Good day everyone. My name is Sam Vaknin, and I'm a visiting professor of psychology in Southern Federal University in Rostov-on-Don and a professor of finance and a professor of psychology in CIAPS. CIAPS, the Center for International Advanced and Professional Studies. I'm also the author of books about personality disorders, most notably Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited. I'm proud to be a presenter at the Psychosomatic Medicine 2018 conference. And my topic will be the narcissist relationship with this body. Narcissist in this presentation is someone properly diagnosed by qualified diagnostician as suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder according to the diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Edition 4 text revision and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Edition 5, both the alternate model and the old criteria borrowed from the DSM-4. With this presentation dispensed with, I will move directly to what I have to say.  One could say that all narcissists have a body dysmorphic disorder to some degree. Somatic narcissists, narcissists who derive narcissistic supply using their body and sexuality, Somatic narcissists are especially prone to misjudge their bodies, either positively or negatively. Somatic narcissists believe themselves to be physically irresistible, exuding sex, exuding energy, statuously shaped and in general stunning hunks. This grandiose self-image rarely corresponds with reality though. And so, aware of this discrepancy, the Somatic narcissist dedicates inordinate amounts of time and effort to reshaping, remoulding or even improving his body. I'm saying his, because about 75% of all people diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder have either to been made. The statistic is changing and women are becoming more and more prevalent. Incidents among women is increasing. And so, probably at the end of this process, within 10 years or 15 years, there'll be an equal number. But right now, the majority of narcissists are men. So, the Somatic narcissist notices the discrepancy and tries to reshape his body via bodybuilding, exercising, mastering sexual advances and foreplay and the intricacies of the Coital Act itself. They become masters of sexuality and masters of muscularity and masculinity.  The Somatic narcissist is a compulsive consumer of body compliments or body extensions, objects that he thinks increase his attraction, increase his irresistibility, his appeal and the value of his propositions. Fancy cars, flashy clothing, sumptuous residences, first-class flights, luxury hotels, platinum credit cards, lavish parties, name-dropping, celebrity friends, high-tech gadgetry, all these serve to enhance the narcissist's self-image and to bolster his grandiose fantasies. Either to a focused on the Somatic narcissist. Again, Somatic narcissist is a narcissist who derives attention, garners attention by using his body and his sexuality. He uses this attention exactly like the other type of narcissists, the cerebral narcissists. Both of them use attention to regulate their labile sense, fluctuating sense of self-worth. And so this positive dysmorphic disorder serves to elicit narcissistic supply and serves to buttress a distorted, unreal self-image. We have said that. But it is also a control mechanism. It allows the narcissist's false self to manipulate both the narcissist and its human environment.  The false self is everything that the narcissist is not. The false self is brilliant, perfect, accomplished, omniscient, omnipotent. In other words, the false self is godlike. So the narcissist uses his body, at least the Somatic narcissist, uses his body to buttress, to support, to maintain and to sustain the false self. It is as though by morphing his body, the narcissist molds and designs his world, his nearest and dearest, his self, which is always in flux, his projected image and the reactions to this projected image.  In other words, by confabulating profusely, the narcissist transforms the real world into the fantastic realm in which he likes to exist. To him, the real world is how people perceive him to be. Everything is about appearances, not about substance. And by changing other people's perceptions by indoctrinating and brainwashing them, the narcissist secures what we call a pathological narcissistic space. A space, usually physical, in which the narcissist's false self can thrive, fully nourished by others, their admiration, adulation, attention. This phenomenon is not limited to the Somatic narcissist, of course. The cerebral narcissist also deforms the true image of his body in his mind.  The cerebral narcissist may attribute to himself ailments and syndromes typical of high-powered intellectuals. Consumption, tuberculosis, tendonitis, headaches. The cerebral narcissist derives attention in narcissistic supply by putting on display his intellect, his firework intelligence, the pyrotechnics of his mind.  He tends to completely ignore and belittle the rest of his body, except his head. To him, the body is a burdensome and unnecessary appendage, a container. He may complain of the need to maintain the flesh and of the derided and decried dependence of his magnificent brain on his object-indicating carbon-container body. Cerebral narcissists typically say sentences like I would have willingly placed my brain in a laboratory jar to be artificially nourished there. I would have willingly and gladly given up my body. Cerebral narcissists rarely exercise their regard with disdain and contempt the activities, proclivities and predilections of the somatic narcissist. Physical pursuits, including sex, or maybe especially sex, up in sports and athletics, are perceived by them to be bestiary, demeaning, common, wasteful and meaningless. This is also a result of body dysmorphically disorder, of course. The cerebral narcissist underestimates the needs and requirements of his own body, misreads his body's signals, and ignores his body's processes. The body to the cerebral narcissist becomes abstract, a background noise, a nuisance. Cerebral narcissists sometimes go through somatic phases, of course. There is no type constancy. When cerebral narcissists hit rock bottom, they transform into somatic narcissists. And somatic narcissists, if capable, adopt cerebral behavior patterns. Their attitudes to the body change accordingly. The temporarily somatic narcissist suddenly begins to titivate, to exercise, to groom himself, to seduce, and to have creative and imaginative sex. The somatic narcissist, made cerebral, tries to read more, becomes contemplative and asocial, and consumes culture. But these are passing fans and phases, and the narcissist always reverts to true, and should I say, false, form. I would like to study two issues, kind of case studies. One is the narcissist's attitude to illness and accidents.  Both of them exemplify and demonstrate. The narcissist conflicted an ambivalent relationship with bodies, his body, and other people's bodies. When narcissists fall victim to chronic or acute diseases, or when they survive a traffic accident, for example, they react in either of four typical ways, depending on the type of the narcissist. The first way is the schizotypal reaction. The belief that a narcissist predicament is a part of a larger cosmic plan, or of a blueprint that governs the narcissist's life, and inexorably leads him to greatness and to the fulfillment of a mission. It's part and parcel of the grandiose cosmic blueprint for his life. The second way narcissists react is of cosmic rage, intended to allay feelings of helplessness, loss of control, and impotence. The narcissist's rage re-establishes his delusional omnipotence and his grandiose self. This is frequently followed by a schizoid phase, withdrawn from society, and then by a manic spirit of activity, seeking narcissistic supply, attention. It is very easy to confuse these phases with bipolar disorder. The third solution, the third reaction a narcissist has to any disability induced by an accident or by illness, is the paranoid reaction. The paranoid reaction is when the narcissist deludes himself that the accident was no accident. Someone is out to get him. The secretary delusions, etc. The narcissist casts himself in the role of a victim, usually in the framework of some grand design or conspiracy, or as, again, the outcome of merciless fate, a schizotypal element. And finally, there's a masochistic reaction. In the wake of the illness of the accident, the narcissist's constant anxiety is alleviated and he is relieved, having been punished properly for his inherent evilness and decadence. The accidents of the illness are perceived as just rewards for the narcissist's inherent badness. The narcissist as a worthless object is worthy of such mishaps.  Most of them just move on.  Some of them play the role of martyrs, victims, selfless saints, and thus garner narcissistic supply as they treat their bedridden spouse. The permanently disabled narcissist adopts one or more of three strategies. One, exaggerated healthlessness, which justifies emotional blackmail and the kind of insidious dependence that cripples his caregivers. Two, control freakery in a frenzied attempt to reassert his grandiose sense of omnipotence, now gravely challenged by his invalidity. And three, sadism, which renders his victims as helpless as he is and as frustrated as he feels and thus levels the playing field and normalizes his disability. The sadistic narcissist tortures everyone around him, especially his caregivers, and he says to himself, everyone is helpless, everyone is frustrated, so there is nothing really wrong with me. I am, after all, still perfect. This is how the narcissist reacts to his own body. But how does he react to other people's bodies, especially his nearest and dearest? And let's take a case of his children. How does the narcissist react to disabled and challenged and sick children? The narcissist regards his disabled or challenged child as an insult, a direct challenge to his self-perceived perfection and omnipotence, a constant nagging source of negative narcissistic supply and the reification and embodiment of a malevolent and hostile world which tirelessly conspires to render the narcissist a victim through his fortune in catastrophe. The precarious foundations of the narcissist force self and therefore his ability to function. They are undermined by this miscegenation, relentlessly challenged by his defective offspring's very existence. Narcissus is always with his offspring, but he sees the offspring. He sees the offspring's disability or sickness. So he is relentlessly and constantly challenged by the offspring's very existence and by the persistence of its attendant painful reminders. And so the narcissist lashes out.  The narcissist holds the mother responsible for this failure, not himself.  It was she who gave issue to this new fount of torment, this permanent reminder of fallibility, imperfection, mortality, impotence, guilt, disgrace, and fear. And to rectify this wrong, to restore the interrupted balance and to firmly regain an assured sense of his grandiosity, the narcissist results to devaluation.  He compares their failings unfavorably to his own wholeness. He berates and mocks the mother and child for their combined disability, frailty, weakness, weakness, and resortlessness. The narcissist transforms them into, transforms both the mother and the child into the captive baths of his unrivaled sadism and the cowed adherents of a cult-like shared psychosis.  Casting himself as a compassionate proponent of tough love, the narcissist eggs his charges on mercilessly.  The narcissist harps on and leverages his child's insecurities. He displays his hateful contempt for this mother-child diet with a fiery vengeance whenever he is confronted, criticised, or resisted. The narcissist may even turn violent in order to enforce the discipline of his distorted worldview and delusional exegesis of reality. By reducing the mother-in-sik or disabled child, the narcissist feels elevated by comparison, yet again. Bonding and attachment in infancy have critical determinants and predictors of well-being in adulthood. A small minority of children are born with dysfunctions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism disorders. These dysfunctions prevent them from properly bonding with the primary caregiver, mother in most cases. Environmental factors, such as an unstable home, parental absenteeism, or disintegrating family unit. They also play a role, and they can lead to the emergence of a reactive attachment disorder. Toddlers adapt to this sterile and hostile emotional landscape by regressing to an earlier phase of unbridled, self-sufficient and solipsistic primary narcissists. Disabled and challenged children of narcissistic parents may well end up being narcissists themselves, a said but inescapable irony. Narcissistic parents of seriously ill children derive narcissistic supply, sometimes, from onlookers, friends, family, colleagues, and community. And they do that by attracting attention to their role as saintly caretakers. They broadcast to their social milieu, to their environment, look at me.  Look how impeccably I treat this child. They are demonstratively and ostentatiously patient, compassionate, suffering heroically and dedicated to the child, it's welfare and ultimate healing. They flaunt the child's sickness as a kind of hard-worn but well-deserved meadow, down in the trenches with their tortured offspring doing desperate battle with a pitiless enemy, the disease or the disability. It is an intoxicating part in the unfolding film that is the narcissist's life is moving. But this irresistible craving for attention should be demarcated from the sinister affliction colloquially known as Minhausen Biproxy Syndrome. Patients afflicted with a fictitious disorder colloquially known as Minhausen Syndrome, these patients with Minhausen Syndrome seek to attract the attention of medical personnel by feigning or by self-inflicting serious illness or injury. Minhausen Biproxy Syndrome, fictitious illness or disorder Biproxy or imposed by another or fabricated or induced illness by carers, these are all the names. So Minhausen Biproxy involves the patient inducing illness in or causing injury to a dependent a child, an old parent, a spouse in order to gain his capacity as a caretaker or her capacity as a caretaker the attention, the praise the sympathy of medical care providers. Both syndromes Minhausen and Minhausen Biproxy are forms of shared psychosis, foliadeu or foliaprisio. They are forms of crazy making with hospital staff as unwilling and unwitting participants in the drama. Superficially this overwhelming need for consideration by figures of authority and role models, doctors, nurses, clergy, social workers this overwhelming need resembles the narcissist's relentless and compulsive pursuit of narcissistic supply. To remind you narcissistic supply is consist of attention, adulation, admiration being feared, being noted. The narcissist uses fake illnesses feigned injuries and diseases in himself or in others in order to obtain supply from medical staff and other authority figures. But there are some important differences. To start with, the narcissist especially the somatic narcissist worships his body and cherishes his health. If anything, narcissists tend to be hypochondriacs they have anxiety disorders associated with the body. They are loaded to self harm and self mutilate or fake laboratories and consume potentially deleterious substances and medications. That's not what the narcissists would do. They are also unlikely to seriously damage their social supply for example their children or their spouses as long as they are compliant and aggravating of course. As opposed to narcissists, people with both greenhouse and syndromes desire acceptance, love caring relationships and nurturing, not merely attention. Theirs is an emotional need that amounts to more than the mere regulation of their sense of self-worth. Narcissists require attention in order to regulate their sense of self-worth. People with Miehausen syndrome or Miehausen syndrome by proxy ask for much more than attention. They ask for love. They don't have a full-fledged force only a clinging, insecure or traumatized, deceitful and needy true sense. Miehausen syndrome may be comorbid, can be diagnosed with personality disorders including narcissism. Patients can be pathological lives, history, paranoia, hyper vigilant and aggressive especially when they are confronted. But while narcissists are indiscriminate and promiscuous when it comes to their sources of narcissistic supply anyone could be a source of supply as far as a narcissist is concerned. Patients with Miehausen syndrome derive emotional nurturance and sustenance mainly or usually exclusively from healthcare providers and practitioners. This has been a presentation about a narcissist, unusual relationship with his body and the body of others. I hope you found it useful and edifying. I wish you a very successful conference with numerous things to learn thought-provoking presentations and a great time in Japan. Bye.


So it was the third quarter where it got away from you. What do you say is the issue there? Well, we came out flat, I thought, to start the third. Gave up a 10-4 run really quickly. Gave up 30, maybe give up 31 points in the first kind of seven minutes of the half, which is too much, obviously. And just weren't tight enough defensively. And then I think a big factor also, our guys just looked tired, couldn't make shots, open looks. They fought, they battled, they tried, but just didn't have that sharpness. And you could see it just wasn't as fluid and accurate as we normally are. Alex Schiffer, the athletic. Steve, kind of going off that. I mean, we've talked a lot about the start. You guys came out of the gate really hot, and that's obviously been an issue before. What would you like about the way you guys started the game? Yeah, I thought the start was great. I mean, obviously, I thought we started sharp. We came out with purpose and intent. But part of that is also we made shots. They missed shots. Then the tables turned a little bit, and then I thought we fatigued as the game went on. But I was proud of them. They came out locked in and gauged with the right intentions and played well to start the game. Then just to follow up, I mean, Joe had that hot first court and then didn't really score much effort. Do you attribute that more to what maybe Toronto did him defensively after that, or just going away from him or something else? Yeah, they locked in. To Joe, they got into them. They were switching a lot of action. Made it difficult to get him open. Lux is going to get open looks out of the flow of the game, more so in that scenario. And there wasn't to be tonight. I think they recognized right away that he's having a hot night and trying to take him out. And so we didn't get enough looks for him. But that's going to happen sometimes. But he creates space for other people as well. So we just weren't able to make shots elsewhere. But he got us off to a great start, and I think also caused openings for the players. Go to Brian Lewis with the New York Post.  Did you attribute his shooting to legs, or was that something else? Yeah, I thought he looked like, I don't want to say he looked tired because he still played his butt off, played well, and then the shooting. It's just a lot. As a guy that hasn't been playing this many minutes now, consecutively playing a lot of minutes, it takes its toll. And there's going to be a bump in the road at some point tonight, I think. It just looked like he couldn't quite get the ball in the basket.  All his looks, we love and want him to take. And he'll bounce back from that for sure. He's playing an excellent basketball for us. Go to Alex Fleming with the Florida Sun. All right, we'll go back to Tom Dowd. Hey, Steve, Bruce Brown, second consecutive double, double. What was his impact in keeping the game close tonight? He's just such a competitor. He plays so much bigger than his size, defends multiple positions, great rebounder, and finds the holes on offense. So we love Bruce. We love his fight, his competitiveness. And he definitely plays a big role for us.


One of these moons is Io. Galileo and others used their telescopes to determine the time that it takes Io to orbit Jupiter, starting from the disappearance of Io behind Jupiter's shadow. These measurements were taken when the Earth was between the Sun and Jupiter, or when Jupiter was in opposition. This way, Jupiter and its moons could be easily seen high in the sky. Remember, Jupiter and its moons are non-luminous, but they reflect the sunlight towards the Earth and into Galilean telescopes. Galileo and others found that Io always, that is year after year, took 42.5 hours to orbit Jupiter. Now the distance between the Earth and Jupiter varies between 365 and 601 million miles. Do you think the speed of light affected their measurement of 42.5 hours per orbit? If so, could Galileo use the measurements to determine the speed of light? Let's reason it out. There is a time lag for the light, a signal, to get to Earth from Io, marking the beginning of the orbit. But there is also a time lag for light to get to Earth from Io when Io disappears the second time, marking the end of a single orbit. If those time lags are the same, then the orbit time measured on Earth should be the same as the time of orbit on Io, and the speed of light should not affect the measurement. Now, let's confirm this with some math. Let's call C the speed of light in space. Remember, we ultimately want to find a numerical value for C. The time that it takes for light to travel from Io to Earth is X on C, or X is a distance in kilometers, and C is the speed of light in units of kilometers per hour. So let's use a timer. When Io first disappears into the shadow of Jupiter, we start the timer on Io. T is equal to zero. But on Earth, you see Io disappear into the shadow a little bit later in time, because it takes time for the light reflected from Io's surface to reach the Earth. Earth sees the start of the orbit at this time, T is equal to X1 on C, where this term is the time that it takes for the light of Io to reach Earth. When Io reappears, orbits once, and disappears a second time behind the shadow, the timer shows 42.5 hours. But again, on Earth, you see Io disappear a little bit later in time because it takes time for the light to reach Earth. That is the time at which Earth sees the end of the orbit is this, 42.5 hours plus X2 on C. So the time of orbit as measured on Io is this, T1 minus T0, it's 42.5 hours. And the time of orbit as measured on Earth is 42.5 hours plus X2 minus X1, all on C. As suggested by this pictorial demonstration, the difference in the path lengths X2 minus X1 turns out to be very small, and C is such a big number that this whole number is small. And so it wasn't in the resolution of timepieces in Galileo's day. So the speed of light did not affect Galileo's measurement on Io's time of orbit. A single orbit of Io could not be used to find the speed of light.


Hi, everyone, and Happy Women's History Month. My name is Mary Evans, and I work as an academic exchange specialist in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the US Department of State here in Washington, DC. It is my pleasure to be with all of you future scientists, engineers, and mathematicians today for our Women Transforming Tech Program, featuring Emily Reed. Emily is a computer scientist, entrepreneur, educator, and all-around extraordinary woman. Thanks for joining us from West Palm Beach, Florida, Emily. Hello. Thank you, Mary. You're very welcome. Emily is going to talk with us today about some of the amazing things women have accomplished in tech and highlight incredible women from all across the globe who are developing new technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain to improve the world around them. Before we get started, I would like to recognize and give a warm welcome to all of our viewing groups today. Please send in your pictures by email or post them in the Facebook chat. We will show them at the end of the program. And for those of you who are viewing online, please write your thoughts and ask your questions in the comments section. Emily will get to as many of your questions as possible over the next hour, and she'll also stay online for a short time after the program ends to keep on answering your questions. So send them in. And with that, Emily, I'm turning it over to you. Great, Mary, thank you so much for that wonderful introduction. I'm really grateful to all of you who are attending today. I'm very excited to share my thoughts with you about women transforming tech. And I'm particularly interested to hear your questions. So thank you to everyone who has put so much work into making this happen. I'm looking forward to answering your questions and having a conversation. So today I'm going to talk to you about the gender gap in tech in the US and around the world. How women have been an integral part in tech's past, present, and future. How I think tech can be used to solve important social problems and we'll end with some thoughts on how I think you specifically can be a part of this movement. So briefly, I just want to tell you a little bit about who I am and how I got interested in this problem. I studied math and computer science myself at Tufts University for my undergraduate, which is a school outside of Boston, Massachusetts in the US. And I was really stunned by the lack of women in my class. But I found that this was something I was very interested in. I ended up working at a company called MITRE Corporation in cybersecurity for several years after I graduated from university and went back to school to get my master's degree in computer science. And that was when I moved to New York City and went to Columbia University for my graduate degree. And that was actually where I started my consulting business. After I graduated with my master's, I went on to be the first director of education at a nonprofit called Girls Who Code. And like the tech girls mission, Girls Who Code was trying to close the gender gap in tech. And this is something that was very important to me. And I think that as computer scientists were kind of natural problem solvers. And this was the problem that I was most interested in understanding. So since then, I've started my own consulting business around this area. And specifically, I want to talk a little bit about the gender gap in the US and around the world. First, before we go into that, I would like I found that one of the main issues in this gender gap problem has to do with role models.  Does everyone have a picture in their mind? If you're most people, it's likely that you thought of one of someone who looks like this, someone like Mark Zuckerberger, Bill Gates, or the Google founders. And these are all American computer scientists who built amazing companies. But here are a couple examples of women who've had a huge influence on the history of technology that you might not have thought of. So these are a few women who I really look up to as role models and have inspired me personally. It's very important to realize, to bring up this history, to realize the influence that women have had on technology from its very beginnings. So a few of the photos you saw there, one was Annie Easley, who was an American computer programmer and rocket scientist. And she was the leading member of the programming team for the Centaur Rocket. She worked at NASA and its predecessor for 34 years and built some of the most important rocket software of its time. In the middle, you saw a photo of the ENIAC machine. I actually have an interesting story about that photo. But the ENIAC programmers were another great example of women's early influence on technology. So the ENIAC computer was the first general purpose computer, Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marilyn Meltzer, and Ruth Lichterman were the programmers of this revolutionary machine. They actually did not get credit for their work until about 50 years later, even though the work that they did had a huge influence on the new field of computer programming at the time. That photo that you actually saw got mixed up in editing. And it was one of the photos that, for years, historians thought were the programmers, but they were actually models standing in front of the computer. So if we have a few moments at the end of the talk, I'll try to post the photo of the programmers in the chat. And then the last one you saw on there was Catherine Johnson. She was another computer scientist who you might have read about or seen in the movie Hidden Figures. Catherine was also at NASA, and she worked on the Apollo 11 mission. In 1969, she wrote the calculations for the trajectories for that program. And for those who haven't seen the movie, this is a true story. Famously, John Glenn did not actually trust the calculations that the digital computer was making at that time. He said he would only believe it if it matched Catherine Johnson's calculation. So he actually trusted her more than the computer. And at that time, computer programmers usually came from mathematics. And Catherine later, beyond, went on to continue in computer programming and was a large part of building trust with that relationship with digital computers at the time because people trusted her work so much. So while there is this background of women having a huge influence on the very early days of technology, we now have a huge problem with the gender gap in technology in the United States. So take a moment to look at these graphs. I'm going to talk about some of the numbers in them. The first is a representation of women in high school in computer science and then in university and then in the workplace. So in the United States, part of the problem is that in high school, there's a course that we take in the US called the AP course. And it's in different subject areas, and it's usually a good indicator of what students will study at university. And while we talk a lot about the gender gap in STEM, computer science is where we really see the largest gender gap. So there are about, it depends on the year that you look, but there are, say, between 17% and 19% of AP computer science test takers are girls. Then we go into university. And the average that we hear at university levels in the US is about 12% to 19%. So this is interesting because in 1984, 37% of computer science majors in the US were women. And there are some interesting spikes, and I'm happy to talk about that during the Q&A. If you have some more questions, but this move is really concerning. And some people, some nice people ask, well, why does this matter? Well, I think it matters a lot because technology has so much influence on our lives. Everything that we, you probably woke up in the morning with your iPhone. You're looking at a screen right now. I'm talking to you over the internet. Technology has so much influence on every single thing that we do, and I think that technology should be designed by a group that looks like its users. So we should be, we know that diverse teams create better products, and it should reflect the users of that technology. So I think this is incredibly important. And when you look at even some of the top technologies, companies in the United States like Google, only 17% of the tech group are women, which is not surprising when you look backwards through the pipeline. So I really have been wondering for a long time how do we fix this? And I think that there are a lot of clues both in history and around the world for how we can fix this. So I went to the, I visited Morocco in January and got to speak to several really amazing women who may be watching today. And I was really inspired by them. And I heard anecdotally that a lot of the computer science courses in Morocco are actually have a much better gender balance than we do in the US. Computer science university level courses in North Africa and in the Middle East. And for the most part, those numbers look a lot better than what we do in the US. So this is something that during Q&A, I would love to hear your thoughts on. This is something that I'm really excited to learn more about and learn more about what's working. So in the Middle East, 40% of university students are specialized in computer science or IT are women. I read that in Tunisia, 41% of engineering students are women. And I think that while this may not necessarily translate to the workplace completely from what I've heard anecdotally, it seems that entrepreneurship might be the area where women can really rewrite the script for themselves. I read that online entrepreneurs in the Middle East, 35% of them are women, whereas the global average is around the world is 10%. So I think that this is really, really the place for opportunity. So once we get there, what do we wanna do with that? So I think that technology is a really important tool for social change. And there are a lot of women around the world who really have this in action and are people that I consider role models today.  But I think they're great examples of using technology to solve a problem that they care about. So Kea Williams has a startup called Serum. That is a company that connects people with who have diseases that require really expensive medication. It connects them to that unused medication. So she saw this issue, saw that there was a lot of waste happening and something that could be easily be solved by technology by connecting people. So she created that company. Liz Powers similarly created a company called Art Lifting that connects artists who are disabled or homeless and maybe don't have access to resources and clients to sell their work. Her platform provides them with some of those resources, helps connect them to patrons. And again, these are just two great examples of technology really bridging the gap to connect people. I think that when we see a problem, technology is a way that we can really bring some power to that solution. And Megan Smith is another one who's a personal hero of mine. She was the third Chief Technology Officer of the United States under the Obama administration. And she championed a program that we were very involved in called CS For All, which continues on today in the community consortium. But the goal of that was really to get computer science into every high school in the United States. And that's something that we're very passionate about trying to educate more of our young people in computer programming. And she was really one of the people who made that happen and championed that effort in addition to just being a really awesome woman in tech who I look up to. Some women in the Middle East who have created some really amazing companies around, companies and programs around problems that they saw. So Laura was an entrepreneur in Beirut. She actually left Google, and I believe she also worked at Yahoo, the kind of big Silicon Valley companies so that she could return to her home country and she got involved with a group, a game development company called, the company called Game Cooks and the game was called Run for Peace. And I think it's just a great example of using technology and game development and things that people are already interested in to help them learn about important social change. Hasnain Saleem is a Saudi entrepreneur and game developer who created a conference called G-Con for women game developers. She saw the need for a space and she just created it herself and it's been an incredibly successful gaming conference. I also read that that was one of the highest numbers of women being part of university study and computer science. I think it was 59% in Saudi Arabia. And finally, Sarah Beydoun who is another Lebanese woman. She started an online company called Sarah's Bag and Sarah's Bag teaches ex-prisoners who want to rehabilitate and society teaches them entrepreneurship skills to build their own bags and Sarah's Bag online website platform brings those tech tools to bear so that she can also solve this problem that she cared about that she saw as a need for women in her country. There are, so there's a lot of interesting things happening around the world today. We could talk about this forever. I also want to take a moment to think about some of the things that are happening in the future. Where can we go next and what's untapped? So if you look in the news today, tech news, you'll read a lot about blockchain or self-driving cars or big data or AI. And there are a lot of exciting things happening in these areas. But often when I look at this really advanced technology, here we've already seen Uber and some other companies that have self-driving cars on the road. It's really incredible advancement but I sometimes think to myself, what problem is this solving? And we have really deep problems around the world that need work. So while there's a lot of social impact that's been specific to applications and games, there's a lot, I think that there's a lot of potential in these areas, but they are new. So I want to share a few examples of some research that I've seen of some beginning projects that have a lot of potential. So blockchain is something you may have heard a lot about. I know here a lot of people are going crazy about Bitcoin and whether they should invest in that coin and whether blockchain's going to change our entire social structure. And it may, but I think that there are some really interesting areas where blockchain can have a huge social impact on important problems. One of the major problems in the US right now and in other parts of the world is the opioid epidemic. So there is a huge issue of heroin that's injected with fentanyl that becomes deadly to any user. And tracking that drug supply chain is a really, is a difficult problem and it's very complex. But there are some people who have gone, started to begin to talk about the research around this area. Is blockchain a potential tool that we could use to track that supply chain for those drugs? And the anonymity that blockchain can provide and the security that it can provide might open the option for someone to, if they know that a batch of those, of that drug is bad, that person might be able to share that information so that others can have it in a safe and secure way. And that this might be a way to prevent some of those deaths in the US. So I think this is a question that's worth looking into further. Another interesting example of the potential of the application of blockchain is to the issue of goods that are made using slave labor. So those supply chains for products around the world can be very complex and it can be challenging for companies or for consumers to know whether any kind of illegal labor went into the production of that product. And so blockchain similarly may be a way for people to track the supply chain of the product and if they are aware of illegal activity to share that in a way that is secure and anonymous but still connects the dots between the rest of the chain so that users or a company can know really where this product is coming from. So I think that that's some really very new areas that people are just starting to explore. But if you check out some of the websites that I just shared, you can learn a little bit more about their current status. And then finally I think AI is an area where there's a lot of great potential work to be done. This is a story from a group at the University of Southern California that is trying to solve a problem of letting homeless youth in the LA area know about HIV and get HIV education. And so what they did was they had two groups that were, one was they got a group of peer leaders who are popular people in the community, in the homeless youth community in LA to give these trainings. So they give the trainings to their friends so that's in the control group. And then in the AI group they use an AI algorithm to mix up the social groups so that they potentially could cover a larger swath. And what they found is that the group that's using the AI algorithm is much more effective both in getting trainings out to more youth in LA but they're also more effective and more of those youths were actually getting tested and following up with their training. So I think these are some really interesting and creative areas that certainly need more work and need more exploration but I think that they have a lot of potential to really solve some deep social problems. And finally, what I would like to leave my first portion of the talk here with is what I think that you can do. So I really am a strong believer that technology and computer science and programming is something that actually anyone can learn. And there are people who will disagree with me on this but believe me, I think that it is really possible to learn anything in this area. I think that anyone can get their hands around this. And I'm going to share some resources at the end for some places that I would suggest to start but I really believe that you are the next step. So computer science is a way to solve problems that you care about. A computer scientist is someone who solves problems. So I just wanna have a moment for you to kind of take in these words but what computer scientists do is they use that, they use programming, they use algorithms, they use that theory to solve major problems, to solve problems at scale. And that's something that we can apply to deep social problems. So I think that if this is something that excites you and you see a problem that you care about in your community or in your version of the world, you can learn the technical skills that you need to help try to solve that problem. So I would really encourage you all to think about problems that you care about. You may already have some projects in mind that I would love to hear about. So these are a few resources that I would recommend. There are some great communities and events that have an international presence that I've been involved with in the US but I know exists around the world. And then these are some recommended online CS learnings. We're gonna be putting these in the links to this in the comment sections that you can follow up. But these are I think some great resources to get started. Either if you, great resources to get started if you're new to programming, but a lot of them also have some really great advanced materials if you've already had some experience so far. These are a couple of region specific resources that I found as I was doing research for this talk that might be useful to you depending on where you are. And your State Department programs like Tech Girls or the DigiGirls program, Morocco, there are a few that have really, really great impact. And I've seen the influence that this has on Girls Live. So please check out some of those resources if that's of interest to you. Finally, I'd like to leave you with a few things that I've learned, a little bit of humble advice. So please feel free to take it or leave it. But these are some things that I've learned in my search to use technology for social good. No matter what, you can be a computer scientist despite obstacles. We all need to kind of find our own path. I think I've had kind of the unique path through technology. And I think that really should be individual to everyone. But you should really be your own guide in that process. That being said, while you'll have your individual path, there are a lot of great female role models around the world. There's a lot of women that you'll meet in those communities. So you should really work to learn from and be inspired by them while you find your own path. And it won't always necessarily be easy. Computer science is something I believe everyone can learn, but it can be challenging at times. It's really important to have what I call a growth mindset, which means that when you find yourself in challenging situations, when you receive criticism, that's an opportunity to grow. That's a really wonderful thing. And please keep in mind that diverse teams are extremely important. Your voice is extremely important. And I believe that we can use the technology that we have today and the technology that's coming tomorrow as tools to solve the problems that we care about. So the thought I would like to leave you with is that you can do it. This is a photo of one of my girls who put classrooms in Miami. We on our last day took the Rosie Riveter pose, but we changed. We can code it to, we can do it to, we can code it. And of course that was a famous image in the US to motivate women to get involved with their country's needs at the time. And I think that our entire world has a lot of problems and a lot of things that we need solved, but you have the opportunity to make an impact on those problems. And I believe that technology is one of the most powerful ways that we have at our disposal to try to solve some of those problems. So please use that as an image you can keep in mind going forward. I think that you can code the change you wanna see in the world. Thank you so much for listening. And I really look forward to your questions and having a conversation with you. Great, thank you so much Emily for that presentation and for your advice. And also the resources you mentioned. Like you said, we're going to be pinning some of those resources with links to the top of the comments so that you all can check them out later. But now it's time to get to your questions. So we will try to get to as many as possible. So please write them in the comment section if you haven't already. We have a question first from Hanine from Ramallah and she asks, how can we keep the momentum going to support initiatives for women in technology? That's a great question. This is something I, excuse me for my cough. This is something that I have been concerned about because I do think that it's a very popular thing to talk about right now. And it's going to continue to be important even after it becomes less popular to talk about. And I never like to take for granted that this is something that this sort of popularity of this movement could change. I don't think that it will soon but I don't like to take that for granted. So how do we keep the momentum going? I think that community is an extremely important part of this. I know that in my personal experience, I've found that communities of women in technology are the way that I feel propelled to continue to do the work that I do to talk about it online. I think that our online resources are a really fantastic way to do this. So use the social media at your disposal to talk about these issues. Share the projects that you're working on on GitHub or online or elsewhere and really just feel free to mobilize your local communities as well. So if you have friends that are interested in this, encourage them. And I think that really community and speaking your voice and being vocal and visual about this is the way to keep things going. Great, thank you. I actually had a follow up question to that, Emily. Are there, you mentioned communities of women and how important it is that they support each other, that they share what they're working on and that those communities are one of the ways to keep momentum going. But I guess I have a question. What can teachers maybe in the classroom or classmates in high school do specifically to help encourage each other or to promote girls who are interested in math, science, computer science, et cetera. Is there, are there some specific steps you think people can take? Absolutely. So I think some, there are some great resources available for computer science teachers. Please check out. I know that some of these are available freely online. So they can be available internationally but the Computer Science Teachers Association in the US is a really fantastic resource and they have provided some trainings for computer science teachers around equity and diversity in their classrooms. But a couple, so that's one resource I would check out online afterwards, but a couple things that I'll share immediately is that it's really important to be mindful of the language and examples you use when talking about computer science. I know that in my experience, some of my first computer science classes, some of the only role models that I've heard about were some of those men. And while I was really inspired by their stories, I also really connected with the stories of other women. So, you know, tell the true history of computer science, talk about Christ Hopper, talk about Adela Leis, talk about Catherine Johnson, and be mindful of the examples that you use because a lot of times examples can be in computer science, can either be very esoteric and really not grounded in reality, which is just challenging for any student. But, you know, even though I'm someone who maybe likes video games, but I don't love sports, sometimes there'll be examples like that that are used in programming courses that might not resonate with everyone. So, be mindful about the examples that you're using and maybe use a diverse group of examples or use examples grounded in reality that resonate with more people. Great, thank you so much. Speaking of your time in some of your computer science classes, I read a story that you've shared before, I think, about some comments that your lab partner made to you on the first day of your very first computer science class. I thought that those who are joining us today would appreciate hearing that story and how you have dealt with discouragement more generally on your way to pursuing your education and career. And then for my own benefit, I'm curious, did anything change between you and your lab partner by the end of that class? So that's my follow-up. Great question. So, for those who haven't heard the story before, so I hadn't taken any computer science courses before I entered college. I had been interested in it, I'd always been a good math and physics student, but I was new to computer science. So I took my first course in my freshman year of college and I was interested but nervous. And the most, those one-on-one courses at my university we were paired up with a lab partner for the semester. And so I was paired with a guy named Gerald and Gerald had been programming at home for years. He was one of those kids who had been taking his computer part and hacking away since he was in middle school or maybe early art crawl, I know. And he was very clearly upset to be paired with me as a total newbie. And it became really relevant, very clear in the first few minutes probably of our lab that I did not have as much experience as he did with computer science and with programming. And what happened was that while we were, while we were starting a program and I was probably stressed out trying to look something up, he said to me, I thought they were going to pair us with people of similar abilities. And it was really painful for me to hear because I was a little shy. I was really new to this, I was kind of nervous. And then to have someone tell me that I didn't have as much ability as he did, really hurt and it made me consider dropping the course. So I tell that story because that was my, in my first week or so, that was my experience. I thought, maybe I'll just forget this computer science thing, maybe it's just not for me. Most of the experience that I had in my class so far was of I was the only girl in the class or maybe one of two or three. And most of the guys who were answering questions using vocabulary and words that were totally new to me. And so I thought maybe this just isn't for me. And, but I found that when I continued doing the work I was really interested in it. I loved it when I really kind of gotten to the meat of the work. And so that kept me going. And I found out that my experience was very similar to a lot of other women in computer science. I actually finished the course by the way with a better grade than Gerald just made. So experience that you've had before isn't everything. That is something we can all learn and get better. It doesn't necessarily have to do with ability. Experience and ability aren't the same thing. So I think that's really important to know. I believe that Gerald went on to have a great career as an engineer and we didn't really become besties or anything after that. But my point is that you should really, when you have people in your life like that who discount you or immediately make a judgment about you and don't think that you can do this, you really shouldn't listen to that. You should listen to the voice inside yourself that says keep going and this is something you can do. Because if I hadn't listened to that, I wouldn't be here talking to you all today. No, thanks a lot.  And I'm wondering what did that mean to you when you were growing up? Did it ever feel like that part of your identity didn't fit with the other parts of your life? Did you, how did you end up reconciling or resolving any conflict there between those sort of parts of yourself, especially as a young woman? Oh, that's such a great question. So I definitely was really, I was really interested in math. That was something I had always been interested in. That was certainly my individual story. I like to say that I don't think that you need to be obsessed with math to be good at computer science. I've met a lot of people who are great programmers who aren't necessarily great at math. There are some areas of computer science where you really need to have super solid math skills. But it's really about logic at its core. And that's something that I do think that anyone can learn. But I was always really interested in math even though I wasn't necessarily like a tech geek or hadn't programmed or hacked very much until I was in college. But I was also really into theater and English and history. And I loved like Shakespeare. And there was definitely a large part of me for a long time that felt like, maybe I need to choose or maybe I need to set aside this part of my life if I wanna focus on math and technology. And what I've learned is that those things that you are interested in, that you're personally driven by, are really important things to listen to and they're not in conflict. I think that there's actually a lot of really fascinating ways to combine your interests. The huge advantage of technology is that it's a part of literally every industry and every part of our lives. So if you have a passion for dance, maybe you can create an app that helps teach other students how to dance. There are so many possibilities for ways that we can apply technology to things that we're passionate about. And so that certainly is something that took me a long time to learn. So if you're going through that, I totally understand but I don't think that you need to set aside those parts of yourself.  Okay, great, thank you. We just had a question come in from the American Center in Malay. Their question is what are your thoughts on AI or artificial intelligence? You mentioned some of the potential uses for artificial intelligence, but they're asking what are some more of those potentials and what are the risks of AI? Should we be fearful at all? That's a really great question. So I think that one of the things that we do need to be concerned about, I think concern probably is the right word, certainly not anxious, but something that we should be spending time on is the ethics of artificial intelligence. And this is something that I think is true across technology. I think we should be generally a lot more concerned about ethics. Technology moves a lot more quickly than most of us are used to. It moves sometimes quicker than our brains are catching up with. And so I think it's important that we take some time to really think about what are some of our ethical principles around using AI? What are some of our ethical principles around data and privacy? And what kind of an effect can these technologies have? So they are powerful tools, but tools can be used for good or for bad. And even sometimes when they're used for good, if we don't anticipate them, there can be unintended consequences. So I know certainly one of the challenges with AI is that it may put some people out of jobs. That is something that technology has always gone through. So I do think that's a concern. I think that that's, however, all the more reason why we should invest more in computer science education because while it may take some people out of jobs that AI may be able to do better or more efficiently, there are still people who are programming those AI's and the world is going to need a lot more programmers than it even has now. So I think that that is a way generally for us to prepare more people for those jobs in the future. But I think that AI really rests on decision making algorithms and data and we need to have a better public understanding of what data is about, what data we're giving up when we go online. And I think that it's okay to share data. I just want people to be informed about what it is that they're sharing. So again, I think that there's really, I think there's a lot of great examples of how AI can be used for some great social impact. But there are some risks to people and there are some risks in the way that it's done. So we need to have a thoughtful, proactive approach about our ethics surrounding AI. Thank you for your thoughtful answer there. We have one more question from Rua. She asks, how can we encourage women and girls to be interested in technology? And you've already addressed that a little bit. So my follow up is one of the ways might be to seek out a mentor or you talked a little bit about role models and mentors. So what advice would you have for women who are seeking mentors and are there any particular traits or experiences that someone should seek when they're looking for a mentor? Those are several great questions. I certainly have been on both the receiving and giving end of that mentorship. I've been really grateful to have some wonderful female mentors and role models in my life. And I try to be that to a lot of the other girls in my life. So I think that a mentor should be someone who can give advice while still recognizing that you are on your own individual path. I don't think that, I think we can look to role models and mentors for inspiration and for some valuable lessons learned. But I also think that you need to kind of find your own individual path in technology and what you are going to bring is unique than to what anyone else can bring. So a mentor should be someone who can provide you with some of that encouragement, provide you with some of their own lessons learned and help you to cultivate what it is that you're interested in and that you want to do. There are some of the resources that I shared in the slides and that will be shared in the comments. Like Anita Borg Institute has a group called AirBweck I know in the Middle East region. And there's a few of those organizations that have several mentorship groups online. So please check that out if you don't already have a mentor at your school or university or wherever you are. Because you may be able to find some online mentorship and you can certainly find a lot of really inspirational women in this area. So please check those out. But again, I would say someone who can provide you encouragement, some of their own lessons learned and encourage you on your own and individual path. Thanks for those highlights, Emily. Nuran Ahmed asks, can computer science be self-taught or should it be pursued only through university education? That's a great question. And I know that there are a lot of successful programmers who's come from both paths. So it is certainly possible to do it through both. The advice that I usually give to people, and again, I give this advice humbly because I think that this can be specific to the person and their learning style. What I've found generally to be most successful is that when you're starting out in computer science it can be really helpful to be in an in-person course with a good teacher. So that might be at a university, that might be at a really good well vetted boot camp. But I think that having that in-person facilitation and support can be extremely helpful for most people. And I think that then once you have a solid base in programming, and I think that theoretical principles are important, this is something that boot camps are starting to embrace a lot more. So I'm happy to see that movement. I think that once you have a solid base, it's a lot easier to go and learn online. And there are so many programming languages, and there are so many new technologies that you're just not going to be able to learn it all in your university education anyways. It's something that will probably continue throughout your life. And there's a lot of great self-learning that you can do. But my advice is to have some grounding in an in-person course when you first start out so that you can really understand those computational principles really deeply before you go off and learn on your own. Because I think for most people, that self-learning process can be a little frustrating. But not for all, some people really love that. So that's my advice, but make sure to stay in tune to yourself and what you think is working best for you. Thanks, Emily. We had a question come in from Hexa Connection Tripoli. They ask, can you recommend any useful MOOCs or massive open online courses related to technology or computer science? Yes. So one of the courses that, one of the websites that I mentioned is Coursera. And I believe through Coursera, there are several great ones on Coursera. I believe it's on Coursera. If not, you can Google this course, but the beauty and joy of computing is a really fantastic introductory computer science course that was developed at UC Berkeley. And it's something that they, I know that they put online and that they had a lot of success in attracting a more diverse group of students to that course. And it's a rigorous computer science course, but it's also really fun. And it has a lot of great examples of how you can use computer science to solve interesting problems. And it really grounds it in some great examples. The beauty and joy of computing is one that I would recommend. And I'll double check if that's available on Coursera, but Coursera also as a place for MOOCs has a lot of other great courses. Great, thanks. I like that, the beauty and joy of computing. Those are two words. That's a great title. Those are two words that I think, yeah, my humanities major, I'm like, really? Beauty and joy, but it makes a lot of sense.  I mean, is there, where is the beauty and joy for you in the work? Absolutely. I think that the beauty and the joy comes from that problem solving process. If you've ever, you know, if you're excited by challenges that you see in the world and puzzles and trying to use logic to fix things and come to, you know, come to a better solution, if that's a process that you enjoy, you'll love computer science because that's really what it's all about. Well, you know, a lot of our, sometimes the stereotypes of computer science and of stages all age old is that, you know, it's boring or that someone's just coding in a basement somewhere, sort of removed from reality, but the truth is that technology affects so much of the world around us. So the application of what you're doing is likely to be something that you can really see and feel. But it really involves a sort of logical problem solving process. And I find that to be something that's really exciting because once you see a work, that's where the joy comes. Great, thank you. We have a question from Ashti from American Corner Air Bill. They ask, what are the reasons behind the lack of numbers of women who are involved in IT and computer science more generally, if you have a sense of where that gap comes from? Yeah, that's great. So this is something I wasn't gonna go into during the talk because of time, so I'm glad that we came back to this. So you might have remembered on my slide about the university level participation of women in computer science in the US. There were two really large spikes that you saw in the 1980s, the kind of the mid-80s, late-80s, and the late-90s. So those two spikes in the overall study of computer science correlate with two very important moments in computer history. In the 1980s, it was the release of the personal computer. And in the 1990s, it was the World Wide Web or the dot-com boom. So what's interesting is that in the 1980s, women were a part of that spike. As I said, 37% of computer science majors in 1984 were women, much higher than it is today. So there are several theories why women weren't involved in that spike in the 1990s and still aren't included today. One of the theories that I think is pretty compelling is that in the 1980s, at least certainly in American culture, we started to associate computers and technology a lot more with men and male professions. Personal computers, a lot of the advertising around them were marketed to boys as toys. This was also happening during a period when toy stores around the US were starting to, there was a lot more segregation between girls and boys toys, whereas before there had been a lot of toys that were sort of considered unisex. So this was all happening at a time when we were really kind of segregating what boys toys were and what girls toys were. And we started to associate computers and technology with boys because of a lot of the advertising and then the popular culture. So there were a lot of movies in the 80s that were about core games and things like that that were really kind of associating hacking with boys. So I think that's one compelling reason. And I think that then it continues because it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. So if you are growing up as a young girl and you don't see a lot of girls in your computer science classes, you don't see a lot of those computer science role models. And even though they might be around, you're not visually seeing them and maybe your teachers aren't sharing them with you, then it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. So there aren't enough role models and not enough girls are taking the computer science classes in high school, then they don't graduate and they don't go into the tech workspace and it continues. So I think that those are some of the reasons why the number has declined. I am hopeful that we are at sort of a point, a moment of change in the tide because I think that there's been a lot of really wonderful work around the world from women to kind of hold these universities and companies accountable. A lot of it is more complicated than the history that I just shared. There's issues with making sure that tech workplaces are safe and comfortable environments for women to work in. And there's been a lot of work going on to really hold those companies accountable. So I think that because we're starting to see more role models and we're starting to change the environment, I hope that we will be in a turn of the tide, but we'll see. Thank you. Yeah, from what you said, especially about toys and things like that, it sounds like some of this starts really early. And we had a question from Arby at the American Center in Cairo. Have you seen a change in attitude in girls who participate in early coding? So I guess coding when they're young or early on in grade school. Sure, absolutely. So I think actually grade school is a great place to introduce this kind of work. One of the statistics I didn't share is that we know that of middle school students in the US, about 74% of middle school girls express an interest in STEM in science, technology, engineering, and math. So that's obviously a broad range of subjects, but those tend to be the students who might wanna take a computer science course. But then you go on to see so few girls graduating computer science and taking those courses. So something happens between middle school and high school that seems to kind of veer girls away from those more technical career paths. So I wouldn't say there's necessarily been a change in what I see, because I think I've always seen grade school students be really excited about computer programming. They don't necessarily have as many cultural ideas about what tech is and haven't absorbed all of those stereotypes yet. So they tend to be pretty interested and excited about it. I think that what has changed is a lot of the content and the courses and the resources available to those students have gotten better. So you're able to reach more students. You're able to really provide them a better quality of education with some of those programs and resources. But I've always found that young students tend to be pretty, if they're taught in a really good environment, tend to be pretty excited about that work. Thank you. So Emily, we're starting to run out of time here and we have a few more questions. So it's a great problem to have, but I'm gonna ask that you keep your response to this next one brief so that we can get to as many more as possible. American Corner Airbill asks, what are some ways that women can integrate technology and develop their tech skills at home? Great question. So please check out some of the online resources that I shared. There are some really wonderful online sites to practice your skills. Put your code on GitHub so that you can get feedback from friends and see what other programmers like you are working on. And the last thing that I would recommend to do at home is checking out something like a Raspberry Pi. There are cheap little devices that you can program at home and do some awesome physical computing with. So that's something that I would recommend checking out as well. Great, thank you. Serene from Tunisia asks, how can young women motivate each other and get other young women involved in STEM and guide them to the tech domain? Great, so as a way to get other young women involved, definitely look into starting like a programming club in your community or at your school. If you have some experience or even if you don't have too much experience, you can volunteer to lead a club and help learn alongside the students or share your knowledge with them. So I think that clubs are a great way to do this. And some of those women in tech resources that I shared will have some examples. So please do that. Encourage your friends to try it out if you have something in your community or maybe you can even, if you don't have something already, you can get a group of women and girls together and go on one of those online coding websites. Do the Code.org programs or do a Coursera course together. It doesn't need to be fancy, you just need to get started. Okay, thank you. We have one final question, which comes from the US Consulate General in Jerusalem. It is, do you think women can start their own startup before working or should they be employed first? Oh, that's a great question. So I think it does depend a little bit on what you want to do. I would recommend if you have an idea, sometimes the best way to learn is just to try it and learn from your mistakes and that's okay. I do think that in some areas it can be helpful to have some industry or work experience just to understand like how office spaces work, better understand that kind of like business communication. I think it depends a lot on what that startup is. So if you think that your idea might benefit from some experience in the workplace, especially if it's a very specific skill set, then it might be helpful to maybe pilot something or do something small before you start out and then work on it while you're in the workplace. But I don't think that you need to be older. I don't think that you need to wait in order to try something out yourself. There's nothing, some really amazing companies started by young people or great projects. So I think try something out but don't not do it because you don't feel like you're allowed to or that you need to be older. If you think it's something that would benefit from some specific skills that you can learn in the workplace, start something small and then you can always take it off later, particularly if you want to focus on it financially that can help you. Thank you so much, Emily Reid, for being with us today to talk not only about some of the great things women have accomplished in the past but what they are doing today all around the world to use technology to make a difference. This has been a terrific discussion with really great questions from our online audience. So thank you to all of those watching and I want to give a special shout out to our viewing groups watching at US Embassy Algiers, American Corner Air Bill, the American Center in Cairo, America House Jerusalem, Gaza Sky Geeks in Gaza City, the HEXA organization in Tripoli, Dar America in Casablanca, the American Center Mali in the Maldives and one last thing before we go. If you liked this program, go ahead and like this page on Facebook. Follow us here or on Twitter at TechGirls and there you'll find out more about the TechGirls program in the Middle East and North Africa. TechGirls brings girls like you age 15 to 17 from Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian territories and Tunisia to the United States for a three week program that builds leadership and coding skills and encourages young women to pursue careers in science and technology. It's been so wonderful to speak with you, Emily and it's been so great hearing from all of our viewers. So Emily has kindly agreed to stay online for a few minutes after we end this live stream. She will be signing in using the account handle guest speaker to answer more of your questions so don't go anywhere. Happy Women's History Month everyone and have a great rest of the day.


Do you feel butterflies in your stomach around them? Unless you have a strange addiction to eating live, winged insects, it's likely you have a crush. But how can you tell if they feel the same way about you? Are they at least interested in you? Well, here are some common signs that someone likes you. Here are six signs someone is interested in you. Number one, they're awkward only around you. Do you get nervous around your crush? A lot of people can become a bit awkward at first when someone they like talks to them. If you notice your crush's behavior strangely shifts when they notice you, this could be a sign that you make them nervous. This is likely because they're attracted to you. So if you notice they start to fumble over their words or get lost staring into your eyes, they're probably very nervous being around someone they find so attractive. Number two, their voice changes pitch and their tone is different around you. You've been noticing your crush talks to you differently than other people or maybe their tone is suddenly lower or higher when talking to you. For women, their voice will often become more high-pitched while men will often deepen their voice when attracted to someone. Their tone may also change as well. Suddenly they're much kinder or perhaps their voice sounds a bit sexier. Maybe they sound very gentle or mysterious. Either way, unless they sound rude, they may subconsciously be doing this because they like you. Number three, they're engaged in your conversations. Having a deep conversation with them? Look closely. Did they look engaged in your conversation or are they on their phone? Are they scanning around the room? Are they looking at something else? If they don't engage with you often on an emotional level or even any level during your outings, then it's likely they don't like you on an emotional level. However, if they ask follow-up questions and keep their focus with you, then it's another good sign. They are interested in you. Number four, they text you often and comment on your social media. Do you and your crush have each other's number? Do they text you often? Or maybe they message you on social media? Comment on your posts. If they wanna be more than friends with you, they'll likely want to keep up the conversation with you, not just with in-person chats, but online as well. If they are into social media and are often on their phone, they'll likely show their interest through texts, funny memes, or gifs. And a few flirty texts as well. They could be shy, so they may be trying to hint at hanging out with you first. Or maybe they just go right into the subtle flirting with the heart emoji. Number five, they keep the conversation going and ask questions. Do they try to keep the conversation going by asking questions and mentioning interesting points of their own? It can sometimes be difficult to do this, but if they've been trying to continue chats with you, this is a good sign they like you. This can be through texts too. This could mean they bring up random things about their day, interesting comments on a show they're watching, or even send those funny memes. They'll try to make an excuse to talk to you. And once you start talking, they'll generally put a bit of effort into keeping the conversation going. But often for a conversation to continue, you'll wanna put in effort too. If you don't, they may be wondering if you like them as much as they like you. So let them know you enjoy talking to them. Then your conversations may become effortless. And number six, they're always hinting that their schedule is free or they ask you out. Do they find ways to mention their schedule and how free they are this Tuesday or Friday afternoon? Maybe they randomly mention they have an extra ticket to a concert and ask if you like the band, but it flies past you and you say you've never really heard their music. Ah, my friend, they may be trying to hint that they wanna hang out with you. I don't know why you can't both just ask each other out, but every scenario is different. If they hint that they wanna go somewhere and are free on a certain day, now's your chance to ask them. If they're not putting the effort to even ask you out or at least hint at their availability, they may not be into you. If you have hung out before, but they've grown distant in asking you out, they may not be as interested as before. The trick is if you wanna hang out with them, go ahead and ask them. They may be trying to hint that they're available and are waiting for you to make the first move. You never know, they could just feel the same way about you that you feel about them. So if somebody please make a move before those butterflies in your stomach start to make you sick. So have you noticed any of these signs? When's the last time you got butterflies in your stomach from being around someone? Feel free to let us know in the comment section down below. We hope you enjoyed this video and if you did, don't forget to click the like button and share it with a friend or your crush. Subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell icon for more content like this. As always, thanks for watching.


Great to have you once again on the breakfast on Plus TV Africa. Let's go back a little bit in history. I'm going first of all starting with 1970 where on this day on the 26th of August there was the Women's Strike for Equality. It was described as a 15th anniversary of American women being able to vote and it was marked by nationwide women's strike for equality. The strike was celebrated the 58th anniversary of the passing of what was called the 19th Amendment which effectively gave American women the right to vote. The rally was sponsored by the National Organization for Women NOW and about 50,000 women gathered for the protest in New York City and even more throughout the country. At this time the gathering was the largest on behalf of women in the United States and the strike also advocated for other second wave feminist goals more generally such as of course political rights for women, social equality in relationships such as marriage and a couple of other things. It also received extensive local and national attention both positive and negative. The significance really was to express the vast requirements and demands that women across America still needed at this time in 1970. We obviously can see that things have changed and things have improved over time. There is now wider space and more accommodating space for women. There still are demands and of course I would mention that there still are demands for equality in different levels, equity, a safer space for women, more opportunities for women and some of all of that. But it's definitely a much better place than it was in the 60s and prior to this day and of course in the 70s. Okay, next story in history for today we're going to the year 2015 which was just a couple of years ago in Nigeria, in Niger State where 14 people died in a boat mishap. It's something that has happened a couple more times over the course of the last few years. We've seen in Bainway State, we've seen a couple of other states across the country but 14 persons including 11 women from the same family listen to that, perished in a boat mishap in the river Sarkin Power in Niger State. The women and two men who had gone to the farm to harvest ground nuts and the only survivors were the two men, really sad. Eyewitnesses stole the newspapers then that the villagers were returning from the farm when the boat mishap occurred. The senator representing Niger East Senator David Umarro in a condolence message described the incident as shocking and unfortunate and of course lamented the lack of roads and bridges in the area. Another really, really sad story here. This really should be enough, an incident like this should be enough to push for better development of some of these areas to reduce the risks that people need to take in order to get to their farms and get to their business places in many, many places across Nigeria and we hope that lessons are learned from some of these tragic incidents and we hope that people who represent these areas, both at the local and the state level and of course the Nigerian government in itself is able to do what is necessary to ensure that there is a safer environment for these residents. Now we're talking security and I'm hoping once again that we're learning the mistakes that we're currently making with regards to protecting Nigerian lives and property. But on this day in history, 14 people died in Niger State in a boat mishap in 2015. In 1970, there was a strike to of course protest the 15th anniversary of the right of women to vote in the United States of America. Stay with us. Of course we're moving into our next conversation right now. We have a joining us, Professor Emeka Ozorji. He's a director, center for nomadic education in the University of Jaws. Good morning. Thanks for joining us, Professor Ozorji. Alright, we'll reconnect with him after this very short break here on the breakfast. Stay with us.