So thank you so much for your participation. I'm very, very happy to have you involved. As a quick reminder, we have a listserv that we'd love to get you involved in so we can have regular conversations outside of these meetings as well. We also have a chat channel through rocket.chat that we'd love to have you participate in as well. With that said, I'm gonna hand over to Erica. Erica. Great, thank you, Rich. Thanks everyone for joining us again today for our special topic meeting on COVID-19. We have a really exciting speaker for you today. So I'm gonna go through a couple housekeeping items and then get right to that presentation. We also have to do a quick update of our subgroups. So let's try to keep that really quick so we can get to the bulk of the meeting. So just to remind you, this meeting is being recorded. Also, I have to show you the Linux Foundation Anti-Trust Policy. We've pretty much all seen this before. It's basically just saying be a good person. You can read over that. And then next, is there anyone on the call that would like to introduce themselves that's new? Please unmute yourself and tell us where you're located and what your interests are in blockchain and healthcare specifically. Is there anyone that would like to introduce themselves? Sure, this is David Pitt. I'm new to the SIG. Oh, hi, David. Where are you located? I'm located in Kansas City. I'm with Keyhole Software. Also, I believe from Keyhole Software, Maddie Slack and Zach Gardner have also joined. We're interested in hyperledger blockchain and also healthcare applications as we do work in that space quite a bit. Wonderful. Thank you so much for joining with the team. That's terrific. Anyone else? Hey, good morning, everybody. This is Markey Allen. Hi, Markey. How are you? Washington, D.C., how are you guys? Good, how are you doing? Get to have you on the call. Yeah, absolutely. Oh, yeah, I have more to say. Sorry, didn't mean to cut you off. I'm with Clinical Squared. We're a HIT consulting solutions developer and software developer company. And we're building crazy things on blockchain that make the world taste better. So really excited to connect with some of the people in the SIG and spread the love and get some more knowledge and share some information along the way. Wonderful. Thank you so much for joining today. I don't. Anyone else? All right, I just wanted to point out we also have our HCC membership directory up on the screen. It's a great place to connect with other members and you can put your information, your company in here. And it's great for networking. So I'd highly recommend you do that. And you can let Rich know or create a Linux Foundation ID to get on there. So, and with that, we will do our subgroup updates starting with the patient subgroup. Is Dennis on the call? Hi, everybody. Hi, Erika, how are you doing? Good, how are you, Dennis? It's getting a bit colder again in Switzerland. But under these conditions with a pandemic, we are doing very, very well. From our sites, we had our last meeting last week. And we developed the further part of the patient recruitment on the solitude. And we want to also integrate protocol builders together with the e-consent part on the solitude part of our proof of concept. And anybody who wants to join us in the call, very much welcome. Our meeting call is every weekly. The next week of this call week, this next Monday, we welcome anybody with domain knowledge in clinical trials and in blockchain technology or any interest to improve his expertise in both domains. You are very much welcome. Thank you so much, Dennis. If anyone wants to reach out to Dennis on that, let us know. And next, we have the pairs. The group is Ravish on the line. Yeah, Rika. Hi, Ravish. How are you? Good. How are you doing? Good. Do you want to have a quick update on the pairs, that group? Sure, sure, sure. So just a quick information. We meet every other Friday. So our next meeting is next Friday from 1 to 2 PM Eastern time zone. And last week, just a quick update from the last week, we started looking at hyperledger fabric. And we are trying to use a Joget low-code platform, which has a plug-in for hyperledger to be able to build applications. I did get a chance to go through the integration.  I know some of the folks were not able to join. So we plan to kind of reset and redo that next week as well. The idea is to leverage this knowledge to start building a POC on the prescription management that we have. And Erika, maybe next time I can give an overview of the use case that we are working on right now. Yeah, that'd be wonderful. So if you can put me on the agenda, I will be glad to cover that. But anyone and everyone is welcome to join our meeting. It is at an exciting time wherein we are deciding what tools we are going to be picking up to build this use case. And we have also reached out to one of the payers who is interested in joining the effort for the POC for kind of a validation as well. So I think we are at a good exciting times. And I'm looking forward for anyone else who wants to join from payer standpoint and overall prescription management if you have any expertise in that domain. I would love for anyone to join. The goal is going to be in the next few meetings, start putting together an end-to-end use case in a prototype working end-to-end. So that's what the focus is going to be. Wonderful. And Ravish, I'd love to come to that, too, being a pharmacist and having a background in prescription management. I would be happy to join the meeting as well. Excellent. Yeah. And so thank you for that update. You're welcome. And then is Stephen on the call from the Health Care Interoperability Subgroup? I don't see him on the call. I don't know. Do we have any members from the subgroup that would want to sort of give us an update? OK. Good. And just a reminder to please mute. If you're not speaking, I'll go ahead and mute everyone. I'm going to mute everyone. So if you need to speak, please unmute. OK. And then Rich, do you want to give us an update on the Wiki redesign team? Yeah, so we have, in addition to subgroups, we, of course, which, and really the subgroups for the Special Interest Group, are really where people have an opportunity to do real work that's focused around specific topics. And as Erica called out, we have three separate subgroups, one for payer, patient, and then, of course, the Health Care Interop subgroup. As well, we have ad hoc teams, which are really intended to be more shorter term, intending to focus on very specific issues that relate to more operations of this organization. We have the Wiki redesign team, which is sort of an ongoing team of folks that sort of phase in and phase out. And we're always looking for folks who are experts with the Confluence Wiki program, which is what we use here in Hyperledger. So always interested to have you join that team. We're always looking for great ways to improve the experience for membership here. So feel free to contact me if you have an interest in doing any work with Confluence. And we'd be thrilled to have you. Thank you. Great. Thank you, Rich. And then I'll give an update on the use case team. We had rescheduled our meeting for a couple weeks from now. This group has a few different use cases that we're developing showing how Hyperledger and blockchain technologies can be used in use cases like supply chain and provider credentialing. And payer is another one, patient records as well. So we've got about five people in the group. But if anyone's interested in joining, we're just creating documents, kind of short documents for the industry to kind of get a high level overview of how blockchain technologies can be applied to these different use cases. So if you're interested and you have any expertise, or even if you don't, we're really just doing, basing these on research more than anything, on primary literature, and things that are already out there. So it's really open to anybody, especially if you are a clinician or in these different industries and have a background, we would love to have you join us. So please let me know if you're interested. Erica, just a quick thing. I will try to send out the information to you.  The use case that I was talking about regarding the pharmacy management, I think it might be something that you want to look at as well. Great. Yeah, I would love to. And if I can't, I'll connect with you directly offline too after the meeting and get some more information. Yeah. So with that, we're going to move on to our special topic. We've been doing these for, I think this was our fourth one. And we've had speakers discussing things from all over the world, from Switzerland, Mexico, Africa, India, on topics related to battling the COVID-19 virus with regard to supply chain, connecting people in services. We had one on identity and also provider credentialing to get some of these health care providers credentialed more quickly. So we've had a lot of great topics around COVID-19 and blockchain technologies. And today, we are very honored to have Dr. Wendy Charles, the chief scientific officer at Borscht IQ, who's going to be talking about some of the challenges and opportunities around COVID-19 research from a public health surveillance standpoint and how blockchain technologies can be applied. And I want to give her as much time as possible. So Wendy, if you're ready, I'll stop sharing and you can take over. Does that sound good? That sounds great. OK, I'm going to stop sharing. Let me know if you have any problems. OK, let's see. I don't know if it's sharing. I'm going to stop. I can see. Yeah, I saw your screen. OK. I don't now, but I just did. There we go. Yeah, it's great now. All right, do you see the full slide view now? I do. OK, perfect. All right, thank you for that. All right, thank you very much for inviting me to speak today. I'm Wendy Charles. And as Erica mentioned, I'm the Chief Scientific Officer for Brist IQ. And that's a blockchain platform provider that specializes in health care. I'm pleased to see so many friends on the call. And we'll be presenting material about blockchain and COVID-19 research and development. So today, during this session, I will provide a brief primer of the challenges with COVID-19 research, discuss strategies for proposing blockchain-based solutions. And I'm going to give examples of digital contact tracing, provide an update about research foundry, and we'll have some questions and answers. Now, to maximize the educational value for you, I'll cover a lot of material. And I'll speak quickly. And it's likely that I'll answer your questions in later slides. So therefore, please continue to mute yourself and hold your verbal questions until the end. Feel free to post your written questions in the chat. And if we don't have sufficient time to address all your questions, I can always provide written answers to remaining questions in a follow-up email. And as Erica noted, please, you can download a PDF of this presentation from the Health Care SIG Wiki page. So before I get started, I'd like to offer the following disclaimers, starting with my assertion that these are my opinions and observations and do not necessarily represent the views of my employer, Brist IQ, the Linux Foundation Hyperledger Efforts or the Hyperledger Healthcare Special Interest Group. Next, I am a scientist with 28 years of clinical research experience, but I don't work as an epidemiologist. So my discussions of epidemiology to describe COVID-19 are based on academic training of epidemiology instead of real-world experience. I'm sure that health care providers on the calls such as Jonathan Holt could provide deeper insight about real-world applications. I try to include as many international efforts when describing COVID-19 management, but I focus the most content on what I know US efforts and specifically the state of Colorado for granular details. And last, my perspectives bring together my work for a blockchain company, my years of conducting clinical research and my experiences with evaluating health care technologies, health information technologies for and within health care settings. So let's start by discussing challenges in COVID-19 epidemiology research. So I've now interacted with dozens of blockchain programmers who focus only on describing what their technology can do but don't actually measure it. There are a number of blockchain-based products being rushed to market that really need to conduct research if they want to have any credibility. I'll first focus on some of the research on COVID-19 disease spread. And my goal is for our product developers to understand what certain terms mean and how to incorporate research concepts when considering that health care clients make evidence-based decisions. So when you create evidence or come across evidence in a peer-reviewed publication, it's important to understand which types of evidence have more credibility. I'm showing two different lists of evidence and I'm kind of combining them in my description. At the very bottom, which is not actually evidence, is intuition, a hunch or belief. And a hunch is not evidence even if you are the president of the United States. Next, anecdotal evidence means that you're describing observations or medical test results from one or a few patients. And then collectively moving up, as research design and methodology becomes more controlled and sophisticated, the results have more respect and credibility. At the very highest level, evidence is a meta-analysis. And for those of you unfamiliar with this concept, what you do is you take the data from many high-quality studies to determine large-scale trends. And if you look at this graph on the right side, you'll see specific data points, dots for standardized study findings adjusted so that they are all on the same scale, often like a Z score for those of you who've taken statistics. The bars coming out of each data point show the spread of scores within a study, also standardized so that they're all on the same scale. Now, while it would be ideal to conduct meta-analyses on COVID-19 studies, there just hasn't been enough time yet anyway to conduct enough high-quality studies to make solid conclusions in a meta-analysis. But we predict that this is common. A popular type of epidemiology study that's somewhere in the middle of quality of evidence is called a case control study. And a case control study provides the odds of developing disease based on exposure. And I'd like you to look at the methodology in the colored boxes on the left side of the slide over here. Now, to distinguish between cases and controls, you must have the ability to clearly define and differentiate between people who have the disease and people who do not. And for each of these categories, you should have a clear delineation of those who were exposed to a disease and those who were not exposed or had... An exposure is not just exposure to the pathogen. Exposure can also mean having a pre-existing condition like diabetes or hypertension. Now, why is this type of research so hard with COVID-19? Because the incubation period is so long, it's very difficult to know for certain if you've been exposed or how somebody might have been exposed.  And I'll explain more about what I mean when I say that. So, of course, we're aware that people can have COVID-19 symptoms without showing... Have COVID-19 without showing obvious symptoms. But to create a definitive diagnosis, scientists had to develop laboratory tests to detect COVID-19. And developing diagnostic tests is much more challenging than you may think. Here's a grid to show how to determine the quality of tests. And diagnostic tests, for any matter, but including COVID, need sensitivity, which is the degree to which a test correctly identifies someone who has the disease. Specificity, which is the degree to which a test correctly excludes someone who doesn't have the disease. Validity, which asks, is the test measuring what we think it does? And reliability, do we get the same results when repeating the test? And to get these statistics, the new test is measured against a gold standard, which is a test with high validity and reliability. It's well-respected in industry. But do we have a true gold standard for COVID-19? I don't know. Remember the early problems with the tests developed by the US Centers for Disease Control, the CDC? Recently, a physician at Denver Health, which is an academic medical center in Denver, which is where I used to work, said during virtual grand rounds that the hospital acquired 20 different COVID-19 tests. And the test results didn't always agree. So, which test do you believe? It takes a lot of testing called validation studies to get sufficient information to use the test to make diagnoses with confidence. So once you diagnose someone with COVID-19, how do you enter all that information in the patient's health record? So at the time that COVID-19 started to spread, there were no diagnostic codes. This chart shows a sampling of ICD-10 standard diagnostic codes, while not shown there are also new LOINC codes to enter COVID-19 laboratory tests. And when creating a COVID-19 blockchain solution for healthcare, just be aware of the appropriate diagnostic codes. Now, we've also been creating projections based on models produced by epidemiologists. And there are some absolutely amazing epidemiologists working on this crisis. So why did the models seem to be so different? As George Box has said, all models are wrong, but some are useful. So first and foremost, there's a need to create models of the disease and possible outcomes. And this allows epidemiologists to create targets for intervention. What you see here is a model created by the state epidemiology team in Colorado. And I just wanted to emphasize I have so much respect for this team. And in fact, the governor of Colorado, Jared Polis, really listens to these scientists and wants to be briefed twice a day. This is a model produced by the Colorado state epidemiologist that shows projections of need for ICU beds based on different levels of social distancing. You can see that there's a different projected peak of ICU need based on different levels of social distancing. Now, on the right is a model produced by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Why do these models look so different? But models are sophisticated, longitudinal regression analyses where many factors have to be entered as assumptions. So the most common assumption is the degree to which people are successful with social distancing. But when you use different assumptions, you get different models. At the end of March, when there was enough data about COVID-19 cases in Colorado, the state epidemiologists were able to create estimates of some of the factors to refine their models. And as you can see in the estimates of the proportion of individuals who self-isolated, identifying symptomatic cases and the effectiveness of social distancing, it was challenging to control people's behaviors. Now, this data is from the end of March and I haven't seen yet data from April, but we would expect that there would be more efforts to improve social distancing. This is a map from Tuesday that shows mobility of our cell phones using GPS data. This graph doesn't show social distancing but uses a traditional grading scale of A through F to show how well we are reducing non-essential trips and reducing encounters. And the mobility statistics can also be broken down by county within state. And these grades take into account a number of factors with some examples on the left side of the screen here. And all of these factors together create a composite. And there are several grades, there are also overall grades for mobility reduction by county. And I noted that the county that I live in or Apojo County was the only county in Colorado to receive an overall grade of F. Yeah. Epidemiology models can also include community vulnerability and this graph shows a rating severity of outcomes to healthcare, retail and other socioeconomic measures if infected with COVID-19. And maps have specific purposes and may or may not explain phenomena outside of their intended purpose. So for the example of comparing vulnerability to mobility maps for the state of Colorado, I didn't see any patterns that would suggest that counties engaged in less or more mobility if they were more vulnerable. And there are just so many, there are many other types of epidemiology maps too, such as density maps and heat maps. And I won't go into the other types of maps, but be aware that there are many mechanisms by which epidemiologists can create visual representations of disease. Now all these models are used to determine risk and the concern is that there could be, maybe will be, a second peak of COVID-19 cases if social measures, distancing measures are relaxed. So after studying all these important epidemiology research measures and models for COVID-19, how do we return to normal? Boy, that's a good question. This is a sampling of steps that I found across different states and these are ideal areas to target to assist with interventions. The technology approach that we're starting to learn about involves contact tracing and monitoring and I will focus on contact tracing when given examples. So to get back to normal, how can blockchain help? But as I mentioned earlier, so many blockchain innovators are focusing on describing the cool features of their technology, but they often lose sight of the value proposition, the need for evidence and creating solid messaging for their product to be successful. Now in this section of the presentation, I'll go through each of these steps individually with explanations and recommendations. To put the steps into context, I mentioned that I'm using the example of digital contact tracing. I chose to talk about digital contact tracing as the example because it's both timely and pertinent to the stage of COVID-19 management. And as another disclaimer, I am not trained in contact tracing, my knowledge is academic. So of greatest interest to this audience, there are blockchain-based contact tracing apps being developed for COVID-19. And I also wanted to share, I'm not advocating for or against development of contact tracing technologies, but I hope that the steps for product rollout seem more pertinent when we're talking about something we've all heard about. So I'm gonna go back and forth between blockchain-based rollout steps and contact tracing examples. And when you see the image of wireless rings in the upper left-hand corner, you'll know that I'm talking about contact tracing as an example. So when we talk about digital contact tracing, it's also important to differentiate between the digital contact tracing tools used for public health case management and those used for proximity tracking of citizens with COVID-19. I will be focusing on proximity tracking. And proximity tracking is defined by the CDC as tools that use Bluetooth or GPS to track an individual's exposure to cases used in addition to contact tracing tools. And please also note, when you see the abbreviation PHA on some of the upcoming slides, this stands for Public Health Agency or Public Health Authority. As of Tuesday, 53 different proximity contact tracing apps were available in 29 countries. But we don't even know how many more apps are in development. I listed as many blockchain-based solutions that I could find, but you might be aware of more and I'd be happy to learn about more. The blockchain-based apps will be competing with non-blockchain-based apps and these apps are all in production, they've all been used and the Apple Google app is scheduled for release today, May 1st. So if you have an iPhone or an Android operating system, the Apple Google technology will soon be on your phone. So it seems worthwhile to talk about the plan and guidelines published by Google. Now, I'm not involved in Apple or Google technology so if anyone in attendance was part of the development, I welcome your additional input at the end of the presentation. So I thought the first thing that was interesting is that Apple and Google insist on referring to this as exposure notification instead of proximity tracking. I guess that sounds less intrusive. The plan is that digital contact tracing capabilities will be built into the iPhone and Android phone operating systems and that public health agencies can use APIs which are application programming interfaces to build apps, to integrate with that software to use information for health purposes. Google published guidelines that specify that data will only be used by public health authorities for COVID-19 pandemic management that the software doesn't collect personally identifiable information or user location and that if you have a list of people you've been in contact with that information doesn't leave your phone and that contact tracing feature will stop when the pandemic is over and in order to enable this technology to work you have to specifically opt in on your phone. You have to enable the Bluetooth feature and you have to explicitly give permission for it to start proximity tracking. So here's exactly how it's planned to work as published by Google and I thought this was interesting and worthwhile to share. So I'm gonna read the text from these Google images because the font's pretty small. So first, Alice and Bob meet each other for the first time and have a 10 minute conversation. Their phones exchange anonymous identifier beacons which change frequently. Bob is positively diagnosed for COVID-19 and enters the test result in an app from a public health authority. With Bob's consent, his phone uploads the last 14 days of keys for his broadcast beacons to the cloud. And there's a little side note that says apps can only get more information via user consent. Next, Alice continues her day unaware that she has been near a potentially contagious person. Alice's phone periodically downloads the broadcast beacon keys of everyone who has tested positive for COVID-19 in her region. A match is found with Bob's anonymous identifier beacons. And there's a little side note that says anonymous identifier keys are downloaded periodically. Alice sees a notification on her phone that reads alert. You have recently been exposed to someone who has tested positive for COVID-19. Tap for more information. And when tapping, Alice's phone receives a notification with information about what to do next. Additional information is provided by the health authority app or website. So while the Apple Google guidelines insist that they will not collect identifiable information, each jurisdiction may choose to capture additional information about its residents. This is a graphic from the Wall Street Journal and it shows differences among different jurisdictions about the type of information that they have collected for contact tracing. Not shown on this graphic, I thought it was particularly interesting that South Korea not only collected information from people's phones, but also from their credit card purchases and street-based camera surveillance to help establish their resident location and proximity. As we as blockchain evangelists, it's important that we're very clear then about why we would use blockchain in any technology solution.  This cartoon says, my team has created a very innovative solution, but we're still looking for a problem to go with it. But as you're aware, blockchain must be addressing a need not looking for a need. And as a critical temp, first perform some intel about what's already being done and create a clear vision for how your product can add value. I use this chart. Actually, I use this chart at least once a week. This was created by the World Economic Forum last year, lead author Sheila Warren. And this helps me carefully consider, first, the key dimensions of blockchain that are needed, the capabilities within these dimensions and value drivers that are critical components in the value proposition. In getting back to our example of proximity tracking, I just came up with a few examples of the potential capabilities that blockchain could use to enhance data privacy and security. And while I won't go through it in this presentation, the next step in your value proposition would be to describe the value drivers as they are applied to the targeted situation. And the capabilities and value drivers should apply to both short-term and long-term needs. And you probably see, there's been a lot published about COVID-19 lately, especially we have been attentive to that in the blockchain community. And there have been some really interesting blockchain-based solutions proposed in the last month for COVID-19. And one of them, for example, is the stated need for patients to have more control over their medical records. Well, that is valid. But how is that actionable? You know, if a proposal is not actionable right now, it may or not be practical to address COVID-19. And similarly, if a proposal doesn't have long-term benefit or applicability, it may be passed over for one that does. So if you're designing a COVID-19 technology, consider building in a flexibility that it could provide value in action right now, but be sustainable and provide value for the next public health disruption. Next step, make a list of all the stakeholders involved in any proposal and what their interests may be. Now, from your value drivers, graph the message targeted to each specific group of stakeholders. And I describe this as the what's in it for me message. For the Digital Proximity Tracking App, it seems like all of these stakeholders would apply to some degree. And your design and goals, consider whether you have assembled the knowledge and expertise required. And the US Center for Disease Control, the CDC, reminds us that contact tracing is a specialized skill and it requires people with training, supervision, and access to social and medical support. And also any team working on contact tracing should really have an understanding of medical terms and patient confidentiality. So next, what kind of research do you plan to conduct on your proposed technology? Remember, you really should collect substantial data to show that your technology functions in a manner consistent with your intended purpose and especially for your marketing materials. This type of data collection is called validation studies. And this type of information is not very high on the evidence scale, but it would be ideal to collect more controlled studies. It'd be great if there were clinical outcomes as well. For me, after having worked in healthcare environments for nearly my entire career, I wanna emphasize that healthcare organizations make data-driven decisions. And while you may be focused on cool features, the decision makers are rarely distracted by the shiny objects. As my former colleague, the Chief Information Security Officer at Denver Health used to say, I don't care if you tell me that your product is a hundred times better than what I'm currently doing. Show me the evidence. And those of you who know me well know that I am like a broken record advocating compliance by design. So it's important to note early in the process about all the potential regulations that may be involved in your product for the intended environment. So for example, if your product will be used in a covered entity and will store or process protected health information, you have to design it to be compliant with the HIPAA security rule. And in general, many potential regulations could apply and you have to do your homework and build in the compliance features. It's really difficult. Some people even would suggest that it's impossible to retrofit the regulations into a completed technology. Now when designing proximity tracking tools, be aware that a number of health and privacy regulations could apply. And it's important to note that the CDC has created a set of guidelines of minimum criteria that a tool should have to be acceptable for use of the public health agency. And this is just the kind of information you have to know in order to build into your product early in the design process. Now when designing a new product to be used by healthcare or a public health organization, the approval processes are also typically more complicated. So first, as you are aware, we may need a few to several meanings to just to explain what blockchain is. Next, remember that these organizations must find solutions aligned with CDC criteria or the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology for interoperability requirements. And the vendor selection process could be lengthy and preference may also be given to companies that have a history of success working with public health agencies or can demonstrate compatibility or interoperability with existing systems. So therefore just make sure that you understand these organizations processes and you plan carefully for the review and approval process. If you thought that the vendor approval process was complicated, just wait till you get to implementation. I was trained and I use a 21 step method for implementing health information technology. And I use that method when implementing a global safety database for pharmacovigilance. And it really helped me to create realistic strategy and messaging. And the same approach really applies when using blockchain as a health information technology. I'll talk briefly about three considerations, buy-in workflow and technology integration as applied to the proximity tracking solutions. So for implementation buy-in, remember that it's necessary to get buy-in from every single stakeholder group. But let's just focus on citizens or residents. So would enough of them trust how the data will be used? Well, think about like for Google. Google has been so transparent about how it has used your and sold your data in the past. Would enough people get tested if there's fear that they would be tracked and that their COVID positive status results would be reported anonymously to everyone they came in contact with for the past 14 days? Let's say that citizens understand the importance of testing and contact tracing, but would they take that extra step of turning on the Bluetooth and explicitly opt into this technology? And would enough people use exactly the same technology for it to be effective? A study out of Oxford was published last week and found that through modeling that 80% of smartphone users, which is 56% of the entire United Kingdom population would have to opt in to exactly the same proximity tracking software for there to be enough data to be effective. It is true that modest benefits could be taken from lower usage, but it's not ideal. The best evidence about software downloads comes from Singapore, where the government strongly encouraged all residents to download one single proximity tracking app called Trace Together. But even after strong government support for one app, only 12 to 20% of the population downloaded the app. Moving on to workflow, any new technology must have a logical fit in an organization's workflow. And while workflows could be modified, humans, as you were aware, are very resistant to change. So ideally, a new technology would have minimal disruption. So what you're seeing here is the example of a workflow used for contact tracing in South Korea. And this is where the proximity tracking technology fits into the workflow. And as you can see, the workflow is described in detail and the technology fit into the existing workflow. That's the last implementation consideration. Integration involves careful consideration of how a new technology can work with existing systems. And those of us who have worked in with health information technology know how healthcare organizations use equipment or systems for as long as they possibly can, even if it can't run the latest software. Well, Apple and Google discovered that 2.5 billion people have the same approach. And let's go through these limitations. Of course, not all adults have cell phones. And which segment of the population is less likely to have a cell phone? That would be the older adults who are most vulnerable to COVID-19. How about smartphones? In 2019, the Pew Research Center determined that only 78% of US adults have smartphones. And in Denver, the penetration rate is a little higher at 84%. But even those with smartphones, Apple and Google, for example, discovered that their proximity tracking software only works in smartphones that have fairly recent Bluetooth chips. So that even excludes my iPhone. Next, the proximity tracking software has to run constantly in order to transmit the identifier beacons. And this process uses a lot of resources which drains the battery. And last, the software can be pretty sophisticated and includes encryption, which means that it could be regulated by export control laws. And that may be one of the, maybe a reason or one of the reasons why Apple and Google cannot use their proximity tracking software in China in certain other countries. So in addition to technology availability, there are many privacy concerns about using proximity tracking. And first, even though these apps claim that their exposure notifications are anonymous, I mean, it's not kidding ourselves, about the reasonable prospect of figuring out the sources of some COVID exposure. Next, as of two days ago, the New York Times reported that only 25% of proximity tracking apps provided privacy policies. Next, apps that use GPS for proximity tracking are not very accurate at all. And those that use Bluetooth still have limited ranges and capabilities. We already discussed concerns about security and trust and data uses and has proven to be a legitimate concern about proximity tracking. So as an example of that, in India, the Android version of the Erogya Setu app leaked users latitude and longitude to a YouTube server where data were accessible. And Google, as you're familiar with YouTube, said that Erogya Setu app appears to have sent the location data inadvertently. And the problem has since been corrected, but a lot of information about individual users was leaked. And as the final concern, some people view proximity tracking as the same unauthorized surveillance about their whereabouts, which can be subject to abuse. And as an example from South Korea, the proximity tracking app revealed that, this is for a specific example, on the morning of March 28th, anonymous patient 15 in Mapo had arrived at the airport where she initially tested negative at a screening checkpoint after visiting the United States. In Seoul, she had visited a cosmetic store, a fried chicken joint, a hair salon, a post office, and multiple convenience stores and restaurants before testing positive on March 29th. On that popular Facebook post, a group about COVID-19, someone wrote a post announcing her for being so irresponsible.  That's a lot of information and a lot of concern. Now, some people think blockchain could solve the problems of security and privacy, but blockchain does introduce its own set of vulnerabilities and no system is impervious to hacking, greed, or human error. So even though we have great confidence in blockchain's capabilities, we should assess blockchains, values, and vulnerabilities as accurately as possible to maintain credibility. And as the last consideration about developing a new product, how will you ensure sustainability? Now, some governments have intervened in the market of proximity tracking apps to make them mandatory or strongly encourage use of a single app. But then what happens at the end of the pandemic? Also, what policies need to be put in place? How do you obtain and maintain funding for ongoing testing and maintenance? And there's more to maintain, hence the need for flexibility to maintain long-term needs. So as key points to remember, when you're developing a new blockchain-based solution, it requires tremendous first understanding of the market. And I would also add human behavior and ethical consensus privacy, knowledge of current best practices and regulations, data collection to create evidence, risk assessments, especially for the loss of confidentiality and plans for mitigation, and solid implementation strategies and messaging. We are all in this together. And in the interest of time, I'm just gonna go to the last slide, but we invite you to sign up for Research Foundry, which is a humanitarian, non-revenue generating blockchain environment to advance research, prepare for future public health needs and promote collaborations. And it's totally free. There's no cost for anyone ever. It's not a free trial. It's accessible to everyone. You can test a blockchain platform. And in the interest of time, I'm just gonna let you know where it is. And now I am receptive to any of your questions. Wendy, that was a great presentation. That's awesome. And I think the researchfoundry.com will be a good place to use for testing. So if I create a KESA solution, I can use a framework there or services to test it. Is that correct? Absolutely. The technology is, the base platform technology is technically proprietary, but it is interoperable and layers really nicely with Hyperledger and other blockchain platforms. And there's no risk to try it. Excellent. One other thing, I'll say that the presentation was fantastic actually. You've covered a whole lot of different domains in this presentation and you nailed all of them at a very solid level, which is really, really hard to do. So you're not just in healthcare, you're not in IT, you're not just in blockchain, you're sort of all over the place and you really covered all of those well. The one thing that occurs to me, there was one slide you showed, which had to do with the differences across showing the different features for contact tracing across different countries, right? What would have been interesting is to take that one slide and lay it against what was there observed in section rates to see the differences. That particular slide related against what were the actually observed in section rates across those countries based on, in a sense, the data collected, is there any correlation between the two? That would be... Yeah, that'd be really interesting. Yeah, I haven't seen that, but it would be ideal to put that together. Thank you so much. Oh, thanks, Jim. I appreciate your kind words. So, were there any questions in the chat? Hi, Wendy, it's Erica. That was awesome. Thank you for such a informative and interesting presentation. I learned a lot. I'm looking through the chat here. We've got just some comments on here about Facebook, maybe sending consent contracts the next few days. I don't see any other questions. Oh, slides are going to be available. Slides are available on the Wiki for our agenda here. And I'm sure we can get those out to you if you don't have access. So, that was one of the questions. Thank you so much. And I'll go ahead and take back over the screen if no one else has any other questions. Okay, thanks again, Wendy. That was amazing. I can't say enough. I learned so much about all the challenges that we have with COVID-19 research. It seems like we have a lot to learn and Research Foundry is such a great idea and platform for everyone to collaborate risk-free. So, I love that. And I love that BursaQ is doing that. It's wonderful. Oh, thank you. Thank you so much for having, for coming today. And we've got about four minutes. Before I, I do want to touch just here. I'm not going to go through all of this, but here's some of the status of funding from around the world. And you can go ahead and read through that. It looks like there's GrantStation for Global. There's a Canadian rapid research funding opportunity. And then there's also some other status and funding support in the US down below here. And you feel free to look into those through the NIH, the NCI, and COVID Help for Families, which is to help matchmaking for those offering help and those seeking help. That's not a blockchain solution. It's just extra information there. And then the UC Davis Office of Research actually has a directory of funding opportunities if you're interested. You can check that out. And Rich, did you have any other comments before we start to close that? Yeah, no. So thank you, Wendrick, for that. That was a great presentation. And it's really great to get that multifaceted approach to viewing this from a very rigorous scientific point of view. And I think that's gonna be really helpful for a lot of us on the call here that are looking for ways to develop and spin up their solutions in the context of a very rigorous healthcare context, which we have to have. Otherwise, we would fail, I mean, in short. I mean, our healthcare environment has to be done to very high academic standards in order for us to succeed. So this is a great resource, and thanks for that, I appreciate it. Yeah, so Erica just sort of went through some of the opportunities that are really funding related for those of us that are in smaller businesses primarily. A lot of the work that we do, trying to spin up these sorts of solutions require some level of funding. So if you don't get the funding through your larger organization, these are opportunities for you to sort of dig in and seek government funding either here through the US or globally. We continue the sort of the special meeting topics around the COVID virus. This was our fourth. We'll likely continue this again in two weeks. We meet every two weeks at the same time, at the same location. And so coming up May 15th is our next meeting. So two weeks from today, Friday, we'll continue to have this discussion. And it's great to have everyone on the call and we really look forward to having you join us in two weeks. And in the meantime, please engage with the Hyperledger Healthcare SIG community. We have, again, a couple of ways to do so. One way is by way of our listserv. So if you're not engaged with that and signed up, get involved and you'll get regular emails and you'll have an opportunity to converse with other members as well as our Raka Chat channel. And so all those resources are available through our Wiki page. And if you have any questions, feel free to contact either myself or Erica. And with that said, thanks everyone, appreciate it. I think we are adjourned. Thanks all. Thank you, everyone. Thank you, Wendy. Thank you. Thank you, everyone.


Let us dive into the topic of differentiating Bluetooth low energy product by exploiting and exploring the features in Zephyr Bluetooth low energy controller. My name is Vinayak and I'm a Principal Research and Development Engineer with Nordic Semiconductor. My primary responsibility has been as co-owner and maintainer of open source Bluetooth low energy controller implementation in Zephyr project. So let's see what we will cover in today's session. We have a brief introduction to Bluetooth technology about some of the stable features in Zephyr Bluetooth low energy controller over the years, introducing the availability of direction finding feature, introducing the availability of isochronous channels feature, walkthrough of architectural challenges and changes in the controller to meet new features and let's do some profile of the broadcast and connected iso samples and in the end we can have a Q&A session. Okay, what is Bluetooth? Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communication system intended to replace the cables connecting portable and fixed electronic devices. It uses frequency hopping spread spectrum and on the 2.4 gigahertz ISM band. I would like to state a fun fact about myself, how I got introduced to Bluetooth. There was this contract role that I had to interview for. The day before the interview for contract role, this was early in my career. I had quickly read about Bluetooth and this is how I tried to explain it. I assume I had to listen to music on an FM receiver set and the music were part where parts of it were transmitted over a range of frequencies and I had to constantly quickly tune my receiver to these changing frequencies. So basically the music was in small parts, transmitted in different frequencies and I knew the pattern are the next frequencies that I need to tune into. So that's how if you can put it like the frequency hopping. So this is what as a very simple way Bluetooth operates by sending small packets at different frequencies. The classic Bluetooth had 80 radio frequencies and radio channels. Low energy uses 40 of which three are used for advertising their indexed 37, 38 and 39. And these three are spread in the 2.4 gigahertz band subset. They don't interfere or even if one of the channel interferes, the other two are placed apart and would mitigate any collisions when there are advertising of Bluetooth packets. The most popular solution areas which Bluetooth technology covers is like in the case of the phone and have any sensors or watch and it's the sensor that are transferred. It's also used for audio streaming, location services, it could be detection of a device, proximity of a device, direction of a device are also distance. Something that is more popular these days is also mesh network like lighting systems and such sensor networks which need to cover substantial area. As of today, there are billions of products shipped. You can see that when you buy a product or something that uses Bluetooth technology, you would see the Bluetooth logo on it. Also device communication is either point to point. Broadcast to many in proximity, form a mesh spanning vast area, increasing the reach. Device positioning can be simple. It could be like presence detection or proximity, proximity may use received signal strength indication. In this case, you could have alerts like low, medium, high based on how close or far attack a sensor is from your phone or a display unit or something like that. You can have a bit more like direction estimation involving some calculations of the angle of the received signals. Bluetooth also supports distance measurements. If you're interested more about details of Bluetooth technology, states like broadcast, observer and roles like central and peripheral. You can look up my other presentation some years back. It has an animation of how devices advertised, be scanned for and connections be established, etc. Also, it covers some details of the existing architecture and implementation of the then controller in Zafir project. What can you exploit today in Zafir project? First implementation in Zafir project is version 5.3 compliant. The implementation is highly configurable in supported features in your end product. You can configure the buffer sizes, number of buffers used, etc. It's portable to all architecture supported by the Zafir project and your builds can support host and controller configurations. In this case, this is a combined build where you have the controller and the application in a single firmware. You could build HCI controller only and use HCI transport between the two CPUs. In this case, it's actually multi-CPU build. The host is on one CPU and the controller implementation on the other CPU. Zafir project supports a full Bluetooth host and also supports mesh stack in the Zafir project. Product use cases. Some end products that are and be designed effortlessly in Zafir project using the vast number of samples are beacons, Eddystone, proximity tags, heart rate monitors, health thermometers, human interface devices like keyboard, mouse, remote controls, sports watches that can store and transfer vital health data and like your heart rate and pulse and stuff like that, they could use Bluetooth to transfer to your phone or to your PC. Like equipments, bike computers, which also can store and send information and then be transferred on to PC or mobile phones, activity trackers like step counters, etc. Okay, let's explore Bluetooth low energy controller. What's new in the controller? We now have support for long range. This again depends on the SOCE vendor, whether they support code at five. So there is now possibility of transmitting Bluetooth packets over a kilometer range. This is also dependent on advertising extensions, advertising extensions also provide periodic advertising, in which case the advertisement packets at regular interval to which receiver can synchronize instead of having a larger scan windows to receive normal legacy advertisements. In advertising extensions, there are very short legacy extended advertising previews on the primary advertising channel, which is the 37, 38, 39. If you have a lot of devices advertising, it's always better to have smaller packets. In that case, the probability of collision is low. So these primary channel advertising videos point to larger 255 byte advertising videos and these can be chained to have a total of 1,650 bytes. So advertising extensions provides both longer advertising data that can be transmitted, advertising data that can be transmitted periodically and with the mitigation that there is less collisions while devices are transmitting on the advertising channels. There is the support for angle of arrival and angle of departure. This is the direction finding feature. Again depends on the SOCE vendor, whether their radios support the constant tone extensions. So these are the extensions to the Bluetooth and its PDUs. They contain the direction information and help in finding out the angle of the devices around you. With the introduction of low energy audio, the controller has implementation now for Isochronous channels, both broadcast Isochronous and connected Isochronous channels. Broadcast Isochronous channel is a feature that is required for Bluetooth or a cast. The connected Isochronous channels are used mostly for audio streaming and for call audio between the phone and the earbuds. Also these Isochronous channels can be multiple streams and each stream could be to two different devices like two earbuds, one left and right and Isochronous channels have features that help you synchronize between the left and right earbuds. Direction finding feature, a low energy device can make its direction available for a peer device by transmitting direction finding enabled packets. So as you can see here, you can have a device with an antenna that's transmitting packets like containing the direction information and you can have receiving devices which can either be connected to the transmitting device and transmit information to the connecting device that indicate their positions, locations in a room, etc. So you could have multiple receiving devices that receive transmissions and the receiving device can have antennas that detect the angle of reception of the packet from the transmitter. The receivers can have a connection with the transmitter and let them know at what angle they have received the packet and where these receivers are placed that way the transmitting device can be able to calculate its own position relative to these transmitters. It's also possible that one of the receiver here is having multiple antenna and this alone can also show the direction towards the transmitting direction to the transmitting device. There are two ways, two methods in the direction finding feature. One is the angle of arrival. In this method, the device transmits direction finding enabled packets using a single antenna. So it's like a tag that has a single antenna but it's transmitting direction information. The other method is angle of departure. In this case, the transmitting device compared to the previously the receiving device that had the antenna array and RF switch. Here the transmitting device has the RX RF switch and multiple antenna and is transmitting the packets with the direction information while switching the antenna being used for the transmissions. At the receiver side, there is a single antenna and the receiving device now receives these different direction information transmitted over these different antennas. With this information in the reception of these videos, it's then able to calculate the angle of the arriving radio signals. Some product use cases of direction finding, asset management, account and keep track of critical resources in an establishment facility. Indoor navigation and positioning say have a map on your phone when inside a mall, a shopping center, maybe locating facilities or labs inside a hospital, etc. Proximity marketing, so sending discounts and promotions when a customer is around or positioned near a purchase. Point of interest information, facilities in airports, information, details of items in museums and tourist attractions. Personal tracking like have, persons can have a badge or a tag and they could be tracked inside an establishment for safety reasons and access control. There's also the personal item finding, you could have a keychains, bags, with tags and direction finding features can be used to locate them. Also, building an automotive access control, entry and exit to facilities and unlocking of cars and vehicles, etc. Another new feature available in Zephyr Bluetooth Low Energy Controller implementation is broadcast isochronous channels. The isochronous broadcast allows two or more devices to communicate in a unidirectional connectionless manner by using external advertising events, periodic advertising events and big and miss events. This can be clear text or encrypted between the two devices. Here we have an overview of broadcast isochronous group event. Every big event is identified by a preceding periodic advertising OXsync and PDU which contains a structure called the Big Info. Big Info structure contains the big offset which is used by the controller to listen to big event and synchronize to the ISO interval of the broadcast ISO instance. What is new compared to normal ACL connection events or advertising events is the introduction of something called the sub events. Transmission on each sub event is on different radio channel. This provides frequency diversity. Each big event consists of a number of sub events where we have transmission, pre-transmission and pre-transmissions. Pre-transmission provides the time diversity along with frequency diversity. Product use cases for broadcast ISO. Synchronized data transfer or playback over large collection of devices placed apart in a location. Personal audio sharing multiple earbud pairs listening to same media. Hearing a tune to audio sources in theater, conferences, lecture halls and airports. A connected isochronous is a data symmetric or data symmetric point to point logical transport between the central and specific peripheral. Here you can see a phone and the phone establishes a biorectional connection with the left earbud. And also a phone establishes a connection with the right earbud. In this case both earbuds could have audio sync which is a speaker and both could be having a microphone. So the data transfer or ISO data is transferred biorectional from the phone. The phone has a choice to record both the mics and probably apply an algorithm or any intelligence as required. The other diagram here details how the phone establishes an ACL connection thereafter a SIS within a SIG and then a second ACL connection and then the placement of the second stream, characterize a common stream within the group. Centrals can also have more than two streams and ACLs. Each group can have up to 31 streams and the limit on the streams would be dependent on the available RAM and code space on a vendor SOC. This is a detailed illustration of the connected isochronous group event. A SIG event consists of multiple SIS events. SIS reserves transmission reception periods known as sub events. Each sub event is spaced by sub interval space. Transmission and reception happen on the same physical channel and two different sub events use different physical channels. This provides the frequency diversity. SIS supports variable flushing periods for payloads, variable size data contents and a variable number of sub events following a range of isochronous data rates, latencies and retransmissions. Retransmissions are realized by using sub events per SIS. Let's list down some broadcast ISO and connected ISO use cases, basically audio use cases, basic California like receiving call, rejecting, muting and muting when you are in a call, low latency audio from TV. So you could have a television with multiple audiences around and each one could listen into different languages from the television and more number of listeners in a large area. So like in a setup or in a club or an auditorium where multiple users can listen to the speech, broadcast audio in public spaces like airports and museums, time synchronized sensor ecosystems. Typical use case of early isochronous channels is early audio. Details of early audio support specifically in Zephyr project can be found in a prior presentation. This was done in the Zephyr developer summit. Now let's dive into implementation architecture of the Zephyr Bluetooth Low Energy Controller. Here you see the various execution contexts, app, host, upper link layer, lower link layer, hardware, basically timers, radio hardware, interrupt manager, etc. The controller at the top level is split into the upper and the lower link layer. Lower link layer is mostly bare metal. Upper is implemented as threads or low priority ISR or tasklets. The lower link layer are usually implemented by radio vendors and utilities that vendors provide like hall and low level implementations. Here we have a much detailed block of the controller architecture and illustrates the ISO data send data flow. ISO data is enqueued in the thread context of the host entity using mem queue data structure. So this is the host and this is the link layer interface in the thread context. Once enqueued in the thread context, it is directly dequeued in the lower link layer. This is different from the ACL connection where enqueued ACL data is processed in the upper link layer in the ISR context on a tasklet because for the ACL there could be control procedures that will have to be enqueued in the same pipe towards the packet controller or the radio hardware. In the case of ISO, the enqueued ISO data is directly processed by the packet controller or the lower link layer radio interface since there is no concept of like multiplexing the control PDUs along in the same radio transmission for the ISO. In the return path, the acknowledgments are sent back to the pre-thread context to be processed. This is now a detailed illustration of ISO data received data flow. Free ISO RX data buffers reside in a pool in the thread execution context and are populated or enqueued into a free RX packet queue. The lower link layer will dequeue these free RX buffers to be made available to the radio hardware and then the radio hardware will receive ISO data from the peer. On reception of the ISO PDUs these valid are invalid PDUs. I say invalid because there is possibility that at a particular interval there is collision or there wasn't sufficient audio data transmitted by the peer in which case the controller will mark it as invalid but still generate an event PDU event marking its status as invalid. If audio packet has been sourced then in that case the status will be set to true and along with timestamp or enqueued towards the HCI thread to be there after copied into the host of other processing by the application. Mostly if it is audio encoded data then be decoded and then presented out to the user. Okay maybe it's enough of all the talking and theory. Let's do something fun and take a look at how the broadcast and connected ISO appear in a Power Profiler. Let us now take a look at how our broadcast and ISO channels appear on Power Profiling on our upstream samples. For this let us use the Power Profiler Kit made by Nordic Semiconductor. So this is basically a profile view and top view of how the kit looks like. The Power Profiler Kit is a standalone unit as you can see here which can measure and optionally supply current all the way from sub microampere as I have one ampere to all Nordic development kits. In addition can also be used with external hardware. Customers can have their own custom boards and they can supply voltage from this kit or only measure like the current consumed consumed by the custom PCBs. So what you see here is a typical ISO broadcast Power Profiler. This is what you obtain when you have flashed the ISO broadcast sample on a 50 to 833 development kit. In the green you see the advertising extensions. So the extended advertiser uses advextin PDUs which have an aux offset that point to an aux PDU in the future. In this profile you are seeing the profile of an aux PDU before the aux ad win. That's because there has been one advextin before it that points to this and there would be a periodic advertising PDU which is not visible in this profile here but it is something that would precede the big event. So here there is the big event and each big event has a ISO interval of 10 milliseconds. Between the big events and if there is no periodic advertising or external advertising PDUs then the CPU remains idle and it's in like in 10 lower than 10 microampere in the case of the 50 to 833 development kit. Now what you see is a Power Profile of the ISO receive sample from the time it was powered on. So when the chip was powered on it starts with scanning. So there is the scan window here you can see the power consumption of the scan window and a scan interval. So there are these peaks that is the scan window and then the next peak is based on the scan interval apart. So sample user 60 millisecond interval at 30 millisecond scan window. It receives advertising extension PDU here ad report. In the ad report there would be details of the periodic advertising hence it will try to synchronize to the periodic advertising. This is a place where the periodic advertising is synchronized. In the periodic advertising there will be the big info providing the big offset to the big event. So they offset to the big events where the ISO receive sample is supposed to synchronize with. So you will see that once the periodic report is received after 1.2 second which is a periodic interval. The ISO receives synchronizes with the big events and then you will see the peaks of the big events to which it is synchronized to. In the next slide of the ISO receive power profile which is nothing but a zoom in of the big events what you see here is the big event which contains two broadcast ISO streams 1 and 2 that have been synchronized to. These peaks are the receive current consumption. So broadcaster has been transmitting big events with two streams in it and the synchronizer has synchronized to it. The ISO interval is 10 milliseconds so every 10 milliseconds you would see a similar power profile where the radio event is being prepared and receives the two ISO streams. Now let's take a look at the peripheral ISO. This is the corrected ISO use case. The peripheral ISO sample starts with advertising. So these are the current consumption when the advertising PDUs are transmitted. There is a central ISO sample in the vicinity that is scanning for it and when it finds the advertising PDU it establishes a connection. When it has established a connection there is some amount of CPU running in parallel. Some control procedures that happen in the ACL connection and one of these control procedure is to establish the assist. So at this point where you see a lot more peaks over here these are the SIG events that have been established with the central ISO sample. So as the peripheral starts with advertising gets connected as a control procedure where in the create SIS request is received and accepted and a SIS in PDU with an offset SIS offset would say where the peripheral should synchronize with the central SIS PDUs. Here you see a zoom in version of the previous power profile of the peripheral ISO. In this case we have zoomed into where the SIS is established. So to start with there is the ACL connection, the reception by the peripheral and then the peripheral transmits back on the ACL. At the instant where which was mentioned in the SIS in PDU which contains the offset the peripheral would then synchronize with the SIG event and every 10 millisecond it would be synchronized with the SIG events and these are the events where the peripheral would receive the ISO data and have an opportunity to transmit back ISO data towards the central. Now let us take a look at the central ISO power profile. Central starts with scanning as you might have seen in the previous slides for the peripheral it starts with advertising. The central scans for the advertising PDU and establish a connection here. I have mentioned CPU here because when it has established a connection there is some amount of CPU being used to perform gap procedures like discovery etc. So the peaks continue here which are the ACL connections and there will be at some point here the SIS create control procedure where the SIS request and SIS response from the peripheral received and then a SIG PDU is sent from the central and at the instant the central starts scheduling the SIG events. Here this is rather a zoom in version of the previous slide where the central ACL connection already established is shown here and the instant at which the SIS is created. So with the SIS offset from the ACL connection the central implementation schedules the SIG events. Each of these SIG events are 10 second apart and in these events is where the central ISO would send the ISO data and receive ISO data from the peripheral. Let us summarize in simple points this presentation. The ZFA project has fully open source Bluetooth version 5.3 compliant host and controller. The controller, host stack, mesh stack, early audio stack, services and profiles all are open source. These implementations are portable to multiple architectures that is supported in ZFA RATOS. Contributions are by the community and we have a very active developer interaction in interest groups, meetings, mailing lists and chat over Discord channels. Implementation changes continuously tested on pull request in CI using physical layer simulations. Frequent conformance testing by ZFA project members. Best part being the numerous samples very close to product use cases. Thank you.


And now we get the comfy chairs, huh? Okay, I Think we're also going to take questions from the audience. So if you have any any objectives and push back or comments positive ones only of course Do anyone to start us off if not? I've got a question for you guys Anyone want to begin? Yes a little girl at the front What I wanted to say is Is that mainly we shouldn't try to make robots that are like us because of cybers and hackers and We should try to make other people who might not be able to code Help them to code All right. Thank you. That's a great comment. I totally agree with you You know, I always say we should we should make robots that help us to be more human And we should not make them more human so that they can replace us Yeah, of course, that's a fine line as to how exactly that would happen clearly Thank you one thing that we can learn from you is How actually we need to interact at all levels and we talk about diversity and I I just want to applaud a little girl that coming in to talk to us about that important subject of Humanist behavior within this world of technology and I think we all need to think about it from that perspective And I know that I've got some of my youngest and brightest in the room here And I think they are the ones that are changing our thinking faster than anyone else. So thank you for the question Hello, hello So where are you? I'm over here. Okay, so Kind of growing up and having various conversation with my friends as teenagers The idea of having microchips in your brain was kind of the conspiratorial line that everyone decided that Okay, that would be too far irrelevant of the opinions So Considering this is the first time that I've heard someone speak about Elon Musk and the Neuro link with The edge that it isn't a definite thing we should run into What do you think it is about either the presentation of it or the timing that it's come that seems to kind of Haze that obvious opinion that it shouldn't necessarily be something that we jump straight into or that It's more than just about regulators saying whether it's safe enough in safe enough in terms of like The idea of mass adoption and it's potential if everybody did adopt it in mass Yeah, I have a lot of concerns about this. I think that You know, it's one thing if you're sick and you can use technology to get well or to get over it So if I lose both legs, I can get prosthesis, you know, that's one thing But it's another thing to say I'm gonna use the same technology become superhuman because I have a lot of money and Then I'm gonna sell that technology car and have more money, right? And then after I've sold enough, I'm gonna leave the planet because the planet is messed up Mean that is some bizarre logic, right? You know that most people in Silicon Valley are now having buying houses in New Zealand Just in case everything goes south in America. They can take their jets and go to New Zealand and live a sheltered life You know, so basically a lot of these things are building a world that they will not actually live in Like Zuckerberg owns the entire block on you on What is it Broadway in San Francisco? He bought one house. Then he bought a few other houses Now he owns the whole block in the argument for buying all the other houses, which are empty was that he wants his privacy So he wants his privacy with the other houses, but we don't get any of that on Facebook You know, we get we get the digital jail. So Yeah, I think I Agree with you. This is a complicated truth because we don't want to pull out the baby with the bathwater, you know But somehow we have to decide on the limits and we have to decide on what's fair and Currently we have done pretty much whatever we can Just because it was technically possible So one thing that I've learned working with some of the startups that these innovators and entrepreneurs once they've got hooked on the idea of Entrepreneurialism they want to do more and the more that they grab the more they want to give So there is a little bit of you can see that and Elon Musk and some of the other entrepreneurs They don't sort of stop at the small goals. They go for bigger ones So I think we need to embrace those bigger goals that they may bring to us and then go with them Yeah, I think this is a You know depends on where you are in the exponential scale Yeah, if you're in the beginning of the scale like I was with my internet companies in the 90s You know, we were at the very beginning of the of the exponential curve And we were doubling 0.01 to 0.02 0.04. It was still all useless basically, right? It didn't work. But when you at 4 You leap to 8 16 32 I go 30 steps from here to the wall or 30 steps exponential. I'm on the moon, right? So when I when I live in an exponential world like we do today The scale is just so much bigger So if Elon is saying that we're all gonna have these interfaces and he should think about what the consequence of that is I Mean never mind that it may be good on I don't know but but I have my judgments I mean my reservations about that being a solution to the human problem. It sounds like a giant business opportunity to me But maybe the regulation comes by people being close to the technology and understanding how to apply it other ways Yeah, I'm not I'm not generally in favor of regulation. I mean, I I ran startups I know I live in Switzerland. I know how hard it is when you have too much regulation You know, but I'm only concerned about remaining human And if we want to remain human we have to protect what makes us human Otherwise we can sell that out. Yeah, and then we you know, we will be very soon We'll be at the black mirror place, you know where we can say, yeah, you know, we are very functional, you know Good. Thank you very much. I come from the business community and to you Paul. I Listen, you are some massive massive questions there, which got me. Yeah, I'm sure and everybody here thinking hard the Some of the big one of the big questions that comes to me is and Paul you refer to it in your presentation about Business being seen as the solution not as the problem around if you talk about climate change You always talk about I think the other danger you outline was around technology and how that can be poisonous as it were Do you think that the the responsibility lies with whom is it with the larger businesses is it with You know civil society, you know Governments and national governments. Where do you think the solution is because there are lots of problems and challenges you've thrown out there But where do you see the the route to to solutions? Yeah, I think you know first we we have a lot of the tools that we need already Like we can solve climate change and energy and water and food with technology, right? I mean and that is imminent, you know But technology will not solve social political or cultural problems and one of them is inequality I mean so on the one hand we have all these powerful tools We could solve pretty much almost everything in the next 20 years and on the other hand, we don't we don't agree on any of it So so we have all the power here and then the the money power is concentrated now Basically for the first time ever the top 50 billionaires in the US have gained like 800 percent of of money In the last 10 years, so we have that all on one place So it comes down to will and decision-making and wisdom and Collaboration to use the tools, right? That's what it comes down to The tools are good So my view is that it's all there. We just have to do the right thing with it Yeah, but nothing that the business question for me is that if a company really has a sense of purpose and acts in the way that their purpose is set It goes back to some of good points. I think it creates this more sustainable future for the business Well, certainly seeing I mean clearly today if you if you pack your business and you map your business to the new world, right? which is the the Codruple bottom line, right in five years.  And to the point that we look at this beautiful aircraft. We know it's one of the most polluting aircraft the world has ever seen So we know there's other supersonic aircraft on the blocks and we're beginning to question ourselves Do we ever want to be helping someone build that aircraft if our principle is a Sustainable future for the generations to come. That's what's going to give us growth not by building 14 of these So we're gonna have to make some hard decisions. Yeah, I mean it's quite clear that you know you're looking at The next 10 years. I mean the next five years. We're going to dramatic Measures on on co2 and climate change so mandatory carbon tax for airplanes mandatory reduction of cattle No more binge-flying and what I'm doing right that will be essentially also off the table join me on the train Yes, I'll come along on the train or maybe I just go virtual. I don't know but and and no cars and cities I mean, we're going to see stuff. That's basically totally anti-capitalist Right. It's not this is not the free market. We're talking about here when the farmers have to reduce their livestock by 50% Yeah, but these are going to be emergency measures and on the positive side Some people say we're going to have a hundred million new jobs on sustainable energy a hundred million We think about all the tech that bring on the need for this and see you do to a decarbonization Absolutely, and I mean this yeah loads and loads and loads of opportunities. Yeah, the good I worked in a little company called Rolls-Royce produced these engines and that was on the board of the The joint venture with snack ma and we came up with ideas that we took to our board and said we could make something far better than these engines of today We could put hydrogen in them. We could put other fuels, but actually we've got a whole business that's producing kerosene burning engines Do we want to do that just now and kill our business? That's a conundrum, and I think that's that the obligation is now on us to question ourselves And that's a difficult place to be but you know this usually doesn't happen inside of industry You know Spotify came out of left field Using the music like water idea was partly outlined in my first book in 2004 And the record label said this is terrible a terrible idea now music like water We hate this idea because music is going to be cheap We want music to be expensive, right and what do we have now? Does anybody in this room still buy CDs? You know there's a whole new music business Yeah, and the same thing is going to happen with energy with food with climate We're going to invent our way out But we do have to have the political and the cultural intent You know to actually make it work, and you need to build a coalition around that of people Look what's happening in the US now right after Trump We have Senator Warren Elizabeth Warren coming up with this audacious plan for for healthcare for everyone and Climate change and I mean it's like night and day. Here's the really like the evil guy and he over over there It's like wow, you know, I think it can be done But it takes a different paradigm and different thinking and I I imagine a world where the young girl and my kids can fly and A plane that produces water out the back Rather than kerosene burning co2 not just gases. Yeah, that's why I'm not so much for Regulating too much.  I think we had a question over there. Yes. Thank you first of all an amazing day an amazing keynote speech to finish I To come from the business community and it's brilliant to take a day out in Bristol with our peers to think about Really strategic issues and not the usual topics that that we're faced with Over the last three years. So thank you. It's been inspirational My question plays to the inequality piece that you've touched on girl. I was brought up in Northern Ireland through the heart height of the Troubles and It was a highly polarized divisive community my biggest fear and I see this growing exponentially in the world is that divisive polarized behavior is becoming endemic across the world and Obviously a lot of what we've looked at today can be looked at through a very negative land lens. I Look back to the likes of the work that Nelson Mandela did in South Africa and the wonderful story Unfortunately for England you didn't get your wonderful story But it's a brilliant story for South Africa to have their first black captain given where he came from and His childhood and how there can be positive change in the world Where do you guard see light happening in terms of the ability of Defeating this polarized toxic them and us world that if they get hold of technology, there's only one outcome Yes, well, I would say right now. It probably has to get worse before it gets better Like you know, this is how this is how we're gonna address climate change because now we're actually saying it's actually a real You know, I can feel it and it's I mean now we can we can touch it It's hard to touch stuff that's 50 years away Right, so that is happening now And I think we've seen in all the countries that have voted right wing governments Right that essentially hasn't worked out at all. It's none of that has made anything better Like yeah, and especially a temporary situation. I think in five years. We're going to have this new renaissance You know, that's gonna come to conclusions saying, okay, we want a good quality life And we have to do certain things for that And you know, maybe in the US we'll see that swing even earlier now in that whole discussion. Who knows but Yeah, usually people only change for two reasons, right? pain and love That's how government change. That's how people change. That's how companies change you have enough pain You say, oh, what the hell, you know try something else Or you fall in love with an idea or a person, of course And I think that's happening right now people are saying, you know what I think the pain is getting quite clear Brexit also, right? And I fall in love with new ideas and then we can come up with new things and this is how we change So just building on that and going back to the analogy for sport for a moment I was watching the world club final and Johnny Wilkinson did a bit of his great thinking in front of the audience And he said We really need to see some innovation. We need to do different stuff We need to be leaders and go to different places we've never done before and doing that difficult stuff I think is what we're into and taking Gerd's point on board I think this is the time where either people break into polarization or that's they use that to come together And I think we'll find and certainly against the background of the sustainable aviation world We're gonna come together. Well, let's go back to the board. I said in the beginning, right? The future is better than we think. Yeah, and this is not all bad What's happening right now is we will have incredible power of technology to help solve almost every problem But we have to use it correctly. So it's not like we don't have the tools I mean if we didn't have the tools that would be bad And we have the tools to have a completely green energy We just have to make the right decisions Yeah, and so that's what it comes down to this is a process of of democracy and stuff It's not a process of lack of science, you know, we have all the science So when you look at it from that point of view, the only obstacle is our is us It's not that we don't have the tools we have all the tools and there's loads of business I mean again compare the music business, right? 40 billion dollars worth of CDs sold average cost of CD 15 pounds or so, right? Today we have Spotify and other services 120 million subscribers For roughly 10 quid a month, right? If that continues that trend the music industry will be a hundred billion dollars So first it all caved in and it went away pretty much when it's come back in and now it's gonna I think it's gonna be the same with energy with health care with banking with food with water We just have to put it in a place to work and flourish. That's it then Waving us off. Okay. Good. There's one last question. Would you take that one and then close? By the way, you know my book is available in 12 languages, you know, if you should speak German or Chinese You can buy it there as well. Hi, I have a question. Where are you? Okay, um, I love everything you're saying and you often use the word we But who do you mean by we who takes leadership in delivering what you're saying in a global society and global economic system Yeah, well, that's a good question. I think when I say we are usually speak about humans, you know People who want to remain humans. I mean the question of we is always The kind of thing where we are saying, okay, what do we have in common? I think we have a lot more common than we think, you know Every time I speak somewhere in China or South America or the US I realize that you know 99.9% of people want to be human and I mean they they they want Things that everybody else wants. There are lots of difference in how they want it, right? And the other question of we is really that you know, we've done a very bad job of telling the story about the future ourselves We have left that to the technology companies You know, if you talk about, you know, who talks about the future said a con valley in China Do we talk about the future? Yeah, we talk about the future and researchers and those kind of things Yes, like in Switzerland. We do that a lot, right, but the PR behind the future is not ours It's not the human. It's the tech part So on the point of we I think we have to take that back We have to tell more stories. We have to come on the same page And I also think that probably I'm writing a new book on this in 20 years We're going to have a world government, right? Because how are we going to get in the same page? You know, if Brazil burns down the entire Amazon that will be bad for the UK Doesn't mean we should send soldiers there and you know prevent Bolton area from doing that why that's I don't know You know difficult question, but we're going to have a global situation that solves food water energy And all these things like we're kind of edging towards this concept of collaborating. Mm-hmm I just answer it from my perspective the we is in this room. I personally take on risk in my business on a daily basis and For the example on hydrogen It wasn't a discussion in the business two years ago when I joined the CEO stood on platforms talking about what we've taught him Most recently with economic leaders and we're starting to broadcast from within the organization the benefits So if we can believe it and show and demonstrate the technologies there, it will happen And we just got to keep the momentum and build the creation together with other people This is also one of those things, you know where we hear so many bad stories in the media that we don't have a way But we do We also hear so many stories about how the future is bad, right? I mean every single movie you watch the future ends badly. We all die right that that's what movies all about now, right? I mean the only movie that I remember was like Blade Runner. Okay, that ended not as bad But left everything hanging not the last one the first one the good one, you know But or her right the movie her where I can say that's a movie where I can you know understand more But anyway, we have to get off the story of saying it's bad And it's I can't do anything and the future is happening with out me and all this stuff You know, this is like it's fatalistic I think with that optimistic note, I guess that's the last question we've got time for but I'm sure good And I'll be around just for a few more moments and thank you all for your time today