All right, well, it's 4.30. We'll get started here. Thanks everyone for being here. My name's David Hollenberger, and we're going to talk a little bit about deploying and managing Postgres QL environments using Ansible. I know it's late in the day, it's the last session. Thanks for hanging in there, and it's really been a great conference. I've really enjoyed it. So a little bit about myself. I'm a DBA. I work at Crew, and we have been managing Postgres environments for maybe two or three years now, so we're still relatively new. It's been a great learning experience and I really enjoy Postgres in general. It's just a really good platform. So an agenda, what I'd like to cover is first, why we need Ansible, why we're using it, how it helps us, and then a little bit about just some of the introduction to Ansible. We'll call it Ansible 101. And then look at some more practical examples about how Ansible can help you configure and manage Postgres QL and some extra utilities that are available. So a little background. Like I said, we're fairly new to Postgres. Me and my team of the DBAs, we have traditionally managed Oracle databases. But as we have wanted to start migrating maybe some applications over to Postgres, as well as we've started using AWS for more and more of our web apps or mobile apps that we run in-house, that Postgres really became a good option. We've really enjoyed the simplicity around setting up and managing Postgres compared to what we've been used to with more of the enterprise type databases. It's really a breath of fresh air. We started out very simple. Single instance database running on-premise, and life is good. There's not a whole lot of configuration there. We had our manually configured database. We had shared documentation and some scripts to kind of provision and get everything up and running. But of course, like most environments, complexity increases, requirements increase. So we started looking at streaming replication using Master Standby and also looking at Barman to help manage the backup and recovery situations and scenarios that we wanted to really just ensure that we have a stable and available platform. And again, thanks to really a lot of the simplicity around Postgres, it wasn't terribly difficult to really maintain this type of environment, manually provisioning, copying and pasting scripts and commands. It wasn't too bad. But as we started looking at even adding more layers to our infrastructure, looking at PG Bouncer for session pooling and simple load balancing as well as not just we don't need just one Postgres cluster anymore, but there's multiple because more and more requests come in. Our infrastructure in Amazon is growing rapidly. We were quickly coming to the point where we were realizing that just this manual provisioning was going to start just bogging down, being able to handle additional requests or look at other utilities that are really one of the key components to Postgres is being able to try out all this other great utilities and extensions and resources that you have as part of this open source environment, especially when you start looking at it's not just a single environment, but we've got dev and staging and production and lab environments and local environments. When you look at the operations side and just the overhead of provisioning, installing, and managing this as well as troubleshooting things and ensuring that the system in dev is at a consistent state and the same settings have been applied that are in our production database and knowing that things are consistent across the board, it really becomes challenging. And when you start looking at maybe troubleshooting an issue or adding a new utility or something, you start looking at the documentation and you realize, man, this has become more complex and I guess I realize one component in and of itself is fairly simple, but when you start adding everything else, it does become more complex and you'd really like. So we started looking at some options and there's a lot of options out there as far as configuration management utilities to help with managing this environment. We've already heard earlier today a great talk about Chef and Puppet and those work really well and we evaluated those for a period of time, but my team, we are not from a development background, so we really felt like learning another language or managing some sort of central server was a little more work than we wanted to do, at least for just testing something out and getting started. So we ran across Ansible and Ansible is an open source configuration management utility. We were drawn to it immediately just by the simplicity that it gave us as far as being able to define our infrastructure and code. And so as we looked at why we ended up choosing Ansible, like I said, there's a lot of other options. Chef and Puppet and Saltstack and many, many others and they all really do a good job. I wouldn't say there's really a wrong choice, but there's a few things that at least in our case made Ansible kind of stand out from the crowd. First, it was easy to get started. Like I said, we don't have a deep programming background on the DBA team. They were primarily from more of an operations background. And so being able to kind of read the Ansible plays and the scripts that you create and understand it and even be able to hand it off to someone else who may not have a lot of experience in it either, but have them be able to read it and at least at a high level kind of understand what's going on was really great. So Ansible is based on YAML. It's a markdown language in JINJA. So instead of a programming language, it's a markdown language that just organizes it very clearly, I think, and it makes it easy to understand. It also adds in, as you write your scripts in Ansible, your documentation is kind of built into these YAML files. And JINJA is used for templating configuration files. It adds in just an ability to dynamically create a lot of config files that otherwise would be a lot of, instead of statically defining IPs or other settings, it's able to create them using the variables that are provided from Ansible. So like I said, Ansible is also open source. This is another great thing about just being in the open source community, like there's a great community around it. They're actively developing it, much like Postgres. A lot of people using it to do really neat things. And also Ansible is agentless. So we don't have to have an agent running on the instances that we're trying to manage. It uses SSH to connect into those instances and manage them. So another concept in Ansible that wasn't really a reason why we picked it, but we kind of learned about it afterwards. And it's really, I think, a key concept to understand, especially when managing databases, is that you really don't want to screw up. They're not just instances you can throw away and recreate because there's real data on them, but this idea of item potency. Item potency comes from a mathematical or computer science term. But Ansible kind of describes it as you want to define the state that you want your system to be in, not necessarily the steps along the way. And what Ansible comes with is the knowledge to know if you need to make any changes to get to this state. If you don't need to make changes, Ansible isn't going to run any extra commands or any extra tasks that don't need to be run. You're not going to end up with duplicated databases or users if you rerun the same playbook again and again. It's just going to say, well, that database or that user's already there. It looks good. It's at the state that you defined it, and we can kind of move on. So before we look at some of the Ansible 101, just to kind of show you that idea of item potency, we're going to run a simple playbook. And if the wireless holds up, we should be able to see. And this is the actual commands that are running on the right. What it's going to do is install Postgres, initialize a database cluster, create a database and a user as well. And one thing to notice is that it's actually running against three instances, and just the highlight that Ansible can run things in parallel, but it's also going to ensure that every task is complete before going on to the next one. This is another key thing to make sure, especially with databases and setting up any kind of streaming replication or looking at PG Bouncer or Barman kind of things. You want to ensure that any prerequisite tasks or that just the order is preserved. So you'll see in the output a lot of things have changed. And just to highlight item potency a little bit, if we rerun it again, you'll see everything's just OK. So when that task is run, Ansible is seeing that, well, when we look to create the database, it's already there. We don't need to do any more work. So you're not going to drop and recreate anything. And this is just something that's provided out of the box with Ansible. So let's look at a few kind of core concepts of Ansible. And first off, is anyone here using Ansible right now? Just show of hands? Great. So some idea of what it is. And that's great. So hopefully, this will be a good foundation for those of you who have not heard of it or have not used it to kind of at least have a general understanding of the basics. So Ansible uses an inventory to define all your hosts that you're managing. An inventory actually contains you can set groups of hosts highlighted here in blue. So we have a group called Postgres. And there's two instances there, a bar man group and a PG Bouncer group. And then within those groups, we can define the hosts. And then Ansible uses modules to actually do the work that you want it to do. These are included with Ansible out of the box. Last time I checked, there were 523 modules. And they do a range of tasks, anything from creating EC2 instances at AWS or load balancers or managing Cisco network hardware, a lot of system utilities to manage services or other things. And there's also a number of Postgres modules. Here are a few that come with Ansible. You can do things like create and manage your databases, set up privileges or users, and some other ones that I think are pretty helpful. Template, line and file, shell and service. And we'll kind of look at those and how they can be used when you're configuring Postgres. So here's just a simple example, kind of like the previous demo, just to give you an idea of how the modules would be laid out in more of a YAML format. And again, that top line of every module, that name, I think that's a key part of being able to document consistently. So if you have that line in there, you kind of know at a high level what's going on, which is great just to be able to read and document fully what's going on with your Ansible scripts. So Ansible organizes these modules and the things that you actually want to do into this playbook. And they kind of use this sports analogy to define a playbook. It's not just an individual person or an individual task. It's the orchestration of all these tasks and modules that go into defining a playbook. So it's defined in the YAML format, denoted by the three dashes at the top. Playbooks contain one or more plays. So this is highlighted here. This is a single play where we're saying the hosts that we want to run against are called PG. The connection in SSH, which is the default.  Ansible also uses variables. Variables are great for being able to account for differences between different hosts. So not every host that you manage has the same version of Postgres or has different types of software that you want to run on it or different extensions or different databases even. So a great way to define variables, and one of the many ways you can define variables are in your Ansible inventory. So in this example, we have, within our inventory directory structure, these are called group variables. So we've named the file to match the group name of the hosts. And so we can have a group called cluster A and a group called cluster B. And cluster A is assigned PG cluster value of A is running version 9.4. And cluster B is running 9.5. So this is a way where you can run the same set of commands against all these hosts. And you know that you're going to install the correct version of Postgres and you're not going to mix up different variables because Ansible is able to keep track of which host belongs to which group. And it's a really powerful way to define the differences between different hosts. So you can also set variables in your playbook itself in a vars section. And this variable will be in scope for this entire playbook. Another really great thing with Ansible is that by default it gathers what they call system facts. And this is just a short snippet here. But there's a lot of things that returns anything from network configuration to the available memory on the host, the distribution of the operating system and the version. And these are all at a host level. So you can check for each host that you're running, even if it's different operating systems, you can know and it can account for those differences. So one way we can use variables, when we look at being able to set different memory configurations, we can set by, we can use the Ansible mem total to calculate the value of different parameters that we want to set. And we've used PG2 and it's kind of a baseline for this. It seems to be a good starting point at least. And also, if you use a variable and a task, you can use this curly bracket kind of format to use that variable. So this is just another example of using that PG version to, so we know exactly which version of Postgres we're managing. So another concept Ansible recommends that people use is this idea of roles.  So you don't have playbooks with just a long list of tasks, but you can kind of encapsulate like a group of tasks that kind of all do one thing within a role. You can also set like default variables for the role and it could have its own set of files or templates that you can use when configuring your systems. So this is an example of a playbook that uses roles. So you can see it's a lot cleaner than just a long list of tasks, but also like that common role, you might be wanting to run that on every single instance that you manage. Setting security settings or updating kernels or other software packages that you need on your systems. But that Postgres role you could, you probably just want that to run on hosts that you want to set Postgres up on. So it's just a way to have just a simpler layout on your playbook. And one thing, just a note, I'm using Vagrant for all the local demos on my laptop. If you're not familiar with Vagrant, it's a great way to manage local VMs on your laptop. It can use a number of different hypervisors.  It works great with Ansible. It can actually manage your inventory for you depending on how you've defined your Vagrant file. I'm gonna take a quick look at this Vagrant environment here. So just a Vagrant status and you can get a list of the different VMs that are running. Vagrant also makes it really easy to SSH to these hosts without setting up any kind of extra SSH keys. It'll create a local Vagrant user. It just simplifies the whole process of managing like a small set of VMs on your laptop. So let's look a little deeper, kind of past the basics. And this will be just some quick examples, but maybe a little more practical about how we've decided to use Ansible to configure Postgres. So one thing when you set up Postgres, you've got to do something with Postgresql.conf. There's a number of variables that if you change them, you'll need to either restart or reload Postgres to actually have those changes go into effect. So to be able to handle that, we use this line in file module from Ansible. So this is going to look at this variable down here, this Postgresql.conf restart variable. So these are all the items that if we change those, we know that we'll need to restart Postgres for that to go into effect. This line in item is gonna loop through those variables. And if there's a reg xp part of that variable, if it matches, if the line matches that regular expression, then it's going to ensure that the line is what we set the value to be in the variable itself. And one thing to notice, part of Ansible and the idea of idempotency as well, is that if a change has been made, Ansible will know that a change has been made, obviously, and it will notify a special kind of task called a handler. And the handlers are only run when a change has been made or when a module has made a change. If no change has been made, it's not gonna call that handler. So it won't actually run like the restart or reload of Postgres. So this is the handler in a role. You can set it in its own directory and Ansible will find it automatically. But again, it's a really powerful way to know, if nothing's changed, then we don't need to do any extra work. We don't need additional downtime. So looking into streaming replication. The one, there's a few things, a lot of other things that you need to do to get this set up. But just for the sake of time, we're gonna look at just this one way that Ansible really helps when running long running commands. So if you're running a PG-based backup command, depending on the size of your database, it could take hours or even longer. But Ansible has a great way for long running tasks to try to avoid SSH timeouts. You can set async and pull. And what it'll do is async will set the amount of seconds that you want to give this task and allow it to run for. And pull will set, we'll just check in that many, every 30 seconds in this example, it'll check in on the task, get a status update on it and say, okay, it's still running or hey, this failed or it's finished and let's move on to the next thing. So it's really nice as a way to kind of avoid any SSH timeout or kind of temporary network connection issue from the machine that you're running on to the host. So looking at now, Barman. Barman is a great way to manage your backups and recovery scenarios. And it's very easy to use when you're configuring it with Ansible. For Barman, we use a template module with Ansible to template out the various files that it needs to be able to know about the different instances and hosts that we want to manage. In this example, we're actually creating a config file for every cluster that we want to, every Postgres cluster that we want to manage. And this is gonna start using the system facts that have been gathered. So we don't need to go to each system, find the IP address of the master instance and then copy it and write it down and manually set these files up anymore. This is actually gonna loop through every host that we've defined to be a master instance and run this template file. And this is what the template file looks like. This is in the ginger to templating format. So you can see we're not naming, Barman doesn't know about the actual host name. We're just gonna name it the name of the cluster. So then if we do some sort of failover scenario, we won't have a new host that Barman then doesn't have any backups for. And also you'll see that we're taking advantage of this default IP address and using this host vars item when you loop through like a list of hosts with Ansible, you can actually grab information about other hosts from another host. So it's kind of, they call it magic variables I think in Ansible language, but it's a really powerful way to be able to say, well, we already know the IP addresses of all the other hosts. So let's be able to use them and create dynamic templates on the host we're managing. So PG Bouncer, like Barman, it is not terribly complex to set up. There's a number of configuration files. And again, the template module with Ansible works really well for this. One thing that PG Bouncer needs, just one of the configuration files, there's a few others, but it needs a list of usernames and passwords that PG Bouncer uses to connect to those other Postgres instances. So in this example, and this is a little more advanced example of just the Jinja templating format, we're able to loop through all the hosts in this PG Master group. And then for each host in that group, we already have defined every database with a username and an MD5 password hash. So the end result is, when you look at the user list file in PG Bouncer, that we have a list of usernames and passwords that are able to connect to your different hosts. So let's look, we'll do a demo here.


Ah man, this is gonna be awkward, isn't it? Episode 8 of Mob Psycho 100, The Older Brother Bows, Destructive Intent. At the end of the last episode, had Mob finding his brother Reed Soup. He's basically beginning his ultimate villain path, it seems. And honestly, it may end up being a good thing that he found him, because he is at the very beginning of this journey from what I can tell, aside from all the stuff with the student council president. But still, maybe he'll see Mob and it'll kind of like shell shock him into realizing he's going down a bad path. Be sure to drop a like on the video if you haven't already and let's hop into this one. It also had the loose end of the guy in the hood, but I think it was also a psychic. Oh! He did see him again. Oh, he Teru told Mob. I was wondering how he kind of just stumbled across him. Oh man. God, that like... It's so, it's so creepy. And now he's going to find out about Dimple too, I think. Now, why is Mob bowing is the question. Yeah, that's true. And there's the guy with the hood. Okay, I figured he would lie his way out of it. You're going to leave? Really? This is tense, Teru. Oh... Oh... He still has Dimple too. I wonder if Dimple affects his mind. I know it does, but how much does it? Is he going to fight him? No, for real. Oh, he's dipping. Oh no, it wasn't even Dimple affecting him. It's sort of, he has drunk on power. Oh my gosh, Ritsu. No. No! I thought it would snap him into place. No, he's... All he says is congratulations. Oh no, this is sad. No, he's dead set on this path. I don't know what you're going to do if you're scared. What? He's so powerful. I'm going to protect myself from the power of Ritsu. That wasn't Mob's fault. Oh, that's not Mob's fault though. I guess he was scared of what happened with those bullies, but... I don't know why Ritsu doesn't do anything. I don't want to see him. Delusional admiration. I don't want to see him. Oh! Ritsu, I understand. Wait, how can he tell? Mob's very surprisingly very calm. I guess he knows his brother better than us, but... There's something else. Dang, Mob! He's being the big brother. He's willing to for Ritsu. Because he sees this social, this popularity is important. And he wants to save this for Ritsu. Or he wants to try to. Oh, he's probably talking to the guy with the jacket. This voice actor sounds very familiar. Bring him here! Sakurai? Is he looking for Mob or Ritsu? Oh, Ritsu. Wait. Oh, no, wait. It was supposed to be Mob, though. Dang, that's clean! Oh my gosh. There's something more about Mob that they're looking for, but since we should pretend to be him, it's ruining whoever this is their plan. Ritsu just kind of seems embarrassed now. It's Mob. Oh. Is he just going to join him? Oh my gosh. How does he see this guy's face? Oh. Oh my! Yeah, exactly! It is kind of cute because they are middle scores. They aren't strong. But the thing is, Ritsu now is a psychic. Where's Mob? What is Mob doing? There he is! Oh, he's spiking! Did the animation go hard? Mob spiked like 70. I mean, his brother's being kidnapped, of course it's going to be like an emotional outburst. This guy's wasting time. Mob's going to pop. Brother, they are middle schoolers! I feel like Mob's just going to be standing there. There he is. He's up. What percent? Oh my gosh. He's got a giant scar on his face. That animation was insane. Maybe this is going to teach Ritsu a lesson. There are powerful people out there and he needs to use this in the right way. He's protecting his brother. Yeah, he has to use his power now. He didn't want to against Teru because it was himself. I wonder why he was covering his face. I mean, I guess the scar? I don't know. I feel like it's going to have something. That's cool! I feel like his appearance is going to have some significance later. Like someone they know. Oh my God. It's weird seeing Mob getting beat down. Where's Ritsu? Wait, what if Ritsu builds up that emotion and has an explosion? This is what he wanted to be able to protect his brother. Not for him to have to stand up for him. Go, Ritsu! Oh, no. You were supposed to hit him! I don't think they've stand a chance. Is that... No, that's Mob. Mob still hasn't exploded. All right. Well, I think this is going to be the first time we see it. Like actually, I don't know if I would say offensively, but he didn't want to. He used it inherently just defensively against Teru, whether he wanted to or not. He is strong enough. God, the shadows. Oh my gosh. This guy got sit on the wrong mission, bro. He's still trying to hit back. So Mob have us like an inherent defense during this too. They doesn't even have to control. Ritsu is insane! Dog, this show is crazy. My God. It seems more in control than with the situation with Teru though. Like he's speaking. Feels more like Mob that time. He got up. Oh my God. Wait, Mob, are you expla- DIPPLE! DIPPLE SPECTATING! Can I bring him here? Will you go and bring DIPPLE RAGON? Okay, so he's not in like that dark form anymore, but he's still strong. They're all fanboying Mob now. He's gained the respect of all the gang leaders. Why is he poison? Now they know.  He's gonna try and take Ritsu and run. Yeah, it's not like the shadowy Mob, but it's still like a- it's still- It's like the Mob versus DIPPLE. Wait, what? Oh, you are shameless. Wait, maybe he's gonna- He might take Mob now. Oh. What does he mean disappear?  Oh, he admitted it. Yeah, he's gonna take Ritsu and run. Actual coward, man. Dog Mob just saved all of them, but he couldn't save his brother. Is it Reagan? Oh, no, it's Haru. Oh, he went to get Haru. That makes way more sense. I'm so glad we have Haru though. I feel a lot better about Mob. It's like someone that understands Mob. Dude, that animation popped off. Kata ga omoin desu yo ne? Ai, uranai shi ni wa nanika nana- Yudake itte kanetoru no ka- SIS YOU! He's shredding the rock around her. This is annoying to Spirits. Bro, he's pulling a Ghostbusters. Yo, she liking this massage a little too much, brother. Aroma boutou toku- Hahahaha! It's a train!  I mean, at least he's good at like having people relaxed and stuff. Konkai wa gachi na yatsu janakute tasu. Mob ga yakusoku no jikan wo mudan- Oh my gosh. Mob usually is there to finish off the job. Oh, Reagan, if only you knew why he wasn't there. Nanika na yami ga aru nara itte wa itsu demo soudan ni- I just- One more- I mean, I guess I kind of understand why Ritsu went down this path, but- Nanika na yandetara soudan noru yo- Mob was the older brother and he wanted to live up to the same expectations, even if he was popular in the smart kid and everything. There's nothing he can do- It's like Deku in MHT when everybody else got quirks and he didn't. Mob never realized that he'd felt, uh, I guess not good enough. Yo. It makes sense why he would think that at first. Oh, wait, what? Oh! I love his hair, dude. I can't get over it. It's so funny. That was a good question. Yeah, he's had a whole apartment. Stay away, bro. They took his brother. How do you tell him to stay away? Claw. Whoa. A hundred members in Claw? Oh my god, manufacturer. They make psychic powers. They're gonna brainwash Ritsu? I mean, Mob was trying to take him on, but barely. If they have hundreds, then- They're gonna just destroy Ritsu. And what kind of older brother is Mob if he just sits by and does nothing? Thank goodness Dimple is here to tell us this. Tell them this. We already knew. Let's go, Dimple!  Or just destroyed. That's why they took all those kids. Oh, gosh. This guy basically collected them all in one nice, convenient place for Claw to take them. Nah, he genuinely, like, cared about them, I think. It all makes sense now, yep. So they ended up winning in the end or getting what they wanted. They just wanted Mob because he's an Esper, a young Esper. Not much at all. Like, they were all super minute. What are you doing, Hanazawa-kun? Showing him how powerful they are, yeah? Is this a different intro or outro? Oh, hold up. More lore. They just gonna show where they're taking Ritsu. And I feel like there's already evil in Ritsu's heart, which makes me worried that, like, brainwashing will just make it, like, 20 times worse. Like, he wouldn't just be brainwashed. He would be, like, their best weapon. Whoa. They got a whole giant secret facility. Well, this episode just cracked this whole world right open. This, this organization Claw, I think, is going to be a very overarching enemy. I don't know if it's just this season or over the course of several seasons, but they seem like an in-game boss. I mean, this secret organization, kidnapping kids, brainwashing them, making an army of, of Esper's. But then again, like I said, the world was just cracked open. There could be other organizations, other giant entities looking to control Esper's. And now that we know that they can manufacture them, I mean, it changes the whole game. But we got a very good look as to Mob's power level in comparison to, like, someone insanely strong, or I guess a really strong adult with psychic powers, and how he really can only take them on in that, like, I unleashed explosion form, which I feel like is bad that he has to get to that point to be able to take them on. But, like, I mean, the guy even said, like, I can't fight anymore. I have to take this kid and run. So maybe it's a good sign for us that Mob does have what it takes. It's just going to take a lot more of him understanding himself. But that's been it for episode eight of our Mob Psycho 100 Watch. Do drop a like if you haven't already, and I'll catch you guys in the next one. Peace, peace.


Welcome to Toffy TV, joined by Andy. We're going to be discussing Ibrahim Sangarey to Everton, being linked again before we do this video is sponsored by month football. The app keeps you up to date with all the latest transfer rooms like Sangarey to Everton, all the stats because all the one place to download the app. Click the link. Andy, I know that you like this player. Love the player. We will get into it in a minute. Again, this link has come about because of Parasangyman. Interesting. Again, obviously heavily linked in January almost joined them and apparently they're coming back for them this summer. I've had an enormous social like them. They want that type of player for them in the field. They want that type of player to mop up there in the field. I mean just on, Garnett. I hope he stays because we want to keep our team together, don't need any early. But I don't think I wouldn't hold any ill feeling for him. If he wants to play in the Champions League, you can't deny it. When he was going in January, I said that you can't deny it. Everton can't turn down 30 plus million for all these 30s in this year. You can't turn down that level of money for a player. Fans don't like that sort of conversation because that's like money over the player. There's not many players out there who can do his job. He is that type of player who can win the ball back at will. Most tackles in Europe with any player again last season. So, yeah, I understand that. If he wants to play in the Champions League, how can we deny him the fact? He's done everything for everything. Even when he had to move, he was fantastic. You can't knock the lads astute. I don't know if PSG would be interested this summer. I said in January if he didn't sell them, then it was probably the best chance we'd have. The circumstances have changed from January. He needed them a ffielder for the Champions League and obviously he was not Champions League tired at the time. The FFP, they've always got issues with the FFP. After 30 million that was quoted, it wouldn't have sort of overreached themselves in the FFP. Now, they could probably look at the younger options, but maybe I don't know if Tucall's looking to see them once and again. I'd be surprised if they were looking to play 35 million for him, but he's a good player. You can't deny that. Is he PSG level? Yeah, and the French League would be great Champions League. I'm not so sure he'd be like a top laner of the Champions League, but we'll see. Well, I suppose if it's again, sometimes the summer's greater than it's part, isn't it? If he's pouring in midfield and he's functional or he does for us, give it to other people to play. Yeah, exactly. That is his role to give it to other people.  Tools in the season, for some reason, they'll be really come on with the ball. I don't know why. I don't know if they took the shackles off or if they found confidence, but it was much better with the ball tools in the season, but I think it was the card game where you absolutely ruined them. That's the type of thing that can happen at a higher level when they're better opponents. You can let Gates have the ball and he can't punish you as much, but then, as you say, some of your parts, they're going to lose Rabio this summer, PSG. They need a midfielder who's defensively minded. Mata left a couple of seasons ago, he's now there on the 19 coach. They haven't had that sort of defensive midfielder, so that's what they need. If they come back in from them, hopefully we've got new other targets in mind. I would not like to see him go. I'd like to see him stay, as most fans will, but we can't deny him the move, I guess. No, no. I let you just share this attitude after the move and the way he played was fantastic, so that's why I would be like, well, fair play. You go and win the league with PSG. He's not going to get another chance if he sets you in the summer.  He didn't even put a transfer. I don't know if he did put the transfer in a question, but if some players have sold to us at the season, it's nothing wrong. I was interested in that. He can't deny that. If he wants to go, then is this the failure to replace him for you? For me, yes, I would say so. You could go different ways, obviously, to replace him, but obviously what Evan needs is, you know, Evan lost the ball last season. I think I tweeted about it the other day. We did lose the ball an awful lot. You know, we've got players who need to take care of the ball better than anyone. They will as they get old, and in my child's case, maybe, and others. But you need someone to be able to win it back.  This man, I was like, you know, four. So he's put up still the numbers to get on the front. He's also a bit of more of a physical unit, a bit more athletic. So, yeah, if you're trying to, if you're going to replace to take care of what he gives to the team, you want someone like him who's going to give something similar, maybe a bit more, maybe a bit better passing slightly, a bit better range. But yeah, that'd be so middle of it, yeah. He's six foot three. Six foot three, yeah. Six foot three, yeah. So when he was at Waffa, for example, he had like a Puey intercorate, didn't he? You know, he'd like staff physicality. And you need that. We had games last season. It always happens in Scotland for a reason. We could scout muscle completely in the field and, you know, Gage's got a great sense of gravity and, you know, he is strong in his own way. But sometimes we can be out muscle and adding someone like that to the team who's got those legs to get up and down the bitch.  And he's always looking to go for it. You know, keep going, keep going, keep going. He likes to, like, so there's kind of a ball into the team's half, which can help you to counter the tack when you're trying to counter the tack. He moves the ball on quickly. Is he, so he's got, he's similar to Gage, but he's got a bit more to the team. Yes or no, I guess. He's still roaring the fact that his decision making is still not there yet. He's 21, you know, he's only played like 18 months of, like, first team football. He's still, you know, sometimes he ties the Hollywood ball too much, but he has got that ability to cut a team, you know, to break the lines. If you look at his dribble, you know, people watch him dribble, he's one of the best driblers in Europe, like in terms of a sentiment fielder. It's like, you know, the amount he completes at X, and sometimes he overruns it slightly because his decision making still doesn't work. But he had, you know, you'd offer a different option on the ball, and as I say, that physicality, he's able to muscle people off the ball. He's able to muscle through tackles and stuff like that. So he would offer us a different option. My ideal thing would be, Gage stays in a Gomez start, and you've got this lad. You could play the feed him in the field together, and he could be the box-to-box man, like he was similar to the way to Corey, he plays the top.  So he offers you different options, which is what, you know, we need it. Even if we sign Gomez, we still need, for me, another sentiment fielder, just as another option. You know, we've got Tom Davis, he can back up Gomez, I guess, but then we need someone behind game. I don't think Snyden's going to stay, unfortunately. He's a great player. He's not a great player. He's a good player, and he shows what's in the last season that he could, you know, really have been asset. But 100g a week can't have that for a back-up. I know people go to any money, but it's £100,000 a week as a back-up. I don't want to be paying £100,000 a week for a back-up. No. I mean, he could just go in for Snyden, he could be back. You know, if you could get Snyden out with those ladies and then someone like Cengarion. It's 22 million, like I said, one of the players. You buy him now for that price. You know, he reaches development. If anyone has done watch, Gold.com did an article last season. It was a bit high in praise, but they said he could be next. That's how high he went on him. The defensive part of this game is fairly good already. But you can see, even though he just makes some mistakes sometimes in the decision making, there's a level of ability that he can go to. That could be really like £50, £60 million in the field. He's got that ability about him. These are the type of players who have it and should be. If you know, it's not a bridge gaps and it's not a compete with people. Instead of paying £50 million for Decora, £22 million. I think the thing is, we know what Decora is. He's a proven quants in the Premiership. But he's still, he's probably not going to get much better than he already is. He's 26 Decora this year. He's probably going to retire a bit better. This like could be as good. He's not as good as Decora yet on the ball, but he could be in the years to time. So basically putting that investment in, he's good now. He's good enough to play in the Premier League now. Where's he going to be in a couple of years? That's what you're looking at. If I haven't bought a lot of players like that in two seasons down the line, I'm ready to start challenging the trophies or even this season wherever. You're going to be in a better situation by investing for the medium term as well. Of course you're having and selling again. I know you don't like selling, but that there as well. Is he capable of adding goals? Because that's what we need from my father as well. He's still, again, decision making is going to be better. He takes a lot of speculative shots. He is a bit rower in that sense, but he's going to go this on and he could score goals. Look at the size. If you get him in the box, you know what I mean. You can get a net and off. I think what needs to happen is that to lose. They are going to produce some players. I think that once they move away from to lose, though, and they start getting coached by different coaches, do you become better players? I'd say that's the wrong word. So to lose is coaching, but he seems to become more well. And I think Sylv is really good that like we play his position and are making things second nature. I think he really improved a lot like this. You see, as I say, like, you know, you watch the highlights and you can just put a ball on the, I'll put a 60-yard ball on someone's toe, breaks up tackles, really good dribble, as I say, just the decision making. As the time goes on, as he gets older, he's going to sort of get better at that, really. I'd invest the money. I've been a fan since, like, you know, August last year, but the first year, you know, just a unit, just a great midfielder. Like, you know, people have been, we've been linked with that in Don Belly, but we're just not going to get that type of player. And this is the sort of level we should be looking at. Whereas, you know, he's good now, but he's going to be even better in a couple of years. How far behind Don Belly is, is he? Everyone's, well, in Don Belly, he's gone half-years ago. So the cave of, like, in Don Belly, it's not natural, no, it's not natural. It's not a norm in football in terms of ability-raising. So this, like, could be as good as on Don Belly, but it might not reach that level until he's 24, 25. Most players, so it's just that on Don Belly's development, the cave's just gone right up, really quickly. He could be, he's not yet the past on Don Belly's, but as I say, the natural raw ability is there.  And Leon, Leon, actually, looking to replace Don Belly, that's who looking on him, so that's the type of thing. They know that they signed up. Five years down the line, three years down the line, they go, yeah, some people, they see it, they see it, they don't know what they're doing with them, Don Belly. They'll probably pay, you know, people don't have to pay all that money to get them out of there. Quick, Evan, make your move. Make your move. If Garnas to go, or even if he isn't, we are.  We don't need to sell Garnas, really.  He wouldn't want to go to Marseille, for example, but you don't need to sell them for the sake of selling, just if a deal comes in for them. And hopefully it doesn't, I hope we keep them. You know, I don't mean wrong, I do see flaws in Garnas' game on the ball, but as I say, off it, you know, he's in tech, you know, we need that person to win that ball back.  It's rotation, isn't it? It's building a squad, and I suppose if you end up paying, it's £25 million for Gomez. Yeah. And you end up paying £23 million for this fella. You know, you've got £48 million for the core, I think, quotes at the £50 million to £60 million for one player. Yeah, I understand exactly. That's the premiership add-on you see paying now. Of course. So we look at players, like Sangarain, you think, he plays in the French League, and people say it to farms that it's not. But, you know, people say that. But the French League is a really good breed, and I have players coming to the Premier League because of the physicality. People get kicked and all. So, he's ready to play in the Premier League now. Why not pay your money together? Why not? We get that talent in. So, to think that medium and long term. This, like, could be a Champions League player. We want to play in the Champions League. Makes sense to me. Makes it. You've convinced me. Go on, spend that £23 million on that. France is where we need to land. Well, that's... Yeah, well, France, when... I think I read, I can't remember. Basically, we stopped scouting Scandinavia. They basically moved a lot of the scouting to France and central Europe, Switzerland, Austria and all that because a lot of these nations have got, like, levels and levels. Obviously, he's from the Ivory Coast, but he came through the French system. But, yeah, that's the way we should be looking for players. There's a lot of depth in France. Even in the second division, a lot of teams have started, and these players from League 2, like West Down, and that's not like called Alexis Clau-Marise. He's a good winger. I wouldn't say he's ready for the Premier League just yet, but he's got a lot of qualities. There's quality and depth in them, Leagues, and he's set it bad. He's had, like, 8 to 10 million to send them out on loan for you. Now, when they come back, they're going to double them, only going to have a double in value, or we're going to have to put them in a team. Could we be thinking smart? Could we make investments? There you go. Let us know what you think is Ibrahim Sengarei a player you would like to see come through the door. Could you replace Ghana if he does indeed move to PSC? Let us know in the comments section below.


They first on the scene man Where does he go? No, but we're supposed to keep him from hitting targets. He's hit one Okay I'm good.  He beg him. Get him Stop him. Get behind him. Nooo You have to hold him for how long? for a minute We hold him for four minutes. You think it'd be a lot of left. Okay. You guys won this round. Spawn! Where'd he go? He could respawn. It decreases his time by 20 seconds. Am I the only one that has the wee-woo-wee-woo? Second.   You didn't seem to be with me? Yes! No, you did that! Fuck! Idiot! We got him. We got him. We got him.   I don't know. He's here. Yeah, Numnuts! I don't even know if this guy is really trying. The runner or the cop? The runner.  That was me.  Yeah, he's coming my way. Fuck! Who's a weasel? I know where he's going. I know where he's going. Okay, I didn't know he was going there, actually. Cheating motherfucker. I can't believe he got out of that.


Welcome back to the breakfast and plus TV Africa time for us to look at our second conversation will be focused on the accountant general of the Federation and his fraudulent activities of 80 billion Naira. The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission EFCC has arrested the accountant general of the Federation AGF Ahmed Idris over 80 billion Naira fraud. EFCC spokesman Wilson Wajering confirmed his arrest in a statement issued on Monday. He said Idris was arrested after failing to honor the commission's invitation to respond to issues connected to fraudulent act according to the EFCC. The fraud were laundered via real estate investment in Kano and Abuja. We have Mohammed Abdulahi, a public affairs analyst joining the conversation this morning to make sense of all of this. Mohammed Abdulahi, thank you so much for being part of the breakfast. Good morning my juniors, thank you for having me. It's all right. Let's show your thoughts on these development that we have 80 billion Naira and the accountant general involved in novel of this. What do you make of this incident and do you think it's a plus to the EFCC? I think to start first and foremost we need to give kudos to the EFCC. We all understand what is happening in our country but things are not really well. I can categorically say in most part of almost all the sectors of our economy and even our nation at large things are not going well but we must give kudos to the EFCC for what they've been doing thus far. But again having said that, this latest development actually confirms that if we were to be very honest with ourselves, the anti-corruption drive of this present administration is not something that is really working like they want us to believe because if after seven years of President Muhammad Perry with the change and I mean the corruption mantra that brought anti-corruption mantra, I beg your pardon, that brought this administration apart and we still have after seven years of this administration we still have this kind of monumental incidences I would say. It means I don't think the anti-corruption drive of this administration has been well achieved. So it is really unfortunate even though circumstances at this moment are still very sketchy because the EFCC just said they understand that there is about 80 billion pounds which are learned in properties and so on and so forth. But I think why they went ahead to arrest the attorney general of the federation is the fact that they mentioned that they've been issuing him a kind of invite. They've been asking him, they've been inviting him to their offices and he's been dodging, refusing to honor the invitation. That's why they had to arrest him. So at this moment I would say the circumstances are still, information is still very sketchy about what's actually transpired. But be that as it may, let's give kudos to EFCC for job well done. All right, Mohammed, let's talk about the system and all the loopholes. Don't you think it actually gives way for these crimes to be perpetrated? For instance, now according to the statement the EFCC issued it said their intelligence showed that the AGF raked off the funds through bogus consultancies and other illegal activities using proxies, family members and close associates. Do you think that our systems, financial systems and approaches make it easy for such crimes to be perpetrated? We're talking about 80 billion naira. Yeah, we've had these occurrences every now and then. And let me start by saying that the office of the accountant general of the federation was created in 1988 and you can imagine an office that was created in 1988. If you take your phone now or whatsoever device and you Google office of the accountant general of the federation Nigeria, you will find very sketchy information, very, very scanty, I must say scanty information. In fact, I was trying to find it on that particular office. There is no terms of reference available for the public to understand what this kind of important office is all about. Like I tell you, if you make a search about that office, you only find one single page on that website, one single page with the picture of Mr. Idris Ahmed and a little description reviewed with grammatical errors I must confess. Say the office of the attorney, this is the office of the accountant general of the federation and hello, are you there?  Yes, yes, this is the office of the accountant general of the federation and the functions of this office is that it is this office is actually the administrative head of the treasury of the federation republic of Nigeria and that is it. All other links on that website doesn't work. You can click on anything and they take you anywhere just one page office of the accountant general of the federation of the federation republic of Nigeria. So, you know, be that as it may, like we like you rightly mentioned, the system is so cumbersome, the system is so ambiguous that, you know, it doesn't give room for accountability because it's it it buckles the mind that in this time in this time at age in this age age that you have the accountant general of the federation has the which responsibility of about 80 billion to do what? He's not he's not a he's not a elected officer. So what does he do? Does he does he does he give out contract? Does he sign contract? What does he do? I remember another drama about the same accountant general last year when he was defending the budget for his office. In fact, he has a very he had a very he had a logger head with him called Palake at the house of rest representative when he presented 36 million for communication of the office of the accountant general office nationwide. You know, so, you know, our system makes it so difficult for us to be accountable for public service officers to be accountable. And it's so so unfortunate at this stage. But Mohammed Abdullah in the course of this conversation, you have said that the fight against corruption in the Buhari administration is nothing to write home about. I mean, it's not real. As a matter of fact, after seven years, you still have this. Why such statement? Yes. If you cast your mind back just a month ago, or even less, this administration actually approved the recommendation for presidential pardon of about 162 or so convicted inmate, ranging from in fact, ranging from fraudsters, people who have been convicted for forgery, people who have been convicted for stealing up to hundreds of millions. And notable among these people are people who have been convicted by EFCC for for for public stealing, like like like the ex governor of play two states, Joshua Dariye and the former governor of Tarabas State, Reverend John Inyami. So why do you set up an institution like the EFCC and the ICPC, which was set up actually by former president, Olusheva Mombasanjo, and then after so much effort, it does not only require effort, it requires time and also the resources of the taxpayers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Then just at the snap of a finger, people who are sad with the responsibility of, you know, ensuring a corrupt free Nigeria starting from the president, you know, will sit down somewhere and say, okay, we can just give these guys presidential pardon. That is really, really unfortunate. In fact, that singular event, that singular pronouncement by the president and his couples really downplayed the fight against corruption. It really makes it looks very childish that this is what the president has been writing. This is what the president has been clamoring that he's coming to fight corruption in Nigeria. And then why EFCC has secured, you know, conviction of some people for forgery and public stealing. Then the same president is approving the recommendation of presidential pardon for same convicted criminals. I'm sorry. So it is really unfortunate. And let me add, you see, the next statesman, an icon, global icon, Mandela actually mentioned that you judge a nation by the way it treats its elite citizen. Rather, you judge a nation by the way they treat their downtrodden in Nigeria is the other way around. How many of petitives, I'm not encouraging petitive here, please get me right, but how many petitives who have gone to the market to steal one or two products, probably they are hungry or how many of petitives who have stolen probably 10,000, 20,000 from where so ever have been granted presidential pardon.  Definitely, this is not how to fight corruption. But just how far do you think this particular investigation would actually go? I hope it will not be swept. Do you think it will just take its full course or it might just be swept under the carpet? I don't think it would be swept under the carpet because, you know, what EFCC are doing is to some extent a media trial. So when they are about to nail any king team, they bring it out here. So, for instance, if you Google about the accountant general of the federation, what you find mostly now is the issue about his arrest. So I am sure the EFCC will not want to sweep this kind of story under the carpet. It's too bogus and too big a story to be swept under the carpet. So I want to give the EFCC the better position without to say they will go ahead. They will try their very possible best to make sure that justice is done. But do you see the justice system? I mean, because the argument that's been put out now is that the justice system, it's okay to see he's been arrested, he's been found, you know, capable of taking 80 billion nair. What would happen? Because all of the reactions right now is that the justice system would actually not serve its purpose. So it's possible that he would actually, you know, be exonerated in all of this. It is very possible. Remember that everywhere all over the world, not only in Nigeria, all over the world, justice is based on evidence and argument. In fact, sometimes even if you have black and you're able to prove to the judge that this is white, you can get away with that offense. So it is very important that the EFCC make sure they have a case, not only a case, they should ensure that it's a case that is very much presentable, and they have all the available evidences to make sure that if the counter-general of the federation is found guilty, that we serve justice accordingly. Remember, the former, if you remember, I think just two months ago, even less, the former group manager, the director of the NMPC, what's his name? It's something Yakubu, I've forgotten his first name, yeah, was exonerated after more than two, three, four years of back and forth with the NMPC. He was accused of stockpiling US dollars, foreign currencies in his hometown in Keduna, but they were unable to mail him due to evidence available. He was able to prove to the court, to the Supreme Court, that these monies were given to him as gifts, and the FCC failed to provide such monies at the court to counter his claim. So the court set him free. So it's very important that the NMPC learns their lessons from so many cases that they won't do over the years. It's not just one case. It's very important that they do their homework very well so that if they have available evidences to nail the counter-general of the federation, the justice and the court will have no option than to serve justice. But just before we'll let you go, just what does he tell of this present dispensations and stands on anti-corruption or anti-graft war? Because before now there were talks of Ibrahim Margo, and eventually he was interested. There was talk of the AGF Marl and me, and buying cars when he's still in office, and no investigation has been done. There are so much, lots of people in this administration being alleged to have committed one crime or the other. It's the same issue that I've been discussing earlier on. I told you that rather than convict people, particularly elite, for their one-ton corruption cases, we have actually rewarded them. One of the reward is presidential pardon, one. And you just reminded me. Just same yesterday, while the story broke out that the counter-general of the federation has been arrested for evading EFTC invitation, blah, blah, blah. Same Ibrahim Margo that was, I want to use the word disgrace out of office that was suspended from the same EFTC that has been pushed aside for so long. We actually don't know, even though he's a police officer, we actually don't know whether he's still active service or not, was elevated to the position of assistant inspector general of police, same yesterday. Despite the clear evidences by the reports that were constituted against him, to say he used this office as the chairman of EFTC to do so many wrongs. But he was virtually rewarded. Even though they are talking about him, it was called retiring soon from the police force.  Even though he's not been convicted by the local, but there were independent reports about him to say he's done so much wrong. But again, the Nigerian system that we keep mentioning has just rewarded him with assistant inspector general of police. That's actually the third highest rank in the cadre of the police institution in Nigeria. So that's what we talk about.   It doesn't work that way. It's not possible. And it's so, so unfortunate that we find ourselves in such a precarious situation in Nigeria. All right, thank you so much, Mr. Mohamed Abdullai. We've been looking at the arrest of the nation's accountant general over 80 billion. We do appreciate your time, Mohamed. Well, thank you so much for being part of the breakfast. We appreciate your thoughts, as always. We wish you the very best today as you proceed in the course of your activities. That's the size of the conversation on the breakfast. We will call it a wrap here and return tomorrow. Now, if you missed out on any part of it, it's all right to follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and do subscribe to YouTube channel with plus TV Africa and plus TV Africa lifestyle. I am Messi Boko. And I'm Justin Akademi and many things will be in the part of the show.


I feel like I'm gonna regret when I'm about to tell you guys. Get this video to 10,000 likes and I'll react to the Death Note movie. I heard it's like the last airbender live action. Somebody in my Discord server said, This is light Yagami. That ain't light, that's white. They took the name light Yagami, literal, and they got a white guy. By the way, join the Discord server. It just started yesterday. We have over 6,000 members already.  You wanna be there, trust me. Alright, Yashinigami suckers. Let's get to the show. When are we seeing her, bro? I'm ready. I've been ready since we saw the intro like 6 months ago. Where is she?  Thanks a lot. Her name's Misa. Well, Misa Water. Doubt. I doubt we're gonna see Misa. Are we gonna see- We're gonna see light in a tennis outfit. I love how Elle is just dressed up in his business attire the entire time. The entire show. What kind of face was that? I love how the side characters all look the same, and then light has to be a little extra. He has to wear those blue sleeves. I was once the British- Junior champion, damn! He knows how to use a racket, then? They're befriending each other, but they're against each other at the same time. I can't believe what I'm looking at right now.   All right, come on, Elle.   That was a serve!  Whenever he's acting fake, he's like- Who makes the first move wins? I'll keep that in mind. That's it? Jesus Christ, dude. Dude, Mr. Yagami. Your daddy, like 100%, but man, you gotta go home.  It's been more than four months since this case has come to light. Get it? Four shadowing. This is where they're gonna start going against Elle. The only people make it a difference. Guys grow in a mullet. Damn right. He's over here playing tennis with Kira. You had the whole school watching. What am I watching? Oh, my God. How would they think of this while playing? Only anime can make a tennis match this eventful and this entertaining. I've been to a tennis game before.  At least we get to see Light's legs. That's a W right there.  I thought this was like a friendly exhibition match.  He's good at sports. He's smart. He's handsome. This girl wants to train ran on her by Elle in light right now. Oh, not the God music. Playing tennis with this music. They're playing tennis. What is this music?  By far the best tennis game I've ever watched.  But I feel like I'm gonna start liking it with anime.  That's what I'm talking about, Light.  I think you're Kira. Oh, my God, I was joking. Oh, not this music. This is the spooky music.   Woo, they're gonna work together on the case. I suspected that, man. That's crazy. See, that's Light's real voice. When he sounds like corpse. Not that... Now they're having dinner together. Bro, I bet I see them 69'ing by the end of the night. I bet I could find that on the hub. 100%.  I'mma still like this for the rest of the video. Oh, my God.  I've been watching too much One Punch Man. I just realized this. Does Elle wash his clothes? Like, I wanna see what his closet looks like.  Because if so, I hope they have a laundromat in Death Note Worlds. Especially at the playing tennis.  This... is getting insanely interesting.  I could've learned from Light when I was lying to my parents. Elle, do you know? The only thing you can eat is apples. There's a picture of the fourth one this summer. If you add this, it'll look like this. I can't sit like that.  Kai. It's a fake. The fourth one isn't the one I wrote to the criminal.  I can't believe it.  Is he a idiot? He said... It's a paper. Yagami-kun... Stop. Stop it. I said to stop it. I said to stop it, guys. With the subtitles below his feet, it looks like his feet are talking. And I'm surprised that's not in an anime yet. Like a talking foot. These Japanese artists... They put all their kinks into their animes.  That doesn't tell you that he's Kira L. I think I know why your name is really L. You just made L hard.  I never thought I'd hate the main character of a show. Until today. I don't know where this is going. Like, they're gonna work together. Does that mean L's gonna come in contact with a Shinigami eventually? Bro, this dude's hobby is conducting the detective work. I don't even know what the word conduct meant until college.  Damn, flipped it on him.  Like, the biggest twist. If he was actually Kira, if we didn't see this show Light's eyes. He does. 7% and went from 1 to 7.  Nah, you wouldn't do that. Like, Light is evil, but I could never seem like killing his family members. If he does, if he does, this show will go to a 10 out of 10 instantly. Hi. No! Wait, is that from him overworking?  The last shot we saw him. Has to be. 100%. Don't leave him alone with Light. Don't leave Light alone with anybody. What did you get for not going home and laying the pipe on your wife, Mr. Yagami?  I have to like you care that your dad's dad dying. There's better be a pause in time, because if anybody turned at me like that, I would think that there are terrorists instantly.  Does that another kink these Japanese artists have? Did you just read what he said? I have to be the Light Yagami who is worried about his father. This dude doesn't give... Oh, he's killing him. He's killing him.  Not at all. Mr. Yagami, wait till Light sleeps and just smother him. Nope, went from one to seven. I 100% would believe that Light is Kira. No one is this smart. My dad was in a hospital, man.   Nobody's good at tennis. They're handsome. They're funny. They get all the girls. They're smart.  God, he looks like a dying skeleton.  Did he cares about that? Oh, missed a lot. Mr. Yagami. It's just way too gory. He said, motherfucka, you cringe. Oh, man. Oh, he's dying. Light's killing him.  Oh, I thought it was Light's crush from school. She's like, I'm a gum in this room and I'm a lock the door. Do your worst to me. Damn. Oh, I don't look at men scary right now, bro. Damn.  Turn that car around and launch him into that building. This, she's got 100% more interesting. They're working together.  Oh, my God. Oh, he's dying.  Fanto.  He's like, Oh, God. What is this, 13 reasons why now? Is Light about to commit? Oh, no, his eyes are gone. What does it say? Oh, I'm ready. Oh, I love episodes like that. Just talking the entire time.  No, this is just talking. Light and L becoming best friends. Mr. Yagami working himself to death. Now he has a heart attack. Now he definitely can't lay the pipe on his wife.  That's what's going to happen. I'm calling it. Yeah, that's it.


We've all been there one time or another.  Mediated communications scholars have been studying this for decades and might have some suggestions as to how we might better manage it. Welcome back. Today we're going to talk about the importance of appearing professional online. We'll go over the basics of online etiquette, also known as netiquette, and talk about some of the ways you can keep it classy online. As technology becomes larger and larger part of our day-to-day lives, it has become easy to fall into some bad habits. In a later video I'm going to talk about how these habits can cause problems in our interpersonal relationships, but today I wanted to focus on how we misuse technology in our professional lives. Let's start by talking a little about norms. As we grow up, we naturally observe the way those around us interact with each other. Behaviors that fall within social practice of acceptability become reinforced and normalized. Behaviors that violate these expectations tend to be punished or discouraged. Think about when you were a kid and a parent scolded you for loudly slurping your food at the dinner table. These types of social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society. Norms are regarded as collective representations of acceptable group conduct, as well as individual perceptions of particular group conduct. They can be viewed as cultural products, including values, customs, and traditions, which represent individuals' basic knowledge of what others do and think that they should do. It is important to note that social norms vary wildly. My aforementioned example of a parent disciplining a child for slurping soup is built on a politeness norm typically observed in the United States and some other countries. However, in Korea, Vietnam, China, and many other countries, slurping is not considered a rude behavior. In fact, in Japan, slurping can be considered a sign of appreciation. The key takeaway is that individual cultures and groups over time will form expectations of what is socially acceptable and what is not. Further, these things are always evolving and thus are always in flux. That brings us back to mediated communication. Much like any group of people, the collection of human beings that make up communities in cyberspace also form their own cultures. Historically, this has led to some issues. In face-to-face settings, we tend to engage in practices of politeness and face-saving. And personally, practicing these norms helps us effectively maintain their relationships and avoid embarrassment and generally come across as what we consider polite. Things sometimes change when we add a mediated channel to the equation. Mediated methods of communicating add a certain amount of technological distance and noise to the communicative interaction. Also, when it comes to simpler channels of mediated communication like chat or other text-based interaction, there is a significant reduction if not full elimination of non-verbal cues. In the early days of Usenet and CompUser, which were early group discussion systems, users noticed that oftentimes all civility would break down and lead to online fights and conflicts. And if you've spent much time reading through the comments on YouTube videos or on political Facebook posts, you may notice that this is a phenomenon that continues today. In 1995, Virginia Shea attempted to standardize etiquette in her book, Neticit. Shea had spent a great amount of time studying various online communities. She noticed that some communities had developed strategies to limit infighting and avoid communicated breakdowns that occurred in some groups. Out of her research came her 10 rules for communicating ethically in the mediated age. Let's look at them and how they are still relevant today. Rule number one, remember the human. When you find yourself communicating across mediated channels, remember that you are interacting with actual people. Follow the classic rule of treating other people the same way you wish to be treated. That goes a long way towards preserving civility and decorum. Rule number two, adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life. It is easy to feel insulated on the internet. This has led to situations where folks who would never even contemplate insulting a person in a face-to-face interaction have gone as far to incite violence against others. A somewhat dangerous and recent trend amongst online gamers is called swatting. This illegal tactic involves disgruntled players calling the police on online opponents in hopes that they will disrupt their gameplay or punish them after the fact. In 2017, an incident of swatting led Wichita Police to fatally shoot a gamer in Kansas. While this is obviously an extreme example, it is important to remember that ethical behavior is just as important online as it is face-to-face. And breaking the law is just as problematic via mediated channels as it is in other aspects of our lives. Rule number three, know where you are in cyberspace. The internet is a vast collection of communities and what is appropriate in terms of communicated norms varies from one domain to another just as etiquette varies from one co-culture to another. When choosing to engage in a new form of mediated communication takes some time to get to know the community before you dive in. Just like face-to-face interactions, observing others to determine norms is one of the best ways to determine how you ought to behave. Rule number four, respect other people's time and bandwidth. It is really easy to become egocentric in mediated channels. It is important to remember that the ease of communicating with vast and specialized groups of people does not always mean that you should. Have you ever been sitting in a face-to-face class and had a classmate ask countless questions that were easily found on the assignment guide or in the course syllabus? If so, you may have experienced what it is like when someone is not sensitive to how information seeking can impact other's scarcity of time. When asking questions online or via email, consider if engaging in the interaction is the best way to get what you are looking for. Have you tried looking for what you seek by yourself? One of the amazing things about the internet is much of what exists in the human pool of knowledge has been archived. Try doing a search before you strike up a conversation. This saves both your time and the time of others. Rule number five, make yourself look good online.  When you interact online, there's a chance what you say and do may come back to haunt you. Oh, brah, it's just like, dude, you get the best barrels ever, dude.  When communicating via mediated channels, know that you are judged on the quality of your message. Pay attention to the content of your messages and strive for clarity and logic. Do not post messages that may encourage flaming responses.  Rule number six, share expert knowledge. Being genuinely helpful online goes a long way towards encouraging civil discourse and improving online spaces. Do your best to offer information and answer questions that are asked. Avoid spreading sensational and false information. Rule number seven, help keep flame wars under control. They're inevitably going to be folks online who expend a great amount of their time and energy to perpetuate negativity. When others express strongly held negative emotional opinions, do not fan the flames, often choosing to engage in these type of internet arguments just encourages more of the same opt out. Rule number eight, respect other people's privacy. The temptation to access the data of others is a huge ethical concern in the modern era. Shade's original concerns had to do more with reading others emails. But in the modern era, that has expanded to include social media DMs, text messages, and many other digital footprints of our mediated interactions. Respecting the privacy of others is paramount and have detrimental impacts on our relationships if we fail to do so. Rule number nine, do not abuse your power. Just because you have access to other people's devices, phones, computers, online accounts, and so on, do not take advantage of this access. This rule has led to some lively debate amongst parents. Research published by a 2016 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 61 percent of parents checked websites that their teenagers visited. 60 percent visited their social media accounts and 48 percent looked through their phone calls and messages. The portion that tracked their teenagers whereabouts through their cell phones GPS was 16 percent. Technology makes this kind of surveillance possible. We as a society are still struggling to decide if it is ethical to use it. Rule number 10, forgive other people's errors. Hey, we all make mistakes and it is easy to misperform in different online spaces. On more than one occasion, I've received a 1 a.m. email from a student in all caps demanding that I email them back within minutes. It's easy to want to reprimand this kind of behavior, but that is probably not the most productive path forward. Rule 10 tells us to be kind when responding to violations of netiquette and let the minor errors go by. She's rules have really withstood the test of time, which is a real rarity in computer mediated communication theory. Today, we discuss the importance of online etiquette and discuss the 10 rules of netiquette. So the next time that you want to rage, just remember the immortal words of Brad Paisley, the internet is forever. Thanks for watching. This video series is written and produced by me, Ryan Guy, with the help of a wide variety of scholarly research and open educational resources. For more information on the references and materials used, see the description page on YouTube. This video is published under a Creative Commons license. Please feel free to go and share, use and remix its content.