Good morning, and thank you for joining today's event on the functioning of democracy across the urban rural spectrum. I'm Sarah Mills and I'm a project manager at close up the Center for local state and urban policy, which is one of the research centers here at the Ford School. Before getting too far in, I want to first thank close up for funding the research projects that will be presented today, and also to thank body, Bonnie Roberts and Miriam Nagarin for all of their help in pulling to their today's event. I also want to note that this is being hosted as part of the Ford schools conversations across difference initiative. And that the session is being recorded and that the recording and the slides from today's session will be available on close ups website later on this week. And we'll also post the final student research papers later this semester once they've crossed all of their teas and dotted their eyes. So, the idea behind this session is actually a couple of years in the making. When I joined close up in 2015 to help manage the Michigan public policy survey, I was struck by how much data we had from local officials across the urban rural spectrum. For those of you who might not know about it the MPPS is a census survey of all 1856 local governments in Michigan. It's been going on to the top elected and appointed official in each of these jurisdictions so the city mayor and township supervisor the county commission, the county administrator or village manager. It's been going on since 2009. And in that time it has covered pretty much any topic you can imagine about the functioning of local government or issues that impact local communities. The MPPS prides itself on hearing from over 70% of local governments in the state on each of its waves, and we're, and is truly committed to transparency, all of the survey questions from the survey are online. There's pre made data tables broken down by region of the state population size jurisdiction type. There's also anonymized data sets that are available for you to use. And these are shared through ICPSR. But what I think is truly remarkable is that this data allows for some amazing insights into issues across the urban rural continuum. Most surveys are sent base are based on individual responses and so survey respondents tend to be only about 20% of the sample, given that they are 20% of the population. But because the MPPS in the MPPS every unit of government is contacted and counts as one response, whether you are the tiniest township in the upper peninsula or you are the city of Detroit. We have an amazing amount of data coming from rural areas to allow for a large enough sample size to actually compare urban and rural places. So for the analysis that the students are using today, we base it on us census classification of census tracks within a jurisdiction. So, from jurisdictions that have only rural census tracks, or only urban or urban cluster census tracks to those in the middle. And those kind of mostly rural and mostly urban classifications are based on the percentage of the jurisdictions population that's in a rural or urban or urban cluster census track. I should just note that there are a bunch of different ways to measure rurality, but we found that this one is the closest represents how survey respondents the local officials that the census, the census survey is sent to think about their own place. Today's lineup includes five master students who are all using this four way measure of reality with existing data from the MPPS. The topics that they'll be covering have some connection to the functioning of democracy mostly at the very local level. And you can see here that they pull from a variety of past MPPS data sets. Before handing the floor over to them, I want to make sure and make the pitch that there are many more papers about urban and rural similarities and differences that can be written from the MPPS data. And so you can learn more about accessing the data through this link that I've shared here, and that, once I'm done speaking I can share out in the chat. Or by contacting us through this email address. In terms of format for the session. We're going to have all five of the speakers go in sequence, and then I'll moderate the question and answer session at the end so feel free to post questions in the Q&A function or that's the easiest way for us to find them, but you can also use the chat along the way. And so do post them as those questions come to you. And then now without further ado, I'm going to hand it over to the first speaker who is Kyron Smith Kyron if you want to start sharing your screen. While I introduce you, he is a first year master of public policy candidate at the Ford School, and he's going to share about local officials perceptions of civic discourse. Hi everyone, my name is Kyron Smith, and as Sarah mentioned I am a first year master of public policy student at the Ford School. Today I'll be presenting on my project entitled elected officials perceptions of civic discourse with and among residents across the urban rural spectrum. To begin I want to go over my methods, as they are key to understanding this research, and some of the slides that follow. In this presentation we're taking from the spring 2018 MPPS survey, and these questions revolved around civic discourse across the state of Michigan and different jurisdictions. Now another thing I want to note because this is based off of the urban and rural spectrum I want to talk about how I determine urban and rural jurisdictions as my method of getting these are a little different than some of the presentations that you'll see later on. For my survey in spring 2018, the question was actually asked to elected officials, how they characterize their jurisdictions, and in that it yielded these variables to determine the rurality and urban entity of the different jurisdictions, where we have rural, mostly rural, mostly urban, urban and and don't know. These survey responses were cross tabulated and analyzed with the different questions about civic discourse in this presentation. The first question we'll go over is civic discourse between elected officials and residents. As you can see, and what I would like to point out is that along the rural to urban spectrum, we see a trend where the plurality of respondents all agree that civic discourse between elected officials and residents is somewhat constructive, where we see in the rural jurisdictions, 38.8% of respondents said it was somewhat constructive and mostly rural 40.8 and mostly urban 42.2 and an urban 43%. What is important about this finding is that in the time where we see a lot of divisiveness and a lot of differences between the urban rural spectrum, we see off of this first question that there is agreement about civil discourse and the overall understanding that elected officials generally believe that civic discourse in the sense is somewhat constructive. Now let me move to our next question, which is civic discourse among residents. Now keep in mind the survey was given to elected officials, and their responses are based off of how they perceive this discourse is among residents. So when we look at this trend, we see something similar, which is where urban through rural, we see a trend that everyone agrees pretty much on the plural result. What we see in rural municipalities, 39.6% of respondents believe that civic discourse among residents was a mix of both constructive and divisive, mostly urban, or I'm sorry, mostly rural 35.9%, mostly urban 48.1%, and urban 44.8%. What I also thought was worth noting is the second highest response, where we see that most of these jurisdictions have respondents who say that the second highest response is somewhat constructive. This kind of leans to the thought that elected officials generally think positively about the civic discourse and their jurisdictions. The main response in this question was mixed, and the first one was somewhat constructive, and here the second highest response is somewhat constructive. And even looking at the number of divisive responses is very low across these two questions. Now let's look at how this has changed in the last five years, and what civic discourse looks like through the tone of discussion. Keep in mind this survey was done in 2018, so we're talking about the range of time between 2013 to about 2018. When we look at this, we see between elected officials and residents, also the trend continues, where across the urban and rural spectrum, the highest response was that civic, that civil discussion so the tone and civil discussion was neither more nor less civil. When we talk about among residents we see something similar. What was worth noting again when talking about elected officials and residents is that second highest response. So we see that across the rural and urban spectrum, all of them agree kind of that the second highest response is, is consistent across the urban and rural spectrum, which was somewhat more civil. What's different and interesting, however, is when we look at among residents, so discourse that excludes the elected official. We see in rural rural settings that it's generally positive so the second answer, the second most common answer was someone more civil. However, when we go to the more urban parts, we see that the second highest response was somewhat less civil, kind of leading to a less positive level of elected officials in urban versus, but please remember the overall finding is that they tend to agree in the trend that neither more nor less civil, the conversation has become. So, keep in mind the question or just think about the question, how do elected officials think of discourse when they are not involved. What we see is that elected officials feel civil discourse is more positive when they're involved versus when they're not. So we have some of the questions when we looked at the state of discourse between elected officials and residents, 66% of the respondents thought that discourse was constructive. When we look among residents, they found that 38% of discourse between residents was constructive, which was a 28 point difference. In the five year question, we saw that elected officials and residents among their conversations was 34% constructive. And when we remove the elected officials and just looked at discourse among residents it was 23% constructive 11 points lower. With this kind of yields is to the thought that elected officials believe that when they are involved that civic discourse is more positive. As I mentioned earlier, we live in a time and a day where people are particularly divisive, especially across urban and rural spectrums where they think elected officials think fundamentally different. This research points to otherwise as elected officials along the urban and rural spectrum have shown in this in these questions to think similarly about civil to civic discourse. Knowing this can change the perception about how elected officials feel about civic discourse. It can change the perception that the way they feel does not depend on the urbanity or reality. And moving forward, this allows research to better assess more current and factors and why civic discourse across jurisdictions is the way that it is, since it's likely is not due to whether they are urban or rural jurisdictions. Thank you. Thank you very much Kyron. Next up is Carly Thurston. She is a first year master of public policy candidate at the Ford School as well. And she's going to be talking about local officials perspectives on public participation. And again, if you have any questions for Kyron or Carly or any of the other speakers please. You can type them into the Q&A and we'll collate them for later on. Alright, thanks Sarah. Well, good morning everyone. So let's launch right in. Let's take a look at how civic participation in their local decision making varies or doesn't across the urban or rural spectrum. So, first off, measuring participant public participation can be a little bit tricky. A lot of things go into the level of sort of civic participation, as well as the determine the most effective means for getting citizens to help with decision The sort of most clear and best studied of these are individual level factors such as education, age, income, other demographic factors. But there's also a lot of societal factors that are a little bit harder to grasp. That can mean whether the government is structured in a decentralized enough way to allow for citizen participation, the level of public interest, perceived roles of citizens with their government and sort of semi individual factors like social networks. The way that the urban and rural spectrum plays into this hasn't really been particularly well studied, certainly not in the US. There are sort of mixed results from international literature. So a Thai study reported greater urban engagement. There have been pretty successful rural development measures in kind of across India, Europe, Australia. And so we're kind of curious how those might play out here in Michigan. So in order to detangle the urban and rural effects we kind of need to control for some of those other factors. So Christian is going to get very much in depth on citizen engagement here in a minute, but just to kind of provide us a benchmark. I've got an aggregate for you here. So the bolded numbers are the ones that scored the best so to speak in each category. And here are citizen interest. This government decision making transparent do citizens want to be involved that sort of thing. This disinterest score is like whether officials report having trouble finding people to serve on committees. And then we got the percentage of officials that are saying citizens should have the final say on controversial decisions, and they can usually be trusted to be responsible for the decisions. And there are variations between these categories in aggregate they're they're much stronger for each sort of individual factor. But overall there's not really a clear pattern so we can kind of as we're measuring availability and effectiveness of participation, we can kind of account for interest being similar. So PPS asks officials if they foster participation through 20 different sort of mechanisms. And I looked at these both individually and altogether, as well as sort of in subgroups for one way information sharing, sort of two way limited meaning and communication and sort of more ongoing formal participation actions category. And there was no questions for availability so they were aggregated and an average to cross each type of jurisdiction to find the sort of percent of opportunities that each official makes available. So the responses here are not nearly so ambiguous as the interest level measurements. So the orange section here is completely rural just jurisdictions. The blue is completely urban. The color seems to stick around. And we can see that urban jurisdictions far and away are offering more means of public participation. What we're not seeing however is that there being rating these methods as more effective. So for each yes response officials were then asked to rate the effectiveness of those measures. So the table to your left again the bolded numbers have the highest scores on on a scale of one to five. Urban jurisdictions rated the highest overall in terms of effectiveness and in two of the three subcategories but as you can see from the table, these were really minimal differences and they were not statistically significant. So that any of the aggregated levels, a couple of the methods individually saw some major variation below here, you can kind of see the aggregate effectiveness of all measures. And you can see that the distribution tracks really closely for each kind of area, the black bar here is the total. In general, we're seeing pretty, pretty warm feelings about the effectiveness of public participation. So if you look a little bit closer at these look at these subgroups for availability. We saw that these findings were consistent across each group. So you've got the completely urban areas are seeing the most information mechanisms, the most meeting mechanisms and the most sort of active participation methods. And consistent. When these features were regressed on things like education population poverty rate even interest, some of those other variables that were prominent in the literature. I, we've still saw the most availability from urban areas, but still pretty mixed effectiveness ratings. Participatory budget adoption is kind of a specific case study of public participation. So while this is primarily a rural initiative worldwide. Here we still got that urban areas are using the most sort of methods to involve citizens in their budget setting, though they also have the highest percentage of saying that they did not use any. So, that means urban areas that did involve citizens in their budget making use a lot of methods but rural areas were slightly more likely to do at least one. So to wrap things up, I, across the urban and rural spectrum. citizen and official interest in being involved is pretty consistent, and the effectiveness of public participation is pretty similar, but urban areas are offering a lot more formal avenues to participation. So that is a few things we might not be fully capturing the way that rural officials are engaging their citizens. They can also just mean that urban officials are well aware that with kind of a larger population. They need a little bit broader of a strategy to get citizens involved. And this is important because kind of knowing knowing these things and knowing how to best encourage civic engagement. I allows for flexible and effective policy at the local level, which leads to better economic outcomes, better community inclusion, and can also kind of help account for more private and national policy. And that is all I thought for you today. Thank you. Thank you very much Carly. Christian Hunter is up next Christian is a second year master of urban and regional planning student. And he's going to, as Carly mentioned carry on this theme about talking about public participation, looking specifically at local officials perceptions of citizen engagement. And folks that are listening to the webinar if you have any questions for any of the panelists feel free to post them in Q&A or the chat function and we'll we're running on track so we'll have plenty of time to answer those at the end. Go ahead Christian. Okay, great. Good morning everyone. As Sarah said I just want to carry on the conversation, looking at citizen engagement across the rural urban spectrum. To start, I'd actually like to define what citizen engagement is. I actually found this very helpful definition from the APA that says that individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern. And I wanted to lay out some examples as well. The surveys are often used as well as open houses and brainstorming sessions and then as Carly touched on in her presentation also participatory budget meetings can be an example of citizen engagement. And as the theme generally states I wanted to see how perceptions of citizen engagement differ across urban rural areas, as well as some of the different implementations that might arise. So some of the methods that I used, I analyzed data from the Michigan public policy survey from fall 2012 using weighted cross tabulation. And for my specific questions, I chose questions looking at sort of three main buckets or themes that will touch on throughout this presentation. The first is the current status of disengagement. Some of the qualities there and how they might differ across the rural and urban spectrum approaches to citizen engagement, how this differs between urban and rural areas. And then looking at different jurisdictions opinions on what says engagement is for and they got whether this is different or similar. To start with the current status is engagement. I'm going to just right jump right in for a warning I have a lot of charts, so bear with me. One of the first things that I found is that opportunities for citizen engagement generally aren't being taken. There was actually a previous question on the survey before this one asked about jurisdictions whether they provide everyone to have a voice in the community and overwhelmingly 80% of jurisdictions across the rural and urban spectrum said yes. However, when it came to opportunities, whether agreeing whether opportunities aren't being taken. Unfortunately, again across the urban and rural spectrum. There's strong agreement that this was the case that citizens weren't necessarily taking advantage of all these opportunities that were being provided to voice their opinions. This can be seen in an additional dimension as well. And who's showing up. I know that a lot of us, perhaps, when we think about citizen engagement we think of town hall meetings where, you know, the people that have the most active voice show up over and over again. And the data is sort of bearing this out again across the urban and rural spectrum which is very interesting that there was actually very little variation in this answer. Most jurisdictions strongly or somewhat agreed that their efforts tend to detract the same people over and over. Both of these responses are interesting because they can inform. First of all, it shows that it's a common issue and it's not necessarily relegated to whether the areas are rural or urban and potentially offers opportunities. There are very effective policies that can sort of help with that across both types of jurisdictions. For the second category, looking at approaches to citizen engagement. So one of the common things that arose was this idea of formal engagement versus informal engagement. And how communities perceive this differently. So communities in the across the urban and rural spectrum were actually asked. Whether they agree with a statement that they don't need formal engagement efforts because our local officials already know what the citizens want. So actually, most like completely and mostly urban areas actually very much disagree in saying that we would like to pursue more formal engagement efforts. However, this actually for mostly rural and completely rural areas, this was a little bit, perhaps more. Not necessarily a pro but more of an ambivalence towards us saying that, you know, we, we may or may not agree with a statement necessarily. But it's important to note that despite this formal informal that engagement is still happening in these communities, it's just a matter of the form that it takes. And one of these questions touches on this a little bit. This one is particularly interesting looking at whether jurisdictions agree that some of the best engagement with citizens happens informally around the community. Overwhelmingly jurisdictions across the rural and urban spectrum agreed. It's sort of expected going into this that the mostly rural and completely rural areas would have a high level of agreement, given that they are tend to more be more reliant on informal engagement as per the earlier question. However, what is heartening to see is that completely and mostly urban areas also agree with us. And this sort of set of in questions is important for the larger discussion of this section. Seeing how perhaps like local communities in mostly rural and completely rural areas tend to use more informal methods but perhaps in completely urban and mostly urban areas. They are using a combination of both informal and formal approaches. And the last, the last set of questions I'm going to just quickly dive into is looking at what citizen, what is an engagement and how this view is different, or similar across the rural and urban spectrum. So what is interest so for this set, I looked at both how the jurisdiction council and boards of these communities so sort of think of as the people in charge, how they've uses engagement. And then, comparing that with how employees of these jurisdictions use it as an engagement. So to start across the rural and urban spectrum, the majority of the jurisdiction councils and boards believe that says engagement, mainly exists to have citizens provide input, a much smaller percentage closer to about 20% across the rural and urban spectrum think it's more for keeping citizens informed. However, this is notable again because there's a lack of difference here, which suggests that even in very different potentially like demographic or spatial make ups that these councils and boards feel very similarly. This did break down. However, when we looked at jurisdictional employees. So for mostly rural and completely rural areas. This trend continued to hold so that most, most completely rural and mostly rural employees actually thought that the main point was to provide input for for having citizen provide input. However, in urban areas, there was a much higher percentage that thought it was mainly to keep citizens informed. Not only is this difference interesting and potentially looking at different policy interventions and different says engagement strategies across rural and urban areas. But it also sheds light on potential disconnects between the higher up council board members and then the employees that actually go about implementing citizen engagement. And last but not least, I just want to leave you all with this question. Are we satisfied so jurisdictions across the rural urban spectrum were asked this question and generally. Right, some of the issues such as people same people showing up over and over. And, you know, students not taking advantage. Generally they are satisfied. I would say somewhat satisfied is the most common category, which potentially leaves room for improvement, but that it is functioning as is. All right. That's the end of my presentation. And I want to turn it back over to Sarah. Great. Thank you Christian. Julie Rubin is up next and she is a second year master of public policy candidate at the Ford School. And she is going to talk about internet connectivity and access to information across the spectrum. We have seen some questions come in some one through the Q&A but a couple also in chats to the panelists so we're collecting them and will turn to them after Julie and Christina go. Thank you Sarah. So hello my name is Julie Rubin and today I'll be talking about internet access and connectivity across the urban rural spectrum and I think it's a really nice bridge between Christian and Karlie's presentation on civic engagement. So while access to broadband has expanded and might seem ubiquitous these days, there does remain a digital divide between those who have access to internet and those who don't. And when this digital divide falls along the urban rural spectrum, it can contribute to a rural penalty, which is a collection of disadvantages that folks in rural areas might suffer due to being far from markets or not having access to internet and goods. And you can especially think of that today when we're all so reliant on our internet that not having that solid access can really build up. So access to broadband is generally correlated with an increased access to goods and government services. So one mitigating strategy for this rural penalty is to provide an official jurisdiction website that has information about government services and also government information. For this project I looked at how urban and rural areas differ in their access to local government services via technology, and similar to Christian I also used the fall 2012 MPPS data. I looked at questions related to jurisdictions use of technology to engage their citizens, as well as the services that are provided through a jurisdictions website if they have one. And while I recognize that 2012 is pretty far off in terms of technology. I also found some information from this past year from connected nation on Michigan's broadband access and while it doesn't direct, it's not directly analogous. Because it talks more about broadband access and speed that there still remains a divide between urban and rural areas that I'm about to show you so I think that it, it still holds up, although the effect size maybe a bit smaller. So just to jump in. The first question I looked at was the extent that jurisdictions try to engage their citizens through technology and the green bar at the top is the one to really pay attention to here. So urban areas engage citizens through technology more than rural areas. You can see that a completely rural area. About 30% of jurisdictions don't engage their citizens through technology at all, compared with almost 100% for the completely urban areas. You can imagine this has impacts on citizen engagement, as well as public participation as well. A similar trend is related to jurisdictions official websites. So urban areas are more likely to have an official website than rural areas you can see. 39% of completely urban areas do have an official website, and that number drops down to a little bit below 60% for a completely rural area. And then, of course, we can look into what's offered on a website if a rural area has one. So I've broken this out into two areas. Access to online government services and access to information so we'll look at online government services first. This is just one question that was asked on the survey, but I think it's pretty representative of the other questions, the same trend line ensues. So completely urban districts are more likely to offer online services such as taxes, paying fines or working through permitting issues through their website. And this is just for jurisdictions who have an official website. Well, completely rural districts, you can see that number is much lower, just a little bit more than 10%. In addition to these online government services, rural areas also have less access to online government information. Now this is a pretty jarring example. The effect wasn't quite as large in the questions related to posting meeting agendas and meeting minutes. But it's still pretty clear that rural areas, even those who do have a website are a lot less likely to post online government information. And you can imagine that this has implications for how people can interact with their public officials, how they can get involved in meetings and decisions. And creates barriers if you have to travel a long distance to go to a government public forum or meeting or to go to an office to complete a service outside of working business hours. Additionally, there were also differences between urban and rural areas in regards to barriers to using technology. So you can imagine that rural areas who perhaps don't have access to high speed internet are a bit more at the beginning of the technology adoption. So their issues are more related to lack of high speed internet and also lack of infrastructure, while an urban area that has already possibly has a website and technology up and running is more concerned with issues related to compliance and privacy. So making sure that everything is aligned with state and local and federal laws. Although there are many differences, as you can see, urban and rural areas do report similar satisfaction levels with what's being offered online so public officials generally believe at the same rates across the urban rural spectrum, that what they're offering works for their citizens or doesn't work, and that that they're doing a sufficient job at providing services and information. So this leaves a few questions such as, I think it'd be really interesting to see what this looks like today and how the rate of adoption of these different technologies differs across the urban and rural areas in the past eight years. Thank you very much Julie. I would like to acknowledge that one of the questions that came in is about the timing of the data and that's one of the things that Julie highlighted as well that repeating this is maybe warranted. Last but not least is Christina Curtis. So while she is working on getting her screen shared I will introduce her she's a first year master of public policy candidate at the Ford School. And as you can see she's going to tell us about perceptions on privatization of local government services. Hi everyone, like Sarah said my name is Christina Curtis and I am a first year master's public policy student at the Ford School over the past semester I've spent my time researching what local privatization looks like across the urban and rural spectrum. So to begin, I think it's important to understand why this conversation is important and that's because for decades municipalities have taken on numerous tasks that the private sector would have otherwise performed. We saw this trend starting in the early 1900s and urban areas who were able to expand public services through things like public parks, public spaces and day to day services, and we saw that mount across the nation until about the 1980s. We saw the Reagan administration in the ideology of don't just stand there, undo something. Because of this we saw the trend of privating or creating contracted out services accelerate through the 90s and into what we see today. And today experts estimate that about a trillion dollars in America's six trillion spending and annual federal and local governments goes towards providing services for through private companies, while it may not be particularly clear on face privatization. And the ways that local governments prioritize it are equally about questions of why democracies function. The early literature that talks about privatization is worried about how privatization is evaluated and there's a current push for a form of responsible contracting where we've seen currently 18 states in New York municipalities have put forth laws to meet a responsible contracting standard. However, Michigan and our municipalities Michigan are not one of these areas. Thus we see these calls for transparency and accountability as a request for an increase in government oversight. And finally, I think it's important to analyze or understand that the research about privatization across an urban world spectrum does not currently exist and is important that we use this data to understand what nuances in the literature look like, because I know that experts agree that privatization is neither inherently good or inherently bad but the goals that local officials municipalities use to increase a local government priority of privatization may craft a public narrative that forces people to believe otherwise. For example, municipality may cite something like a budget shortfall or an economic shortfall in their region as a reason why contracting out services is important because a private service on the market. Provides a profit as opposed to something like party identification which we seen as a negative perception, especially in terms of Democrats who are more likely to come forward against privatization. Because of things like sympathy towards unions at the end of the day, however, it's a private decision or a political decision that can be impacted by quite a few other factors. So, similar to everyone else, I do, wow, I produced a weighted cross tabulation to understand how certain variables impact privatization across the urban world spectrum. The first question I asked was whether or not municipalities contract out services and you can see based off of the results that the dark blue areas indicate yes municipalities currently do contract services we see obviously in every single area that there is no contract out services, however, they're more likely to occur in urban and completely, mostly around completely urban areas. After seeing the results, I was curious to understand how these results impact what we know based off of the literature so holding all those constant. I wanted to determine if the location municipalities location on the urban world spectrum, the municipalities political party or the risk of the municipality finding a budget shortfall would impact the relationship between whether or not a municipality determines that they want to contract out service. While we see similar to how I mentioned that there's a positive relationship between a municipality being considered urban and their willingness to contract out services. We found that there is not a statistically significant and or relationship at all between whether or not partisan identity of a municipality or risk of a budget shortfall impacts the choice. Thus, we see that the literature at the urban world spectrum actually contradicts claims that privatization choices are made for budgetary choices and or political reasons, which displays that there's both a lack of uniformity in conversations about privatization and that existing literature does not currently take into account the nuances of the urban world spectrum and their decision making process. After this, I wanted to understand what services were likely to be contracted out and or to see how this impacts the way that we think about oversight of these services. And I think that this cuts two ways. The first is that we found significantly that services that were unlikely to be privatized were the same across the entirety of the spectrum. We see things like utilities emergency services public spaces like parks and recreation and or revenue collection such as tax collection, and things to that extent, but for services that are likely to prioritize those significantly across the urban world spectrum, which brings us to understand kind of what services are in high demand in certain areas, and or like I said it's important context understand how that impacts the type of credibility necessary. Finally, we see that across the spectrum jurisdictions feel okay with the choices that they have made to privatize certain services. We see in the dark blue areas that jurisdictions think I have too much privatization as opposed to the light blue words jurisdictions who think they have the right amount, as opposed to the tan color who feel like they have not enough services and while we see at the urban in mostly urban areas that there are still municipalities who think they have not contract out enough services as of 2014 MPPS. We still see that numerous municipalities think that they have reached the right amount of privatization in their areas. And that also begs the question, why do we care about how municipalities feel about their privatization. I think that this comes back to similar what everyone else said is that we know that these questions of privatization are both a question of accountability but also we see that municipalities on the urban side of the spectrum indicate that they don't feel like there's enough privatization, which leaves open continual important hole in the data that requires further research to understand how privatization continues to impact accountability local government priorities and the funding of democracy within municipalities across the urban real spectrum. So to recap, we see that there's no difference in the privatization of whether or not a local municipal services likely prioritize over the urban real spectrum, however, the services that are privatized may vary and or the willingness and the comfortability on also of privatizing will does not change over the spectrum, however, there's a non significant relationship where urban areas who may desire to prioritize more services than already exist. Amazing job folks. And I, if you haven't seen them there are a number of chats coming in giving complimentary, you know, notes about your presentations. Well, and if you panelists all want to turn on your videos. I, there, I have a couple of questions that are specific to some of you that will try to do rapid fire. And then there's some that I think are something that can go that anybody can answer. Carly, the first one is for you. If you can talk us just briefly through how effectiveness was defined for survey respondents, and, and you mentioned something about links between what the tool was and how effective it was seen but if you can talk us through some examples of that. And then finally, because you were in this survey, more recently than I was, whether officials linked that participation to affecting policy change like to actually policy decisions I can't remember if that was asked or not so. Yeah, any bits and pieces of that. Cool. I'm going to start with that last one just quick and easy. Unfortunately, no, there weren't any questions on measuring follow up, although there were similar questions in some ways asked in 2016, but no it's that it can go on the wish list along with updated internet access for next time. So, to your other two points, Amy, thanks for your questions. Okay, so effectiveness was asked subjectively. Basically, they were asked to rate effectiveness on a one to six scale so extremely effective, somewhat effective, neither effective nor ineffective all the way on down to don't know. And that's what I quoted for effectiveness, where I had removed the don't know which is about 5% of each response, just to kind of clear up the visualization a little bit. And there was a little bit of a relationship between type of participation and effectiveness but I actually didn't check to see significance so in all the sort of average effectiveness rating was better for meetings and for actions that it was for but it was I think the difference was between 3.75 of an average rating and 4.2 or so. So potentially some some interaction there. Oh, no, I think I think about all the pieces. I think so. Thanks and and just a note this is true for all of these papers. These are works in progress. I encourage you to reach out to me or to the students themselves as they are finalizing these because your questions help them, you know determine what additional bits of detail they include in those papers so do feel free like your your comments are fantastic. Julie, a couple of these are I think more comments for you, rather than questions and one was, why did you use the 2012 data. And we already addressed this that like new data would be great and what do you think you would find differently you can add on to that if you want. I'd like to note that this summer there was some MPPS research that found that 10% of jurisdictions, mostly those with fewer than 5000 residents so small places, mostly rural but it could also be kind of some. I'm imagining some more urban esque villages that struggled with internet access issues when it came to running virtual meetings. So do you have any comments to add on to kind of those. I think it's really interesting and I'm sure that's been something we're seeing in a lot of rural areas as they try to very quickly pivot to online offerings. Both like through official government channels and also just making sure that everyone has access that they need to work or go to school. So as far as why I use the 2012 that that survey really went into depth on technology and asked all the questions about websites and concerns about setting up technology. There was a question in 2019 about concerns related to census access. And I would definitely love more information more recent information would be grand. Christian quick question for you from Julia is on the question of what's the role of citizen engagement, were respondents able to select one option or more than one. And she notes that to keep citizens informed and to provide input were the most highly rated but they're really complimentary. And so it could be both and you didn't said I will say you didn't set up the survey questions right you you were working with data and questions that were already drafted. Based on what you found. Do you think would you write the question differently. If this is asked again. That's a great question actually. And from what I remember, I'll have to, I'll have to go back and double check. I'm pretty sure it was. The question was actually more correctly phrased as like which one do you think like what do you think is the primary role. That being said, I wasn't. I'm not particularly sure if they're able to choose more than one or not that's a, that's more of a actual survey question. Like response but you know actually in a way though I think that's actually a great point that for this particular part. You know they were made, maybe only able to choose the primary one but I think being able to choose, perhaps either like a ranked choice or, or a multiple choice option might actually be better and yield some sort of additional nuances. Great. Christina. Is there any consistency in which services are privatized in urban areas and not rural ones. Is there any consistency in which services are privatized in urban areas and not rural ones. And do you happen to know which are privatized in in those in urban places and not necessarily rural places. So there is a difference yes a consistent difference no so we see services such as like waste recycling and or things like engineering services and land use planning being more likely to be contracted out in urban areas, as opposed to like certain like common municipal priorities such as like street lighting and or snow plowing, which are more likely to be contracted in areas that fit the rural side of the spectrum. I could guess that maybe this occurs with things such as like land use planning and engineering there's a higher availability of contracts and or a better quality of contractors in urban areas for more likely to have the education to support. But outside of that there is nothing at least that is captured in the MPPS that explains otherwise, why these differences exist across the spectrum. Excellent. Kyra and the questions didn't start coming until after your presentation. So I'm going to, I'm going to give you the ones that were to all panelists and you get to choose first which question which of those you want to answer and then, if they if we still have time in the like four minutes that we have left others can can post in. So one question is about whether anything surprised you in terms of what you're seeing we were often seen as urban and rural divide, we've, we've said that this is urban and urban continuum so is there anything that you found that that fit that or or kind of was contrary to the kind of overall narrative in this space. Where do marches and demonstrations kind of fall into this like what opportunity what do you think that this is going to change the discourse and lead to more common ground, based on what you found on civic engagement. And do any breakups and I can't remember on race or ethnicity or income and did you find anything interesting there. And then finally one that you could choose to answer or not is how you think public public opinion might compare to what you found. All of you looked at just local official opinion. My guess is that that one you might have something in particular to say on that one Kyron, but you can answer any of them. Yeah. So a few from what I remember. As far as what surprised me, and this kind of touches on the question about marches I think Chuck pose. So what I was expecting when looking at the 2018. Discourse was that generally I expected that rural settings will have more of a positive perception, as far as elected officials on House of discourse was, but I was, I wasn't expecting urban that be the same way. Particularly I would think you know there's more people more politics involved in urban jurisdictions. So I was, I was thinking going in that we will see that difference where the urban settings would be a little less positive civil discourse and urban the other way. What was interesting though, as I mentioned in my presentation when we looked at the five year questions. Still, the plurality, plurality response. That there was neither more or less civic discourse as far as tone positive. But the second response did kind of go towards what I've originally thought which was that rural settings fell more positive about their civic discourse and urban settings didn't and looking at that question talking about a five year comparison. You know we think about between 2013 and 2018 what happened you know you saw more protests about police violence you saw you know the election of another president. So I think, think of now also you know that, and especially with everything that happens that has happened in 2020 with protests and with elections. I'm interested to see how that would change for another five years or in this year and particularly don't remember the other questions, but you know you did it you did a great job and I'm actually going to have to wrap it up because we're going to turn into a pumpkin and the webinar is going to end here. I want to body if you have the closing slide that we can pull up just which I assume might have the URL on it just to thank again, both the panelists and all of the folks who listened as I mentioned please do. If you've got some feedback, reach out to us. And if you are inspired by looking at other questions across the urban rural continuum do contact us and let us know. The recording will be online and we're still working on finalizing the papers so thank you so much for joining today. Have a great day.


horse for the speed of light, a cloud of dust, and the hearty high of silver, the Lone Ranger. The early days of the western United States, the massed rider of the planes led the fight for law and order. The local sheriffs and even United States marshals came to depend on his courage and resourcefulness, but there were times when he seemed to oppose them. Justice met more to the Lone Ranger than the letter of the law, and the man who deserved a second chance could always depend on his help. Return with us now to those thrilling days when the west was young. From out of the past, from the Thundering Hooke Beach to the Great Horse Silver, the Lone Ranger rides again. Henry Warren, dignified and middle aged, stepped inside the swinging doors of the Last Chance Café, so named because it stood at the far end of Elk City's Main Street. His gaze picked out one of the young men standing at the bar, and as he met his way through the crowd, he called to him. Dick! Oh, hi there, Mr. Warren. Glad to see you. Join us, will you? Have a drink? No thanks. Met my brother, have you? Er, Red, I want you to meet... Live by I haven't met before, Dick. Oh. Good evening. Good evening. Dick, I'd like to speak to you a moment. Sure, go ahead. Alone, I mean. Oh, well, that's all right, I guess. You don't mind, do you, Red? Sure, none. Come on, Mr. Warren. Be back in a minute, fellas. All right, kid. This ought to do. What do you want? Sally told me I'd find you here. No. I give you, don't take your engagement to my daughter very seriously. Huh? I don't get it. Certainly, you don't think she enjoys knowing you spend your time in places like these, do you? Say, what is this? She sent you after me? She tried to prevent my coming. Well, then... I came here on my own responsibility. I know Sally's already spoken to you, but I know young men don't like to feel they're being made to sacrifice their independence. I thought perhaps a word from me might do more good. What's wrong? Frankly, I'm afraid I can't wait much longer to appoint a division superintendent. Well, I need one, and I haven't the time to spare for the job. I have work on my own. I've been neglecting. You mean you're thinking of giving a job to somebody else? If I have two years. All right. Fair enough. I told you when I quit my other job, it was because I didn't believe in working for a father. It was gonna be my father-in-law, didn't I? I thought I'd convince you. Your engagement to my daughter had nothing to do with it. I offered you the position because I thought you were the best man for it, if for no other reason. Well, then what are you in such a hurry for me to make up my mind for? I'm not as sure as I was that you are the man I want. Huh? You've changed these last few weeks. What do you mean? I mean, since Red came back from Texas, you're not the man I thought I knew. You, well, you seem to have lost your sense of balance. Oh, I have, eh? You seem to be doing your best to turn yourself into an imitation of your brother. Now, just a minute. What's wrong with my brother? Nothing, so far as I know. But what's good for one man isn't necessarily good for another. Red's the kind who'll never put down roots. He'll always be on the go. He belongs in the saddle. Imagine he'd be a fine partner in a fight. He's what south of the border they'd call a real Cavaliero. But he hasn't had any of him to go as far as you could go. I don't like that, Mr. Warren. I thought you wouldn't.  I'd be the happiest fellow alive if I thought I'd ever be half the man Red is right now.  Good enough. Go ahead and think it. Now, I suppose you're going to say I should stay away from Sally. No, I won't say that. Sally's a sensible girl. I can trust her to manage her own life. I've never believed in that kind of interference. Well, I can manage mine, too. I'm beginning to doubt it. But there's no use in my discussing this any further. I'll say just one thing. On the first of the month, I'm appointing a new superintendent. If you haven't come to your senses by then, it'll be too late. I won't give the position to another man. Then take it away from him again without cause. I wouldn't ask you to. Then we understand each other. I'll say good night and leave you to your friends and your whiskey. Good night. You'll find me at my office if you think better of this. I reckon you needn't waste time looking for me. Preaching that to me. I think it was just a kid or something. What's the matter, Philly?  Oh, I ain't nothing. No? Forget it. All right, Barkeep. Another round for the boys. It's on me. The evening grew to be eventful for Dick and his brother Red. It was close to morning when they rained up before Dick's cottage and they chuckled as they recall what had happened at the cafe. Who, who, they were cool. We sure wrecked that place, didn't we, huh? Never left the heart in my life as I did when I seen you pick up that money dealer and chuck them clean through the window. Didn't notice you missed any of the fun.  You notice that? Yeah. And I come near to get my ears pinned down on the count of it. Stopped a watch and a Barkeep jumped me from behind. What happened? I sent him after that tin horn gambler. You go ahead in, kid. I'll fix the horses. It shocks our health.  Go ahead. Little work will do me good. Well, if you don't mind. I'll have some coffee ready for you. Sure, that'll be fine. It'll be too long. Now, come on, you critters. I'll get them saddles off you and then we'll... One moment. What the... This isn't a hold up. Just keep your hands from those guns. Who in places are you? It doesn't matter. What's the idea? You and I are having a talk. Say... Well... Mister, didn't I see you once in Texas? Maybe you did. I think I did. But that doesn't matter either. I have some things to say and you're going to listen. Growing uneasy at his brother's delay, we're just about to go outside and investigate. When the door opened then... Well, gosh, I was beginning to wonder if maybe you hadn't got lost. What have you been doing? Kid, you've been keeping things from me. Huh? I've been outside talking. That's what delayed me. I learned some things I wish I'd known before. Gosh, Red, what's the matter? Why didn't you tell me you had a chance for a swell job with Warren's stage line? Huh? Say, who told you that?  Well, gee, it's nothing to you, is it? No. Sit down. No, Red. Sit down. It's got into you anyhow. Plenty. But, Red... I hate like sin to have it said I got a brother without the sense of a Nestor's alfax. That's a fine thing to say. Yeah, well, you ain't heard the half of it. Kid, why in the name of Tunkett when you got a chance like that, do you go and throw it away? Maybe I wanted to. Oh, I wanted to, huh? Mighty sudden change, ain't it? Month ago, from what I heard, you had jumped at the chair. That ain't so. Well, you would have, you hadn't had some funny notion about working for your girl's pot. Well, that's something else. What's alien? You want to be a saddle bum like me? Oh, no bum? I ain't, huh? Well, maybe I'm something worse. We won't talk about that. But one like me and a family's plenty. It's not like Warren did tonight. That's your girl's pot? Yeah. Uh-huh. Then for one's me and a fellow with brains, things are same. All right, you wait a minute. Yeah? You don't go lecture on me, do you? Well, call you got to ball me out. Kid, I want you to make something yourself. Why don't you quit calling me kid? Buddy, it is it? Shucks, I'm sorry. I can't seem to get out of the habit.   I'd like to tell them maybe I'm not so much. But I got a brother back home that's a humdinger. Yeah, but sure admire to do that. Funny your way to tell now to preach. Never noodle now, folks. Think you could amount to something. The way you've been acting since I come home, I reckon you just as no count as me. You mean you can have fun, but I can't, huh? Fun? What in thunder are you talking about? Oh, you know... You wish if I could start in again where you are now, you think for one second I'd be what you're looking at. Well, you...  You think it's fine to tote a couple of low-hung guns and be faster than most on the draw. Kid, did you know I've killed three men? Well, I have. Sure, it was an affair fight, no. But that don't save me from being branded as a killer. I'm where I've got to be slick with my irons. The only thing between me and Food Hill, I live by my 45s.  I don't believe it. No? I've seen you and fight you love me. You'd rather fight than eat. And I said it was wrong with you, too. Let's hear it. You're just jealous, that's what. You figure you're the man of the family and I'm the kid. You wanted to stay that way.  It burns you plenty to think maybe I can grow up, too. I'm jealous, huh? You are. You didn't deny it, neither. Look at you.  That proves it. You'd hit me, Red. Kid, I never thought the time had come when you needed it. I mean what I just said. Thanks, sir. I'm glad to hear it. Let's forget it happened, huh? Sure. Now, how about it?  Will? I can't. No? Why not?  If I wouldn't live your way, ain't that my business? Did I ever tell you you ought to go and pin yourself up in an office? Why can't I decide that for myself? That settles it. All the foolish that I ever seen you take the kick. Wait, Red. When you get sense, I'll be back. Not a minute before. Hey, you settled my horse. Because I was afraid this would happen. You had it figured? I know how Dick feels. And I done my best. With words, huh? Now's the time to whack. Get in the saddle. Yeah. Where are we going to my camp? Come on, Silver. Get up, Ron. Get up, Silver! Away! Red followed the lone ranger to his camp. There the Mashed Man talked to him for a long time. And finally, Red, you're at the bottom of the trouble. Except for the three years he drove a stage. Dick is known scarcely anything but office work. He has ability and he's shown it. Perhaps that's his difficulty. He's going ahead too fast. He's still too young to realize the value of the things he's achieved. How does that make me to blame? Did you ever know a young fellow in his position who didn't envy those who he thinks are living lives of adventure? Adventure. I've had my stomach full of it. Your mask.  What's your opinion of this kind of life? Any man who's found his work and is doing it is lucky. No matter what that work is. Yeah. Dick's thrown his over. You could change that. Eh? It depends, of course, on how much you think of your brother. How far you'd go to open his eyes. Stranger, if I wasn't the kid's brother, I'd just naturally have to be his pa. That's how much I am for him. You know a way to help him. Tell it. Make sense. I'll back you. I don't mean penny any. I'll go the limit. Good. Just one thing, stranger. Yes? What are Dick's troubles to you? What makes you bother with him? I just found out about them. They didn't bring us here. No? Remember saying you thought you'd seen me in Texas? Uh-huh. I think I did. There's no question of it. I trailed you here. What? I came to take you back. Hey. For that robbery at Hondo. The curtain falls on the first act of our Lone Ranger story. Before the next exciting scenes, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. How to continue our story. The Lone Ranger explained to Red what he must do. Then I'll have to trust you, Red. I'm banking on my belief that your desire to help your brother is more important to you than your wish to escape the law.  Well, guess I better be getting back. Yes. Give me a break. I'll soon be going ahead. In about ten days. Not before then? There are things to be seen to. We'll need all of ten days. Well, you're the boss. You'll know where to find me when you want me, I reckon. I will. Well, adios. How long, ancient? Ah, adios.  Tadda, quick call scout. Here's scout. What manner? I explained to Red just why ten days are needed. Huh? But you're riding the hondo. You're getting the United States Marshal there, and you're bringing him here as fast as you can. Ten days passed. Then one night, Tonto and the Marshal rode into the Masked Man's camp.  Oh, oh, oh, there. Me, me bring him. Good work, Tadda. Found Red, did you? Where is he? I'll make the rest and get started back. Not so fast, Marshal. But I ain't... First, we've got something to settle. What do you mean? Did Tadda tell you the situation here? I don't know. Okay, sure. Why? That comes first. You can make your arrest later. Here, Silver. Now, hold on there. You found that ombre when I couldn't. That's fine. I owe you something for it. But that don't give you the right to interfere with the law. It doesn't? You know, don't go on well, it don't. Well, well, then I'll have to take the right. You think you can find Red before I'm ready? Try it. Come on, Silver. Hurry! Tonto, hurry! You're not stopping. Tonto, where's he going? Him go see Peller now. Red? Huh? Blast him! Well, shucks. What's he usually getting mad? He'll have his own way anyhow. Nine times out of ten, his way's the right one. Everything's set? Right. Did you say he had a mask I could use? Here, take it. Yeah, thanks. You got that all right? It's fine. Where's Dick? He was going to the cafe for a bit, then dropping around to call on Sally Warm. Where can he be getting there most anytime? Then on your way. Uh-huh. And good luck. Thanks. Get up there, Brock. Get up there. Back to campus, fellow. Come on, Silver. Come on. As Red had told the man, Dick had called on Sally that evening. It talked for less than an hour when he began to get uneasy. Guys, Sally, I'd like to stay longer, but doggone, I think I better be running along. Why, Dick? You're getting late. It isn't even that yet. I know, but when you got to get up early in the morning... You don't. You're not working. Just the same. And I don't. I can sleep till noon if I wish.  That ain't so. Then why the sudden hurry? Oh, I... Oh, you've got a guilty conscience. You know what father told you the other night was true and it's bothering you? He'd tell you what he said? Of course. Why shouldn't he? He was supposed to be just between us. Oh, I'm sure father didn't understand it that way. And don't you think I had a right to be interested? After all, I'm the girl you promised to marry, you know? Oh. Oh, is that another thing you've changed your mind about? You've changed your mind so many times lately, it's hard to keep up. You're just laughing at me. Am I? I'm not sure. Huh? Sometimes I think I do want to laugh.  But there are other times when I'd like to... Like to what? Oh, nothing. What are you laughing at? I was just thinking if you hope to dodge father, you'll have to jump through the window. Huh? He's coming now, that's him at the door. Oh. Good evening, Dave. Oh. Hello. Glad to see you. I don't find you around often anymore. Well, all I... I didn't expect you tonight. Not after what's happened. Oh, gosh, Mr. Warren, I haven't said for sure that I ain't going to take that job. Oh, that... Well, that isn't what I meant. You mean to say you haven't heard about your brother? Huh? What is your father? If Dick hasn't heard of it yet, Sally, perhaps you'd better leave us alone. But I... Let her stay. Mr. Warren, what's happened? Yeah, Sally would soon hear of it anyhow. Dick, I don't want you to get angry or start shouting at me. Remember, I'm telling you just what I... I was told myself.  If Red's been hurt. As far as I know, he's in good health. Well, then... But he may not be once he's caught. Caught? What for? What are you trying to say? The law is after him. Huh? The widow banks reported all her savings to run about half hour ago. She says she was held up at the point of a gun. She accuses your brother. That's an out-and-out lie. Yes, Dick. I asked you not to get angry. I told you I'm repeating just what I heard. But you can't tell me that... Dick! Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't mean to yell, but...  Well, naturally, we'd rather not, but... But what? Mrs. Banks seemed quite certain. What'd she say? Well, I understand she described him very accurately. Of course, he was mad... And she couldn't see his face? I suppose not. Then where does she think she gets off accusing Red of a rotten stunt like that? What else she have to go on? Did she say that... Wait a minute, Dick. Wait a minute. Well... Don't cross-examine me. I got all this at second hand. If you want the details, why don't you see the sheriff? He's still at the office. So is Mrs. Banks. I bet I'll see him. I'll find out about... Wait, Dick! Huh? We'll go with you. Don't you think we should, Father? Perhaps. Well, if you come and come ahead. Come on, Father. I ain't wasting time waiting for nobody. At the office of the sheriff, Sally and her father looked unsympathetically. Dick tried to convince the widow Banks that she'd made a mistake. Ma'am, it... It couldn't have been Red, you seen. It just couldn't. Why, my brother's a square of fellow as you'll find anywhere. If you just knew him like I do... Young man, are you telling me I'm blind? No, ma'am. Your brother's got red hair, ain't he? Yes, ma'am. Then it was him.  I knew him the second I laid eyes on him, even if he was masked. I knew him. Maybe it was a stranger. No stranger would have known right where that cash was hid. But Red ain't been in town long himself. Long enough to find that out, is plain to see. Oh, but, doggone it, ma'am. Can't you, Sally? Sheriff, I won't be talked to like this.  But I wasn't... Dick, just let it go. There'll be time enough for this afterwards. I've got plenty of men out hunting for Red. He can't dodge them for long. If he's innocent, he won't even try to dodge them. Then when he's here, we'll get the truth of this. I don't care what you say. Red ain't guilty. We hope that as much as you do, Dick. We're not against him. Of course we're not, Dick. We seem to think we want to believe he's guilty. Oh, I didn't mean it that way. Then let's just wait for a while and see what happens. If you want to wait here, Dick, there's a chair. If your brother go up town, I can send for you when Red's brought in. Inside, will you? I'll try it. Who's the man's friend? Here's your man's hero. Take him. Red, hold still. Last year, you were warned there was no use putting up a struggle. Red, what happened? Who's this fella? You got to drop me the other side of town. Said I was wanted for something, this skunk. Red, wait.  It ain't true, is it? Of course it ain't true. I just like to get my hands in a skunk that started that story. There you see, folks. Red ain't guilty, didn't I tell you? Wait, I'll have to have more than his word on that, Dick. Oh, Red wouldn't lie to me. Well, we'll find out. You say you've never done it, Red? Whatever it is, you bet I didn't. Well, here's Mrs. Banks. Ma'am, is he the one? Look at him good. That's the man. Say, look here. He ain't even changed his studs. There's the patch I've seen on his shirt. And that's the very same hat he was wearing. I'll recollect the bullet holes. You don't know such thing. Hey, what do you think you're doing? Searching you. We'll just have a look at what's in this here pocket. Get off of it. Go ahead, Sheriff. I'll hold him. It's fine. It's fine. It's fine. Wait a second. Yeah, what's this? It's his watch. The watch he bought just before he died. It was with the money. All right, Red. Now what have you got to say? All right. Yeah, what is there to say? Admitting you're guilty? Yeah, what's the use? Sure I'm guilty.  Hey, what are all your folks looking at me like that for? You lied to me. Huh? What'd you expect? They got admitted? You lied to me. You're guilty.  Now wait, kid. Wait, Red, I... I don't savvy. What'd you do it for? Oh, I don't know. Didn't you have no reason? None at all? I needed the cash. I thought you had plenty. Well, we've been drinking and gambling. Cash goes fast that way. Well, you know how it is. You see a way to get more with... Well, you take it, that's all. I thought you was the finest brother I've ever had. Oh, kid, listen. I thought you was just about right. Red, there wasn't a thing you ever done that I didn't think was just all right. I...  Now who's preaching? What'd you think I was after knocking around like I've been?  Let's see what you'll do after you've lived the way I have for a while. Yeah, we'll just wait and see.  I'm just ashamed we're even related. Mr. Warren. Yes, Nick? That job's still open? It is. To me? It is. Then I'm taking it. Sally, come on. Let's get out of here. I can't stand the sight of that whole care. Red, I don't know how you've done it. If anybody had said them things to me, I'd have had to bust loose and tell the truth. I'd have just had to. Sheriff, maybe you'll find you can stand for more when you think when it's for somebody means as much to me as that kid does. I just felt terrible accusing you when it wasn't so. Red understands. He knew it had to be that way. Red. Yeah? You did fine. I want you to know you won't lose by it. In one moment. You mean it, Marshall? I heard the whole thing. Marshall Cleary. Howdy, Red. I figured I was still in Hondo. How do you think of him, Marshall? I'll tell you. After that scrape in Hondo, I was ready to shoot him on sight. But after what I heard and seen just now, well, Red, I'd be mighty proud to shake your hand. Eh? If you're willing, that is. Oh, my gosh, sure. That sounds funny coming from a fellow that's here to arrest me. That hold up in Texas? Of course. Well, the marriage man tells me you're ready to give back what you got in it. Well, sure, but I'm still... So if you just stay away from here till your kid brother settles down to where it's safe for him to know the truth, I'll tell you a secret. Eh? What do you mean? I came here to arrest a fellow, but it's... It's clean-slip my mind who he is or what he's done. So I guess I'll just have to go back without him. I've just heard as a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


So we are back people. We are on that man team top grind once again There's one there's one there's one there's one just No, I'm taking this heavy. No, I'm taking this heavy Oh One you have my respect hunter.  I'm actually doing really good I'm actually doing really good.  I'm still alive having that died What's going on?  I Will do that. Are you tighten?  I'm dead. I'm still dead second from top of my team.     I Still can't get it. You're dominating the field. Don't let up. I'm gonna steal these all my life My luck just my luck End his ambition get screwed.  There's just so many out there Stop with your sis Now I need one more one more one more. Let me get this heavy one-eyed mask legend You're falling behind take that boom hole and take that wall up to now. I need one more for Three kill streak am I gonna get it? No probably not am I gonna get it?  I need to Oh, wait. Oh, there is there is Give me that give me that Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes I need one. Oh, this loads there this loads there. This is my chance people Other people look at this way. Hey, tell him I'm not like what's up, honey.  It's all increases. This head is mad.  Where is he? Me for my team top my team with 24 kills The shoulder the team makes I got put with wow Wow did better than the whole clan.   It is time I'll try to cushion for you just for you just for you into my building unwelcomed unwelcomed That dude just ran to a whole heap of trouble. Oh He put trouble that to our take that to our take that to our take that Do anybody else want to try coming to my build and they get done over kill that warlock? Why didn't I malle? Yes, he's not happening This is my heavy my heavy. What's that you've got explain that? Explain that I don't think I don't think you can yeah, that was in a way. I just heard a she would It's I'd be ripping I'd be ripping What's that not a double down place being? I mean, that's a rapid double kill. Come on game.  I think never you Great thing is I think I come top of my team again On a big old map like that running through a grenade launchers and that's still Every battle has a constant unless you guys are gonna be on the same map On a big old map like that running through a grenade launchers and I still have a constant and that's it guys I am out if you want to see more let me know down below in that comment section guys. I'm about 65 percent of the quest done So we are good, but yes, let's have a quick look actually. So yeah, that's my progression so far guys So yeah, I will bring you guys another video if you want to see just let me know down below in that comment section Guys, I hope you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next


Hey guys, it's Monica. I often get asked about products that I've been using a while or For example skin care tools that I've been using So some of the questions that I get a lot are I still dermarolling Do you still use your red like therapy? Do you still use your microderm abrasion? So I I get those types of questions So I'm going to try to be really quick and answer that those questions in this video Stay tuned Am I still a dermarolling? I had done in the past a number of videos about dermarolling and I really I Think saw a benefit of dermarolling when I was dermarolling however, I just thought it to It started to be more uncomfortable than comfortable and I even got like the numbing cream and I would put that on and I fell off the dermarolling bandwagon and I kept saying I'm going to go back on it I'm going to start it up. I never could then I was going to do the pen you know, I thought maybe if I did the pen it would be easier than the actual dermarolling and I didn't do that as well, but I do have the pen that I bought and I should really dig it out and start it, but I just have not so am I still dermarolling? No Will I start up again? I'm going to start up something whether it's dermarolling or if I'm going to be doing the derma pen I'm not sure exactly what yet. Do I still dermaroll my scalp? No For the same reason I find my forehead and my scalp to be super sensitive and that was the high pain areas I also don't wash my hair every day and I Sometimes if I'm washing my hair in the morning, I'm running out and I'm styling my hair and I'm going to work I believe that the best results for dermarolling your scalp is on clean hair So I would have to Alternate my patent probably or adjust my pattern and maybe on a Sunday night, you know something like that But no, I've not done it. I've not started up again Do I believe in the benefits? Yes, I've talked to a number of people who dermaroll who love dermarolling have seen great benefits from dermarolling So I am definitely a slacker right now Definitely a slacker. I so yes, but I do need to to start back up The other question is the microdermabraser. This is the trophy skin and I do this I love this right this this device and I do this probably every six weeks Sometimes more like eight weeks. It really depends on the condition of my skin This was initially sent to me complimentary from trophy skin. I don't know maybe two three years ago to probably more two years ago and I love it. It is it is something that If this were to bust or go away I would either rebuy this or see if I could buy Maybe a do or some sort of an alternate product that does the exact same thing. I like the microderm This is the microderm MD by trophy skin.  So do I still use that? Absolutely. Do I still like it? Absolutely, would I purchase it?  I have one that's in the motorhome. I have one that's in the house I love this for washing my face.  It's you know fits in my hand good It's heavier. It really works good for cleaning my skin The little one the for you many or my dupe is great for traveling in my shower So I have one that's in my sink and when it's in my shower and I have another one That's in my motorhome. So I have found that the for you works fantastic. I love that you can keep it so clean You can sanitize it. I just love the manipulation as far as massaging my skin The dupe that I have for that is called Harry care I actually bought Halle care. Sorry actually bought two of them when I bought this and one is not yet opened It's still in the box. I Mean, I'll tell you. I think I have probably charged this Maybe I've probably had this a good two years now And I may have charged it maybe four or five times if that it holds a charge like you would not believe It is still going strong. I think the between the two of them I must have got a special and that would have been why I bought the second one But I think I probably paid 20 or 25 dollars for this again. This is the Halle care face cleanser Massager, I'm sure you can still get it. It is a perfect dupe for the for you at a I mean at a margin of the pricing. So I think this is awesome. I love the for you I love the for you dupe the for you have a little bag for it I put it in and you know, it it has the USB charger, which I really like So it is my my cleansing system of choice is the for real now The other thing that people always ask me about is the gin amber dolphin This dolphin. Do I still use this? Would I buy this now? I Still use this I use this not Consistently it is not a daily product for me. I will put on some eye cream or whatever and if and if I'm you know home I want to you know, really try to get it to go in deeper. I will massage with this The dolphin also has it has heat and it has the cooling side But the dolphin also has dupes. There are several different dupes for the dolphin and they're at various price points Now this one was sent to me complimentary from gin amber beauty. I like it. I Definitely like this product. I love everything about it. I don't use it every day This is sort of like, oh, you know, maybe every two to three weeks or something or maybe if I could get back on a better System I would use it every day because there was a while there that I was using it And I was using it to help my products go deeper. So I Would check out the dupes. I know that when I last talked about this I had some of you say hey, this stoop is great I don't have any of the dupes because this is still going strong. I've had this for maybe a year and a half Maybe longer. I charge it. It just it just it's it's Solidly built and it does its job as far as and I just use it mainly around my under eye area Which is what I really need So that brings me to the spatula and this is trophy skin Label and this is the spatula now. I use this probably once a week Maybe twice. This is in my bathroom. This is part of my routine after I watch my face And if I'm feeling, you know some even if I'm not feeling it I just really feel that it helps Clean out the sonic pulsation in the water. It's like the sonic you have to have a wet face It helps clean out my pores. So I believe that a spatula Whether it's the Label spatula or another spatula I I believe a device like this that you use more consistently than say a MD abrasion Really helps to clean out those pores and again There's some awesome dupes for this There's a couple of people that I know that use a dupe and I can't remember exactly who they are if I remember I'll put that list in below, but there's some awesome dupes for this, but this is a product that I Would use again. I would buy use again I would continue to use and I would buy if it were to fail me So when I say I would buy for where to fail me, I would probably try one of the dupes Why not? I have nothing against trying dupes speaking of dupes in One of my previous videos. I talked about talked about this in one of my previous videos my new face broke and Long story shot I've gone through two new faces. So I'm trying this dupe. This is Last I looked on sale for $40. I bought mine for 50. I did buy it on eBay I had free shipping at that price. So for blue sheet for blue sheet new face dupe the way I use this Is almost every day since I've had it. I got this in November. So it's been about five weeks Well, I'm not too sure it might be longer when you see this video But I hold I go up and I hold it for like five seconds. I have the intensity level usually on four sometimes on five I do all around my area and my lips especially I can feel a vibration especially when I get to my lips near my teeth of This However, you're using it. I I sometimes use it to help put in my products I've done this on a face mask. I've used a face mask and use this so far This dupe for new face is really working well Now there's a couple of other products that they sell that they have in this product line This is the only one I've used there's another thing They have another product that is something for around your eyes I would stay away from that from everything. I've heard but this is a fantastic product. So I am really loving it I think the new face I'm so excited because even if this busts if this only lasts me a year and it busts I buy another one You know the new face did not last me long at all Now I am still doing the therapy the one that I use the most is the trophy skin This is the red light therapy.  Because you're strapping it on and it's like all lit up and my husband goes. Oh my god. I use serious. I'm going Yeah, so anyways, I will sometimes wear that. This is light therapy at home from the best life company LED and It's a mask with eye therapeutic therapy rejuvenation Good stuff extremely affordable. I'll make sure that I link it so I do wear those products And I would buy them again, so I am a huge proponent. Is that the right word? I'm a huge advocate for red light therapy. It works to me for my skin So I really like that But those are some of the tools That many of you've asked about that. I'm still using I am going to do an update on my skin care because I've been doing a couple of things Different and I really want to spend the time and talk about the things that I've been doing different in how it's been really affecting my skin and Some it's pretty interesting, so I'm going to do that next But I just wanted to give you this update on my skin to cure tools Here we are at the tail end of 2021 and am I still using them after all this time? And so now you got it. You got it head off the press I am you still using the majority of them and some of them I need to use better and more consistently So that's the scoop stay tuned for my next video will be my skincare update and That's it. Thank you all so much. I'll see you in my next video