There is no denying the fact that Nigeria has struggled with debilitating levels of poverty for several decades in spite of our huge potential and huge earnings, especially for moral. Indeed, the last results of the poverty studies undertaken by the Bureau of Statistics in 2012 and 12 million Nigerians were living in extreme poverty. When we came into office in 2015, three things were clear. One, that we needed to move very quickly and ambitiously to respond to issues of poverty, malnutrition, disease and illiteracy. The second was that there would be no quick fixes or miracle care. It would be a long and painful journey out of the status quo. I would need to be patient and consistent in the implementation of all our interventions. Three, just as we are reaping presently the consequences of neglect and sometimes poor decisions that have been taken in the past, we can change the consequences that await us in the future by changing the decisions that we take now in the present and by ensuring that we make the right decisions and stick to them. These realizations have guided us over the last three years, even as we've developed a vision for a Nigeria that is healthy, educated and positioned to fully unleash its development potential. This is what informed the creation and implementation of our social investment program, which is now the largest of its type in Africa, a multi-faceted intervention simultaneously targeting poverty, hunger, unemployment, financial exclusion and the absence of skills needed for our large youth population to thrive in the 21st century. Every country that has taken significant numbers of its population out of poverty at least in the last three decades or so, have had to put in place a robust social investment policy such as we have at the moment, and this includes India, Brazil, etc. India which had the largest number of poor people in absolute terms did exactly what we are doing today, micro-credit for the bottom of the wrong on the commercial value chain, government jobs program, composite government jobs program, school feeding, conditional cash transfers or just simple cash transfers. All of these are the steps that other nations of the world that are committed to taking their people out of poverty have done, aside from several other steps that have taken. But since that March meeting, the social investment program has seen a significant expansion. We have added more than 2 million children to our school feeding program. We now have an excess of 9 million school children being fed every day across 26 days. N-Power, a job scheme for unemployed graduates and non-graduates, has more than doubled since then. We now have 500,000 beneficiaries of the N-Power program all across the country in every single local government. And our trader-money micro-credit scheme, or petty-trader excluded from formal lending opportunities, has now benefited well over a million petty-traders. Market money, which started earlier but which obviously didn't receive as much publicity, has also taken almost 400,000 to 500,000 beneficiaries. I'm not exactly certain of the N-Power now as of today. In terms of health care, we've also recorded some land bank achievements, the setting up of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund, with seed funding of 1% of our Consolidated Revenue Fund as outlined in the National Health Act. I'm pleased to say that Nigeria for the first time is complying with the stipulations of the Act since it was signed into law in 2014. The vision to accelerate human capital development by 2030 has, as you've already heard, and if you look in particular at page 18 of the document that we have, it's all set out there. All what we have listed there are the efforts and basically efforts and inputs, and some of what I've just referred to now are basically the efforts and inputs that we've made. Ultimately, it is the outcomes that are important. We must be able to show that all of what we are doing and investing is producing tangible results in the quality of life of our citizens. The end goal is a country where it is not a miracle for infants to live beyond the age of five, where children are in no danger of malnutrition and where every child is guaranteed access to basic education and where a basic minimum package of health care benefits is guaranteed to every citizen and no one is shot out on account of the fact that they cannot afford it. Nigerians everywhere deserve to live healthy, educated and productive lives regardless of where in Nigeria they live or whatever other peculiarities they may have. By the shared nature of our constitutional arrangements, the federal government must work with state governments and state governments must work with each other. The only way to succeed is by recognizing that this is a joint and several responsibility. This is not and should never be a platform for blame games or pop passing. In the past this has not worked and will not work now. Nothing short of concerted collaboration is required from all of us across all tiers of government and with the partnership and support of the private sector, traditional and religious leaders, community leaders and the international community. There is much learning to be shared and exchanged to ensure that we are not repeating the mistakes that have already been made and to ensure that we are collecting and that we are advocating resources maximally and in efficient ways. Very importantly, there is a work of communication, of carrying Nigerians along, of carrying our citizens along, of making the vision clear and repeating it as often as possible and making it simple, easy to understand and transparently showing how the resources which belong to them are being deployed to work for their benefit. We must never underestimate the importance of communicating and ensuring that we get the best buying from the citizens on behalf of whom we are holding public office. Last but not the least is the importance of collecting incredible data to support our programs and policies and to accurately measure their impact. What cannot be measured is always said cannot be managed. The wisdom of these words should always stay with us. We must find ways of improving also the quality of the data that we collect and the timeliness and we must of course resist the temptation to play politics with these statistics or the overly defensive when they don't cast us in very good light. The lesson is to listen to what the data is telling us and to vigorously look for ways to respond with policy interventions. I have no doubt at all that we are on the right path but we must stick to this path. We cannot afford anything that will slow us down or take us away from these commitments that we started to implement. We owe it to all of our people, young and old, male and female especially the poorest and most vulnerable amongst us to improve the quality of their lives and the quality of health care and education and the jobs that are accessible to them. I must commend your excellencies for the patriotic cooperation across party lines in resolving many of our nation's problems. I recall the summits of the National Economic Council on security, the summits of education and now on human capital development. All of these contributions that we've made and all of the time and resources that we've spent have been done with complete patriotism and this in my view is the way that we should go. We've crushed the division, we have made the commitments and we pledge our support. Now it's time to get the job done.


Most problems in commentatorics are actually permutations, where the number of choices is itself a combination. For example, a company is sending seven people to a conference, one of its seven vice presidents, two of the six people in marketing, and four of the fifteen people in sales. How many different groups can go? And so we can think about this as asking a sequence of questions, which of the vice presidents is going, which of the two people from marketing are going, and which of the four people from sales are going. Since we can't switch answers, so the vice president is not the four people from sales, this is actually a permutation. So that means we just have to figure out how many possible choices we have for the vice president, how many possible choices we have for the two people from marketing, how many choices we have for the four people from sales. Now, since there are seven vice presidents, we have seven possible choices for the vice president. How about those two people from marketing? We can ask a sequence of questions, who's the first person we choose, and who's the second person we choose. But since we can switch our answers without changing our results, this itself is a combination. And so first we count our permutations, there's six people in marketing, so there's six ways we can choose that first person, and five ways we can choose that second person. So there are 30 permutations. Now consider any combination of two people, A, B. There are two ways we could have picked that first person, and one way we could have picked the second person, so there's two permutations of the elements of this combination. And so two times the number of combinations gives us the number of permutations, and so that says that the number of combinations is 15. And so we have 15 ways of choosing two people from marketing.  So again, first we count our permutations, we have a first, second, third, and fourth person to choose, and we can do that in a whole bunch of permutations. And again, let's consider any combination, A, B, C, D, of these four people. In order to get this group of four, we have to have chosen one of them first, another one second, another one third, and another one fourth, and there are 24 permutations of the elements of this combination, and so that tells us that 24 times the number of combinations gives us the number of permutations, and so we know that the number of combinations is 1,365. And so there are 7 times 15 times 1,365 ways to choose seven people from this group. Again, there are formulas for computing the number of combinations, and in most cases those formulas are useless. So let's get lunch. We can get a meal by choosing one of eight entrees, two of 12 side dishes, and one of six desserts. How many different meals are possible? So again, if we consider our choices as being selecting an entre, selecting a side, and selecting a dessert, this is a permutation problem. Well, there's eight entrees and six desserts, but we need to know how many ways we can select two sides. Now, let's think about this. In some cases a single combination, say mashed potatoes and green beans, corresponds to two permutations. We can pick mashed potatoes first, then green beans, or we can pick green beans, then mashed potatoes. But some of us like to double up on our sides, so in other cases a single combination, mashed potatoes, mashed potatoes, corresponds to one permutation only. Pick mashed potatoes first, then pick mashed potatoes again. We'll consider these scenarios separately. So first suppose our sides are different. There are 132 permutations. Now, having chosen two different sides, there are two permutations that correspond to the single combination, and so the number of combinations is 66. But if the two sides are the same, well, our first side we have 12 choices, and for our second we only have one choice, namely whatever we chose the first time, and so there's only 12 ways we can pick two sides to be the same. Having chosen the same side twice, there's only one permutation that corresponds to this combination, and so there's only 12 combinations that consist of the same side repeated. And so we have 66 different ways of choosing two different sides, and 12 more ways of choosing the same side twice, which gives us 78 ways to pick two sides. And so the number of permutations is going to be 8 entrees, times 78 choices of sides, times 6 desserts.


Hello, my name is Gareth Bainam and I'm a clinical geologist at Genetic Services in Western Australia. I had a great pleasure today to introduce an article that was put together by a team of individuals which are the fortune to represent and it's published in the journal Human Mutation and it's entitled The Facial Evolution Looking Backwarder Moving Forward. As a clinical geologist I spend a large proportion of my working day trying to interpret subtle facial clues to help make a diagnosis to ultimately facilitate timing medical intervention. I first became interested in this exoding technology whilst following the work of many other scientists and clinicians around the world. And then more locally, watching the application of this technology within the clinical workflow in our Craniomaxilla Facial Union. In this article we look backward to review how facial evolution may influence and instruct the application of 3D facial analysis. And then we move forward to review some aspects of 3D facial analysis to specifically focus on its application in rare diseases as to the one in 12 individuals living with a rare disease and including diagnostics, screening, surgical planning and audit and perhaps even treatment monitoring. We propose, as has been suggested by others, that this work will be best progressed by innovative, collaborative, nodal and global networks. I really do hope you enjoy reading our article, The Facial Evolution Looking Backwards and Moving Forward. Thank you.


The Chiefs are not a good run defense. They're 28th and Number Fire's opponent adjusted efficiency. They're 23rd in yards before contact allowed. 31st in rushing success rate allowed to running backs. So look, the game script doesn't set up for Derek Henry. But we know that Derek Henry is going to get, again, probably 30 carries unless they get blown out. But I mean, he's going to be involved early. He should be able to do some damage against this front. The thing that we talk about a lot on these smaller slates is making assumptions. It's cliche to say, tell a story, but you should tell a story with your lineup. Do you think that the Chiefs are going to run away and hide? In that scenario, you can omit Derek Henry from your lineups. But if we're looking at this from like a range of outcomes perspective, in what percentage of games do the Chiefs run away and hide? It's a non-negligible number because they're really freaking good and this Titans past defense is not. They're ranked 14th for the full season. And I think Mahomes is going to be able to move the ball at will against this past defense. But it's still not going to be a huge percentage, a huge chunk of the pie where the Chiefs run away and hide. If you look at Number Fire, they give the Titans 32% odds of winning this game outright, which means that Derek Henry is going to be a hyper relevant play 32% of the time. And he'll be a hyper relevant play in close games that they lose to. So the way I want to view him is, how often do you see the Chiefs running away and hiding? In those lineups omit Derek Henry. If it's not that lineup, you should use Derek Henry. Even if they lose, like he's been running a route on like 50% of the drop backs during the playoffs at 16 to 31 per pro football focus, which is nuts. But like, I think that even if they get behind, my baseline assumption would still be that he'll be on the field because there are better passing offense with him out there too. So I think that even in a game that they lose, as long as they don't get totally destroyed, Derek Henry is still a good play for DFS. Yeah, it just seems like the path for Derek Henry, aside from injury, which you know, is just always something that we have to watch for the path for him to be completely phased out is the Chiefs put up like 28 points in the first quarter and they could do. But like that's even with that, you know that Derek Henry is going to get the ball and the Chiefs are really gonna have to sell out to limit Derek Henry. So I just look, he's $9,800 on a two game slate. And that is crazy for a back who does not get a lot of targets and receiving work receiving work correlates really well to a running backs floor. But this offense has just been Derek Henry. And I think that that's also going to kind of keep the game closer because I just don't anticipate Derek Henry getting stuffed. And I think that one thing that's noteworthy from a salary perspective is that last week in the divisional round, Derek Henry ran for 198 yards. But he still was not in the perfect Fandal lineup because he's so expensive. And when you use Derek Henry, that means you're not getting to Patrick Mahomes potentially, potentially not getting to Devonta Adams, Tyreek Hill, George Kittle, Travis Kelsey. There is a pretty massive opportunity cost. So what I was saying, you should omit Derek Henry in lineups where they get totally wiped. That's not the only scenario in which you can omit him because he can go off and still not be in the perfect lineup for this weekend. So I think that there are scenarios in which you omit him, even when you think it's a closer game. But the only time where I'm going to absolutely omit him is where I assume that she's absolutely torched things.


This is Mises Weekends with your host, Jeff Deist. Patrick Byrne is best known as the Overstock.com pioneer, but he's also a philosopher, a blockchain entrepreneur, and a great voice for libertarianism. He was kind enough to join us this past weekend at our event in San Diego where he delivered a great speech on the origins of liberty and consent versus totalitarianism and submission. So stay tuned for a great excerpt from his talk. I think we're like a company that has lost its brand, lost its business model, has forgotten its business model. And for the younger folks here, I think it's probably, I think that people should be reminded what our operating system is about. And what I mean by operating system is a great book that's kind of a cult science fiction book. Who hears Red Snow Crash? They have to be kind of a real hardcore anarcho capitalist at Red Snow Crash. But it's a great book from over 20 years ago where a sci-fi novel that envisioned the collapse of civilization, the Snow Crash, a lot of interesting memes come out of it. The concept of cyberpunk metaverse. He envisions in this book in 1993 things that we would now call Facebook or the World Wide Web. Memes itself, the concept of memes got traction in this book. And this is sort of the Bible of the anarcho capitalist. But what this book does is invites us to think of civilizations as operating systems. Nobody kills each other. I think Linux is great. I think Macintosh is great. I think PC, they're just operating systems that have different virtues and different flaws, different design advantages and different design flaws. And the two main classes of operating systems and history is just as this book would invite you to see is just a sort of a Petri dish where we're looking at different operating systems and seeing what emerges as the most successful, which has the least flaws and is the most useful. The two main classes of operating systems are authoritarianism and liberalism. Thoritarianism, I love this. Kennedy said this in his inaugural address. Not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. And Milton Friedman said, well, this bike, a few years later he wrote this. He said that clearly, as Kennedy's subsequent act shows, he meant by country government. And Milton Friedman said, neither half of the statement expresses a relationship between the citizen and his government that's worthy of the ideals of free men in a free society. And that's because ultimately authoritarianism, the core DNA is submission. It's submission. And I think of George Orwell described the future this way.  Well, I think that that's too, I hope that that's pessimistic about the future, but it certainly is a good description of history. By and large, I was once in 04, I was in Afghanistan searching for artisanal products for Overstock, and I was talking to a young lady through an interpreter, another woman who was, an Afghani woman who was interpreting, pardon me, it's a little hot. And she was, I was talking to this artisan and in translation the woman was saying, I can't go and pick up the raw materials to make more products for you, because I don't have a husband anymore. If I walk on the road, I might be stolen, and this and that. And I corrected the translator and said, the word isn't stolen, it's kidnapped. And this woman, the translator said, well, not really in our language. We have a word for kidnapped, and if it happens if a man is taken or something you're kidnapped, but if a woman is taken, we use the same word that you would use for a cow or a sheep. Just like if you saw in America a cow walking down the road, you wouldn't think of it as being, you'd ask, who owns it? Who owns the cow? The cow doesn't own the cow, somebody owns the cow. And that's how it is for women in Afghanistan. And so we use the word that you would use if somebody steals a cow or a sheep or a woman, because there's no concept of a free woman. A woman's always owned by her dad or her husband or older brother, something like that. And I think that it's, I think we all should remember that until the liberal revolution came along, that's largely how people had to conceive of themselves. We were ends. We were means for other people's ends. And it's easy to get confused on that when you read philosophy, because people use words. Like here I pulled a line out of Machiavelli. Just as an example of how this can be distorted, Machiavelli speaks of whenever those states which have been acquired or live under their own laws and in freedom, there are three cores for those who wish to hold them, blah, blah, blah. What he means by a free state isn't what we mean. Machiavelli means a state that is not a vassal. It's not subject to another state. But it's just taking for granted, of course, that the prince is the prince. All who live within the state are the means for the prince to achieve his ends. It's not free in that sense. So people have used this word freedom for a long time not to really mean anything like we conceive of it. Where does our conception come from? Well, the liberal conception, the core value for us, is consent. It's all about consent. If you think of what we are really trying to promote at the DNA level is consent. Consensual relations among humans, among citizens, and consent of the governed as a political doctrine. There are three precursors I like to mention. I used to teach philosophy and love. I could teach a whole semester on this. The three precursors. The first time I can even think of this having been conceptualized is in the book of Daniel. If you remember, there is a line. Daniel interprets for the king Nebuchadnezzar and one of his interpretations is you've been judged in the balance and found wanting. Well, that ability to conceive until then political and divine authority were synonymous. They were united. The first evidence I can think of where somebody conceived of it differently that there is some external balance by which you can judge political authority is this line in the book of Daniel. A couple hundred years later, really, in Athens, democracy emerges, the first voting. And also, it's interesting, I used to study Athenian democracy and they had several different constitutions. And the constitution that turned out to work the best and created the most stable political system in Athens is when they went to choosing their representatives through sortition, which means randomly, just as we choose jurors. And believe it or not, that's, I was one we don't think of anymore, although we do choose jurors that way. But it was when the Athenian political system chose their electors at random that they actually fared the best. And then third, there was a Greek, he was a Greek man that lived in the Roman Republic. And the Romans spent 500 years pretending they were Greek. They were sort of like East Coast Americans who looked up to the French. Romans looked up to the Greeks so much. And every good Roman aristocratic household would have a Greek slave to teach the children and raise them. And there was a Greek living there in about 120 BC, Polybius, who wrote, and he was a tutor to one of the aristocratic households, and he wrote the histories. And he had this theory. He was the first to articulate this theory of history, which says it's the natural order of things that out of primitive society, kingdom emerges and then kingdoms degenerate to tyrannies. And then the tyranny gets sort of, the tyrant gets usurped by the nobility, the aristocracy around him and they take over. And then that degenerates into oligarchy. And then the people take over. That's democracy. And then that degenerates into mob rule. And history had, so there were benign and malign forms of each government. Kings, deterrents, aristocracies, to oligarchies, democracy, to forget the Greek word for mob rule, but mob rule. And does someone know it? No, it's not mob, it's like octocracy or something. Great. And that the way to stop that was polycentricity, which just means decisions get decentralized. You want to have decent, if the more you centralize decision making in one body, the more it tends to accelerate this process, but the more that you can distribute political authority across different bodies, then you can, we can perhaps stop this tradition of this historical cycle. And his great, he argues in one book of histories that that's the virtue of the Roman Republic, that they had managed to balance these different interests and that this process had come to a stop. Continuing this, it really, but I say that's the precursor, but liberalism really starts just over 500 years ago in Spain. And we normally don't think of it this way, but it starts in Spain in two places. One place in Spain called the Lowlands or the Netherlands, which we got to remember Spain, Europe was all Spain, with this island of France in it, but Europe was Spain. And in the swamps on the northwest of Europe, some Germanic folk who didn't want to be under anyone's authority moved out into these swamps and realized if they could cooperate, they could drain the swamps and build and create land and live together. So it really was a, but then they had to come up with the rules by which they were going to live together. And it actually is, if you, was a social contract. We study, if you're studying college philosophy, political theory, you always hear about contract theory, Hobbes, Locke, John Rawls is the big one that gets studied these days, that the idea of justice is let's all agree if we were in some original position, let's agree on what the rules would be and then whatever rules they would be, that's what we should live under now. Well, they actually did this in the Netherlands. This is what they were doing in the 1300s. And they came up with a form of government that first recognizes that we hire somebody, if we're all working, say, to build a dam on the Amstel River, which is where it all started, hence Amstel Dam, that we're going to have to cooperate and we're going to have to have somebody who runs the show, a mayor or something, but as they think of them, just the first among equals, not some overarching presence in the sky, government's just like a plumber or something that we've hired to get something done. And it's just the first among equals. And then enough of those political bodies federated, and that was the lowlands. So, but from the ground up, it's all consent and it's not based on sort of this overarching respect for government as a ruler of us.  A merchant and bourgeoisie town emerged and the values of the merchant class are consent, consensual exchange. Erasmus, a great Catholic theologian, came and wrote the first philosophical defenses of tolerance, religious tolerance and peace, but a philosophical defense of religious tolerance. Spinoza, the great one. You know, for 200 years, if you just referred to the philosopher, you meant Spinoza. And he came up with what we would now call the modern view of the self, maybe even the basis of psychology, our way of conceiving of ourselves as agents who have psychologies and things. That was Spinoza. And he conceived of man for the first time as an entity whose consent matters. It's not just about the princes and their dealings with each other, that the consent of the government, that we are beings worthy of consent. And hence, this whole sort of consensual society developed in this swampy area in the northwest of Europe. And it prospered, it prospered immensely. Something funny happened. We give all this credit to the English as being the cradle of civilization. They even teach this in American high school civics anymore. You learn this stuff about the English and what really happened was some English separatists, they were Brownians, they moved to, they fled England and they moved to Rotterdam and they lived there for 20 years and they eventually got fed up with the effect of the licentious and wicked ways of Amsterdam on their youth and they decided to move and they sailed to the New World. Landed at Plymouth Rock, we know them as the Pilgrims in our history book. We give all this credit to the Pilgrims that came over, Pilgrims are not Puritans, they're more like we would think of as the Quaker tradition today and they didn't come from England with it. It's left what's not taught in the history books and they learned it in this 20-year period in the Netherlands. And then also, we learn in our civics classes that our founding fathers all read this great English philosopher, John Locke. The second treat is on government where he works out a social contract and this was a very influential book on our founding fathers. In truth, John Locke didn't learn it in England. He sat at the Glorious Revolution sitting over in Amsterdam for three years and then he went back to England and wrote this book. This is really built, again, on his perceptions out of Holland. So in my view, we don't give nearly the credit to the Netherlands that we should intellectually. It's really where liberalism was conceived. It maybe was cradled in England and Britain and then came to the U.S. But... And then there's another part of Spain and there's a wonderful economist who I don't know if he has spoken at Mises, but Jesus Huarto de Soto, is he known in the... And he has developed... Well, it was really Murray Rothbard, I understand, who first made this argument and that Hayek approved it. And it was an argument that what we... Just over 400 years ago, the University of Salamanca in Spain, something very special happened.  It really sort of took the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and natural rights philosophy and developed it. And they noticed both from their own philosophizing and also from the... Spain was at the time, it was the Golden Age of Spain and they had big influx of gold and silver from the New World. And so they were thinking economically and they came up with the first subjectivist theory of value, the idea that the value of something is not some function of how much labor has been put in it. People used to have these philosophical discussions like how do we determine what the value of something is. And it was them who said the value is the appraisal of the person who will buy. There's no sort of way to find some intrinsic value in something. There's no sort of socialist calculation. The idea that prices can't be set by any authority because it's just you'd have to know all the preferences of too many people and how they really value things and even God himself and his infinite wisdom could not perform the calculations to describe what the price of everything must be. They saw the big inflation as this gold came back from the New World, there was a big bout of commodity theory of money that even discovered what we now would call the equivalence of demand deposits and certificates of deposits. That if a banking system can create inflation by over issuing either. So it isn't just basically through fractional reserve banking you can create inflation as well. So the value and the sort of fundamental importance of entrepreneurship, property, contract, how this is what really moved society forward. There was just as there was in Spain there was an actual peace movement, probably the world's first peace movement. You had scholastics writing against the crown about the virtues, what we would now call a peace movement, about how wrong it was to be going and doing that in the New World. These thoughts moved to the eastern edge of the Spanish Empire, which was then well, the eastern edge was the Osteraik, the eastern reign, the Osteraik which is Austria. And there they hibernated for 250 years. They hibernated in universities there until they came out and come down to us starting about 150 years ago as the Austrian School of Economics. That's actually what we know as the Austrian School of Economics. Jesus Huerto de Soto and to him I understand Mary Rothbard have confirmed that actually started back 400 years ago in Salamanca. And I view if you mix all these means up of consent, federation among consensual states, consensual exchange, tolerance, religious tolerance, pluralism and on the right these economic concepts I think you get pretty much the U.S. Constitution. In fact this isn't Jefferson read, there was a book by one of these classes called The History of Spain, Marianas and Jefferson got copies and sent it to all the founding fathers. They all read this book because he thought in the history of Spain which is the material from which the Salamanca school worked that one could find proof of the benefit of these concepts and that in an obvious way our U.S. Constitution embodies this tradition. It's under attack so that's the quick short course on I think where liberalism where our operating system comes from. What's important to know is under attack in four ways. Philosophically constitutionally from a point of view of institutional design and a civilizational attack. Philosophically I'm only going to hit one of these really at any length, Rousseau. Rousseau is the great enemy of mankind. Rousseau see when the when the authoritarian couldn't fight it anymore they subverted it in different ways. And for Rousseau he writes this book, The Social Contract where he says yes the consent of people, the will of other people is important but it's not this silly will you don't find out what the will of a people is just by voting. We're French we're superficial. It's that the will each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will. There's a general will that we have we don't discover it by voting amongst ourselves but there's a general will that is our purpose the sovereign power need no guarantee to give no guarantee to its subjects thus the dominant will of the prince is or should be nothing but the general will or the law and whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be held to do so by the whole body this means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free. This is the great well we laugh but I'm going to show you momentarily where this shows up in our modern discourse you know it this is the great philosophical jujitsu move against liberalism that yes okay you folks are right it is the will that's important but the real will isn't what you silly people think your will is it's what some robespierre is going to come and make clear to you what your will is and if you don't what your collective will is and if you don't go along with it he can just force you to be free and that's what real freedom is so the real jujitsu move to always be alert for is somebody telling you that freedom isn't this or liberty isn't this silly thing of you pursuing what you want is just a board nation submission to some other process to some other mechanism that describes basically the next 200 years of oh by the way Voltaire read this and wrote to Rousseau dear Monsieur Rousseau I've received sir your new book against the human race and thank you for it one longs in reading your book to walk on all fours and that was Voltaire I love somebody once asked Bertrand Rousseau if he had a Bible he said yeah yeah I keep it over there under my Voltaire this mistake has propagated through philosophy for 200 years I'm not going to walk through in great detail but basically the common denominator of this mistake is somebody saying freedom isn't what you think with this American conception of freedom is or what our conception of freedom is it's a submission to something else and Kant was really although we think of him as the father of liberalism some people do he really didn't get it didn't get the joke and he still at the end of the day thought freedom was submission to a historical process Hegel basically in my view just warmed over Kant Marx same thing submission if you've ever had the I don't know misfortune to argue with a hardcore lefty I used to live in China in the early 80's I would have these long debates with my I was a foreign student I would have these debates with my chai kham friends my roommates and they would say well what you are what you understand as freedom is just this bourgeois western understanding and we have you know through the science of Marxism and such and Lenin and Maoist thought we understand that real freedom is submission to this process and by furthering this process that's how a person really achieves true freedom Nietzsche did the same different process named but he actually referred to what did he say if John Stuart Mill only an Englishman cares about happiness in other words this idea of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness that's just like this trivial superficial conception of freedom I'm going to bring down from the mountains a much richer conception is through subordination to that submission to that that real freedom exists Lenin kind of twisted well it's not submission to this historical process it's submission to you know the vanguard the vanguard of the process the party itself and literally if you go back a hundred or less than a hundred years and look at how this stuff is debated there are there's actually people made this argument that is through submission in this case to the party now if you've ever that is through submission to the party that real freedom is found so it's the same twist over and over freedom isn't this sort of silly superficial thing of life liberty and pursuit of happiness is submitting yourself to something else is where you really achieve freedom Hitler Arbite Max Frey the gates of the concentration camps work makes you free submission to the to the state and such it's again when I've been in these even Cambodia I've been in a long time ago people all know the Rousseau people the Chinese students maybe couldn't study any western philosopher other than Rousseau and Marx and Marx Marx Lenin it's the authoritarian instinct needs needs to make this flip it's the same Judah move over and over that the that freedom is submission to something else Voltaire said people who believe in absurdities will eventually commit atrocities and that mistake is a that is in it is an absurdity recently had a politician say the more I looked at what our founders were talking about they understood happiness to mean true happiness not pleasure and enjoyment as we see happiness today but doing what you ought to do doing what you're oriented to do doing what God oriented you to do in other words doing the right thing what our founders were talking about was the liberty to be able to pursue what you ought to do and he's very ready to tell you what you ought to do this was Rick Sandorum so this isn't just idle this philosophical error error has crept into the not crept in it is barged into the discourse and polluted it for 200 years and it still lives that's philosophically constitutionally it's always been under attack it held its own and I think that it would have held its own it was a well-designed system that our constitution would have held its own until somebody had to cheat and the great scholar who has deconstructed this so beautifully is Richard Epstein he wrote a book about how progressives rewrote the constitution and he traces how in jurisprudence American jurisprudence the principles of our constitution got subverted and sort of to me I was just hearing people talk about the regulatory state the administrative state none of that was really possible in the constitution as it was written the idea was to have 13 laboratories or 50 laboratories trying lots of different things polycentricity remember lots of different laboratories trying to solve problems and then the better solutions would get recognized and emulated and that's how policy innovation would work that was a beautiful aspect of the constitution not sufficiently appreciated it seems to me judging from the discourse well that got ruined by the administrative state the particular case was Wicked vs. Philburn you know Roosevelt came in and he passed all these laws and the supreme court struck down said these are unconstitutionally basically tried to Mussolini our country and which is an interesting story to go into aside but people forget Mussolini was very widely respected and regarded in the United States until 1935 when he invaded Libya but Mussolini anyway oh Tom is Tom did you write about this the connection between Mussolini and Roosevelt is that okay you have everything else why not this anyway they and it really comes down to absurd a case is this a farmer I think it was in Iowa well eventually Roosevelt got sick of this and in 1936 told the supreme court I told the country I'm going to pack the supreme court nothing says I can't take it from 9 judges to 15 there's nothing in the constitution that specifies the number of judges originally was 5 and I'm going to put 6 of my own guys on and at that point the spring term in 1937 the supreme court buckled called the switch in time that saved 9 and they buckled and they started rubber stamping as constitutional the flagrantly unconstitutional unconstitutional things FDR was doing and in 1942 or 43 a case came to the supreme court where Roosevelt had a program that was setting prices for agricultural goods nationally and a farmer had grown wheat in his own backyard and made something that got in trouble with the feds goes all the way to the supreme court and on the grounds of the commerce clause that the federal government could reach in because the federal government had an interest in maintaining price stability in farm products and this and that and if a farmer grows his own wheat and eats it then that's wheat he didn't buy in the national market so he's having an effect however infinitesimal on the national market hence this is a fit subject for federal intervention well that's so philosophically tenuous that's what I mean by saying the system really ultimately did take a crime to be broken it took the threat to pack the court and it took decisions like that to for for the constitution to stop working and what that decision was the opening of the administrative state once they did that then it becomes a fit subject for federal administrators and regulators to regulate just about anything another great example of that actually marijuana in California when it was first legalized here there was a woman like a leukemia patient who was dying and grew a plant in her backyard and that was the test case they brought was Gonzalez of E. Reich and went to the supreme court where we just got where there's only one person on the supreme court in my mind who actually understands the constitution it's Clarence Thomas and because lots of conservative judges are way too deferential to Congress and way too deferential to government authority if you want to read a real libertarian treasure read Clarence Thomas's dissent in the Gonzalez v. Reich where he said if the federal government can regulate that a woman growing a pot plant in her backyard they can regulate spelling bees and anything else in the country so the third of the four ways it's under attack is institutional design and here is here's the real insertion point in our operating system for the virus that we are up against is the insertion point for the virus of authoritarianism is centralized institutions because centralized institutions I won't read all of this but federalist 10 I just heard federalist 47 refer to federalist 10 says it was it was Madison wrote it basically we studied all the ways that other that all their attempts at democracy had failed how they failed and we designed this constitution to be better than that but the thing that we haven't I'm bridging and the thing that we haven't solved he's basically saying is this problem of faction none deserves when we're actually developed and its tendency to break the balance of faction the trend of popular governments never find themselves so much alarm for their character is money and fates is when he contemplates their propensity to this dangerous vice this is what factions is what are the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished and by factions he meant what we would call special interests special interest the ability for people to organize and get special treatment and he says this very interesting thing the valuable improvements made by the American constitutions meaning this constitution and the popular models both ancient and modern cannot certainly be too much admired but it would be an unwarrantable partiality to contend that they have as effectively the danger on the side is was wished and imagined in other words we have designed this constitution to prevent all these flaws that we've seen take down previous attempts at democracy but there's one thing that we wish we had solved better was this problem of special interests and that's the one that brings down democracies in the long run so this is the weakness in our operating system it comes with wanting a rule in the nation of laws and not men you have to rely on centralized institutions and centralized institutions have this tendency to become corrupted they have this tendency to get captured regulatory capture we call it when it happens to regulators there are actually marxists who argue it happens much deeper than just with the regulators it happens through the whole state through academia and I actually have a website called deep capture which is about this process we're already on our financial markets so the real problem with if liberalism is an operating system of institutions or laws and not men or institutions and not people then when those institutions get captured that's our great weakness and if they have a tendency to be captured they create this creates what John Kenneth Galbraith called the bezel in financial circles yeah Galbraith said that at any given time there's what the people are being told is in the financial system and what's there if you could just freeze time and add up what every single one of you is being told is there your ownership and compare what's there there's a huge discrepancy and that discrepancy is the amount that has been embezzled from society over time that's the bezel and I would argue that our centralized institutions that govern our financial arrangements display this to no end so we want to get rid of where possible centralized institutions because they are this liability they are this weak point in our operating system and where possible we don't want to be overseen by centralized institutions because they do get captured the blockchain has come along and what the blockchain is so great at the economist calls it the trust machine we can now through blockchain engage in all kinds of consensual exchange and all kinds of activities without them being mediated by central institutions we will see shortly central banking is one of them I have been focusing my attention on an area of wall street called central counterparty clearing I'm not going into the details but what effectively what the blockchain does to wall street is as follows it drags it behind the barn and it kills it with an axe and and why that's going to do that to wall street quickly but it also it can do it to all kinds of centralized institutions think of property think of land titling you can't trust you know the common denominator of so many central institutions is we can't trust each other so we agree I'll stop this from slashing the bull we can't well what the heck you know I'm going to trade you a camel for your gold coin I don't know whether to trust you did you debase the coin or not so there's a business model that is someone prints the remit and they the monopoly on violence in an area creates a mint puts his face on everything gets minted anyone who debases that gets killed it's a way to monetize one's monopoly on violence it's a business model we happen to call it government but it's a business model there's lots of business models that both public and private that share this feature it's we can't trust each other so we just agree there's some third party institution we trust land titling could be one another I mean there's all kinds of these things that now we can achieve that trust the first time in 6000 years of human history we can have that trust come about not through some central institution that we all agree on but through blockchain how that happens is a big subject I won't go any farther and lastly and I read in the material that you pride yourselves on not being PC so I'm going to bring up an uncomfortable subject at least in much discourse and that is if our DNA if our genetic material is about consent what do we do if a authoritarian operating system emerges disguised as a religion it's core values submission but it's as a religion we grant it from the very beginning we've been about religious tolerance so now of course I'm talking about Islam now Islam has I've spent a lot of my life in the Middle East I'm not just speaking from Fox News Islam has variance before say 1979 I think it was it did not have the tendency I'm describing but at the core for some Salafist and extremist interpretations of Islam the basic world view is there's the world that has submitted to the will of Allah the world that has submitted the world the Dar El Islam and Islam means submission the Dar El Islam and we in the world of submitted who have submitted versus the world that we're still at war with so there's the world of submission in the world of war Dar El Islam and Dar El Harb and what do you do if an operating system comes along it's fundamental value by some interpretations is submission and that shows up where in a society whose fundamental value is consent I'm not sure that a carbon based life form can ever mate successfully with a silicon based life form I'm not sure there's ever going to be a way to work this out now fortunately we're assured it's a small fraction of Muslims who believe this way and I'm happy to hear that I read a poll last year on among the immigrants to Europe 13% of them 10% of them support ISIS somewhat and 13% support ISIS strongly that's 23% will telepulster they support ISIS I don't know what the real number is my guess is higher than 23% so there's some non-negotiable fraction that don't have anything like the fuzzy bunny soft interpretation of Islam that we are told is the standard interpretation of Islam and like I've said I've spent a lot of time in the Middle East with a lot of people who believe in another interpretation of Islam describing the fundamental value is submission and we may be kidding ourselves that you can ever, that there's ever a way to integrate that into a liberal society maybe not, maybe we have to do a better job of integrating but maybe it's something that has to be fought in a different way my preferred route is I think the US should be all about women in the Muslim world we should focus all of our attention on the situation of women in the Muslim world both because it is consistent with our values and because it would be, it is quite subversive for their societies and that's how we, I believe we should be addressing that bro, sort of way that is liberalism that is the four ways it's under attack


What is the public domain? I told you the strict legal definition, so works for which the terms of protection have Aspired, but maybe from this very short introduction that I'm giving you you have an idea that it's maybe broader than that So the first thing I would like to ask Charlie Nesson is is it broader? What is the public domain in your view? well, I think of the public domain from a student's point of view somebody coming onto the net and The public domain is everything that someone coming onto the net can access for free Without feeling at risk that they're going to be sued So it's actually the free space of the net that is open as a common wealth of all Citizens of the net I Yesterday we were talking and me and other people were struck by the idea that the public domain is what you can do Absolutely the public domain is a relationship to the individual in which the individual is empowered Both to access a tremendous wealth That is just a click away and is also empowered to create To contribute to the public domain That is if if I would like to use my creativity in some way that is open to the public world that's the methodology of of Creativity and access to the domain and it's in some way surprising how Impedent that is by existing structures so many times when we discuss about content online there is this idea that The only or the most important use is just consuming and therefore all these metaphors of piracy of stealing and there is so little Emphasis on the fact that you can actually do things with the things you find online You can actually have entrepreneurial ideas that you can recreate in remix Existing ideas in order to make your point. So these there is a in my view a lack of emphasis on what you can actually do Not simply consume Yes, and I would relate that to What I think of as the the problem of the Internet the Internet comes as a kind of amazing invention I Have the benefit in my lifetime of having Gone from just the very first little bits To seeing this amazing Internet environment cyber environment that we're in but when you ask Who who are the major what are the major? foundations For Internet you can think of welder's government And there's business But government government's interest tends to be very much worried about what you can do negatively with the net so into security and worries and fears and business is all concerned about being able to track a transaction and You get the image of the businessman wanting to be at the juncture point so that they can say stop here Pay a toll now go forward and there's neither of those major constituencies are as far as I can see Institutionally committed to freedom on the Internet and so when you ask where is The institution in our society that is genuinely committed to The creation of knowledge free access to knowledge the enjoyment of knowledge the pleasure of Creating knowledge that's university and with Internet having started as a university Experiment and expanded initially with university it just it just seems it's now an appropriate time for university to examine its own self-interest in the development of the open net and become a kind of Institutional foundation for promoting it and protecting it absolutely before Talking more about the role of universities if you were to talk to a politician an influential Policymaker and you were wanted to Convince him her to act in favor of the public domain. What would you say to convince him or her? Well, that's a very good question When when I feel we started with The Berkman Center and then later next it It it was pretty much the case that people didn't know what the public domain was one of one of my colleagues Larry Lessig argued a case in front of the United States Supreme Court in 1998 that was protesting the ever lengthening protection for copyright Saying no, no, there's no reason to give Basically infinite protection the copyright and he was arguing on behalf of the public domain and yet the justices of the Supreme Court Really, you could see they really didn't they really didn't understand what he was talking about I mean, how is it that we come to value the air that we breathe and the water that we drink and the knowledge? That surrounds us it's like I I truly believe that we won't come to Totally appreciate it until the generation of digital natives that has grown up within this world Gets to a point of maturity where they can really feel and express the idea that This enormous freedom that we experience whenever we go into the cyber environment is a thing of Just enormous value So when you say value I imagine that you you think of the world and from different points of view Political value or cultural value. Is it also an economic value? Do you see that that by Strengthening the public domain. We're also Encouraging new ways of wealth creation wealth also in the sense of economic sense Well, I think no question that we've seen the economic benefit to businesses at being able to reach Basically the whole population with their sales pitch. So the economics have been overwhelmingly emphasized and the net is in some way under pressure to Change its architecture to support the economics Or none of that would have happened unless there was access to that free space it's just the instinct of of I think to some extent business and government to constrain it in order to improve their own Situations but in in some sense at the expense of the explorer the the cyber knot the young student who is Exploring and thinking of new things inventing new ways to use and creating new things for other people to use and how do you see the Metaphor that some people are suggesting that We should talk about the public domain in in a in the way that Environmental movement started decades ago talking about the environment Decades ago people were not at all Sensitive as they are now to the quality of air to the importance of water of a common green Patrimony Is it the metaphor that convinces you do you think we we could use the same route to explain to even to the ordinary? citizen the importance of the public domain absolutely to me the metaphor that most captures the goal is the idea of national parks in cyberspace now they won't be national they'll be international but When I think about the way the United States developed Here was this amazing open land and people claimed it for farms and so forth but it wasn't until People came to recognize how valuable open space is that we established our own in the US National Park system and As you look back on it that was such a brilliant thing to do when when when you see how badly developed so much of The territory is and then you go to a space where it's truly open and Yes, so I think the in the cyberspace is an environment it is it is a space and How it's built is up to us on the third day We in the schedule you find Talk by David Bolier who unfortunately Unfortunately had to go back to the to the US this morning And he was going to underline the connection between these natural parks in cyberspace and the physical commas the broader movement of the commas and other people to underline that People caring about the natural parks in cyberspace should ally themselves more openly more explicitly with the people caring about Commons of water of the commons of of parks in the physical world Do you see this connection as strategically important or can we go on each each of us in our own domain? Well, I think about the open access movement in Universities so in one sense, it's very individual. It's what you or I as Academic people We have our own creative talents It's not like cyberspace is Out there and we discover it's not like Columbus comes upon it and whoa there it is it's actually something that individuals collectively can create and contribute to and the the The constituency in the world that seems to me to be in some ways most suited to Creation and Contribution is the academic world. I mean it's our mission personally we commit ourselves To a life relating to knowledge rather than money nobody goes I won't say nobody nobody goes into the academic business in order to make money at least Not many people go into the right. So so the idea that this is at once a A global enterprise of building public space and at the very same time an individual Enterprise of personal expression That that to me is the combination. I mean it's like it's like the rivers and the streams and the air and the forests Except that they were all there and we come and look at them. This is slightly different Fundamentally different in that this is the aggregation of what we ourselves have create and create for the future for our Children and so forth right you you've reached the topic of universities and cyberspace Let's start from Actually, you already started talking about that the foundation of this conference this conference is broader is University in cyberspace and how to reshape knowledge institutions in a network age It's for the scope is larger than universities and the public domain But that's was the foundation and you already mentioned that that what you mean by why universities have this important role With regard to the public domain Do you think the universities generally speaking are already aware of their all they have is it? Already happening to some extent What should we do if it's not the case about it? I Think it's a growing awareness right now if you're in the university world and you do research It's a very different form of research than 50 years ago 50 years ago You put on a green eye shade and you went into the depths of the library and you stayed in the stacks For years upon years and you emerged with something now people research from their offices with the online Databases and if you ask now, what is the university library? Yes, it's that big building that's down there with the books, but functionally for Researchers and students in the library. It's also everything you can reach through the net and so I think university is coming to see that in a sense cyberspace is its library and so the idea of contributing to the library maintaining it I mean the to me one of the most interesting features of coming to Europe is the sensibility of cultural heritage and of fear that You can somehow see it dissipating in the lack of attention that it receives in As as something focused upon in a homogenous internet environment but the idea of universities as cultural centers and Centers for their particular geographic and ethnic place in the world and as articulators and as conservators and as Shapers so that when public comes to the net this cultural heritage is there alive and being Tended to that again seems to me to be an ideal role for University in cyberspace right and I was saying that University in cyberspace is Broader than that because during these three days We are of course going to explore the role of universities with respect to the commons of knowledge But also we will look at other important matters that Allow us to understand or try to understand what's going to happen in the next several years We're going to look at digital natives. So this young generation that is coming that you already Referred to so how do they behave? What do they think would do it they expect from universities? What are they going to give to universities? Not only what they're going to demand and we're going to look at the evolution of the library You just mentioned it very very brilliantly that now the library is cyberspaces But that does that mean that the library disappeared the actual physical library or the virtual libraries probably not So what's the evolution there and we are going to look at the physical spaces? Particularly in the relationship to virtual extensions. So we have these three tracks Going through the three days and today is going to be the day where the keynotes will be delivered in order to bring everybody on the same plane we got in these three topics and They will shed some light on What the relationship with the university in cyberspace will be digital natives the evolution of the library physical spaces virtual spaces you are remember when Second life just started you all the full course on second life. Is it right? How was that experience for instance? Oh, it's amazing well Let me just step back for a moment if I may One Carlos is a man that I met in 2005 The Berkman Center under the leadership of Terry Fisher whom you'll meet later on And started a program called I law in which the various faculty members associated with the centers basically taught in a small conference format what what are what we were thinking about and one Carlos somehow noticed this and Invited us to tour in 2005. So that was my first visit here and it was at on that occasion when meeting you I Felt I met someone who shared the vision. I felt you you understood it You were surrounded by these to me wonderful people committed to open access and creative commons and open code and You had you you had something going and so the idea that from that start We've come to this point is it's it's in a way expressive of the very Trajectory of the growth of this idea from of the public domain as something people didn't even know what it was increasingly to something that feels like It's a movement that could take hold at an individual and Institutional level and really go somewhere. So I just want to express my personal gratitude to you for taking an idea that was only an idea and bringing it to a conference and My gratitude as well to the wonderful team at Burkman Many of whom you'll meet with Gasser John Paul free Terry Fisher Stuart Schieber I'm very sorry to hear that David Bollier had to go back. I didn't realize that but Colin McClay Many numbers of others from my I I hope you will meet and so I may have lost the thread of your question Since several people are here at the end in the conference because they genuinely want to understand what University and cyber space The interaction between the two will bring in the in the next few years if you more broadly So not just thinking about the relationship I were very important with the public domain but more broadly if you were to talk to a university administrator to the president of your university of another university and You would sum up the main challenges and main opportunities that the internet poses to universities What would you choose to say? Well, I think I think I'd start With where I believe many people in university begin the People don't naturally think of university as an open environment the university over history has existed in a monastic kind of away and Quite separate from the public which and and university clearly sees its own Institution as a business In many respects and so quite naturally falls into the idea of thinking of what universities produce as their property to be protected and charged for And that's a completely understandable historical way a legitimate way of thinking of university But universities at the very same time are obviously at a transition point in terms of the long history of communications technology and the internet represents in its way a Transition point it's it's an environment that changes the default The original default is closed the internet default starts open and so for University to actually conceive itself as a kind of Algorithmic organism moving through time and space at a point where the challenge is really to adjust and Survive in a new environment That to me has dimension for university thinkers Which take it out to the father the the furthest element We're clearly just at the beginning of it. We were if you think of cyberspace as a growing network When it begins all right, we see the network, but we don't initially see the strength of the network we don't see how the aggregation of the talents of a network of people Can be turned to fruitful enterprise to me Wikipedia is like a Flash of insight That should strike everyone look at this amazing ability through an algorithmic structure to Allow the goodwill of Thousands upon thousands of people to aggregate and come together To produce something that's genuinely useful All right, and that's just the first. That's like the first beginning evolution of collective strength and The use of human intelligence to bind it together in ways that are commonly productive But if you see Wikipedia as just the very beginning Then Expans opens up so and I don't mean to limit this entirely to nonprofit I'm completely impressed with Google Maps and Google Earth Amazing and then totally open I can go I can link to it I can teach my students with it and so many more things like that where we are learning how to use this growing environment in ways that produce genuine public wealth and That to me is a challenge of invention that should Be a focus of university how to use this environment to create knowledge in new ways It's it's a it's a worthy focal point for The university administrator who starts from this closed environment But sees hey, we're going into a new space and my job is to somehow order my university and orient my university towards production and survival and thriving in this new environment and And it links beautifully to something that recently Joito wrote about university. He was saying that maybe the one of the main Challenges will be for universities universities to understand how to mix formal and informal learning Meaning that students will be able to learn using cyberspace in a much more unstructured way and university We will have to find a way out to Verify and certify even this informal learning and mix it with your regular Structured learning and that's quite a change of perspective for universities Yes, I Also, I'd add an I'd add an an element of caution in it as well I mean there is an enthusiasm that one can feel for Internet and expansiveness and so forth, but it's easy to make mistakes as well, so universities Take a very specific example Laptops in the classroom This isn't an issue that I think every teacher Confronts in some way you you want to use it you see it there must be possibility and yet at the very time you do it you risk Undermining something that's been very valuable Before which is a classroom of people all of whom are paying attention Now suddenly you have a classroom of people and they're all and maybe that's not exactly what you want So how you how you mix these two environments in a way that leads to progress rather than This deterioration that it that is definitely a challenge One of the things that we are trying to do with this conference So it's just an attempt of course is to try to envision this these ways of behaving and new rules of conduct Before they become an actual problem because the before there is a strong just reaction of People refusing to interact with technology So we have to find the right combination the writer rules of behavior and This conference that started two years ago from from this your vision of university in cyberspace has now achieved Rather structure rather well developed structure and I will say a few words about that So the audience can decode the program I mentioned the three tracks and the three tracks today We will have the key notes then there will be two breakout sessions for the three tracks tomorrow morning And on Wednesday afternoon and the breakout sessions are just like that people interested in digital natives can meet with other people interested in the same topic and try to hear about interesting case studies Think about what are the main points regarding digital natives that they want to relate to the other people in the conference But then when we created the program We were afraid that people would break up three in three tribes and talk among themselves So in the second day and the third day we have this plenary sessions bringing everybody together Because the information on infrastructure of the library on the spatial infrastructure space both Vecisical and virtual are just means to an end and the end is the mission of university Therefore on the third day you will have three sessions Plenary sessions everybody will be back here in our mania and we will talk be talking about the three fundamental missions of university Two of them as I've already been mentioned one is producing new knowledge there for research The second is educating students so platform for learning and the third one Which we added it is the civic role of universities Universities are not at least in my opinion are not simply a box Where students come out come in and then get out with a certification with a diploma and is not only Although it's extremely important a box that produces PDF or scientific papers Is a public institution as a role in our society as a role in our democracies and therefore the first Session tomorrow morning will be trying to to bring out this aspect Because we have not only a job to do but also responsibilities civic responsibilities I would like to hear a few words about the specific point of the civic role of universities It's a to me a very important, but very delicate point universities have traditionally tried to stay out of politics so that when business or Government decides to pass some new restriction on the internet environment It's not been a natural path for universities to rise as a voice and say no you're closing down this space and Somehow it's very important for universities that on the one hand to maintain a distance from Political society and at the same time the notion of universities having a stake in Cyberspace that is really self-interest. I mean take it all the way to the idea of this is our library then when Action is being Considered in the civic environment that affects the architecture of the space then I think universities Should look towards a role of civic citizenship that actually recognizes the importance of themselves as stakeholders in this space and I hope that we'll be able to represent ourselves well And besides the plenary sessions and the keynotes. We're going to have also six short plenary talks called the high-holder beats Two per day and the high-holder beats are going to give Maybe an original point of view an interesting topic that is out of the traditional schemes And so you will find them one each morning and one each afternoon and If you look at the conference program another way of decoding it is that There is a narrative behind it today. We're all freshmen today is first year in university Today, we don't know anything about university in cyberspace and we will try to learn something about it and the keynotes Will be there to bring all us freshmen on the same level and starting to learn tomorrow Sophomores will explore new directions and go more in depth with the breakout session and Finally the third day is going to be approaching graduation. We will try to make a synthesis Get some new inputs, but get a synthesis and above all to wonder about what's next because One crucial thing about conferences is that they should really look forward not just into the event itself So at the end of the third day each of us should have learned something But also should have also some idea about what are the priorities for looking ahead So this is the our the narrative that we propose to you and we try to to live up to the expectation But let me conclude this conversation with Charles Nessum Asking what do you personally expect from the conference? What would you make you happy on? Wednesday afternoon when there will be a final session here on the same stage What would you? Define it as a success or at least an accomplishment It's already an accomplishment as far as I'm concerned. It's already a pleasure. It's I'm just so pleased that this event is And grateful that this event is actually taking place It's perhaps this is a historic event that that depends on the future, but just for the sake of being here and Having the people come and talk about this issue that is such an immediate gratification and pleasure I on behalf of the Berkman Center. I I welcome you all to this Thank you wait wait wait wait But it could be a historic event it could be a point that Some years later when we look back to it We will see this as a mark along the way to universities being a real constituent of the space in a very active and Positive sense and so that that would be the ultimate mark of success, but only to come in the future Very well. Thank you. Thank you very much


It's Hopalong Cassidy With action and suspense out of the Old West comes the most famous hero of them all Hopalong Cassidy starring William Boyd The ring of the Silver Spurs heralds the most amazing man ever to ride the prairies of the early West Hopalong Cassidy This famous hero thrills his 60 million fans with action and dangerous adventure In the role of Hopalong Cassidy is the popular star of the motion picture series William Boyd and Appear in as that laughable old character California is Andy Clyde Now to our story the empty saddle has a special meaning for cow punchers in the bar 20 or anywhere else for that matter The crisp nights the bright blue sky the red leaves on the maples and the creek bottoms are all background for the busiest time of the year the fall roundup So hoppy is all business as he stands with California at the rail of the bar 20 corral California, yeah, hoppy. What about a Who ace Beaumont? I want him to set up a corral for the winner cast on the flat. Where is he? He well, yeah, he ain't showed up. What do you mean? He was to be back last night. Yeah I know I was talking to boys at the bunk house this morning. He rode over to see forks Friday, you know I know he went over to three forks to see his girl Hopping and don't get sore. I'm gonna write to get sore when one of my best hands doesn't show up for the roundup He's in love hoppy. You've got to make a lousy spray. Well, maybe so sure didn't like him He's never let me down before knows how bad I need him now with a couple of times made a cattle around up and brand Sure hoppy, but a she's young and the minute he said eyes and Ellie summers over to three forks He couldn't hear a heifer bellen right under his nose for the wedding bellers and he's a wait Turn around take a look Off your mighty aces bucks kid. Yeah Sonata boy, where you been? I don't or up tail Full of birds since came loose that'll drop down under his belly and scared him I can you throw a some way there is no horse of lies I could throw a bowman, but what could have happened a snow is better and leave his kind with some time I don't know, but I've never seen the time when a man's horse came back without the man that something wasn't wrong Give me a hand with a saddle Look at them grease box in the saddle skirt there. That's not Greece, California Hoppy you mean it's blood. Yeah Horses all cut up and buck brush I became across the mountain from three forks What we're gonna do tell the boys we're going to three forks and we're not coming back till we find a bowman Oh Hop along Cassidy and the empty saddles Four months buck skin horses returned to the bar 20 a bloodstained saddle dangling on a loose cinch clearly telling Hoppy that something has gone wrong with one of his top hands It's almost dark when he in California tie up in front of the summer's general merchandise store in three forks Defined aces sweetheart Ellie summers waiting on a customer inside Mmm, she's got old pike peases in there. Yeah, give them a grub steak. I reckon poor old pike's the unrockiest prospect for alive 40 years of camping the mountains and not a strike Well, wait a minute. Remember what I told you not a word to Ellie about ace not showing up I don't want to get her worried, right? Hello, Ellie bike What's he doing here in three four just dropped by for a visit See by your partner here you still caring for the agent an infirm over at the bar 20 Old pack right here while you was in the pension list four hours ball don't mind us Ellie Go right ahead with pike here. We'll wait while you're until you're through all right now Let's see Mr. Peters 20 pounds of red beans on the salt packet soda a side of bacon and 50 pounds of flour Come to $4.00 and $0.20 Reckon you can put her on my account miss Ellie When are you gonna make that strike, Mr. Peters? Yeah, I'm nearing you think miss Ellie and what happens when you find it. Well We all get rich.  I'll put them on your account Thanks miss Ellie. Well, I'm better be running along Oh, if father were alive, he'd have a fit never make money that well, I guess I'm just soft hearted Now what can I do for you? Well, we need a little hardware over the ranch do nails couple hundred feet of rope a roundup Coming off in a couple of days ace told me Did he tell you about I haven't had much time to talk to him. We're going to be married next month after the roundup Well, congratulations funny. He didn't tell you. He said you were number one on his list When did he get in? Well last night sometime I guess I was out with the writers didn't get a chance to see him last night Yeah, that must have been quite an error. He had to do. Oh, he left here before you knew yesterday You asked if something were wrong, Mr. Cassidy Is there all nothing at all nothing at all. Well, we'll see you tonight, Ellie But before we head back you'll be home. Won't you? Of course good. Come on, California My miss Ellie So I left you before noon yesterday had an errand to run What do you figure he was up to? I don't know but it's time. We took this up with a sheriff I'll take it easy ma. There's no use getting all riled up just because you ain't heard me out sheriff Maybe time I get through you'll see I got reason to be round. Oh Well up along Cassidy. Hello, sir, you know California Carlson here. Sure. Howdy, California Hi sheriff. Yeah, this here's Ma Strickland who runs the double dot easy here. How do you man do? Oh figures a foreman busted his tire open took off without saying where it ain't no joking matter sheriff Lane Who is it turkey Ed Higgins best turn ranch hand the county what happened to Turkey is well If I knew I'd run right out and put a load of quail shot in the seat of his pants How long you've been going ma most of week now?  He'll show up in a day or two wait a minute sure He's right. There is something wrong. I'm missing my best hand. Who's that ace Beaumont? He didn't show up at the bar 20 this morning. Okay, what about that sheriff? Well, wouldn't be the first time to cowpokes took a notion to go on a spree only turkey Ed Don't know this ace Beaumont from Adams or Fox. Anyone see a surround town share Yeah, I did. Oh, this is Tom Oliphant, my deputy. Don't get riled up about a she's all right. How do you know I had a talk with him down at the Aurora cafe Saturday night Played a little poker. I know he's okay. What are you holding back all of them fill it? I'm sorry sheriff just a little private matter a business secret. Maybe you better talk or maybe you'll get fired. Yeah But don't write a head sheriff. It's a funny thing. I ain't too worried about my job right now Well, come on Why that young whipper snapper take it easy sheriff, California. Yeah, keep an eye on all of them I want to know everywhere he goes tonight and don't let him know he's being followed you understand. Yeah Now what about primarily over at the Aurora cafe? What's his line all gambling booze, you know Two men disappear. There's no connection between them. They don't even know each other both of them might have won heavily at the Aurora Maybe this family couldn't afford to lose that much. No informally I'd say that ain't a bad guess for a son. Well, I still ain't convinced, but I'll go along with you Let's have a talk with family All right sheriff all right Turkey Ed Higgins played cards here a week ago. He's full month Saturday night. Both of them took me for a ride Is there any law against that might be both ace and turkey Ed disappear real sudden disappear?  Didn't say that at all. Well, that's what you're implying So I shot him down in cold blood and while I was at it I did the same thing for one of my own dealers. What do you mean bill hendershock? He's been missing for five days now Three total strangers Ed ace and this hendershock nothing to do with each other Maybe turkey Ed had an enemy or two don't know a ranch boss who hasn't and there might be someone who's gunning for ace I know half a dozen like to have hendershock hide sure But who'd ever grudge against all three? Okay, oh, excuse me folks. Did you trail on a friend?  That's what we're gonna find out, California Let's get going much you can go further up here with them clouds over the moon. I can't see a thing They might kind of might catch up with him. It is too fast for us Holder something's up. Yeah, not too far off. Let's go up a little farther And exactly comfortable riding this play like a sitting duck if in that moon comes out again We're right. I'm gonna let the wait for a day break. Oh Pack me up ahead must be pike Peters like Like That's me hop along Cassidy Cassidy Say I was I was getting a night nervous heard some shooting up the canyon. Yeah, and if you're smart You'll stay where you are pike. Yeah, you heard the shooting. Yeah, I think it's got something to do with the disappearance of three men Three men. Hey, what you talking about? There's no more about it tomorrow I get my way Sheriff Lane will have a posse up in these hills, but son up. Come on, California. Let's go back Where in Tarnation's you go road a ways up shadow Canyon how far far enough convinced me our three boys aren't off on a spree Guess we're all convinced happy we'll have a posse together by six tomorrow morning. It ain't three boys with a way Huh for like I say, I'm convinced now elephant force just showed up at the corral without elephant Saddle and have mysteriously disappeared from the little town of three folks within a week and with the last one Tom Elephant the sheriff's own deputy Sheriff Lane has convinced. It's a job for a posse Meanwhile Ellie Summers sits alone in her house at the edge of town waiting for hoppy to drop by for the hardware He ordered a few hours ago at the store It's late at night when it's about time. You got here. Mr. Cassidy. I've been. Oh Howdy, Miss Ellie pike. What are you doing here? Well? I Run on the mr. Cassidy and shadow Canyon and figured there's something you and me ought to talk over Mind if I come in? Oh, no, of course not I've been waiting for mr. Cassidy to drop by and play in courage. I see Solitaire solitaire is no game for a nice young gal like you to be playing miss Ellie. What is it like? Well, uh, mr. Cassidy says they deposit form and mark on a strike up into the here a posse. Is something wrong? Well, yes and no Seems there's been some mysterious Disappearances, what do you mean? Turkey Ed Higgins and Bill Hendershott and Tom all of them.  It's appeared. I don't understand If you give it a good. Thank you.  What are you gonna do pike? Take a look at this miss Ellie Yeah, that's just a sample here She'll run five hundred to the ton according to the assay office 100,000 in the strike I made maybe two Maybe a million 40 years now. I've been hunting 40 years of bacon and beans and so deep biscuit 40 years of dry camps cramp in those mountain Miles dry miles with my tongue like leather and my mouth swole up so I couldn't swallow Well, I found her after 40 years of looking and I don't aim to share and share alike with Well, I sent each of them a note One by one told him I'd made this strike and keep it a secret Told him to ride up here to Canyon and meet me I was waiting for him all right with my whole single shot sharp rifle Yeah, that's where I made my mistake Then J bird flew down and spoiled my aim knocked him off in his horse But the varmint crawled up on a ridge and hold up Yeah, yeah, that's why I dropped in tonight You're gonna help me get him down Figured with me down below holding a gun in your back ace Beaumont will be really reasonable And if I won't go with you You're coming all right and now you heard not being very smart pipe Cassidy you'll see an unfinished solitaire game on the table. All right, but the cards away hurry up about it I don't want to keep a twist Cassidy, I don't know Ellie's door open the lamp's still burning.  Yeah wait a minute What's this? Looks like Elliot playing cards You left the ace of spades face up on the desk for this rock on top of it. Let's see it Gold high-grade or why looks like the sample turkey had showed me just before he disappeared He showed you a sample like this one. Yeah, he got him every once in a while. It was grub steak and old pike Peters Funny so was Bill Henderson. That's it. I'll bet ace Beaumont was in on a two What do you reckon? It's the one thing that links those three men. They all have a steak and pike Peters That's what happened to Ellie That's why she left the ore sample on top of the ace ace Beaumont Peter's got it from the up in the hill somewhere Yeah, but where an army couldn't find crazy old pike Peters and them mountains if he wanted to hide We must have had a sample tested go get the sheriff come on California now meet him at the assay office Mr. Peter But I'm tired You hear me get up Let me go Trying to stall a I'm too smart for that lady. Oh, yeah, where'd you get that night? Yeah, wait, thank you for a lady to be carrying somebody might get hurt There's a good place for your knife and now Now I get back up in front there before I lose my patience and kill you All right, Mr. Peters It's no you sure I just grilled Crawford the assay office. He doesn't know where the mine is Well, we're licked before we start ain't got the chance of a snowball and Hades a fine and pike Peters in them hills California now start out now you can follow the posse of Sunnup and Sheriff yeah, I'm dropped by your office for a high-powered rifle. It's like I might need it It's getting right now Thought you might want to see the Sun come up miss Ellie And in a minute or two to be able to look down the valley of the earth and granted cliffs next to trail What about them? I'm gonna give them a new name I got my own special name for every spot in these hills here now And can't decide though whether to call them Higgins Cliffs or maybe Hindershots Cliffs toss up, you know both of them buried at the bottom All of them too, but I'm saving his name for later how much longer Getting dark here once he ate Okay, okay Yeah, whoa They're right where you are now. Don't move. I've got my 44 right on your back Hey Where is it right below it the cave in the rocks He hears me all right Hey, come on. Hey, so I've got your gal here gonna glory the kingdom coming if you don't come out of that He isn't there Now I can't move with that leg He was there when I left him You call go ahead. I wanted to warn you dear.  Huh?   You don't know what you're doing I don't know what I'm doing Listen you'll never get away with it. They'll comb these mountains till they find you So Well, I ain't worrying none First place they couldn't find me if they was hunting second place they ain't hunting because all of us who know about our little grub steak agreement is Has either over there at the foot of the cliff or right here Like listen to me. I've always tried to be fair with you or them that sometime Yes, just do one thing pike give us a little time, please a few minutes Maybe maybe an hour Now Miss Ellie That'd be pretty stupid, wouldn't it? Sun's almost up now posse's starting out from three forks Don't think they'd he stole me that long. Did you wait a minute pike? Don't do it What happened a shot the rifle shot from that clearing across the canyon Hi dead Since the rifle shot from across the gully dropped pike Peters at ace and Ellie's feet Then they see who was behind the rifle Hoppy hoppy. Hey. Oh, Mr. Cassidy Did I get him sure did he's down for keeps? Hey, hey boy. How are you? Okay, California? Got a bad leg though. I Can't move let me take a look might be broken just above the knee It's like you're gonna miss the roundup here, and you're my lucky didn't miss more if it wasn't for Michelley here Ellie, what do you mean? Well, didn't she tell you?  She thinks pretty fast in the clinches What is this Ellie?  Tell me. What did you do Ellie? Oh, it wasn't much ace. I just jabbed a knife in that fifty pound sack of flour on the back of pike's pack mule