Hey, this is Brett and this 2016 Ram 3500 Megacab Short Box Dually is stock number 12386Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used heavy duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2016 Ram 3500 has the 6.7 liter Cummins high output diesel. It's paired up with the ISEN 6 speed automatic transmission. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. We're going to go all the way around inside under the hood started up underneath the truck in this video granite crystal metallic is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet smartphone or television I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition and options of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you liked the video and how we do things here at Summit Automotive in the upper right hand part of the screen is a subscribe button to our YouTube channel click that and then click the bell notifications and you'll get updates every time we do videos here at Summit Automotive. This one comes with 20 inch painted and polished aluminum fuel rims and it has Falcon Wild Peak HT tires. These are LT 275 65R 20s. They have a really good amount of tread left I'd say probably 70 to 80% of the tread left on those tires. It does have a suspension lift kit on it with Fox shocks frame and under body is exceptionally clean. This was owned in Texas and Colorado front fenders in nice shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. You get projector lamp headlamps, LED running lights. Front bumper is in pretty nice shape didn't see any major dents on there or dings has the front bumper parking sensors has an aftermarket grill and an LED light bar and that LED light bar is extremely bright. We'll turn it on at the end of the video so you can see just how bright it is. The hood is in excellent condition I didn't see any major dents or dings on there and the passenger side front fender is in excellent shape as well. Passenger side rim no major scuffs or scrapes and I did want to show you the granite crystal because the granite crystal has got a lot of metal flake in it. It's really a cool paint. One of my favorite colors on the Rams. As you go down this side of the truck take note of how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're so interested in purchasing the vehicle you can see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here so when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at and if this video helps you make a buying decision let your salesman know that you saw the video that was helpful and that Brett sent you. Very nice down that side does have the factory chrome step bars, back rim is in excellent shape as well, back tires have just as much tread as the front tires and the frame and under body is exceptionally clean all the way underneath as all the remaining factory exhaust so it hasn't been altered in any way, cab corners, lower rockers all look really good as well and the step bars are in nice shape too. Dually tub is in pretty nice shape, I did want to point out there are two little dents like one here and then one up here on that box and just wanted to point those out as we were unable to fix those in our paintless dent removal process. Back up parking sensors on the rear bumper no dents or dings on that does have a full towing package which includes the receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring the tailgate is in excellent shape it does have a locking tailgate, backup camera comes with the fifth wheel and goose neck prep package you get seven pin wiring back here as well and LED bed lighting that's got a little bit of light duty usage but nothing a bed liner couldn't fix and as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side a little ding on that box there that's why we do the videos back rim is in the excellent shape as well and down the rest of the side of the truck cab looks really good doors look really good does have the heated fold-up tow mirrors they fold up like so they also fold in inside the Laramie package gives you the black leather interior no rips or tears on these seats they are in really nice condition you get the Laramie embossed backrest memory driver's seat lumbar factory floor mats auto headlamps power pedals audio controls on the back of the steering wheel right there and then that's your button for those LED lights power windows power locks power mirrors you get the woodgrain trim the leather bolster on there these mirrors do power fold in I always like showing both sides so you know that both sides are working properly we'll hop inside chuckle up the radio the miles information cluster and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior and see that this truck has 28,420 miles you do get the digital speedometer compass outside temperature display gain range to empty and the instrument cluster is very nice and clean comes with the heated leather wrap steering wheel cruise controls on the right bluetooth and information center controls on the left remember it has the ison six speed automatic transmission with the optional tap shift comes with the 8.4 3C radio AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities and it does have the factory navigation system there's your AM FM and Sirius you get your heated seats cooled seats heated steering wheel backup camera that's working nice and then you do get the cargo cam and that is working nice also you'll solve your climate controls here with the dual climate controls now if you don't like doing the controls up there don't worry you can do them down here you got your turned-out four-wheel drive and your more tactile climate controls buttons and knobs volume and tune as well factory brake controller there you're more tactile heated and cooled seat buttons as well as your heated steering wheel stability control tow-haul factory exhaust brake and your parking sensors are right there as well 115 volt 150 watt plug-in passenger side format and seat are in excellent condition I don't see any rips or tears on there headliner is in really nice shape as well you do get the power sunroof map lights power sliding rear window button and your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and the lighting systems 911 and assist buttons in that rearview mirror does have the alpine premium sound system and we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then start it up and take a look under the hood back seats are just as clean as the front seats no rips or tears back here it does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have seats are in nice shape does have the all weather floor mats back here these back seats are heated on the outboard side and the mega cab these seats go down two different ways so one way is the whole backrest goes down which gives you a nice load floor and that goes all the way to the back of the cab why that's nice you can put both sides on you got a nice flat place for pets or if you want to even take a nap back here there's plenty of room you also have a storage bin back here and then the other way that these seats go down is just the backrest goes down so you can put it down like that gives you a higher load floor it also gives you a confined storage area back there as well pretty neat system you do get child safety locks on the back doors bottoms of the doors all look really good we'll start it up and take a look under the hood also turn on those LED lights for you starts right up no check engine lights or anything like that I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around inside now have those HID head lamps somebody replaced the projector lamps with HIDs and that LED light bar is super bright as well under the hood we have the 6.7 liter high output Cummins diesel engine base very clean runs very smooth once again this truck has been fully safety and inspected by all the service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been tracked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go I would highly recommend this truck to make quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck or one brother 450 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com so at summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there click the bell notifications you'll get updates every time we do videos here at summit auto fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel the upper left the link to more ram 3500 truck videos like this one the upper right a link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right click those check us out we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2016 ram 3500 mega cab short box dually 3500 with the icing transmission and the high output Cummins diesel thanks again for checking out the video remember to like subscribe and share


Hey what's up guys welcome to Trending Reviews. So I've got this new product it's a HDMI wireless video transmitter by a company called Hollyland. Now if you're familiar with Hollyland you must have been aware of their Mars product range in the past. This one is a brand new one called the Mars X and today I'm going to be giving you a unboxing showcase how to set this up and the different functionalities with this tiny little device and give you an example of how it works. So let's go ahead and do that and let me know what you guys think. Alright so if we take a look inside you can see here is the Mars X device very compact. Now just before I go into that let's see what else is in the box. So you have yourself a nice Hollyland carry case, a USB-C charging cable and a cold shoe mount as well to put this on top of your camera as well as a user manual there inside just to get you up and running. So let's go ahead and set this up. Okay so let's take a look at the device so it's very compact as you can see it fits into the palm of my hands. So on the top you have two antennas that you can independently point in different directions to get the best signal. On one side you have the USB-C charging port and the power on button and the button that cycles between the different frequency channels. On the other side you have a full-sized HDMI input so you can connect this to your camera and a micro USB port as well. Along the bottom you have a quarter-inch screw hole as well as the one at the end there as well if you wanted to connect this maybe to one of your rigs or a tripod or whatever it may be then you can do that. So this comes with a cold shoe mount as well so I'm going to screw this into the bottom so I can put this on top of my camera. So you can see there's an OLED display here now on this display it will show up to four different things you can see the battery life right there if I press the channel button on the left you'll be able to cycle through the different channels and with these antennas there are eight different frequency channels in case you get interference in any of them so you can cycle through that. You can also check the video format once this is connected and this can also display you the Wi-Fi password which by the default one is one two three four five six seven eight. Now in terms of the battery as you can see its flashing is pretty low this does have a built-in 1300 mAh lithium battery which gives you roughly around one hour of battery life which is not the longest but the best thing about it is that if you do have this connected to your camera then you can also charge this whilst it's still in use so that's a very convenient thing to have even though one hour is quite low. So let's go ahead and set this up and showcase to you guys how it works. All right guys there's only three quick steps to get this up and running and set up with your camera so the first thing is to utilize this to your camera you should get a HDMI cable here so I'm going to use my HDMI to micro HDMI for my Sony a7 III. Do that second step is to download the app and I'm going to be using this on my iPad Pro and then go into your Wi-Fi settings and look for the Wi-Fi that begins with HLAD which stands for Hollyland. Once you've done that use the default password and you're connected you'll be able to see your video stream. So here's an example of it connected already with my camera and here's an example of me just waving in front of the camera as well and showcasing you guys how smooth and how quick the latency difference is. So this is roughly around 70 milliseconds which they specify if you have a very strong signal it can be a little bit slower than that if you are outdoors in very remote areas but nonetheless it seems to be doing an excellent job and there's not too much latency in that regard. Now if you do go into the app there's plenty of pro monitor features that you can use to enhance the transmission so you can check the waveform change the focus you can magnify change the colors or the mono color displays and add some luts or whatever it may be so plenty of options in there so what I'm going to do is now showcase to you guys the actual range on this which is 300 feet. So I went on a little hike the other day and I took this out into the park in an open field and here's a video of me showcasing how far the distance can go using my iPad pro. Okay guys so I'm out in an open field I'm going to take the Mars X and connect it to my Sony a73 so I've connected to the HDMI now if I come to the camera you just connect the other end into the micro HDMI port here and then all you have to do is flip out the antenna and then you just power it on here so I'm just going to turn it on as you can see it's now powered on there so normally you just have it sit on top whichever way you want so maybe like this and then all I have to do is turn the camera on and put it on to video recording mode like so so then it will be ready to go now the last step is connect your phone or your tablet so I'm using my iPad I've opened up the holly view app you should now see the live view so I'm now going to test this and see how far back I can go and obviously you need to make sure the antenna is got a good signal so there's not so much leg so let me go ahead and do that I'm just going to keep going backwards as much as I can I know it's a bit sunny and it's reflecting on the iPad the camera is over there with my friends getting close to about 100 meters now okay let me see how far I am can you see them back there that'll be zooming for you there they are and as you can see reconnecting and lost connection so I'm about 100 meters away as you can see that was a very good distance and I'm pretty happy with that so that was a very good test and this is something I'll definitely be using especially in closer proximity for my wireless video transmissions when I'm doing filming so a big thumbs up from me all right guys so that was it now this comes in at £179 on amazon I'll leave a link in the description below if we can purchase that and I'll also leave a link to the official website if you want to check out more details on this it's so compact it's so convenient to take with you anywhere it can even fit in your pocket it's not going to take up any of you space in your backpack or your camera bag or anything like that and it's just a very good companion to have especially if you do a lot of filming and a lot of photography in general and you want to see your video at distance if you specifically do a lot of shooting by yourself and you don't have any camera person behind the camera to help you up this is very ideal you just have your phone your tablet whatever it may be near you and if you are at a distance maybe even you're recording youtube videos and you want to see the quality coming through set it up very close to you the camera could be further away you change the zoom levels whatever it may be it's so useful for that this is a lot cheaper than the other Mars products that are in the holy land range so it's the absolute bargain of course the only downside is the very low battery life just make sure you have an external battery power if you wanted to use this for longer than an hour but always try to keep it fully charged before you start using it I'm very happy this is going to go straight into my camera bag and if there's anything else you guys want to know about it as usual drop a comment down below otherwise I hope you like this video I hope you subscribe I've got tons more really cool videos coming out especially with gadgets like this and for camera equipment so make sure you subscribe so you won't miss those ones and I'll catch you guys next time take care


My name is Alfonso Gracias Az. I'm a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Toronto. I have used CrowdMark for a first year course. It starts with over a thousand students and we have five instructors and ten TAs. The course has four tests, every test has about ten pages so you can multiply and that's the reason we use CrowdMark for it. Roughly five sections, two hundred students per section. At the beginning, so the course starts with that, a thousand students. The course ends with a smaller number, about eight hundred students. The most apparent advantage, the main reason to use CrowdMark is that it saves time. It saves time and it also simplifies the marking process and it actually reduces errors in the marking process but all that goes together. I would say roughly that on any given test, if I were to do it as a CrowdMark exam versus a non- CrowdMark exam, I save maybe half the time. In a class with eight hundred students, any process that will save you one minute per student when marking, it's about thirteen hours total so it's not something to sneeze at. So CrowdMark allows us to save time by removing all the parts of marking which are not marking but it also makes the process simpler since not all the markers have to be in the same room at the same time. They don't have to exchange papers, they can mark in parallel the same papers at the same time and it also reduces errors in the marking because in the traditional way we mark a question and we have to copy the number somewhere else and we have to add them then we have to introduce them in a computer and when you're doing this for a thousand students, if it's a human doing it for a thousand students, there is bound to be a few errors. Every course I've ever graded, every mega course like this I've ever graded, we've made errors when tallying numbers and with CrowdMark there has never been an error of course. For the students, one thing they love is that they can get their results, the results of their test immediately via email. The process of returning 800 papers to 800 students traditionally is not a simple one. Imagine alphabetizing this big pile and then returning to a lot of the students coming at different times and papers are always lost and students are always claiming the paper late or whatever. CrowdMark allows us to give the papers back to the students right away and they can see exactly the results immediately and that is a big advantage. It doesn't sound like a lot but if you have run across a traditional way you realize it's a lot. The other feature students like is that it makes their regrading process much simpler. When we've made a simple error in marking, a student can notice it and can request this to be corrected by email because I don't have to be in the same room as a student, we don't have to have the physical paper and that is much simpler to do. So we've saved a lot of time but also we streamline the process of regrading and that's the second thing students like. Using CrowdMark has removed an important source of cheating which is doctoring papers. When you give a paper back to a student and the student comes back the next day saying, you forgot to mark question 5, there's always a question of did they add it afterwards and the fact that we don't have to worry about that also removes, doesn't put us in an adversarial mood with the student which is a good thing. From the point of view of the students receiving the paper quickly, eliminating this source of conflict of cheating and simplifying the process of regrading is a big advantage and I think the students are overall very happy with it. But there is yet one more reason I particularly like CrowdMark which was not apparent to me until I started using it. And that is that CrowdMark allows me to create better tests. When doing a mega course like this one and designing a test there is always the concern of am I going to be able to grade this question and how long is it going to take me. There is a type of question that measures some high level skills that are more creative and open-ended which by themselves are going to be very time consuming to mark but in addition they will benefit from being marketed in a way like with CrowdMark that allows to flag some papers and separate them and mark some of them first and coming back to the others. Without having to do all of this physically with papers. These kinds of questions that measure high level skills and that open-ended are creative are normally always absent from any large course and I think this is bad because that's one of the learning objectives of the course that we should measure. And ever since I've been using CrowdMark all my tests contain questions like those which as I say I had never used those kinds of questions in large courses before only in small courses. So overall CrowdMark allows me to create a better test because I can think of what could be the right questions to ask in this test so that the test is fair and accurately measures the learning objective of the course and I do not have to worry about and can I mark it in time as well. Normally my TAs, my markers and my extractors on myself I guess we are all heavy computer users so we like to use keyboard shortcuts and we like to use all the features in there. I've heard from some of these people at CrowdMark that some users actually don't like to do this but I find that the keyboard shortcuts are great. In particular when I'm marking a test, normally there is I don't know in a question I have five common errors and for every error I would like to write a lengthy comment which I'm not going to do by hand if I'm marking on paper but I can write my five comments and put them in a Word document and then every time I come up with a paper that makes error number two I can copy-paste it and write a lengthy explanation to it. If in addition I'm using the keyboard shortcuts that becomes quite fast. Actually I prefer the keyboard to the mouse but I know some people prefer the mouse. In that sense. Flag in Exans is also a good idea. There are some type of questions that will benefit from doing a run-down very quickly through all the papers that are easy to mark and then come back to the papers that are hard to mark and using the skip mark button on CrowdMark allows you to do this very easily and if there are some that are more complicated it can be easily flagged and then be sent to the coordinator or the instructor or whatever. In my first test I did the scanning myself and I did scanning myself because I wanted to understand exactly what the process was, what was involved in it before I asked the TA to do it. It's not fun. But it's also not fun to alphabetize paper or to enter a thousand numbers on a computer screen. It's one of the many manual tests that come with the job. In the last test we actually outsourced it to a professional company that does that and that certainly is a better process from my end. It costs some money but if one counts how much time we are saving by using CrowdMark and we turn that into budget, into TA hours that we have to pay for marking overall we save much more money than the money it costs us to pay a professional company to do the scanning and it's preferable to give it to a professional company because also we can be certain they're not going to make any errors they're not going to miss any page and they have more capable scanners than the one we have in the department. But the main surprise I discovered using CrowdMark as I mentioned earlier is that it allows me to create better tests and this I was not expecting. I jump into using CrowdMark because I saw it as an opportunity to save time and my TA budget is limited so anything is good in that sense. Any hour a TA doesn't spend marking the TA can spend it helping students in the method center or in a tutorial or anything like that. So I jump into CrowdMark because of the time saved. I did not expect that it would also allow me to create different kinds of exams with questions of other types that I would not dare to include in a paper traditional test. I guess that counts as a surprise. The other surprise is more on the human side which is I did not expect the people in CrowdMark to be so quick and responsive. I'll say I've been giving CrowdMark a hard time ever since I started using it by asking them to implement all kinds of features and to improve things and to change things and they've put up with that very well and they've been implemented all the things I've been asking them very quickly.


Right? Waffle Zoo, I understand Chi-cho, I just cannot stand these gross overcorrectional state of mind beings is unforgivable in my view, but I know I'm just hard-ass. Yeah, Waffle Zoo, trust me, I understand you.  I'm done.   So I've written off a lot of people. Don't get me wrong. Man, I'm unforgiving when it comes to certain things, right? But I don't write off all of humanity because of that, because I've been proven wrong. There are people that I didn't like really. They rubbed me the wrong way in my community for like 10 years, right? That I've known. All of a sudden, I realized they were against the mandates, they were against the injections, they were pro-science, they wanted informed consent, they wanted bodily autonomy, they didn't make a mockery of the Nuremberg Code, and they were speaking out against it.  And I'm happy to be proven wrong. I had written someone off, and they proved me that they're more human than some of my best friends, right? Fuck, man. How foolish was I? How foolish was I? Right? Okay. So it's just over the years I've been proven wrong. I've written people off that I shouldn't have, and I've befriended people that I shouldn't have. So, you know, John's are 100% true, man. People haven't been through stressful situations in life, so they are almost like dopamine zombies while they're in the blissful ignorance. Yeah. We all make mistakes. We all make mistakes. That's a good way of saying that you're human. I've made my share. I've made my share. We don't all, we don't all repeat them, though. We don't all repeat them, though. Yeah.


I can assure you that the things which were in Bill 10, they were very progressive. What was progressive in Bill 10? One. We wanted Zambia as a Christian nation to be inslined in our constitution. That was progressive. It is in the constitution. Inslined in the constitution. We wanted to be inslined in the constitution. In the constitution. The issue to do with the youths. Bring the youth to Kavushi Constituency. He will be bruised because you have no capacity to fight with a bulldozer. Okay? But as the country, we wanted youths to be represented in parliament. How? To have mixed... That is deceptive honourable because as a country we are a signatory to a charter in terms of representation. We are supposed to reach 30% of women in parliament. I am aware that I am a minister. And I am aware that I am a member of parliament. I am aware. And you are being honest about it because in parliament, as a country we have signed up to a charter, that we must have at least 30% representation of women in parliament. We have not reached 30%. We have not reached 30%. We have not reached 30%. We have not reached 30%. So do we need to have another piece of legislation that we are not going to... We wanted to reach that levels by allowing women to have less competition. Less competition. So the less competitive you are, the less credible. We are just giving people based on their agenda. We are not just... What about the youths? As opposed to their activities or their capabilities. The built-in, I can assure you that built-in has a very progressive form. But the one you are talking about makes the representation proportion. Let's not even use that. We wanted to use what? If you have enough political will, you yourself joined parliament as a youth. You did not have built-in. But I fought. I fought. You competed. Because of the capacity. But we wanted the youths to come in and get the free ride so that they can represent their people. So you wanted to encourage laziness? Not laziness. And there is no such thing as a free ride. You yourself, who has worked very hard in your life, knows that. I can assure you that the closest to do with the youths, the closest to do with the women, it was very progressive. The closest to do with Zambia as a Christian nation, it was very progressive. The closest to do with the delimitation of constituencies.


Najiba Karim Elda Nadine Rina Obahit Afghanistan Syria Kosovo Pakistan Kosovo Afghanistan Australia Germany Macedonia Greece Germany Germany persecution and terror the war war terror war political persecution freedom and liberty safety and future peace peace and education freedom justice


We're going to turn up on Marines, you want a Marines, go all the way to the shot. Hi! As we go along today, Lord, let us go on the free and glad arcs and let the light shine on our arcs that you put there. Amen. Cut! Forward! March! Joining us here today, on behalf of Brigadier General Andrew Neville, welcome to the Lejeune Memorial Gardens and Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. I'm honored to be able to represent Marine Corps Base Lejeune here today, commemorating the anniversary of America's involvement in the Vietnam War. To those of you here who proudly served alongside them know that we are eternally grateful for your service and your sacrifice. I can say with absolute confidence and from personal experience the Marines and sailors who train here today do so with the same fighting spirit and recognize that we are the beneficiaries of your undaunted courage and example. We stand on your very broad shoulders, know that your sacrifice and your service remains in our memories, our gratitude and our resolve is that this country always remembers the courage and the price paid by all who served in Vietnam. Fifty-six years after he was killed in action on a reconnaissance mission he had a height of the Vietnam War. Master Sergeant Robert Ansgarch's status remains classified as killed in action, body not recovered. Miss Falkham was only eight years old when she last saw her father alive. One of the casualties was my dad, Master Sergeant Robert Ansgarch. He was in airboat one as well as the others. His military family made great sacrifice to return my dad but were unsuccessful. As of today my dad is listed as MIA, body not recovered. On behalf of the Anso Coney Judgement Marine Corps of Lake I would like to present a certificate of appreciation since I've sent the envelope being the guest paper for the Vietnam Veterans Rebellion Day. More at the twilight day of April, the song on myself from down the line. Charlotte, North Carolina, date of loss, July 29, 1965, United States Navy. Gatewood, Jr., Pickering, North Carolina, April 2, 1972, United States Air Force. Paul.


Let's talk trash talk. Who's the best trash talker in the league and what's like the craziest thing someone's ever said to you on the field? I'm gonna say Jaylen Ramsey. And the crazy thing I've heard personally, I was playing against the Bills. I did a Twitter post when the Bills lost and I was like, you can't stand a race. And then the dude, he locked me up and then he sung the song to me. I was like, dang, bro, that was good one, bro. I don't know. Brandon Graham from the Eagles talks a lot. I don't know what the worst thing I've heard is, but he's talking a lot. I got to give it to my teammate, Trey Hendrickson. But Melvin Ingram, also at the top of my list in terms of trash talking, very on his toes. He said some crazy, some crazy stuff. I'll just leave it at that.  Jaylen Ramsey, that's been like a popular answer. Philip Rivers is the correct answer. I broke through the line late in the game. They're already blowing us out. I smack Philip Rivers and take him down the ground. And I hear him go, ugh. And I hear him go, dang it. And his old line that helps him up.  So they're like, ouch.


I'm, my name is Tep, that is my real email address. If you want to send me a note, it's been getting a lot of spam since the 90s. So just put DEF CON in the subject line. I'm gonna talk about some ancient history. I'm gonna be talking about what it was like to build secure systems for the government, the NSA, in the 80s. I've done a few things off and on. I wrote my first paper on computer security in high school. I wrote a paper that said sometime in the future, companies and the government would be able to manipulate millions of bits of information. And that this would mean that privacy in computers would be intertwined for the rest of our lives. And I got an A minus. She said, love the writing, beautiful, I just don't buy the premise. And that was 1970 something. Also, if there's anyone here from NSA, I apologize for the security stand down of system in in 1984 and 82.  I was young, I needed the gold. Along the way, I worked on Multics. I worked on Geco's. I worked on the Worldwide Military Command and Control System. K-Sauce, which I'm gonna talk about, the Kernelized Secure Operating System. I worked on the Spadoc, which is the system that NORAD uses to track bolts and other things in orbit. I was at SDSC during the Kevin thing, but I'm not the Tom in takedown. That was the Tom who was the security guy before I came along and he and Satomo did not have a good relationship. I've also done work in Critical Infrastructure Protection, co-founded HTCIE San Diego and a bunch of other stuff. So, here's what we're gonna talk about. Since I don't see it there, I'll have to see it here. I'm gonna talk about the 80s. How many people in here were actually alive in the 80s? I'll get to that. Wow, okay, I know that Eusnix and Lisa has been getting a little gray over the years and I just noticed that DEFCON's been getting a little more gray and a little more mature. I stepped into the elevator last night at some time and two young guys with DEFCON badges said, excuse us sir, so that really hurt. So, I'm gonna talk about the 80s, primitive computing as my boss would say, steam powered but not quite. What the community was like was very, very small. It was about the size of the first DEFCON, the size of the community that I dealt with. What were you doing in computer security research and the state of the art? Gonna talk about Ksauce, which is the system that I worked on the most during the 80s and then some lessons and predictions. We really got some things completely wrong, but we got some right. Anybody recognize this? Berlin Wall, when did a Berlin Wall come down? 1989, so DEFCON cover was mostly gone by the time I grew up, but I do have older cousins who told me about DEFCON cover and when I was in high school, even though we all bought the brand new latest SR10 and SR51 calculators, we all still learned to sling a slide rule just because we had to be prepared for the fall of civilization. We were mostly kidding, but not completely. That was the mindset. Anybody recognize this? Right, doomsday clock, you need to concern scientists. So in 1983, 1984, the clock was set to three minutes to midnight. So during the time we're building all this stuff, the doomsday clock was at three minutes till. That was the closest it had been to midnight since 1953 when the USS and the USSR both tested thermonuclear devices within months of each other. This is the mindset, this is the paranoia, this is the we could all be gone tomorrow. So secrecy, we did a lot of it. Anybody recognize this book? Right, so Puzzle Palace came out in 1982 and it pretty much forced the NSA to admit that it existed. And this was about the time that the DES was published and of course no one trusted them because number one, they were the secret government society or group that no one had ever heard of. And number two, they wouldn't say why they changed the S-boxes. And so a few years later we figured out that, wow, they really knew what they were doing. But for a very long time nobody trusted them. How about this book? So here I am, I show up the first day of work, January 3rd, 1983. I'm the only, number one, I'm the youngest person in the office by a good 15 years. I'm also the only person there who is not either ex-NSA or ex-Navy Siggant. So when these books came out, everybody was hiding in their office, I was reading them and going, holy shit, somebody's going to jail. Oh, somebody's really going to jail. Yeah, so that was my introduction to the world of secrecy. This, that's what, think about this. The Hunt for Red October was the very first non-fiction book published by the Naval Institute Press. I understand that James Banford is here and I'm hoping that someday he'll get to meet him. So here's what big computing was like. IBM and the Bunch, Burroughs Univac and CRCDC, Honeywell. Several years before it had been IBM and the Seven Doors when you added GE and, nope, they weren't big enough. It was very univac when they merged. But still, IBM and the Seven Doors, IBM and the Bunch, and they pretty much controlled everything. Big mainframes, millions of dollars, and every company could have one. Not so fast. Anybody recognize that one? Yeah, sorry about that. Didn't mean to cause any flashbacks. MS-DOS 1.0 1982. But it got better. This guy came along. And so 1984, 128K and a floppy disk because no one will ever need more memory than that. The original Mac was not so much a success because in 1985 Jobs departs Apple after a power struggle with John Scully. How did that turn out for Scully? On the Unix side, things are looking pretty good, right? We've got Bell Labs. We've got Unix has escaped from the labs and it escaped to the government contractors and the universities. The dot-coms still didn't have a clue what was in their future. They were still chugging along with VMS and AOS and all kinds of stuff.   Okay, who has not seen this movie? Yeah, think about this. Here's the kicker. This movie sets society and law enforcement expectations for hacking and what hackers could do for a decade, okay? 2,600 comes out. DEF CON is still 10 years in the future. So, yeah, thanks Hollywood. I would like to play a game. So, as I said, R&D researcher, you know, R&D groups, small groups were deciding that they could buy this thing called a PDP peripheral data processor because it wasn't a computer. So the bean counters and the MIS departments couldn't say, we buy computers, you don't. This is a peripheral. It says peripheral right in the name. You can tell it's the 80s. If it isn't the rock and miniskirt, it's the guy's sideburns. But this was how things were going. And then we got this.  You put Vax because you were progressive, you were cutting edge and you had a machine that could do a million instructions per second. This changed everything. Oh yeah, and then there were these guys. So if you were old enough and you ported enough UNIX code, you may have heard the refrain, all the worlds of Vax. And for a decade, all of the UNIX code was written on Vaxes and then it was your job to port it off of Vax. And then a while later, it was all the worlds of Sun. And so you ended up having to deal with all of the Sunisms that people had buried into their C code. So we had this guy, DEC PDP-11, these are still in use. Fortunately, it's been reduced to a single chip, but it still lives on in a lot of embedded systems, especially onboard ships, where they either run the single chip version or they run PDP-11s in emulation for things like fire control, radar, because that's what they had. 16 bits, one to two mega-gram and 1,000 instructions per second. This was a one-kip machine. Oh yeah, and you got those really beautiful, expensive 176 megabyte drives. Some of the women in our department wouldn't do backups because they couldn't lift the disc packs. And you can tell it's the 80s, lovely colors, beautiful plumage. So why are the bits grouped in threes? Octol, none of that fancy heck stuff for us. So, memory test, anybody know what this is? Dating, core memory. Donuts on wires. That is 8,192 words of 18-bit RAM. On a card that's about 11 by 15, I think they were. Yeah, and if you take a close look at it, it's donuts on wires. So now you know why it's really called core. So, moving right on, the Vax, we loved it, 32 bits. If you had enough money, six to eight meg of RAM, and none of that core stuff, there was no core. This was the first CMOS-only machine that Deck did, and one million instructions per second. This was awesome, and it only cost a million dollars. The first Vax I bought, we bought it used, and I paid about $450,000 for it. It had sold new for a million dollars two years before. So, a million instructions, a million dollars. That's the way it worked. And oh, by the way, those washing machine drives there, we upgraded those, 300 meg. Programming languages. We still have the old classics. We've got PL-1, we've got Fortran, we've got Lisp, we've got Kobal.  And by the way, Kobal, if somebody's doing financial calcs, I would prefer they do them in Kobal than in anything else, because they do BCD and they actually round properly. You should know that if you've done any computer science studies, but you probably didn't. So, or else you're pre-gaming DEF CON for the last three years. Pascal, Modula, Modula 2, those are gonna become important. Pascal was the first language designed to teach good programming, but it was a little short on features, hence Modula, Modula 2. Ada comes along. Don't knock Ada until you've tried it. Yes, it was designed by the DOD, actually it was designed by Honeywell, but having written about half a million lines of code in Ada, I would prefer to write in Ada than pretty much anything else on the screen. And then this is when Pearl and Tickle just begin to arrive. So, structured programming was the big thing.  This was structured programming, because until this time, people were still really in love with the go-to. So, what kinds of tools did we have? We had stone knives and bear skins, and we were glad of it. We had ED, love it. Emacs and VI, well VI, where did VI come from? Berkeley, yeah, shows up right around 43840BSD from Bill Joy, but we're talking PDP11s here. No automated software testing, no frameworks, and make. The very, very, very first orally book I bought in 1984 was make. And I think that was one of three books they published then. So, things have gotten a little bit better. Terminals. So, anybody here ever seen or not, anybody here ever programmed on an ADM3A? You didn't miss a thing.  You could pay extra and get green so that your eyes would rot out wide as fast. 24 lines of 80 characters. Why 80 characters? Punch guards. Now, Deck came out with something really, really novel. It was a terminal with a separate keyboard. And you could get an option on that that lets you flip back and forth between 80 columns and 132. Why 132? Nice try. Green bar line printers. Line printers were 132 characters so all the fancy green bar stuff. So you could flip back and forth for 80 columns so you'd see what your punch cards looked like or you could flip to 132 to see what your reports would look like when you print them. Okay. And then the ARPANET. 1969, two nodes. That's all you needed. So like I said, I showed up at Logicon the 3rd of January, 1983. Anybody know what happened on January 1st, 1983? The network, the ARPANET, took the first step towards being the internet because that's when they flipped from NCP to IP. That was the flag day. So go look in the Wikipedia entry for flag day and you will see why it's called the flag day. That was the first and last incompatible transition in internet protocols and it was the suck. There were some sites that were knocked offline and didn't come back for three months while they tried to get their IP stacks working. So 1983, 500 nodes. 1984, 1,000 nodes. 1986, 5,000 nodes. Nobody knows how many nodes today. This is from about 1995, this graphic right here, I think. So throughout this time, the deck tens, deck 20s mainframes are about the most popular. Vaxes, if you could afford them, lots of PDP-11s, a little bit of Multics, some Sigma-6, Sigma-7, Sigma-9 stuff. Anybody know what the backbone speed of the ARPANET was? 56K. And the modem was about half the size of this table and the power supply was the other half of the table because AT&T knew how to make stuff that was gonna survive a nuclear holocaust and tubes and the power supplies and all that kind of stuff. So now at home, you could, not at home, but if you were directly connected to a computer, you could get 1, 10, 300 or 1,200. At this point, the culture is still about secrecy. How do you become secure? You keep it all a secret. Almost all of the security research is being funded by the government, the US government, the UK government and other governments that I'm not gonna talk about. Universities didn't want to go anywhere near this. That's being part of the military industrial complex. We don't build bombs here. We don't do government research. I tried to start a PhD program at the University of California and I said, I want to do my PhD in computer security and they said, well, number one, we don't do that. And number two, we don't know what that is. And number three, even if you could find a graduate advisor who would, we won't let you do it because then the government will be here and they might direct your research in some way that might be evil. So things have changed a little bit. This is one of my favorites. At this time, we're still taking some software bugs and classifying them. So let's say that you have a system that's processing top secret information and you discover a bug in that operating system or that application. That bug is classified at system high for the system in which it was discovered. Problem is, you can't give those back to the manufacturers to fix it because all their programmers don't have clearances. So what you do is you go find another machine somewhere that is running unclassed, but the same OS or the same software and then you find the bug and then you slide that to the manufacturer, they fix it and how convenient. Someone else found the bug, now he can fix it. I saw that about five times. It was very disheartening. Computer security was a very small club. There were really two security conferences, nothing at all like today. The conference that I attended the most was NBS, National Bureau of Standards, who put it on and ran it for another agency that was nearby that also began with N. And this was the NBA conference. This was a really small conference in the 80s. It was about 200 people. Sometimes it was larger, sometimes it was smaller, but around 200 people that you kept seeing year to year. And a lot of them, I was the noob, a lot of them knew each other and had known each other for years. It was a very, very small community. Now, on the West Coast, there was this IEEE Security Conference, which was a lot more open and a lot more focused on business and that kind of thing. But the NBS one was very much a research gathering of people who were doing things for the government. Here's how much of a noob I was. So I gave you a presentation at NBS and I stepped off the stage in this very nice gentleman, beautiful suit, a bit of an Eastern European accent, walks up and he shakes my hand, hi, how are you? I really enjoyed your talk and all this. And we should get together sometime and for a beer or something, I was like, sure, why not? And he gives me a card, I don't even look at it, I just put it in my pocket. And then I walk away and one of the other attendee says, you know you have to file a contact report. A what? Yeah, a contact report. Why? Well, number one, he's a Soviet citizen. Number two, he's the cultural attaché. Number three, he's GRU. So when you get back home, don't forget to file a contact report. At least he gave you a card with the name that we'll know so we'll be able to match everything up and know who you talk to. So that was my introduction to that kind of security. The orange book, near and dear to my heart, this was the first time that people actually tried to sort out what it meant to be secure and how secure, or it's really more about assurance of correct operation. This was a way to classify, define levels, and if a machine met the requirements for a certain level it could process information at a given level. There was a matrix that said, if the highest level is top secret and the lowest level is secret then you can use A1 or B3 or whatever. So, but this was a way to try to actually build a taxonomy of how secure or how much assurance you have in correct operation. Published first in 1983, updated 85, completely obsolete by this point, but the things here are A1, B levels, C and D. So C was essentially discretionary protection. Your system had very little in the way of assurance protection but it had discretionary access controls. Whether those are access control lists or user group world, Unix in general fit into the C level. B levels, mandatory security, this meant that every piece of information in the system was labeled by the system when it was created with the mandatory label of like secret or top secret or confidential and maybe a set of compartments and that label would follow that information forever and then it would, the system would mandatorily, mandatorily. The system would compare the label of that data to your clearance and decide if you could see it. But you had, there was no discretion at all. The data was created at a level and it could only be accessed by things at that level or higher. Then at A1 we start talking about all those features are really cool but is it gonna work correctly? Is there any assurance that the design of the implementation is actually right? So the question is how do you get to A1? So are there any experts in predicate calculus in the room? We are gonna have a talk. I learned enough to do some work and that about broke my brain. So predicate calculus is one of the ways that you describe the formal system, formally describe the system and then you can create some theorems to see if it actually is, the design is correct. So at A1 we're talking about these formal methods, not just formal models but formal methods. Formal models describe the system, formal methods are how you create it. So what we're looking for here is we want to mathematically prove that there's a high assurance of correct operation.  I don't prove theorems very well. As a matter of fact, I was an engineer, I am an engineer, not a mathematician and this was really, really hard. Fortunately, some other folks had done a lot of the work before I got there and I just had to prove, I had to re-prove some of it and prove some new pieces that we wrote. So in proving a design correct, this is kind of in a nutshell at the DEF CON level and what I remember, this is about what you do.  So that's all the global variables, all the static variables, all possible values of all those variables. This generates a really big finite state machine. Really big, space is big, you have no idea. Think about this, 16 bit mini machine, two to the 16th values, times the number of variables that you believe are global, comma, static. That's the size of your finite state machine, in theory. So then you derive theorems about all of the state transitions from across the nodes in the finite state machine and then you just prove the theorems. Interrupts make things interesting because those kinds of state transitions don't always start in the same bubble. So you're chugging through your finite state machine, suddenly there's an interrupt and you end up over here in this other state. So that makes finite state machines fun. This is when I learned to drink. So how do you describe this? You use special purpose languages like special and gypsy. The problem is you have insufficient computing resources or software technology to prove or you even describe really big systems. You have to keep it simple. So in a nutshell, the way we define this is I'm starting in a secure state. I have defined that I am in a secure state. And then you define theorems that lead you to all of the other possible states. And as long as you can prove that all, so you start in a defined state and then you, all state transitions are proven to not lead you into a not secure state. Yeah, right? It's so, I mean, it's like three steps, right? You know, one, two, profit. But what does it mean to be in a secure state? And this is where two gentlemen, Bella Padula, they did some really cool stuff. And they created this thing called the Bella Padula model. And this was really the first formal description of security in terms of computing. So they said, we're gonna make this simple. There are objects. Anything that stores data is an object, whether it's a file or a byte or anything. It's an object. And then there are subjects, which are programs or processes. Those are the active things that cause objects to be accessed and changed and modified. And then we're gonna describe with a couple of rules how they interact. Okay, pretty cool. So these are the two primary properties of the Bella Padula model. Simple security, a subject cannot read from an object at a higher level. That basically says that if I have a secret clearance, I can't go into the file cabinet that has top secret stuff and take it out. I may not access things at a higher level. However, let's say that I've got access to something at secret level. Why can't I just give it to my friend who has a confidential clearance? That's the star property. They couldn't come up with a name for it. They didn't know what to call it, so they just said start. Well, fair what to call it later. It's been the star property ever since. So the star property basically said you can't give away information that you have access to, to someone who doesn't.  But these are really the two big ones. This looks really simple, right? I can't see things I'm not supposed to. I can't give away things that I own or that I have access to to someone else. That's a very easy description. Go read the paper. Trying to describe that mathematically gets interesting. But this is all about comparing labels. Labels are what is on a document. Labels are what is in on an object. Labels are correspond to a clearance. It's really easy to say top secret greater than secret. That's easy. Secret greater than confidential. That's easy. What happens when you add these caveats, code words, and handling designations? How do you compare top secret plus no form plus nightmare green plus SR 71? If those even exist. Because if nightmare green exists, I'm worried. Oh, you've read the book. How do you compare that to top secret plus nuke sub plus blue crypto? Is blue crypto greater than SR 71? Is it less? How do you compare these labels? Well, since I did used to teach computer security for living, I'm going to invoke my professorial prerogative and say the exercise has left as an exercise for the student. I would like a proof in formal mathematical proof and show your work. So proving all this is complicated. The design and proof of process was so onerous that the only way out was to create these extremely small operating systems. And this is where we end up with security kernels. So at the same time this is going on, we've got high assurance high assurance systems. Remember, we're not talking about secure systems. We're talking about high assurance of correct operation. Not secure, but high assurance of correct operation. So we've got the message flow modulator going on Dr. Don Good, the guys at UT. They did a dynamite job. That is, right, 1200 lines of formal specs for 600 lines of code. And then it took PhDs and Boyer Moore theorem prover on a deck 20 to prove it all. But they actually proved a 600 line program to be provably correct. 600 lines, how many months? Not exactly practical. Then you also got Multix, which has been around for a while and Multix is in use at all kinds of places like NSA and AFDFC. So it's cranking right along and it was evaluated at B3. And then you've got some research stuff going on. IBM was doing this thing called KVM 370 and then we and Ford Aerospace and Honeywell were doing things called Ksauce. So the Ksauce story, which is what I really, I told you all of that so I could tell you all of this. Ksauce was a kernelized secure operating system. The DOD and the DOD wanted a secure system, but they wanted a mini computer because they only cost hundreds of thousands of dollars or only a million dollars as opposed to tens of millions of dollars. And like the government often does when they want to mitigate their risk, they have two parallel programs. So they did Ksauce 6, which they did, gave to Honeywell, which was a modified level six with some extra boards that made it look like Multix.  So that was the goal there was to run a secure operating system on general purpose hardware by using good software engineering techniques. So Ksauce 11 was born at Ford Aerospace. What do the risk digest and TCPIP congestion control have to do with Ksauce 11? Anybody here read the risk digest? One person. Oh, okay. Who runs it? Peter Newman, right? He was one of the authors of Ksauce 11. Who invented the, who do we know most for TCPIP congestion control? Nagel Algorithm. John Nagel was also one of the developers of Ksauce 11. So when this was transferred to Logicon, I ended up having to wade through all this code.  I don't know who those guys were. Well, actually I do know that some of them, but it is some of the most awesome, beautiful code I have ever seen in my life and it is what we should all aspire to. Now, I'll come to that. I haven't figured out where to send the Freedom of Information Act request. I have the contract number and I may or may not know where a copy could be found, but until I, well, I'll come to that. So at Ford Aerospace, I think the team size was like eight to 15 off and on. When it transferred to Logicon, we had a contract to build guards to sit between networks at different security levels. And they said, oh, by the way, you have this operating system, you should use it. We looked at it and it was like, cool. This is really good stuff, we're gonna use it. And we actually deployed it in operational systems. In a couple of cases, they were between NSA systems and Army systems or NSA and Navy systems. These were processing intelligence information that's being gathered and then doing a correlation. And CASOS was the thing that sat in the middle. This, I cannot say enough about. Shannon's Maxim, the way we used it was, secure even if the attacker has all the source code. No security through obscurity, actually it has the source code and all the design documents. This is really big. Until we started talking about this, remember that whole secrecy equals security thing? If you wanted to build a secure system or be involved in security at all, you had to keep it a secret. Here was source code for an A1 kernel that wasn't classified. Oh, think about that in terms of open source. So the development technology, what did we have to build this stuff out of? Well, we had PDP-11s, we had Linux programmers workbench, which is what you had before version seven. If anyone knows what Tyco is, we got our, I'm gonna talk to you after because you're nodding too much. We got our version from Tyco and we had 24 by AD, ADM terminals at 9,600 and we had ED, wrote all the docs, all the formal specs, all the code, we did all that in ED. We had no make, but we had shell, like born shell, not bash, but the only shell that existed at the time, born shell, BNSH, and we had a modular compiler. Yeah, about that modular compiler. Anybody recognize the gentleman in the upper right hand there? Give you a hint, he also invented Pascal. Say again? Thank you, yes, that class worked. This is an experimental compiler from Zurich. Here's a compiler. It is good, you should use it. There's no support and don't tell anybody you're using it. Wait, what? It's modular, so it's like Pascal only better. It's like Pascal with modules. However, this was a toy compiler that they had built to prove that modular was a viable language. So the entire program had to be submitted in a single file. No forward references, which meant that if you needed the use of a procedure down at line 20,000, you had to define that somewhere earlier in the stack so you could read the dependencies of all your processes and procedures from the bottom to the top, at the bottom was main and everything else that you needed was above it. Limit of about 32,000 lines. If you tried to give this compiler anything more than about 32,000 lines, it would just barf out. And so you, what are we gonna do? How are we gonna do an operating system in 32,000 lines? Well, we did. And actually Ford Aerospace did. And then we took advantage of it. 41 system calls. Modern Linux has 300 and what? But it turns out with these 41 calls, you can implement all of the others on top of it. But remember that whole thing about single file compilation? Well, we used find and cad and grep and a whole bunch of other stuff to take all of the source code modules, stitch them together in the right order, strip out the comments, and then submit it to the compiler. And why do we have to strip out the comments? Because we had 33,327 lines of source code and the compiler would only take 32,000. So you can ask yourself, how come I know there's 33,327 lines of modular code? So here are the primitives with these 41 primitives you can't implement pretty much any operating system except this doesn't, well yeah, we even did it PCP but not in the kernel. So that's really all you need. So provably correct design, 45,000 lines of special which is a non-procedural description language. That was turned into several thousand theorems. You feed those to the Boyer Moore theorem prover on the deck 20 at UT and you pray that it solves the theorems that you'll never be able to. And then whatever's left you have to work your way through you have to lead and hint the theorem prover to prove the theorems. You can give it hints, you can create lemmas and all that stuff. And then that leads to proofs of all the theorems. I only had to re-prove the theorems and then we had added two kernel calls. So I only had to re-prove the theorems and prove the two new kernel calls and that took me months because I'm not a PhD and this was kind of new. Now Ksauce did a few things that were kind of cool. We kind of anticipated the future, object stores are the big hot thing now, right?  We couldn't get, if we had put a hierarchical file system in, we would have had a lot more work to do in proving, and it would generate a lot more theorems. So we just said we're gonna do an object store, there's file handles, there's file hashes, that's your handle, don't lose it, because if you do, you'll never see that file again. So it's very much like S3. We did build a user space file system, kind of the way that the fast file system and many file systems for Unix have been built since.  We couldn't do that because we were running up against the limits of RAM, because you only have 64K instruction, 64K data, and a PDP 11, and then on the Vax we were okay. But we also did the TCP IP stack in user space. So if you had a Ksauce system that was sitting between three networks of different classification levels, you had three processes, each one attached to a network and each of those processes ran at the same security level as the network it was attached to. So this meant, this was a way of classifying the network traffic based on, you just classified it based on the label of the process it was running. So Unix compatibility became important. We did a V7 emulator, 110 calls, that fit in 48K. So people tell me that they don't have enough RAM on your machines today, bite me. Real mint, yeah, okay there. So Ksauce 11 was actually deployed in operational systems. In many cases, system low was top secret and system high was TS plus compartments and things. So there's nothing above top secret, there's things that go with top secret. And then the government said, wow, wouldn't it be really cool if we put this on a Vax? And we said, you betcha, buy us a Vax please. And they said, yeah, how about used? I said, sure, I'll take that. And so it bought a Vax. So in 1985, we undertook our first completely unique Ksauce work, building on what had been done at Ford Aerospace and this was to take what was in Ksauce 11 and translate it to Ksauce 32 in such a way that we would not lose all of the hard work we'd done for theorem proving. So, six mega-bram, this is a two user machine, never two of us, so it was awesome. Two guys in a Vax, right? We started Berkeley, BSD42, thank you for EMAX, thank you for VI, thank you, thank you. We improved the tool chain. So the tool chain, we had a modular two compiler. This one wasn't experimental, this one actually had support. And we had the same, this was essentially a straight port. It had the same 41 system calls. The source code count is a little bit higher because we actually did additional device drivers for the Vax, much faster development. Two guys cranking on code and also we had this funky build process. So we had to maintain compatibility or we had to maintain commonality with the Ksauce 11 source code as much as we could because we didn't want to lose all of the theorem proofs that have been done and have to reprove them or rewrite them. So here's how you started the build for the Vax. First you check out the Ksauce 11 PDP11 source code and then you pass it through a bunch of EMAX macros. These EMAX macros were a modular to modular to cross compiler. Anybody who has anything bad to say about EMAX? This was an EMAX, this was a modular to modular to translator built in EMAX. So, yeah, take that VI. Then you replace, and then once you've done this translation of everything, then you take out the PDP11 modules and you throw in the Vax modules, right? So now you've got a bunch of modular to code and you've got in the new process system that we built, the new memory management that we built, the new device drivers that we built and then you compile that into assembly code. Why do you compile that into assembly code? Because you need to do the said hack, which I'll come back to in a minute. Think about this, how do you get a compiler to emit instructions like load process context or manipulate this specific machine register? Modular to high level languages don't have those instructions as statements. So you have to find some way to emit the specific weird instructions you need to build an operating system.  This isn't, you don't do this more than once or twice a day, because this is also your only dev machine, right?  So the said hack was one that I came up with and I have to admit that there was alcohol involved. So what you do is you, in modular you make dummy descriptions of all of the instructions that you want. So the load process context instruction, for example, you make a function that has all of those arguments so that you can then call this dummy function from modular. Cool, right? So I just described it, no big deal. Well what you do is then when you run the compiler it emits push, push, push, argument, argument, argument and then it does a system or does a call to the function. So what the said hack does is it goes and finds all of those instruction sequences that are getting set up to call the dummy functions and then you edit that into the exact instruction that you want and then you assemble it. So, and then you run the assembly on the hacked up code. So all this happened, we got to first user login. I actually logged in on the console as admin. Password was not admin. And then the project was canceled. So, yeah I know. Well the government had been sold this bill of goods by some of the manufacturers.  We're computer people. We build operating systems for a living. Give us that money and we'll give you commercial off the shelf A1 and B3 operating systems. Trust us. Anybody bought an A1 or B3 operating system? No one ever did. Security of EMS was really, really good. Absolutely no doubt. Security of EMS was a real good try. And I believe that it may, I think that it was actually entered into the evaluation. But this just killed SCOMP, KSOS, KVM370, KVM360 and a host of other research stuff that was really getting good results. Because the government was gonna just start writing a check and buying this stuff. So, wanna wrap up with what does all this mean? Why should you care about something that was done 30 years ago, 10 years before DEF CON even started? Well, we got a lot of stuff wrong. I mean, we really did.  Well, not so much because engineered and claims of well-designed turned out to be good enough for the market. By the way, how's that working out for us? Last time, I looked not so good. No one was willing to pay for this high assurance. The stuff, too expensive, too simplistic, didn't have enough features and besides we got DOS, we got Unix, we got this Mac thing and they've got all kinds of features and all kinds of interface stuff. So, what do we need with all this security stuff anyway? It just gets in the way. There was also a lot of work in the 70s and 80s on better programming languages.  Your languages are part of the problem. They make it more difficult for you to write good code. Let's solve that with new programming languages and then came C. How's that working out for us? But we did get a few things right. So, and the thing, this is the money slide. These are the two money slides. Number one, software quality equals system security. Period, full stop. The thing that goes with that is strong configuration management.  If you don't have decent software quality, you don't have decent security. And take a look at the CVE and the CWE and all of those and you will see that the programming languages we use make it difficult to write good code. We are not so good at the software quality thing even though there are people who actually know to help us be good, but we usually tell them that we're too busy. But software quality equals system security. Crypto is easy, key management is hard. That's pretty obvious. We did get right the importance of logging and audit, even though the mathematicians were telling us you don't need that because your systems are gonna be perfect so no one will ever get in.  So, lots of logging, lots of analysis. And this led it into intrusion detection. So, a lot of the intrusion detection research, you should read a book by Becky Bates called Intrusion Detection. She literally wrote the book on ID because she funded so much of it when she worked for the agency. The IDS systems also led, because of the PC explosion, we didn't really do IDS systems in a big way. We did antivirus instead. But a lot of the, you know, you've got signature based versus procedural and anomaly detection. That's why they're like twin brothers. So, to wrap up, please don't repeat our mistakes.   We were just a little naive when we were your age. There's some really good stuff out there and all the best stuff is not on the first page of Google Hits.  But go find the proceedings of IEEE and NBS and all of that stuff and go find the research papers that are coming out of Stanford and MIT and UC and all that. Computer security is more important than ever and it's too important to be left in the hands of corporations that care about their bottom line, more than they care about your privacy or governments who don't care about your privacy at all.  And look at the systemic problems. If you're gonna go fix a bug in a piece of code, don't just go fix that bug, but then go find why that bug was made and then go find all the other bugs that were made for the same reason the same person because of the language they used. Finally, I'd like to thank some folks. I'd like to thank DEF CON for inviting me back. I've been out of the business for about nine years and thank you for being polite and giving me a break because I haven't done this for about nine years. I'd like to thank my Multics Mentors and my case partners in crime, Jeff, who also was an editor of the Orange Book. Sid, T.S. and Drew from SDSC who helped me with an unpleasantness a few years ago. Terry Amanda Todd and my other bureau friends and then Loc Mack, Half Dime, Ian Sven and Hockey Geek at my current employer and then my family for letting me come to Vegas and talk to you all. So thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com. That's right, Noir is sold out because this little mini break, filler break, is sold out. Give away the last 10 spots in that Noir. First, as always, we're gonna do the pack break first. Big thanks to these folks for getting into it. There are the teams right there. Let's roll it, let's randomize it. Five and a six, that's not helpful, random.org. One, two, three, four, and 11 to the final. Time and a, okay, time and a half, Will Christian. Ryan, down to Sean. No, I'm well-commentated, but not hourly. This is for the love of the game. Oklahoma City, down to the Jazz. All right, there's the first half of the list right there. Quinton, Memphis, Grizzlies. Did I miss the Pelicans or? Oh, there they are, brand new with the Pelicans as well. So there's the second half of the list right there. All right, let's do it. Just print and rip. And there's Noir, that's gonna be coming up in a separate video right after this. Luka Donchich, the Pink Camo packs, which are exclusive to these little retail packs here. And Darius Basely. All right, well, nothing earth-shattering there, but that's not the point of that. The point of the break is to give away those last 10 spots. Let's roll it, let's randomize it. Five and a two, lucky seven times. Top 10 after seven, one. Two, three, four, five, six, and seven in the final time. After seven, there we go. Top 10, bang. Brandon, Ryan H, Sean, Brandon, Matt, Ryan H, Brandon, Sean, Ryan S. Everyone else? Thanks for giving that a shot. Appreciate it, we'll get them next time. Congrats again to the winners. The break coming up next, jaspyscasebreaks.com.


Ukraine announced the reasons why it did not launch a counter-offensive. Ukraine is preparing carefully for a new counter-offensive against Russian forces because the assault is very important and must demonstrate success. Denis Shmihal, the Prime Minister of Ukraine, has said. Denis Shmihal told Sky News that the long-awaited operation would only be launched when the time is right, but he gave no indication when that might be. I'm sure that the most important Victory Day for Ukraine will be Victory Day over this terrible Russian aggression, full-scale aggression against Ukraine, he said. As for why it was taking so long for the Ukrainian military officially to begin its offensive, Shmihal said, We are preparing very carefully because it's a very important operation and we understand that we should demonstrate success in this operation to our society, to our partners, to all the world and to our enemy. We will begin when it is a proper time, when it will be absolutely ready. We will begin counter-offensive immediately when our military and political leadership will make the decision, he added.


Team of the Year is absolutely insane. And here's why. Now Madden historically has always dropped Team of the Year in January, but this year they decided to switch it up and wait until all the awards were given out and the Super Bowl MVP was crowned. Now I was impatient waiting for it to drop, but I'm honestly so glad they did this because these cards are a million times better than what they've been in the past and they're also very rare right now. I'll just give you an overview of what's on the auction house.  That's the gold 99 Fred Warner. Now the reason he is a limited, but also the cheapest and the highest overall is because there's a bundle in the store that guarantees you get this Fred Warner. He's a six foot three 97 speed middle linebacker. So yeah, there's absolutely no doubt he's the best middle linebacker in the game right now. Now all the other players are more expensive, but they're so cool. There's a 98 George Kittle, 98 Pat Sertan, 98 Creed Humphrey, Josh Allen, Travis Kelsey, Max Crosby, Kyle Juicy Juice, AJ Brown, Jalen Ramsey, Justin Jefferson should be awesome for Wheel-A-Mut, Make-Up Fits Patrick, Saus Gardner also amazing for Wheel-A-Mut, Micah Parsons also amazing for Wheel-A-Mut and there's even a Jason Kelsey, which is amazing for Wheel-A-Mut, but Jason Kelsey is not on the auction house right now. Regardless, I'm not on my Wheel-A-Mut team so it doesn't matter. So there's the limited Fred Warner and there's the 98's, right? Well in the past, there's also been a training pack in the store which lets you get a team of the year player. That is non-existent this year.  There also is a team of the year solo from the team of the week solos, which you can exchange for a free team of the year player, but if you missed out on that, this is your only option. It's very EA like.   About how EA makes me feel, but of course I'm gonna open all of these. It should be awesome. I don't recommend you do it yourself. Just enjoy the video and save your money. So there's this bundle right here, which guarantees Fred Warner. You get two 92 plus elite players and 10 90 plus. Is there a chance that one of my 90 plus elite players is a team of the year? Maybe? I don't know. It looks like the 90 plus overall elite player gives a 6% chance at a 95 plus. So with 10 of those, we have pretty good odds. The 92 plus has a 10% at a 96 or better. And obviously the 99 Fred Warner gets one 99 Fred Warner. I am however gonna start out with the 98 overall team of the year fantasy pack. This is one from a group of three 98 overall team of the year players consisting of one offense, one defense and one specialist. So I only get to choose one out of those three and I don't get to choose what three I'm looking at. So this is actually gonna be a really tough decision. The animation, the most important. Oh, it's so mid. Ooh, 98 lane Johnson. That's probably a really good one. That's our offense pull. Animation is mid. I'm sorry. It's kind of dope. Like a... Oh, I kind of want sauce. I think sauce might be the best pull. I have to imagine he is. And Tommy Townsend, Tommy Townsend. I'm sorry, man. I just can't, I can't do it. We'll go 98 overall sauce gardener for sure. All right. So we start out with a 98 overall sauce gardener. Next, I'm gonna do the 99. Honestly, now that I think about it, maybe I shouldn't have done this bundle. I could have just bought him out of the auction house, but I'm interested to see if it's possible to pull a team of the year player in just one of these 90 plus elite packs. So hopefully we get something. Our first one is 90 overall Roquan Smith. Second player is a harvest player. Okay, we went most feared harvest. JC Horan, now take me to Christmas. Most feared harvest now Christmas. AKA, I might be really happy with that. A 94 PS two. That's a good pull right there. Okay, fourth one is a flashback player. Who we got? Oh, there's some good flashbacks. I was hoping for something legit right there. Fourth isn't all too great. The fifth is an ultimate legend. 91 crown. Well, nothing too special. Our sixth is a zero chill player, probably a 90 overall free safety Derek Henry. Sure. Gable move and seventh here is a legends player. It's in 94 Kevin Green solid. The only problem is I like getting the training from these higher overall players, but there's no team of the year training pack. So I could get all the training in the world. It wouldn't get me a team of your player. Another harvest player, hopefully a 93. It's a 90 Mari Cooper. I don't know, man. These are kind of mad. 91 Donovan Smith. And then of course we get the gold 99 MVP Fred Warner. Same animation for him. This card is disgusting though. So I am really excited that he's even got a little glitch animation on the card. He's a limited. So he guarantees the quick sell for 350K. And of course we do have the 92 plus elite player. Let's see what this one's. Oh, we have two of these and I get a 92 most feared. That's a bummer. They're when James and our final 92 plus, the highest we got was a 94. It's an AK and it's 93 cheetah. Damn. All right. Now I'm going to do the 98 overall team of the year bundle. I'm just hoping I can get a really cool team of the year player. Excuse me.  Pro elites got a 92 K Vantibido in it. Good start. Michael Carter, Robert Woods, Sam Mills. All right. 88 Austin Echelir, Jake Bailey, Gabe Davis, Chris McAllister. I need the team of the years, baby. It's all about the team of the years here. McAllister again. Like a player here. Gilmore, Christian Fulter. I'll take it. I really want to see a team of the year player. Ooh, that's not team of the year. It's a dope animation for an 88 overall. Jordan Whitehead, Kai Becht and Marlon Humphrey. Tressway. Ooh. Oh my God. It's the fantasy pack. Ooh, and I got Tyreequate. That's fire. Oh, that's a great pull to get out of this. He's got actually 99 speeds. Straight 99 speed.  I thought this was a pro elite pack. I was freaking out when I saw that animation. Ooh, and I got Sartan who's probably amazing too. And our specialist is 98 overall, Justin Tucker.  This is an obvious pick for me though. We got a 99 speed wide receiver. I'm going with Tyreequil. It's kind of annoying how rare these cards are, but it's kind of cool too, you know? And technically the training variety pack could have Fred Warner in it. So I'm doing one of them and I get 82-inch more. So all right, I'm quitting. I'm quitting right there. I'm not going down this rabbit hole. If I look at my best possible team, it's absolutely disgusting. We've got Tyreequil back with his former quarterback, Super Bowl MVP, Patrick Mahomes. I definitely need the team of the year halfback. Who's the team of the year halfback? Also a huge thank you to AirUp for continuing to sponsor my videos. You're wondering what I have going on here and for good reason. AirUp is an entirely new drinking system. It's kind of crazy to think about, but a majority of what we taste actually comes from our smell. And AirUp figured out a way to leverage that to make water taste amazing without actually adding anything to it. So the steps are simple. You fill up your AirUp water bottle with water. You pop on a flavor pot. This is the orange vanilla swirl pot I've got on there right now. Pull it up to activate. Then sip.  I know you didn't sign up for a science lesson today, but I wanted to show you guys why AirUp is so cool and why I'm excited to continue to work with them. And right now they're running an awesome promotion with the favorite five pack, which includes all these amazing flavors like wild berry, peach, watermelon, raspberry lemon, and the vanilla swirl I got on here. So you can receive one free favorite five pack with the purchase of any starter set when you use the code freefavefive. So to check out AirUp, click the link in the top of the description and make sure to use that code freefavefive to get the free variety pack with your purchase of the starter set. A huge thank you to AirUp for sponsoring today's video, guys. Enjoy the rest. Aaron Jones, Eckler, Hines, or McAfrey. I feel like I like McAfrey the best, but Austin Eckler is such a savage. All right, listen, Christian McAfrey might be the best, probably is, but I never get to use an Austin Eckler card, man, especially not a 98 overall version. I've used a lot of McAfrey cards. We're going with the five foot 10, 200 pound, 97 speed, 97 Excel, follows me on Instagram. Austin Eckler, whoo, undrafted free agent. That's our new hat bag right there. Let's go. What a monster. I haven't even looked at all the insane abilities these guys can get yet either. Let's throw something at him. He has to get insane free abilities, right? So to starters, there's running back, apprentice, backfield, mismatch, and grab and go. Now I don't need running back apprentice because my quarterback has hot round master, but backfield mismatch to run better routes and catch better against linebackers. We'll start there for one AP. We also could get Playmaker. Ooh, that would actually be kind of good. Route tech is nice too. And then short out or short in elite. Dude, I've never used Playmaker. Immediate and precise reaction to Playmaker inputs. I believe that's when, you know, when you're rolling out as a quarterback and you hit the right stick and the players will move in that direction, the closest player to you will move in that direction. I think that's what that is. I'm gonna go Playmaker because I've literally never used it in my whole life. I play Madden for a living and I have never used Playmaker. And of course I'll give him freight train as well. What about Tyree Q? What kind of abilities do you get? I'll give him double me, because it's that good. Even though he's short, it's that good. Get short out elite, grab and go in deep in elite. I'm actually gonna give him deep in elite. Use that all too often, let's try it. Come on, Madden. I just put an ability on a player. You don't have to lag like this, man. They didn't even put the ability on him. Come on, you got this. Come on, buddy. Come on, Madden. Come on, Madden.  Oh, now for the free abilities. There's Playmaker once again, short in, deep out, or human joystick. Human joystick's kinda overrated, especially now that you have the hard cut mechanic. I just don't feel like that's as important as it used to be. I will go short in elite though to beat man coverage really well. Dude, 99 speed was short in elite. That's how you beat man coverage. Beautiful. Dude, this is an insane amount of lag. Like this is an inexcusable amount of lag. All right, now what does Fred Warner get? I'm hoping you get Lurker. You have to get Lurker for free. All right, he gets Lurker for free, but he also gets Crusher for free. I love Crusher. Oh, he gets Film Study for two and Forcer for zero. This card is nasty. I don't, I've never ran Film Study. I go on Forcer for zero and Lurker for zero and just go full budget, Fred Warner. Unless I could get Crusher right here. Crusher for two? I just have to. It's such a bargain. Crusher and Enforcer. So heavy ball carrier fatigue on hit sticks and guaranteed hit sticks. That's a beautiful thing. And Saus Gardner. Chuck out outside shade pick artist and on the ball. I'm gonna go pick artist in the fourth slot. And in this fifth slot right here, I'll take a one AP Acrobat. Damn. No discount on deep out zone KO though. That's interesting.  All right, beautiful. We got some team of the year monsters on this squad. Let's try and go off with them right here. Top three's got the Holmes, Fred Warner and Tyree Kill. And he's got Achieve's theme team. So this should be awesome. He's got Leon Sandcastle back there at halfback.  I think, yes he does. Play action. He's looking maybe right here up through the middle. Goes Kenny Clark. It's fourth and 15. He's got a punt. Let's go. Tyree Kill is our return man. And he's got team of the year Tommy Townsend at the Bunner. Come on baby. Oh wow. What a... That was a punt though. But we still got some yards out of it. All right, first and 10. He just leaves the halfback wide open. Wait, but who is this? You're not Austin Eckler. First and 10. We're gonna run the ball to Eckler. We both have got Chief SUNY's on. This is, my eyeballs hurt, but I'm trying here. All right, go a little play action. I think Kiddles got him. He does, great route kill. All right, first and 10. Let's see what Tyree Kill does here. Oh, he's in man coverage. I'm throwing it. I'm throwing it.  Oh, it was such a perfect ball. Such a good catch. It was just a little too deep. All right, second and 10. Let's see what he does here. Can go a little play action. I see Tyree. Oh, damn. Let's hope and I could rifle that in there. Third and 10. We're gonna motion Tyree over and try and burn him on this deep corner. Let's see if it gets him. Is he in man? Is he in zone? What's he in? Oh, Tyree. Tyree. What? Perfect route, perfect accuracy. What is it? What is he too short?  Oh, that was so annoying. Wow. All right. Okay, well that's a bummer. I'm just gonna try it again. I'm gonna try another one to the man. Okay, he's open again. He was not open that time. That one was covered. Darn. Wow, that's so annoying. What a perfect throw, Mahomes. I was recording a video the other day and I made Jamar Chase like five foot five and a lot of times they would just miss the throw. Like it was almost like he was too short or something. I wonder if Tyree caused that problem.  But all right, let's send a heater. Let's go get the QB. Ooh, good play. Goes for the juke, gets rocked. Not having any of it. First and 10. He sends one. I'm on both of these. Nice play. Another Valdez scantling though. Damn, hoping to light him up. First and 10, he's gonna go play action. He's gonna get rocked. Let's go. Second and 16. All right, let's see what we got. Kelsey up the seam again. Yup. Ooh, nice route.  Let's see if he runs this football. Look at Randy or Slytherin. Ooh, play action, but we're on the QB. Let's go. Fourth and 10. Does he punt it again? Wow, he really is gonna punt it again. Gonna get Sauce Gardener back there. This guy and his punt dots, man.  Dude, that was almost the most elite punt in the world. Oh, he almost grabbed it at the one again, but not this time. All right, first and 10. Let's see if we can get the game to work for us this time. I'm gonna hit George Kittle right in the middle. Beautiful throw.  Let's see if that's as good as I'm hoping it is. Ooh, but Echler, no. Echler was wide open. He just got a lot of heat on me there. I'm gonna try and angle route out of Echler. See if we get some timing. Oh, we got time. We got time. I'll just let Echler set up. Oh, no, no, no. Keep running your route, buddy. I'm gonna try this playmaker thing with Echler. I'm gonna send everybody. Echler's gonna be by himself, and I'm gonna playmaker him. Ooh, that is kinda nice. I did only just get three yards, but I like that. All right, I think we can get this. There's a lot of ways we can get this. Let's get it with Tony G here. Yes, sir. Hey, good catch. Let's look at Echler again. I'm gonna try him out the backfield. Nice ball. Go, Echler, go. Austin Echler to the edge. Nice work. All right, first and 10. What's he gonna go for here? Ooh, Echler over the top. Come on, baby. Oh, castle. Over prime time. Dude, what a throw. Let's get Tyree kill on the two point. Oh, he sees it. Oh, he ran straight through that. We still got it. Whoo, I'll take it. I'll take it, I'll take it. Look at this, dude. Look at his user right there. He stuttered for a second. That's all, man. And one second of hesitation got him. Eight to zero. Austin Echler for the touchdown. Tyree kill for the two point. Now we gotta get a lurk with Fred Warner and I will be so happy with our team in the year squad. All right, Warner, he is in five wide.  Let's see what he's got here. He almost just got picked off. Send in a heater. Come on, let's get to the QB, baby. We know he'll punt. Hey! That was my moment. Oh, that was my interception with Fred Warner. I missed it. Uh-oh, I'm on Kenny Clark. Not the guy I wanna be on right now. And Juju goes for seven yards. He gets out of bounds too, so he stopped the clock there. That was well played. All right, if I can get to the quarterback once again, I think we'll be all right here. We gotta get this. We gotta get this. I'm there, I'm there. Oh, I'm there. Oh, nice ball. He calls the time out. He's not quite in scoring range, but he's so close. He'll cover my hook. Yup, go get him. Go get him. I'm on everything. I'm on everything. No, not quite. What a play.  That was nasty. Not only did he catch him, but he broke the tackle. Oh, he's gotta get the two point though. This is huge, this is huge. Does he run the ball? No. He's just looking across. Let's go. Massive defensive play from Jedevi and Clowney. That was huge. All right, he's playing everybody deep and he's on Clark. I think I could hit Tyreek Hill. That's what I'm thinking. I'm going Tyreek. Yup, Tyreek. Ooh, all right. You know, I did just throw into quad coverage. I wouldn't call that the smartest play right there. The prevent defense kind of elite right there. I just want field goal range. Tyreek Hill corner route. That's all we need. Just a simple corner route, right? Yup. Great catch. All right, you know what? He caught that one. He didn't give me that weird animation. So that's a good start. Is this zone? This is zone. This is straight up zone. I just need to throw this right here. Get down. Get down, somebody touch him. Time out. Okay, okay, okay, okay. Five seconds on the 49. I can't believe he went zone there. What does he go here now? Oh, he's back to prevent. I'm going. I'm going Tyreek corner route.  He left Kelsey, but there's no time left. We got a pitch. The hook and ladder. That was actually so sick. It just didn't work. Did he play that so well? I should have thrown Kelsey earlier. Hope I got tagged. They call the timeout. Whatever. Hey, it's eight to six. I got a two point lead and I get the ball here. So I feel all right anyway. All right, my goal for this drive is to establish the run. And that's a great place to start. Little hard cut on the user for five yards. Great place to start. I hate that they keep subbing Echler out. Why do they keep doing that? Tyreek Hill single coverage. Just burn him. Burn. Oh, that's so frustrating to see. Oh, we had that. What?   Why would I ever want that? Whatever. Echler's in now. He should be in no matter what. All right. Third and five. I smell Echler. A strong, strong catch. That did not look like it was going to be there. I'm going to try that again, dude. That looks so good. Let me see if we can get that open again.  Oh, he torched him. He ruined it. A spin. Oh my God. Oh my God. That almost went all the way. This Echler's running the meanest routes, bro. He's destroying that linebacker. Look at that separation. That's Justin Houston trying to cover Echler there. Let's see if he goes to it. Nope. He just said, fucking, I want to get lined up. That's what he said. I want to get dotted up right now. That's what my opponent said. So I will know how to run the same thing. Works for me. Like you cut, G. Shit. Shit. He got home. I'm going to block. Gentry, I'm going to do Echler again. Ooh, big blitz. There's Echler! Spin!  Nice tackle. This spin didn't work twice. I could have tried a lot of different things. Dude, if it ain't broke, don't fix it, man. He cannot hang right now. He can't hang! Get in there! I'm putting this game away right now. Oh wait, no. A PAT, and I put it away. It's a two-possession game with a PAT. Now I'm going for two. I'm a psycho. I'm going for two anyway. They can't stop me. They can't stop me.  How have I not completed two perfect accuracy passes? Whatever. I deserve that. Guys, I fully deserve that because I just went for two when I could have just kicked a PAT, but I'm gonna win the game anyway, so it doesn't matter. First and 10. Ooh, he threw a haywire one. He just barely got that through. All right, second and sixth. I'm going for the QB here. I've got you in my sights. Oh, Matthew Judon! It's third and 16. Huge play right there. All right, now we just clamp up. Now we just clamp up. Now we just clamp up. I see him. I see everything. Bojack! Got him! Jackson, that might be all she wrote. We play smart here. That's the ball game. I'm sending Tyree kill to the end zone. Let's see what happens. Dude, why is Zach's entry running a clean route out the backfield, man? No complaints here. All right, let's see what he thinks about Tyree kill here. Oh, Tyreek! Tyreek! Oh!  Oh, I could have just had a touchdown. What a snag from Tyree kill. Using that 99 speed, but I goofed it. I'm so mad at myself. First and 10, let's see where he goes. I think Tyree got him again. He did.  First and goal. Oh, Tyree's got double me lit up. I'm going to motion de-hop over. Let's see if he follows. De-hop! Tyree! Oh my God, he torched it.  Double me activated. Let's go. Awesome game. Hey, like I said, team of the year is insane. I hope you guys can get your hands on some team of the year players and I hope you enjoyed this video. I love you guys. I'll see you in the next one. Peace out.