Monday, April 25th brought us news which might be a milestone in the history of big tech. On that day it was announced that Elon Musk, the richest man in the world, is all set to buy Twitter, which is one of the most important digital platforms of our time. Now this comes after a lot of negotiations, a lot of ups and downs, and a lot of skepticism for various sectors regarding the future of the company and this deal. We'll be talking about all this with Bappa Sinha. Bappa, thank you so much for joining us. So first of all, there's a lot of issues to talk about here, but could you first tell us, many people have said that this deal would never go through, because people said it is a gimmick, just Elon Musk doing his usual stuff on Twitter, etc., etc., but then it actually worked out over the past one week or so. So what changed? Right, so what changed, I think, is that he got financing for the deal. See, Elon Musk is a peculiar character, right? So he had, in fact in 2018, also announced that he would go in to take Tesla private and that apparently was a stunt. He had no intention of doing that, he was doing it just to drive his share prices, company share prices higher. And later, SEC had an investigation for him unfairly manipulating stock prices. So when Elon announced this, people thought it was a gimmick and they were not taking it seriously. But now that he has gone ahead and produced a letter of financing the deal with big names like Morgan Stanley and Bank of America behind him, I guess the Twitter board is now considering it seriously. And look, the Twitter stock historically hasn't done well. Like when we talk about Twitter, we think about the big tech companies, right? Facebook, Instagram, YouTube. And yet the Twitter stock price has done very poorly as compared to the other companies. So in a way, Elon making the offer and giving it a, there is a significant premium from what the stock price was trading in even two, three months back, right? It's about a 50% premium, so it was- It makes financial sense. Financial sense for the existing investors. Absolutely. Right. So this key question here really is what is his plan? So that is what all the speculation has been about because he's dropped various hints about what he wants to do with Twitter. The most significant one being that he wants to add an edit button. But also some dangerous stuff regarding, for instance, you know, all the users will be verified supposedly to prevent spam accounts, but which could also put activists and minorities, many of these people in danger. And then there's also this big elephant in the room, which is this notion of free speech as well, which he is touted time and again, he said Twitter is a town hall. That's how it should be. All kinds of voices should be there. So what's your take on what look like, what really seems to be the plan? Is it to make money? Because I don't know that's happening. Well, I think that would also be part of, I mean, Elon Musk is after all a capitalist, a big businessman and making money would be a part of it. Like I said that because Twitter's market value is much less than the other companies, it would be a attractive company to take over on the cheap and then see if you can expand its market cap to something like closer to Facebook and other platforms. And if he's successful in doing that, then he will make a huge amount of money, right? So that clearly probably is one of his motivations. He's also talked about free speech, right? So there is a political angle to it.  So there could be a political motivation. Though Twitter themselves, other than banning the right wing accounts, their record of free speech has been actually pretty abysmal, right? I mean, the current Ukraine war has shown that they have gone very aggressively against any voices which are not towing the American establishment line, right? So it's not just Twitter, all the big tech companies, right? Facebook, YouTube, the big media houses in the West. They effectively look like they're taking directions directly from American defense establishment and the military establishment. And they have banned a lot of dissenting voices. So it's not like this play of evil enormous taking on this- Be kind of hope that is Twitter. That is Twitter. I mean, Twitter has a pretty bad record. Elon Musk has a pretty bad record. And so it in some ways is a power play between elite circles of American Western establishment, right? That's how I would see it. So basically, it's two sets of oligarchs competing over what is a large public platform. It is two sets of corporate interest, right? And one representing the American right, which is the Republican Party and Donald Trump. And the other, America doesn't have a left, right? The other is- Far less right. The Democratic Party, which is now more a party of war than the Republicans. Historically, the Republicans were the party of war, right? At least more than the Democrats were. But I mean, with the Obama administration and the Biden administration, those roles seem to have reversed. Absolutely. Right. So what you're also pointing out basically is that while a lot of concern has been raised in probably very legitimately regarding the global impact and issues like that. And also this notion of some absolute idea of free speech. When you look at actual terms, Twitter almost has a very bad record itself. And what Elon Musk could bring is also a very bad record. So there's no real, like you said, it's not a black and white, a good and evil battle in the sense. But that said, how do you also see this in terms of, Twitter is, of course, we understand that it's a tech company. It's obviously a product of a very capitalist environment. But it is also, like many other social media firms, acquired a kind of public space, which is what Elon Musk also hints when he says town square. And it is capitalized on a lot of our individual networks, which is how Twitter is made ultimately. It's all about our networks, about our willingness to engage with each other, about desire to do so. And that is what has made, that is what Twitter has sort of taken up and taken over. But how do we see the sort of, as time passes, do we see, is this a consolidation of big tech? Is this, are we moving towards more such things in this direction, for instance? Yeah, so the consolidation of the media space is actually a longer term trend than big tech itself. Big tech is what we're talking about the last 10, 20 years. But the media space, like Chomsky writing in the early 90s, was talking about the, like, ten companies effectively which reached 90% of the American population. So that has been, that's a long term process happening. Big tech, if anything, has accelerated that process, right? And you now have companies like Facebook and Twitter through which most of us get our information. And so they, in a way, control the information which we have easy access to. And now with these tech billionaires, these people, individuals, unlike earlier, where a group of companies would control the big media spaces. And because there were a group of companies, there would be some space which would open up for democratic discussions. Papers like New York Times, they would, for foreign affairs, they would still tow the line of the State Department. But for internal domestic politics, there would be some space of debate and discussion. Those are now closing, right? And if you have people like Bezos, Amazon founder, and he's no longer the CEO, right? But he's the founder of Amazon. Bezos taking over Washington Post, where a single individual owns the entire news publication. Now you have far more concentrated media ownership patterns. Media ownership patterns. And the platforms further restrict that, right? Because the platform, now just you publishing a story is not going to reach the people. People consume it through these platforms. And so the platforms further narrow down what is available to you, right? And so that clearly is happening. We're now with Elon Musk taking over, a single individual, taking over the ownership of a platform. So you have extreme concentration of information and sources of information. Right. I'll also find you one last question in the sense that we're talking about what this means for the United States capitalism in general. But for us in the global south across the world, we do know, for instance, in India, the right wing is very excited about the fact that there's been a lot of celebration in the right wing about Elon Musk taking over. And we do know that globally, he's somehow seen as some kind of right wing icon in various ways for whatever reasons. But do we also see this affecting how Twitter functions in our respective countries, in our respective regions? We know for a fact that, for example, in case of Facebook, not only were Facebook policies very supportive of the current government and its ideology and were much more amenable to carry hate speech from the BJP and the right while blocking voices against that from the opposition. Twitter was also, to some extent, doing that. We didn't see hate speech being blocked by Twitter. Also, the Indian government laws were such that these platforms effectively had to follow the directives of the government. So I don't know whether it really makes much of a difference in that way. The right wing elements in India celebrating this is more of an ideological affinity because Musk has been supportive of Trump and the Indian right wing kind of identifies with the American right wing. So in that way, they would be supportive. But anyway, these platforms were very, they were almost in the pockets of the Indian establishment. So I don't see much of a difference. From a global South point of view, the platforms were, especially the Ukraine war, like we have said, have shown how biased the platforms are where they're just refusing to carry any anti-West, anti-American, or not even anti, right? Even voices which are critical of American policies, they would not carry. So in that sense, whether, and that's not going to change with Musk. Musk can talk all he wants about free speech, but he's not going to go against the American defense establishment, their military and foreign policies. In fact, he offered to send Stalin's terminals to Ukraine as well. Yeah. And he has justified coups like, for example, the coup in Bolivia where somebody pointed out that the Bolivian coup directly benefited him because they captured the Lithium mines in Bolivia. And he said that we'll coup whoever we want, and I deal with it, right? So in terms of that policy. Bonafide imperialism, right? That politics is not going to make any difference. All right. Thank you so much, Mubba, for talking to us. That's all we have time for today. We'll keep a watch on what this means for Twitter, what kind of new policies are emerging as well. Until then, keep watching People's Dispatch.


الحمد لله رب العالمين ولا عاقبة للمتقين ولا عدوان إلا على الظالمين وأصلي وأصلم على منبعث رحمة للعالمين سيدنا ونبنى محمد وعلى آله وصحبه ومن تبيعهم بحسان لا يومدين أما بعده وعنا وكتاب عمدة لحكام للإمام الحافظ عبدالغني عبدالواحد المقدسي رحمه الله نحن نحصل بابه الغسل من الجنابة الغسل يعني أن الإغتسال يتوش ويطبع أن تعميم البدن بالمائي للغسل ويطبع الماء ويتوش your whole body ويطبع الغسل ويطبع غسل غسل يعني أن تعميمه ويطبع الماء ويطبع الماء ويطبع الماء ويطبع الماء وكتاب غسل الشيخ من الجنابة جنابة يعني أن اللغة اللغة ديزتنس جنابه يعني في العربية لنوستيكية يعني بعض ديزتنس فار but تكنيكية يعني انزال المني when a person releases or سيمن انزال المني when many comes out سيمن يأتي this is called جنابه why so what's the what is the connection between the linguistic and the technical meaning في المستيكية يعني يعني فار it means that the many is far from the body now it used to be inside the body صحيح الجنابه so لأن المني باعد عن محليه وانتقل عن it left the place it used to be in and now it's somewhere very far and also it can also be it can also mean that the reason why it's called جنابه تكنيكية is because the person is told to distance himself from عبادات he is told to distance himself from عبادات such as the صلاة and anything other than it until he until he purifies himself so maybe that's maybe why it might be called جنابه اخواني there are five reasons why a person has to do جنابه five reasons there are five reasons where is where is a where a person has to do sorry has to do وصل sorry there are five reasons why a person has to do وصل واشيه himself the first one is خروج المني it's that the word many comes out سيمن comes out of the person it doesn't matter whether he's alive whether he's awake or whether he's asleep it doesn't matter whether فيليا قضا often know whether he's sleeping اه the second one is الجماعة سكشو انتو كوس وإلا ميانزل even nothing even if something doesn't come out if the private part of the man and the private part of the woman they both touch if the person has to do and وصل from that as the messenger said عليه الصلاة والسلام if a man sits between the woman's two legs ثم جهدها he strives فقد واجب الوصل ووصل becomes واجب on him وإلا ميانزل even if nothing comes out even if nothing comes out number two and number three sorry is إسلام والكافر if a disbeliever takes islam he has to do وصل it's obligatory واجب واجب واجب and the reason is the حديث of قيس ابن عاصم now the messenger صلاة والسلام when he took islam he said فأمره رصور صلاة والسلام أن يقتسل بماء وصدر him the prophet told him to clean himself with water and we're going to talk about that when we come to كتابه الجناب جن كتابه الجنازة the جنازة and everything we got here basically to clean himself properly with soap and clean himself so it's obligatory for the disbeliever to why where's the evidence that it's obligatory the prophet ordered me and you know all of you وصول الفق ودعو لما ديسي ألأمره تقتضي الوجوبي ما لم يأتي قرينا تصرف عن الوجوبي الى الندب if the prophet orders something it shows obligation unless there comes another text that diverts that command into it being highly recommended or something does that make sense so the prophet ordered me means that it's obligatory okay unless you bring another evidence to say no it wasn't then it remains واجب so number four is the menstrual cycle comes to an end the woman has to clean himself clean herself and and the evidence for that is if your menstrual cycle comes to you then leave this prayer and if she and if your menstrual cycle leaves فغتسلي and they're not وصلي and pray okay and pray now you might ask yourself okay where is the where's the nifas the height okay that's the evidence for it where's the nifas the nifas that it takes the ruling of the height is the consensus of the scholars that it takes the same ruling and the last one is friday it's obligatory for the person to do وصل every friday واجب because the prophet the prophet the fast sorry the bath of friday the prophet said it's واجب it's obligatory the prophet is he said واجب على كل محتلمن on everybody who's reached age of is it obligatory on the woman yeah is obligatory on the woman we'll say that the جبعة is not even واجب علىها how is the وصل going to be واجب علىها the pillars of so the things that we need to do وصل from are those five correct what are the pillars of وصل two two things the first one is intention there has to be a difference between the normal وصل that you have every morning when you wake up you know just clean yourself and and what this وصل which is which is عبادة there has to be a difference between the two the second one is the water has to cover every part of your body that's a second pillar now water has to be on everywhere benefit it is not obligatory on the woman نقب شعرها it is not obligatory on the woman to open her plat when she when the وصل is from what sexual intercourse if it's from جلابة if a woman plat her hair and she's had sexual intercourse with her husband she doesn't have to do what she doesn't have to open her hair because remember that pillar only applies when when it's حيض أن يفاسفوها and the reason why we say why he said that is first for the evidence لشك ده حديثة وموسلمة and the second one is the second one is the the the second one is it goes against the قواعد الشريعة قواعد القبرة the general and maximum maximum sorry juice prune the ruling which is المشقة تجليب التيسير it will be harder on the woman to always just clean herself to open a plat because sexual intercourse occurs more frequent than the حيض occurs the حيض is once a month so on opening like I'm platting is easy I'm platting is I'm platting I'm platting is easy but for her to after sexual intercourse every time she has I'm platting it brings مشقة it's hardship on her it's hardship on on her and inshallah when we took about the way to do the we will mention that also what is permissible brothers we have to remember is that it is permissible huh for the man and the woman to both have it is permissible some people think that no uh يجوزوا الى الرجولي الى زوجيني the two are married and both of them to have a in one place both of them are allowed to look at each other's aura without any exceptions not those who say that the woman's aura cannot be looked at her private part her husband قال look at it that is a weak point the evidence for that is عايش رضي الله تعالى عنها the حديث المخاري المسلم which will come inshallah we'll see is كنت اختصره which will come to us inshallah I used to do وصل and clean myself and our رسول الله مين the messenger من الائل واحد from one place ونحن جنو باني we were both we had جنابة we both had جنابة the other one inshallah is the غسل which is مستحب the غسل which are مستحب brother brothers is eight eight times it's مستحب to do غسل the first one is الاختصال to do غسل ها after after intimacy are you with me some of you might think that's where you we thought that was where it means if the man wants to do again he doesn't have to he can have intimacy if he's got more than one wife for instance and he has intimacy with his wife and then he goes and he has intimacy with the other wife and the other wife and the other wife or even one wife he has it once he finishes it goes again and go on great it's مستحب that he has a bath between each one does that make sense but if he chooses to do all after when he finishes everything he says i'm going to do once that's the obligatory one واضح but in between so غسل غسل in between جماع جماع is highly recommended highly recommended what's the evidence for that is the حديث of the professor of salama abirafi he said the nabisa of salama طافة ذاتا ليلة in one day the prophet he basically went around all his wives and then and intimacy with them and he has a bath here and then he goes to the next one and there's a bath there and he goes to the next one and he has a bath there and he goes to the next one and he does it everyone individually and they asked him عليه الصلاة والسلام he said يا رسول الله او مثل جماع الله الا اتج عنه واحدا why don't you just clean yourself once and why don't you just do all at once after you're finished the message صلى الله عليه وسلم they said ها ده ازكا ده اسمه بيو و اطيب و اطحر this is more and that's good for the man if he's married to more than one wife not to go with the other wife with that kind of odor and that smell it's not pure it's not clean and also what is means i've seen that scientifically it's also proven and islam allelه حب ده المدينة I mentioned before is when the man reaches that type of his body reaches that heat if he has a bath it is easy for him to go and that's why وضوء is highly recommended as well وضوء just the best to to call himself down so it's مستحب two اغتسال المستحابة لكل صلاة the second one is the woman who has استحابة استحادة is the woman who's got continuous blood it's nothing to do with حيث this is not menstrual cycle it just she just bleeds consistently it's recommended that she does also every every صلاة to every before every prayer it's highly ركبند it's not obligatory she doesn't have to it's recommended purity she's going to stand in front of الله تعالى so before every prayer she cleans herself she goes she prays that woman but when it comes to وضوء we're going to mention like one of the scholars that some believe that she has to do every every prayer the third one is اغتسال وعند اغماء having a bath after you fainted it's highly recommended as well when you faint and you lose your conscience it's highly recommended for the person to do وصول as well the before وغتسال من دفن المشرك the fourth one is having a bath after barrier barrier a polyapagan a disbeliever a مشرك and that is the evidence of the process about علي بي어�ب اطالب he came to the prophet when he buried his father about لتكون لديه أسفة عيدة وطيب العرفة الناس يجبون أن يفعلها وطيبها لذا يجبون أن يفعلها رقم 6 هو أن تفعل رسل من رسل الميت بعد أن تفعل أنت تأخذ فرصة بعد أن تأخذ فرصة ومجموعة المجموعة قلت من غسل مييتا فلي اختصر anyone who washes a dead he should have a bath other evidences have removed it ديلا I have removed it we'll come to it insha'Allah the seventh one is الغصر الإحرام أو العمرة أو الحج when you're doing عمرة الحج and you add the ميقات before you put your cloth is recommended that you do غصر فوحج أو عمرة you need to have a bath eighth which is the last one الغصر الإدخولي مكة when you're entering مكة to do غصر just before you enter the حدود of حرم even if you did come from the ميقات and you've had a bath but when you meet مكة before you enter مكة you go and you stop and now in Saudi Arabia there's a place called تنعيم تنعيم which is a Masjid عائشة it's on the حدود الحرم it's حدود الحرم so when you come for the ميقات for example if you're coming from مدينة the ميقات that you've just passed from in مدينة is called دل حليفة that's the ميقات in مدينة so you've had a bath you've cleaned yourself you put your حرام on so your five hours or four hours it's four or five hours drive on the road you do your تلبيه لبك الله you do your تلبيه you do your تلبيه you're not chatting on the phone or texting or some people do if you're driving yourself or if you're on a coach whatever it is you're just doing your ذكر while you're getting there okay by the time you reach مكة just before you enter you're going to come to the the road that you're taking they call it طريق السريعة the motorway you're on it will come to حدود الحرم so you will tell you you've now entered the border of حرم just before you see that sign مسجد عائشة which is a very big well built I think you find on your left side yeah on your left side it's on your left and that place is called تنعين you just go there you have another bath again and then 5 minutes later you're going into حدود الحرم you're going into حرم and you've cleaned yourself so just before you enter those 8 are also what the مستحبات highly recommended how to do it we're going to mention it in the class الحريص الثامن والعشرون so now we have an overview of this topic now we're going to go into حديث and extract all the benefits that are in it okay الحديث الثامن والعشرون the 28 حديث عنابي هريرة رضي الله تعالى عنه أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لقياه في بعض طرق مديلة وهو جنوب قال فنخانسا فنخانسانتو so what does your what does your نسخ say what does your one say فنخانستو فنخانستو هه نعم فنخانستو منه فذهبت فقتسلت ثم جئت فقال أين كنت يا أبا هريرة قال كنت جنوما فكريت أن أجاليسك وانا على غير طهارت فقال لي سبحان الله إن المؤمنة إن المؤمنة لا ينجس أبو هريرة إن نسح حديث نسح حديث is corrected by بخارية المسلم بخارية نريت نريت نسح حديث الكتاب الغصلي نريت it اوني يمو مصيبا ديادحان ينريت this حديث الكتابه كتاب الطهارة ينريت ويكتابه الطهارة the biography of أبو هريرة we took his ترجمة his biography when we were on the the second حديث the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم أن حبيه هريرة أن النبي اللقيه في بعض طرق المدينة the prophet met the prophet met أبو هريرة in one of the some of the roads of the Medina وهو جنو بون، أبو هوريرا was in a state of what؟ جنابه؟ So the Prophet met him, they met. So what did the Prophet do? He said what did he do؟ When he saw the Prophet, he said فَنْ خَنَسْتُ مِنْهُ خَنَسْتُ مِنْهُ is I slightly pulled back from the Messenger. He pulled back. And he left him. And it means that the Prophet was holding his hand. The Prophet was holding his hand. And this is to show you that the purity and the fitl of those people.  They need to fear and worry. But now in a society like that, if a man even grabs his shoulder like what does he want from me? Why is he grabbing my shoulder for? And he looks at you more than required and it's nothing wrong. Because people have that. When the society is like, it's very evil. So أبوه رضي الله تعالى عنه. He said when the Prophet grabbed my hand, this is the best man who ever walked on his hand. And he said I'm in a state of impurity. And he's got my hand.  And so what did I do? He said I left him.  I went, I had a bath to clean myself. Then I came back to him. So قال the Prophet said to me أين كنت أبا هوريرا أبا هوريرا where are you? And then he said to him قال كنت جنوبان or messenger of Allah I was in a state of janaba. The messenger said to him And he said he carried on and said فكره to I disliked. And I didn't like the idea of sitting with you. And I'm not impurity. Then the messenger said سبحان الله. The believer never becomes impure. سبحان الله. It's to exalt Allah. To purify him. سبحانه وتعالى. Anything that does not be fit his majesty. سبحانه وتعالى. And this is The Prophet is amazed. The Prophet thinks of this. He believes this. This of himself. That he's impure individual. Due to the impurity that had fallen on him. نعم. فقوا الحديث. استحباب الطهارة عند مجالسة العلماء والجلوس في حلق العلم احتراباً وتكريباً وتوقيراً لهم ونلعلم الذي يلقى عليهم. It's recommended. استحباب. That it's recommended. To be upon purity when sitting with the people of knowledge. First benefit that we take from the Hadith. Is what? That it's recommended. What is recommended? That we are on purity when sitting with the علماء. And taking knowledge from them. And sitting together is recommended. It's good. To honor. نعم. Number two. الحرص to strive على مرافقة العلماء. To strive to befriend the people of knowledge. And to follow them in their traveling and their movements. And their scholars going around. Go with him. Have him with him. Benefit from him. متعب ركاته مدعوية العلمية. He said I'm going to go.  I'm going to go to this country. I'm going to. I'm with you. I'm traveling with you. Definitely. To benefit from his journey there. And when he goes there you're going to see something you can benefit from. Through the way you can ask him as much questions as you want. To strive to that. As Abu Huraira was. Three. ألحثوا عارستي إذان عند الخروج من المجرس. أول مكان أول مرافق. Also to take permission. That when you want to leave a gathering. Don't walk out. Or a place. That the manner is that the person takes permission. And she goes walk out. I'm going. Or you're sitting with somebody. And she goes I need to go. Ask him permission. It's a good manners. Very good manners. Four. جواز الخروج إلى الشارع. The permissibility of walking out on the road. In a state of Jalaba. It is permissible. That the person doesn't have to be on purity every time. Doesn't have to. It's recommended. It's good. But it's not good. Also. والسلام. And also you can give greetings to people. And you are allowed to come to gatherings of knowledge. And other matters. In a state which you're not pure. Even though it is خلاف الأولى. Even though it goes against what was better. The better part. We've missed out on a lot. Five. تميه العالم اتبع. That the scholar he alerts. He brings to the attention of those who are with him. He's students. And those who are around him. And those who follow him. على الأخبار. The mistakes that come. التي تصدروا منهم. The mistakes that they do. Like the Prophet corrected. To actually think that he was an impure person. And to bring to the attention. To bring to the attention of the student. What is correct. Number six. الجنابة. تلسط نجاسة. تحلو البدن. Then the نجاسة. The جنابة. Which is إزال الملي. It's a term to come out. جنابة. It's not something that. That encompasses your whole body. It may happen to you. You're impure. Yes. But you're not dirty from your hands. Or you're not dirty from your cheeks. Or your face.  Or your neck. Or your stomach. You're not. That's why the man can hug his wife while she's on the جنابة. Number eight. Seven. لا يقالوا للمؤمن. You don't say to a believer. إنه نجاس. You don't say. لأن المؤمن لا ينجاس. Because the mu'min does not become impure. Eight. جواز التعجبي بسبحة الله. That when you are amazed with something. Some people say. هولي مولي شمولي. When they get. تعجب. What do you say? سبحان الله. Exalted is Allah. You get shocked with something a person does. This is when you're amazed and you're تعجب. سبحان الله. لا إله إلا الله. لا حول ولا أخوة. Those words you see. That you. سبحان الله. Some people say the F word. The B word. Or whatever this. And then imagine if they were in a car crash. And that was the last word that came out of their mouth. How dangerous it is. So a person last minute. سبحان الله. If he says. لا إله إلا الله. You see how. And that could be the last moment of your life. Something happens to you.  Insha'Allah. Number nine. المؤمنة طاهر. ونحيا. وميت. That the believer is pure. Whether he's alive or dead. Because the hadith shows in the movement. And that the believer does not become impure. Dead or alive. It doesn't matter. Number 10. دليل على طهارة عرق المسلم. وليعابه. ومخاطه. ولو كان جنوما. That the Muslim. This is evidence. That the believer sweat. The believer sweat. Or he saliva. He's pure even if he's what? He's جنوما. So it doesn't mean if he drinks something. And he's on جنوما. نعب. He's impure. Take it. Because remember. The reason why that would be a. A reason that some people may think is. Because why? Why would they think that? Because there are many something that comes out of your body. Saliva and something comes out of your body. They might think to themselves. That this is also impure. نعب. And we believe that. 11. مشروعية تستقداني تابع للمتبع في الإنصراف. وذلك أن الاستقداني من حصنه. أدبه التربية. We mentioned that. Taking the legislation of taking permission to leave. We mentioned that. Number 11. Which is the legislation of taking permission of the person who is with an individual. And when he wants to leave. And that is from good manners. Number 12. جواز التأخير والوصري من الجنابة. The permissibility of delaying. يغوصل. We also mentioned that in a different way. Number 13. The permissibility. That is also high. That is permissible. That the person could talk about. The person could talk about. About himself. Something that which normally people would be shy of to talk about. For a مصرحة. For a reason. Yeah. أبو حريرا. أبو حريرا. Mentioning that he's not a janaba. But he told it. ليلة مصرحة. Because those are good in it. For the Prophet to know. And that the Prophet doesn't think he just left him like that. Told him. Now. Number 14. العناية to the Prophet ﷺ. The Prophet is concerned. To his companions. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. And that he looked for them. لم أكن أعلم لماذا أبو حريرا قلته لم أكن أعلم وقاله لم أكن أعلم لماذا أبو حريرا قلت


Welcome, Devani. Welcome to Arizona State University. Welcome, Whitney. Here we are. Hey, to be welcomed by you is the greatest treat, but we should be the ones welcoming you, of course. Well, what I love about what you've done in Love and Friendship, in addition to amplifying this Sir James Martin character, is showing power and women and power in this era, and I think Kate Beckinsdale's performance, but obviously your script and your novel make sense of... Yeah, I don't know. Yeah, tell me more, because I think... this idea that women haven't been powerful and haven't been influential, and now it's the first time when we're doing something. I mean, because... And I have some friends who had mothers and they're mother's friends who married, you know, very important, powerful men, and they completely controlled the men, and they were so good at manipulating and getting... Well, Lady Susan's a good example of that history. And so Lady Susan is an early example of that, but it goes back in time, Cherche la femme, it's the woman behind the throne, and you see this just so many places. Yeah. You're showing the sphere in which she's allowed to exercise that power, and it is not the same sphere, I think. But also, in literature and fiction, women were rather dominant in fiction, I believe. Yeah. Mrs. Radcliffe, Benny Burnie, Jane Austen. Yes, and there were the most prolific novelists in the period, and I think the novel is a new genre, so it was open territory, kind of like the Wild West of literature, and it was populated at least half by women. Austen actually wrote during the decade when the numbers of female writers started to decline a bit in the novel form, which is funny. She was writing at a moment of... She was counter-cyclical. Yeah, isn't that amazing? And her use of... and that sensibility by a lady that was actually going out of fashion by the time she used it, and this is stuff that we can find out now with these large data sets... Well, that's good to know. I'm glad that she sort of had the old-fashioned attitude, the retro attitude back then. Yeah, she was using it after its moment, which I think is also cool. Yeah, she never put her name on a book.


Okay. Hello. My name is Daniel and continuing on from Harald's talk, I'm going to talk about how to run your GPS Edge data services network with OsmoCon software. So which one of you has already run GPS data services? Okay, quite a few. So it's probably going to be boring for you as well. But yeah, I hope you'll survive. First of all, the great picture. Again, this time I'm going to concentrate on the lower part. So the packet switched network, again you have the phone which connects via UM to a BTS. BTS connects to the BSC. And then or BSC, in our case, it's the network in a box. And then you have PC usually with the BSC that connects to the SGSN via the GB interface and so on to the GGSN where authentication is done inside the packet switch network. So what we have implemented so far is a little bit simplified. Again, we have the phone obviously the Osmo BTS which basically also houses the Osmo PCU. So the PCU is the packet control unit. That's different from those of you who know classical networks where the PC usually is at the BSC level. So yes, then the Osmo PCU connects to the Osmo SGSN through the GB interface and that connects through GTP to the OpenGGSN where the connection is terminated. So the IP packets basically tunnel from the MS to the OpenGGSN and there they go into the wild. Additionally to the configuration that Harald has showcased, we also need configuration for the Osmo NITB. So as Harald mentioned, the BTS is basically configured by the BSC or in our case, the Osmo NITB. And the same is true for GPRS. So the Osmo NITB when the Osmo BTS connects to it sends also the GPRS configuration parameters to the Osmo BTS process which then talks to the Osmo PCU and so the Osmo PCU will know where to connect to. We need some configuration for the Osmo PCU and then of course for the other services Osmo SGSN and Osmo GGSN. So here it's just, I mean, we can run everything on one box. So it's also a data network in a box if you want. But for generalization sake, I've just now shown the configuration what you would do if you have everything on a different box because some larger installations you'll probably want that. So we have the Osmo NITB which has its own IP address can be run separately. You have the Osmo BTS which sits on the same device as the Osmo PCU. So they have the same IP address there. Then the Osmo SGSN has an interface facing the Osmo PCU which has an IP address and also has an interface facing the Osmo GSN with its own IP address which can be the same but doesn't have to be. And the Open GGSN can still be another box with a different IP address. So for the PCU, you generally just have the lower level configuration. So you set up which coding scheme to use. So coding scheme for GPRS is how much redundancy you want to include in your packets. If you use maximum coding scheme for GPRS, then you don't have any redundancy. So if you have any bit errors, a packet gets dropped and has to be retransmitted. While coding scheme one has lots of redundancies and you have very limited throughput. Then there are some parameters to configure the maximum coding scheme that you want to use, the thresholds of bit errors at which you want to upgrade to the next higher coding scheme or the next lower coding scheme if the error is too high. And allocation algorithm dynamic is more a historical thing. We had two different allocation algorithms back when the Osmo PCU wasn't really stable. But right now you'll want dynamic and it will know whether to allocate only one slot or multiple slots. So with GPRS, you have the time slot system and with GPRS, you can use multiple time slots together to increase your throughput rate for a subscriber. And then another interesting option for the PCU is the TBF idle time. So TBF is the temporary block flow which exists in two variants, uplink and downlink. So downlink means to the phone, uplink means from the phone to the network. And as a network, we have the choice after we have sent all data to the MS, we can still keep this temporary block flow open and wait if there might be more data. So for example, for TCP connection, the phone sends a sudden up to the network, then it has an uplink TBF obviously. At some point in time, the reply comes, Sennach. And so the Sennach generates a downlink TBF to the phone. But after this packet has been sent, then basically usually you would close the TBF again. But it doesn't make any sense because the phone wanted to talk to the network. So next thing it sends an act together with the request and it gets an answer. And then you have to go through this whole establishment procedure of creating a new DLTBF again and again potentially for many exchanges over and over again. So that really helps with the downlink throughput. Milliseconds. Okay, so as I mentioned, most of the configuration of the Osmo PCU comes from the NITB. So I've also basically the other parts that Harold has mentioned belong there as well. They're just left out for simplicity's sake. You would have GPS mode, GPS instead of GPS mode none, which is the default if you don't put anything. Then you have the routing area. It's basically similar to the location area code for classical GSM. And then the ENZINE network or the BVCI and the ENZINE, the BSS virtual connection identifier and the network service equipment or endpoint identifier. Those are basically just numbers that we choose. It has to do with the classical structure of the GSM network. This was typically run over Fremule, so you could have redundancies and use different NS connections to terminate the GB link. And yeah, well, long story short, for our purposes, you just pick a number, those two numbers identify the cell, the system, and then you can address or the SGSN can address the PCU based on that. Because as you can see below there, it uses UDP with static ports and not in place. You might not have such a good time identifying the different connections. Then for the NS virtual circuit zero, which is the only one we use, you have the local UDP port, which is the port that address packets are sent from on the PCU. And the remote UDP port is where it's sent to, obviously, and the remote IP is the IP address these packets are sent to. So why are local and remote ports not the same here? They could be if everything's on a different box, but if you run it on the same box, well, you would have the remote IP address of 127.001, and you wouldn't be able to send from the same port combination, so that's why it's different. And with this IP address AA, so this link to go to the Asma SGSN, to that interface. For the TRX, you have to, as Harald mentioned, configure the time slots. It can be a PDCH, which is a static configuration for this time slot. And probably you want to have at least one PDCH configured all the time. And quite recently, we also have dynamic time slots, which are used as PDCH if no calls are ongoing. And so TCHF and TCHH are the traffic channels for voice calls. So we have a dynamic mode of operation where you can have as many TCHs as you need for voice connections. And if you don't have a call ongoing, then this time slot can also be used as a PDCH to bundle the data and to get faster connectivity. And also the PDCHs should be used or should be in continuous order. So we always have them all bunched at the end and then run into any problems with allocating multi-slot TBF. Okay, so on to the SGSN. SGSN has two parts, the NS part in the bottom is basically its connection, its interface to the PCO. Encapsulation, UDP, local IP is AAA as seen in the network diagram. The local port is the port that we previously set the PCU to send data to or we set the configuration in the Osmo NITP, but that's what Osmo PCU then uses. Framrelay is supported, or we support Framrelay to your generic route capsulation as well, but we don't use it here. And the upper part is the SGSN node which has the connection to the GGSN as well. So for the GTP link, we set the local IP. So it binds or it can bind to a different IP there than it does for the NS link because the SGSN doesn't really need to be in the public network. So, yeah, I mean we can have different interfaces bound there. So then we configure the first and the only GGSN with the remote IP C.C.C.C. USGTP version one. And again, same as with the NITP, we have the off policy which here is set to closed. Closed means it will accept all IMZs where the first digits match the mobile country code and mobile network code name. So we don't really have, if you look at this again, the Osmo SGSN now tries to do authentication as well. But if we're operating the Osmo NITP where the VLR and the HLR is located, we can't really do that. We don't have access to the keys or to the subscriber list. So in the simple case, we have to do something or add a subscriber list in the SGSN itself. So off policy closed. There's also different other off policies. They can be accept all which just accepts everyone. Which might not be a good idea if you're broadcasting with power and on a public place. Closed accepts only the matching ones and the ones that are defined in the ACLs. ACL only, obviously only accepts the ones in the ACL and off policy remote was recently introduced with Osmo HLR, which if you're running a more complicated setup with not just Osmo NITP, you can or it can connect to the HLR and basically use the key data for real authentication, not just accepting them into the network and encryption as well. So yeah, the ACLs are just MZ ACL add and then the MZ and then that subscriber is allowed into the packet network as well. So yeah, the GGSN is quite, configuration is quite easy as well. Just specify a listen address to bind to again, then a network prefix where when you start open GGSN, it will create its own tunnel device where the IP packets of the subscribers fall out. So that's the address range that assigned the addresses to the the MS to the phones and then DNS server that will be handed along as well. Yeah, exactly. So it can easily be seen that we have VTY interfaces in the Osmo NITP, VTY in the Osmo BTS, VTY in the Osmo PC, or VTY in the Osmo SGSN, but this one is named open GGSN. So obviously there can't be a VTY interface. We or Harold, I think, resurrected the project. It was an existing project and it now has, I mean, it has Osmo lip Osmo integration now with the control interface. Yes. But I mean, it works well or well enough for us. So we didn't really need to add more to it right now. I change in the future. Okay, so some miscellaneous stuff. If you want to get it all running, you have to set up and they connect to each other. Then a couple of things you could easily forget is enable forwarding and masquerading on the box where the open GGSN is running because then the packets arrived there and the computer doesn't know what to do with it. And on phones, I mean, on Android phones, mostly the type of phone I use to test GPS. And you might have to enable data roaming, which happens if your SIM card is allowed into the network but has a different prefix than the network you're running, then it will be a roaming or the phone recognizes it as a roaming case. And because it doesn't know it's a community network where you don't pay roaming charges, usually it will just block you. I think early iPhones don't care, so they might work anyway. And the access point name must be set manually. So on Android phones, if you put in one of our SIM cards and you start it up for the first time, then it, I believe it has an internal database with the MCs and network names and then looks up which APN, so which access point name to use and the data for that. And obviously for our networks, it doesn't have that. So it just stays blank. The APN, in that configuration, we ignored completely. So you can set any name, username, no password, and it will just work. But Android phones refuse to connect via GPRS if you don't have an APN set. So, yeah. Okay. Now, the hard part. So, there I can see in the bottom. So I've logged in to OpenBSC, which is the Osmo NITP. So this is the VTY interface with logging. And let's see. What is it? There. This is the Osmo SGSN. So first, I can do is show NS. So here it will say that it has the NCI1234, NSBC1234. The remote BSS is alive and unblocked and it's coming from local host port 23001. So the PCU is talking to the Osmo SGSN. And I should also see some logging messages here. Show MM context all shows that it doesn't have any MM context or show PDP context all. So currently no phones are registered there. Then, okay, let's see. This phone out of airplane mode. Okay. So we missed the CS part, the packet switched part. There we go. You can see the logging messages. The yellow messages are basically right now the interesting ones. You have an attach request. The SGSN asks for the identity, it gets a response. Then the authorization just happens and we authorize it and we send back the GPRS attach accept and attach complete. So that's the GPRS attach attaching to the network and after that we activate the PDP context. So the phone asks for requests and activate PDP context. We found GGSN for APN TYU. So I was quite creative with creating the APN here. You can also have different GGSNs for different APNs and then have different data services according to that or terminate into an internal network or into the internet. But right now this is just the bare bones configuration. And then so this happens on the NS link. Then on GTP the SGSN asks the GGSN to create a PDP context. This comes back with a confirmation has been accepted. And yes, after that we send back and activate PDP context acknowledgement and then we have unit data here which is basically the phone trying to browse one of its Android, Google or cell servers but I don't have internet right now so that's not going to work. So yes, basically that's it. Does anyone have any questions? We have this microphone to pass around so if anyone has a question please raise your hand and I'll. Hello. Thank you. I just want to ask you the current status of the integration with the user IP, the V200. It's feasible today if we want to set up our network using GPRS to use this device from it too? I think it should be. I mean it works with Osmo TRX, Osmo BTS TRX. So what I don't know is if the physical layer is up to it to generate those messages. Because you have different coding scheme for GPRS on the physical layer but. I think there's no issue whatsoever. I'm not aware of any issue why it shouldn't work but we are not the ones who have lots of experience with the USB device but I don't think there is a problem. Yeah in fact I always had tried to get close to GPRS. Sorry. You said it worked for you? Yeah unless I'm confused. It worked for me last time I tried it. Thank you very much. Once more for the stream. So you have a question? So right now you're running all the software on the laptop right? No right now I'm running all the software on the Osmo BTS. So what did you put in as IP addresses? You had all the IP addresses on the slides? So this is the special case. Everything on one device. So I have remote IP as local host. Let's see the PCU has no IPs configured. So yeah that's one special case if you're running everything on one device. For the NS interface it's just local host port 23,000. The PCU is 23,001. And for GTP the local IP is 127,001 and it sends to 127,002 because otherwise it would receive its own GTP traffic. And then the not Osmo open GGS and configs located here just listens on 127,002 and that's all you need. And if I had a default route well it has a default route but if my laptop had internet connectivity it could serve as well. So I have a question that I think I know the answer to and then I would love to share a statement that caused me to lose many hours of my life unproductively. The question is is that all of this business with different loopback IP addresses kind of because of overlapping ports is because it's all some standard that you guys didn't pick right? Okay yeah that's what I thought. And then the comment that is incredibly obscure is that I've discovered that if you are playing with this stuff using an existing operator SIM card so that's you haven't rolled your own. You can connect to the network you know if the SIM card kind of will allow it but a lot of SIM cards have secret blacklists for which networks they are willing to pull data from. So you can have something that looks like it works completely for CS but will break for packet switch because the SIM card is prohibiting it. FOI. You're sure it's not just the APN configuration? I'm certain. Oh yeah there's something here. Well you can store on a SIM card you can store what's called a forbidden or an APN blacklist so there's a special file on the SIM card which the operator can provision which contains basically yeah a blacklist of APNs that phones are not permitted to access. I'm not sure. I think there's even wildcard possibility. I'm not quite sure about that but I'm pretty sure there is. And another fun fact are BlackBerry phones which even if you tell it to connect to an APN they will or the older ones they will always try to connect to their BlackBerry APN first and get their configuration and authorizations what are they allowed to do from there and then connect to the internet if they're indeed allowed to do that so there was some some interesting things with BlackBerry phones there as well. Okay I'll go ahead and that's I have the microphone. It's on. So just in relation to the USRP I didn't spend an awful lot of time with it but I have successfully connected phones with N210 but as I said I didn't spend an awful lot of time but in my experimentation I got everything configured correctly set up. I was able to shell into the phone and from there I could ping and I can run a CMP traceroute but I didn't successfully get actually my Jabber client to connect. I would see packets going to the internet and I would see them coming back but they weren't really making it back to the phone and it seemed that once you could ping but once you tried to do anything beyond that so something happened. I tried configuring complete PDCH channels with no voice or anything like that and I still couldn't get actual real data flow. I don't know if you have a comment on that. The issue could be our way of dealing with bursty traffic so if you only have like one packet sent and then lots of so there's no TBF established you the SGSN receives a packet or rather the PC receives the packet for the phone and then yeah we established the TBF page the phone established and the problem though is we discard the packet so we expect that it will be retransmitted as well so that can probably decrease performance. So if you've ever used a commercial TSM network a commercial GPRS network production TPRS network with any kind of like laptop or other data device you will have seen that sometimes you get ridiculed as RTT in a ping up to like 23 or 50 seconds or something absurd like that so classic production operator networks tend to buffer for hours let's say the packets whereas we do not buffer any packets so basically the packets that we receive if we cannot immediately deliver them to the mobile station we drop them right we page the phone but we drop the packet and once the phone is there we assume that TCP or whatever higher level protocol we retransmit and then deliver the packet to the receiver that's maybe what plays into the pitch anyway I'm sorry we have to really I'm one more question but we have to cut it short just to keep in the schedule so I would like just to ask you mentioned edge yes did you do any testing with edge you were able to achieve edge protocol yeah did you able to use the edge protocol with any BTS station or any modification of the RX we have edge support for the small BTS yes the caveat right now I believe is that if you switch on edge you we will not allow gps or gps only phones will not work anymore so there's basically a hard switch that you have to do so now it doesn't support voice on edge on the same TRX you mean or the the pdch is the same so it supports voice and and edge fine but it doesn't support gprs so you have old you might have old phones that don't support edge just support gprs so we have either or kind of configuration there is no dual mode because that would have involved lots more development time I mean so I'm out right now okay thank you okay yeah thanks Daniel


Do you want to tell me what to do this weekend? Well in a few hours from now you'll get a chance to because I'm going to ask you an important question and The answer will determine whether I do something this weekend Look for that video in a few hours later today in the meantime I wanted to address some of your comments from previous video the previous video yesterday about the six tips That helped you grow a lot of you said the tips I gave are only helpful for channels that have already a large social Following and that's not true the way you build a social following is by Posting regularly on Facebook and Twitter every one of you has at least one friend. I bet Everyone has at least one friend when you post on Facebook That one friend if he likes your post will share it on his Facebook Which will create more fans for you if those fans like your content So just because you have only one friend doesn't mean you shouldn't use the techniques in the previous video You should because that's how you will build a social audience Starting with that one special friend who will lead to two to four to eight and you get the idea So if you don't have a LinkedIn account make one start posting The second point I wanted to bring about was LinkedIn was Some of you said it's for a professional network. So why would you talk about your YouTube career on your professional network? Well, that's because your YouTube career is your profession, right?  I hope you found these tips helpful Actually, there's one more thing I wanted to mention about music copyright from two videos ago And that was the comment that because freedom is now using music Fingerprinting to help musicians make money on their videos and as I said if you're a partner of freedom You don't lose any money because we'll pay you back any of those music claims That may come up on your videos. Some of you said well that means when I leave freedom I will lose the monetization for all the videos that you've claimed and that's not true As long as you are with freedom Anything you upload using the music we license to you will forever be hundred percent your revenue even if you leave freedom and The reason that is possible is because we can track when you upload new videos That have music that we've licensed and if you're not a freedom partner and you're uploading new videos Then we won't pay you the music portion of the revenue that gets claimed will pay the musician That's the whole point musicians need to make money But you're not going to get penalized by leaving freedom if you're using music powered by freedom During the time you are in freedom. Does that make sense? I? Hope so Again, we're trying to do things from your benefit. We are youtubers ourselves I am a youtuber so whenever I make decisions about How freedom is going to change and improve in the future. It's always with you the youtuber in mind I ask myself if I'm a youtuber what I want this and if I wouldn't I won't do it That's my promise to you guys. I am one of you and we're going to be building freedom together for a very long time Freedom is a family and we're all part of it All right guys, I hope you enjoyed this update episode of the George show unedited And I hope you enjoy the set that I've created. I'm gonna create a new set. It'll be a futuristic set coming soon I hope you'll enjoy that one and it will create more sets after that Look for the video in a few hours talking about what George is going to do this weekend if you tell me What I'm going to do and We'll see you on the next episode of the George show unedited My name is George founder of freedom Take care. Zai jen