So sorry, this is the Schonbrunn Zoo in Vienna, and this is kind of just a really ornate place you get sandwiches, which is beautiful. It's got a skylight, it's got gargoyles on there, it's very beautiful. And then, of course, everybody's favorite, the pandas. And so they just kind of sit on their haunches and munch bamboo, basically. So they don't want to be bothered by tourists yelling at them. So they kind of sit with their backseat and just, you know, munch away on the bamboo. But they are cute, you know, when you look at them, so you can see why people love seeing the pandas. There you go. See, just munch away on the bamboo. There's a little better picture of them. They are cute, though, let's say everybody loves the pandas. The other thing everybody loves is koalas. So everybody loves koalas, and they just kind of sit there, and they're interesting. They just kind of sit there in the tree and snooze, too. So they're just kind of snoozing again. They're not really concerned about tourists trying to zoom in and take pictures of them. But again, they're almost as cute as pandas. OK, so today we want to talk about tumors. And the first thing I want to do is I want to talk about the differential diagnosis of leukocoria. And leukocoria, literally white pupil, what language? Greek, leukowite, quaria pupil. Very easy, white pupil. So let's say we're looking at a child and we're seeing a white pupil. What's the differential diagnosis? One thing. Rectovastoma. So, another. Cataracts. Cataracts, another. We're just some fetal vascular. OK. Cuts disease. Cuts disease. They said all of them. See, now it gets a little bit difficult. Now we're really going down the tube. Rental detachment. Rental detachment, exactly. Could have a. R-O-P. Yeah, ran up to the prematurity. Any others? Well, come on. Toxoplasma. Which toxo? Oxopara. Oh, great toxoplasma. Oxoplasma. You know what, boy, you're living good, because that's pretty much it. So really obscure things. And so we're looking here. Let's say this is an 18-month-old. And we're looking in. What are we seeing right here? So, superiorly, you see kind of that white opacity in a dilated fundus exam that's posterior. So what you're actually seeing here, believe it or not, that's the retina sitting right behind the crystalline lens. And so there is a mass behind the retina pushing everything forward. And so when we look at this, what we see, we see something like this. What would you be concerned about here? Retinoblastoma. Why? It looks. Exactly. So you see these kind of flecks here. And you see the lesion rising from the retina here. And these flecks are calcium. So again, retinoblastoma, one of the characteristics of retinoblastoma that helps you discern this from other causes of white people. Leucochorea is the calcification. Calcification, very important finding. And we look again. Here's an eye that is cut in half-sadually. Here's the cornea up here, iris crystalline lens. And sure enough, here's this mass completely filling the glow. And all these areas of white are calcium. So one of the things we can do to help diagnose these is we can actually take a B-scan ultrasound. You put it on the eye. You'll see the tumor there. You see the eye. And you slowly turn the gain down. And the eye will literally start to disappear. But the tumor will still have flecks all over. Because when those sound waves hit the calcium, it bounces them back. And so you get the spikes of sound waves. And so sometimes it's hard. And in 18 months, they're not going to let you put a probe on there. But if you're doing an exam under anesthesia, one of the things you want to do is do an ultrasound. That'll tell you the presence of calcium. CT scan will also. So that'll tell you the presence of calcium. All right, Tina. There's two different growth patterns for retinoblastoma. What are the two different growth patterns? So there's exophitic and endophytic, depending on which way it grows out of the retina. OK. So what would this one be? So that looks like it's endophitic. Sorry, exophitic. Is that underneath the retina? It's underneath the retina. So it's easy to remember. Endophytic means inside. Endo inside of the retina, exophitic outside of it. So you can get two different growth patterns. One pattern you can get. The tumor will grow underneath the retina. And that was like that first picture we showed you guys. So you can see, here's the retina dreddovreti here. You've got this huge extrudative detachment. And you've got these tumor cells underneath the retina. So exophitic underneath the retina. And then you can get them to grow inside of the retina. Here's the retina here. And it'll grow inside. So this is what we call endophitic. All right, this is the classic growth pattern of endophthalmide, endophthalmide, retinoblastoma. So what do we see here? What's the classic growth pattern that we see here? So we see a lot of necrosis in this picture. Then we see these kind of, I guess, so blood vessels around it by a lot of tumor cells, kind of a circular pattern around the blood vessels. All right, so here's the blood vessel in the center. So these tumor cells grow so fast, they literally outgrow their blood supply. And what you end up getting is you get what we call dystrophic calcification. So the tumor cells literally outgrow their blood supply.  And so you get these areas of viable tumor cells surrounding the vessels, cells dying off here and then calcification secondarily. Here's a close-up showing you all this magenta color here is the calcification. And that's just because you have such a rapid growth of these tumor cells that the blood vessels just can't keep up. So you get that intense calcification. Weish, what are we looking at right here? So these are Flexner wintersteiner rosettes. Exactly, so these are the classic findings you see in these. So as you see, it forms these little round structures, rosettes, Flexner wintersteiner rosette. What is that right there? Pneumatic figure. Yeah, so these still are active. So you get a mitotic figure, they're pretty active. They're even attempting to make part of the outer retina right here. There's even some crude rods trying to be made right here as you go around. And so these are the classic findings. And now just because you have a rosette doesn't mean it's a retinoblastoma. There are rosettes in other neural tumors. Neuroblastomas have rosettes, but those don't occur inside the eye. Those are usually outside the eye. And so those are the called the Homerite rosettes, but they look very similar. So this is a sign of differentiation. When you see the Flexner wintersteiner rosettes, it's a sign that it's a differentiated tumor, which is, you know, prognostically a better thing to have it more differentiated than less differentiated. Now, what kind of stain is this, Caleb? And what is ocean blue stain? It's mucopolysaccharide. Mucopolysaccharide, exactly. So this is showing you that you really have, remember where the outer retinal segments are? You've got some mucopolysaccharide there. So this is attempting to actually, you know, make these outer segments in between these Flexner wintersteiner rosettes. So you actually have mucopolysaccharide out there. Okay, what is this thing? Reset. No, those are the neuroblastomas. Only different word here. These are called florets. And florets are like a rosette that somebody has unwound. And so it's laying out. This is even more of a sign of differentiation. So floret, you get a rosette that starts to unwind and it starts laying out. Look, it's almost making outer retina here. And so this is even more a sign of differentiation. So florets even a better sign. It's a much more differentiated tumor. Now, remember these tumor cells come from the pluripotential retinoblasts, if you will, primitive retina. They don't come from mature retina. They come from primitive retina when you see these retinoblastomas. Becca, what am I trying to show here? Give you a higher power. There's low power. There's higher power. Calcium there in the... So not only calcium, but you get a lot of dark stuff around the blood vessels here. These are the veins actually here. And what happens is when these tumor cells break down, all the material from the nucleus kind of dumps out. And so if you do analysis on this, this is all kinds of DNA and nuclear material. And so this breakdown of the cellular material as it cells up with the blood supply, you'll often get a cuff of this material around the blood vessels. So you'll see this dark stain, especially around the veins around the blood vessels here. And it has a lot of DNA. It's DNA-rich material that's there. And there you see a real high power closeup. I don't think they've ever asked this on boards, but it's kind of cool to see the picture of it. So all right, where are we right here? Catherine, what part of the eye is this? So it looks like we're capsule, so I would probably guess the, or sorry, the zone. Got it. In fact, these are little ciliary processes seen almost in a flat prep. So we're kind of out in the periphery. These are ciliary processes. And this is to remind us that these tumors can extend anteriorly, even more so from the retina. So this is actually little seedlings of tumor cells here up into the ciliary process. So here's the iris. These are ciliary processes. These are tumor cells anteriorly between the ciliary processes. Like, where are we right here? The iris up top, maybe in the angle. Exactly, what's wrong with this picture? I'm upside down. Yeah, so I do this just periodically. I'll throw it upside down and let's see if everybody's awake yet. So this is upside down. We usually put the corny on top, you know. So this is upside down. But sure enough, here's iris. Here's anterior chamber angle. And these are tumor cells in the angle. It's uncommon, but there have been presentations of retinoblastoma that have been like a sterile hypopion. And so people will look in these kids' eyes and they'll see this white, flocculant stuff in the inferior angle and they'll think it's an infection or an inflammation and it's actually tumor cells. And so you can actually get tumor cells breaking loose, coming forward and you get these tumor cells here in the anterior chamber angle. And so again, that's not a good sign. Oh, we've got good timing here, doctors. So you're just right on time. In fact, before you can even open your bag there, what are we looking at right here? They're just an overstained tumor sitting in there. All right, so what tumor leads out of the eye, gets out of the eye by going to the optic nerve? Retinoblastoma. So it's really important to remember when a retinoblastoma spreads, it spreads via the optic nerve. And so it'll actually go beyond the laminar crebrosa into the optic nerve itself. And here we see it here. Here's the laminar crebrosa. Here it is going in. This is an old slide I copied from the AFIP. This is probably from the early 70s. And this was kind of the mortality. And so this was in the 1970s. If you had tumor at the posterior edge of the optic nerve when you did any nucleation, there was about a 65% mortality rate. And then don't memorize these because these aren't valid anymore, but this just shows you how important it was if it goes beyond the laminar crebrosa. So if it was beyond the laminar crebrosa but not at the cut edge, it was about 44%. And then if it was inside the eye, even then you still had an 8% mortality rate. And so you want to look real carefully and when we get retinoblastoma globes in the lab, we actually cut the distal nerve and process it just to make sure that the distal nerve is okay. And then we carefully look to see if the tumor is spreading into the optic nerve itself. And so again, these numbers are all moot now because we've got new treatments. In fact, the last two years we've seen a more decrease in the nucleations for retinoblastoma because of the fact that people are treating them now with intraoperative and even intravitral chemotherapy to try to save the eye. So a lot different treatment now the last few years. This is what can happen if it gets out of the eye. This is a young child in Nigeria. And once the tumor gets out of the eye, it's a very aggressive, nasty tumor. All right, Tina, what are we looking at right here? It looks more major to the photo, but it looks a little more yellow. It looks like in this case, this is retina. You can see kind of retinal vasculature being pushed right up against the blurry margin with sort of big vessels. Yeah, another word we call these are telangieces. So really dilated vessels, kind of a yellowish tint to that. What would you be concerned about here? Coats disease. So this is a classic picture of coats disease. And so you get this exudative retinal detachment, but you have this kind of yellow, lipid-rich material under the retina. You've got all these little telangieces on the surface. So bilateral or unilateral usually coats. Unilateral. What's the age range? Nails eight to 10. Yeah, so older than retinoblastoma. So for some reason, males don't know why, not sure why that is. Unilateral and again, older retinoblastoma is roughly 18 months, you know, average diagnosis. Here it's more like eight years old. So it's a little bit older. And here we see, here's some telangieces. Here's the retina with all this yellow, lipid-rich exudate underneath it. There you see here again, when you look at this in a glow, this stuff almost looks like gelatin. So this exudate that's in there is almost like jello. You can bounce your little foreset off it. And of course, here's your telangiectatic vessels. And they leak like crazy into the retina and then under the retina. What are these little sickle-shaped areas? Cholesterol claps.  So the lipid dissolves when we do our processing and it leaves these little sickle or banana shapes underneath the retina. So this is again, a very lipid-rich exudate. Bonus points, what kind of cells are these? Those are macrophages. So again, when you take oral boards, you say things with conviction. You say macrophages. If you say macrophages, then they know you're guessing and you won't get credit. They go, well, yeah, but you guessed. So even if you're wrong, you say it with conviction, macrophages. And so these are almost like little, remember the game Pac-Man? They're little, they're in there munching up what's left of that lipid and protein-rich exudate. So little Pac-Man under here, trying to clean that up. They can't do it, because it leaks too much. All right, what do we see in right here, Chris? So we're seeing an external photo, leukocorrhea here. It looks kind of a raised white mass here again, kind of coming up. Maybe behind the lens? Yeah, maybe even right behind the lens or maybe even in the lens. Man, I'm really upset about the resolution on this picture here, because my screen is gorgeous. What I really wanna show, you guys have to really almost hallucinate these. There's little vessels stretched out right here, going into this mass right behind the lens, maybe even in the lens. What could that be? Something like persistent fetal vasculature. Exactly, and so you may see the term in the literature, PHPV, because that's what we used to call it. Persistent or primary, you know, let's see, pH, primary hyperplastic. Primary vitreous. Persistent, hyperplastic, primary vitreous. That's what you call it, PHPV. And so now they just call it persistent fetal vasculature. So it's an embryonic remnant. And what you can do is you can sometimes get this little retro-lental mass or even a mass going into the lens itself. This is it from behind. And what happens is the ciliary processes, they just get drawn forward as this mass, it's got fibroblasts and vessels in it and it tends to contract and really pull those ciliary vessels to the center, the ciliary processes to the center. And what is this right here? So that's the remnant of the hyaloid system, I think. Exactly, so that's the remnant hyaloid artery. And you can see here's this mass anteriorly going into the crystalline lens itself with these blood vessels pulling those ciliary processes forward and then here's that persistent hyaloid artery coming forward. And so persistent fetal vasculature is just a better way, but you may see the term PHPV if you look in some older literature, some older books and there's just a different view. All right, so here we see a nice stock coming all the way from the optic nerve to this mass behind the lens, even involving the lens itself. So again, unilateral or bilateral? Yeah, unilateral. Now these are tough to treat because even if you take out the crystalline lens and all the vasculature and do a complete protractomy, the retina's just not normal in these kids. So sometimes you end up doing all that surgery and it doesn't do anything. So here's the crystalline lens. Here's that stock of hyaloid artery and there's all these little vessels and just lipid and exudate leaking out and so all in the crystalline lens. This is the anterior variation of the persistent fetal vasculature. And here, here's the iris, here's the ciliary body and look at it being pulled forward. It's being yanked forward here with this mass. I'm going into the crystalline lens right here and there was even kind of a pseudo-hypopian in the anterior chamber, this eye was a mass. So this was the eye just to show you you can't win. This was a kid, they did exams under anesthesia and they found this mass and there was even some calcium in there and they said, God, we don't know. This could be a retinoblastoma. And we even tried to do a fine needle biopsy and we couldn't get any good cells out of there one way or another and so this was a few years ago and so the decision was made with real consultation with the family saying, you know what, we should probably remove this. This could be a tumor. They talked to them at length so they did the nucleation and we did the pathology and we went back and we said, wow, great news. This wasn't a tumor. It was a condition that we call persistent fetal vasculature. That's great news.  So, you know, that's our legal system in America.  So needless to say it got chucked out of court but you can't win for trying. I mean, you know, the good news is that, now this eye wouldn't have seen anyway. And so, but the good news is, wow, good news. You don't have it. There's no tumor in your kid's eye. Oh, that's great. Well, we're gonna sue you. So, welcome to America. Lots of lawyers in America. All right, there's a close up. Look at that silly process. Way up here, this is actually the peripheral retina being yanked up into this, into this lesion. So, very interesting. Okay, what are we seeing right here, Vaish? So, off the optic nerves, there's like this corkscrew-shaped vessel there. So, this might be kind of like a workmaster perpillae or to make a smaller remnant of the hyalurid artery. Exactly. So this is kind of the posterior remnant of that hyalurid artery system that's regressed. And so, you'll get this little corkscrew vessel coming out. These are pretty cool when you see them. But usually, vision here is normal. So, a little corkscrew vessel here, and then, of course, here's your remnant hyalurid artery coming back into that. Now, when you get connective tissue around that, in addition to the artery, then we call it a birdmeister's perpillae. So, you'll have this little veil of gliotic tissue with the little corkscrew vessel in it. And that's kind of the posterior remnant of the hyalurid artery system. Again, here's the artery coming up. Here's some gliotic tissue around it. So, corkscrew vessel, birdmeister's perpillae. The posterior, your variant of the persistent fetal vasculature. All right, Caleb, what do we see in here? So, young patient external photo, the cochorean both eyes. Yeah, so this is both eyes now. So, that changes your differential a little bit. What are entities that can cause the cochory that can occur in both eyes simultaneously? General cataracts, good. Yep, those can be. So, the most common ones are gonna be, of course, cataract, I wanna miss those, but also end stage retinopathy of prematurity or ROP. And what are we looking at here? Does this tell us what the diagnosis is? Let's say you could look inside. Yeah, so this is, so the optic tissue is stretched and this is characteristic of ROP. So, we call this the dragged disc. So, you know, ROP, what happens is, is these kids are born prematurely. Their retina, especially temporally, hasn't gone all the way out to the aura. It hasn't completely vascularized and completely formed. And so, when you put these kids on high doses of oxygen, what would happen then is that you would get a frond of neovascularization right at that leading edge. And then you end up getting scarring and you get that disc pulled over. In the nowadays, we monitor the disc much more carefully and they watch their oxygen closely. But now we're saving fetuses at even 24 weeks, which is just stunning, but they're still at a high risk of ROP. And so, we really wanna check them regularly because if you have that avascular peripheral retina, then you can get fronds in neovascularization, then you get dragged discs. You can even get the end stage of this, which we used to call this retro-lental fibroplasia. What it is is it's a total funnel-shaped retinal detachment behind the lens. So that was kind of the end stage of ROP and that's why you got that leukocorea. So hopefully we don't see that as much lately because we're really monitoring the oxygen very carefully in these kids, but again, they're being born younger and younger. And there we see total funnel-shaped retinal detachment attached at the optic nerve and here at the auricirata.  It's a sclerobuckle. Sclerobuckles. So they've tried to save this eye by doing a sclerobuckle. So we wanna try to keep it from becoming a total retinal detachment. And so you do that by, we used to do cryotherapy and then avascular retina. Now we do laser, we'll do endo-laser or laser through an indirect to try to kill off that ischemic peripheral retina and prevent it from going on to the full retro-lental fibroplasia and the full total RD. All right, another weird entity here. What do we see in here? So we've got, looks like, a lot of white, fibrous tissue in the vitreous. And it looks like sort of the ret attached. Yeah, so this mass of this white stuff may even be pulling the retina into it. And so this is a unilateral condition. It's again a kid, maybe three years old. And we look, what the heck is that thing? It's like toxocara. Exactly, so toxocara cani. And so what do little puppies do?  And then what do little kids do? They get down and play with the puppies, the puppies lick them on the face and the kids end up getting these toxocara ingested. It actually goes into the GI tract and then it'll proliferate and then it'll go through the wall of the GI tract and then it'll disseminate to various end organs. And one of the end organs that the toxocara can disseminate to is actually the eye.  So it's interesting if you kill it, it gets even more inflammation. And so then people try to go in and do a vitrectomy and get it out. But these are rare, but difficult to treat. So toxocara can cause leukocorrhea. What do we see in right here? Here's the angle. What tissue are we in right here? Ciliary body. Ciliary body? What is that stuff? As there's like a round collection of cells with like a lot of clear, like foamy looking cytoplasm in them. And nodular peering. I know that's something you'd never expect, but believe it or not, that is cartilage. So what's an entity that can give you leukocorrhea that has cartilage in the ciliary body? There might usually aren't in the ciliary body. This is a specific entity. It's usually not conductive toward long life, certainly, or much life. This is just something you need to memorize for boards. This is trisomy 13. So trisomy 13 is an entity where you can get cartilage in the ciliary body. And then in addition to that, you get a dysplastic retina and you get all of these rosettes forming, you know, dysplastic, not meaning tumor involving, but just meaning disorder retina. So trisomy 13, you get all these rosettes in the retina posteriorly and then you can get cartilage in the ciliary body. So you really want to memorize that because that can pop up on boards. You know, they'll say, okay, what is an entity that can cause cartilage in the ciliary body? And the two entities are trisomy 13. Beckham, what's another entity that can cause cartilage in the ciliary body? Mediolopathylioma, exactly. So those are good PIMP questions to remember because those are the two. Those are the two. All right, enough with leukocorrhea. Let's kind of shift gears a little bit. Look at some other tumors. All right, Catherine, what are we seeing right here?  Concerned about here. The melanoma. Okay, melanoma or nevus. You know, you can still get iris nevi too. And the key thing here, you always want to put a goniomere on people who have, you know, pigmented lesions of the iris because you want to make sure that that is not going at the angle but a pretty good view here. You've got pretty clear there. That thing's not going into the angle. And so your differential would be nevus versus melanoma. What's a test that can be done that'll help you a little bit with that? Well, you can do a biopsy, but short of a biopsy, less invasive. You can do an ultrasound. So Dr. Harry has got a way, he's got a high frequency ultrasound handpiece. You can put it in a water bath so that, you know, because if you put that thing right on the cornea, it really kind of washes out all the anterior segment structure. So put a water bath in there and you put this high frequency ultrasound. You can see if that lesion is growing into the ciliary body, if it's growing behind, you can measure the thickness and make sure this looks more like a nevus. So this is more nevus looking. All right, what do we see in right here? So this is another, you know, pigmented mass in the anterior chamber. Almost opposing the cornea, looks like towards the inferior cornea. Look at that. Look at that slit lamp beam. So that thing is really thick. What else is worrisome with this? They're early shaped and it seems like it's almost pulling iris for it a little bit as well. And it looks like it's going all the way into the angle when you look here with a slit lamp. You'd be very concerned here about the possibility of being a melanoma. Now, when I was a resident, we used to, you know, they teach us, okay, iris melanomas have a very good prognosis. And they say, well, because you find them early and you can get them out of there and they don't spread. And so good prognosis. And I think the reason for that good prognosis is it turns out the vast majority of what used to be called iris melanomas are actually variations of Nevi. So Fred Jakobiak went through all these files at the AFIP, they found like 180 iris lesions. Sorry, they'll drop numbers. 186 lesions, you know. And they looked at all of the slides and then they said, wait a minute, of all of these quote melanomas, it turns out that, you know, about a third of them are melanomas. The other two are just variations of Nevi. So they went through and they actually categorize iris pigmented lesions. And it's really important that you guys memorize these because, you know, what we used to call melanomas aren't really melanomas. And so the first most benign iris lesion we see right here. Rachel, what are we looking at here? Yeah, and what's their shape? Their spindle shape. And so you look at these little spindly shaped nucleus, kind of an indistinct cytoplasm around them. No nucleoline, no mycotic figures, totally benign spindle shaped melanocytes in the iris. What do we call this? This is a spindle nevus. This would be the equivalent of a spindle A in the chloride. And so this is called a spindle nevus of the iris. All right, Tina, these have kind of similar cells, but I'm showing that low power. What are we seeing here? A lot of part of the iris. So we literally call this spindle nevus with plaque. So you've got pure spindle nevus. It's just a nevus. Spindle nevus with plaque. That's kind of the second category. Chris, what do we see in here that's a little different? Here we're seeing, it's similar. The cells have a little bit, I think we see some, maybe some nucleoline there. Yeah, some are looking a little bit rounder here rather than spindle shaped. Maybe a little clump chromatin here. So instead of being pure spindly, they're kind of showing a few little features that are a little bit suspicious. So we call this a borderline spindle nevus. And so something that's moving along toward a little bit more of a suspicious lesion. And then, Weish, what are we seeing here? Here, practically, all the cells have nucleoli and they look just plastic, so this is more of a spindle cell melanoma. Exactly, so this is a spindle cell melanoma. So if the spindly cells that are there, you can have just a pure spindle nevus, spindle nevus with plaque, borderline spindle nevus, and finally, spindle melanomas. If you look at these, the cells are now rounder oval. There's that distinct nucleolus in them. And so this is kind of akin to the spindle B melanoma, the coroid. And so this is up here, spindle melanoma. What are we seeing right here, Caleb? So these are more epithelioid-type cells. They have this more distinct cytoplasm and more clear border. So this is more of, or excuse me, nevus. Yeah, so this is, if you look at it, this is kind of a bleach specimen because these can be pretty heavily pigmented. But if you look, the really the nuclei are benign here, but they're bigger cells or more. And so you can get an epithelioid cell nevus, very uncommon, but you can get an epithelioid cell nevus. And of course, if I showed you that first, what's the next one gonna be? That would be epithelioid melanoma. Exactly, epithelioid melanoma. So if you look, these are big cells, big nucleolus, clump chromatin, distinct cellular borders around them, pleomorphic, different sizes, different shapes. And so epithelioid melanomas can also occur in the iris, but they're really uncommon. And then you can even get mixed melanomas in there. Now, the other thing you can get, you can get a melanocytoma of the iris, which is really rare. I don't have path on one of those. I've just not seen one before, but they're very uncommon. So I think the reason why, quote, iris melanomas, that's such a good prognosis, two-thirds of them are really variations of neovire rather than melanomas. All right, so what are we looking at right here? All right, so you see this mass here, right here. But if you look real carefully, look, maybe it's right there. So this is a picture I took myself as a resident. This guy was a University of Illinois alumni and went to the football games. And the first game of the season, he could read the scoreboard with his sign, then started getting fuzzy by the third game. And then by the fifth game, he couldn't see the scoreboard. And so he came to the VA in Chicago and we looked at him, sure enough, there's this tumor growing here, but behind there pushing against the lens and he developed a cataract from the tumor pushing on it. That's what he was seeing. And so he came in. So indeed, there is this pigmented lesion growing from the... Cylary body. So when you think of pigmented lesions of the eye, iris is separate. We covered that separately. Cylary body and coroid are all under the classification of UVO melanoma. So they all have a similar classification. So we look right here again. Here's a tumor. You can see it starting to peek out here anteriorly and then it's growing posterior to the iris and pushing on that lens, giving you a focal cataract. And here's a gony ovu. Big tumor behind the iris and even forming a synechia, overlying it as it's pushing forward. What is this thing? Beca. So there's an enlarged vessel inferiorly. We call that a sentinel vessel. The reason we call it a sentinel is because it points out to where that tumor is. And so if you see somebody with just an isolated dilated vessel there, that should really raise red flags because it's kind of pointing to something saying, hey, wait a minute, there might be a tumor here. So, you know, look in that area. And of course we dilated the patient, sure enough, there was a vision there in the Cylary body. So here we see, here's this lesion arising from the Cylary body, heavily pigmented, pushing up against the crystalline lens and eventually leading to a cataract, which was the patient's symptom. The reason why these Cylary body tumors are bad actors is two. First off, they're hiding behind the iris so they can grow over time. But secondly, they're really close to the anterior chamber angle. They're close to those vessels that drain the anterior chamber angle, you know, the aqueous vessels. And so you have more chance of these getting out of the eye. So that's why they're bad actors. Here we see, here's this tumor in the Cylary body coming up actually into the trabecular meshwork. So here we have again, here's iris, tumor in the Cylary body into the trabecular meshwork. And of course what we worry about is, look, here's tumor cells here along the outside of one of those aqueous veins that's sure enough right there. So when we look at these globes in the lab, we look very carefully at the outside surface of the sclera to make sure there's not little black areas there because these tumors in the Cylary body, they can go out through the aqueous veins and then they can actually come up here to the epi sclera. And you'll see tumor cells up there. So we look for these little black areas there. All right, so what do we see in, right? Did I ask, did you do the last one? No, I didn't get it, I didn't get it. Okay, get it. What are we seeing here? I think a nevus, it's flat pigment. All right, so this is your standard kind of choroidal nevus. It's flat, you don't see fluid, you don't see lipofucin on the surface, little orange deposits on the surface. So you could do an ultrasound here, but if it's that flat, they've really gotta be more than a millimeter thick, maybe even closer to two millimeters thick before Dr. Harry's ultrasound could really pick it up. But so this one's just a nevus, nothing suspicious. You just photograph, measure, and follow. All right, what do we see in here? So I would say, you know, find this photo of the retina, it's out of focus, looks like it's raised up a little bit. Exactly, so it's in focus here, it's out of focus down there, so this thing's coming toward you. So big subretinal lesion here. And then as we look at the surface, you start to see kind of this orange-ish lipofucin, elevated lesion, so your concern here would be? Corretal melanoma. Corretal melanoma, so you'd be worried about a corretal melanoma here. So what's the classic growth pattern of a corretal melanoma? Like a mushroom, why is that? As we hear about it grows and grows and grows, and then breaks through elastic brooks membrane and then kind of expands after that. Exactly, so brooks membrane, remember, brooks membrane has kind of an elastic layer in it, and so that tumor starts growing in the coroid, it grows and grows and grows, and brooks membrane eventually breaks, and the tumor breaks through there, but then brooks membrane still has kind of a little elastic property, a little tethering effect there, and then the tumor will mushroom out underneath the retina. So that's your classic mushroom melanoma, rises from the coroid, breaks through brooks, mushrooms underneath the retina, so that's kind of the classic growth pattern. There you just see, well, Rachel, what is this right next to it here? Yeah, so what could that be? What could be really acellular and kind of diffuse pinkly staining? This is actually exudate, and so oftentimes when you look at these, the tumor can look bigger when you're looking at it because it can have an exudative retinal detachment next to it or around it, and so you want to be careful not to overdo, yes. Yeah, you can get a halo around that, you can even get on top of it an exudative detachment, so now Roger can tell the difference on an ultrasound, he's really good at that, so he'll be able to tell that. All right, now, how do we classify this back to Tina? Who first came up with the classification for melanomas? It was calendar, it was calendar's classification, so what is the classification? What's the, first one, what is this one? Spindle A, again, say it with conviction, say it, spindle A. Spindle A. Spindle A, so if you look at this, this looks like the spindle nevis of the iris, little spindly-shaped nuclei, indistinct cytoplasm, no nucleolides, so if you have a pure spindle a lesion, it's really a nevis, it's not a melanoma. So what are these now? Spindle B. Spindle B, so let's see if I have a pie. That was easy. So spindle B, they are more oval rather than total spindle shape, almost like cigar-shaped, and you've got this distinct nucleolus looking back at you, so it's almost like there's little eyes staring back at you from each one of these. Again, though, indistinct kind of cellular borders and cytoplasm, they all kind of run together. So spindle B, these are actually melanomas. Weish, what are these? These are epithelioid. Epithelioid, you can tell the difference. These are really nasty-looking cells, I mean, they're big, there's clumped chromatin, there's multiple necliolide, they have a distinct cellular border around them, and the pleomorphic, look, some of them are small, some of them are huge. And so this is epithelioid, and of course you can get what we call a mixed, so that's spindle B and epithelioid, so kind of the progression. Spindle A, probably more like a nevus, if you will. Spindle B, melanoma mixed, a mixture of spindle B and epithelioid, and then pure epithelioid are very uncommon. But the reason that that's important is prognostically the cell type is the most important thing. So the more aggressive the cell type, the more aggressive the tumor is. Now people are doing genetic testing, we're looking at other things, but before we had that, cell type was first, and then size, and then location. So those are the important facts, but now you can look at the genetics of these, and so we'll often take tissue from these fresh and do genetic analysis. Why are we showing this picture? Is that behind the eye? That's exactly, here's the optic nerve, that's the posterior sclera. Might be erupting through the sclera posteriorly. Yes, and believe it or not, we are holding a small vein right here. O.C.F. theater? So that's a vortex vein, it's a vortex vein. So when melanomas spread from the eye, they spread through any of the emissariat. You know, what's an emissariat? Someone who kind of goes through the enemy lines, you know, to talk to the other side, so you wave your white flag, you go through the line, and so any time a vessel either goes out of the sclera or penetrates into the sclera, that's a spot where melanomas can get out. And so melanomas don't just eat through sclera.  And so the melanomas will spread via the vortex veins, which drain the chloride, or even if they're more posteriorly around the optic nerve, where the posterior, ciliary arteries and nerves come in, they can actually go out through those channels also. So they usually, most commonly, will go out through one of the vortex veins, which drains the chloride. And here you can see, here's the sclera here, here's a vein, and it doesn't go through the vein itself, it goes along where the vein is. So that's a weak spot, and the tumor works its way out. Sure enough, now here's the outside surface of the sclera, here's the vessel, and the tumor cells will go out. So we again, look for those little black spots, you know, on the surface of the sclera, outside where the tumor is, to see if there's signs of extension. Where do they metastasize when melanomas leave the eye? To the liver. So the saying you remember, beware the yellow man with the glass eye. Think about it. You can say, art after that. Beware the yellow man with the glass eye. So when these do metastasize, they metastasize to the liver. And these can metastasize years later. It's very strange. I don't know if you get micro-metastases, and then the immune system keeps them intact until finally they grow, but there's been reports of metastases years later in the liver of melanoma from an eye that had been enucleated long before. Now there was controversy when I was a resident also, because as people were enucleating eyes to treat melanoma, they did a little study and they said, wow, if you enucleate them, more people die of metastatic disease than if you don't enucleate them. And Lawrence Zimmerman, who used to run the AFIP presented this data and people just went nuts. They said, that can't be. And so what it turned out is that you weren't comparing apples to apples. And so what was happening is these tumors would start to really grow. They'd hit a really rapid growth phase, which means they're becoming more epithelioid and becoming more aggressive. And then you would enucleate them. And so sure they would have more metastases in that case than they would have if you had just left them alone, because the ones that were left alone were not growing rapidly. So that was discredited, but there were all these bizarre treatments we had at the time. People would try to freeze the eye before you enucleated. We had what was called the no-touch technique. You'd try to enucleate it, but not squeeze the eye at all. You wouldn't press those tumor cells out, but the bottom line is once these tumor cells hit their rapid growth phase, those cells are going out of the eye anyway. So whether you enucleate them or not, it's not gonna make a difference. But now when we're treating them with plaque or external beam radiation, we're much better at looking at these early on than this is what people try to prevent is these metastases at this point. Was interesting because that really was the impetus behind the COMT study. So they did a study comparing plaque radiation to enucleation, and they found it didn't really make a whole lot of difference. But they took large tumors and they actually irradiated the whole eye in the orbit before enucleation to see if that went up, did make any difference. So bottom line now is when we see these, you can treat these with plaque radiation. You can treat them with external beam radiation. Now the problem with external beam radiation is you need something that makes really accelerated protons. I.e. an accelerator. You don't have those in the basement of your hospital usually. You kind of need like a nuclear accelerator and make those proton beams. And so there's very few places. From here we could send them to San Francisco, Devin Char does them, you can send them to Chicago or to Boston. And so yeah, you just don't have this nuclear accelerator in your basement to make protons to treat these. Okay, I guess we were at, Theresa did you do that last one? Okay, Becca. What are we seeing here? Kind of fuzzy, non-distinct. What's your concern be here? I would still be thinking about tumor, but maybe more like a metastasis, something amelanotic. Exactly, so you can still have an amelanotic melanoma. Now remember, they don't necessarily have to be pigmented, but remember, you can get metastatic tumors to the coroid also. And so metastatic tumors and again, they kind of mimic the tumors that you see in people. So if it's a 75-year-old woman, you'd worry that this would be a breast carcinoma. If it's a 65-year-old guy who smokes, you'd worry about lung cancer. And it used to be that by far the most common tumor in women was breast and then lung was much, much less, but now lung cancer is almost caught up. So there was a commercial in the 70s when cigarette commercials were still on TV and there'd be this really sleek dynamic woman and she would have this cigarette in their Virginia Slims and the tagline was you've come a long way, baby. And so it meant you could compete with men and you've come away and you could even smoke and be sophisticated and cool. And so yeah, they did come a long way. Now women can die of lung cancer just like men can, so women have come a long way. So when you think of metastatic tumors, you think of what the most common are. Now you can still get metastatic GI tumors, prostatumers there, but they're less common. So by far and away, women is breast, men is lung, but lung is catching up in women. So this turned out to be an adenocarcinoma of the breast. And so this is actually a musin stain. So this was actually a musinus, adenocarcinoma, metastatic to the correlate. And this turned out to be, this was a gentleman and this was a metastatic lung tumor. And so again, metastatic tumors can occur to the core, it's a metastatic lung tumor. And we say goodbye to the gardens there at the Shonbrun Zoo. So next week we're gonna just go over as many pictures as we can squeeze in in an hour to do a review of path for OCAPS. So any questions? All right, very good.


All right, hello everyone. I'm Lily Sturman. I'm a senior software engineer at Red Hat and we have 10 action packed minutes to talk about Rust in supply chain security with Sigstore and Ferris, the Rust mascot. So why are we all here? We are here today because we care about securing the open source supply chain in software and open source software. And I won't belabor this too much but I do want to set a little bit of context. So we are here because we know that the software supply chain can be quite complex and we know that each step in this chain matters because each step can impact the end resulting application. So what we don't want is those nasty green things on the screen representing vulnerabilities to enter any part of the supply chain and end up in the end product or application. So that is why Sigstore is here. Sigstore aims to make software signing ubiquitous, aims to make the signing of artifacts involved in the software supply chain ubiquitous. And it does so by offering all of these tools that the other talks today have already done a great job of summing up so I'm not going to go into depth on each of them. Thank you to the previous speakers who went into those deep dives that were really good on these technologies. I do want to point out that if you go to github.com slash Sigstore you will see an interesting phenomenon which is that under pinned repositories we now have several repositories that are language specific. So Rust is not the only one. We've got, for example, Sigstore Python, Sigstore Java. And the idea behind these is that in order to make signing more ubiquitous we want to offer these libraries to developers who are coding in all of these different languages so they can pull that in to their source code and use these tools and make them available for a wider variety of use cases. So why Rust, though? Well, obviously it's because it's the language with the cutest mascot. That is not the only reason. So traditionally there was this awkward tension between when you're choosing a programming language you had to make the choice between languages that are speedy and reliable in their performance and are really good for systems programming for that reason versus other languages that have memory safety capabilities through mechanisms like garbage collection but are much less performant and that's not really a choice that anyone wants to make. So Rust actually offers the best of both of these worlds. It has good reliable performance and also built in memory safety mechanisms enforced by the compiler among many other things that it offers. So this is why many security conscious projects today are already using Rust in some capacity and this was the idea behind making SigStore and some of the SigStore tools available in Rust so that they can be pulled in as a library into those projects. And this is why we have introduced SigStore RS. This is obviously complementary to the original tools which are still available in Golang and these other language tools that I pointed out earlier as well. So we have, even though we're still very much an active development, we have a lot of features available that people can already use. For example, we have signature verification for OCI images. We've got integration with Fulcio using the OIDC flow. And recently in the past month or two we've actually now got a key interface that has key generation and signing for blobs and we've also got integration with the Recore transparency log. So that is pretty exciting. And the other thing that I noticed when I was creating this slide is that the last time I gave a slightly different version of this talk which was just like two months ago, the crates.io downloads for SigStore RS were actually I think in the low 1,000 so that's actually a 5x improvement since that time. So that's pretty cool. Ferris is really happy about it. So the moment that we have been waiting for, we are going to show a quick demo and first of all please tell me whether I should make this larger or if you can see it. Thumbs up for I can see it well. Okay, great. Thank you. You all actually respond. So I will first explain. We have basically a demo repository that we call Ferris sign. It is not part of SigStore but it pulls in the SigStore RS library to basically show how it can be used and we're going to go through a flow that will take an example file, generate some ephemeral piece to sign it. We're going to go through the full SEO flow that we covered in the earlier talk. So we're going to get a full SEO signing certificate and create a re-core entry that has the signature and the signing certificate embedded in there. Then we're going to turn right around and we're going to do a verification of that same blob using the information from the re-core entry that we're going to pull back down. I do want to point out just for the purposes of this demo, we're not going through the six-step verification that you should do if you are actually being very security conscious that we were talking about in the earlier talk. This is really just going to extract the signature and public key and verify that the signature is correct just to show the full SEO and the re-core integration in SigStore RS currently. So first, we're going to run this command and what you see is that we will first sign. We're going to sign just an example file. This could be anything on the system. I think this says foo in it, but we're going to pretend that it's important and we're going to sign it and then this flag is telling us that afterwards we will also verify it and these other two flags at the end are optional, but they basically dump out the full SEO signing certificate as well as the signature in case we want to look at them. But we're going to just ignore that because we're going to get that same data from the re-core entry that we will upload. So here we have the OIDC flow. I'm going to use my credentials to log in through GitHub. This will give us the full SEO signing certificate and you see there is a lot of output here. So we're just going to go through it and see what happened. So this was the OIDC and we have received an OIDC token for the email. This is my email that you see here. We request and we get a signing certificate from full SEO that has the email embedded in it. We dump out the certificate data and the signature to the local system and then we bundle this all up and send it to re-core with a created entry. So this is going through six store RS creating this entry for us. We've got lots of data here. I do want to point out the UUID so it ends with an FAA2. That's what we use to pull this back down. Now we're going to switch and do the verification using this UUID of the re-core entry. We pull down that re-core entry and then what we can do is parse out the full SEO signing certificate and the signature and so those are dumped here on the screen so that you can visually see what happened. This is the certificate. It's in the re-core, hash-re-core, hash-re-core de-entry as the public key. We parse the certificate. We get this public key and then we use that to see that our blob was signed correctly and as you can see verification did succeed, which is fantastic. That's what we want to see. So that is one of several flows that we can go through. This one was nice, I thought, because it shows both the re-core and full SEO integration and that's pretty much it unless I don't know if I really have three minutes. Okay, okay. All right, there's a shorter demo but I think if I start that we're going to run out of time halfway through. Okay, let us slightly go off script and see if this one still works. So this is going to show a keyless flow for an OCI image. So last time we signed a blob and we verified the blob. This is the keyless flow and it is caveat. It is still using cosine to sign the image but then it's going to use the rust version to verify it. And just for context, I think, yeah, here, this is just in GitHub container repository. I have this image, it's very simple. It's just for the demo and this is where we're going to push that signature and where we're going to check that it was signed correctly. Oh yeah, so I had signed it earlier. So now we're going to use six store RS to make sure that this can be correctly verified and it does say image was successfully verified. It has all of this other output which looks alarming but it's actually okay. So image successfully verified with rust OCI image as well as a blob, it does work. Thank you very much. I will do one more thing which is to let you know that we have an overwhelming number of ways to get in touch. This is the one that is rust specific. So we have a channel on the six store Slack instance that is six store RS. And then there are all of these other resources if you're interested in six store in general. If you're not already joined up to these, please do so and get in touch if you have any interest. Thank you very much for attending my talk and for being here today.


Live from San Francisco, celebrating 10 years of high-tech coverage, it's theCUBE. Covering VMworld 2019. Brought to you by VMware and its ecosystem partners. Welcome back inside the Moscone Center. We're here in Moscone North wrapping up our coverage here at VMworld 2019. Glad to have you with us here on theCUBE as we continue our 10th consecutive year of coverage here of the event. Stu Miniman along with John Walls, joined now by Rob Emsley, who is the director of data protection, product marketing at Dell EMC. Rob, good to see you, sir. Hey, John. Saw you almost when I walked, you were the first person I saw when I walked in the room the other day. You were. And now you're one of the last. I know. And Efri Natalshai, who is the director of data protection and cloud native apps at Dell EMC. Efri, good to see you, sir. Good to see you. Yeah, first off, let's just talk about the world of data protection in general here. Everybody's talking multi and hybrid and all these things. Your world's changing a little bit, right? Because of these new environments and these new opportunities. So if you could just paint that 30,000 foot picture first of thematically how your world is evolving. Yeah, I mean, I think the keyword in data protection is data. And I think that wherever it is created and wherever it is managed, customers need to look after it. You know, there's the old adage that there's only two things that customers worry about. One is their employees and two is their data. So as we've seen the adoption of cloud as an infrastructure model, and you're starting to see many customers extend their on-premises infrastructure to the cloud and using the cloud for production level applications, they realize that, and often they're told, you got to do something about your data. So that's led to all vendors, especially ourselves, over the last several years, really expanding the portfolio and the capabilities that we have from a non-premises centric environment to the multi-cloud. Yeah, so every, a lot of discussion about Kubernetes, before we get into that, you've got cloud native in your title. And Rob talked about data and talked about the applications. I'm hoping you can bring us inside as to, what's different when we're talking about cloud native applications that from a data protection standpoint, what do you have to think about differently? Is it the microservices, architecture and containers fundamentally change the way things are done? Is it similar to what we've done in the past? Definitely, we see customers, some customers are taking what they have right now and they move it into cloud native infrastructure. A lot of customers are building new applications and new workloads and they build it on top of new applications. So they basically build a whole new set of applications and infrastructure and want to combine them together. And they come to us and ask us, how do I protect this? And these things spin up, spin down, move around. They have very different life cycle than the traditional applications. Yeah, it's funny. Rob, I think back to, it's like tape, how we dealt this because of environment versus disk versus containerized application. Boy, by the time I want to set something up, isn't that gone? And things move around all over the place. It's got to put different types of environments than you need to span all of these. I was chatting with Efri earlier and we were talking about, well, what's changed kind of in the last couple of years around the deployment and usage of Kubernetes, the deployment of containers. And Efri was saying that one of the most fundamental changes is the introduction of persistent volumes. And as soon as persistency comes into the mix, that's where things start to change and Efri's phone started ringing with respect to, hey, what are you doing to bring data protection into this environment? I think two years ago everything was said to be stateless. And then suddenly people understood that's not enough. You need to add some state to existing applications. And then the notion of persistent volumes came along and then customers and developers saw that it's actually working quite nicely and they started relying more and more and moving more state into their applications running on containers environments. So the first thing that customers ask us about is where do I store my data? Where's the primary volume that is done by our storage folks? The next question is how do I protect my data? And this is where we come into the picture and we offer an architecture that is built for containerized environment and takes care of that lifecycle that we talked about before. Containers are coming and going. You need to protect the data and the containers, the data and the metadata together in order to bring that protection level that customers looks for. As the concerns about data protection have been elevated now and see sweet discussions now. Has that created a different approach or maybe a change of tone or tenor from your clients to you because the discussions are being elevated in their own businesses and so there's, is there a different kind of attention being paid to this or different kinds of concerns than maybe three, four years ago? Yeah, I mean it's interesting. I mean one of the things we run every couple of years is a global study. We call it the Global Data Protection Index. This year we interviewed 2200 IT decision makers and we kind of asked them about how are they valuing data protection and also how are they valuing data? And the one thing that has definitely changed is that the value of data to them has become more critically important. I think it's always been important but I think as they start thinking about data as capital, they are starting to realize that it's only capital if you've got it. If you don't have it, it's nothing to you. And it's only yours if you have it. Well, yeah. Right and nobody else. Oh, absolutely. Right. That would be good there, dear. Every Kubernetes course is open source and everybody's got what they're doing in it. You've got an announcement, some work you're doing with VMware. It's open source also. Bring us inside a little bit Valero. How did we get to this point? Part of the CNCF yet, kind of being submitted or how does that fit into the whole community? Yeah, sure. So as you said and we talked about it earlier this week with Beth and people at Data Protection Announcements. We are working with collaboration with Valero, now part of VMware, in order to bring that data protection solution. So Valero is an open source project. It's out there in the open. You have thousands of stars, GitHub stars, very popular among the DevOps community about Kubernetes users. You can hear about it from customers that are looking for solutions. Valero is very good at backing up cluster containers and applications. And we have a lot of experience in enterprise data protection, making sure that you have a solution that has compliance reporting. You can track your data. You can define policies scheduling, all of that. So we are combining these two and collaborating with Valero in order to have a solution that answers both the needs of the backup admin. And they just want to go home knowing that their production environment is protected. And the DevOps people and the Kubernetes administrators, and they just want to get a volume and forget about data protection, everybody can work in their environment with the tools that they know, with the permissions that they want, and they can both work together and be happy. And the companies that we work with are the ones that have good relationship between the DevOps team and the backup administrators. And they sit at the same table and talk to us, and everybody tells us what they want and what they need. And as a result, we build a solution so that we'll be able to answer the needs of both of them. So do you have to build, sometimes those relationships within a company to get them to talk or collaborate in a more conducive environment? Because you see all kinds, right?  You just talked about that, Afri, that some very successful, some very constructive, maybe some that aren't on the same page. And so that's almost part of your responsibility to come in before you even get to where, you can talk about the work, we've got to talk about the collaboration, that they're not there yet. We usually come when there is a story. People try to move their applications to production. The developers are already working on something, and now the developers want volumes and the IT ops, people tell them, no, no, no, if you can't protect it, according to our rules, we'll not pass the audit. We can do that for you. And that creates a friction inside those teams. In the organization that we talked with, there is recognition of that already, and now they come together to the table and they want to hear something that would, they would be able to work with us, both on the management, on the IT ops and the management on cube control and what DevOps people are using. And it's large companies that are coming and talking to us. I think when you get the large companies, quite often you have some more of these different fiefdoms of users inside, but because they're large companies, they have certain requirements from a regulations and compliance perspective. So they have those concerns, and every has been saying, as we look at the early design partners, customers that we're looking to work with, they're big companies that are coming to us. Rob, can you just help us understand? We talked about Valero there, so some open softwares, does the PowerTek just sit on top of that? Yeah, so, yeah, it's a great question. So, you know, as you know, we introduced PowerTek software at Dell Technologies World. It started shipping to customers at the end of July, and Kubernetes support is really the first example of what we said that we were going to be able to do, which is more rapidly bring new workload and new capabilities into our PowerTek software offering than we've ever been able to do before.  So what we will do is the tech preview that we announced this week, you know, we will roll that out in an upcoming release in production, and that will become available to, you know, any of the PowerTek software users. So, you know, right within the PowerTek software management interface, you know, that has the VMware support, Oracle, SQL and file systems will add the additional workload support of being able to protect Kubernetes, using the same workloads, the abilities to create protection policies. And I'm interested, Efri, is with protection policies, because as you were saying about how the environment can change quite rapidly, is that by using a policy, you don't need to watch for those changes. As changes happen, the policy will keep track of what it needs to do as far as protecting those new applications as they come up and as they go away. Yeah, what happens is the ones who define the policies are the RT operations and the backup admins, they want to comply with the rules that they have and they define the gold, silver, bronze policies, whatever have you, and then they can give it to the Kubernetes admins, and the Kubernetes admins can say, okay, these are my volumes, these are my applications, I will just use kubectl and annotate those objects. We will discover that, we'll automatically create a schedule that would create that backup. So in essence, the Kubernetes admin doesn't really need to care about the compliance rules, they need to care about policies, and the backup admin can take care of all the rest. And the applications are driving the policies and not the other way around. Yeah, I mean, the Kubernetes admins are used to defining policies in terms of how they provision their storage, for example, we want to do the same in the data protection area. So as far as things like retention periods, as far as whether or not the data needs to be replicated, whether or not the data needs to be tiered to the cloud. Those are all things that the IT admin team can do, and it sort of separates kind of, so orchestration and governance is a big part of Parapax X software. Yeah, Rob, what I'd love to get your viewpoint on is data protection historically was not one of the faster moving things in the IT realm. Last two or three years at VMworld, it's been one of the hottest topic. I said, the keynote on Monday felt like we were at Kubernetes world, not quite KubeCon just yet, because there's a lot of projects there, but I walked down to the show floor, and it's not storage world like the last day, it's data protection world, big booths, lots of glowing parties for all these people, so customers, they embracing change, and what's that mean for your portfolio? Yeah, I mean, it's interesting, I mean, I think over the years, if you think about where'd you go if you want to learn about data protection, VMworld is probably one of the best shows to go to, because we're all here. I mean, as you know, I've been crazy enough to be in the data protection business for almost 15 years now, and it hasn't changed. If you want to talk to data protection vendors, then VMworld is a really good show to go to. I think that for us, what VMworld has done is it's provided a common foundation, and that's also providing a common foundation to get us from on premises into the multi-cloud environment, so once you develop great data protection solutions in the VMworld environment, is that your target market becomes quite broad, because there's so much VMworld virtualization out there in the market, but now you're absolutely correct, is that you walk the show floor, and it's an interesting site. I think in addition to that, we also have a lot of, obviously, Kubernetes in the show, and I think what we have seen over the last couple of years is that customers were coming to us asking for solutions, and this is why we were able, with the PowerProtect architecture and platform, to innovate more quickly and respond to those fast-changing trends, because now you have persistency of volumes, now you have protection. VMware acquired Heptail. We could work together on creating that solution. Yeah, absolutely. We've been at the KubeCon show for a number of years. Heptail, of course, had a presence last year. VMware had a bigger presence, but that maturation of the storage component was something we knew would take time. We'd watched it in the virtualization world. Those of us that lived through that 10 to 15 years ago, and containerization, it's starting to reach that maturity, and we're hitting that inflection point. And if you also want to think about the announcement Pat made on the keynote on Monday, where he said we are going to work much more with PowerProtect to address data protection capabilities, this is one of the things we are collaborating with the Heptail team. We are contributing to the open source. We are building together things that can move in the pace of Kubernetes and address the needs of our more legacy companies that need data protection with compliance. So, Rob, that'll keep you in business for another 15 years. I hope so. I hope so. Gentlemen, thanks for the time. Thank you. We appreciate that, especially on your birthday, right? Oh, tomorrow. Tomorrow, right? I'm sorry, or tomorrow on your birthday, should be home for that, but happy early birthday. Thank you very much. We should have a cube cake. You should, especially at the end of the day. I know, I know.  That's for sure. Hey, gentlemen, thank you again. We appreciate it. Thanks, John. We'll be back in a little bit streaming the continuing coverage here. VMworld 2019 with some final thoughts from our panelists just a little bit. See you all on the other side for that.


Thank you Joanna. Kia ora koutou and warm Pacific greetings to you all. I'm here to tell you about a cool project. Earlier this year the National Library of New Zealand for which the Alexander Turnbull Library is a part of was successful with its grant application to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade or DFAT in Australia for what is entitled a Pacific Virtual Museum pilot program. This pilot program will develop and deliver an online aggregation service similar to Digital New Zealand but just for Pacific documentary heritage held in the memory institutions from New Zealand, Australia the Pacific and potentially further afield. It will be a digital space to connect diverse and dispersed people with their taonga starting with photographic collections. The project is in the process of being initiated. It will be implemented by the National Library of New Zealand in partnership with the National Library of Australia. It will run through to the end of 2021 during which time we'll be seeking sustainable funding. And a note, a Pacific Virtual Museum was the name given to the funding proposal by DFAT so it's our current working title. The actual name of the service is yet to be confirmed and it's something we'll put to our co-design group that we're setting up. When talking about this project with stakeholders the common question I get asked is how did it come about? So this talk, this brief talk will briefly outline the strands that have come together to make this project possible now. Good timing is a wonderful thing and it starts in Moana, New York, Kiwa, the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Library's network describes itself as a dynamic group of emerging and experienced leaders from across the Pacific. These leaders wanted to build a collaborative network together to address key systemic opportunities for Pacific libraries including documentary heritage. This group acknowledged that other mechanisms to bring leaders together especially emerging leaders from across the Pacific, from libraries across the Pacific were not working. So the Pacific Library's network was created out of an NALI project. NALI is a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation initiative to develop emerging library leaders. The Pacific Library's network has met a couple of times once in Fiji and once in Brisbane. We're still in our infancy but we have a vision and a strategic plan with goals aligned to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. One such goal for the Pacific Library's network is ensuring equitable access to information to all by reducing digital divides, providing digital infrastructure and giving access to digital resources. Pacific colleagues discuss the various challenges to providing online access to digital documentary heritage and called for collective action. This project delivers that for Pacific libraries. And just while we're here I'd like to note and acknowledge Apeeta Alaphayu, the former director of the National Library of Fiji and president of the Pacific branch of the International Council on Archive. Apeeta was going to be here to talk at this NDF and that's him on the, as you're looking at it, at the front on the far left, so Bullo Apeeta. So why the National Library of New Zealand? Why are we leading this? There's a few reasons. The project aligns well with the purposes and strategic priorities of the National Library. For example, two legislative purposes of the library are shown on the slide above. And also our strategic directions outline the library's intention to, where possible, deliver its priorities in collaboration with others across our broader sector, both internationally and nationally, as part of a knowledge network. But the biggest driver for the library comes from acknowledging that Aotearoa in New Zealand is a Pacific country with a diverse and growing Pacific population. And just a couple of stats from Statistics New Zealand to back that up. Eight percent of people in New Zealand are self-identified as Pacific people and the largest ethnic group for Aotearoa's youth is Pacific people at 36 percent. That's zero to 14 year olds. I think this is huge. Eight percent of the total population but 36 percent of the youth. As a national organization we've got to prepare and respond for this because our country is changing and it will be great. So the library has a mandate, a commitment to work collaboratively, and a community of Pacific people to serve. And so this project fits really perfectly with us and where we're at at the moment. But we also have this at the National Library. We have Digital New Zealand. Many Pacific collections from around Aotearoa are already part of the Digital New Zealand API. And the Digital New Zealand team, Kyoto team, loves working with content partners, many of whom will be in this room, to make Daonga easy to find, share, and use. I know that Digital New Zealand team are looking forward to engaging with and learning from our Pacific colleagues as part of this program. Importantly, Digital New Zealand also harvests from Trove, the National Library of Australia's aggregator service. So the pathways for bringing in Pacific items from Australian memory institutions into the Digital New Zealand API for the purposes of the Pacific Virtual Museum are already established. So we have the Pacific Libraries, we have the National Library of New Zealand, we have the technology and the skills around that. And the third strand, that sort of, or the fourth strand that brings it all together is the key one of funding. Now I'm not an employee of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade or the Australian Government, so I can't really speak for them or their motivations. But the Australian Pacific Step Up strategy is publicly accessible and the grant opportunity highlighted there on the screen for which the library was successful was made in the context of that strategy. And my engagement with DFAT has mostly been as part of the Pacific Library's network discussions I mentioned earlier. And it's been really obvious that the Australian Government shares our commitment and excitement to the education and societal memory outcomes of the project. So it's really great feeling part of something that brings so many different strands together at a key moment for a cool project. But what are we going to do? The project's for two and a half years and we're just recruiting the team now to lead us through it and to help us run it as a Pacific project. We're also in the process of establishing a co-design group from around the region with the focus on Pacific archivists and librarians, educators and researchers from across the islands and in Australia and New Zealand. Our first co-design workshop is tentatively planned for late January sort of February next year when we'll work through some of our key design questions and challenges like what is it going to look like, how's it going to work, how best to connect these collections with Pacific educators. But also some of the challenges around addressing some of the legacies of colonialism and how they've shaped the Pacific collections and metadata that exist in the collections from around the region. We've started some engagement with potential content partners who'll provide the collections and a range of Pacific stakeholders and that engagement will ramp up once the team is in place. From that point we'll develop an initial product so stay tuned for a launch sometime next year. Finally if you're from a collecting institution with Pacific collections you'll be hearing from us but please feel free to come and speak with me or Fiona Fieldsend, the leader in the project while we're here or contact us by email at any time. And finally, finally thank you to the institutions who wrote letters of support for the National Library of New Zealand for our grant application. The Pacific Libraries Network, the Pacific Branch of the International Council on Archives and the National Library of Australia. It's going to be real cool. Thank you very much.


So in the last few slides you've increasingly seen me talk about not just a small helix But an entire protein the lipids small molecules other types of lipids It's increasingly a large complex of many things interacting, right? This turns out to be important for membranes in general and in fact if we just think about two random particles In a large membrane that should interact if they diffuse around freely according to the single nickels on model Well, if they have to interact in general it would take a very long time before two random particles find each other in a cell It would be much more convenient if I could somehow group them together and force them to be close to each other This is a theoretical concept that physicists and people doing modeling proposed a long time ago essentially called a lipid raft So the idea with the lipid raft is Roughly using Many of the things that I brought up here that what if I had a domain in a membrane that was not quite as Fluid as the fluid mosaic model But maybe having excess cholesterol and others here stiffen it up so that proteins here don't really diffuse so much relative to each other That would mean that these two proteins would stay close to each other And it could facilitate and speed up reactions that were dependent on having multiple partners together The only cavities was very hard to measure this experimentally because you can't really determine a structure of it I would still say that this is not common We might see it now again in cells. There is some advanced light microscopy For instance that appear to see some more well-ordered regions in cells But be aware of the concept of lipid rafts Ten years from now we might tell that it wasn't until the late 2020s that we found all the lipid raft structures But today we don't have that much experimental data on it On the other hand remember my comment about each protein having a layer or two of lipids around the right This agrees kind of well with the idea of having a few lipids that don't really diffuse freely But these lipids stick together with a protein or two and this region would then diffuse freely around in the membrane So it's not an alternative to the fluid mosaic model It's more of a modification that we might have locally more rigid Regions that diffuse together in the large sea of the remaining lipids


All right, for those who haven't seen this, let's play this in full, there is no sound. You can make some cheesy sounds. All right, cool action. Towards the end and then at the end we have that. There you go. So looking at this, there are a couple elements that I feel like you could push a little bit, but overall it's very cool. There's some cool moments in terms of the action. I love this just because it reminds me of a shot that I did that I started a fighter landing and Obi-Wan jumping out. Not that it's similar like this action happened over there, whatever, but it's it's this action. That's so similar. That's awesome. Starting off here, I think when the first time I watched it, I saw something. Oh, wait, there is something flying there. What is this? And then we kind of lose it. And I think we could make this potentially clear since we are here. And I don't know if that's something with the camera where maybe that ship comes from here and lands a bit closer. So at this point, we're just a bit closer, could be something like that. And then it slides past camera into that vanishing point. And the reason why is that if we're closer, so imagine we're here, but we are just a tad, let me go here, tad closer, you can imagine that at least for me, subjectively, I think it would have been cool to see the stormtrooper potentially here fighting already and Grievous is there holding it. And then you have that nice, you know, somewhat gray grievous, a bit darker and the white stormtrooper as a full silhouette. That way we immediately know something's going on. There's a pilot. We know there's something white in there. And then that way it's already there. You can have some flailing arms to really draw attention. And that way this is a very clear moment. Then we kind of lose it after this. And I think we could cheat this drop here by having the stormtrooper fall this way. I know it's going to feel like it's kind of sideways on its left. And then it falls in front of it visually to the right. But I think there's a moment of we're going up here and then we land. Let me just go back here. This is normal speed here. See stormtrooper and then gone. And then there's a good amount of beat here. Nothing happening in the stormtrooper falls. Not that it doesn't work, but I think it would be worth exploring a bit of a cheat where that stormtrooper falls through there as a as a connective tissue, basically, and then it lands and it can always fall a bit this way and it bounce off. Because the thing is here we are starting to stack things even if you have a slight tangent there. And I think if that character would land and be around here, you would have a really nice silhouette versus this kind of overlapping. And then even here you could take these characters and bring them maybe over a little bit. That way you have a clean separation of this is a group. This is your main character, the guy that just landed and so on. There's nothing else is happening in the shop. So I think separating this into a cleaner is kind of grouping would be interesting. Other than that, let's go back here and look at the the ship physics and the bounce is a bit light. I think doing that bounce. It's again can work. I will probably give this a heavier drop for this less of a bounce, but you can always open the wings. It's a lighter element than the main hull there. And then you can have, you know, that weight will feel have just have a bigger impact of the drop. And then you can have lighter pieces like this kind of open flap if you want just a little bit. Jump is cool. This gets a bit tricky silhouette wise. This could be a moment where we potentially cheat a bit lower something like that and some offside of the arms gets a bit muddy here, silhouette wise. Cool, though. Cool rig. It's cool to see that character again and drop is fine, too. Again, I don't mind, like I said, like the bouncing is here on the ship is not too bad just because this already has a slight cartoonier feel. Just the way it drops, you got smears here. So it's not it's not bad. It's not that it doesn't work, but it could be a moment to play with. Then we got these guys shooting. I think you can have a little bit of a not that they do that, but a slight flash is really can see where this comes from and a slight recoil is giving us a bit more action. So the thing is, as this goes forward here, there's a slight feel of weight. Did this guy just shoot the thing or not? So again, not that it's massively confusing, but my first viewing is where did it come from? Do we want to play this up a little bit? Either way, I would have a little bit of recoil that is in the movie. They have a little slight recall in the blaster and then you can have the arms and the body. So a little bit and put up a little bit on this one. Yes, it is somewhat a robotic, but it's kind of organic robotic, but it feels this is too for me robotic in a sense of pieces can move separately and rotate as the character does. But this is almost a bit too much where I would have already like after frame or two, broader movement in the chest. Just a bit. He's going up and then suddenly down. So I think you could still have the upwards movement continuing and then into a drop. So you have motion across the cut again to connect those shots a bit more. And then for him to go, who someone's shooting at me. He still has a pretty broad silhouette. And I think if he's going down to like where I got it cover, I will bring those arms down and in and like even like these pieces can come in. Like this is a moment of, oh, I'm too exposed. Let me go in a set situation. I'm a smaller target now. My silhouette smaller. And then you go into into all of this. I think for that action here, I would add some sparks. So it's really clear what's going on. But again, one first viewing feels like, Oh, I mean, again, this could also be the intention of goes through. And then suddenly we see this guy falling because he's that fast, but it could be kind of fun to have some sparks and hit some metal of the weapon here. Just kind of push this moment really showing the like a clear death there. Also careful, as you go into that last one, that drop happens behind Grievous. So you could also have a bit of a again, that might be too much, but imagine he slides through and then that pushes the stormtrooper over and then drops here again for clear silhouette. That could be too cartoony, but something to think about. I think this you might as well push and go and really go high.  That's cool. I love all this. That's also cool. I think you could potentially cheat this guy. It's good composition, but maybe just cheat him a little bit forward. Why? So that when he drops, so when we get to this is that we have potentially this gun a bit further there. I don't know how far you can push this, but that way we have just a clean stormtrooper clean Grievous without that overlap here. And then this one felt also a bit muddy. Like I'm not quite sure what he's doing here. Is he grabbing him? Feels like the hand on the throat. And he's trying to get out of there and then he pulls him up and then throws him up here. So this could be also maybe you could have a moment of that arm down here just for a moment. And then you can see Grievous's arm and the claws around here. So it's a very clear thing of, oh, that's what's going on. And then the stormtrooper's arm goes up into that pose. Again, if it's just for a glimpse, you want to just read quickly what is going on here. There's a lot of overlapping shapes there. And then lastly, I would say we have a throw where we feel like this is where it's going, right? And then suddenly we're stuck here. You can see where that drawing is with some onion skinning. We're kind of stuck here. And then it drops versus a bit more of this. And since we don't see Grievous at the end, we should also copy something where after that Grievous could stand and maybe it might be weird to probably peek out there with his arms, but it could be something or he exits here because he's off to some new mission. But I think you'd be okay by throwing and having a proper arc this way and then just pan to the left. And then actually, if we do this, it's a royal weave, if you would do that, imagine you can throw, keep that proper arc into this. We pan over so that we're here, exposing my background here, but imagine that could be, I mean, we will lose the hand and stuff, but imagine we would be maybe somewhere here and no tendons trying to have no tendons there. And then with a different tool, you then have a continuation of this set, right? And then Grievous could be here. So you actually could still see him at the end, strike and cool pose, maybe bringing in the arms together, getting to a standing position, like whatever you want to do there. And then that's that. And then you have the end where we still see the character. That's the only other thing too is after all of this, all the action, bam. And then that's it. Like there's no more, there's no more Grievous, unless I'm missing something, but I don't see anything there. Unless you would do like a jump up and he starts like a spider scaring away this way. Could also be cool, but that's something to think about about the ending potentially. Yeah. And that's kind of that for me. So yeah, thanks again for that submission. It's awesome. I love it. Cool action. And that's it.


I am Umberto and I'm a PhD student at the Insight Center for Data Analytics in UCD, and I work on music recommendations. So why? Because ever since I was a kid I had this really strong connection with music. I build many memories and share amazing moments with the people I love surrounded by music. I should like remember the first time I got a Waltman. I was like four or five. My dad used to put new music into it every 10 or 15 days, only 10 songs of course. Then I got an iPod, a place where I could have all my illegally downloaded music library in a single place. More than that, the iPod was like an open window to my soul. Just by looking at what playlists I had you could understand if I was going through a happy face, an angry teenage face, or even if I was in love. We don't have a personal music collection anymore. We listen to music through things like Spotify, where we have access to virtually every single song ever written. And that's great, but then the question is what do we listen now? Well, before I would go around to my friends and ask them What's the new cool band in town? What should I watch do like kind of fit in, right? Well right now I do kind of the same thing because I still want to fit in and be cool, but I do it with my phone. So my phone knows what I'm listening to and it tells me there's this new band They are playing in Dublin next week. Go check them out. That's great. How does it work? Well, basically it analyzes millions and millions of users and their behavior and some music meta data, magic algorithms working there. And it tells you because five million people listen to this song of Lady Gaga that you're listening right now. Your next song will be Wrecking Ball by Miley Cyrus. That's great. I love Lady Gaga, but I hate Miley Cyrus. Computers are not able to really understand that because they rely on this type of very simple information like they are both pop or they are both listened by people who like pop music. So when I embarked in this journey of research, I really wanted to make music personal again and somehow in the way, I kind of understood that music was about sentiment, it was about feelings and more importantly music is about people, right? So we developed this very simple, elegant and yet efficient model to classify music into moods or sentiments. We analyzed the lyrics of the songs, such as the ones you see here, and we are able to understand which words are related to particular sentiments. So we know if a song is hot or if a song is happy. With the previous approach that everyone uses right now, Spotify uses, you are not able to distinguish between two indie and acoustic writers. They might seem really similar, but actually they are not. The top one is very sad and melancholic, whether the one at the bottom is actually really happy, catchy and lovely. And the only way we can find this type of relations and make personalized music recommendations to you, which are cool and interesting, is doing this type of approach. Thank you very much.