Good evening. Welcome to the second of our briefings tonight at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore. We have tonight with us Dr. Heidi Hamill, who will be discussing in just a moment the first image from the Hubble Space Telescope that we received just a short while ago this evening. Dr. Hamill. I just want to get it right over with and show you this image. We can have the image, please. What we're seeing is a full disc of Jupiter taken with the wide field camera in a blue filter. The wavelength is 410 nanometers. And you see on the left a blow-up of the impact site. It's expanded and enhanced so you can see it. It's very dark. We have wavelengths ranging from 3,036 nanometers out to 9,956 nanometers. We don't have those all ready to show you now because we obviously haven't had enough time to do that. But I'd like to describe for you what it looks like. At all wavelengths except a methane band it looks like this. It's dark and it has this dark material to the south. In the methane band image the wavelength is 889 nanometers. Everything that you see is dark there is bright. It's completely inverted. Looks like a negative image. We don't fully understand what we're seeing here yet.  In that orbit what we could see at all wavelengths was what looked like a plume on the limb of the planet. And then we saw the plume flatten as if it was spreading out. And that was all we saw. We detected it at all those wavelengths though. And so we'll be working throughout the night to get these data ready to show to you tomorrow morning. I would now like to show you a video if any of you are not convinced that this is from this comment. I would like to show you a video of what Jupiter looked like yesterday. And this is brand new preliminary data and it's a fairly raw format. So you'll see seams and colors that if we had had more than 18 hours we would have done a prettier job. But I wanted you to see the quality of imaging that we're getting from the Hubble Space Telescope. So if we could run that video please. It was created by Eric DeYoung based on six orbits of data yesterday afternoon. And I hope we have the video. Can you roll the video please? Okay, it's going out on the satellite. We'll have it here shortly. Okay. This will basically take five different images of Hubble and what we have done is map project them and then recombine them to make basically a sphere. I hope we do get to see it. Well while they're working on that let me just show you the geometry of this impact in case some of you are a little bit confused because that's a very confusing image. If this is Jupiter and you're all on the Earth you're looking this way. Okay. Jupiter's spinning like this. Okay. These impacts this train of comets nuclei are coming in from the bottom at about an angle something like this and you can't see them happen. All right. There we go. Let's take a quick look at the video. This is a very rough reconstruction but you can see the amazing quality of the images from the wide field camera. And there is the site. It's going to stop on the right longitude so you can see the pre-impact view. There's the great red spot and a white oval. This is the wide field camera. With the planetary camera we're going to get even better resolution. And we'll of course, we'll have a little bit of time to clean this up and it'll be a really nice video when we get that chance. Okay. That's the view. Very similar. Not quite exactly the same but similar to the impact site.  And if we could go back to the other one. I don't know if that's possible or not. Yes we can. We'll look again for the great red spot and that white spot and you'll see where the little black thing is next to it. The impact site. Well we're going back.  Okay in the meantime while they're working on that. Continue my story here. All right. You could not see the impacts occurring although the Galileo spacecraft you'll all remember is in a perfect view to get some good pictures of that. And so that will be fascinating to see. Here we go. See the great red spot. See the little white oval and now further on you see that black splotch. It was not there the day before. It's a new feature on Jupiter. And we're going to have 20 more of them. Even brighter. It's going to be a great week. So I think I'll stop there and let the rest of my team have some time to talk. Okay I'd like to go ahead and introduce the other members of the science team. Thank you Dr. Hamill. To her left Dr. Hal Weaver of the Space Telescope Science Institute. Member of the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 and Faint Object Spectrograph teams. Next Dr. Keith Noel of the Institute. A member of the Faint Object Spectrograph and High Resolution Spectrograph team. Next is Dr. John Clark University of Michigan. And a member of the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and Faint Object Camera teams. Following that is Dr. Bob West of Jet Propulsion Laboratory. And he's a member of the Wide Field Planetary Camera. And at the end, hi down there, Dr. Melissa McGrath, the Space Telescope Science Institute. A member of the Faint Object Spectrograph and High Resolution Spectrograph teams. And what I'd like to do at this point is turn it over to Hal and just for a few brief comments and discussion members of the team and we'll open it to Q&A. First of all I'd just like to say it looks like this comment was not a dud. Let it ring out to the rest of the world. We've had a wonderful time observing this fascinating object up until now but of course it's been highly uncertain as to how big these pieces are. The last, we took just some images of the comet on Thursday and there were some reports that the comet was fragmenting but in fact when you look at the Hubble images there was no evidence that the pieces were fragmenting. And the fact that we see a plume coming out of this explosion has very strong evidence that these nuclei are traveling very deep into Jupiter's atmosphere. It's hard to understand how you have something that's going to shoot out above the limb by a thousand kilometers or more unless you had a plume formed an explosion deep down in the atmosphere. That would be my preliminary guess of what's going on. Just for a couple of moments I know everyone is prepared here for a lot of questions and we would like to go ahead and open it up in just a moment but we do have right now to show you a video that was taken just a few minutes actually a few hours ago during the initial receipt of the data here at the Hubble Institute. So go ahead and roll the video and we'll see the reaction. This is the first time. Yeah. This is the latitude that we're looking for something right there. Contours you could tell. Well, there wasn't too much there. Sure. We will rerun this. There's a red spot so you know. Right. Look. Oh my God. Okay. We'll rerun this in here. Members in the gallery here. We will have a rerun of this tape later. We apologize we had some tape sync problems. The signal went out on the satellite okay however I understand so we will replay it and we have some dubs available for the media that need that after the briefing. I apologize for that but we're all working in real time here and we do have a few difficulties with some technical equipment as we're trying to work through but I'd like to open it up to questions and answers if we're already for that here and the Institute in Baltimore. And please wait for the microphone and state your name and affiliation. Any questions? Front row. Wait for the microphone. Linda Howe, Chancellor of Communications Philadelphia. In one of the email releases out here it said that the Nordic optical telescope in La Palma and the Canary Islands had reported that two hours after the first bright image was seen that a black dot became visible in the video image of Jupiter at exactly the same position of this bright impact. What could make this black dot be seen two hours after this impact we're looking at here? Pretty simple. Part of the answer to that is pretty simple. The impact occurred at a certain time and we saw apparently a plume on the limb of Jupiter at that time and then as Jupiter rotated around as it does the impact site came into our view and that impact site is a place where we now see dark material and so as Jupiter continues to rotate that's coming more and more into our field of view and I think the fact that they're reporting seeing that two hours after the initial plume is that initially it was close to the edge of where the sunlight is and very difficult to see on the edge of Jupiter and I think their camera system was probably not good enough, didn't have enough resolution to see that until it rotated far enough into view that they could pick it up whereas we saw it essentially immediately or at least in the next orbit. Also the question maybe part of your question is why are we seeing black material and that's a more interesting question. I don't think anybody expected us to see black material. I certainly didn't. I expected that we would see perhaps bright material in the methane image which we do see but in other images I thought we might not see anything. I'm going to speculate now about why we might be seeing black material. There's a couple of possibilities and I think what we're seeing here are particles either from the comet itself or particles that may have been dredged up from deeper in Jupiter's atmosphere. If the particles are from the comet they could be partly silicate particles and maybe a little bit of iron in there. They could also be carbonaceous material which normally is black. The trouble with that explanation though is that we expect that material to have undergone very high temperatures, something like 40,000 degrees Kelvin. At those temperatures any particles would vaporize. The carbon would probably go into carbon monoxide gas and we wouldn't see it. That's one reason it's very puzzling. As the fireball would rise out of the atmosphere, the plume rises, everything cools very quickly and out of that cooling cloud we expect things to condense like silicates and maybe even some of these carbonaceous particles if they're still around. Finally, ices like water or ammonia ice we expect would condense as the thing cools enough. Now, ices we expect to be white, so again we're puzzled. Why are we seeing dark stuff? Going further in speculation, we expect that in Jupiter's atmosphere there's a lot of sulfur although we haven't observed it spectroscopically yet. We think there is. We think that if there's material dredged up from the atmosphere it might be rich in sulfur as well as other things, water and ammonia. Sulfur can form colored compounds and just what kind of compounds would form in this situation I'm not prepared to say. And so I'm guessing that maybe sulfur ions in some form are contributing to this dark stuff. Just quick follow-up, in addition to the mystery of the color I also wondered if seeing this two hours after perhaps the initial impact does that mean that we could be seeing the residue of these impacts for much longer than anyone ever thought? I'm not sure about longer than anyone ever thought because in my thinking I expect that we should be able to see the residuals these particles in the stratosphere for possibly a year or longer. And in fact when I proposed to do this observing it was to look over long time scales to use these particles as tracers of the stratospheric motion. I've viewed this event as possibly analogous to on Earth and there's a large eruption like Elchachon or Pinatubo volcanic eruptions put particles high in the atmosphere where the stability of the atmosphere is very stable and therefore particles can reside there for a long time. And in fact on the Earth this is one way we learn about the dynamics and circulation of the stratosphere is by watching how these particles spread with time. And so I saw this as the first opportunity ever of doing this kind of thing on Jupiter. And the time scales for spreading on Earth in the stratosphere are over the order of a year or so. And I expect that we may still be seeing stuff a year from now from these events. Right here at second row. Wait for the mic please and also I'd like to ask the panel members to introduce yourself also to help us out here. Thank you. Bob Cook Newsday. I understand one of the really interesting possibilities was the comments might get deep enough to punch through the water clouds if they exist. Do you think that might have happened? One of the... Sorry, Keith Noel from Space Telescope Science Institute. One of the key things in all the spectroscopic observations that we'll be looking for both with Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes are molecules that are dredged up from the deep atmosphere. As you said, the water cloud would be one of the things that we'd be looking for very keenly. The reason for that is that if we see a huge increase in the amount of water more than could have come from the comet itself, we'll know something about the energy of the impactor and how deep it penetrated into the atmosphere. So we'll be using these molecular clues, the debris from the comet and the stuff churned up from the atmosphere to tell us things about the size of the comet, how deeply it penetrated into the atmosphere. And as Bob alluded to before, possibly allow us to see molecules that, until now, have been too deep in Jupiter's atmosphere for us to sense remotely. In the past few weeks, we've been told that amateur astronomers have little chance of seeing this event. Does what you've seen so far make you a little more optimistic about what the unwashed masses or the semi-washed masses might see? I'm Melissa McGrath from the Space Telescope Science Institute. The most dramatic results we've seen so far, brightness-wise, have actually been in the infrared. And so unless they had infrared instruments, I think actually in the visible, it's unlikely that this would have been seen. Hubble saw it because it has such good resolution. And when you see the images tomorrow of the first plume that we detected, it was very small, very small, and very close to the loom. And because Jupiter's so bright, that's very difficult to see with anything but Hubble. So I imagine, I mean, we know that the B impact is at 1030. And some of us would actually like to go outside with our binoculars at 1030 and look, because B is a lot bigger than A, or a lot brighter than A, so we think that means a lot bigger. So, you know, it wasn't so bright in A in the visible, but B may be brighter, and I think we should all go look. Here, second row front. And please state your name and affiliation. Glenda Chu, San Jose Mercury News. I'm a little puzzled about how to describe this thing to readers. Was it dark? Was it bright or what? Because some of the email messages were describing something bright enough at certain wavelengths of light that it outshone anything else on Jupiter from the things that look like polar caps in the methane band to anything else, and even outshone Io. And then you're talking about, I guess, in the visible wavelengths, the thing is dark. And so I don't know, if I tell people that this is a real bright thing and it outshone everything, am I really misleading them? And what is the significance of this methane band or the infrared bands that you're observing? What are you seeing that is different from what you're seeing in visible light? I'll take that. I'm John Clark, University of Michigan. Let me start with the infrared bands. In the infrared, you're looking, you can think of it as heat as much as it is light. As you go farther into the infrared, you're sampling lower temperatures. And these were at temperatures that are much hotter than what we have here in this room. They were at wavelengths of about two microns where it appeared very bright. And there it appeared bright because that one localized region was much hotter than the tops of Jupiter's clouds overall. So it appeared to have a high contrast. When we look at these visible wavelengths, we're looking at sunlight that's reflected from the cloud tops. And there's relatively less contrast here than you see in the infrared. But there's more information about the disturbance because we have the better resolution. In the methane band filter in particular, we're looking at a particular wavelength of light, of sunlight that is absorbed by gas, methane gas in Jupiter's atmosphere. And there Jupiter overall appears much darker because the sunlight is being absorbed by the gas that's normally in the atmosphere. And there the comet fragment appears relatively bright just as a matter of contrast. So it's a relative brightness thing there. We also will be getting images in the ultraviolet wavelengths. The first ones come in in well about eight or ten hours. We'll be taken and they'll come down tomorrow. And in the ultraviolet, which is my main interest, we'll be observing the very highest parts of Jupiter's atmosphere. And from what we've seen already in the lower parts, I'm looking forward to seeing the images. And we'll get those tomorrow about noon. Up in front. Bill Horowitz, CBS. And I might have missed this earlier if I did. I apologize. Can anyone give us a scale for the structure that we're seeing here? That box. And the timing on it. How long after being, in fact, this wise and how big this is? And I have a follow-up. The box that you see, the zoom box, is about two Earth diameters. So that structure that you're seeing, that circular pattern, is about the size of the Earth.  Remember that this is the A impact. G is much brighter. My next question. Actually, a whole bunch of questions. But I don't suppose that looking at this raw data, that we have any better guesstimate as to how deep this thing plunged. Well, as I said, the fact that you see the plume means that you probably went very deep and produced a fireball like the theorists have been describing. And we have a plume that extends out more than 1,000 kilometers above the normal limb of the planet. So I think that's pretty good evidence that these impacts really are 200,000 megatons of TNT or more. Does this match what you would expect from the model of how deep you thought you would get this kind of effect? There were so many models, you could have matched anything. By the shoemakers earlier tonight, I mean, is this matching pretty much what they were expecting? We missed the press conference. We were watching the images come in. We can't tell you that when the shoemakers saw the images, Gene Shoemaker was extremely happy. So apparently it matched pretty well. And the last question for me is, how surprised were you people? Well, you couldn't see that video, but we were pretty darn surprised. This is in my dreams, the kind of stuff we saw. We couldn't have gotten any better. This was incredible. Next question, second row. Ron Cowan, Science News. Is there a agreement now about when A actually hit Jupiter? We're working on that right now. And would you say Hubble saw this a minute after, a few minutes after, 30 minutes after? A few minutes. A few minutes. Well, that is. But we saw the image on the limb, and that was probably within ten minutes. Five to ten minutes. And some of the ones later on in the week are actually impacting closer to the limb. And they are brighter than this. I would say one thing in the G probably has an energy that's about 25 times as high as A. I'm just checking in. That black spot there is the diameter of Earth? Is that what you're saying? Well, the blocks. You can fit two Earth diameters in that box. What about the black spot, which is the... That would be half the Earth diameter, but that's what everybody wants to know. Third to a half. And lastly, what's, again, at the moment, what's the best estimate for the diameter of Fragment A? 21 and 2 kilometers. Hi, I'm Noel McCormick with Space Times. Is there... they took the image off. Would acoustic energy be visible from these strikes? Well, Mark Marley would think so. We have a lot of debate about that. And possibly the dark area away from the... that surrounds this, the darkest area, that type of energy. We've been debating it. My preference is to say no. I think it's very difficult to make something dark on Jupiter from a pressure wave of something like that. I think the likelihood is that anything that's dark on Jupiter is caused by particles in the atmosphere that are absorbing light. But as I say, this is far from being settled, and I think time will tell. We also have a better data set than this for those kind of phenomena. And furthermore, those phenomena are most likely to be detected in infrared imaging because those waves are temperature changes. And so that's the primary way to detect them. We're here seeing sort of a secondary effect from the temperature change. So it will be very interesting to see what the infrared telescopes around the world see from those brighter impacts. Next. Jim Reston for Esquire. Does this first image give us any insight into the question of whether there will be a permanent cyclone on Jupiter? It's too soon to tell. When will we start to get some fix on that question? Months. No? Days? Days. Andy Ingersoll from Caltech says days. Okay, we're going to go to a center right now for a question. I'm not sure which one we're lined up first. Perhaps they're not on the line right at the moment. We'll take another one here in this room. My name is Shin Yoshikawa, NHGAY. I think this question will be Dr. McGrath. Do you see some change at the plasma torus or the aurora at Jupiter in this stage? Actually, we don't do observations with the Hubble Space Telescope of the torus until the end of the week. We will do some observations with the IUE satellite on Tuesday, I believe it is, of the IOTORUS. One interesting thing that was reported closely related to that is that some Japanese observers, radio observers, apparently saw a tenfold increase in the decimetric radio emission from Jupiter well before the impact. So there is some evidence that there was a large disturbance in the magnetosphere. So I think we have high hopes that there may also be disturbance to the IOTORUS. There haven't been any auroral images with HST since the impact, but there will be and we should be able to answer that question soon. Those first auroral images will come down tomorrow. We're going to go to Kennedy Space Center now for a question there and we'll come back after that. Go ahead, state your name and affiliation, please. This is Felicia Nurse News. Can you establish a minimum mass now for this piece and assuming the rough density that you've been assuming, just how much kinetic energy was involved in it? Can you establish any lower limit now that would have been required to reduce the fact that you saw? I think the fact that we see the plume and apparently some very hot stuff, which seems to back up some of the models or some of the models predicted this kind of phenomena if the impactor was about a kilometer in size. The fact that we see something close to that indicates to me that we're talking about something roughly a kilometer in size, which means roughly 200,000 megatons of equivalent TNT. But whether or not it's one kilometer or two kilometers versus even 500 meters, I think that I couldn't say that right now. I couldn't tell you which one versus the other at this point. Follow-up, please. I remember the spectrograph, the teams. Were you able to do any quick spectrograph of the area or that's doing the future? And what would you expect at the 889 nanometers at the methane line? The first spectra, we've gotten baseline spectra a few days, but the first spectra we're going to get will be of the G impact site and that's going to be on Monday morning. All our spectra are going to be ultraviolet spectra. Visible wavelength spectra will be done from ground-based telescopes and infrared spectra will be taken also from ground-based telescopes. So we are doing what Hubble can uniquely do and that is obtain high-resolution ultraviolet spectra. And what can you tell us to anybody on the panel about these other images? I'm going to show you the blue one where you took several different snapshots and different wavelengths as far as... just how different do they appear and would you get us either a false color or an imitation full-color picture by the morning?  At most of the wavelengths that we looked at, the feature appears to... very similar to what we're showing in the blue. So at almost all the wavelengths, this dark streak with that circular pattern around it is what you see. The only exception is the methane-band wavelength. And as I said before, that appears to be a complete negative. What you see dark is bright, so you see a little bright streak with a little bright swirl around the bottom of it. It's too soon to talk about colors of this thing yet because we just simply have not had the time to work on it. We will probably be trying to put together some color reconstructions. I can't guarantee that will be tomorrow morning. We'll do the best we can. I'd like to come back to the Telescope Institute here for some more questions in front. Tagy Amir and ABC Television. It's quite clear that the science team is very excited about this, and you guys are going to have a lot of data to go through for months to come. But what's in it for the guy on the street? He can be glad he doesn't live on Jupiter. You mean in terms of knowledge. Well, we've never had the opportunity to know in advance that a comet or a broken-up asteroid or whatever it is was going to hit a planet. This is the first time in the history of humans we've been able to look at this and study it. We're lucky now that it's a big one so we can really see the effects. We'll be learning more about how that process operates and how deep these effects are in the atmosphere of Jupiter and how long they last. This has relevance to the Earth. We think more in terms of the origins of the Earth. We believe that the Earth was formed by accretion of material coming in from space. This gives us an idea. There's been talk about whether this might have been the cause of demise of the dinosaurs. We won't probably be able to prove that, but we'll learn more about the general process and the history of the Earth and maybe the future. Can I just add to that? There's a little bit more to it than just the science. Of course, we're interested in the science here because that's what we do. But it's a fascinating thing. There are things whizzing around the solar system smashing into other things with huge explosions. That's just really incredible to think about. We don't often think about the universe out there. We just sort of look at the sky and the stars are there, big deal. But if we really take a step back, it's a really dynamic world out there. It's a dynamic universe. And this is just a key example of some of the energetics that go on. Next question, second round. From the estimate of the size of the plume, do we have any fix on whether enough material will be deposited around to create a new ring around Jupiter? I think that all of that material is just going to fall right back down. The stuff that might contribute to the ring or basically the dust that you saw around the comet, everything that you saw in that plume is coming right back down. It's gravitationally bound to Jupiter and it's not going to escape. So we do have a fair amount of dust and maybe there will be people looking for the formation of a ring. Is there anything about any of your experiments? Please wait for the mic. Is there anything about any of your experimentation that might indicate when this is all over whether there's any kind of a more solid core in the center of this otherwise gaseous planet? I'll answer that, I guess. We already know a lot about Jupiter and from Voyager flybys and Pioneer spacecraft flybys, we have a pretty good idea of its interior structure and we know that there is probably a solid core, but that is very much, much deeper down than these comets could possibly penetrate. The only thing that, well, there is another piece to this. The seismic wave phenomena may end up telling us something about something different and that is the boundary between gaseous hydrogen and a phase of hydrogen that comes about only under very high pressures and in Jupiter. We believe that this occurs although it's not exactly clear where that transition occurs. So there's some hope that we'll learn about that. Just a quick follow-up, is it possible that any of these pieces could penetrate deeply enough into wherever this hard matter is that part of the dark stuff actually could be substance from the hard interior of Jupiter? No. Any further questions? Oh, front row. What do you expect from the larger impacts down the line with what you know now? More spots. This is just a preview. It looks like it's going to be an even bigger show for the rest of the week. The only thing special about this one was that it was the first one. We've got some 20-odd more to go, including some much brighter ones. So you wouldn't expect the bigger ones to penetrate farther, perhaps? Sure. Next, over here. Please name an affiliation please. Chris Leach from NHK. Is there anything you can tell about what kinds of chemical reactions were taking place during the impact? Not from this. This is just strictly imaging, but now I'll pass it over to Keith. Yeah, that's what we hope to learn about later in the week when we get the spectroscopic data back. That will tell us about the composition of the atmosphere. Okay. There are no further questions. I think we will go ahead and wrap it up. And what we'll like to do before we close and lose the satellite is have another replay of the still image, and we'll run both the videos, and for the benefit of those here, we'll have that on the monitor. Also, I want to remind everyone that tomorrow morning, Sunday morning at 10 a.m. Eastern time, we will have a briefing, which will have more images, also some information from other observatories in the NASA and NSF observing campaign, and at that panel we'll have Drs. Schumaker and Carolyn Schumaker and Dave Levy and member of the Hubble Science Team, and we hope to see you out there, and that will be also live on NASA Select with Q&A from the Centers. At that point, we'll go ahead and close the press conference. Thank you for coming, and we'll see you tomorrow morning. Thank you. So, it's all the way on the other side. Okay, we're looking for something.  Yeah, this is the latitude that we're looking for something right there. Contours, you could tell. Well, there wasn't too much there. This is the four seconds. There's a red spot here, you know. Right? Oh, my God. Look at that. Look at that!


Greetings students, my name is Mahiro Balai, I am an assistant professor in civil department WIT, Sallapur. Today we are going to learn about the topic that is duckweed ponds. So what is the learning outcome? At the end of the session, student will be able to understand the concept of duckweed ponds. Basically, duckweed ponds are the system in which lot of duckweed is present inside that lake. Okay? So duckweed is a tiny floating plant. If you see, if you can see in the picture, they are the small plants which are continuously floating on the pond. It usually grows on the surface of ponds or lakes in a or in a slow moving streams. Duckweed can easily multiply very much rapidly and form the lush carpet on the top of the water. Duckweed is a favorite food for ducks, which is how it got its name. That is duckweed. Fish and snails eat duckweed too. So healthy duckweed is having a bright yellow-green color. It is an unusual plant because it has no leaves or stems. Instead, it is having the leaf-like fronts that are attached at the center. From each front, the single root hangs down. If you can see on the diagram in the overhead view, that is the plant, you will get to understand the plants are having kind of a front-like leaves. If the production goes on, if the increase of duckweed starts to happen, small bud fronts is also going to be coming out from the fronts. If you look at the side view, you will get to understand every leaf or every front is having a separate root. That is continuously inside the water. Duckweed birds to form new fronts. Each front grows its own root and it becomes an independent plant. There are various types of duckweeds which are present in the pond. They are typically small, fragile and free-floating aquatic plants. There are total four types of genera. First one is Sparadella. Second one is Lamna, which is mostly used for the treatment of waste water. Third one is Wolfea. And the fourth one is Wolfeala. So basically, lamnacea family that is a part of lamna is a worldwide but most diverse species appear in the subtropical or tropical areas. Another condition for which the duckweed grows is always between 6 to 33 degree Celsius. Water having the pH in which the duckweed survives should be in between 5 to 9. But it can easily grow at a faster rate when the pH is having the temperature range of 6.5 to 7.5. So how the duckweed ponds are usually used for the treatment of waste water? If you can see, this is the duckweed pond or this is a cylindrical shaped duckweed pond in which the upper layer is continuously in aerobic. Why I am saying it is in aerobic? Because it is continuously exposed to atmosphere and also sunlight. By which large amount of oxygen can come inside that pond. So we can say the upper 10 cm thick layer of the pond is always in the aerobic. In that what is going to happen when the waste water is coming inside that treatment unit or in that cylindrical pond easily whatever the duckweed ponds which have been grown on the upper layer of the pond they will easily take whatever the carbon dioxide which is present in the atmosphere and they will throw out large amount of oxygen inside that pond. So it will automatically large amount of surface aeration and carbon dioxide is also made to push inside the pond. The carbon dioxide is converted by the duckweed mat which is the mat of continuous duckweed plants and the oxygen is made to come in. In this way large amount of oxygen is made to pass inside the treatment unit. Using that treatment unit large amount of bacteria which are present in that pond or in that waste water will start to grow. And automatically bacteria are exposed to lot of oxygen and lot of organic matter is present in the waste water so easily they will degrade the organic matter and easily the decomposition of organic matter take place. Using that large amount of chances of formation of algae is also can be there because algae needs lot of carbon dioxide, they need lot of oxygen and they need lot of sunlight. So automatically on the upper layer of the duckweed pond there are chances algae can easily form. When the algae is also going to useful for the decomposition of organic matter they are also going to throw out the dead cells or suspended solids that is what we need. In typical biological treatment units what we say the dead cells are basically sludge but the duckweed ponds the dead cells are also kind of a sludge only. So this upper layer is always acting as a aerobic. Now at the bottom of the aerobic zone you will get to understand very less amount of oxygen will be there. So whatever the organic nitrogen which is present in the waste water is made to eaten up by the bacteria as they are getting a lot of content of bacterial culture which has been formed out in the aerobic zone.  These ammonium or phosphate contents can be converted into the nitrates or nitrates and they will go out or that that can be also be taken up by duckweed ponds. Similarly the phosphates can also be eaten up by the aerobic bacteria and automatically the dead cells can be formed. So in this fashion the nitrates and phosphates can go above the anoxic zone. If that ammonium or phosphate is still remaining in the anoxic zone they will be converted by the nitrates with the help of oxygen which is given out by the duckweed ponds or it is coming through the aerobic zone. So automatically that nitrates again they will convert to the nitrates using the same oxygen and that nitrates will be converted into the nitrogen gas. And that nitrogen gas which is having a very much lesser density will be go out. In this fashion the anoxic zone is typically used to treat the organic nitrogen and the phosphates. The next one is anaerobic zone. If you can see at the bottom this is the anaerobic zone in which whatever the organic waste which is still remaining in the wastewater that will be converted into the organic acids and that organic acids will be eaten up by anaerobic bacteria with the help of bacterial formation, then acetogenesis, then acetogenesis and then methanogenesis. So in this fashion the organic acids will be converted into carbon dioxide, it will be converted into the ammonia, it will be converted into the sulphide gas and large amount of methane. As these kind of gases are very much lesser in density they will be again exposed and taken out from the duckweed ponds. So in this fashion all type of treatment will be done in the duckweed ponds. So in the duckweed ponds what is going to happen with respect to various types of pollutant removals. The phosphorus removal, the plant uptake and sedimentation are quantitatively relevant for phosphorus removal in duckweed systems. Talking about the organic matter and BOD removal, BOD is aerobically digested by microorganisms attached to duckweed fronds. Anaerobic processes are responsible for BOD removal in the sediment that is at the downside. How the nitrogen removal is going to happen? Besides the plant uptake, denitrification and volatization of ammonia are quantitatively relevant processes for nitrogen removal in the duckweed system. TSS are majorly extend removed by the sedimentation. A minor fraction is adsorbed on the roots of the fronds where the microorganisms degrade apart and a part of the degraded product is made to assimilate at the bottom of the plants. How the pathogens can be removed?  It means whatever the pathogens or whatever the harmful bacteria which are present in the duckweed, they are exposed and they are made open and they can directly die themselves naturally. Therefore, long detention time is necessary for the duckweed ponds. How toxins can be removed? Basically toxins are the lypophilic that is hydrophilic get greatly accumulated in the lipids of the cell membrane from where they are exerted to the inner side of the lamanance cell. So let us see the advantages. Typically traditional rudimentary and it is easy to implement and it is very much ideal for the rural areas. Duckweed ponds are also easy to build. See it is very much simple to operate and it requires very much little or no maintenance. It also requires relatively smaller land areas. It also reduces the nutrition contamination of natural systems. Heavy materials can also be absorbed by the plants and they are not returned back to the water which is very much good part. Duckweed based ponds are basically produces plant biomass that can be used as a fertilizer also. Even aluminum filled supplement can be also one of the advantage of duckweed plants and that can also be the source of methane. Duckweed also produces more protein per square meter than soybeans. Duckweed is easier to harvest than algae or other aquatic plants. So let us have few review questions. Duckweed is a dash plant. It is whether it is floating or submerged or both A and B or none of the above. In duckweed ponds pathogens can be removed if long detention time is provided whether this statement is true or false. Following nutrients can be removed by duckweed ponds, phosphorus, BOD, toxic materials or all of the above. So let us see their answers. Duckweed is always a floating plant. In a duckweed ponds pathogens are always removed if long detention time is given. Lot of nutrients can be removed in the duckweed ponds which we had seen earlier in which phosphorus is there, BOD is there and toxic materials are also there. These are the references I have used to make this video. Thank you.


Hey guys, as Tilly you know that girl who isn't buying any books this year who thought that with every month that goes by she would get you know more books on her red side and less on her TBR side and it is uh the end of January the start of February and I have somehow managed to compile a list of 14 books this month. I honestly did not think that I'd be doing any more book haul videos. I thought that maybe I'd mention like a few books that I managed to like treat myself to with my gift vouchers or like book subscription boxes or anything like that. I think that a lot of book subscription services and publishers and authors are praying on the weak-minded me and giving me extra books because somehow like I I don't know how this happens.  Also real quick I want to apologize that ran a beeping sound inside my house. It is some stupid alarm system that has been installed in the house and if someone moves around or animal moves around it just beeps so if you guys hear it I try to edit it out but sometimes I just can't. Like I said in my news resolution video I'm not buying any books but I do have gift vouchers for bookstores that I can use so I have used a bit of it so far because these are anticipated reads that I'm really excited for. First up we have Frostblood by Ellie Blake. I've heard a lot about this and I'm kind of hoping it'll be good. I've actually started to hear a lot of mixed reviews now so I'm kind of like totally unsure if it was a good decision to buy it or not but if you guys have read this book please let me know what it's like. So yeah Ruby was a fireblood and everything in her life is taken away from when Frostblood soldiers attack her village so she decides to avenge her family and her people by going into the heart of the Frost Kingdom and try to take down the king but unfortunately she finds that there is a rebel soldier who she might have a slight crush on and she has to make the decision if she does choose to kill the Frost King she will lose everything and does she want to lose everything. Next up we have Allegedly This is a Novel by Tiffany D Jackson. I've also heard plenty of good things about this and you guys can kind of assume I've heard good things about all these books because that's why I have them. So in this book you have Mary who's a young black child and she's convicted of killing a white baby and so she goes to pretty much baby jail and then when she does get out of baby jail she gets straight to a state home and she doesn't really find there's any need to tell the people that she didn't do it she did not commit this crime but she feels the need to defend herself until Mary has a boyfriend and she finds that she is also pregnant and the state is threatening to take away her child so she must delve back into this horrible past and all these black and gray areas to tell the truth of what actually happened and to make sure she can keep her own child. Sounds like it's gonna be a real heavy book but also really really good so I really hope it is. And lastly if you guys like the Stopey reads I definitely recommend Pitting Up a Rebel of the Sands by Alwyn Hamilton because the second one that Treaded to the Throne has just been released and I'm very very excited for this one. Once again they've gone ahead with that absolutely stunning cover and it's much more bigger than the first book so I'm very happy with that. So these next ones are all from publishers, authors and book subscription companies. So first up we have three books from Quarterly thank you guys so much for sending me out these books I'm very very excited to read them. First of all I have read this first one and that is the Diabolic by S. J. King Cade. This is a really awesomely written fantasy series in it you have Nemesis who is a diabolic that is basically an inhumane robot who is actually human if that makes sense and she is allocated to look after one girl and that one girl she will die for, she will kill for in this case she will impersonate her to save her from a really dangerous court. And of course things don't go as planned and it's very action packed and yeah hopefully you guys will enjoy it. And the other two books were Underwines by Neil Shutterman and the Scorpion Rules by Erin Boat and real quick descriptions of this one if you guys want to rule in the kingdom you must give up one of your children as a hostage so if you do anything wrong like go to war for example your child will be killed in their place. Pretty intense so you have Greta who goes there she meets a boy called Elian and Elian is also a hostage but he does not like to kind of comply with these rules and so it kind of creates a bit of a plot there. And in Unwind it is a really twisted and thrilling storyline basically a child between 13 and 18 their parents can decide if they want to keep the child or they can choose to have them un-wound which basically means that organs distributed to other people so that they can create more life. So in this book you have three teenagers you have Connor who his parents find he was too difficult to control you have Risa who's a ward of the state and she's not talented enough to be kept alive and then you have Lev who's a tithe and he's basically just conceived to be un-wound and these three managed to band together and hopefully they can find a way out of this situation. Next up we have four amazing books sent to me by text publishing so these books are all by Robin Klein they were previously out of print novels and now they've really introduced them and they've been introduced by several different authors. So first up you have a really really amazing book it's called Come Back to Show You I Could Fly and this one's introduced by Simone Howell and there is a lot of hype around this book it has been known to be absolutely amazing and I'm very very excited to read it. These next three part of the mailing list is Trilogy and they're all introduced by different people so I'll go through the titles and who to introduce by. So you have all in blue uncladded weather that's introduced by Amy Coffman, dresses of red and gold introduced by Fiona Wood and lastly you have The Sky in Silver Lace introduced by Alex Punk. I actually really really love the simplicity of all these covers as well and the yellow stands out so nicely I cannot wait to read these all and have them on my shelves to look absolutely stunning. Thank you so much for texting me those out I look forward to reading them so thank you. Benefit and Sanctuary is feigned by a Lynch the author sent me this book so thank you for sending me that I cannot wait to get around to reading it. So Well is a 16 year old high school student she wants to be normal except her best friend is a siren, a girl who came into her school as a ghost and her adopted parents are succubus I don't even know how I'm saying that right and the rest of Sanctuary is pretty much filled with these kind of people but Well is trying to be really normal when all of a sudden she's an onset case of vampirism and we're gonna have to pretty much figure out how the story is gonna go on from there. So the third last book that I got this month this one came in the Outcrate box and I'm really really very excited to read it. This is actually a stunning book with it only read writing and like amazing pages like that but it's also hardcover so that one is Rose Blood by AJ Howard and once again thank you so much to Outcrate for sending me this one out I cannot wait to start this book. So this is a phantom of the opera inspired retelling so you just know it's gonna be really good and hopefully filled with horror and twists and a lot of amazing stuff that we like to read. And lastly these next two books came in the YA Chronicles for this month it was one fantastic box and I still am so in love with all the items that I got and these two books as well. So the first one is The Penguin Teen Superproof for 2017. So I think there's about 14 different extracts from amazing YA authors. Don't hold me on how many is actually in there but yeah it's bound to be great. It's a wonderful bind up of many good books to come out in 2017. And lastly for one of the books that are on my most anticipated reads, A Shadow Bright and Burning by Jessica Clues. In this book you have Henrietta Howell who is the third female sorcerer in ages and she's offered to go and train to be one of Her Majesty's sorcerers. But at this school where she's going to train it is just young, attractive men that I bet will be damn irresistible. And these guys are apparently trying to test her power or her heart. So Henrietta says one will challenge her, one will fight her and one will betray her. Who needs love triangles so you can have a love square? So there you guys have my book haul. I don't know how it happened but I think I got more books than I would on a regular month if I was actually spending money on them as well. Once again thank you to everyone who sent me books. There'll be links to all of the book subscription books and publishers and authors and Goodread links and links to videos where I have mentioned these books like reviews or anything like that as well. And that's a lot to put down in the links. I'm probably gonna forget about it. Thank you guys for watching.


Hi everyone, before we start this video, we wanted to give all of you a big thank you. Psych2Go's vision is to make psychology more accessible to everyone, and with your help we can make this a reality. Today's topic is on 5 signs your mental health is falling apart. Sharing this video with those who may need it will further help both them and our vision. In 1992, the World Federation for Mental Health declared October 10th as World Mental Health Day. This day has been celebrated for over 27 years by 150 countries around the globe and with more every year. Mental health has quickly become one of the most pressing social advocacy of its time. In spite of this, there's still a startling number of people who fail to realize just how important mental health is. Emotional exhaustion is a serious concern, and burnout is considered an official mental illness by the American Association of Psychology. Both of these problems are a result of neglecting mental health. So, what are the warning signs your mental health may be at risk? 1. Your sleeping and or eating pattern has changed. Do you find it difficult to eat or sleep right, even though you haven't made any significant changes to your lifestyle? If you do, that's a serious red flag for your mental well-being. Changes to note can take the form of either sleep deprivation, oversleeping, overeating, or not eating enough. According to a 2010 study by Kilgore, dramatic changes in a person's sleeping and eating patterns are often associated with poor personal care. Both eating and sleeping properly are patterns essential not only to your physical health but your mental health too. When you don't get the rest you need, it can make it difficult for you to concentrate and be productive. It makes you more irritable, anxious, and stressed. On the other hand, an unhealthy diet can lead you to be less energetic, experience a loss of self-confidence, and more prone to depression. 2. You have unstable moods. Another common sign of poor mental health is having frequent mood swings. Do you find yourself feeling easily irritated or distressed by even the most minor inconvenience? If that's the case, your mind might be crying out for help. These sudden or intense shifts in your emotions are most likely caused by emotional exhaustion or overworking yourself. This symptom is telling you that you're past due and badly in need of a break.  Because of this, you might find yourself feeling stressed out all the time, unmotivated to do anything or overwhelmed by everything going on in your life. In extreme cases, some people experience anxiety or panic attacks from not being able to cope with emotional stress. 3. You feel disconnected from everything. Do you find yourself isolating from people you're normally very close to?  When this happens, you begin to lose interest in previously enjoyed social activities and don't want to be around anyone, even loved ones. You feel disconnected from everyone. You find yourself apathetic and emotionally numb, despite being outgoing or friendly before. These symptoms are critical signs that you need to start taking better care of yourself mentally. Isolating yourself from others can make it harder for them to help you, so you need to do your best to help yourself. If not, the possible worsening chronic loneliness, emptiness and loss of hope may lead to severe consequences. 4. You feel down most of the time. Have you been experiencing frequent or prolonged depressive moods? Do you find it hard to feel any sort of pleasure anymore, even from things that used to make you happy? This is a cause for concern when it comes to your mental health.  5. You have difficulty concentrating. Do you have difficulty maintaining your focus and finishing tasks, even when the tasks are easy? If you find that it's harder than usual for you to concentrate, recall information, analyze problems or even verbalize your own thoughts, then you're definitely suffering from mental exhaustion. Based on a 2007 study by Steltz and others, a majority of people with declining mental health show signs of impaired cognitive functioning.   So, being aware of the signs of mental illness could save your life and can help you from spiraling into depression or anxiety. If you struggle with any of these issues, please reach out to a mental health care professional today and get the help you need. Do you resonate with any of the signs explained in this video? How many signs do you resonate with? How are you coping with it so far? Let us know in the comments below. Love this video? Subscribe to Psych2Go for more mental health and psychology content. Don't forget to like this video and share it with someone who would benefit. Thank you for watching.


Good afternoon, I am Messi Boko, this is the news update. The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, NAFDAQ, has raised the alarm over the nationwide proliferation of unapproved Hebel products, which are described as dangerous. Professor Mojishola Adea said this during an inspection of some items at the press conference in Abuja. The DG revealed that most of the Hebel medicines were in form of snuff and oral liquids, which he said were primarily sold by street hawkers. The director general also noted that the enforcement team of the agency was commencing a nationwide clampdown on manufacturers and traders who sold such unsatisfied products. In circulation, we have also intensified, cracked down on all illegal manufacturers and distributors of harbor preparation and other unregistered preparations with a view to bring perpetrators to book and minimize the usage of these substances. It will also not be out of place to put on record some other related enforcement actions carried out recently, late last year in fact, as it relates to illegal manufacture, importation, advertisements and sale of unregistered harbor drugs. I want to assure Nigerians that NAFDAQ is doing everything to ensure that only safe medicines and wholesome food of the right quality are sold to our citizenry. We are also making efforts to increase the number of staff that we have because we need more staff to go on the streets for surveillance and post-marketing monitoring. And don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Alan, a first. A first. You've never had Snake on before. We've had the other Snake, but we haven't had this Snake. Skid Row. I'm proud to be a member of the Snake gang, although there's only two of us. Gary on the Snake tradition here on the Metal Voice. Yes. From Skid Row, one of the co-founders. Finally on the Metal Voice. It's been a long time. Somebody on Skid Row on the Metal Voice. It's been too long. We've been waiting for decades. Well, I really appreciate you guys taking the time out and spending some time with me and allowing me to use this platform for all things rock and metal. That's right. You like my shirt? I love it, man.  What a horrible. That guy had a hard time, man. I feel Steve, I feel so bad of what he had to go through and what his family is now going through. But he always seemed to have just such a positive, great attitude. And man, could he sing. Yeah. He was a good friend of the show, friend of me and Alan's, and this is a tribute to Steve today. Good. I think that's well deserved. All right. The gangs all here is going to be dropped October 14th via ear music. Yes. And we're here to talk about that. When was the last release? When was the last week? 2006, you guys? When we released two EPs, I want to say the last release was, I think, 2014, 2015. Let me be the first to say this is the greatest comeback album since it accepts Blood of Nations as far as I'm concerned. Wow. That's kind of praise. My gosh. I praise everything on this album clicks, man. We had, I mean, it's it's been quite the ride getting to this point. We've gone through so many different obstacles and potholes in the road to get to where we were able to make and finish this record in the way that we ultimately wanted it to be. And we're all, I mean, we're, of course, you know, any band that finishes a record that they've taken a long time to create and produce, they're going to sit there and say it's the most amazing thing they've ever done. And you're never going to hear anybody go, yeah, it's okay, but we could have done better. Yeah. For us, this is the record that we had envisioned in our head when we first started working on it. And it took a long time to get there. A lot of rewrites and a lot of soul searching and navigating through, as everyone had to do, through the pandemic and how that all played into the formation of this record, and then having to make a really difficult decision to get Eric in the band. And that decision wasn't difficult from a standpoint of his talent, because that absolutely speaks for itself. It was just, we had gotten to a crossroads where we, we were done with most of the record. I think we had maybe three or three vocal tracks on the record, but most of the music was done, if not all. And we just realized that we needed to make a change. And it was a harsh realization. There was no arguments or anything like that with ZP. There was no animosity. I think that it was, we both, and when I say we, I mean, ZP over here and myself, Rachel Scotty and Rob over here, we kind of just knew that we were all, we were just, the two sides were going in separate directions, to be quite honest. Was it hard? Was it hard? I mean, you were with him for many years, right? Of course it was hard because he's a really good guy. He's a really good guy. I had a lot of fun with him. Great singer, but it just, we were going in two different directions and it was inevitable. And so we had, we were recording the record, like I said, and we just felt like if we're going to make a change, we have to do it now. And it was not the most opportune time to make a change, being that we were in the middle of this record and we had this Scorpions residency coming up in Las Vegas. So it was really difficult and we only had one person in mind and it was Eric. And so when we made, when we figured out and made a decision and informed ZP what that, you know, we're going to go all our separate ways here. And like I said, I think everyone was well aware that we were traveling in opposite directions or different directions. But was it musical directions or? I think it was everything. I think that we were just as musicians, as artists, as people, we're just going down, starting to go down two different paths. And like I said, there was no blowout argument or anything like that. There was no nothing that anybody did that was, you know, like salacious or disrespectful, nothing like that.  Exactly. Enough. Enough. I had enough of this. Eric would never do this. Stop pissing on the seat. No, no. It's good. And I feel that it was a case of serendipity coming into play where we literally, Rachel brought the idea of, of, of Eric and we were well aware of him through his initial recording of 18 and life to audition for Swedish Idol. That made the rounds and we were made aware of it. And across the couple of last few years, we'd have certain people go out to us and go, look, I don't think it should go really well with Z. What if you guys are ever looking for a singer? You got to check out this guy, Eric. So he was on the radar. And then we, 2019, I believe we were touring Europe and in his band, he happened to be on the bill as well. So we, we, we were aware of how great he's saying live because it was, it was very impressive, but we didn't really, we weren't really hanging out or anything like that. Kind of saw each other and passing. And then he had released an updated version, if you will, of 18 and life last year and we were made aware of that amongst other things, some Iron Maiden stuff and some, some Ronnie Dio stuff. And so when, when this came to pass, we, we, we realized that that was the guy that we needed to call. But being really guarded with, with, with Skid Row as a band and our material and whatnot, we just called him and said, look, we think you've got a really cool voice. We've got some songs we'd like to hear you sing on. Would you be up for it? So he said, sure. So we sent them the gang's all here and he sent them back 24 hours later, literally. And I was in a airport lounge traveling home with a group of our crew and stuff like that. And Rachel and Nick Rasky-Linitz, our producer, where the three of us were texting back and forth and, and they were like, have you listened to this yet? And I'm like, no, I don't have any privacy. And they're both like, you have to, you have to listen to this. It's, it's like off the chains. So I went into the bathroom and in one of the stalls and held the phone up to my ear and listened. And I must have listened to it like four times because I was like, this is too good to be true. And so I hit him back. I'm like, oh my gosh. And, and both Nick and Rachel like, man, this is, this is crazy. Like this is next level. And so we decided that maybe this is just an anomaly, but let's send them a couple more songs and see what he does for them. So we did. And he sent back the songs, you know, a couple of days later.  And this is next level. And this is a game changer. And it really was, it really was. And so we had gotten on a Zoom call and Rachel and I with, with Eric and we're like, man, it's great. We have this residency coming up with the Scorpions. And then we're like, so we might as well just ask you, how do you feel about joining the band? And he paused inside and immediately Rachel and I thought, oh, he's going to pass. Now we're really screwed. And it's what that, that five second pause or whatever it was felt like eternity. And then he just looks up and he goes, I'd love to be in honor.  But here's the thing that's really funny about that. All this time, from getting him to music, to him singing, to us asking him to join the band, to him accepting that invitation, we've never been in the same room with him. We've never jammed with him. We've never hung out with him. We've never done anything with him. And so online date, right? You don't know where you're getting. It was like heavy metal tinder or something. And it was really something because all of this is so unlikely. The whole process is completely unlikely. We're sending songs to a guy in Stockholm, Sweden, who we've never really met, who we don't really know as a person. We're asking to sing these songs, sight unseen and unheard, send them back to us, and then they're so good that we want him to be a part of the band, still having never been in a room with them, never had a beer with them. Don't know if he's like a closet serial killer, nothing. We have no, we're unaware of who he is as a person. So he flies in to New York on a Tuesday on the way to Las Vegas for the residency. I meet in New York because that's where I'm based out of. So we meet in New York City or New York at the JFK airport and at the airline at the Delta Sky Club. And I walk in and we sit down and we order a beer together. And I kid you not, for the moment we started talking, it felt like I had known this guy forever, like decades. He was so easy, easy going and so humble and just so honest. And you could tell that it just, his demeanor is such that he, you kind of gravitate towards the guy because he's got such a positive vibe about him.  And so he was just like one of the guys and I'm like, this is, this cannot be happening. Like Wednesdays, like all these events in sequence, everything is just falling into place and it's unbelievable. Too easy. Too easy, man, for real. So about an hour in, he and I are getting a little buzz going and we're just talking and laughing. He's got the same sense of humor is influenced by the same artists and bands, many, many of the same. And I'm going, how does this guy, like he's got this fantastic energy, great voice. I've seen him online perform great performer, just incredibly nice. Like this is just, just doesn't happen. So I call Rachel up in the, in the sky club and he's already in Vegas. I'm like, dude, I don't know what we're going to do.  I can't stand him. I don't even want to be in the same room with him.  And I'm like, no, man, the guy's awesome. And so obviously we're all very excited about the initial meeting. So we fly to Las Vegas together. And that's the first time on that Tuesday when we met all five of us in a room. And it was great. Had dinner together again, felt like we had been together forever and we're all looking at each other like this is nuts. Eric included. So we, we go into rehearsal. We rehearsed Wednesday. He did his homework obviously because he was great. It was seamless. It was really unbelievable. Everything, all the background vocals that we all were in sync with one another. So we rehearsed again on Thursday again, much of the same. And we had to set down and two days we have to set down and we're like, I don't think we need to rehearse on Friday. We don't rehearse. Good work, ethic. I'm hearing good work ethic. Yeah. Light, humble, great voice. Unbelievable. Like what's going to go wrong? That's what you're thinking, right? Well, isn't it illegal to be arrogant in Sweden? Yeah, I hear right. I think you're right. I think they say I'm sorry more than Canadians do. And you could build furniture right on stage if you need it. Right. Right. We have our own IKEA construction worker there. It's great. So we went and played the first show on Saturday and it was awesome. I mean, obviously there was all these things like it's new territory with a new singer. You're finding your way on a stage. You don't want to be bumbling idiots, bumping into each other. And so you're finding your sweet spots and you're, how do we interact with one another where it doesn't seem premeditated? All that stuff just happens naturally. And that's what playing more and more does. You become more acclimated with each other. And this is how great he is. It's a Saturday night. We played a show. We're all very excited because it was a good show. Obviously there were things that needed to be addressed, but nothing cataclysmic. And he text out later that night, hey guys, can we get together tomorrow morning so you guys can let me know what I did wrong and what I should do better and what I need to work on. And I just found that to be phenomenally proactive. Here's a guy who just literally flew in four days ago and has played two rehearsals with us at one show. And it's not about a sigh of relief. It's about, I need to be better. How can I be better? And that's just indicative of his character. And so we went that, that, that residency could have been more of a blessing because it allowed us to grow as a unit. Again, everybody's footprint changes when you add a new member, especially a lead singer in the band. Everything that you're doing on stage up to that point is going to be different because you have a new energy there and he runs around like a maniac. Let me ask you this, were the Skid Row fans tired of the sort of like rotating singers over the years and you finally did it right? Was there a frustration there with the Skid Row fans? I think there was until they heard him sing and saw him play. I think that changed a lot of minds. Did it change everybody's mind? Probably not. I mean, that would be, that's nearly impossible to do once people are firmly entrenched in their own opinion and perspective. Very difficult to get them out of that position. But I think when people started hearing Eric and seeing him perform with the band and seeing the energy that the band as a whole put forth, there has been a lot of converts for sure. I'm listening to, I might get in trouble for saying this, but I'm listening to songs like When the Lights Come On and I'm like Sebastian who? So it's a question of after the residency, then he went in and did the vocal tracks because all the materials written? Before. No, he went in and sang eight of the 10 songs before we went out on that residency and then, right, in Sweden working with Nick Rasky Linnitz via remote. And then he, when we were in Vegas, we went into the studio in Vegas and he finished the last two songs. You're still waiting for your other shoe to drop? Like this is too good to be true. Look, it's really something. That's the cynical side or nature. Maybe that's been unfortunately developed over the last 40 years of being in this business, but just to see the way he is with the fans, with his family, with his friends, with us on social media. No, I'm not. I really confident that this is really, really who this guy is. And he's such a force of nature. And I really believe that his experience and his path has made him humble and grateful for all the good that comes his way, not just the music, but in life. Tell me about, okay, so we've heard a few songs already and most people have. Just summarize what people can expect to hear on this new album. If you had to sort of tell somebody what this album is like that they've never heard, you know, any of the songs in the album. How would you describe it to everybody? To entice everybody? I would describe it, you know, I would think that this is... Should have sent you the question beforehand. No, no, no, I'm sorry. I don't want to use the term throwback, but this sounds like, to me, the natural evolution from the first record and the second record, and then it would have been this record. That's what it feels like to me. And that's kind of what we heard in our head. And that's all credit due to our producer, Nick Raskulinets. I mean, he's got an incredible resume. Everyone's aware, Hailstorm and Food Fighters and Rush and Allison Chains and Stone Sour. He's just an incredible, another force of nature. And when he initially expressed his desire to produce a skid row record, Rachel and I were like, guy, he's just being nice because Rachel had started becoming friendly with him in Nashville. And so he, every time Rachel was seen, he was like, I'm really serious about doing a skid row record. So we finally took him up on it. We're like, okay, if you're serious, let's make this happen. And things fell into place from a business standpoint. And but his thing to us was, I want to reintroduce you guys to who you are. And it was like, wow, what a novel concept because as you sit there and we would think that's what it would be, right? Well, the thing is, is that here's what happens, at least with us, and I presume with a lot of other artists as well, with the exception of ACDC, is you release your first record.  So all this time you're doing something different, something different, 36 years later or whatever it is, 30, 33 years later, you find yourself looking back going, wow, I'm pretty far away from where I was and where we were. And that's life. You know, that's life.   So he wanted to reintroduce us to the essence of why we started this band and begin with them and what this band was predicated upon. And it was, the light bulb went off immediately. And so what we did was, first and foremost, what we did is we left our egos in the parking lot of the studio. That was first and foremost. It was like, all ideas, everything that you've got, anybody's got, just throw in the pot and let's see what happens, but no egos.  Let this process go where it goes. And so the four of us, Rob, Scotty, Rachel myself, along with Nick, set up all our gear in the live room of his studio and just started going through the songs. And what Nick did was he deconstructed with us the songs and then we all reconstructed them together. And it was really cool because he's well versed in our history so much so that he would say stuff like, okay, I love that riff and I love that, you know, that vocal right there and that chorus. But when you come out of that chorus, why don't you do the same thing that you did in the, something similar to what you did in the B verse of monkey business. And it's like, boom, light bulb.  And, but the challenge is in such a good way because Nick's the kind of guy where you want to attack that challenge and succeed at it because you want to make the guy happy. Like it's such a wild thing and thus make yourself happy because he's just that type of guy. His enthusiasm, his musical knowledge, his encyclopedic new musical knowledge. It's all valid. And so it's great to be tested by someone that you have such respect for. And that it believes in you. He knows you got this. Bring it. I test out, I test Alan all the time, by the way. I test them all the time.  You actually were on the metal voice. You were interviewed by Neil Turbin back at Motor Fest in Mexico. And it was a quick little interview that Neil did. And that was a long time ago. Maybe I remember. I believe I remember it's a big backstage area. I remember. Well, was it Mexico or was it Indonesia? Motor fest, motor fest, motor fest. I could be wrong. I could be wrong. I remember the interview, though, because I never met Neil before that. Yeah. Yeah. And so there you go. So he has been on the show before, but not with us. Get back to what Snake was saying. I mean, that's what I took away listening. And I've been listening to it nonstop. Thank you. You know, it's hard. Like you said, 34 years of past and you don't want to parody yourself or copy anything you've done in the past. But it sounds relevant to today, but with the spirit of those 80 albums, it's really amazing. That's a fine line to have success with. Yeah, I would agree with Allian. I agree. Thank you very much. It's one of those things to where again, you want to get back to why you started doing this in the first place.  Exactly. Pretending he's ace freely or, you know, or Michael Shanker or Alex Lifeson or, you know, and it's that mentality that always will.  It's just a case of tapping into that again in as much as a purest, pure form as you can at this stage of your career. And that was really the magic of Nick was, like I said, it sounds so weird, but really just reintroducing us to ourselves. It's interesting. Go ahead, Al. Just sound like tear it down. There's the youthful anger that we've, you know, experienced on those first couple of skid row albums. It's still there after all these years, right? Well, I think the, I think the world gives you that. Yeah. I think that if you, if you have your, your eyes and ears open, especially in this day and age, I think that the world gives you that. Time bomb, which is probably the most melodic song off the album. You know, I kind of enjoyed that one. That's kind of fits in the same mold, I guess is what you just said, Alan. Or it's me.  Thank you. Yeah, I enjoyed it. We're not dead yet. Is that a mission statement now? Right? Without a doubt. I think, I think, you know, I think Eric has taken that song and made it his own as he's done with all the songs, but that, that really, that title says it all for him, especially being what he's been through. Yeah. Yeah. With his cancer recovery, that, that's, what a story. I mean, that's a movie in itself. That's a necklace. That show is man, like it put it, here's an interesting little thing that we didn't know until Eric made us aware, but the scorpions, first scorpion show that Saturday night was a year to the day that he had started his cancer treatment. So he had started his cancer treatment exactly a year before that show that just goes to show you the character and the will to live and to live a happy and fruitful life, that energy, that positive energy and the electricity that, that, that guy has, the exuberance. And also the unpredictability of life where on one side, at one time in your life, you could be at your lowest, thinking you're going to die. And then suddenly you're opening up for the scorpions with Skid Row, right? It's incredible. It's really an incredible story. And, you know, when we talk about it, it's really, it's amazing to me that it's, it's, it's a true story. Like it sounds, it sounds like a script. Yeah. Who's Bunksman? Yeah, dude, I feel you. I feel you. I, I'm just, I'm so thankful that I am a small part of this continuing story that it just seems to be getting better and, and, and growing in recognition every day. All right, Snake. I'm going to ask you a couple of non Sebastian Bach questions of your history. Okay.  At least I am. Well, you should be me. All right. Is it true that the band paid Gary Moore and then $35,000 for the Skid Row name? Is that true? That's what, that's what we were told by our management back in the day. So I'm going to, I'm going to, yeah, I'm, as far as I know, yes. Did Gary have a name of Rush Shields? I think, well, we went from what I remember, our management went to Gary Moore, because I believe that Gary was the most prominent person associated with that band name at the time. And let me remind you, we had no idea, like I being, I'm a Gary Moore fan, but I'm not a Gary Moore fan. I know his history or anything like that. But we came up with the name Skid Row. We had, we had no idea that it was ever used before. And it wasn't until that we did a deep title search that we realized that, uh-oh. So we were literally, we were thinking of ways to, to alter the spelling of the name somehow, whether it was adding an E at the end of the row or, or, and luckily, luckily our management was able to secure us the rights to that name, of which we only trade one. Yeah, yeah. So okay, the first two albums, you sold something like 12 million copies, right? I know you, where I'm going with this. And to me just, it seized, every time you now an interview, somebody from the 80s, let's say that was super popular, they've never made a cent, you know, it's like the shittiest deals were signed. However, the brand name lived on, right? So you got something out of it, right? But I mean, how much truth is it that did you own any of the publishing on the first two albums? Oh yeah, absolutely.  It's not true. We, we did a business deal to, for part of our publishing to be owned by another entity, but no, not the whole thing. And yes, we've been very blessed and fortunate with the, with the financial return that we've gotten still to this day. Okay, we're setting it straight. We're setting it straight here. Okay, go ahead. Question for your snake.   And looking back, is that something, you know, is there any regrets of having that amount of success that fast, rather than build like most bands do historically? Hell no. No. Here's the thing. You know, Rachel and I, we started the band, we realized that we were cut from the very same cloth. Our parents, blue collar, hardworking, labor intensive people, lower middle, lower middle class upbringing, but we were still with a really strong work ethic by the example that was set by our families. And so thus, we were also taught the value of humility and gratitude. When we went in to make the first record, excuse me, we had a few different goals in mind. The lofty goal was to sell as many millions of records as possible. The more realistic down earth goal was we just want to sell enough records where we could make another record to do this for a living. Yeah. That was when Rachel and I first started the band, one of the things we said to each other was like, man, we just want to make music for a living. Like if we can make music for a living for the rest of our lives, man, we're pretty lucky people. And so when the first record took off, I believe that that first year, 1989, because the record came out in the last week of January of 89, I think that we saw what was going on, but we were traveling on tour and so much and we were in such a bubble that we didn't realize, I didn't realize how much it actually was growing and how popular it was. Like we had all the indicators from MTV and seeing the people outside by the bus after the shows and seeing the reaction of the audiences when we're playing live. But you're still 12 guys in a bus and early on, you just, no matter how much the record's selling, that hasn't filtered down to you yet monetarily. So you're still eating macaroni, cheese and tuna fish and you're living out of a suitcase in a tour bus with 11 other people and it's packed in your sardines and you're living very modestly to say the least. And so the first indicator I got of how many people we were fortunate enough to reach was Christmas of 89. I went to a local mall in the town that I grew up in with one of my best friends, Mike, we were on Christmas shopping and we were maybe 20 minutes into Christmas, 15 minutes in Christmas shopping and a crowd started to gather. And so I started signing autographs, they wanted autographs. But within what seemed like five, 10 minutes, there was about 300 people there and I had to get escorted down one of the delivery alleyways by the security there because it was getting to be a nuisance for the mall. And I had no idea. I mean, I really, really, really had no idea. I was like, wow, people are recognized in me because of Skid Row and well, I guess we really connected with people. That was probably the first real life indicator for me. I remember when you guys, it's probably the summer of 89, I was with friends in Florida and watching MTV and those videos, the songs were explosive. You guys just connected with hard rock fans and pop fans and everybody, you know, but I do remember the music stood out, but I remember the thing that stood out the most was the connection of the ear, like the nose to the ear, right? That was nobody. We hadn't seen that before. Yeah, Rachel is, he's an original man. That's one of the reasons why I think I was so attracted to him when I first met him because he was just, and is, he's a rock star. And you see that, like he walked into the music store where we met and I'm like, that dude's a rock star. I got to get to know him and thus a partnership was born and thus Skid Row was born. But going back to what you said about the connection with people. Oh, big time. That doesn't get lost on us ever because we're those type of people that look at it in the sense of we were part of creating something, a band, a song in a basement somewhere or in a room in someone's parents house or in a room in our own house, creating something from nothing. And somehow it's reaching people in Russia, in Singapore, in Japan, in America, Canada, Mexico, South America, like, oh my God.  It supersedes all that.  Yeah, it's truly incredible. And that never gets lost on us. And that, again, is where humility and gratitude come into play. Yeah. All right. So, and I mean, just I just got to get to my favorite song on the album there. And maybe you can expand on it. It's an October song. I mean, that takes you right back. Solid. Thank you. That that song was the main riff for that song had been sitting around for quite some time. And I was in Rachel's house in Nashville, and we're, I was down there for a little while, we were writing. And I happened to get up and pick up an acoustic guitar, had the bedroom door open, I was staying in and started playing that riff just because it's a good riff to practice. It limbers up my fingers and stuff like that. Not thinking anything of it. A couple hours later, we're we go into his into a studio in his house and sit down and grab some guitars. We start talking for a little while because our writing sessions always start out as like a just a dialogue with each other. What's happening? What do you think about this? How about the Yankees? How about the Mets? No talk of the of the Blue Jays or anything like that. But we're the expose. Right. Right. Anyway, you know, so it starts off as a conversation and morphs into a creative session somehow. So way it's always been. So at some point in that conversation, I said, what do you feel like work on? He goes that riff that you were playing in the bedroom this morning, because it's been around forever. We got to do something with it. And that was the start of it. And then we started talking about the like, what does that invoke? What's the theme that that comes across? Do you have any melody lines? Okay, we have some melody lines now and start throwing lyrics back and forth. And he starts scribbling lyrics. And he's like, if we were traded, we're taking those lyrics that he's scribbling and fine tuning them. And we're like, okay, where is this going? And it's, you know, loss and rediscovery. And, and, you know, the light at the end of the tunnel, if you will, that seems to be a common theme that that we thrive upon where, you know, because it's it's really a life theme, you know, being born and being faced with adversities and loss and being able to be reborn and and always moving towards and epitomizing the hopefully the the greater good and living life in a sense that, you know, you're, you're of service, if you will, goodwill and and compassion and benevolence is all a part of it. And so we tend to gravitate to those sort of sort of themes, but in a metaphorical and colorful way. And so that song was an absolute another labor of love that took a really long time to put together, but was really, really well worth it. And, and it almost didn't make the record. Well, and I'll tell you why, because Nick seemed to feel like he's like, I don't want any balance on this record. And our argument was, well, it's not really a ballot. I mean, it's slow, but it's not a ballot.  And all the guitar work that we did in there and stuff was just a labor of love with Scotty and I. And it's a slow song. That's what it is. It's a slow song. But the feel, the feel.  And this song fits right into that vein as far as I'm concerned. I felt the same way. That's why we're we're pretty adamant about it, including another record. Yeah. All right. Did you guys get a call? I know, I know the scorpions lost whites, Nick. Did you guys get at that call saying, guys, what can we do here? Can you guys come and open up for us? I would love to. Trust me. Hey, we got our tickets.  We got scorpions, a white snake. Now you need a heavy head to replace white snake, you know, and they haven't announced anybody.  Yes, exactly. Sure. Love is and they and they haven't announced anybody. I would love to get that phone call. I'm hoping that we do at some point. It would be amazing. Time is running short. You're not far, right? Just set up the highway here to Montreal.  They treated us with just absolute respect. And we've known them for a long time. So they're friends. And we think the world of them. So any sort of offer would be would be greatly appreciated. And obviously, we have such great admiration for them that it would be an honor to play with them again. All right, so clouds, clouds, pick up the phone, clouds. Who's calling? Who's calling October 14th? Yes, music, the gangs all here a new album. So you have tour dates as well, correct? Quickly? Yeah, we're we're we start up against September 6 and we're out for the rest of the year. I mean, if if anything should happen where we get in, we get an offer, we'd be able to switch some stuff around, but we're booked as it is. So you can switch it around. That's what you're saying. I believe so. August date's happening. That's right. Yeah, we we're going to we're going to be out for the rest of the year. We're going to Europe and the UK. We're going to be in Australia, New Zealand. So there's a lot of traveling going on, which is great. It's great to be able to be back performing again. Those 18 months were really, really difficult to navigate, I think, you know, for everybody, not just guys in the music business, but everybody. And I'm so grateful that we have an opportunity and continue to have an opportunity to be out on the road and and perform our music for people. And I'm so so blown away by the reception that this record has gotten so far. And it's just been nothing but positive comments. And I mean, of course, there's naysayers, but that's with anything. But the general consensus has been overwhelmingly positive. So I'm very excited about about to release this record. And congratulations again. It's a super strong album. And I mean, I guess we can consider it as a comeback album. And I mean, there's very few that, you know, people come back of the X amount of years that have an album that is this strong. So thanks, Alan. That means a lot to us. Thank you very much. All right. So everybody go pick it up. Thank you very much for being on the show, Snake. Alan, Jimmy, thank you so much for your time. I'm glad that we finally got to reconnect after while reconnect with the show. After Mexico after that fiasco in Mexico. Right. Whatever it was. But yeah, I'm glad that I'm still above ground so that we can do this. Good stuff.  We got to have you back more often. We'll do a couple of top 10 lists with you down there. Yeah, it'll be my pleasure. Whatever you guys want. I love doing this stuff. You guys are great. Todd LaTorre says you're a great guy. You know, he's the friend of the show. Todd's always on. Sweet. Well, thanks, Alan. Thanks, Jimmy. You guys be well. Keep the fires burning up there. And hopefully I'll see you guys soon. All right. Have a nice day. Thanks again. Great interview.