Good morning and welcome you all to this session of the course. In the last class, we were discussing the work required or work done to the fluid and the pressure rise. Let us again continue little bit the earlier discussion. We were trying to express the compression process thermodynamically in T s plane by showing two pressure lines constant pressure line one is the total pressure at the inlet to the compressor another is the total pressure three at the outlet to the compressor note it is three at the outlet to the compressor which includes the diffuser two that means if you see this figure you see that this is the inlet to the compressor that is the impeller and this is the out the final pressure rise if we just show this p three t and p one t i want to find out the total pressure rise in the compressor. So now in this case if the entire process is isentropic then we can show the process in the T s diagram as i already told that this is one and this is the t one t this is the t one t and this is the t three t this is the t three dash t rather this is t three dash t three t dash t three t dash this is the actually process we just state three let this be three dash this is an ideal process and the actual process as i told which incurs the internal irreversibility due to fluid friction and internal heat transfer due to temperature gradient and we land up to the actual point three which hills right this way to increase the efficiency this was well known now the work per unit mass as we found or energy per unit mass from the steady flow energy equation is c p this is t three t this is this is t three t is c p t three t minus t one t and at the same time we found from the momentum momentum theorem which is known as euler's equation that e by m equals two psi the power input factor into sigma the slip factor into the u two the peripheral speed at the outlet square at the outlet of the impeller square okay so this is the energy now now you see if we want to relate the pressure rise in this process then the pressure rise can be written so pressure rise can be related through the isentropic process by the isentropic process relation is like this p three t that means this pressure this pressure and this pressure same that same pressure line divided by p one t is t three t dash that means it is through the isentropic process that is the end of the isentropic process t one t to the power gamma by gamma minus one now if we have to relate this t three dash two t three t we have to take care of the isentropic efficiency of the compressor as I told you earlier the isentropic efficiency is defined as the ideal work done in absence of any friction or internal irreversibility in the process to the actual work done to the fluid or actual work input with in consideration of the friction in this case the actual work input is more than that in the ideal case so therefore if we write that the ideal work done from the steady flow energy equation will be this this is found from the isentropic case and similarly by application of the steady flow energy equation it is like this this is the actual work input and since air is an ideal gas with constant c p c p cancels out this become this eta c then we can write the t three from the heat this we can write t three t dash divided by t one t is equal to what eta c into this eta c into t three t minus t one t this is divided by t one t plus one am I correct because this divided by t one t is this by t one t eta c into t three t minus t one t divided by t one t plus one so this is divided so now if it is now if we this I will use if we now please wait this if now we use this expression here then we can write that p three t by p one t equals to what t three dash by t three is this that means one plus eta c into t three t minus t one t divided by t one t to the power gamma by t one t gamma minus one again I can substitute this temperature difference t three t minus t one t the difference in this stagnation temperature at the end of the compression that means end of the compressor after the compression in the diffuser two and the inlet stagnation of total temperature this difference in terms of the work per unit mass we can write one plus eta c into this will come sigma psi sigma power input factor u two square so this is e by m now we are replacing this thing divided by c p t one t sigma not visible oh yes I am sorry I am sorry that it is not visible now it is visible so this we can now write to the power gamma by gamma minus one so here you see that the pressure ratio which is an important parameter for the compressor is expressed in terms of the peripheral speed of the impeller at its tip now here what happens is that sigma is usually not a variable one it lies between as I told earlier some value point round point nine eta c is the compressor isentropic efficiency this value is almost fixed to something like point eight five now for a given inlet total temperature therefore we see this pressure ratio is proportional to the impeller speed in this fashion so this is a very important relation of the pressure ratio to impeller speed now I will come to a very important thing of the centrifugal compressor not centrifugal centrifugal or axial compressor now as I told earlier since the compressor handles fluid which are compressible in nature they are gas they are not liquid they are bulk model of elasticity is little less so therefore depending upon the flow velocity the density changes and if the change of density is appreciable flow is compressible and in compressible flow first consideration is that the change in density with pressure there are other considerations depending upon the flow regime which takes place in compressible flow which I will discuss afterwards when I will be telling you about the compressible flow that depending upon the flow regime specially when the flow velocity is very high some typical features which is typical which are typical to compressible flow take place if the flow velocity is very high and close to the acoustic velocity or the velocity of sound relative to the fluid at that state then a different physical pictures are observed so therefore in a compressible flow one of the very important criteria to specify the flow is the ratio of the flow velocity to that of the sound velocity relative to that flow at the state of the fluid and that dimensionless number is known as mac number so therefore I write you a mac number consideration and this is for all machines or all device that handles compressible flow or the flow of compressible fluids mac number that is m a which is defined as the ratio of the flow velocity divided by the velocity of sound or acoustic velocity this is the velocity of sound or acoustic velocity a is the velocity of sound or acoustic velocity velocity of sound or acoustic velocity relative to the fluid flow at that state of the fluid so it very much depends upon the state of the fluid state means for example density and temperature of the fluid so this is a very important criteria and when the flow velocity equals to the sound velocity then mac number equals to one and we call the flow as sonic flow this flow is called as sonic flow when the flow velocity is less than a mac number is less than one the flow is known as subsonic flow subsonic flow this is this will be discussed after just a introduction I am giving you so that you can understand things when this is greater than a that is mac number greater than one the known as sup the broad classification supersonic flow and there is a regime in the subsonic flow when v is less than roughly 0.3 a or mac number is less than 0.3 then the flow may be treated as incompressible flow incompressible flow understand incompressible flow that means the density does not change with the pressure or the change in density with the pressure is negligible relative change in density is negligible so these are the regimes of flow now what happens if the flow is supersonic at any stage depending upon its velocity then some features are observed which causes extra losses of energy and incompressible which causes extra losses of static pressure which is undesirable so therefore for compressor design one has to be very careful that mac number of flow should not exceed necessarily or usually at any point of flow in the compressor over the sonic level so that other complicated features of compressible flow will come into so this is known as mac number considerations so therefore at each and every section of the compressor the mac number has to be considered and here the mac number if you see the definition that in the definition the velocity of flow it is the velocity relative to the moving solid surface so when there is a flow velocity past the solid surface it is the velocity relative to the solid surface and in a turbo machines the solid surface are also moving solid surface as also the velocity so therefore the relative velocity of the fluid has to be considered in defining the Mach number which has to follow this criteria of being less than one to make the flow subsonic to avoid excess losses. So one of the important section is the inlet to the impeller actually the Mach number velocity of flow will be high at the outlet of the impeller where it gains kinetic energy from the impeller where the energy is being imparted to the fluid. So to restrict that Mach number which is maximum at the outlet tip we have to check the Mach number at the inlet of the impeller too. So therefore the inlet design has to be made in such a way that Mach number is relatively low. Now you see an inlet section of the impeller that is the inlet part this is known as inducing section of a centrifugal compressor you see this is the eye this is the root of the eye and this is the tip of the eye. So this is the tip diameter of the eye and this is the root diameter of the eye and this is the passage of the flow normal flow that means it is the cross sectional area of the flow velocity the flow turns like this try to understand very well like this. So therefore the design of the tip should be such that the Mach number should be low now how do you define Mach number just I told you in at this moment that Mach number at entry to the fluid here if you define it has to be defined based on the relative velocity that means V r 1 divided by a. Now a depends upon the fluid state here but the V r 1 depends upon how the fluid is being allowed to enter to the impeller eye. Now as you remember the impeller is like this the impeller design again I show you the impeller blade is like this at the eye the design is like this. So this is a velocity triangle you see that this is the relative velocity which angle matches at the angle of impeller blade at the inlet. Now these two are specific or typical velocity diagram this diagram is for a very large impeller diameter where the peripheral speed is more u 1 and because of the large diameter the frontal area becomes large for which the flow velocity or the absolute velocity is less which gives rise to a higher relative velocities and we have to be very careful here the Mach number will be more. But at the same time the mass flow it can accommodate more mass flow but if you now reduce the velocity this is the typical diagram of a small eye tip diameter there what we will get we get a u 1 like this relatively lower than this but the flow velocity is high so that V r 1 may be reduced. But it is very difficult to conclude which one is greater or lower that depends upon the relative values of u 1 and the value of v 1. However this v r 1 is of our prime important such that v r 1 by a that is the ratio Mach number should be low and we try to design the impeller tip in such a way that the Mach number lies between 0.7 to 0.9 usually 0.8 so that we avoid losses. What happens I tell you in little brief which will be discussed in more detail when I will teach you the compressible flow what happens if the flow is supersonic that means in a compressible flow if the flow velocity is more than the local acoustic velocity then what happens if under certain boundary conditions or in the disturbance of the flow. Flow has to adjust and accordingly decelerate then the supersonic flow suffers a sudden deceleration through a sudden discontinuity and that discontinuity is known as shock so therefore a shock takes place a supersonic flow cannot adjust itself to have a gradual and smooth transition in the form of deceleration from supersonic to subsonic it cannot happen and incompressible flow when the flow is supersonic due to the circumstances or the boundary conditions imposed on the flow flow has to decelerate and this is adjusted by a sudden deceleration or a sudden discontinuity in the flow and this discontinuity is a really mathematical discontinuity which takes place within almost infinite small region whose length is in the terms of molecular diameter and that shock discontinuity in the flow is known as shock in general and that shock what matters to the practical case due to that shock there is a abrupt loss in the total energy this is a total irreversible process so what matters is that because you can ask me sir when the deceleration takes place when the fluid comes to subsonic stage what happens that pressure increases yes static pressure may increase but if you consider the total mechanical energy there is a huge loss in the total mechanical energy some of the pressure part that is pressure energy you can call loosely and the kinetic energy there is a loss so therefore in design of any compressible flow machines or compressible flow device one has to be very careful first of all it is better to avoid the supersonic state of flow and or supersonic state of flow is unavoidable one has to be very careful so that supersonic flow should be decelerated in a way that shock doesn't here again I am telling you which I will explain after what it is not that always shock will take place it depends upon certain boundary condition imposed on it so that shock has to take place but it may occur that flow may be made in such conditions with design back pressures and many other things that I will discuss afterwards where shock may be avoided but in practice it may not be done because the supersonic flow when it comes for example when an aircraft moves with a supersonic velocity as you know that when an aircraft moves with a supersonic velocity that is velocity more than the sound velocity at the state of the fluid there at high altitude then what happens relative to the aircraft the fluid moves with supersonic velocity so far upstream the fluid approaches the supersonic velocity when it approaches the nose of the aircraft then what happens the fluid has to decelerate fluid has to decelerate when it tries to strike the nose and that deceleration is causing the shock and a oblique shock occurs at the nose of the aircraft so these are the things probably you know today these are popular thing so therefore I must say that this Mach number consideration is very important consideration and therefore the impeller eye design has to be made so that Mach number at inlet that is based on the relative velocity at the inlet should be low now next is this diffuser now I come to the next part that is the second component diffuser now what is diffuser that is same as that of your centrifugal pump diffuser now we know that impeller and diffuser are the two important part this is impeller impeller this is now what happens energy is added to the impeller so when air comes out of the impeller what happens the air acquires energy by the momentum transfer transfer of angular momentum by the rotating action of the blade which we have done how to find out the increase in sorry how to find out the work input to this now what happens when it comes out of the impeller tip the energy is stored in the form of both kinetic energy velocity of the fluid and the static pressure the impeller passages are made divergent so that the pressure will increase in the direction of the flow but we want finally from the outlet of the compressor that means if you see this diagram it will be better that at the outlet of the compressor from here the delivery we want a we want air at relatively much low velocity but at high pressure why this is because the practical use of this compressors are with the engines or with the plants gas turbine plants turbo jet turbo pop turbo fan engines where this air is used in a combustion chamber to burn the fuel and when the fuel is burned a high temperature is generated or a high temperature the air is heated to a high temperature by the energy generated because of the burning so to make the burning more efficiently what is required is that a high pressure air at high temperature and high pressure air but at very small velocity as low as possible sometime it is unavoidable the different reasons that you will know afterwards if you read the jet engines or the gas turbines in more detail but as far as it should be avoidable because a high velocity in the combustion chamber for burning fuel causes several problems like combustion instabilities combustion cannot be made so efficient so to make the combustion more efficient it is required that a relatively low velocity but high pressure air okay so for that we want that the total energy of the air at the outlet should be mostly in the form of static pressure or you can tell the stagnation or total temperature at the outlet which is the index of the work given to the fluid should come in the form of only the static temperature or the static pressure not in the form of kinetic energy kinetic energy will be there as required for to maintain the flow so therefore what happens the excess that means the kinetic energy which is there which is undesirable is then converted to pressure energy or to convert it to higher static pressure in the diffuser the similar thing which is done in the case of centrifugal pump so this diffuser is like this there are first of all there is a vaneless space first of all there are no vanes so it is a vaneless space where the diffusion takes place partly and after that there are number of vanes which makes the final diffuser now why the number of vanes are made to divide the air stream in several channels to make an effective control of the flow and at the same time we can get the diffusion that means a rise in static pressure at the cost of the kinetic energy in a short length as short as possible so because of this the vanes number of vanes are there to direct the flow in different channels now I will come to the vaneless space afterwards let us first discuss this vanes so this vanes create the passage so each and every passage this is the width of the passage has a divergent width the width diverges which depends upon the shape of the vanes so vanes are so depending upon the curvature the widths are made so that the cross sectional area normal to the flow increases because of which the velocity decreases and pressure increases the depth which is perpendicular to this plane of the figure the depth of the diffuser is usually constant in the direction of the flow this means that means it has a constant depth this is the perpendicular to the plane of the figure now before going to explain this I will tell another criteria what should be the curvature of the vanes so that the diffusion process that is the deceleration of the fluid is efficient without losses so that is more important in a diffuser so therefore we must tell something about boundary layer separation boundary layer separation now let me tell you something about boundary layer separation now let me tell you something about boundary layer separation now you see that when a fluid flows come to the basic principle of fluid mechanics which probably you have learned in fluid mechanics again it is a recapitulation of the earlier things that when a fluid flows from one point to another point or in an average from one section to other section what is the gradient which makes the flow possible it is the energy gradient that means fluid flow from a higher energy to a lower energy so therefore when the fluid flows from a point or a section to another point or section downstream where the pressure increases then the fluid flows against an adverse pressure gradient why because fluid element faces a higher pressure at the downstream that means the direction in which it is flowing but still the fluid flows because of the energy gradient energy at upstream is always higher than that at the downstream but what happens you see that when the fluid flows past a body let us consider this recapitulation let us consider the fluid now to understand this let us consider an external flow a fluid is flowing past a curved surface for example now let a fluid enters with uniform velocity let us recapitulate what is boundary layer flow now you know that when the fluid flows past a solid surface at the solid surface the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the solid surface or the velocity of the fluid relative to the solid is zero this is purely because of the interaction between the solid and the fluid this is pure interaction between the solid and the fluid I am not going into details of it this can be broadly conceived as a consequence of the addition between the fluid and the solid and their interfacial process by which the fluid is not allowed to slip over the solid that means its velocity relative to solid is zero that means if the surface is at rest the fluid velocity will be zero and what happens the fluid just above it in the near vicinity of the solid is being retarded to a very low velocity because this happens to the momentum transport in the cross direction because of this momentum transport from fluid to fluid because of the molecular transport it is at the molecular level the fluid velocity from zero if we consider the solid at rest ultimately attains the free stream velocity ultimately attains the free stream velocity it attains actually asymptotically at any section but if we consider some 99 percent of the free stream velocity as the free stream velocity itself then we can call this as the boundary layer thickness at that section and this grows like that means there is a boundary layer within which the fluid velocity changes from zero to almost the free stream velocity so this retardation of the fluid from its free stream velocity it takes place within the boundary layer because of the momentum transport the fluid is retarded within a layer very close to the solid surface this is known as boundary layer or the shear layer which is a function of x now this x at a distance x i denote the free stream velocity as u infinity x which may not be the same as the u infinity at the entrance this is because of what if the surface imposes a pressure gradient that means surface due to its curvature may impose a pressure gradient in the potential zone that is the zone above the boundary layer where the flow velocity in the transverse direction for example y is uniform and this is known as boundary layer region so therefore this boundary layer is impressed with a pressure gradient which is imposed by the curvature of the surface that is del p del x now when the pressure at the downstream let some typical downstream section pressure is d and some typical upstream section pressure is u when pressure of the downstream is less than p u by mathematical term we tell that del p del x is less than 0 because this is in the increasing direction of x in the direction of flow that means the fluid is flowing with a negative pressure gradient there what happens if you consider a fluid element since this pressure is low and this pressure is high upstream pressure so fluid experiences a net pressure force in the direction of flow that is why this is known in fluid mechanical term as favourable pressure gradient favourable pressure gradient but when due to this curvature the pressure gradient becomes other way that means the downstream pressure at any typical downstream location is greater than p u then by mathematics del p del x is greater than 0 so a negative pressure gradient means favourable pressure gradient and this is known as adverse pressure gradient in this case pd is more than p u so therefore the fluid is facing a force net pressure force in the direction opposite to its flow that means it opposes the flow though this creates an adverse effect so that is known as adverse pressure gradient so when this type of adverse pressure gradient takes place in case of diffusion which we are discussing now where the pressure is increased this is the static pressure so downstream pressure is higher than the upstream pressure this case prevails so fluid faces an adverse pressure gradient but still the fluid flows because the energy gradient pushes it energy gradient makes it possible to flow but what happens for the fluid particles very close to the wall the kinetic energy is totally consumed the kinetic energy is destroyed because kinetic energy is ultimately coming to zero fluid is retarded because of this momentum transport okay and this is being manifested by the property fluid viscosity so therefore for the liquid fluid particles close to the surface kinetic energy falls appreciably so that they cannot surmount the adverse pressure here that means the total energy becomes insufficient at the upstream to flow that means the energy gradient is reverse okay that means the fluid with low kinetic energy near the solid cannot surmount the adverse pressure here and then what happens at some point it happens where the only the gradient of energy opposites becomes reverse and the fluid flows in the opposite this is known as flow reversal if you draw the here the velocity after the flow reversal after the flow reversal here the flow reversal if you draw the velocity profile you will see the velocity profile is like this you understand so this part the fluid flows in the opposite direction this is known as boundary layer separation and this creates a large number of eddies recirculatory flows and form by virtue of which the a total mechanical energy of the fluid is being curtailed is being reduced and what happens energy totally conserved so because of this creation of local recirculatory flow in the form of eddies which takes place because of the flow reversal the boundary layer is detached and all boundary layer assumptions fall there so what happens from the practical point of view that part of the mechanical energy that means the static pressure is being converted into intermolecular energy which from the viewpoint of mechanical energy is a loss and that is why people tell this is the separation loss now when we give a diverging passage therefore now if you consider a diverging passage the same thing now with this was with the external surface now you consider a diverging passage now one thing if the pressure is favourable then the fluid particle does not have any flow reversal the always flow so therefore this flow reversal or boundary layer separation takes place whenever the pressure gradient is at first this is clear because in favourable pressure gradient even if the kinetic energy becomes low the pressure force itself this is the favourable pressure gradient this is that this case that there is always a pressure force in the pressure force will help it to push in the direction of the flow so it will never happen with the favourable pressure gradient this is a very important thing to remember now when the fluid flows in a diverging channel for example the streamline may be like this so here what happens the fluid flows that any typical section pd and pu so pd is greater than pu so here del p del x is if this is x del p del x is greater than 0 that means this is an adverse pressure gradient here the separation will take place whereas this is the decelerating flow decelerating means decelerating that means its flow velocity is reduced and the pressure is increased in an accelerating flow if you consider the flow through a converging duct that is the nozzle in case of this is the nozzle flow this is the streamline so therefore this is the streamline from a far distance this is parallel so in a nozzle flow this is accelerating accelerating flow accelerating flow that is nozzle where in subsonic flow that I will again discuss afterwards a converging passage acts as a nozzle or accelerating flow and a diverging passage acts as the decelerating flow so that I am not telling now this will be discussed afterwards in detail that in a converging passage when the flow is accelerated which we usually known as nozzle del p del x is less than 0 that means a downstream pressure is always less than upstream pressure so therefore always there is a force in the direction of the flow to push it so therefore a diverging passage anywhere where you have the diffusion process that the pressure is increased in the direction of flow you have to be very careful of the boundary layer separation now this separation is very sensitive with the angle of divergence if the angle of divergence is more what happens that the rate of pressure increase that is the adverse pressure gradient is more so that the separation occurs early so therefore angle of divergence the angle of divergence is very important in a diffuser duct divergence is very important and that should be less than equal to 10 degree 10 to 11 degree so angle of divergence should not be made more than 10 degree so it is restricted for design of any diverging passage so therefore here also the divergence passage divergence angle should be restricted at each and every point okay now I come to the vaneless space now the divergence angle at the inlet to the diffuser vanes should also match with the direction of the velocity and since the diffuser vanes are static vanes so direction of the velocity means the velocity absolute velocity which comes out of the impeller that direction should match the direction here otherwise what will happen otherwise there will be incident loss loss at the incident however here we cannot say so because the velocity with which the direction of the absolute velocity with which the fluid comes out of the impeller is not same to that at which it will enter because there is a vaneless space so therefore we have to know what the fluid flow nature of the fluid flow or the flow field in this vaneless space now the first question is that sir why I will give a vaneless space why not the diffuser vanes should be given or should be provided right at the outlet of the impeller tip so that the fluid which will come out of the impeller will go to the diffuser but it is not done always a vaneless space is provided this is because of two reasons first one is that the Mach number of flow is reduced before it enters to the diffuser vanes and Mach number has to be reduced means that the velocity of flow has to be reduced so therefore it is required that before the fluid enters or impinges or the glides whatever we tell the diffuser vanes its velocity should be reduced so therefore some space should be given which will act as a diffuser to reduce the velocity and number two reason is that if we do not give that space what happens there will be an excessive circumferential variation of static pressure if you give all the if you provide all the diffuser vanes very close to the impeller tip then there will be an excessive variation of the circumferential stress which is radially propagated upstream in order to the impeller and creates a vibration and impeller blades may fail due to this vibrational fatigue and this vibration is a function of the relative velocity of the fluid and the number of impeller vanes and it is more dangerous if this frequency of this vibration coincides with the natural frequency of the impeller and to avoid this usually the impeller vanes are not multiples of the diffuser vanes this is one of the reasons so therefore because of reduction of Mach number and the velocity and the circumferential variation of static pressure there is a vaneless space now vaneless space is a space which having a increasing in constructional area and in the vaneless space if you want to know the principle of the flow field then we can write like this since there is no energy transfer the vw2 that is the tangential component of velocity at the tip of the impeller into at the angular momentum comes out that is constant that means vw2 decreases with increase in r is inversely proportional to r so therefore with the increase in r the vw2 decrease there is a decrease in vw2 with the increase in r okay now another thing is that if you consider the flow velocity vf this also decreases this is because with the radius for a constant depth that means depth is constant in the perpendicular to the plane of the figure the flow area flow area with the sorry with the increase in r the flow area increases so I write simply the increase in r because with the increase in r flow area increases that means f increases with the increase in r so because of that this takes place that means both the tangential velocity component and the flow velocity okay both decreases as a whole the absolute velocity decreases so a diffusion takes place so therefore the Mach number is reduced but at the same time this vaneless space has to be designed in such a way that should be in conjunction with the inlet angle of the diffuser vane so that finally the absolute velocity direction should match the diffuser vane this is okay this is almost all about the design of the diffusers now I will come to another thing which I forgot to tell you earlier in this connection regarding this inlet Mach number here okay please wait I just will show you here yes here I just forgot to tell you that this inlet thing which I have shown you this well sometimes what happens to reduce the Mach number at the inlet it is not required here I told the reduction of Mach number at the inlet I go back to the earlier discussion that if this is the vane at the impeller tip this is the impeller vane so we know that this is the typical diagram this is the typical diagram at the inlet this also I just forgot to tell you must know that this is u this is vr1 this is v1 this already we discussed the impeller vane here vr1 is the relative velocity that is v1 it is u1 minus u1 now here what happens to reduce this Mach number we already discussed earlier that a now a is gamma rt1 how this is because that this acoustic velocity which will be again told you afterwards incompressible flow classes that for a ideal gas the acoustic speed or sound velocity can be expressed as root over gamma that is gamma is the ratio of specific heat are the characteristic gas constant and the temperature t1 so therefore this is the expression of Mach number now the vr is sometimes reduced by what do you know by giving a deflector and the thing is like this for the same I again draw this diagram for the same velocity red flow velocity and the same so this is the ideal one this is the ideal one v1 u1 and vr1 so the dotted one is like this this will be my final v1 so what happens there is certain amount of pre whirling is given that means what is that I tell you that is like this a deflector of this type is given which deflects the flow in this way sorry sorry sorry this will be this so this will be my let this dash now the ideal one this is v1 and therefore this is vr1 so for the same u1 dash is u1 so u1 remains same flow velocity remains same v1 dash remains same so that flow velocity is this component but the absolute velocity is having some angle that means this portion is the now this portion is now if you understand well I am happy that is the inlet tangential component that means instead of having a axial entry which is perpendicular to the direction of tangent we give an oblig entry by use of a deflector which gives some amount of whirling or tangential component at inlet but for the same flow velocity that means to accommodate the same mass flow rate we have a reduction that is vr1 is less than vr1 dash so sometime a deflector plate is used but here what we lose we gain in terms of reducing the Mach number so that at the impeller tip we may be little sure that Mach number is not supersonic so that shock losses occur there but we introduce a whirling component this is known giving a pre whirling at the inlet so that the energy per unit mass or the work done per unit mass is now vw2 as you know this is the formula but here now vw1 is not 0 so if it is 0 it is this so therefore for a given vw1 small vw1 is generated so we lose so that means the at the cost of specific work we give this pre whirling that means the work input to the fluid will be less that means what we lose is the efficiency of the compressor that means it requires more energy for a given pressure rise but the Mach number is reduced so this was told and so then this diffuser is you know about the diffuser now I come to the losses in centrifugal compressor losses in centrifugal compressors what are the different losses in centrifugal compressors now losses there are different types of losses in centrifugal compressors so they are like this one is the frictional losses frictional losses okay another is the frictional losses another is the incident losses incidence losses another is the clearance or leakage losses clearance or leakage leakage losses okay now one by one the frictional losses are typically the friction now the fluid flows through the compressor blade passages comes in contact of the solid surface and fluid to fluid layer that is because of viscous it is skin friction is there that is purely frictional loss apart from that there is a separation loss boundary layer separation or there may be losses due to shock now these losses are known totally as frictional losses frictional losses mainly comprises the skin friction and the separation loss separation loss is very important in compressors because throughout the flow is there with adverse pressure gradient means that there is always a deceleration of the flow so separation loss and the skin friction combines the total pressure losses and the total frictional losses so what is this loss first of all this is loss again the loss in mechanical energy which is mostly manifested in terms of the loss in the or the shortfall in the static pressure of the compressor at the outlet so frictional losses is because of the friction the skin friction and the boundary layer separation because of the decelerating incident losses are losses because of the fact that when the flow velocity while flowing through the vein does not follow the vein angles specially at incidence to the vein if the flow velocity the direction of the flow velocity relative to the vein is not following the vein angle at the inlet there are losses and this will happen if the compressor doesn't work at its design condition so therefore of design conditions the incident losses will take place when the flow cannot glide the vein both that is inlet and outlet that is the relative velocity angle differs from that of the vein angles another is the clearance or leakage losses which takes place because of the clearance between the impeller eye shaft and the casing of the compressor or the impeller eye and the casing impeller eye tip and the casing these are typical mechanical things we can reduce that by proper sealing but when the impeller eye tip diameter is very large to accommodate more mass flow rate the sealing becomes a problem so we can reduce that by putting glands providing glands to reduce the leakage between the clearance between the shaft and the casing so these are all clearance and leakage loss but this clearance and leakage loss is comparatively very less as compared to frictional loss and incident loss now if you draw a figure of losses verses mass flow this is mass flow then you will see this type of figure frictional losses is like that is always increases with the mass flow like this frictional losses with mass flow it is like this this is zero when there is no mass flow but incident losses gives a picture like this this is minimum at the design point this is the design the design point and of design point take may be there even at low mass flow and high mass flow these are of design point where in both the directions this increases so if you add these two the total losses take place total losses takes this shape total losses okay so these three are the important losses but this is not as important this is relatively less as compared to the friction losses and the incident losses okay I think today I will end here and we will discuss the compressor characteristics in the next class thank you


Hey, what's your day look like? Every agent's day is different. Maybe you're in a local office and they're making you do what you probably should do, but what you don't want to do. Or maybe you're independent, you're remote, you're working from home, you're teleselling, you're running appointments, and you don't know what to do. What does your day look like? Do you check some emails? I really shouldn't have a lot of emails to worry about. Should you make calls? Absolutely. I think it's good to have a schedule, a system. I used to call leads three, four, five, six times a day, but I used to call Monday evening, Wednesday evening, and Saturday morning. I think those are three, also Sunday, late afternoon, early evening is actually a really good time. Have a few times in a schedule tour, hey, here's when I can make calls, here's when I run appointments, because the key to success is a weekly system, a predictable system that produces so much of everything and you can rely on it from leads to prospects to appointments to revenue to sales, all of it. Once you have a schedule, you have systems in place, it's so much easier to succeed. There's not a lot of paperwork. Yeah, you may write half a dozen apps, hey, you don't take it out long, you turn it in. Maybe you'll eventually have an assistant.  How many appointments do you need to run? You need to see 10 people. You want to have a good week, you need to see 10 people. You need to run a couple appointments every day, have three or four days that you run appointments on. Maybe you run appointments on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, something like that. Have a schedule. Have something that's predictable. Yeah, you have to vary it. Does life happen? Do you have to change it up every once in a while? Sure. But have something, a schedule that you can stick to, also work your warm market. You might as well be posting on social media. Let them know what you do. You might as well be calling, texting, friends, and family. You might as well be exhausting your warm market. A day in the life of an interest agent is different for every agent, but I'm a believer in a schedule, a system, I've had about as repeat something week in and week out that delivers me two grand, four grand, six grand, ten grand. I'm a believer in systems, you know, weekly predictable revenue in having, calling hours, a schedule. Think about these things when you're setting up your day and your week as an insurance agent. Thanks for watching. You want to watch some more videos, you may want to click subscribe and hit the little bell so you get notified for all of our incredible videos. Thanks for watching. Appreciate you guys.


Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Galshree College, University of Allahabad. And in the series of discussing various educational philosophies, this time I am going to discuss the last topic of this paper, that is Humanism, Mahanav Tawar. And this lecture will be useful for your various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your regular B.A.M.A. and professional B.A.M.A courses. So, let's start. Mahanav Tawar. We have read a lot of talks about idealism, realism, pragmatism, naturalism, existentialism, logical positivism and Marxism. And this one is the last 10 years syllabus. Mahanav Tawar. So, you can say that this is a talk that started in psychology and then it came into philosophy. So, we are first psychologists. Let's see who are the people who have worked on it. Then, what is it? What kind of things do they give? What is the purpose of it? What is the knowledge of it? And how much is it? We will discuss this in this video. So, the humanistic learning theory was developed by Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow, we have heard a lot of your names. We read the theory of Maslow's hierarchy, the theory of need of hierarchy. So, they developed this theory. Apart from this, rogers. If you remember, we had read the Rogers of time. So, you will remember that this is about real self and ideal self. That there is a difference between the two. This is the lesson of reducing the difference. Real self, which we actually are. And ideal self, which we should be. And James F.T. Vigental in the early 1900s. So, why did humanism come? It was a response to the common educational theories at the time. They were saying that at that time, who was from Sheikh Shik Sathan Prachalit, he came to their side. What was Prachalit? At that time, the business man and psychoanalysis were talking a lot. Abraham Maslow is the father of the movement. He is a janak and he is a very influential psychologist. He is the most famous man in humanism. If he is a psychologist, then Abraham Maslow will be created. And he made a pyramid. The pyramid told us the hierarchy of needs. I mean, we need humans to make hierarchy. The hierarchy means that you can't go down. So, he told us that the first thing we need to do is to fulfill our needs. Then, we need to fulfill our needs with food shelter. When he will fulfill it, he will come up with the concept of safety. When he will be safe, he will come up with the concept of belongingness. That he belongs to someone, he is a different person. When he will get the belongingness, he will come up with the concept of respect. And after that, when all our requirements are fulfilled, we have money, money, honor, respect, everything happens to us. Then we get the feeling of self-actualization. We want to fulfill the goal of our life. We can do our best show, we have the best potential. And this is the pyramid of the top-of-the-line. So, Abraham Maslow did the hierarchy of needs like this. Now, look at the importance of humanity. Human beings need to fulfill their needs first. They need to fulfill their needs first. They need to fulfill their needs first. They need to fulfill their needs first. They need to fulfill their needs first. And finally, you should do this for the self-actualization of the state. When we study the philosophy of humanism from here, it is an approach to life based on humanity and reason. It is said that there is no other way but to live a life which is only based on humanity and reason. I am reading this word-to-word. I am explaining this to you. Just keep an eye on humanity. There is nothing like God. There is nothing like God. Everything should happen. What is morality and ethics? That we should be able to understand humanity. That we should be happy. That we should be fulfilled. That is morality. That is moral nature. That is moral ethics. That is everything. And it is said that you do not need to believe in any religious authority. You should take care of your own natural world. When will you be able to understand any moral action if it is based on humanity? It is moral. Rather than in the culture in the world. There is nothing like God's wish. God's wish is to have humanity. And it is said that a democratic, a democratic and a democratic lifestyle believes that human beings have the right. It is said that human beings have the right. And it should be a responsibility that they give their life to the earth, the space, the free enquiry. They have the right to be able to thoroughly investigate. They do work according to the reason. They do work according to the nature. Is it God or God? Is it power or God? It is not about the wish. You take care of your own nature. The rest of the people take care of it. This is the most beautiful nature. This is the most knowledge. And what are they saying? There is a philosophy of this kind in which the human being's nature, nature and dignity are defeated. This is faith in the human being. It is a belief in the human being. And they are saying that every human being has the power to apply scientific methods and reasons according to the scientific method and the nature of the power. They do that by combining the power and the vision. They can solve their problems with the help of their eyes, eyes, eyes and eyes. You don't have to do anything against it. You don't have to force it. So what came out of this? That these humans have the ability to act of their own free will. This is what they call free will. Let them work with the free will. Let them listen to their own things and what they have to do in life. What they have to do. What they have to become.  And he has the power to do good to others. And what do you want the humans to do in the end? That they are in this state where they have all the necessary things to be fulfilled so that they can self-actualize. I mean to self-actualize. What are we? And the great person is saying that subjective reality is better than objective reality. Why?  And what are they saying? What is science? They are saying that all humans are human beings. Humans are everything. Humans are human beings. Humans are the dignity of humans. Humans are human beings. So they are saying that knowledge is the same. The whole universe is human beings who are the creator of knowledge. There is no other way. And how will we do that? We will do science and science and science and science. What is good about the principle that our dignity is treated in a similar way and that our friends, our relatives, our dignified men are talking about the same value. And what is ethics? They are saying that humans are actors who are the most naïve. We work naïvely. We have so much power. We have so much power. What else are they saying? They are saying that talk about types. Many types of types are said in Manav Gawad. They say that they are secular. Because they don't believe in God. Why don't they believe in God? Why don't they believe in God? Because at that time you don't do that.   That you do this. You do this. You do this. You do this. You do this. You do this worship. They said that if a human being is suffering, then what does that mean? They are not happy with that. They said that we don't believe in God. The human being is God. He is the Truth. Follow his will. Follow his will. Follow his will. Follow his will. Respect him. But somewhere religious, even humanism is found. So they are connected with some kind of theistic. But they are not a part of any religion. Renaissance humanism. What does Renaissance mean? Punar Jagaran. They say that humanism itself is a kind of philosophy that talks about Punar Jagaran. Because a human being has awakened. He has awakened. He understood how capable he is. How capable he is. How good he is. So that's why Renaissance. Then post-humanism when it came, it was very interesting. He said that you are giving so much power to a human and you have left the rest of the species. So he gave up. And educational humanism means that you teach that way so that the intellect of the person can be so developed that he is a human. He can be a complete human. So educational humanism. And also many types. But I think for you it's okay. It's a work. You can read more than that. But you will read so much. You will know a lot. Okay. So in this way your philosophy is complete. If you want, you can read Carl Rogers and add it because I have already discussed it. I have not written it here. Because how he talked about real self, ideal self. You can make this hierarchy, theoretical, parameter, diagrams in it. And as a rule, just understand that a human is everything according to this philosophy. Idealism has everything. Nature has everything. Nature has everything. Pregnitism has everything. Pregnitism has everything. Pregnitism has everything. Insistentialism has everything. Pregnitism has everything. Logical, positive, logical, all things are in the same way. Like in humanism, like in Marx, in the economic, money, property, economic benefits are in the same way. Man is in the same way. Man is in the same way. Man is in the same way. Man is in the same way. Okay. So I have covered this last philosophy of your syllabus too. That is humanism. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe and let's go to the next one. I have done it from my I mean


This paper presents a new method called MPROM for analyzing massive parallel reporter assays, MPIAs. The authors compare the performance of their method with other statistical methods on multiple datasets and find that MPROM outperforms them in terms of accuracy and power. They also analyze the effect of different parameters such as replicate number and barcode length on the performance of the method. Additionally, they perform a power analysis to determine how many replicates are needed to achieve a certain level of accuracy. This study provides valuable insights into the analysis of MPIAs and can be used to optimize experimental designs. This article was authored by Leslie Mayand, Demetrius G Avramopoulos, Loyal Agoff and others.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Petty Officer Amara Timberlake with your headlines from around the fleet. At the close of day 3 of the 2013 Warrior Games in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Team Navy had 17 medals, including 8 gold, in events such as shooting, wheelchair basketball and seated volleyball, securing them third place in the overall competition. Team Marines leads the competition with 50 medals. For the most up-to-date results on the games, visit the Warrior Games Facebook page at facebook.com. Navy officials released a message May 13, reminding sailors to keep their dependency application record of emergency data or page 2 updated. Sailors must review, update and sign their page 2 annually and after any significant life event like marriage, divorce, addition of dependence or change of duty station. You can read more about these stories at navy.mil. From All Hands Update, thanks for watching.


Oh my god. How's it going everybody? Datodoi here, and today we're going to be taking a look at the new Dragon Ball game, Super Dragon Ball Heroes World Mission. Now I'm sure a lot of you know, but the reason I'm calling it the new Dragon Ball game is because Dragon Ball Heroes has actually existed in Japan for a long time already. Over there it's a pretty popular arcade machine that involves the use of real physical cards. It was never brought over to the West though for a multitude of reasons, mostly because the arcade scene over here isn't as popular and they felt that the game would be far too confusing for that audience. You only need to go to the comment section of any Dragon Ball Heroes promotional anime episode to understand that they were probably correct in thinking that there would be some initial confusion among some of the Western fans. How can Super Saiyan 4 can make you even lead a Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan? I'm just here because my friend made me. When are these episodes going to crunchy roll? Oh my lord, it's Super Saiyan 4. That's part of the reason why World Mission is so cool though. It's finally a game that's coming over to the West with a new story mode and it's on both the Switch and Steam. I mean just the fact that we can finally get our hands on a game that we can understand ourselves and really start playing and enjoying as Dragon Ball fans might be enough to drop the $60 to buy it. Just look at some of these positive reviews on Steam. The game is slow and ugly, but I am so happy we have a Dragon Ball Heroes game in the West. Wait, these are the positive one, right? Outdated graphics check. Somewhat clunky outdated UI? Check. AAA pricing check. Are you sure these are the positives? So as it turns out, a lot of the reviews out right now are from people that knew what Heroes was, were excited for it for a long time and are just now getting their hands on it. Not to say there's anything wrong with that. It just isn't really too helpful to somebody that has never heard of it before and is looking for information to decide whether or not it's the game for them. So that's what I'm making this video for. I'm gonna play through a little bit of Dragon Ball Heroes, tell you what it is and what it isn't and then give you my thoughts on whether or not I think it's worth dropping the $60 for right now. So let's go ahead and start by talking about the obvious things. This game is not really a looker. The models can look extremely weird sometimes and the way the story mode goes about transitioning them from one face to another can lead to some pretty hilarious moments. Hahahaha.  I do think it's important to note that the way the game looks isn't a limitation of the software or time. This is just how the arcade game looks. If every character had to look like the best video game incarnation of them so far, then Dragon Ball Heroes probably wouldn't have the time or resources to make over a thousand cards playable in the game. Speaking from a personal standpoint, while I do find some of the models to be very funny to look at, like my poor little Android avatar over here, something just looks wrong about this guy's face. I ultimately winded up kind of liking the game's presentation overall because it keeps a consistent style and the constant transformation mechanics of the characters, the sheer amount of cards, the effects when you perform an ultimate move. Overall, whenever something cool was happening on the screen, it was a lot of fun to watch. So at the end of my play experience, it's not like I wanted to turn the TV off and never look at the game again. While we're on the topic of ultimate moves, now's as good a time as any to let you know that Dragon Ball Heroes really isn't an action-packed Dragon Ball game. Most of your enjoyment is going to come out how you strategize your plays within the card game itself, building decks where your equipment and characters as well as their passives work well enough together to form a really strong team, and wiggling your joystick really fast to make sure your effect does maximum damage.  If you win on attack, you get the full damage of your move, and if you win on defense, you guard a little bit of their move. Don't get me wrong, it's a simple system, but when you're already in an intense card match, sometimes the added intensity of having to make sure you win this button press in order to make sure you live another turn can be kind of fun, and it's a good thing that I personally enjoyed it because without enjoying the card game aspect of it, going through the extensive story campaign just would not be feasible. I won't go into detail of the story mode to avoid spoilers, but it didn't really keep my attention on its own. I more so was just in it for the harder matches and unlocked so I could get more card packs, which brings us nicely into my favorite mechanic in the game, hardcore gambling. After you get enough tickets from completing any missions and events, you can head on down to the gotcha shop and spend some tickets to unlock card packs. I should also mention that there are no microtransactions in this game. If you want to unlock everything, you gotta play through everything. Regardless of that though, there is a wide variety of sets and cards to buy, and you can look through all of them to see which cards you can possibly get and choose out a few that you really want to go for. As for me, I really wanted this Ultra Instinct Goku, so I decided to use all my 10 tickets at that point to go hard on this banner.  Yeah, my first pack was a super bust in this game. After that, I didn't have enough tickets for a full 10 card pack, so I just started buying cards individually and pulled a normal rare and then a normal rare and then actually pulled an Ultra Rare Vegeta. After that, I also used my guaranteed rare ticket to get this Goku card, so my team was pretty much set. Of course, with the team as stacked as this, the first couple story mode missions weren't really gonna do anything for me, so I decided it was high time I hop into my first ever network battle match. Within these, you can select whether or not to do an online battle or local battle, and then once you pick online, you can choose whether or not to do ranked or unranked. And since ranked wasn't unlocked, I had to go ahead and hop into a normal one. Because an online match is better experienced through the person actually playing it real time, I'm gonna go ahead and pass it back to current time Dachodoya. Looks like he chose a Saiyan-type avatar. Uh-oh. Yeah, this man didn't know I pre-ordered the game. You should have been on the lookout, bro. I already hit up the shop and everything. Yeah, that's my deck. That's the deck I'm rocking with. I even threw on a little Raditz there because he was a super rare card, apparently. Not super rare, but the rarest I had after these pre-order cards. I can't wait to see what he chooses, man. Because this is gonna be really interesting if he also pre-ordered the game. If he didn't, this might be... It's only been like a couple hours since the game came out. So I'm really not sure what he could have. I don't know, maybe he got super lucky at the gotcha, though. Hey, here we go. It's my team. All right, nice. Couple of go... Oh my God! Bro, is that Super Saiyan 4 Gojita? And Super Saiyan 3 Team Gohan? What is going on? Uh-oh. Wait a minute. Maybe I underestimated the man. That's fine. What's his passive? Okay, Team HP up and more things that I could have read in that time. I think let's lead the pack with these two. We'll send him back just for now. No stun. Yeah, why not get him up there as well? Maybe him... We'll take him back. We'll take him back. He can go back and he can go back. Oh my God, he just went all the way back. Does he know something I don't...? Does he know? This is going to be like double damage. Oh, that wasn't a perfect... Yikes. I should really be getting perfects on this guy. Nice, there we go. That's what I'm talking about, dude. This still isn't doing too much. This is all double damage. He's going to try to hit me with everything now. Yep, there it is. Is this the strap, bro? He's trying to hit me with everything. Oh my goodness. He took the first turn off. He wasn't even interested. All right. Perfect defense. Here we come. Enemy attack phase. All we need to do is perfectly guard everything and we should be fine. All right, deflected the first... Let's go. Oh my goodness. I don't even think he was trying. Perfect. That still did 3,000.  We're dead. We are so dead. Oh no. No. Okay, that is not good for us. Oh no. Super attack ready. Ultimate Misanko. I mean, the one punch already did enough. Oh my god. Pull back on the damage. Counter rush mode. Is this something Ultra Instinct gets? Nope. Oh my god. Oh, let's go. I'm breaking my analog stick tonight, boys. You should have never tried to rush me with all your most powerful guys. Perfect rush. Piece of cake. Get him, Vegeta. Damn, we almost killed him. Princess counter rush. Three times damage. Damn. He lost, right? That's it. I don't need... Unless he kills me right away after this, but I don't know if that ends his attack turn or what. Did he just rage quit? Double mode. Never mind. Hero types unite. Oh no, I lost. Oh my god. Jesus. Okay, you're rushing me. I see I might have misspoke. Oh my double dragon fist. These animations are hilarious, dude. I'm blitzing this guy after this. His team is going to be so burnt out. Triple attack. Elite types. Jesus. You ever think maybe enough is enough when it comes to beatings? Give me a chance to defend. 50%. All right, no problem. Oh, 100. Okay, never mind. I clearly misunderstood the rules. Oh. Off the top rope. As long as we don't lose here, I'm pretty confident we can win. Oh, we're dead. We are so dead. Deal critical stamina damage.  That's my super rare card, too. Oh, that was too close. Now it's my turn, though. On the attack. Give me God coming. Yes. We win. We win. We win. All I have to do is draw G, boys. You have no idea how much preschool taught me. I'm about to show this man that I know how to draw my Gs. One, two, three, four, five. Say your last words.  Ultra instinct activated. Mastered it. 1500 power. Say goodbye. This is going to kill him right here. This is enough. Ooh, there it is, boys. We take our first win online. And it's just as easy as that, really. It's just as easy as that. All you got to do is counter with Vegeta and you'll take the win. Every day of the week. Mission complete. So, yeah, that's pretty much Dragon Ball Heroes. I gotta say, I do think there's a decent effort to take this arcade game and make it into a complete home experience with enough content that I can personally warrant spending 60 bucks on it. If you aren't too sure about the card aspect of it, though, maybe wait for a price drop. And if you watched this video and the gameplay and it really felt like it wasn't for you, then it probably isn't. What you see is what you get with this game on a very literal level. Make sure to go down below in the comments and let me know what you thought of the video as well as your thoughts on Super Dragon Ball World Heroes if you played it. While you're down there, if you liked this video and the channel, make sure you hit the like button and subscribe for more Dragon Ball content like this one and maybe even some more Dragon Ball Heroes content in the future. Other than that, there's some videos up on your screen that you can feel free to check out if any of them interest you. I'm Dr. Doya, and I'll see you in the next one.


And let's just pick a spot right between the lenses there and just look at that one spot as I go back and forth Okay Now look to your left And as hard as you can to the left just keep looking as hard as you can that's good That's excellent. I want you to do that for a few seconds there. Just keep looking. I know it's going to be uncomfortable for you Just keep looking to the left as hard as you can Okay, look straight ahead now Okay, and just keep looking straight ahead. Why don't you just close your eyes for a second? Okay, look straight ahead again. It's like we got you stuck there. Okay, just close your eyes again Okay, look straight ahead No starting to relax. Okay, just keep it. No. No, we're going to keep on Just have you look up now up as high as you can. Okay, look straight ahead Look down look straight ahead Okay, now look over here to your right as hard as you can Hard as you can. Okay. Now look straight ahead Okay, straight ahead at the camera


What a lovely, lovely day. Absolutely glorious weather here as we welcome you to a football match of considerable significance. Great consequence in this part of the world. They've been talking about this one for a while and they have rolled up to it in fantastic numbers. You should have seen the roads outside the ground in the hour two leading up to it. It has been bumper to bumper. The traffic has been extraordinary. But the level of expectation is also very, very high. And these supporters who... It's Griezmann! And this is already looking rather ominous for the opposition now, when a player of his calibre can open up the scoring so fantastically it could be a very long match for that defence to prevent a recurrence. Oh, it's lovely to see the arc of disguise alive and well, but the keeper straight into no man's arm. So a breakthrough already. That's been drilled forward. Gets away from his opponents. Cut out in the nick of time. He could have been in. Just needed a better final ball.  Well, that's confidence for you. Distance doesn't even bother him. And it's Bessie. Hoist it forward. Douglas Costa. Now it's Iguayi. He's an out wide now. There he's fouled in there. There's always going to be the keepers. Racket itch. There he goes, motoring forward. He's come loose to lift. Just wouldn't be beaten there. Alexandro. Forward it goes. Juventus taking a simple modern approach here. Yeah, but I'm all for simplicity, Peter. If it works, it's good enough. Very far from making something happen by himself. Lovely to see as he found his man. He's left his man. Douglas Costa is making a foray down the right.  Gets the better of his man. And a shot! Oh, and with that, the halftime whistle goes. There we are. Off they go for halftime. We did indeed come in the first half.


Good morning and welcome to today's city council meeting. We will go ahead and start with roll call Thank you councilmember Tibbets Councilmember Schwedhelm here councilmember Sawyer here councilmember Sawyer Here oh You should be able to hear me can't hear you though. I'm not I'm not muted. Okay. I'll move on Okay, councilmember Fleming here councilmember Alvarez vice mayor Rogers Present Can't hear can't hear the vice mayor President mayor Rogers here. Okay. We may be experiencing some technical difficulties with our audio But councilmember Sawyer and vice mayor Rogers are in the meeting All right, so so I'll note that the record will show that all councilmembers are present with the exception of councilmember Alvarez and councilmember Tibbets, right? Thank you, and then maybe while we're in closed session. We can figure out the sound So we do have one item for closed session to begin today. That's item 2.1 Let's go ahead and see if there are any public comments on that item Madam deputy city clerk if you could let me know if there are any hands on zoom Here I'm not seeing any hands being raised via zoom if you are participating via telephone dial star 9 or use the hand feature The race hand feature in zoom. All right, we'll go ahead and recess into closed session if there are no hands All right saying none. We'll be back. Hi. My name is Katie. Let's go ahead bring it back madam city clerk Could you please call the roll? Thank you Councilmember Tibbets councilmember Shwedham here councilmember Sawyer Councilmember Fleming here councilmember Alvarez Vice mayor Rogers present mayor Rogers here let the record show that all councilmembers are present with the exception of Councilmember Alvarez councilmember Sawyer and councilmember Tibbets All right, madam city attorney. Could you please do a brief report out for my item 2.1? Yes council met in closed session discussed item 2.1 existing litigation Rosalind action and Dwayne do it versus city of Santa Rosa Gave direction to legal counsel. Thank you took no final action Okay, we'll go ahead and adjourn our special meeting. We'll take a quick lunch break and we'll be back for our regular council meeting


Hello everybody, Andrea Trotsky here with Dental Tutoring. So whether you are a patient or a student just wanting to know the difference, I'm going to talk to you guys about the difference between a dentist and a dental hygienist doing the cleaning. So for a lot of patients, you might be used to having the dentist always do your cleaning. So then when you go to a new office because you move or your dentist retires or something, you might be surprised to find that, oh, the dentist isn't doing my cleaning. It's the hygienist. What the heck is happening here? But that's actually normal. It's more normal to have the dental hygienist clean your teeth than it is the dentist. And I'll tell you why. Now I have been a dental hygienist for a number of years. I was a dental assistant first. So I've been in the dental profession for 13 years, almost 14 actually. And I became a restorative hygienist two years ago. So I do know a little bit about this. But the dentist, it's not that they're not qualified to clean your teeth because I guess they are. But if you think about it, the dental hygienists, they will go to school for two years or more to learn specifically how to clean your teeth. Whereas a dentist has to learn how to do surgery. They have to take out teeth. They have to learn how to give needles, how to get anesthetic. They have to learn how to do a composite filling, a melancholy filling, crown bridges, all kinds of things, right? So would you rather go to somebody who learns specifically how to clean your teeth or have a dentist clean your teeth? They have other things to do. They have other things to do.  So for a child, their tartar isn't underneath the gum line too much. But for an adult where there's tartar all underneath the gum line, it's black, brown, it's pretty thick, you need certain skills to be able to clean that properly and clean it effectively. Now a dentist will learn how to clean the teeth for about a week or two weeks. And I'm not just saying this out of nowhere. I have known at least four dentists who have gone to school and that's what they say. They learn how to scale the teeth in about two weeks. Sometimes it's one week, sometimes it's two weeks depending on where they go to school. So would you rather have a dentist clean your teeth who has learned how to do it for two weeks or would you prefer to have a dental hygienist do it who has learned for two years and seen countless number of patients? So I'm not saying that they're doing anything wrong because I'm sure they're not. But that's kind of like me doing something that I do once every couple of years. You wouldn't want me doing that.  So it's kind of the same for a dentist and a dental hygienist. You would like the dentist to be doing things that they do every day that they're specifically trained to do. Whereas the dental hygienist, you want them to be cleaning your teeth because they know exactly what they're doing. They do it all day, every day they're trained and they just know how to do it properly. So does that make sense you guys? So that's just kind of the difference between a dentist and a dental hygienist cleaning your teeth. So if you guys have questions, let me know. But either or is great, but I prefer a dental hygienist clean my teeth because that is specifically what they do. Okay, so thank you so much for watching.


Well, thank you for staying with us. Welcome back still on career talk and on gold setting We are just from discussing the four questions that are paramount that you need to ask yourself for you to To help you set your goal. That is who am I who am I becoming? How do I become and when? Those are the questions. Yes, okay Life you must ask those kind of questions you must ask those kind of questions because becoming somebody it's a process It's a process. So that's why young people who are listening to us. You know, they like patience Because some they want to become leech within a few days few years some they want to become, you know Famous in a few days, but that one cannot happen. It is a process When we celebrate these people while prominent sometimes let us go and research You know, some they started 20 years ago 30 years ago 15 years ago and now they are very famous Maybe pursuing their career. So that's why we want to advise young people are listening to us to become somebody that you want You must be patient and go through the process and for sure you will become amazing Yes, and now how do you how do you strategize now? How do you? Create strategies towards your goals to achieve them And number one is to know your goal. What do you want? That's number one. Kill number one. You know, I've I've talked to young people Some they're through high school and they don't know who they are becoming In fact, you know, but I'm gonna go and be it. It's a day. I was doing you know So you must know what kind of a goal that you want to pursue What kind of a career that you want to it's very important. That's number one Number two, you must do what you must Break those goals in big goals and small goals Because you know success is a process It's a process you move maybe you pursue your certificate any degree Then a master's it then a doctorate. It's something start from degree You want, you know, you break them into into small what we call abortions Yes, so if I want to be someone wants to be a journalist that is that goal. So how do they break that down? No, that one it will depend You know Your career and the great maybe you scored in high school Maybe if you were able to score an entry grade to university, you start with a degree Maybe if you had a C plus and below you start with the diploma do you see? Yeah, but Nothing can stop somebody from becoming what you wanted to become in life You can start from that's why I've been telling young people you can convert your grade into something Because they are young people several young people are listening to us If Kenyans and all over the world, maybe you did not score an entry grade now you call yourself. I'm a failure There's nothing I can do, but that's not the truth. You can start we have people today Doctors, but they started from certificated diploma and you know, that's why you must break it into small goals Okay another thing you must assess do assessment I always I've been talking about setting goals even in other stations. I tell you people assess your goals Maybe after one year, maybe after two years or after three months. You do see you assess I've been when I talk to principals in high school. I always tell them, you know assess assess your Maybe they mean that you wanted to score you assess after if you want 10 and Maybe within one year after three months you do assessment after three months you do assessment After three months you do assessment. What is the purpose of the assessment is to see Whether you are stuck or you are moving. Do you see even our personal life? Sometimes if you are no more you must do assessment. Okay. Am I progressing or am I stuck? Even an assessment of your your finances am I wasting my money or you know, I'm using my money well Am I progressing with my career or I'm stuck? It is very important. If you are serious with your life You must do that because assessment it will help you to know your weakness and your strength. Okay. Yes So now after that is there anything else in the strain setting the strategies? Setting strategies once you have set your strategy, you need and help There are some goals that you can't achieve by yourself. That's why we need a mentor Mentors in a life, you know, there are people who have gone ahead of us. Do you want to pursue your career? Yes, that's why you know when I talk to people who pursue career And somehow they are stuck.  Yeah, because it's very important. Okay. Yes There are some people who are stuck today because they have no person to guide them Guidance very important. All right. Yes, and you had mentioned earlier about Timelines having timelines for your goals. Tell us about this You know, if you don't have you don't set your timeline What will happen? listeners will occupy your heart because You know, there are people today something that was supposed to achieve within one year because of laziness They don't have what timeline, you know time running will bushes you. Okay. It will inspire you It will make you to wake up early in the morning It will make you not to waste your time Do you see? Yeah, but imagine You know to catch a jenga. I'm not a customer. No, no cut. So you relax But when you know your timeline One year from now, there's something I will do Two years from now, there's something I will do ten years from now. There's something I will do So what will happen? You will never allow yourself to waste time. Okay, so you want to be a procrastinator. Yes Okay. Yeah, procrastination comes When you don't have what you call timeline So you know, I will do it tomorrow. I will do it tomorrow I will do it tomorrow in the fact when you want to do something and you have set a goal You know about timeline It's very important Even if it is a come back. We are going all over Africa within one year.  Maybe I want to make this million two million from now.  How I want to write a book We have I've done ten titles and every time I want to write a book. I say ma we were maybe seven months from now I want to come up with a new book. So it will it will push you Do you know it will make you not to sleep? You will work a very in the morning.  I said, you know, 10 years five years I will be somewhere this one will make you to You know to get motivated Actually, it will motivate you So time is very important in whatever you want to even in a career. Maybe you have graduated today with your masters And you want to continue with your studies. How long? Maybe you have graduated with your diploma. How long will it take? You know to start another you go for further study seriously But if you relax and the one thing I always tell people when you are at a comfort zone, you will never move So setting goals, it will push you to move out of the comfort zone You know to to work hard. Okay. Yes. Now, let me now take you to What happens now if your goals don't align or don't come to be? So how are you supposed to deal with failure because it happens you have set a goal But you have not been able to achieve it for one reason or another. Yes. How do you handle that? You're not success Sometimes it's moving from one fear to another without losing hope Do you see without losing hope? So what happened is if you have been accounted with maybe failure in life You are not supposed to lose hope. You persist One the first thing that you are supposed to do is to do assessment. Why have I failed? Okay Be true to yourself Maybe you can do it here be a share or you can do it because You must ask yourself why because there's a reason Do you see so from there you have learned a lesson You know failure will give you an opportunity to learn and listen to do it. Well, do you see? Let me talk of example I've talked to young people about Kaliya When I put a conversation for this through with universe and they have stayed outside for 10 years seven years Because he just a wrong Kaliya. No, you know, sometimes that's what happens. Yes Maybe some days we will come and talk about Kaliya because Through with the university India and Lisa, what can I do now? Imagine I'm through maybe some some young people they just this bogus Causes causes are not in the market So Napa is hopeless. There's nothing easy doing.  What can I do? There are many young people I've talked to I'm here. My trust was in eternalism I'm here. Why don't you then go if your parents are the people want to do it? We have seen people doing that you know, you can leave brandy yourself You can give your hope to yourself, you know, you are not once you are failed You are not supposed to stay there rise up and they do something That's what you are telling young people. We know we are talking to young people while hopeless Oh, I've felt it several times, but I want to tell them this Never give up Don't give up never give rise up rise up. Don't give up rise up. There's no room to give up Yes, you fail many times and I listen and they continue with the journey. Okay. Yes So this I want to know bringing the place of bringing attitude What is the place of attitude in this because to rise up every time is means that you have a resilient attitude towards Where you're going, you know attitude is a feeling towards something That means if it's a feeling towards something you can change You see because the difference between success and failure is the attitude Do you know there are people today who have called themselves failures They are branded themselves, but I'm not supposed to be which because of the attitude and the attitude you can change That's why I said, you know attitude is everything How do you feel about yourself once you are failed? How do you feel? You see, you are supposed to remain positive where you tell yourself. Yes I've failed But it's not the end. I will continue You see some of us we have failed in one way or another I can give testimonies I can talk we are failed but we have refused that was a time I'm about your company to be a girl in up here, you know 2007 Yes, but You know when you call it ourselves, we say it will continue you continue to pursue our dreams Here we are today I'm talking to somebody who is feeling there's nothing I can do. I'm a failure I want to change your attitude rise up, you know, but the days are ahead of us Yes, but the days are ahead of us. I love it and you mentioned something in your post You will never go beyond your thoughts That is still an attitude. So how you think of yourself really matters. Yes, you know thoughts are very important Do you see today where you are it's because of your thoughts You thought about it and they said one day I'll become a channelist Do you see we are protect of our thoughts every day Do you see that's why we always tell people be careful what you are thinking every day Do you see be careful if you can change your thoughts you can change your destiny Because thoughts will the way you think about yourself is a motivation And you can change and the one one one way that you can change your thoughts it will start speaking You talk You say I'm blessed. I'm going far. You speak positively to use. Yes I say my me mr. Coma hopper you miss your cushion door I will continue because there's power in what's that you speak every day to your life Yes, there's much to power. So you say I even maybe in the old major people may she do hopper I'm not a man, but this is not the end. I'm rising.     I always tell the people, you know Even if you make a mistake today, you can rectify There's always a room. There's a second chance for everybody You can rise you can maybe we are talking to people made maybe several mistakes. I say, oh, I'm done. I'm saying you are not done You know rise up change your thoughts touch the another thing you talk then you act You talk boss will you say I will do something The answer here Nick I should not but I will do something.  Yes, you produce the result What what you talk? Go ahead and do it Okay, I'm pursuing Michael go ahead. You know some people they talk they talk they talk they talk I will do it. I will do it.  I'm nobody at all. Okay. Amazing. And I'm seeing your book here. I have a book from Joffrey he's a pastor and also a mentor It's written the amazing Results of self-discipline how to have the necessary willpower to start and finish your gold And I'm I'm just I'm looking at this. I'm saying self-discipline its correlation with gold setting. Yes, you want to tell us about that? Yes, if you lack self-discipline, you know self-discipline is to discipline yourself and You know the road to success is self-discipline The road to success is self-discipline Without a discipline you will never be successive Because success and a discipline they go together together Do you know there are people have been sucked from their jobs because they lack discipline There are many students today They who have been just away from school because lack of discipline. I'm saying they are meant today You are poor because they lack the discipline in finances. Are you seeing what I'm saying? Discipline is everything Yeah Because discipline will help you to to achieve even your goal and by you know lack of discipline It will end your success Okay, very insightful. Yes So as we as we wind up on this how can people get to if someone wants to purchase your book on You have many books you've written you've authored many books. Yeah, I've authored the ten books But sometimes we deliver if somebody wants a copy We can we can send it to you. Okay, so how can people contact you? This is your camera. Yes My number is zero seven twenty zero forty three six twenty you can go to my Facebook page Chofri and why and there's another one of my company she talks and mentorship have to Pages on a Facebook. All right. He talks in mentorship. Yes. Yes Maybe somebody has a company you want somebody to come and talk about Setting goals judging of attitude even a school and institution They can invite me because that's what I do almost every day. Okay You said inspiring people inspiring people. It's my calling the gold is yours. Yeah, I've been to bang Secret bang I've been to commercial bang Corporate to bang they have invited me when they go out Okay, so to talk to that especially even even I've written even a book about on stress management Managing your stress. I mean we will talk about one day. I will come with it On how to manage stress because it's killing people. I tell you true very true And people need to know to find ways of managing it and leaving a healthy life Okay, so what is your final word? What's what do you want to give the youth who's watching you and? Struggling through that career or the setting goals. Maybe they said something and then they're not Able to pursue it or see through. So what is your word for them? This is your camera once again I want to talk to those young people listening to her this morning. Never lose hope Whatever you want to do persist persistence breaks the resistance Continue doing it Never lose hope you will become somebody.  Mm-hmm. Yeah, you have a great future You can agree to in fact, I've written a book about the great in your future. It's a wonderful book You can agree to your future. Don't worry. Mm-hmm. Yes. Thank you. Thank you very much for coming on board You're inspiring the young people out here. Yes. All right So that has been Mr. Joffrey on why who's a pastor a mentor a motivational speaker a book author And I hope you've been inspired by this a take home is that negative thoughts silence your success And if you do something you become somebody if you do nothing you become nobody This is some of the insightful things that he has mentioned in in the conversation that you've just had So we bring this conversation to a close but Ram Agoko is coming up with youth and politics a discussion that you don't Want to miss see you on the other side Thank you so much


First of all, we need to thank the six participating countries, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Spain, France, Italy, because they did a wonderful job, because we coordinated the information and we brought our information to them, making it available for them, but they did the real work, of course. Interpol holds today a database accessible for our member countries with more than 50,000 names of foreign terrorist fighters. Besides the names, we also have databases with biometrics, stolen and lost documents, which is also very important in the fight against terrorism. Now, I also would like to highlight, in such a regional operation, we bring the data from the whole world together, and lots of these identifications from foreign terrorist fighters are actually based on input from other countries. So it's definitely worldwide importance. Same kind of operation. We also do in other parts of the world. For instance, between the Middle East and Southeast Asia. So the concept really, we try to copy as much as possible to go to the most important traveling routes.