I'm Dr. Grace O'Neill. This is Healthy Planet on the ThinkTech live streaming network series. We've been talking with Stephanie Fan, the commissioner of the CG foundation. Thanks to you all for being here. Thanks to Eric, our broadcast engineer and the rest of the crew at ThinkTech for hosting our show. And thanks to you, our listeners for listening. I'll see you on April 14th for more of Healthy Planet on ThinkTech, the show for people who care about their health and the health of our planet. Our next show will be about the Hawaiian Monk Seal and feature Dr. Sophie Worisky of the Marine Mammal Center. If you have ideas for the show, please contact me at HealthyPlanetThinkTech at gmail.com. Check out my website at graceandhawaii.com for more information on my projects, including future show guests. I'm Dr. Grace O'Neill. Aloha, everyone. Thank you so much for watching ThinkTech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and donate to us at thinktechhawaii.com. Mahalo.


That's right, I picked a bunch of comments from my last video about Shane Dawson's trailer for the beautiful world of Jeffree Star.  What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. And if you're new to my channel, what I try to do is take different topics going on in the YouTube community and try to see what lessons we can learn from them to improve our own mental and emotional well-being. So if you're into that stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. And if you guys like this video, make sure you give it a thumbs up and leave comments down below. Like I want to do more stuff like this.  So I want to do more stuff like this if you guys like it, so let me know down in the comments. But also, follow me on social media at the Rewired Soul over on Instagram and Twitter. I answer like 90% of my DMs. So if you ever want to reach out, just hit me up, maybe. All right. So anyways, a couple things. Let's talk about this because I am going to be reading some comments from my last video. So this morning I posted a video titled like I'm worried about Shane Dawson's, you know, the beautiful world of Jeffree Star series. And if you haven't watched that yet, go watch it. It'll be linked up in the info card. Go check that out. All right. So anyways, there was a lot of interesting comments in there and I asked you guys to leave comments because I wanted to hear your thoughts like something I'm fascinated with is human behavior, why we think, why we say, you know, certain things, why we do the things that we do. Why do we believe the things that we believe and I'm just constantly watching people and analyzing people and it's just something I find really, really fascinating and I'm loving having conversations with all of you. So first little bit of psychology before we jump into this, there's this there's this kind of balance that you got to find as a YouTube creator. Like, do you share comments? Do you not share comments?  All right. But anyways, let me talk to you about the psychology of being in a crowd. So when you're in a crowd, you lose your identity, right? It's easier to be anonymous in a crowd. A great example that I just heard listening to the new book I've been reading, which is called Situations Matter, go get this damn book. It's so good. Anyways, a great example is being lost in the crowd in class, right? In high school or college, you have more anonymity because you're surrounded by a bunch of people. If you're like messing around on your phone, not paying attention, that's something that you would most likely not do if you were just in a one on one situation with your teacher. I worked in a drug and alcohol treatment center for a little over three years. Same things. When I was up there, I would see people, you know, either dozing off or people talking to each other or people messing around or whatever, and it's a lot easier for people to do that when they're in a crowd rather than one on one. So what I'm getting at is I think there is a good part of sharing comments and discussing and everything like that because it takes away that kind of anonymity. One of the things that is very clear in this kind of online hate mob culture that we're in is people in the mob, they think they can say and do whatever they want because everybody is looking at the mob. You're not just looking at me, right? So this is a little practice in accountability, alright? So the two things I want to say though is the first one is I will be reading the comments. I've been reading the comments on both the other video and I'll read them on this video too.  I want to promote conversations and sharing ideas. The second thing I will say is if you're somebody who doesn't want your comments shared in a video, if you're somebody who is not mature enough to have conversations with people that might have a different opinion than you in the comments section, then this YouTube's comments section is not for you, alright? So just have healthy, just normal discussions, alright?  But anyways, let's jump into these comments, I'm going to be reading them and just kind of sharing my thoughts, ideas, maybe ask you out some questions as well. Alright, so this first one comes from Adelaide. She says, I'm not a huge fan of Jeffrey, but you can't really compare him and Jake. Jake made money off of throwing garbage on his friends and bullying people for content when Jeffrey built his own company. So something that we'll talk about throughout this video is our confirmation bias, right? In when we like somebody, right? We're more likely to not see somebody else's flaws. And our bias, like, by the way, like bias is just part of human nature, okay? Even scientists, like I have bias, you have bias, even scientists have bias. The reason scientists do peer reviewed studies is they might be looking at something through a bias lens, so they need to get outside perspectives, right? So I read this comment saying, how can you compare these two? Jake Paul is a bully, Jeffrey Star isn't. And saying Jeffrey or Jake Paul built his platform off of that. So I could step back and I would present the argument, no, Jake Paul built his platform off of making content that was trendy on YouTube. He was a Vine star and he did a lot of comedy. And as far as the bullying aspect, would you not say that the constant shade that Jeffrey Star is throwing at other creators, other people in the beauty industry, even people who are watching, like he replies and claps back at people, would you not call that bullying? And if you don't, I would like to hear in the comments why you consider one thing bullying and one thing not. That's my question to all of you. All right, this next comment.  Jeffrey Star and the Paul brothers have two completely different audiences for one. Jeffrey Star makes excellent products and sells them honestly to a mostly adult audience, the Pauls, neither of whom have any discernible talent of any kind, apart from being D-bags, pedal dodgy sponsored merchandise to tweens. Come on. So this, this is what's interesting too. So in this, in a bunch of the books I've been reading lately about psychology, I'm learning more about why, why our brains guard our beliefs and our opinions. Like there is very little in this world in all of our realities that is objective. Like things that are objective is like physics. Like this book is a solid object. It's made of atoms and everything like that. But we talk in a very matter of fact way as though we're being objective when it's really subjective, right? So right here, DC Media Girl said, what a terrible video, all right? That's subjective, okay? Although you guys can't see the likes and dislikes, you'll just have to trust me on this one. This video actually has a significant like to dislike ratio on it. Next one is Jeffree Star makes excellent products. Now that is also subjective. So let's imagine a 12 year old boy who loves Jake Paul. Would that 12 year old boy who loves Jake Paul want to get Jeffree Star makeup? Would he think that those are excellent products? Probably not.  That might be an excellent product to him. So again, like our brains, we are so, so, so good at picking out differences rather than similarities. And I'm trying to just get people to start seeing things from a different angle, right? Like something that's always fascinated me is just even opinions on music, right? Like for example, I'm not a fan of country music, but for me to go tell somebody that all country music is bad is crazy. Because that is an opinion. Maybe they think my music choice is bad. So to argue that these two are nothing alike because Jeffree Star sells good products and Jake Paul doesn't. Now don't get me wrong. Jake Paul has had some shady sponsorship deals like that one with mystery brands. You know what I mean? But as far as the actual products, it's debatable. This next one is my love for Doctor Who. That's a fun name. What do you think of the rumor that the James Tati drama was made intentionally by Shane to make a documentary on? I think it's not true. I don't see Shane doing something like that. But the fact that he is going to cover the drama may turn people to that idea. So what's interesting about that is Shane Dawson has built a very large audience who enjoys conspiracy theories. And this is one of them. Here's the thing. I know conspiracies exist, but I'm not a huge fan of conspiracy theories. Many of the smartest people in the world will tell you oftentimes the simple answer is the right answer. And I'm actually, I'm planning on some of my next books that I read being about the psychology of conspiracy theories. Like right now in the book I'm currently reading. It's talking about, you know, group think and how leaders can get groups of people to do certain things, right? And I see that a lot with conspiracy theories as well. And this can go back to confirmation bias as well. Like for example, if you if you believe that there are more yellow cars out there than any other color on earth, your brain is going to pick up on other on as many yellow cars as possible. So even though statistically there are not more yellow cars than any other color, your perception is that there are, because since you believe it, you're going to pick up on those things, right? Anyways, conspiracy theory psychology. Fascinating. But anyways, no, I don't think that I think the beauty community is just really messy. That's what I think. All right, next question or next comment comes from Roger Brown.  I've noticed patterns. Somehow you're only interested in people that you can piggyback subs to your channel. So this interesting as you can see there's 15 replies if you guys want to check it out. So I was going replying to him back and forth because this is fascinating. This is something that I was accused of during during when I got canceled earlier this year. And what's interesting and I talk about it in my book canceled. There were a lot of mental health channels that said, I'm a mental health channel. This guy is talking about other YouTubers to get more views and subscribers, right? But what's interesting is because the way of our brain says whatever we do is right. They were making videos about me that were getting them views and subs. And something I was talking with Roger about in this is why do you think that's different? Again, our brain tries to argue. We call it our inner lawyer. It tries to argue. No, no, no, no, no. This is different. Kind of like how you see people saying no, no, no. Jeffree Star is way different than Jake Paul. So creators, they think that what they're doing is different. I'm a commentary channel. I talk about different subjects. And what I try to do is I try to do something different and tie it into a bigger conversation. Maybe about psychology or life lessons or whatever it is. All right. But anyways, this next comment too. Lil Shadi. I love that name. I hate your narrative on Jeffree getting a pass in the community. I'm going to break this one out down by the way. It just seems like you're trying to get views for talking about this. So those first two parts. My narrative on Jeffree. So I see this a lot. People say Jeffree Star didn't get a pass. And I think I might have actually grabbed the other comments similarly or similar to this one. So I'll try not to repeat myself. But it's situation by situation, right? Jeffree Star, a lot of people say, oh no, that was years ago. He didn't get a pass. He apologized. He did this, da, da, da, da. But what I've talked about is how much has he changed, right? Like it's been within the last year, maybe less, where more accusations of racial comments came out, calling African-American people gorillas and things like that. These are things that have come out.  What I'm trying to get people to start thinking about, like look at all the people who have had controversies in YouTube. And I actually discussed, I have a whole part in my book about why certain people are immune to cancel culture. I talk about Jeffree Star, Shane Dawson, Tana Mojo, Tricia Paytas, Keemstar. And I just want you guys to start comparing them and saying, like, why is this different, right? And a lot of it comes from our own moral values and what we place value on, right? So for some people, racism is worse than making money off children. For other people, making money off children is worse than racism. And that's just, again, completely subjective. So this next part where it says, it seems like you're just trying to get views for talking about this. This is one of the interesting comments I see on YouTube because no creator makes a video hoping not to get views. So it's really interesting to me when people say that. So it says, Jeffree Star was demonized for years for the inward thing. People finally got over it years later and now he's successful. It might not be you, but isn't the cancel culture toxic? Aren't we supposed to be able to move on from the past? We waited like a year for this. We just want content. Absolutely. Absolutely. Like, yeah, like I said in my last video, like, Shane, make a video on whoever you want. That's awesome. But anyways, see, and this is part of the anonymity of being in the crowd. I do not know Lil Shoddy. All right. Shoddy. All right. I don't have all of the comments and tweets. My question to them is, have they forgiven everybody else in the same way? Right? Because, and by the way, I'm not picking on Lil Shoddy. This is something I think about all the time when I see people picking sides in the hate mobs and everything. And oh, forgive this person. Let it go. And I'm just like, okay, but do you do that for everybody else? Like, did you forgive James Charles? Did you forgive people like Slazo? Did you forgive Pro Jared? Right? And these are all different situations too. But I just, I wish I could see each one of the viewers' histories because are they giving more forgiveness to one person than they are somebody else? And if they are, my question is, why? All right. And this next comment comes from Hailey Helmer. I feel like since Jeffrey is more associated with Shane and they get along well, then the fandom sees him as a good person based on their relationships. I think it's based on the audience and people hear more negative in that time on Jake. Also, Jeffrey has always kept his life secret and has some background he shared. And I feel like people are curious and excited for insight. For Jake, people were caught on the negative and didn't think he had such a background to quote unquote expose. So this is kind of what I talked about in my video, right? In group versus out group, right? Like when you think Shane Dawson, right, if you think about other creators in his circle and you think about the audience Shane Dawson has, right? There's a lot of overlap with creators, right? Like that Shane might cover, hang out with. When it comes to Jake Paul, that is an out group. That is an outsider. This person is different than us. All right, we're going to judge this person differently than someone we know. Same thing with your family, for example, right? Your family is your in group typically. You're going to judge a stranger way more than you're going to judge your family member. And part of this is because you have more context on them. All right? Like many people who follow Shane also follow Jeffrey Starr. They know more of Jeffrey Starr's history. Many people who follow Shane were not following Jake Paul before that series. Right? Because Shane Dawson and Jake Paul don't have many fans together. So how many people had that much context on Jake Paul? Like I just want you guys to think about this a little bit. So this next one is from Joey. He says, I think Jeffrey is misunderstood. I think a lot of LGBTQ beauty gurus don't understand how different the world was when Jeffrey was growing up. He built his success and business. He is so much more than some personified bully that people make him out to be. I work in an industry where people at the top are mean and rude, et cetera.  That's his mentality. So what I asked this person, what I asked Joey in the reply was, do you feel that you're more compassionate towards Jeffrey? Because you can relate. Like Joey mentioned that he's in that industry. And this is something I want to ask all of you. Like just try to become self aware of it. Are you more compassionate towards people you can relate to? Right? Like that's something that I try to think about. Like am I just being more compassionate because I can relate to this person's struggle? Like am I more compassionate to that fat guy over there? Right?  I know about the chunky guy struggles. You know what I mean? Like I want you to think about that. Like do you think, and I don't know because I'm not, you know, I'm an ally of the LGBTQ community, but I'm not, you know, part of it. But I would pass this question off to all of you. Like are you more compassionate to that community if you're in it? You know what I mean? And this can go with anything, race, gender, nationality. You know what I mean? So just a question. All right. This next one says it's from Betty Boop Wolf. Jeffree Star was not given a pass. People evolve, grow and change. He didn't deny his pass. He apologized for it and explained it. He gives back to the community and creates makeup with exclusivity in mind. So here's something that I asked Betty Boop when I replied. I said, okay, so based on this, what would Jake Paul have to do to be like, to be in your good graces, right? Because it's mentioned that he gives back to the community and creates makeup with exclusivity in mind. So would Jake Paul have a better reputation? Now I want you to ask yourself this. Would Jake Paul have a better reputation if he donated more to good causes, if he made a product that other people weren't making or a better product? Like if so, why does that, how is that a gauge of a good person? Because a tricky part of any celebrity or influencer donating to charity is people questioning the motivation behind it. Are they really donating because they're a good person or not, right? Like I forgot who it was. One of the recent people who were, who was canceled, they said, this person needs to apologize. And I asked that person. I said, would your opinion change of them if they did, right? Like there's certain things we demand of people, but our opinion of them would not change. Something interesting just to bring in politics real quick with the whole Trump impeachment going on. Yesterday, a lot of people were saying, you know, release the transcripts, release the transcripts, release the transcripts. Trump said, I'm going to release the transcripts. And by the way, I'm not a Trump fan, but I was fascinated by seeing people who are not Trump fans as well. And it says, well, even if you release those transcripts, they're going to be a lie. Huh. So we, we were acknowledging that we're putting him in a situation that there's no way he can win. So I just want to give more examples because these are the things that I think about about human nature just on a daily basis. Now, the last thing I want to say about this, because this is the other one about Jeffree Star was not given a pass. I think about Chris Brown. All right. When you think Chris Brown and his controversy, you think back to what he did to Rihanna, right? Years ago. Okay. And I made a video about Chris Brown recently. Something that Gus Johnson, a hilarious creator brought up is Chris Brown has not changed. He keeps doing stuff. He has been arrested multiple times for violent acts, right? So there are certain people who are neglecting to acknowledge that. What I'm talking about with Jeffree Star is people immediately think of him screaming the n-word at people years ago. But I'm, I'm referring to things that happened months ago. I came accusing James Charles of things that could get somebody arrested. All right. So I want you to think about that. Like, are we blinded to those other controversies just because we're a fan of that person? So this last one says, and I don't, I'm not even going to try to pronounce that name. It says, I'm loving this sort of more calm Zen tone. You're speaking with good job. No comments on the subject matter for now. I just use your viz to get informed of stuff. And I'll end with that one. I like that. I like these ones. I'm really, I try to calm down my passion because sometimes it comes off aggressive. So yeah, if you like these types of videos and like, I like just having conversations like sometimes I feel alone because my brain, I feel works in a really wacky way. And I look at things from different angles. And that's one of the reasons I like commenting because when I watch other commentary channels, I don't see them looking at things from these angles. It seems like a lot of commentary channels are like mainstream media now where they're all just agreeing with each other, right? And I like to take a step back and say, okay, but why are we looking at it this way? So anyways, you guys help me feel not so alone when we get to have these kind of conversations and I get to communicate with you. All right. But anyways, let me know if you like this style of content, if you like me diving into this and just kind of bringing up questions, looking at it from different angles. And if you like me reading your comments and stuff like that and having these conversations, all right, let me know down in the comments below. Anyways, this video was super long, but if you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell and a huge thank you to everybody who supports the channel on Patreon or buys my merch or books or everything like that. You're all awesome. Thanks again for watching. I'll see you next time.


Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States and Secretary of Labor William Broad. Thank you very much. I just welcome you and express my pleasure and appreciation that you're coming. There are over one million disadvantaged young people in this country who do not at the moment have employment. Please sit down. Thank you. It makes it easier on the people behind you. But these young men and women really seek more than anything else, that first opportunity to get a job skill so that they can acquire the pride and self-respect that comes from human productivity. Today we are announcing the expenditure of $824 million for the summer program. 775,000 young people will gain summer jobs, programs will be run through the states and local governments. And most of all, we will have the active support and participation of the private sector. That is what makes all of these programs so fundamentally not only worthwhile but workable. And for that I'd like to express personally my very deep gratitude to you for all the support that you have given this and similar programs to give our young people that first meaningful job experience and the opportunity to become prideful, productive members of this very exciting country of ours. I thank you very much. Well, Secretary Brock and distinguished guests and ladies and gentlemen, good morning and welcome to the White House. I know one young person that isn't lacking for a summer job. As a matter of fact, she has a permitted job daily on her radio station. Kelly is a sports announcer. These past couple of months as the trees have begun to leaf out and the flowers to blossom, spring has come to America and America that is in good economic health for more than two years. Our economy has been growing steadily. This morning at 8.30 the Commerce Department released some additional figures that indicate that very definitely. Our basic industries have achieved new productivity while technological breakthroughs involving the computer and the microchip have produced entirely new fields of services and goods and nearly all 8 million jobs have been created and more than 200,000 last month alone. As summer follows spring, inflation will remain low and our economy will continue to grow, creating still more jobs. Yet even in these good economic times, thousands of young Americans, as Bill has told you, have trouble finding summer jobs. Many live in parts of our inner cities where there are few employers, some are black or Hispanic and suffer from higher rates of unemployment than other young Americans. Ironically, the very young people who will find it hardest to get work will be the ones who need jobs the most. To them a summer job means a chance to escape poverty and disadvantage, a chance to get the work experience that would enable them to climb the economic ladder. I think many of us here remember summer jobs. I remember, and I remember they taught me a great deal about the satisfactions of good honest work. I was 14 when I got my first summer job and before that summer was over I was laying hardwood floor, I was shingling roof painting and using a pick and shovel to dig for foundation on house construction. I have to confess that pick and shovel work got a little heavy at times. I was one day, I was hard at it, swinging a pick and I had that pick right up over my shoulder for another blow when the noon whistle blew and I just said that's it. And I didn't complete the swing, I just dropped the pick behind me and stepped out from under it and then I heard a rather profane and angry voice behind me and I turned around and there stood the boss with the pick embedded in the ground right between his feet. So ever since that I've kept in mind a simple lesson. If you start swinging, finish. But I kept thinking that those summer jobs might have been impossible for me to get if certain laws in place today had been in effect back then and maybe in our effort to do good, maybe we haven't been as successful as we thought we were when we passed some of those laws. Under the current minimum wage law, for example, many young people have been priced out of the labor market. To put these young Americans back in the market, we have proposed the youth employment opportunity wage, legislation that would allow employers to hire young people at a lower minimum wage during the summer months. Our bill would increase summer employment opportunities yet provide explicit safeguards to protect permanent employees and the young people themselves. The youth employment opportunity wage has wide support, including the endorsement of the National Conference of Black Mayors. For thousands of young Americans, it would represent breakthrough legislation. Let's hope that Congress will act soon. In the meantime, our administration will continue its work to provide summer jobs for young Americans. We firmly believe that the surest source of real work, not make work, is in the private sector. So at the center of our efforts lies a partnership between the government and the private sector. As part of our Job Training Partnership Act this year, our summer youth employment program includes nearly $825 million in funding for state and local governments. And these governments have available some $100 million left over from the $825 million granted them last year for summer employment. So these levels of government can use this over $900 million this summer to work with other non-profit concerns as they provide work experience for more than 850,000 young people. Private efforts in the summer jobs program can offer still more opportunities. Last summer, for example, television stations like WDAF in Kansas City aired summer jobathons. Newspapers like the Atlanta Journal Constitution permitted youngsters to run jobs wanted ads for free. Corporations like Walt Disney, productions hired thousands of young people, and enterprises like Chevron, Sun Company, and Hewlett Packard contributed facilities, personnel, and hundreds of thousands of dollars. This summer, as in years past, the White House Office of Private Sector Initiatives will receive help in overseeing the summer jobs program from the National Alliance of Business. Bill Kohlberg and the other executives of the NAB have my deepest thanks. This year's spokesman for the summer jobs program will be the members of the American Sportscasters Association. Vin Scully, as a representative of that association, you have my gratitude. And Vin, coming from somebody who used to do a little sports announcing himself, I'd like to say you're one of the very best. Finally to the 170 representatives of corporations and private industry councils who've received summer jobs awards, many present today, our congratulations. You've already done much for young Americans, and I know that this summer you'll do still more. Together, we can provide summer jobs for hundreds of thousands of our young people, and so doing we'll help to teach them the spirit of enterprise to give them the most important kind of capital, not the kind that accumulates in banks, but that which through actual work experience is stored up in the heart and mind. So thank you. God bless you. Mr. President, Mr. Secretary, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, I play a very small and modest part here. Frankly, I am well over my head. It's a long way from a baseball dugout to the Rose Garden, but I'm honored to be here. All of us in the American Sports Broadcasters Association of America realize there are two great gifts that we can receive in this world. One is good health, and the other is time. Time perhaps is the most precious, and the reason for all of this is to avoid the greatest crime of all, which is killing time. So we are trying to help the underprivileged youth of America so that they will not kill time and that they will work for themselves and for the betterment of our country. During the course of the summer, the fall, the winter, and hopefully from now on the American Sportscasters of America will remind the youth if they want to come to us for counsel, for advice, we even have a scorecard so that they might check off the right things to do in looking for a job. So that's why I'm here, to join with the National Alliance of Business to salute you folks and also to make this presentation. It could very well be a belated gold mic for his work at the Drake Relays, or it could even be for his outstanding work broadcasting for the Chicago Cubs. But it's not. Instead, this award today is from the American Sports Broadcasters Association of America to the President of the United States, the Honorable Ronald Reagan, for his constant efforts on behalf of the youth of America. Sir, it is yours. Well, I can't help or can't find the words to thank the American Sportscasters Association. I can't say one thing, Vin. You said it was a long way from the dugout to the rose garden. How do you think I feel? Well, thank you all and thank all of you very much. Thanks very much.


Kevin Gutsman is a New York Times best-selling author and professor of history at Western Connecticut State University. Three of his books, Virginia's American Revolution, James Madison and the Making of America, and Thomas Jefferson Revolutionary flesh out what Gutsman takes to be a radical, revolutionary time and place in American history. Many might join with Mainstream Academia in noting this generation in this place as shortcomings, but we would be remiss if we did not try to understand the world from above just as we try to understand it from below. Welcome to Liberty Chronicles, a project of libertarianism.org. I'm Anthony Comegna. We often hear, or at least sometimes now we hear, that there was a revolution of 1800, that it was an important year because here we have the peaceful transfer of power from one party to another, and Jefferson was a significant enough break from the old federal tradition that it qualifies as a revolution of 1800. So let me put it to you. Was there a revolution of 1800? Oh, yes. I certainly think there was. In what way? What was really radical or important about that year, that event? Well, not Washington himself, but people around him, other people high up among the federalists were essentially monarchists. That is, both Alexander Hamilton, the Treasury Secretary in Washington's early years as president, and John Adams made clear that they thought eventually the United States would have a monarchy. Hamilton had explained on June 18, 1787, in a day-long speech in the Philadelphia Convention as the Constitution was being written, what kind of monarchy he would like the United States to have. And at the conclusion of his description of this hypothetical government, he said, well, of course, the American people aren't ready for this now, but they are more congenial to it than they have been before, and I see that they're becoming closer to my position all the time. I think Hamilton's program is rightly understood then as having been intended to assimilate American government finance to the British model, and in doing so, also to assimilate the American social structure and the government itself to the British model. Adams told Jefferson at a dinner attended at Jefferson's house by Adams and Hamilton that, well, he responded to Hamilton's claim that, I'm sorry, Adams' claim that if the British Constitution could be purged of its corruption, it would be the best in the world to what Hamilton responded well. Without its corruption, it wouldn't work. It's already the best of the world. But Jefferson, hearing the Prime Minister essentially Hamilton and the Vice President Adams say this, thought, well, we have a general problem that there are a lot of prominent American politicians who think that a Republican experiment is a forlorn hope and we shouldn't have it. On the other hand, by the time the end of the 1790s came and the Federalists had launched their effort to make outspoken opposition to the administration illegal through the Sedition Act, a lot of people's minds had been changed. And so when in 1800, the Republicans won the elections, it seemed to Jefferson and into others that there had been a change not only in parties but in the actual principles that were going to underlie the administration from that point on. I tend to agree with that. Not only were the political predilections of the leaders of the two parties substantially different, but their programs were notably different. So Jefferson came into office and within a few months his allies in the Congress now in control of Congress for the first time had eliminated all the internal taxes, substantially reduced the size of the Navy, substantially reduced the size of the Army. Actually by 95 percent they reduced the number of men the President was statutorily entitled to recruit into the Army. Jefferson himself pardoned everybody who had been convicted under the Sedition Act of whom there were 12 people. It seems to me that this meant there had been a real change in the government. Jefferson said it was his real revolution in the principles of the government as that of 76 was in its form. I think that's true essentially. I do believe that there was real difference between the Federalists and the Republicans and that the right side won in the end and that immediately on taking office began making substantial changes. Was this only a revolution really for those in power, those with political influence? I mean this is an extremely tiny number of people actually voting for Jefferson or anybody else in the era. It's a very tiny number of essentially privileged white males with property, electing other white males with property. The vast majority of the population has little to no official say in the matter. Is it purely a policy change or a change in the minds of those who govern or was there a palpable sense among the population that the country was changing in dramatic ways? There was a substantial difference between the Federalists and the Republicans considering concerning the extent to which or the degree to which common people ought to be involved in the political life of the country. In the 1790s spontaneously in communities across the country there grew up what were called Democratic Republican societies which were common people generally who turned out to celebrate say to commemorate particular events in the history of the French Revolution or to celebrate the 4th of July which was a partisan Jeffersonian holiday in those days or otherwise to demonstrate that they were active members of the polity and on the other hand Federalists strongly disapproved of this and classically in his farewell address Washington said that the role of the average person in the political system was to vote every two years and that was it. It was supposed to be for policy makers to make the decisions to conduct the discussions to be involved in the actual political life of the country. So the Jeffersonian Republicans actually were more democratically oriented than the Federalists by far and people knew that. That was one and ground on which they tended to associate with one or the other party over time the Federalists actually became more aristocratic. As to this question about the suffrage there is some exaggeration in the common understanding of the extent to which suffrage was restricted to property owning males actually by the end of the Jefferson administration as I recall there are only two states New York and Virginia in which there are still any property qualifications for voting at all. So in general people could vote and even considering the property qualification in Virginia we think about half of adult white men of sound mind were eligible to vote which made Virginia more democratic than any country in Europe except for some cantons in Switzerland. So that in our own context that's not very democratic but in the context in which it lay which was the early 19th century Jefferson's Virginia was very democratic that of course the direction of reform was in favor or in the direction of more democracy whatever one thinks of that. So I think this criticism on one hand is generally uninformed or intentionally distorted but of course there's also some disagreement among libertarians about the question how Republican our society ought to be a lot of libertarian constitutional legal thinkers really don't mind the idea of an extensive policy making role for federal judges as long as they have the feeling that they'll get the policy outcomes from those judges that they prefer. You know I could name names but I'm sure you know whom I mean. So this is one way in which I find myself sometimes at variance with the main line of libertarian thinkers these days I am I consider myself a Jeffersonian I'm a libertarian personally but I think constitutional I have a fixed meaning not not whatever the judges can be persuaded to say it means and that's of course a Jeffersonian position. Anyway I think it's kind of Calumny to assert that these polities these states weren't very democratic compared to today when the Constitution declares that blacks and women and basically any man can vote it's it wasn't democratic but for the 18th century it was it was crazy democratic it was there was no place like it and of course I said that in Virginia they had more widely distributed suffrage than essentially any place in Europe except for some Swiss cantons and New England was even more democratic than that virtually every male could vote in New England. Yeah Rhode Island restricted the suffrage to property of holders until 1842. Was that right? But it caused significant constitutional crises in the government. Oh and you ended up with a rebellion right over the Constitution. The door war which we will get to on the podcast in all good time. Now let's let's dig into that Jeffersonianism that you said most libertarians share something with I think that's certainly true. It's hard to deny that at the very least our intellectual history leads back pretty strongly to the Jeffersonians. So I want to sort of dig into that and maybe if we could get a bit of a score card for the Jefferson administration especially considering that just a few years after he leaves office the conflict started during his term have rude into a war between two of the premier powers in the Atlantic. So let's talk about what were some of the successes for what we might call a libertarian radicalism under Jefferson and what were some of the most serious problematic or anti-libertarian policies that he advanced. Jefferson's platform included a serious retrenchment of federal spending and taxing and as I said before within a few months of his becoming president the Congress had repealed all of essentially all the federal taxes except for the tariff. So there no longer was going to be a carriage tax or a whiskey tax or any internal tax at all. In fact if you encountered the federal government in the early part of the 19th century likely you had you had met somebody who was associated with a local postmaster but if you weren't dealing with him and most people wouldn't have been then you were unlikely to encounter federal officials at all. This was Jefferson's and his party's doing and that was essentially his platform. He laid out this program in his first inaugural address. Another way that they were successful is that they decided to retrench the military. So in the quasi-war years of the Adams administration Congress had authorized the president to recruit as many as 50,000 soldiers into the army which would be about twice as many as Washington ever had during the revolution and they substantially increased taxes to pay for purchasing numerous warships not the top of the line the types that England had the Britain had 400 of but the next class down and when Jefferson came into office they essentially put those in dry dock and decided to do without them. The difference between the Adams administration and Jefferson administration in this regard was essentially we're not going to have a big military and we're not going to need the taxes to pay for it. Jefferson also immediately pardoned everybody who'd been convicted under the Sedition Act which were all 12 people who had been tried under the Sedition Act. That included a congressman from Vermont the chief the publisher of the chief Republican paper in the country the Philadelphia Aurora and other prominent Republicans. This was obviously substantial change. The Jefferson's foreign and domestic policies were notably different from those of his opponents. He said in his inaugural address that there might have been the question whether there'd be reprisals against the federalists once the Republicans took office as of course there had been numerous instances of party change followed by mass murder in France and Jefferson said in his first inaugural address essentially that there would be no such thing in fact that those people who had been wrong in the past could be left as monuments to the safety with which error it could be tolerated where reason was left free to combat it. In other words if you saw Al Hamilton walking down the street just pointed him and laughed we didn't need a guillotine we just had voted him out and that was the end of it. Jefferson thought actually that since Americans had come to their senses there wouldn't be any more party disputation. People don't realize that the Republican dynasty those three two-term Virginia Republican presidents at the beginning of the 19th century they actually tried to implement this program so by the time James Monroe who was formerly Jefferson's law student and was a kind of political lieutenant of Jefferson's by the time he left office the federalist party had ceased to exist he actually Monroe was reelected with all but one vote in the electoral college and part of the reason the federalist party had ceased to exist was that Monroe made no attempt to keep the Republican party alive though he thought it didn't make sense to be appointing people's post masters or or court marshals or to other federal offices on the basis of service the Republican party and he he did not pursue that course this was again part of the Jefferson program he thought there Jefferson thought there was a kind of natural consensus among Americans that had only been disrupted by the malign influences he sought of Hamilton the unwitting support of Hamilton's malignity by the uniquely popular Washington do you think that's to some degree the result of you know people's proclivity to sort of make a cartoon out of their enemies you know Jefferson did plenty while he was in office to gain to gain himself detractors and to upset whatever consensus there might have been it's not as though partisan feelings are are always malicious right sometimes the person in power is genuinely misbehaving like I wanted to ask you especially about the Louisiana purchase because Jefferson himself seems to have thought well maybe this is unconstitutional for me to do but it's too good a deal to pass up so I'll I'll go ahead with it and send it to Congress to authorize later and you know if if people think I've acted unconstitutionally then so be it but I'm not going to let Louisiana just go and maybe Spain come in and take it or who knows what England invade or whatever I mean what did Jefferson do while he was in office to gain enemies it's not that he thought perhaps the Louisiana purchase was unconstitutional he he was certain that it was unconstitutional his initial response to news of the treaty was that well we could buy this territory but we could not make it into states and then his next his first reconsideration was to the effect that well actually we couldn't do that either we're going to need an amendment before we can take any further steps so he asked Madison to draft him an amendment and Madison did so and along with that Madison conveyed to him his opinion that well of course you can't try to amend the Constitution to empower the federal government to do this because for all we know the next ship from France is going to contain word that Napoleon has changed his mind so we need to hurry and strike in this regard and Madison actually believed that it was obviously constitutional that when the Constitution said in article two that the president could enter into treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate since the Constitution did not say what kind of treaties the president could enter into with the advice and consent of the Senate the only reasonable reading was any common kind of treaty and although today they're not common in those days treaties of peace treaties of alliance trade treaties and treaties for purchase and sale of land were all common so Madison said clearly this is covered by the general power to make a treaty however Jefferson seems to have been the only significant Republican who did not buy this argument including even John Randolph of Roanoke so ultimately Jefferson's conclusion was that it was unconstitutional but it was absolutely essential and so he hoped the people would forgive him a very rare sentiment isn't it that that itself is enough to give Jefferson some redemption in my mind whatever whatever you think the problems with it might be just that he would recognize that you know this thing I'm doing right now that I'm still going to do it might be illegal and you can hold me responsible for that boy that's that's a rare thing yes essentially unheard of now whatever they want to do is is permissible but they were in kind of a box Jefferson actually had written before this all happened that as he put it there's only one spot on the map the possessor of which must be an enemy of the United States and that is New Orleans so that's why he had sent Monroe to James Monroe to France to join Robert Livingston negotiating a purchase of New Orleans in the area right around New Orleans and of course the response they got from Talier on was was well how about if I sell you all of Louisiana as far as Jefferson was concerned obtaining New Orleans was essential it was just it was the one real geostrategic imperative that the country faced he did think it was unconstitutional he never changed his mind about that people commonly say well you know he changed his mind when he got into office he bought Louisiana actually no he didn't change his mind he just decided that he had to do it anyway and he he said I hope the people will forgive me which apparently they did now lots of people never forgave him for the embargo act plenty of people threatened his life over it can you tell us why Jefferson who should I think at least should have known better economics than to support something like an embargo why did he support this thing did he really want war with Great Britain during the Napoleonic period is there any teeth to the the federalists claim that you know the republicans were all crypto Jacobins who wanted to make war on all the monarchies of the world was there any truth to that whatsoever that Jefferson was seeking out a war with Britain I don't read it that way I think that as early as the early 1780s James Madison had had the idea that the United States could coerce European powers with its economic might at one point he said that European countries would be dependent on American food stuffs as long as Europeans were in the custom of eating so Madison thought that military that economic embargo could be a substitute for military strength and Jefferson as was his greatest weakness was persuaded by Madison there are other instances where the same thing happened in 1807 in response to war fever up and down the east coast over what was called what is called the Chesapeake Leopard Incident where a British warship attack an American military vessel at Hampton roads just coming out of Chesapeake Bay within sight of numerous civilians watching this from on shore Jefferson heard from people from Georgia to New Hampshire saying it's time to declare war on the British and he thought the embargo was an alternative so on one hand this was a way to avoid war avoid admitting the federalist had been right avoid raising taxes and building up the military maybe even adopting a sedition act on the other hand it was a kind of enlightenment attempt to create a new world in which you wouldn't have military powers contending with each other violently but instead people would trade and if they cease trading maybe they'd have to negotiate their disagreements so I think it's obviously the idea that this could be successful in the context of world war between France and Britain in which one or the other of them was supposed to buckle in response to being deprived of George and rice or Virginia tobacco or Massachusetts fish the idea that this was going to be successful seems just ridiculous but Jefferson thought that the enlightenment had disclosed various truths that people hadn't apprehended before and one was that economics could be used in place of warcraft so if one criticizes him for having this Pollyanna idea what about his various other Pollyanna ideas that we still appreciate I think this is just typical Jeffersonian behavior it it strikes me as fanciful to the point of foolishness but consistent with a lot of his other initiatives that we find more appealing now though the war that followed the embargo is called mr. Madison's war at least by its opponents which were sizable in number this is one of the least least popular wars in American history probably not a coincidence that people were talking about a draft that was terribly disruptive to trade why did why exactly did the war of 1812 start and was it really about principle of you know Britain seizing American ships and interfering with our sovereignty or was it about conquest and trying to scoop up those Canadian colonies into the American Republic and blackened you know Britain's eye well that depends whether you ask an American or a Canadian in general there's a consensus among American historians that what Madison wanted to do was to grab Canada and then use it as a bargaining chip in order to to ring from the British and into impressments and free access for American ships to both Britain and British colonial ports in the Caribbean on the other hand Canadians think that America wanted to conquer Canada so they commonly depict the war of 1812 as this great Canadian victory even though Canada didn't exist yet as a separate country this British victory over the United States is a great Canadian identity point for Canadians my own feeling is that Madison did want it as a negotiating chip I don't think people generally thought of Canada as being that valuable possession remember in 1763 at the end of the seven years war Britain had taken from France India Martinique Guadalupe in Canada and then at the end of the war they told the French well if you want you could have two of these possessions back and France said okay we'll take Guadalupe and Martinique so we're prone today to think of a map with enormous Canada on it and and think well that that must have been very attractive but people didn't really think of it as being that wonderful a possession and on the other hand free trade that was the kind of reigning shibboleth for Madison he thought that was the Nipoulos Ultra you know that you you um you'd take that if you could get it and and really what it spurred the embargo as I said before was the policy of impressments the Chesapeake Leopard incident was about impressments and if only the Republicans could find some way to to make the British stop impressing American sailors then independence would be vindicated we of course we we saw a treaty that ended the revolution in 1783 with King George the third's recognition of all the states he listed them from north to south um but really the British hadn't quite accepted the idea that America was a an independent country so for example if you were a British sailor and you immigrated to the United States and became an American citizen the British did not recognize that they didn't recognize that you could be a former britain now an American and so the nub of the war of 1812 was Americans wanted access to British ports they wanted British respect they wanted an end of impressment these three things were all tightly linked and for a lot of people the war took on almost apocalyptic tones you know here were this ragtag new country fighting the world's premier power uh who sort of run wants to uh re enslave us you know put us put us back into the empire um they're stirring up native american tribes on the frontier making the frontier another a place of violence again uh fusion between british and american indian interests that terrified american frontiersmen shaped the the mindset and the way of life out there for decades to come you know this used to be a major point of periodization for historians the war of 1812 separates the early republic from the jacksonian era and they're very different um there's the the world before the war of local and regional markets and then there's the world after the war where like you said this greater free trade zone has now been fought for and established especially after napoleon's gone and you know now we have swifter globalization we have market revolutions and things like that what's more we have a growing sense of nationalism and a whole cast of characters who comes to dominate politics for the next generation or two um can you say a bit about how the war wrapped up and what its long-term effects were on what was the early republic well uh you began by saying this used to be a point of periodization actually it still is so my current project is uh history of the virginia dynasty 1801 to 25 and i'm cutting against the grain of saying that the the war of 1812 marked a point of departure and my contention is that the Monroe administration was kind of culmination of the jeffersonian program or jeffersonian um really continuous administration from 1801 but it's true that americans saw the war of 1812 as making a substantial difference you can say though that same thing would have happened even if there hadn't been a war of 1812 people of course didn't know at the time that napoleon was going to abdicate in 1814 and be defeated at waterloo in 1815 but what that meant was that impressement was going to end regardless of the war of 1812 in fact it did end regardless of the war of 1812 the british never conceded that they didn't have a right to impress sailors from american ships they just stopped doing it because the napoleonic wars came to an end uh another significant result of the war of 1812 uh was as you mentioned that the the indians who had tended to align themselves first with the french before the seven years war and then with the british uh in the war in the war of 1812 now they found themselves essentially stranded in north america at the tender mercies of the united states which were despite the sentimentality of people like jefferson concerning the indians which were not going to be very tender i think the idea of a market revolution is emblematic of the general ignorance of economics among historians of the early republic and the idea the idea that people didn't act in markets before the war of 1812 is just somewhat ridiculous to me um but it is true and actually it also the idea that there's going to be the market revolution starting after the war of 1812 assumes that it takes the government building roads and bridges to make a market right you didn't really have a market until you had government expenditure on canals most of which virtually all of which and virtually all the states that tried canal building um were not self-sustaining in fact virtually every state found um that its canals didn't pay for themselves and a lot of states ended up really stuck with substantial debt because of this binge of canal building i think then that again that this idea of a market revolution starting after the war of 1812 is just thoroughly wrongheaded but that is exactly what the nationalists like calhoun clay daniel webster other people in the in the period who dominate politics leading up to jackson uh that is exactly what they argue though right that the government does have to step in and create this bold new world conquering space and uh you know extending the market all over for the benefit of the people surely the war did impress itself upon the minds of the leadership at least in a way that's pretty significant i see uh henry clay as a kind of case study in public choice theory i mean you know you're bound to have somebody who says well if i'm the guy who could be associated with building roads uh in the western part of the country where there aren't any at all then i'll make myself popular in every congressional district and i can be elected president if you know to borrow a phrase that if there hadn't been henry clay we would have had to invent him he he seems just somebody who was bound to exist but the fact of henry clay's steering the government toward protective tariffs and and log rolling doesn't mean that that's why we have a market economy the war years cast a long dark dangerous shadow over the still young republic the shadow of expansionary nationalism a permanently militarized frontier and an ever present ever threatening juggernaut on the northern border people felt a palpable mix of hope and fear for the future the world was changing quickly and everyone took note liberty chronicles is a project of libertarianism.org it is produced by test terrible if you've enjoyed this episode of liberty chronicles please rate review and subscribe to us on itunes for more information on liberty chronicles visit libertarianism.org


The free surgical intervention program for indigent residents initiated by the open state governor for building the question the effect of the current hardship has commenced with surgical operations performed at patients at the state hospital in abu kota ijebudi and ilaro the program which began with the registration of beneficiaries would involve major and minor surgical operations as part of the governor's medical palliative to the people speaking while performing the surgical operations the permanent secretary ogun state minister of health kaiyudi ola deinde commanded the governor for the huge investment in the health sector and directive for the replacement of health personnel who have left the service for greener pastures abroad started the exercise yeah and we've operated quite um i think about five or six even this morning we still have quite a number of them outside to be operated they are all here happy uh governor prince dr depo abu adu has brought as a so-called to the good people of august state especially during these economic hard time um we quite appreciate his excellency prince dr abu abu adu who has invested so much in the health sector in the past five years and he's continued he continues to invest in the health sector um we appreciate we can never be thankful enough because some of these patients we are operating today have been online for quite some time uh because of fun they've not been able to come and assess the surgery they need some of them are blind in the two highs so people have been leading them about for quite some time but all it takes is for us to operate one and they'll be able to see and contribute to the economic outlook of the state and of course of the nation


One of the most important things in teaching social justice whether it is a class in Applied Theater with adult students or sneaking it into work with kids in an after-school project, it's building a trust. And that comes not from me marching in and saying, you can trust me because that's pretty much the biggest turnoff. It is about taking the time to build a culture of listening on both sides. And that's tough in a quarter system. You kind of have to push that envelope a little bit. It's rewarding once you get there. And it's taken me 15 years to figure out some shortcuts to get there. And I'm still learning. I'm still researching. And staying open to new ideas and practices and things that other people have figured out. And I think that that's a huge part of doing this kind of work is staying current. It's really about spending the first couple of weeks of class listening. And that's tough because you want to throw a syllabus at them and say, this is what we're doing and let's get started and I'm going to talk at you.  And that is scary. And that's a challenge because students aren't used to it. And it's also tough to get the students to trust that this is a process that everyone can engage in, that I'm not coming in as an oppressor. And if I am, it takes them almost all quarter to realize they can say that to me if I'm coming across a certain way. And I'm actually open to students saying, hey, wait a minute, that makes me feel a little bit like this. And that's tough because as a teacher, that's a very scary place to put yourself in. It's very vulnerable. I've cried a lot with this work on both sides. The challenges and then always that challenge turns into a reward because the second that intersection happens in class and you handle it usually with grace and listening, that's how you start the real work. It's really important to create an environment of ownership of the course itself. That first time to talk to your students about what they want in the course and to have, as I call them, buoys in the water of the syllabus. There are places that we know we're going to swim to by this date. And this is going to happen by this date. But what those things are, I often don't even have a description for. I talk about what would you like to gain from this class. I listen and that's been tough learning how to do that. And then I come back to class the next time saying, here's some projects that would work for where we want to go with this class. And so we co-create a syllabus and every quarter that I've taught a Theater for Social Change course, we have adjusted the syllabus around midterm time. We have chucked the plan and been flexible and that's scary as well, but it works if you can do that. What I would say is the key is learning to listen, truly listen.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on my channel. You can watch various programming related videos here. My channel contains more than 800 videos. You can search these videos through the keyword programming by Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you use of POW function. So I will be limiting it as predefined function and later on I will demonstrate you how you can implement POW as user defined function. It means you can make your own POW function process. So first I am going to demonstrate you the implementation of POW function as predefined function. So this function is available with math.h header file. So whenever you want to use POW as predefined, you must have to include this math.h header file. Now I am defining main function. Here I am taking float variables b comma p comma result. So b stands for base, p stands for power and the calculated result will be stored in result variable. Now I have to receive values from user. So I am asking enter base and power value to read those values I am using scanf so base will be stored inside b variable and power will be stored inside p variable. Now I am going to call POW and I am passing both the arguments base and power into it. So the returned value will be stored inside result variable. So result equals to percentf and then result variable. So this way I have implemented use of POW as predefined function. Now I am going to execute it. So you can see it is asking for base value and power value. So I am going to enter base as 2 and power as 3. So the result is 8. So if we multiply it 2, 3 times that is 2 into 2 into 2 then the result will be 8. So the program is working properly and this is the base of implementation of POW as predefined function. Now I am going to tell you how you can create your own user defined function. So for that I am removing this header file and you have to declare your own function like this. So this is declaration. Here you have to call your own function now. I am going to define it. This block will be known as definition which will be containing the logical part. So base value will be available with B and power value will be available with P. So here I am declaring a variable result which will be upload time. It is initialized with 1 in this variable I. Now I am going to implement a loop which is starting from 1 and it will repeat P times. It means I am going to multiply base value power times. So power value suppose it is 3 so this loop will repeat 3 times and 3 times base value will be multiplied. So for that I am implementing this result equals to result multiplied by base. So after completion of this loop and that returned value of result will be stored inside result variable which is available inside main function at line number 9. And then result will be displayed on output screen with the help of line number 10. So this way I have implemented my own user defined function for calculating power value. So in this code a user has to enter both the values base and power and the calculated result will be displayed on output screen. So again I have to execute this code so that you can understand whether it is working properly or not. So I am going to execute it. You can see it is asking for base and power values. Again I am entering base as 2 and power as 3. You can see the output it is again showing the result as 8. So you can implement both the variations of POW function you can use it as predefined function with the help of math.h header file as well as you can implement your own user defined function that is power. You can name it power or any other name you can use because in case of user defined function you can create a function with any particular name. But remember that name should be significant so that you can understand what process it will be so I hope you have understood both the variations well If you want to watch more programming related videos you can follow my youtube channel. Thank you for watching this video.