By the second year of the war, the Siege of Wrax had settled firmly into a pattern repeated ad nauseam across the hundreds of kilometers of trenches that formed the opposing front lines. Days became indistinguishable, the morning symphony of artillery fire giving way to the cacophony of raids across no man's land, and the screams of the dying they claimed. The differentiation and tracking of linear chronology became the sole concern of the command echelon and NCO corps. For the Kreeg of the Line, the only marking of the passage of any particular day, was the hour their watch shifts ended, or the amount of time they had to offer prayers to the god emperor before they were to go over the lips of their trenches and unto the teeth of the enemy's guns. All was, however, going according to nominal plan. None on the imperial side had expected a quick resolution to the conflict, after all. There were still many, many more years of this, accounted, planned, and accommodated for. Should a disruption to the status quo as it stood occur, both sides would have to move quickly to capitalize on it. And as fate would have it, such an occurrence was about to emerge. So then, that this is a further record in that chronicle of that calamitous conflict, the Siege of Raks. On the Grey Dawn of 897-814-M41, the 261st Lion Regiment of the Death Corps were ordered to conduct a probing attack upon enemy lines in sector 45-49. The 30th Lion Corps, of which the 261st was a part, had been conducting a series of such operations in anticipation of an upcoming offensive, having spent the prior six months in a period of relative inactivity, at least compared to the initial bludding the Corps had received in the war's opening engagements. Time enough had passed that the initial losses of manpower and material had been replenished from Krieg itself, and command had repositioned the might of the 19th Bombard Corps in order to support any future attacks. The 9th Company of the Lion Regiment were selected for what would be the most challenging part of the offensive, an assault on the enemy's strong point designated by Imperial strategos as Fort A-453. A fortified section of line consisting of a series of interlinked bunkers and pillboxes, the fort had had its main weapons battery, an earth shaker bombard, destroyed by Imperial artillery. However, it was still a locus of power projection for the Vraxian militia, commanding a sizable portion of no man's land within the killing fields of its heavy bolter emplacements, all situated atop a network of reinforced personnel shelters that connected to garrison and ammunition supply tunnels running a half mile back towards the safety of militia held territory. Despite the wastes being full of strong points just like it, its capture was essential for any Imperial attempt at gaining ground, and its loss would be a severe blow to the militia in that sector. A previous attack had been easily repulsed, leading to months of Imperial shelling that, aside from destroying the aforementioned battery, had done little to diminish its capabilities to resist any advance. While the reasoning of the strategos are not committed to most Imperial records for so granular a part of the overall siege, it is likely enough to suppose that the probing attack was just that, an attempt to ascertain how much the capabilities of the fort had degraded, if at all, since the initial assault upon it, and that the cost in the lives of the Kreeg was nominally worth the intelligence that it would gather. Forward preparations were already underway, with the 9th Company excavating an assault trench out into No Man's Land under the cover of routine bombardments. By its completion, it would ensure that the Kreeg would only have to cover around 275 meters of open ground to reach the comparative safety of Fort A453's outer anti-tank ditches. Break of day had not even arrived, when the Imperial guns took up their rapport, bringing a dawn in fire to sector 4549, as their preliminary bombardment fell upon the Vraxian positions. The 9th Company, under the command of Captain Tyborg, gathered in the forward trench positions, under the watchful eye of higher ranking officers, safely ensconced in secure dugouts much further back behind the lines. Tyborg, in typical Kreeg line officer fashion, was first over the top. The first hundred meters or so that the Kreeg charge was covering was quite successful. The just ceased bombardment had clogged No Man's Land with thick smoke, obscuring the Imperial advance as it moved closer and closer to the razor wire barricades. But the peace would of course not last. Vraxian heavy bolters began to bark, and guardsmen began to die. Tyborg and his forward squads had reached the razor wire lines, however, and crawling upon their bellies through the clogging ash mud, succeeded in breaking through to the anti-tank ditches beyond, even as the Kreeg following them in No Man's Land were scythe down by a hail of explosive rounds from the fort. Tyborg's breach in the line did, however, allow the advance to continue. Even as casualties mounted, the Kreeg were flooding into the ditches, only for a new hazard to present itself. Landmines. The defenders had prepared for just this eventuality, of course, and the ninth company were now effectively trapped. Captain Tyborg, presented with what was effectively suicide and suicide, conducted himself by his Imperial programming, leading his Kreeg towards a death that would hopefully lead to more enemy casualties. Heedless of losses, and again leading from the front, the captain charged up the lip of the slope beyond the tank ditch, landmines taking out dozens of Imperial servicemen as he did so. It was not until Tyborg reached the top of the trench that his almost miraculous luck finally gave out. He was injured by a flying shard of human bone from the Kreeg next to him, who was obliterated in totality by a landmine. Nevertheless, the captain continued to lead, as by now the Kreeg had accomplished far, far more than any previous assault on this position had done. They were within striking distance of the outer pillboxes. The militia defenders of the fort had by now fully awoken and under an Imperial attack that had managed to catch them surprisingly on wares. Tyborg's advance had also managed to claim far more ground that the defenders would have relied upon to winnow the attackers' numbers down to more manageable quantities. The reserves raced towards forward positions which even now were breaking out in brutal hand-to-hand combat. Others fled entirely, believing the fort to already be lost. All was the chaos and confusion of close quarters fighting. Worsened, as out in no man's land and within the inner ditches, Vraxian quadlauncher batteries rained fire down in the melees, indiscriminately killing both sides in an effort to stymie the tide of Kreeg. Tyborg was again wounded now by grenade shrapnel, likely from one of his own men's attempts to force a breach in one of the pillboxes. Bleeding severely, he was nevertheless aware that the foothold the Kreeg possessed was tenuous and in need of reinforcements. Having lost his Voxcaster to a landmine, the only option for communication was a runner, whom Tyborg summoned to deliver a missive to Imperial lines. The ninth company within wire, enemy growing in strength, will hold if reinforced. For a full Vraxian hour, the bloodied ninth company held their breach head against the militia, even going so far as to make forward advances through the fort towards its central bunker. Capturing the entrance to the fort's personnel tunnel, Tyborg ordered an assault in force to purge the enemy within, a bayonet charge straight into the militia's hastily assembled barricades, that saw him sustain a third injury, a shot to the head that by all rights would have slain him, but was turned aside by his helmet. The assault and the advance into the subterranean network was perfectly timed, if accidentally. Outside, the fort was suddenly subjected to a punishing barrage from Vraxian heavy artillery miles away. Precited, the guns had received word that the fort was lost, and the militia now sought to deny the Imperials any gains that they had made. The captain's assault squads, numbering at this point some forty men, were sheltered underground. The Kreeg on the surface, however, were obliterated. The bombardment had ended the surface battle, and as the Vraxian gun sustained their fire, it drove what stragglers remained unpolverized underground. The enemy was, of course, fully aware of the Kreeg's positions, and the gallery in which Tyborg and his company were now trapped became a blood-soaked killing field. Night began to fall, and with no sign of reinforcements, the Kreeg reckoned with their deaths, as the runner had clearly been killed on his way to deliver Tyborg's missive to command. This was, however, incorrect. The man had made it, though it had taken him several hours of crawling under the hail of enemy fire to accomplish the feat. Presenting the missive to the general of the line, the Imperial elements immediately sought to capitalize on a breakthrough opportunity like none they had encountered through these last two grinding years. Grenadier regiments were hurriedly summoned to reinforce the besieged Tyborg, and artillery batteries were also recited to curtain off the overland routes the enemy may use to relieve the fort or attempt to stymie any advance. All across the line occupied by the 19th Regiment, squads were prepared for immediate diversionary attacks to place the Varaxian militia under as much pressure as possible and tie down any of their reinforcements. The Grenadier regiments were unable to move in force until the breaking of the second day, and, additionally, were also forced to move towards the fort while the structure was still under heavy artillery bombardment. All the while, Tyborg's men had managed against all odds to hold their subterranean gallery against the militia assaults. The tunnel had been turned into a smoke-clogged hellhole, and the Imperial guardsmen were protected only from the lethal fumes by virtue of their Kreeg issue respirators. Ammunition was looted from the enemy, all of it mercifully Imperial standard issue sequestered from the Varax weapon dumps. The dead were utilized to form barricades of bleeding, necrotizing flesh. The day was one of, unsurprisingly, grinding attrition, whittling down the men under Tyborg's command to Amir-16. By the coming of the night, forward Grenadier squads had managed to clear and occupy the remaining surface structures, and were now battling to gain access to the tunnel network. On the third day, the situation proved tenuous enough for the regiment's command echelon to deem armoured support necessary. Seconded from the 61st Tank Regiment, squadrons of Limanrus mainline battle tanks, supported by a bane-blade super-heavy, were released for the offensive. Atlas excavator vehicles ranged ahead of the armoured column to fill in the anti-tank ditches that surrounded the fort, four of them being lost to the process. However, the armoured column ground razor wire cordons under their treads, allowing a full advance in force of the remaining Grenadier platoons and supporting infantry squads. Elsewhere, the full mobilization of the 30th line corps had already been ordered. Imperial command was seemingly wasting no opportunity that it saw, regardless of potential casualty risks. Underground, it would not be until nightfall that Captain Tyborg, miraculously alive, wounded in both his legs, his right arm, his abdomen, and his head, staggered above ground with just eight of his original assault force, all into the security of areas now thoroughly under Kreeg control. Fort A453 had fallen into Imperial hands. While merely one part in an obviously vast network of Raxian defences, the capture of this fortification was a galvanizing moment in those early days of the siege. Imperial command echelons were well aware of the significance it represented, not only for the simple progress of the campaign, but as a psychological coup too. The 30th line corps was ordered to push the enemy, and hard. Armour and infantry were poured into the breach in the Raxian lines forced at A453, forcing the militia to deprive surrounding line sectors of manpower, leaving them exposed to yet further breaches. This was trench warfare in one of its purest expressions, an event precipitating a cascading series of other events, as logistics rushed to spread whatever it needed to across however large a field, desperately struggling to keep all the pieces moving and give as little ground as possible. For the death corps in this sector, two years of static attrition had in three days transformed now into open ground warfare, armoured personnel carriers, supplementing tanks, supporting infantry divisions, all in a mad rush to capture as much of Raxian's ashen wastes as they possibly could. The van Meersland was transformed, littered now with the still burning carcasses of the machines and the scattered bodies of Kreeg and militia alike. The offensive ground on eastwards, the 30th line now being joined by the 8th assault corps, as it brought imperial fury to enemy trenches from behind, crushing outflank manoeuvres that further threw the militia into disarray. Positions were abandoned and rapidly. The Raxian militia knew that the first line was destined to fail eventually, and the second was there, ready and waiting for occupation. It was a well-timed move. The 12th line corps of the Kreeg were now supplementing the grand imperial offensive, adding to the tide of bodies pouring through the initial breach head and swarming outer trench lines, who were now fully occupied only by suicidal rearguard units. In the Saritama Hills, the 34th line corps forced a second breach in the outer lines, deploying their cavalry units to harass retreating militia divisions. Within 10 days of open fighting, the Kreeg had finally achieved what two years had bought in blood and bodies and steel. As the cost of the offensive was being counted, so too were the gains. The Raxian militia had abandoned not only now its entire outer defensive line, but the northernmost spur of the second defensive line. Those strategicos saying the gains noted that this would have, under present imperial deployments, been untenable as a defensive position for the militia, with the 1st and 30th corps completely outflanking it by the end of their 10-day push. The light resistance encountered by the 1st in particular was an opportunity command could not pass up, given the spectacular gains of the past two weeks, and the corps was ordered to push forward, despite the losses being incurred by rearguards, sniper fire, and artillery bombardments. Swinging eastwards, the 1st targeted the region known as Hab Zone 1, which, given its now southeasterly alignment, would allow it to effectively encircle the second defense line in that zone. The most enthusiastic amongst the command echelons wondered aloud if the emperor's fortune had truly now been bestowed upon the Kreeg, and that the 1st were truly carrying his wrath further than any imperial unit had so far. The line corps appeared to have entirely shifted the dynamic of the northern front of the siege, transforming the static warfare of the trenches into a furious overland rush. However, the enemy would soon shift its own paradigm. At 255815 M41, the militia of Raks launched what would mark its own 1st push of the war, after two years of entirely defensive actions. Hab Zone 1, towards which the 1st corps were pushing hard, was serving as a muster point for a massive armoured column. All manner of astromilitarium vehicles were represented, not merely the Lehmann rust tanks of the line, but armoured personnel carriers, the chimeras, self-propelled artillery pieces such as the basilisks and griffins. Centuries unbeknownst to imperial forces were now planning a substantial push into the Kreeg infantry divisions, aiming to inflict as much harm as possible and punish the advance. It was upon the heads of the 19th Regiment that the hammer would fall. Throughout the night prior, sentries had reported enemy vehicular movements, and the Kreeg, responding with artillery batteries, could do little in the way of substantial gains. This was also scattershot on precisely what was happening. Forward field trenches, little more than shallow ditches, were hastily constructed, but these would prove completely ineffectual against the storm that broke at dawn. Hundreds of armoured vehicles fell upon the 19th Regiment out of the wastes, attacking with the fury that the militia had seldom displayed. Chimera transports, disgorged cultist squads that overwhelmed the forward positions with bayonet charges, while Lemanruss formations pounded other trenches into bloody mulch, treads crushing the corpses of the Kreeg underneath as they powered deeper into imperial lines. This was slaughter. The death corps was caught in the open, effectively mid-maneuver, deprived of their trenches and emplacements and supporting infrastructure. While the resistance they offered was no doubt admirable under the circumstances, such was the scale of the counter-offensive that nothing could be done. Colonel Adal, the officer in charge of the 19th Regiment, was unable to obtain anything approximating reinforcements. The scale of the imperial push had left the Kreeg unit somewhat fragile, as different divisions of different corps were in the process of solidifying what was still a very fluid front line. Adal was ordered, also under no uncertain circumstances, to die before retreating. All the Colonel could hope to do was co-olate his forces around his own command post, the rearmost static ground yet held, and punish the enemy wherever possible. This newly centered Kreeg resistance, coupled with the insane rush of the militia, devolved the situation into a chaotic mess by the time night fell. Kreeg mortar positions were overrun, only to have them turned on their erstwhile owners. The militia exhausting all ammunition before destroying the field pieces to prevent recapture. But support weapon teams of the Imperials were able to launch attacks on armored pickets, hampering somewhat the tank superiority of the enemy. The night saw merely ineffective, pro-ming attacks launched by both sides. Little in the way of ground was gained, but plenty of blood was sown before the dawn arrived in a similarly brutal fashion. The renewed fighting was now accompanied by a rain of both shells and water. As artillery fire from both sides pounded the wastes, a sudden thunderstorm blew up from an atmospheric squall. Needless to say, the battlefield became an even deeper circle of the inferno. Shells turned the ground into a torped quagmire, churning ash and blood and water into a mud so thick it would even bog down the tanks of the enemy. All of whom continued to advance relentlessly. The Kreeg under a doll threw all possible resistance at the militia. Ultimately though it was for naught, the 19th were broken. Their command post incinerated by hellhound flammer tanks. The corpses of their senior staff sizzling under the rainfall, even as their infantry were crushed under advancing tank battalions. Straglers streamed back towards imperial positions, bringing word through severed communication lines that the enemy had now made their own breakthrough. The conditions of the muddy battleground often made relief efforts impossible. Equipment was abandoned wholesale, a great many artillery pieces previously utilized by the 19th Regiment's gunnery corps fell into enemy hands. The collapse of the 19th had left the flank of the first line corps entirely exposed to the coming enemy offensive, threatening wholesale the gains that the corps had made along the northern spur of the second defense line. The only strategic option available was a large-scale retreat, an abandonment of many of the gains made in favour of occupying the former enemy positions along the first defensive line. This would not be made without the cost in lives. The deathrider cavalry companies of the 19th, what little of them had survived, as well as whatever vehicles could be spared from the 7th Tank Regiment, were gathered to form a suicidal rearguard, hopefully to blunt the enemy offensive. Their lives spent as a coin in a transaction that would allow the first corps time to redeploy and fortify, but only barely. The third day of the counter-attack saw 52 tanks from the 7th Armoured, Liman Russes and Macarius Heavies both sell themselves against the foe, 11 of which made it back to Kreeg Lines in utter disarray. The pattern was similar all across the front. The first corps were thrown into a savage storm where previously they had been the ones steamrolling the enemy. Days of these hopeless rearguard actions continued. With each passing one, the war machines of the militia powered deeper into the lines thrown up by the first. Eventually, at the cost of many men and many machines, the attack was stalled. The momentum of the militia bled away as it approached the now newly drawn Imperial Lines. The tank columns ultimately retreating towards Habs Zone 1. Their work had been accomplished and well. The gains made by the Kreeg were not all lost, the first defensive line of racks had been cracked, but the chance to push even further had now been lost. Of course, yes, several parts of the new Imperial line were themselves now under severe pressure, rather than the ideal reverse. In all, some 80,000 men of the 19th Regiment had been lost or captured, and the first corps had yet to count their own losses. While the enemy had lost a not insignificant quantity of its armoured pool, their losses more than made up for the redrawing of the lines that it had forced. The effect on the Imperial front was seismic, to say the least. All across recently conquered grounds, regiments crashed to a halt as militarium stratigos furiously calculated, with order after order being delivered ordering redeployment or fortification or both. The Kreeg had narrowly avoided a total disaster on the northern front, but the momentum seen not days earlier had utterly evaporated. The enemy, now ensconced within the second defensive line, had also been granted significant time to reinforce their own defenses. The setback was a harsh one indeed, and its effects on the overall siege timetable were yet unknowable. There is an inherent frustration that many may feel hearing this part of the Chronicle. The sheer scale of the calamities inflicted upon loyal Imperial troops, caught in the conflagration of this conflict or depressing to say the least, but the tremendous amount of lives spent for such meager gains, the ability of the enemy a heretic rabble to successfully counter the might of the astral militarium, upsetting even still. This episode is however the very nature of the attritional warfare that the siege so perfectly embodied. A potential breakthrough turning into something altogether more terrible, ground bought at a staggering cost, only to be once more lost to the enemy. It was a pattern that would in years to come replace those early static status quo days on Vrax, as both sides Imperial and Vraxian sought to outmaneuver each other, testing, probing, swarming, dying. This was however still fully within the plan as envisaged by the higher command of the Imperium, and the officers of the core of the Kreeg. This is why the death core had been selected in the first place. It was the nature of the Imperium to spend lives, as our Empire's human resources are our most bountiful crop. The grinding repetition of the siege represents is in many ways a true and horrific expression of the Imperium's core values. Until such a time as I may continue this tale, Ave Imperator, Gloria and Excelsis Terra. This video and this channel were made possible thanks to the very kind donations and support from my Patreon subscribers. If you'd like to help support the channel, head on over to patreon.com slash Oculus Imperia. If you'd like to receive more updates about the channel and any future videos, you can contact me or follow me on Twitter at Oculus Imperia. Otherwise, please like, subscribe, comment, let me know your feedback, and as ever, thank you very much for watching.


Yeah, colonialism in the world order, what a juicy topic. History is here to help with the history professor Peter Hoffenberg. This is Think Tech, I'm Jay Fredelsen. It's a 12 o'clock block on a given Thursday. So Peter, I just want to tell you a short story before we start. Okay. So my wife and I went to Lisbon. Lisbon, Portugal, they did a lot of colonialization, colonialism. And at the harbor there, there's a square, a huge big square right along the water. And this inlaid into the square, into the rocks, the stone on the square, a map, a world map showing all the trips that the Portuguese sailors made around the world and when and who and so forth. It's a living map of all their travels. And it kind of answers the question of why, why did colonialism pay? And how did colonialism pay? Somehow this map that Lisbon answers that. Now I know you're going to say that colonialism began a long time before the Portuguese. I know you're going to say that because you have that kind of historical scope. But let me say what it shows me is that colonialism is rooted in technology, better ships, better guns, better organization of crews and Marines and what have you. And when they went to an underdeveloped country, nobody would stand in their way. So the Portuguese had an easy time of it. So did the Spanish and so forth. But no, tell me when you think it really started and why. It really started. All right, I think though you're absolutely right in our, in our general common Western sense of colonization, you are absolutely right. The Portuguese have the first Western effort after the Romans to expand in a systematic way. So I think you're absolutely right. When colonization started, I suppose whenever a kingdom or a tribal community decided to expand, to blow away what had been accepted borders and conquer the next kind. So we, I think historically, I'm not sure it proves much going beyond the ones that most people know about. Wait, wait, wait. There's something just saying that I think it's worth dwelling on for a moment. I have been implying that, that if you, if you aspire to having the country next to you, to take it over, such as Putin is trying to do in Ukraine, that's colonialism. But when I think of colonialism, I think of some remote place at a different level of development rather than just my neighbor. Could you distinguish that and help me with that? Fair enough. So the first distinction is conquest in and of itself is not colonialism. Conquest is conquest. Colonialism is conquering and occupying, controlling in other societies, domestic and foreign affairs. That's colonization. So to sweep across the steps of Eurasia, pillaging and plundering wherever you go, but not necessarily establishing a new political system or controlling those other people's lives, that's conquest. And that's probably been there, as we know from paleo anthropologists, that's been there since certainly meanderthal and chroma and yon conquest. Okay. So what you're asking. You also distinguish me from me. Sure. The difference between exploration and colonialization because you can explore something, find it, plant the flag and go home. So when you colonialize, you do much more than that, right? Right. Let me have to the first question first, which is that you can colonize your neighbor, work, for example, on Germany during the Second World War and what all of your viewers know about about Laban's arm, the idea of gaining new territory. That was a colonization of the Soviet Union. It did not work. So I don't think distance, distance is not required. And there are even arguments about internal colonialism. Wait, for example, Australian originals or Native Americans. So the distance is the idea that it's another people. Right. Now that people could be internal or external. So the distance comes into play with your excellent point about technology, which enables societies beyond horseback to overcome. So certainly distance is a factor, but it's not necessary. And I think one of the difficulties when we think about colonization is we assume your excellent point that it has to be a distance. And somehow we don't look at, for example, internal or neighborly occupation and rule as something different than colonialism. But it is a form of colonization. Now, does exploration inevitably mean colonization? I don't think historians would say it inevitably means exploration. When exploration is followed by some kind of a political or economic relationship, which extends beyond the exploration. So yes, there were explorers to the Americas, but clearly with Columbus, there was an effort to extend that rule and extend the economic exploration. So an explorer, I suppose scholars interested in sort of in the realm of ideas would say that's kind of a colonial idea to go and explore and discover. But I think serious historians would say that doesn't necessarily lead to colonization. So we as historians try to understand when and where it did and when and where it did not. And there's certainly historical faces where it did not lead, right? The idea of quote unquote discovering for yourself, perhaps just in territory, might not have necessarily meant colonization. Another parameter up here is violence. Would you say that colonialization always involves a certain degree of violence, physical violence to take over the other place that it's not necessarily peaceful? Yeah, I don't think anybody would disagree with that. And that, again, is included in conquest without colonization, but I don't think anybody who treats colonization seriously would either ignore your point about violence, generally ignore some kind of dispossession of land almost inevitably, not inevitably. And this is not just white European colonizers. This is the process of colonization. In one way or another, denies sovereignty. So you're removing somebody's political system of their own. And that gets a little bit later on when we talk about where the colonial was a good thing or not. What did it replace? We have to be very careful, but certainly replace sovereignty. And that's the only challenge most customs. Sometimes colonizers use local customs. I think you could see Hawaii in the merging of Christianity as a colonizing measure, merged with Hawaiian traditions and back and forth. And then thirdly, I think most historians, actually I have not read any would disagree, but I'm sure they're out there. It also in one way or another affects resources. So land and labor. In other words, we're talking about bodies as well as the land itself. And I think those three problems, right? Loss of sovereignty, some type of erasure or change of culture at the place, and then the new kind of exploitation of land and labor. And why I say new kind is certainly most of the societies are colonized. We're not egalitarian societies. So again, we want to be careful, but they weren't replaced by egalitarian societies either. So when I teach this, I teach what the Aztecs did, which was sovereignty, right? They had their own customs and they certainly had their own forms of exploiting land and labor. So the Spaniards come along and they change all of those, which is not a claim that one was better or worse. It's a claim that colonizations and agency have changed, which I don't think anybody would disagree with. It's mostly an agency of, as you said, resources. I go to the new world to find gold, for example. I go to the new world to find riches. I want to bring those riches back. That's what drives me. And that's what drives Isabella to send me and fund my trip, my promise that I will find riches and bring them back, right? Probably that's certainly one of the motivations. I don't think anybody would doubt that it's one of them. And that gets back to probably most colonizations have some kind of El Dorado myth. The Laban drum was that land was there and weed and oil. Even late 19th century European intervention in Africa and Chinese intervention in Africa now is driven by not necessarily what's there, but what one thinks is there. And I don't mean to be cutesy. I just mean, for example, late 19th century imperialism, even contemporaries recognized that it was probably an investment in many cases. Now, there was rubber and there was coal and gold. That's for sure. But Europeans invested in places where there was the hope. And you can think about the Western view of China as an El Dorado where there are a limitless number of resources, right? And limitless number of labors. So I think you're right. An historian like myself would take that idea and see how it is connected to other ones. You mentioned the word imperialism. And that's a new connection. And I wonder if you could help me understand the relationship between imperialism and colonialism. You know, that's a really interesting connection. It's an interesting connection. And it's one where, you know, from our tradition to historians, three opinions, I won't add the ethnic root to our tradition. So some historians just use those terms interchangeably. But if we wanted to try to have a discussion where we distinguish them, quite often colonization discusses what develops after conquest or what developed in the ensuing years, et cetera, after an imperial venture. But again, I don't think in many cases, as the French would say, that might be a difference without a distinction. I don't want to disregard the scholars who do that. But I think we probably pretty easily use it interchangeably. One difference might be apropos the question you posed. Most people don't say imperialism has anything good in it. But people do say colonization has something good in it. So it may be a reflection of some innate reaction to the word.  Because up to 1900, about the term imperialism referred to a formal empire, Napoleon, China, Russia. So Americans recognized they were colonizers, but they weren't imperialists as America was a republic. And even though I know that sounds like chopping a little too finely, but you could see politically in a sense of people's culture, right? In the 19th century, clearly the US is expanding, clearly. And clearly it's expanding in ways which are very similar colonization. But the term having an empire changes after 1900. And you're very wary to say, hi, I'm promoting an American empire, because people will think about Rome, and they'll think most immediately about Napoleon. So it had additional luggage. And there's lots of good scholarship on the history of words, which says that at least in the West, the term changed its meaning to more of what we think of today. But if that was around the later 19th or early 20th century. So one takeaway question here, Peter, is, and we can get to it as we go, is whether colonialization, colonialism is part of the species.  Throughout human history, in one degree or another, one form or another, seems to me we've had this. And so ultimately, I think I would like to know from you whether it is part of humankind. It's just the way we operate. And if so, can we ever come to rest on borders? Can we ever come to rest on cultures and the distinctions between one sovereignty and another sovereignty? And I might add that one interesting part of colonialization for me is that some colonial enterprises have been much more successful than others. Some have been abject train wreck failures. And I would really like to know from you what the characteristics are of a, quote, successful colonialization and an unsuccessful one. A couple of questions, all of which will take at least a week to answer. I think I lost the train for a second. I apologize. The first question was whether it's baked into our history. Yeah. And I, not to avoid the question, but I turned to somebody like EO Wilson, who's a sociobiologist. And if he were here, I think you would say yes, that there is something evolutionary, not necessarily about colonization, the way we've defined it very precisely, but he spent his life studying ants. And the idea of an ant colony, which is not irrelevant, right? A pattern of behavior, which shares a hierarchy. Clearly there's a queen and ant colonies are capable of expanding, exploiting resources and bringing them home. And, you know, whether or not one agrees with that, that's probably when you talk about baked into sociobiology, that's probably just as important as what the Chrome and Jons did. All right. So in other words, it's something species. Now I'm not trained in that way. I'm trained to find it interesting and read about it. So I would say that most of our understanding of human history, at least since times of having written down a record, including Canadian foreign tablets and including non-Western forms, we found some types of conquest and colonization. I would also say though, and one of the reasons that this current Russian Ukrainian crisis is so interesting and important, is that it's no longer seen by most of the world as acceptable. So the traditional formal conquest and colonization, I'm going to make a distinction between formal and informal, is reacted to in 2022 in a way very different than 1822. And certainly very different than the date you began us with 1522. So I would also say that human political development has tried to lay down borders, as we talked about last time, right? Part of the 1945 post World War II agreement was to say that formal imperialism and formal colonialism were no longer acceptable. And so you saw the birth of probably at least two thirds of the world's countries. Now, having said that, one response is that there persists throughout the world informal forms of imperialism and colonialism. And this is what scholars and others call neocolonialism. And this gets back to your second question. Well, if, for example, the goals of the Western colonizers, and now the goal of China as a colonizer, include wealth, include access to resources, include controlling the world's economy, then you'd have to say European empires were successful, right? Because it is a globalized world, which even those not in the West participate with Western tools. In any way, Brazil and China and India serve themselves economically really are ways in which 19th century Western powers did. So that gets to, and I don't mean in Talmudic way to respond with a question to you, but in a way that means back to your question about why people colonized. So let's say, for example, the Portuguese one you began with. Well, among the reasons we're converting people around the world. Religious. Religious. Religious. Religious. Right, but the crusades are different because crusades are going out and murdering non-Christians. Just murdering them. The goal of imperialism was only to murder them if you couldn't convert them. So if we were to argue, for example, that one of the goals of the Spanish and English and French and Dutch colonizers, and also Islamic colonizers was to gain converts, then you know what? If you look at the countries they colonized, there are more Muslims in countries that Islamic power is colonized, and there are more Christians around the world in places like India and Syria than they would have been otherwise. So if the goal were to convert parts of the world successful, if the goal was to gain economic wealth, yes and no. But in Portugal and Spain are not unnecessarily wealthy successful economic countries. That's probably as much as another discussion if you want to get to European economies, but their wealth at the time certainly depended upon having an empire, and Britain and France and Holland in particular. So if the argument were to gain money immediately, and perhaps continue to play a role economically around the world, it's sort of a mixed bag, right? I mean Spain and Portugal were major powers when really France and Britain and Holland were not, but then France, Britain and Holland replaced Spain and Portugal as imperial powers, but also having wealth.  Very important and that's an issue that when people are interested in neocolonialism are particularly interested because do those cultural attributes continue, for example, after political independence, right? Like how British is India or what are the connections? I mean, how French is Vietnam? I think so certainly, certainly it was one of the goals. I'm not sure as I study and I mean it's one of, there are lots of people studying this. This is only my view. It was certainly there. I think the impetus grew though. I mean, in general, you know, we're talking about, say, for example, a place like Australia, right? In other places, you're talking about a relatively small group, even in India, you're talking just about an economic relationship. So I agree with you. I'm not sure when it's, if that was at the beginning, it certainly was a thought among some people, but you're certainly right. So if you were to say is a colony or an imperial venture successful because, for example, people in that former colony speak your language. Right. Well, then we look at, for example, in India, the prominence of the English language, or we look at places in French, formerly French West Africa. So one thing would be culture would be language, I apologize. Secondly, it would be, as I mentioned, religion. Christianity in India is a product of imperialism. Islam in Indonesia and Malaysia, those are products of imperialism. So you'd also ask, right, what is the role of that religion is to be, for example, an indigenous religion. The interest in consumerism, look at, of course, are important consumer items, televisions, radios, what you eat, what you drink. I mean, here in Hawaii, for example, of the way in which the interaction of various other cultures influence the diet. Clearly, right. The concept of a McDonald's. All right, and that that is seen in almost every colonized place that is systematically colonized right because to a culturated people, and it was also often done by force. For example, Gaelic was outlawed in Ireland. One had to speak English to participate in public life. I would say that and I'm not trying to disagree with me. It takes time. Right. It takes time to create a vicious minor plantation. It takes time but it takes much more time right. Education, newspapers, outlaw in another language, but I think you're absolutely right that's one way to measure and certainly there are those in Britain, for example, who look at among the triumphs of British colonialism, the spread of the English language. The spread of the European form of the novel. And I think you can see in the response to colonialism, long term as well as more recent reaction to that, you know, the crucial question, right? If someone use that assimilation to strengthen oneself socially and if so, what do you lose and or do you reach back. So around the year 1900 some Irish nationals reached back to Gaelic, because that was the custom and the culture. That was the way they thought they could best respond to British imperialism. So raises really the fascinating question, and we see in Hawaii, right, whether one should emphasize sovereignty in light of speaking Hawaiian, not pigeon but Hawaiian, emphasizing Hawaiian cultural attributes and strengths and or should those be merged with things like Christianity which is hardly indigenous concepts of parliamentary politics. So you're asking. Let me move forward. It seems like it's a thread of reaction. In other words, you get to a certain point, you've had a profound effect on the colony. And at some point, maybe, you know, the turn of the century, people started reacting to that and pushing back on it. And no, we want our culture back. You've taken it away and may have been, you know, a low level kind of reaction, but over time it became a greater reaction. And now my question for you, which is really, I love this question. I mean, I love it. You may not love it. I mean, by the time of the war, was colonialism falling apart. Anyway, was it what would it have, would it have fragmented, you know, would it have declined. Had there been no Second World War. That is, there's a whole field of history called what if. All right, let me let me try to answer because we only have two minutes. Certainly, that the war destroyed in many cases, European economies, European political will, particularly coming after the First World War. So Europeans, I think you're specifically talking about Europe, although remember Japan had colonies as well, Korea was a colony of Japan. So not just Europe. So I think the quick answer is that the forces are generating an imperial crisis were there before. If you look at most of the key colonies, they had very active nationalist movements in the 20s and 30s. Those nationalist movements were increasingly turning to violence or direct confrontation. And in Europe, I'm not going to speak for Japan, I know far less about Japan. And in Europe in the 20s and 30s, particularly with the League of Nations, there was already a movement away from formal colonies. There wasn't a mandate meant rule, but a mandate meant rule with a clock on it. So I think the answer to you is that probably 1945 would not have been as significant a date. So 1945. Right. But to answer your question, we would still have seen a massive amount of independence and nation building, maybe not in 45, maybe a little later. But it's hard to think of the historical momentum towards independence. Now, I'll tell you one of the key factors is what would the US role have been. Because once Roosevelt pens with Churchill, the Charter for the United Nations, then colonial powers have to really recognize that they have to pursue either a neocolonial attitude, or they better pick up and leave. So Churchill went back after signing and promised Parliament. It did not include Suez and did not in Egypt and did not include India. But Oy vey, it included almost the rest of the British Empire. So very interesting and I'm not making an argument for American exceptionalism, but I'm arguing in your comment about the war. If the US had remained isolationist about most of the world, I, again, it would have taken now remember the US involvement, then both decolonization and colonization because US supported France in coach in China. So the US role is a fascinating important role, and it is as usual to face. It's not. But to answer your question, 1945 and World War II required formal US participation after 1941 to help answer the, the decolonization. After the war, after 45 in the United Nations and the liberal world order, which we've talked about before, and which, you know, in retrospect is a very, very, very important time for humanity, a liberal world order. And you've you've alluded to the process that the liberal world order liberated around the world, the end of the war liberated around the world. A lot of these colonies, maybe not all of them in the same degree, but it liberated a lot of a lot of countries. And so some countries, again, were more successful in being liberated and then others. Some countries went on to establish or reestablished their own sovereignty, their own government to re rediscover their own cultures. Others did not. Some were some had no, no lack of security and and pro and progress and prosperity. And some did not. So there's no, it seemed to me, my observation, there was no hard and fast rule about whether that liberation from a colonialization would work the same way everywhere. But in general, Peter, was it a successful effort? Was it a successful effort to say, we're going to end colonialization and go and move to, what did you call it, neocolonialization? Has neocolonialization been a success? It's been a success for the neocolonizers. In many cases, it has been a absolute abject disaster for those who live in, who live in what had been former colonies and now in neocolonies. And that gets back to your question about 1945 and the liberal order. The liberal order was generally, generally successful, not entirely successful in promoting political independence. That is, those living within a former colony now have their essential political sovereignty, right?  All right, so politically, yes. With a couple of important, I think, editorial, shall we say, tweaks, more than tweaks. One is that parallel to the liberal order and consistent with the establishment of the liberal order was the Cold War. So when we discuss success or not for former colonies, we have to recognize in places like Egypt, in places like Indonesia, continuing in places like Latin America, the discussion of one's success politically, economically and socially can't be divorced from the Cold War. And I'll give you an example from history. One of the first most successful movements to overthrow colonialism was the Haitian slave revolution. And after 10 years of bitter fighting between slaves and slave owners, British troops and French troops, Haiti became an independent republic. But the response to that was not so dissimilar from the Cold War response because it became an independent republic in the context of the French Revolutionary Wars. So people thought that Haiti would promote revolution and a successful Haiti would promote revolution and it occurred in the context of slavery and the slave rebellion. Yes, Haiti had a flag and Haiti had its own political leaders, but it had no international political, social or economic support. So the answer into one of your answers is okay, there was a liberal order, but that liberal order unfolded during the Cold War. Secondly, very quickly, we have the end of political imperialism. We don't have the end of everything else we've been discussing continued exploitation and unfair use of land and labor. The dumping of Western goods, the appropriation of non Western resources to make those goods, the inability of most people in the colonies to purchase those goods. So again, right, you don't have imperialism, but you do have neo colonization. That's my last question. Yeah, well, yeah, I mean, I was, I was going to ask you, you know, if you assume from the beginning of our conversation that it's baked in, it's baked into the human scheme scheme of things. Assume that just assume for a moment that that may be the case. And then you have the liberal world order, which was, you know, in the larger scheme of things that was in an instant moment that passed quickly. And that was an enlightenment for much of the world. But here we are and we are seeing what is happening with Russia and Ukraine, where they want to do conquest for no other reason than conquest. There are other kinds of, you know, phony justifications, but it's conquest to their neighbor, they want to invade the sovereignty, they want to take over. And whether they're, you know, the same cultural origin or not doesn't matter, they want to take over and it's a kind of a message to the world that the liberal world order may be over, and that colonization may may be coming back, but in the same form, in different forms, different characteristics, different processes. So it seems to me that Ukraine, the whole thing going on in Ukraine really puts us at an inflection point as to whether colonization in its brand new 21st century model is coming back. Your thoughts please. My thoughts are I don't disagree with your description of what Putin and Russia are doing. One might add with some hesitancy question genocide. But I'd also ask people to think about the response to a Russian attempts at conquest, and other than the usual suspects including China and India, which for a variety of reasons. And Russia's record is not good on this either. There's been a general outcry against, against this, and the response against the invasion and we can debate elsewhere with experts about whether more should be done. But I mean today, for example, the Russians were removed from the Security Council, which is a very big step. I mean take a member of the Security Council, who goes to war. Human Rights Council is the Human Rights Council. I don't think it was a Security Council. Okay, but the, but the removal of right a member member state for violating the rights of another member state that's a pretty big step. Yeah, okay. And even if it's human rights and I'm happy. I mean, I'm often wrong about a lot of things. So if I stand correct. Okay. I think the, again, the response to is a defense of the liberal order of borders, and you see in the European Union, and you see in NATO, an earlier 20th century attempt to control regions. So notice how many countries are uniting against China in the Indo Pacific. I mean Vietnam is suddenly an American ally. You saw the outcry when the Solomon Islands last week made a deal with the Chinese, and the Solomon Islands leader had to say publicly, this is not a defense deal. I agree with you that I worry, but one of the things that I'm not, and I'm not being Polly on ass against this, because it hasn't always worked like the League of Nations did not work. But there is pushback. I think there are other dangers which we can talk about that the Russian attempted conquest includes such as our old friend ethnic nationalism. And that I think as we talked about two weeks ago is a threat to the liberal order, the idea of ethnic nationalism very much. My final point because I know we need to go is just for us to remind ourselves of the American experience. Now America by law and treaty became independent in the early 1780s. But let's remember how long it took to get rid of slavery, which was an integral part of colonization. So you know how Alexis to talk well as a liberal can look back and say, huh, you are politically independent right, but you're continuing and slavery was not just a domestic matter. So I think part of the slave trade was of course suppressed, but money from slavery went not just throughout the US but with went throughout what had been a global economic order at the time. So I think part of the issue here. And again I don't want to be simplistic. What one scholar recall the acceleration of history or expectations that if we were to look at our own history of imperialism and decolonization. There's a lot of these issues, including tense relationship between the US and your right that's why Washington uses farewell address. It's not entangling alliance, you know with China. It's he doesn't want us to get involved in the wars between Britain and France and Spain. So I'm this is not to be banal but just to remind us to just step back for a minute. What are you talking about like was most things are we looking out at another part of the world, asking them to be like us, but asking them to be like us much faster than we're even able to be like us. Much better and much better. Maybe they'll be maybe they'll be better that would be great. But, and this is not a criticism of America. Okay, but it's a criticism I think of Americans understanding of the history. And certainly when it took this long to get a black African Americans the Supreme Court, right, and we still have people using swastikas and threatening with nurses that that will remind you. It takes a very long time to create a decent open society, even if you have political independence, and even if you have a constitution. I think we should be very careful my final point will be in that evaluating the failures of other people. I think we should be very careful about the criteria we use. Are we using ethnicity or race like are we explaining a country's problem because we think they're racially that way. We just have to be very careful. Just like we met Franklin would have asked when defining who is this new man who is this new American. He did not necessarily want Americans to be judged by other people's categories. The point of building a nation in a society, it's a certain degree also establishing your own categories, and to be judged by those. Okay, I know we're out of time. Thank you. Thank you, Peter Peter. Professor at UH Manoa so happy to have this conversation with you. Thank you forward to two weeks hence, but I am, I am, I feel warmed by the nutrition of your comments and I have learned a lot today. Thank you, Peter. Thank you very much. Thank you so much for watching think tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at think tech Hawaii.com. Mahalo.


So like I said in the last video we have this issue that you know the breadth-first search It's good But it may take us quite some time because we have to explore all moves one step at a time And then we have the depth-first search which unfortunately could lead down rabbit holes But we may get into sort of non optimal solutions and so to sort of introduce a Another type of search to you. I'm introducing something called the iterative deepening search Now if we sort of look at the terminology is it complete? Yes again Just like the breadth-first search if a solution exists it will be able to find it Optimality well one of the things that we're doing with that that big fancy five dollar word here iterative is we're sort of mimicking the behavior of one step at a time and so yes, we can still get The shortest path and we actually do so in a slightly shorter Time then we would with either breadth-first or depth-first by themselves Okay, so what is iterative deepening search the entire ideas we are going to do do Or that's a terrible way to write that do depth first search with a limit on number of moves That's it in a nutshell. We are simply going to say that just do DFS but you're only allowed to Make say one step or three steps and that's it and if you can't find the solution in that many times We'll get there So again, what we do is we actually start at a limit of zero what we're essentially saying here again with limit zero is How many? moves Can I Make All right Well the limit of zero is simply saying all right given my starting location am I at my goal and let's arbitrarily say again You can sort of see here is my goal. My goal is gonna be Goal so again when we're dealing with iterative deepening search, we're looking at this limit zero and saying well am I at the goal? A no, no, I want to be at E. So what do I do well rather than concluding that the search is frivolous what I'm going to do is Increment that limit by one What one means is again, I'm allowed to have one Step in my DFS and so when we think about that one step All right Well again, I'm at my starting point of a and again, I'm going to do depth first search So I look at B because that is a connection All right. Well once again, I asked that question am I at my goal? No, so all right Well, you could think about it like I had one move available Here's my one move All right. Well again, I asked myself am I at the goal? No, so again, we're still doing DFS but now with one step so since we have exhausted this Pathway, we're gonna once again backtrack. Oh I have one step available again. So all right. Well does a have other pathways? Yes, it does. It has a pathway to see Let's check that pathway. Am I at my goal? No, again, my goal is E So again, we've not found our solution at this point. Let's backtrack again. Oh, I have one more move I can do do I have any other possible routes? No. Oh, okay. Well What do we do? We are simply going to increment limit again and So now when we are do our DFS is we get two steps So again, I have two moves from a I'm gonna take my first move to be That was one move. I get one move left. All right. Well, where can I go? I'm I have a pathway I can take so let me take it D again. That was my last move I might add a dead end effectively. So what am I going to do? I'm going to backtrack and I get one move. Does B have any other routes? No, it doesn't so I Backtrack again. Oh, well a I have two possible moves. A has potential pathways. I can go Let me go down them. So I here's my first move down to C I'm gonna do my second move to F. No. Oh darn. Well, again, I'm at a dead end I backtrack to a I have new two moves, but I have no spaces left to go I have not found my goal one more time. And so one more time I'm not gonna write it out, but one more time. I increment by one and So once again, we're going to see this in action So I'm going to go to a I go to start from a to B to D to E I see that E is my goal. And so how did I get there? Well from E I had to go to D from D. I had to go to B or from to get to D I had to come from B to get to B I had to come from a and so I can see that this a to B would be my first step along the way So just as a sort of group exercise, I'm gonna work through sort of the iterative deepening search So you can sort of see this in action. So my first one again, I'll work off of that limit of zero Just to illustrate it Congratulations, we're done. No, we clearly know that this is not gonna be helpful So I have to do it again. So this time I've incremented and I'll change my color back I'm gonna increment that my limit is Equal to one I get to make one step again from a I see that I can go to B And that's my one step. So I backtrack to a so I backtrack to a I See a has another pathway. So I'm gonna go from a to C Again, I'm still not at my goal of G. So I backtrack back to a A has no more pathways. So I'm at a dead end again. What do you know? We got to increment to two now for my sake, I am gonna erase it one more time because Just for our drawings perspective. So again now we're at a limit of Two again, we're starting at a I have my first move going to be All right, B has a pathway that it can take and I have one move available So I'm gonna take that D pathway All right, well D wasn't my goal. So what do you know? I'm out of moves as well. So I backtrack to be Backtrack to be B has no other pathways. So I'm out of moves effectively backtrack to a I got two moves left I can go to C Now notice C has two possible pathways When we refer to that idea, I've said in a previous video of I'm not gonna traverse previously traverse nodes What I was actually referring to is in a pathway So again this Route was a pathway This next route, let me change colors again this a To see to D This is a completely separate pathway. So yes, I'm going to traverse D again, but notice sort of where this is coming from when I was traversing B. I didn't go You know to a right. I didn't do this. We that was what we were referring to when I'm not gonna Traverse previously traverse nodes a was where I came from or is one of my ancestors.  Let me Scribble that out D again didn't have the pathway. So I go back to C. C has another route that I could go which is E E isn't there. So again, I've got a backtrack from E to C because I only got two moves C has no other path. So I backtracked a I get I have two potential moves, but I'm out of moves So again, I have not found my Goal so all I'm going to do is Increment my limit by three. So that final time one last time around the block. I've got my limit Equal to three. I start at my a node. I can go down to my b node. I Can go from my b node to my d node and Again, now this is an interesting point because I get three moves here was one here was two I get my third move from D D has two routes. I could either go To see well C didn't work out for me. It's a dead end. So I backtrack D can go to E E is still a dead end.  So I backtrack to a a I have three moves I can do so I go down to C C is another pathway C has two possible routes I can go down the D route again. We're doing depth first search We have to carry it all the way through and D has two possible routes that it can work off of It could either go B and again that didn't work out for us So we backtrack and it can go E and then just like we saw in the other pathway Well, he didn't work out for us either. So we backtrack D has no other moves So we go back to C and we go to E All right. Well, he happens to have three possible routes that it can work off I'm gonna do them in alphabetical order just because it's a learning Exercise but again, you know, that's an arbitrary choice on my sake. So again, this was move one move to move three I check D D didn't work. So I'm going to backtrack to E E has another move It could take F. Well F is again the dead dead end So it backtracks to E and then finally I get to G in our case G is the goal And I've reached my goal with a limit of three


Hi there, 3d artists welcome back to mastering UV mapping and Today we're going to take a look at unwrapping this book in this tutorial We're going to be doing a full UV map for the book and then going beyond that We're going to create a UV snapshot Which is something you can use to take into an external application in this case We're going to use Photoshop and then you can texture in the application So we're going to create an old style book cover using Photoshop once we've got our sexy UV mapping done If you want to follow along yourself You can get the book by following the link in the description below and you can download all the models and textures That I've used in this series so far. So let's get on with this book. We're going to start with the pages Okay, and you can see let me just get my UV editing workspace set up That the UV map as it stands is not good So we need to sort that out And what I will do is go into face mode to make a start on that. So I'm going to get these first faces along the front here and then I'm going to do a Plane the projection and Looking at my axes down here. I can see that I'm looking through the x-axis. So I'm going to choose that one Make sure keep image width and height ratio is set to true And I'm going to project on that and that then is these pages here So I'm just going to move that out of the way and Then next I need to do These faces here on the top and bottom. So if I just drag a box like this I'll get this side and this side at the same time and these two need to be mapped on the Z axis Project brilliant So as we've looked at already if we go into shell mode These two are going to be stacked on top of each other and we need this red one To not be red that's got to be blue. So it needs to be flipped So going to transform and we'll flip it Now everything is blue The next thing I want to do is stitch these three pieces together So that the pages are going to sort of go around in a continuous line without any visible seams But first I've got to get them all the same size or relatively the same size to one another so I'm going to go into shell mode and I'm going to do a layout and I'll just go into the settings so you can see what I'm doing with this so There's layout and it's this pre scale world that I'm interested in that's got to be set to that So that the sizing the resizing happens. So a layout and these are now all the same Height and that will allow me to stitch these together. So I'm going to go into edge mode And I'm going to click here and then hold shift. I am let's go just deselect everything I'm going to click over here and then shift double click here and that'll get that entire end there and Then I'm going to get over here Keep holding shift and then click and double click And that just means that I've got the top and bottom edges at the same time And then I need to stitch these together and that lives in the cut and sew area So let's go to stitch together and that creates one long piece and that'll do just nicely for now So we'll Make sure that this fits in the zero to one space When we're finished, but the next thing we need to do is move on to the book cover This is a slightly trickier shape because we've got to do a few different things with it And the first thing I want to do is get these end pieces UV mapped to get them away from the rest of it just for now So in order to do that, I'm going to go into face mode and Select that face there and then I'm just going to hold shift and double click there And that's going to select all these end pieces Swap around to the side. I'm still holding shift click there and double click there And I've now got both the top and bottom end pieces Looking at my axes I can see that for a planar projection that needs to be done on the z axis So I'm going to give that a go planar Z project and that for now will give me these Long curvy pieces. So I'm going to put that into shell mode so that I can separate them and Work out which of these two the red one is which is that one and I'm going to give that one a little flip There's my flip option So I've now got two blue shells That means that the remaining shells put it into shell mode are the inside The outside of the cover and also these end pieces and for that what I'm going to do is Another planar projection and I'm going to do this on the y-axis And you can see that's giving me a problem because I can't possibly UV map the top and bottom So now what I need to do is put my model into edge mode And I need to tell it where I want some seams to be where I want to cut it open to allow it to unfold And I'm going to select that one there And the corresponding one on the bottom part of the cover And that's going to separate the outside of the cover and the inside of the cover into two separate UV shells So I'm going to use my cut option here cut And then into shell mode Select these shells And I want to unfold them. So I'll click my unfold option here There we go. So they are on top of each other But if I separate them out You can see I'll just turn these squares off to make it easy to see I'll turn my grid back on You can see that I've got these two wonderful UV shells one represent in the outside of the cover one represent in the inside I could leave it there if I wanted to I would quite like these To be part of the cover It'll make texturing a little bit easier And here's how I'm going to do that So I've identified this as being the shell that's on the outside And what I'll do is go into edge mode And I'm going to click here And then I'm going to go to the other side double click And there'll be a corresponding edge selected here And what I want to do is stitch that together And that will make you want to panic when you do that But you don't need to worry Because if we put it into shell mode And unfold that again It will sort it out set a funny angle But it will absolutely sort it out Next we need to do the same thing on the bottom So we're going to go into edge mode again I'm going to click here hold shift and double click here to get the entire bottom edge I'll stitch that together Select the UV shell And unfold And you can see that that now has these edges stitched to the top and bottom of the shell That's looking pretty blooming good Next up I'm going to lay these out to get this one to be straight again hopefully So let's find layout There it is That has straightened everything up This one's slightly bigger because it's got more pieces on it and it's on the outside as well And this one represents the inside At this stage we're almost done What we need to do next is get everything on one UV map And then we can export it to photoshop for texturing. So I'm going to go into object mode and select everything And you can see that in terms of pixel density, there's going to be some difference In fact, I can show you that if I turn the squares on the squares here are smaller Than the squares outside and we'd kind of like them to that to be consistent in terms of size So to fix that I'm going to use my layout option And because I have that pre scale world setting on that will sort all my scaling issues out And that's pretty good The last thing I will do in shell mode just because I know I'm going to be Texturing this in photoshop is just move the shells away from each other a little bit And that'll just make it easier to work with in photoshop You don't have to do this you can pack them together a lot more tightly if you want But for me, this is what I want to do and the last thing I'll do is just check that everywhere Has squares and not rectangles. So squares on the front The tricky part is going to be around the spine. They all look like squares as well And squares on the bottom squares on the pages The only place you should see any distortion is as we go into this bit here And that's not really avoidable because of the way we've mapped the pages And we wouldn't want to fix it anyway because the way we're texturing will hide it And we really don't want to see a seam there that'll blow the illusion So We're going to leave that as it is Let's turn the the squares off Oh, one other thing that is worth looking at with the squares This is the front cover of my book And this has got 1001 on it and this shows me that the my book's actually not upside down You could Get a bit confused if you had this shell upside down So that's the right way up if it was upside down you just put your Rotate tool on hold j and just flip it over And turn it the right way up. Okay for me that just makes that go upside down. So I don't want that Okay, so the uv mapping is now complete squares off Into object mode and select all the pieces To be able to texture this in photoshop We need to export what's called a uv snapshot And that is just an image with these lines on which will allow us to then texture on top of them as a guide You can do that by going into image and uv snapshots there or there's just an icon over here. So I'll hit the icon Here's my uv snapshot images by default. It should want to go into the images folder of your project If not, I recommend putting it there Choose your size So generally you want power of two texture sizes In this case, I would recommend going for either 512 by 512 1024 by 1024 or if you want to go really high res you could go 2k do 2048 by 2048 I prefer the target image format because it never gives me any issues But you can choose whatever you're comfortable with and the edge color for me why it works So I'm going to go to apply and close And then I'm going to look in my images folder For my uv snapshot and I'm going to open that up in photoshop Right, here we are in photoshop them Here is our uv map And we're now going to do some texturing on top of this and import the texture back into maya To see if we can make the book look really good The first thing I tend to do is hit control and zero just to make use of my space. So control zero is just going to zoom in And what I want is I've already found it And if you've downloaded my project file from the link in the description, you'll have this too So this old book texture is what I'm going to use And I'm just going to open that up as a separate image so I can copy and paste pieces into here And I'll start with the pages What I want to do is create a copy of my background layer By just dragging it onto the new layer icon I'm just going to rename this to lines And I'm going to change the Blending mode of this layer to screen And what that will do is put a copy of my lines in front of everything else So I'll start pasting the bits of texture here And then I'll still be able to see my lines to make sure that I'm lining up properly In here then I'm going to start by getting a marquee selection I'm going to just go here to here. So as much of this Page textures I can get That looks nice And then I'm going to hit control and c in this image Back into the uv map and control v There are my pages. So then I'll go control t I'm going to hold shift as I rotate and that will snap it And I'll put it up in the top corner Like that and then I'm just going to bring this down a little bit Perfect Final thing I will do is just stretch this all the way down here It could look a little bit stretched depending on what kind of image you're working with But I know this will work because the eye will just see pages. It'll look good So there's that bit done Next I want to focus on the front cover which is down here Into my old book texture. I can see this is the front cover here Well the Yeah the outside of the cover And I'm going to get this by again doing a marquee selection. That looks pretty good And then I will copy that And paste it into my main image here. There it is And now I'm going to hit control and t again and just start by putting this in place And I'll probably just zoom in on this a little bit Or maybe not yet actually I'll just scale it down a little bit first Okay, so that looks like it's lining up there But I have got a bit of a problem here. So I'm going to do a little bit of Work to make this fit So I'll hit enter for now and just save that first Bit of positioning and then I'm going to hit control and t again And I'm just going to move This image over now Until the spine lines up with this first line here or the beginning of the spine does So about there. I think looks good I'll hit enter to keep that Now what I want to do is get a marquee selection that starts at the beginning of the spine Like that And then I'm going to hit control and t And pull this out until the other side of the spine here is going to line up with this line And that's going to happen just about there I think And finally I'll get one more marquee selection Of the book up to about here And then I'll scale that back down So that we're using as many of our pixels as possible I'm happy with that that's going to work. I'll hit control and zero again just to make the most of my space And I just need to do something with this part of my texture It doesn't matter so much what I do here Because you'll hardly be able to see it But I do need to put some kind of color on there And the way I'm going to attack that is by getting this darker color here And I'll just select that control c control v I'm going to lock this layer here so I can't accidentally select it Then I'll move this piece up control t Rotate it around so it's a better fit and then I'm going to put this bit up to the top corner And just drag this down to fill it Like that And you'll notice that I'm going slightly outside of the texture. I'm not going up to the lines I'm going over the lines because I want to make sure That I don't see any black in my finished texture. Okay. The last thing for me to do then is to turn the guide layer off Now I'm going to do file save as I'll save this twice So I'm currently in my images folder. I don't want to be there when I use textures I put them in the source images folder And I'll call it t underscore book master And it's master because this is my photoshop file. I'm keeping all my layers intact in case I ever need to come in and make any changes I'll then make another copy of it save as this one's going to be a target And this is the one that I'll actually use as a texture. I'm going to call this one t underscore book underscore d for diffuse And I'll save that now what I want to do is go back into Maya And apply that as a texture and it should look pretty damn nice. Let's see if it does So we'll go into Maya classic for now. I'm done with the uv editor Just turn that blue effect off for now There we go And I want to make a new material. I'm just going to do this really quick with a lamb but so I'll right click Go to assign new material I'm going to choose a lamb but And then let's just move all the way over here so I can find the lamb but properties And then for color. I'm going to just click on here to make a connection to a file And then click on the folder to choose the file And it's going to be what did I call it t underscore Oh, it's not saved properly. I didn't click on this 24 bits per pixel okay Right, let's try that again T underscore book diffuse lovely and open And now if I just press six to turn on hardware texturing That will start to look like a book So there you go One of the cool things about making a book like this is that all you now need to do if you want to make a variety of books Is go back to your texture put other book covers and pages on there and it can look like a completely different book Okay, so I'm going to leave this tutorial here. Hopefully you've learned something We're now starting to get into the art of unwrapping Which can be really useful. We're also making sure that we're keeping consistent text density And that we're straightening all our uv maps off And we've also now taken a uv map out into photoshop to allow us to text really an external application If you appreciate this video then be a hero and hit that like button If you really like it, you could check out my patreon campaign And become a patron to help me to make more videos like this one If you're currently learning 3d modeling and you want to become super ace at it I recommend you check out the courses over at plural site Plural sites where I learn a lot of what I know And if you really wanted to get into 3d modeling, I can't recommend it highly enough If you want to get a 10 day free trial to them Then use my link in the video description below and I don't think you'll regret it The last thing I want to do is say thank you to my latest patreon backer So long tin hang Thanks so much for pledging the support of everyone is massively appreciated And it really does help me to keep doing tutorials like this So i'm going to go now. Hopefully i'll see you in the next tutorial


Well hey everybody let's make another me music video. If I sound a little bit ridiculous it's because I'm just getting over a cold and I don't think I'm quite there yet so I apologize for that. But anyways this is a video which has made the rounds many times over the years and is tremendously popular and I think many of you may know it and I think this is a really good one to do because it again we're dealing with some singing and then we're also dealing with some how do I say this I think I think we have an opportunity to draw from our environment to create rhythm basically meaning we might be able to just strip a beat out of thin air well not out of thin air out of sounds that happen in the video but you know what I mean so let's check it out. Hi yes hello before we start here's a list of faces I will make in this video please enjoy thanks okay I don't know how many times I've seen the video in my life um it's still funny I'm sorry it is it just is so let's dig into the very first part of it which is she's doing some singing and I think uh I think there's a chance that we're sort of maybe maybe a little in between keys we might be kind of in and out of some places but that is our job as accompanists to try to figure out what's the singer doing and how do we follow them so yeah let's just transcribe what she's singing so let's get into it okay so let's see what's going on in the very beginning here so we have so I think that's that's pretty you know but then we kind of we drop a half step there yep and now we're in a new key I think we might be in between A and B flat there this is one of those scenarios I think I mentioned it in the last video it's like okay well we kind of we kind of have an in between note so what's going to serve us better so so right there I mean if we're talking about harmony that's A flat B flat C I mean that maybe the most obvious thing to do there's you know just because it's one two three of A flat but we don't like doing the obvious thing we want to make it more complicated for literally no reason uh how would that let's see go to a four like a D flat sound but then she drops a half step so we can just drop right down and then where'd she go okay and then the next note is the one we're not sure of could be either one of those so if we're coming from oops is there any other way we could do that how else would that work well that could work on how would that work let's see minor I mean that kind of works it does work but it's it's a little it's a little tough what about it works there but again it's a little bit obscure uh how about hmm it works there it's the same thing right so uh that is let's see so we're either talking about D flat to C or we're talking about B flat to A which is basically the same thing just one is the relative minor of the other so if you have D flat major seven you have B flat minor seven it's the same it's basically the same quote uses all it uses like pretty much all the same notes pretty interchangeable so we could do either one so I think it's going to depend on where we go next like what are we going to do after that so then we have this we know that's the right one but then we're somewhere in the middle of that you know what in my brain I was hoping that it was going to be perfectly in between so that we could pick whatever one was going to be more useful uh but I think the reality is she kind of slides through it or to it but I think it's a B flat my brain was hoping it was going to be in it I was going to be able to get away with an A because that would that would allow us to stay in this sort of new in this new key I guess in this new place that we kind of came to after that first chord we could do something with it like or but now we got to deal with a B flat so we got to go from here that's not that hard what am I talking about that's really not that hard no I don't like that I everyone's in a while just play something totally stupid and you immediately just go ah no okay here's an idea what if we what what if we did this thing where the first two notes we're using we're using the major seventh of the whatever the chord is so D flat the melody is the major seven C the melody is the major seven right what if we stick to that for just a second just for this opening bit of this piece which would make the next one and then oh it's a little weird let's see I don't like the ending I do like that's not bad oh what if we made it a suscord my problem is going to be flat there is that the melody is B flat and like how boring is that to use literally the chord that the melody is it's just not that interesting so I'm trying to get away from that somehow where's that bringing us two suscords in a row secondary dominance oh no well where does she go next let's find that out may that be a helpful piece of information to have all right so now now we're in G started in well G I say G I don't know what it's going to be but we started now we're here so we've we've dropped that melody phrase down a half step oh now that's an A so now this is okay so that's easier to deal with because we're not really kind of changing key so we're gonna start definitely not going there oh I kind of like that let's see that's not bad okay what's next we are up on the table now things are about to go down huh huh so now we're getting into the song so it's some of the notes are really good you know it's just like the consistencies it's a it's a it's a little bit all over the place but that's okay I mean you know the tone of her voice is really nice okay wait uh we're not there yet we're not there yet that B flat really throws everything off because I mean there's a lot of different ways I can use it but no matter what I have to introduce a sound that's a half step away from the one I was just on which means that I've got to use something where the entire tonal center is going to be a half step off somehow unless the only way I can get away from that is if I use some sort of like some sort of of uh alteration like an upper extension of a chord that that brings that in where so for example I mean we're still in G in that point which is the same but the problem I have with that is that this whole sort of vibe that we're creating isn't really it doesn't really lend itself well to something that different sounding uh and it's not just that I couldn't find a way to make it work but I'm trying to stick with this sort of lots of major seventh chords lots lots of minor you know minor ninth chords or like sus chords sus 13 chords I'm trying to stick with like a diatonic kind of sound rather than like a super crazy alteration heavy upper extension world of these crazy chords you know like like um you know all all kinds of not so stuff that I could play but it's gonna it's gonna change the sound right so that's why I'm trying to stick to something where it'll work in a more congruent way with the rest of what I've come up with so far but I I do kind of like that it's kind of a neat it's kind of a neat theme girl I feel so bad for it but it's so funny um I'm just gonna leave those last two notes as they are because that's hilarious I think we got something do you hear it listen I'm gonna break that up so that so that you can hear it easily hold on listen to this it's literally it's the chair the chair in the foreground when the table hits the chair it makes like a real small kind of like backbeat snare almost so stupid okay um so that sounds awfully close let me let me maybe maybe in time you can it might work it might work we might actually have the crash of the table at the same tempo that her song is so after we play through the whole thing we can literally go back and use the crash of the table as like a drum track for the whole thing um wow okay let me mess with this for a minute and I'll be back all right I got it it's it so here's the deal it was it was almost perfect but I did I did take the speed and duration and I dropped it down to like 95 percent because it was ever so slightly too fast but normally I don't ever touch the videos I work with in any way shape or form because I just think it's better if you know if I'm literally transcribing exactly what's going on but in this case I don't know I just thought this was too good to pass up so I slowed it down by by just five percent so that it would fit here's here's the finished product you ready for this watch this it's so stupid it is literally the dumbest thing I think I've ever made in my well no it's not because my videos are pretty dumb but it is on the list of the dumbest things I've ever made and yeah it needs a little tweaking it needs a little uh a little finesse but I think it's there I think it's there so what we're gonna do is is uh we're gonna make the video and uh and then I'm going to I'm gonna add all the chords that we just worked on and and we're gonna figure out how to make this thing into a song so uh yeah let's let's um I'll be I'll be right back with that and so for this video I've gone into logic and I've added some additional instruments for that last part where we've got like a kind of a beat going on um just to make it even more ridiculous and yeah so here's the finished product and that's it for today's creation thank you so much for watching uh please let me know in the comments what video you'd like to see me build from scratch next don't forget I'm available on cameo and as well I have a link to my patreon in the description thank you so much for your support and I look forward to seeing you in the next video