I still consider what I do a trade, I'm a tradesman, craftsman, but even a painter is a tradesman and a craftsman. Everybody's different anyways. I think any maker deserves its own respect. What makes me different is me, the way I do things. We're in the humble shop in my backyard. A little shop that could. This is where the machinery is kept. This is where it gets dusty. This is where you get really dirty. This is where it gets loud. And this is where the chips fly. The next step is firing up the machine. Let's do it. So I'm Marcel and I use machinery and software to customize products for clients such as signage, furniture, wall art, you name it. It's functional art. Craftsman, you've got to have the know-how and the knowledge. And the artist, you've got to have the creativity to apply to the know-how and the knowledge. And maybe try different things. And I think I'm addicted to trying different things. And the artist is kind of taking over the craftsman and I'm constantly learning. Okay. As a kid I drew. And then that really took a pause for a long time. But I worked a full-time job as a machinist programmer and did theater part-time to kind of have that feeling of I'm doing something. And then I was just exhausted with life. I didn't have a balance in my life. I was always in the shop, which after, you know, 13 years in the machine shops and machine shops. Okay. More than this, right? That's it. I started my own thing. It started off as Chikurdi boards and small stuff. And then as you start learning more, my background's metal, but I started applying those techniques to wood. And it grew into coffee tables, dining tables, office tables, harvest tables, benches, furniture, 12-foot signs, art. It's kind of jumbling everything that I've learned in the last three years and finally creating a space for myself that I'm proud of. So I have a three-axis machine. And I get all these X and Y coordinates. And then I'll profile the table with the software. And then I'll draw arcs and splines to create that natural flow of those X and Y positions. But it's kind of got to all flow. Here's your points, turned into splines, and then turned into a river table. I'm using the natural flow of the wood following the grains. Basically, you did what the wood was telling me to do, right? A lot of X and Y coordinates.  So it starts here, and then you get dirty out there. It's loud. It's dusty. I got earmuffs on. I got, say, eyeglasses on. And I got a mask respirator thing on out there. I got ventilation. I put on my work clothes. I was climbing around. So it's work. When I'm machining it flat, it's when the tool starts skimming the surface, you start really seeing the grain pop. And then you're on the journey towards the end result, right? You're seeing it now. And that's what it's all about. You can't buy this stuff at IKEA. It's just there's no rules anymore. And that's the beautiful thing about this furniture making is it's big and there's no rules to it. It's like art. I've done signs, but this is actually art, right? But it's applying sign technology to art now. It is rewarding. It gives me purpose. I feel like I'm doing something. And the best part is when it's all done. And you can sit there and pick something apart that you've touched every square inch of it with your bare hands. But at the end of the day it's if you put in the quality, the work hours and you deliver it and the customers happy, what more could you ask for? Dealing with wood and what dealing with making stuff for people has brought me more involved in my surroundings. You know, and it's made me involved in community. I can walk downtown for a coffee. I see a lot of my own signage. I see a lot of clients. I talk to a lot of people. I see a lot of beer taps. I see a lot of legacy rings. It's just there. You know, it's been a lot of years and a lot of my stuff's downtown here in Guel. I think I finally did something for myself with all this stuff here. I think my house and my shop, they're turning into my favorite things. I'm just a success story within myself. You know, I was unhappy for a long time. And I kind of changed and geared what I was good at into something more enjoyable about life. And I'm still figuring it out. I'm extremely happy. Extremely happy. Extremely happy. I get challenged every day. I get to be creative. I get to meet people, constantly learning. And the best part is I'm laughing most of the time along the way. Yes, I'm the happiest ever been.


So then you just launched Mama Rabbit which at Park MGM in Vegas, it looks amazing if you guys haven't seen it follow at Park MGM or at Mama Rabbit. Yeah, at Trig Mama Rabbit on Instagram. How did how did that whole thing happen? So like you like I told you Miscals in the part of our life forever you know we were sort of pioneers of Miscals in Los Angeles and met a lot of people throughout throughout the years. There was an article in The New Yorker three years ago that was written about Miscal and they talked a lot about me and the restaurant and our history and then. Is it the one where you're like the queen of Moscow? Yes that's the one where the queen of Miscals they hyped you up. I know I honestly. You were the face. I had no idea that I was going to be a focus of the story at all. I just went to a walkout because I wanted to show this woman where to go to go to Miscal and you know I was going to go to a walkout just last minute decision. I went to pick up the copy and it was a travel I think it was a travel issue and it had a flap and it said journey to Oaxaca with the Miscal Queen and I was like what the That's amazing. And I was like wait a minute is it? I don't think you're talking about me. And then I opened it up and the article starts with Retail Opus is the Miscal Queen and I stopped reading after that. Wow. Oh my god I couldn't even read after that because I was like oh and it was in New Yorker right so it was like so huge. Big deal yeah it's a huge deal. It's a huge I mean that that I mean. Do you have that frame somewhere? I don't have a frame but I have it it's such a duty place in my house. Nice. So when they come they sit down and they pick it up randomly and they're like oh Retail like you know I'm not right there. I haven't even seen that. Honey I told you to push away. So you start building a name for yourself in the Miscal community. I think that just was one of the one of the things that was written that really caught up with you know a lot of people in a different sort of community. Yeah and I never even thought the New Yorker would be interested in Miscal to be honest right. It does seem like a tangent for them but that's pretty amazing nonetheless. Yeah and then fast forward a few years later I just got this email from an anonymous source you know just a cold email from my website that said hey we'd love to talk to you about a potential project surrounding Miscal you know in Vegas and I get so many of these emails so many times I'm just like not interested and I just am okay whatever but Vegas has always been on my mind since forever because I said Vegas I just you know I called back and got emails back and forth NGs were signed and they told me about the project and I was just so excited about it and are you dealing with the MGM executives or like a hospitality team? At this point I was dealing with the design team and a nightlife team but just a couple from nightlife I had a call with one of the directors and VP's of nightlife and over the phone and sort of going back and forth and you know I was to get involved with that look like what I would want what they would want just to have everyone's you know expectations to be on the table yeah and and at that point do they have like a set do they have an idea like a vision or are they bringing you in and hoping that you bring it to them? At this point they knew they wanted to do a tequila bar and they wanted to have an element of Miscal in it but then you know if I'm involved it would be Miscal first of the second totally so that changed nice and it's been just such a journey to how long how long have you since I got the email in August we signed in December and now we're opening in September wow okay so it's so quick yeah that's amazing I was looking at pictures nice how this video when I went to the space in February wow the space was gutted it was nothing just a shell it's just they moved so fast they get moved so fast yeah every day counts they moved so fast were you spending a lot of time there with the design team we went to Oaxaca with the design team oh wow okay together that makes me happy because that's like so thoughtful of them yeah no all the emails oh I mean all the phone there was a lot of phone calls meetings and days were more for to me with executive team or okay press or you know because really what am I gonna I'm not gonna put a hurry on and like nail piece to the wall you know but but I will but a month before that's really when a lot of work begun and we have to go all the time and you know two months before we got a lot of artifacts made in Oaxaca I shipped overs oh nice seeing all of those things yeah and just you know just making sure some of the Miscal was well represented and are you in charge of the bar program were you working with them on the bar program with the with the corporate mixologist his name is Craig Shatler who is amazing and incredible comes from Alenia and he's just yeah he's incredible he's sounds like a legend sure yeah is there food there too there is like light bites okay I don't talk about the food who's at it's such a small menu that I don't think it's you're not going to go for the food but you're going to drink cocktails is there like a what's your favorite cocktail on the menu the spicy margarita version I mean we have this drink that it's called better and and get sets number one seller it's so funny because today actually I had training with my staff and my staff was telling me a lot of people come and ask for a spicy margarita with the Miscal yeah and you're like we do and I'm like okay let's start up with the ingredients for the margarita guys yeah yeah and then once it reads the margarita I'm like why is it reading this one right with chili which makes it a spicy margarita a little mescal mara yeah yeah also my favorite summer cocktail yeah I'm just like how do we name this spicy margarita cocktail in the beginning people would have a different idea of what a Miscal spicy margarita would be but yeah we gave it something else anyway I love the cocktail program there I think I mean obviously that is why you should go yeah but they're so innovative do they do they when they do do they do taste things of mescal and then the little clay pots wow oh really the little candle glass oh that's cute yeah okay yeah it's a cool experience to see those too I haven't done that yet yeah we do these really cool while hawken chocolate truffles um chef scrum park did these beautiful truffles with the margarita on top how cute and they give you your mascara with your truffle the art inside the space it's like unbelievable I know how did that come about well Akuta actually was also pinpointed by the by the team so I didn't choose the artist okay um it kind of already came with the package per se because you know we have this artist that we really want to work with obviously they say are you okay with it you know I looked into it I thought it was like the coolest thing ever I'm like yeah he's great beautiful he did some the first draft of his um of his idea there were few modifications that we made just because of what this space was and what meant so um the woman in the image if that was a different image now it's like this beautiful indigenous woman that's just that representation of what I think beauty is and then the three slot machines were different animals before but then they became the animals that they are now and yeah it's amazing they're working functions that's really how big that's so big by the way a dollar like what happened to the five sets of machines yeah I do not I'm not gonna put a dollar in there no same no same a dollar means a lot to me yeah is there like a lease like how does that work in terms of do they have a vision for the space being their long term or how did they how does that side of it work park and GM property I am a partner but I'm not like the owner of the space yeah so it's their team their management team and I'm a partner in I'm not I don't I'm not the operator they're they operated they bill they I mean it's it's their space yeah and then they decide when it makes financial sense to say like it's not working we need to tweak things sure how can you make this better but it's you know our job to make sure that they do well yeah promotion you know being on top like what what what else can we do and keep it as authentic but also understanding that it's babies yeah understanding who goes to Vegas and there's being idealistic and being realistic and and I've learned a lot from that too you know from it's only going to be miscalculable like that's impossible yeah okay all of this content here that that's also impossible you have gin and vodka and rum okay great so let's have a mexican gin let's have a mexican rum nice you know let's have um well hock and whiskey like let's figure out a way to incorporate other spirits yeah that people like of course is makers mark and of course is bercardi and of course you know this coffee amigo it's just because it has to be there's a brand yeah people and people people are going to call for that and you know there's a place for that and maybe downtown big is right i think big is the strip you need to understand that this is how you make change you know


random experiment statisticians use the word experiment to describe any process that generates a set of data a simple example of a statistical experiment is tossing of a coin in this experiment there are only two outcomes heads and tails another experiment might be the launching of a missile and observing its velocity at specified times the opinions of voters concerning a new sales tax can also be considered as observations of an experiment another very common experiment is throwing a die we are particularly interested in the observations obtained by repeating the experiment several times in most cases the outcomes will depend on chance and therefore cannot be predicted with certainty when a coin is tossed repeatedly we cannot predict whether a given toss will be head or tail but we know the entire set of possibilities for each toss next I would like to talk about sample space the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment is called the sample space and is represented by the symbol capital S if the sample space has finite number of elements we may list the members separated by commas and enclosed by branches thus if we choose the experiment of tossing a coin the sample space will be written as capital S1 here it is like this capital S1 equal to the set containing H, T where H and T correspond to heads and tails respectively consider the experiment of throwing a die the sample will be capital S2 which is set of 6 numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 we are interested in the number that shows on the top face if we are interested only in whether the number is even or odd the sample space is simply if the set containing even and odd this example shows that for particular experiment more than one sample space is possible so the sample space for a particular experiment depends on the situation or some particular problem now let us take one example here an experiment of flipping a coin and then flipping it second time if a head occurs if a tail occurs on the first flip then a die is tossed once if we see the figure 1 below that is this one we see that the top branch moving along the first path gives the sample point H H indicating the possibility of that head occurs on two successive flips of the coin so let us see the figure here here the first outcome is head so if the coin is tossed we have two outcomes head and tail so this if head occurs then the coin is tossed second time so if the first one is head then from this node we have two branches head and tail so finally we will have two sample points H H and HT now according to the problem if tail occurs for the first time then a die is thrown so from this tail node we will have six possibilities 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 so finally we will have six sample points T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 and T 6 so for this particular experiment we will have the sample space S which is the set containing the sample points H H HT T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 and T 6 another example suppose three items are selected at random from a manufacturing process the items are identified as defective which is denoted by capital T or non defective which is denoted by capital N here also the possible outcomes can be represented by a tree diagram which is given here so once the first item is chosen we will have two outcomes D and N now if it is D then the second item is chosen and it will have two branches D and N again so we will have DD or DN now suppose the second item is also defective so we will follow this path so third item is chosen again we will have two outcomes D and N so if we have the first item defective second item also defective then finally the sample sample point will be DDD DDN now if we go along this path that means the first item is defective second item is non defective so the third item is chosen so it will have two outcomes D and N so ultimately we will have two sample points D and D DNN in this way if the first item is non defective then the second item is chosen and we will have two outcomes D and N first and first one is non defective and second one is defective so we are going along this path we will have again two outcomes D and N so finally we will have two sample points N DD and N DNN now the last case that is the first item is non defective second item is also non defective so we are going along this path third item is selected it will have two outcomes D and N so finally we will have two outcomes again N N D N N N so from this experiment we have the sample space is which is the set of the sample points DDD DDN DND DNN NDD NDN NND NNN with large or infinite number of sample points are best described by a statement or a rule for example if the possible outcomes of an experiment are the set of pupil in India with an age more than 65 years our sample space is written as capital S which is the set of X such that X is a person with an age more than 65 years similarly if S is the set of all points XY inside the circle with radius 2 and center at the origin we write is that is the sample space is the set of the points XY such that X square plus Y square less than 4 next is events what is an event an event is a subset of sample space it is denoted by capital A capital B etc so we can define random experiment sample space events in this way also an experiment is a process that yields outcome an event is an outcome or combination of outcomes from an experiment of course and what is the sample space the sample space is an event consisting of all possible outcomes so sample space is the event consisting of all possible outcomes now in the previous example 2 if we consider the event A that the number of defectives is greater than 1 that means the event A can be written as D the set containing DDD DNT NDD DDN so this is an event because this is a subset of the sample space is given in example 2 that is this one let us consider another example here given the sample space is that is the set containing X such that X is a person with an age more than 65 years the event A that the person is an woman so the event is subset A that is the set containing X such that X is a woman with an age more than 65 years so this is the event here this is also a subset of the sample space S which is this one here we can easily say that an event may be a subset that includes the entire sample space S or a subset of S called the null set and denoted denoted by the symbol Phi which contains no elements at all so let us consider more examples here describe a sample space that might be appropriate for an experiment in which we roll a pair of dice one red one green so the solution will be like this the sample space that provides the most information consists of the 36 points given by S1 which is the set containing the points XY such that X will take the value from 1 to 6 Y will take the value from 1 to 6 so the sample space is like this the sample space will contain 36 points because X is from 1 to 6 and Y is from 1 to 6 where X represents the number turned up by the red die and Y represents the number turned up by the green die now for this particular experiment let us describe the event B that the total number of points rolled with the pair of dice is 7 so in this case among 36 possibilities only 1 6 2 5 3 4 4 3 5 2 and 6 1 so this 6 cases are favorable so the event B will contain this 6 points this 6 sample points another example is like this if someone takes three shots a target we care whether each shot is a hit a miss describe suitable sample space for this case so let us try the solution in this way if we let 0 and 1 represent miss a hit respectively the 8 possibilities 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1, 1, 1 may be displayed as in the following figure, so this axis is corresponding to first short this one is corresponding to second short and this one is corresponding to third short. So these are the sample points, so the sample points here can be displayed by the following figure, so this is the sample space for this particular experiment. Now let us find the event M that the person will miss the target 3 times in a row and the event N that the person will hit the target once and miss it twice, so the event M will be, so it will contain only the sample point 0, 0, 0 because it will miss, so it is corresponding to the event that the person will miss the target 3 times, so that is why it will be 0, 0, 0. Now the next event N will be 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, so the set containing this 3 points because it is the event that the person will hit the target once and miss it twice. Let us consider one more example in this context construct a sample space for length of the useful life of a certain electronic components and indicate the subset that represents the event F that the component fails before the end of the 6th year, so here the sample space we have to find, so let us write this in this way, if is the length of the components useful life in years, the sample space can be written as S that is the set of T such that T is greater than equal to 0 and the subset F will be the set of T such that 0 less than equal to T less than 6, so this is the event that the component fails before the end of the 6th year. So in this way we can find the sample space and the events and some events for a particular experiment, now let us consider some more events, the complement of an event A with respect to S is the subset of all elements of S that are not in A. We denote the complement of A by the symbol A prime it is like this, so in this context let us discuss one example, let R be the event that a red card is selected from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards and let S be the entire deck. Then R prime is the event that the card selected from the deck is not a red but black card. Because we know that in a deck of cards there are only 2 possibilities either it will be red or black, so that is why the complement of the event R will be a set of cards, so it will be the event that the card selected from the deck is not a red but black card. Let us consider a sample space S that is the set of 6 integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 now consider 2 subsets A that is the set of containing 2, 4, 6 and B containing 4, 5, 6 so B is the set 4, 5 containing 4, 5, 6 so here the subset 4, 6 so 4, 6 this is a subset of A this is a subset of B, so this subset 4, 6 that is the set containing 4 and 6 is the intersection of A and B, so it is common to A as well as B, so this is called the intersection of A and B, so if we have a sample space S and we have 2 events A and B then A intersection B is another event which contains all elements that are common to A and B, so in this way combining various events we can form many events. Let us consider another example here let P be the event that a person selected at random while dining at a popular restaurant is a smoker and let Q be the event that the person is a smoker is sorry let Q be the event that the person is over 55, 50 years of age. So P be the event that a person selected at random while dining at a popular restaurant is a smoker and Q be the event that the person is over 50 years of age. Then the event P intersection Q is the set of all smokers of the restaurant who are over 50 years of age, so P intersection Q is it should be in P as well as in Q, so that is why it will have both the cases that is they should be smokers they should be over 50 years of age. Consider the random experiment of throwing a die the event A is of occurring odd numbers on the top face and event B is of occurring even numbers on the top face. So A that is A is the set event A that will contain 3 points 1, 3 and 5 and B will contain 2, 4 and 6 if we observe we see that there is no common element because we have considered 2 cases one is the first one is of odd numbers second one is of even numbers. So that is why there is 2 common element in A and B and that is why we can say that A intersection B is equal to 5 in this case the events A and B are called as mutually exclusive events. So we can define the mutually exclusive events in this way 2 events A and B are mutually exclusive events if they do not have any common element or another way we can say it in this way that if A intersection B is equal to 5 the union of the 2 events A and B denoted by the symbol A union B is the event containing all the elements that belong to A or B or both. So this is another kind of event another kind of combination so we have 2 events A and B so we are combining these 2 events in this way that the resulting event contains all the elements that belong to A or B or both so this is denoted as A union B so union between this 2 events. So let us consider this example here let A equal to the set ABC and B the set containing ABCDE then A union B will be ABCDE because it will contain all the elements that belong to A or B or both so that is why it will be the set containing ABCDE the relationship between events and the corresponding sample space can be represented by figure 3 and figure 4 let us consider figure 3 first here we have a sample space S and in this sample space we have 3 events A B and C so we have specified the regions different regions this is one region which is denoted by 1 this is another region which is denoted by 2 3 4 5 6 7 like this. So A intersection B if we have to find this particular event so this event corresponds to the regions 1 and 2 because A intersection B is the common part between A and B so that is why if we say this here this is the common portion between A and B so that is why it will correspond to regions 1 and 2 if we have to find B intersection C so we have to find the common portion between B and C and this is the common region here so this will be regions 1 and 3 in this way if we have to obtain A union C so the event A union C will correspond to the regions 1 2 3 4 5 and 7 because A union C so this whole portion we have to consider so it will be 1 2 3 4 5 and 7 now let us find B prime intersection A what is B prime this is complement of the event B so complement of event B will be this portion this whole portion so B prime intersection A so we have to take the intersection of this with A so B prime intersection A so this will correspond to the regions 4 and 7 so this is the common between B prime and A now let us find A intersection B intersection C so that means we have to find the common region between A B and C between A and B we have this common region between B and C we have this common region between A and C we have this common region so if we take this 3 this is the common between A B and C so this region 1 is the region corresponding to A intersection B intersection C this event now let us find another event that is A union B intersection C prime so A union B is this whole region and we have to take the intersection with C prime so C prime is this portion so A union B intersection C prime will correspond to regions 2 6 and 7 in figure 4 we see that events A B and C are all subsets of the sample space S so this is the sample space S and A B C this 3 events are subsets of this sample spaces it is also clear that event B is a subset of the event A so B is the subset so it is inside A it is a subset of A event B intersection C has no elements they are disjoint and hence B and C are mutually exclusive event A intersection C has at least one element and A union B is equal to A because B is a subset of A figure 4 might therefore depict a situation where we select a card at random from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards and observe whether the following events occur the event A is the event that the card is rate B is the event that the card is the jack queen or king of diamonds C is the event that the card is an S so the event A intersection C consists only of the two red asses so finally I would like to discuss some results which are related to this kind of combinations if we have two events A and Phi then A intersection Phi will be equal to Phi so because this is the common portion between A and Phi and Phi is the null set so that is why the resulting event will be a null set again if we combine A and Phi in this way that is by union that is A union Phi again Phi is the null set so A union Phi will become A only so the resulting event will be A A intersection A prime so A intersection A complement so if we consider the common portion between A and A prime naturally the resulting event will be the null set Phi A union A prime union between A and complement of A so we will have the whole sample space as the resulting event S prime that is the complement of the sample space so it will be the null set now if we consider Phi prime so it will be S now if we consider A complement of the complement of A that is A prime prime so first we are taking the complement of A then again we are taking the complement of that so we will get back A A intersection B prime A intersection B whole it is an event A intersection B and then we take the complement of A intersection B so this will be same as A complement union B complement so complement of A intersection B will be same as the event A complement union B complement A union B complement so complement of the event A union B so this is same as A complement intersection B complement so the resulting event will be


Yes, yes, we are recording and let's get started. So after this session, you will, at least I hope, you'll be able to distinguish between different types of knowledge synthesis and you'll know what a knowledge synthesis is. You'll be able to get a sense of what are the steps, so which steps we covered today, which steps are left over for tomorrow and Wednesday and Thursday, pardon me, and also which steps we will not attempt to cover. You will know how to start searching for other knowledge synthesis on your topic to see what has been published. This is an essential step and you'll see today how it fits into protocols. You'll be able to find frameworks to ask yourself better questions so that you can decide what is your knowledge synthesis truly about, right? What's the population? What are you trying to address? Do you have a control group? These are all really important questions. And of course, I hope you'll be able to start a protocol. So we have a lot packed into today. What we won't be doing today is talking about searching, so no searching, no searching strategies, no evaluating searches, no database selection. That's tomorrow. We will also not be evaluating sources and we will not be working with COVID-19. That's my colleague Jessica. She'll be doing that on Thursday and none of us really talk about communicating the results of the review, although Jessica has just recently published a collaboration with other researchers in, I believe it's not kinesiology, it's occupational therapy, yes. And she and her team did also obviously communicate and publish the results. So she'll be able to answer questions about that, although it is not part of her presentation on Thursday. I tend to work more with consults. Consultations tend to be the kind of work that I do with graduate students with whom I cannot co-publish. That today's session does not have a ton of hands-on work. So please keep asking questions to keep it active. The reason why it's not really an active session, more of an overview as opposed to a workshop, is because there is a lot to be done to get us set up at, let's say, the foundational level of doing knowledge sentences. But please keep asking questions, that's very, very important. So what are knowledge or evidence or literature synthesis? The synthesis come about through the process of integrating and contextualizing information from the widest possible range of studies into a single coherent body of knowledge using, and this is truly important, reproducible and transparent methods that aim at reducing bias in the selection of sources and in the evaluation of sources. Of course, we cannot completely eliminate bias, but what we can do is be aware of bias. This definition that we're talking about comes from an important document, and it's a foundational document that you should take a look at and probably try to read through. It's the Canadian Institute of Health Research's Guide to Knowledge Services. So the link is below that will be available on these slides, and the reason why that's important is that it gives us the context for what knowledge synthesis mean in the context of Canadian higher education research. Now, the reason why knowledge synthesis are so important because they provide an evidence-based position and one that tries to at least account for bias and for a systematic or producible method in decision-making, big picture thinking, so ideation coming up with new solutions, and very importantly policy design so that knowledge synthesis participate and enable knowledge translation at many levels. And this again comes from the CHR's Guide to Knowledge Synthesis, again, an important resource. What are other good companions for this? Of course, the Guide to Knowledge Synthesis is important, but many of you are based at the St. George campus. I'm based at the UTM campus, but that doesn't stop me from collaborating with a set of fantastic colleagues at the Gerstein Science Information Center. They have resources that are truly insightful, wonderful, very much in-depth, and here's one of the good links to their resources. They have a variety of fantastic pages, so I will not be addressing those pages very often today. We really skim through the field in a rather big picture manner, but I would like you to remember that there are resources in Gerstein, the resources from other reputable sources like CHR, and at the very end of the session I'll be providing you a few other links or at least places to get started if you'd like to work with librarians who are based at either UTSC or the St. George campus. I know that there aren't too many UTSC at least. So what led to knowledge synthesis getting started? It's because all of us, but especially decision makers, needed to find best quality evidence to support their public policy decisions, their healthcare decisions, and to make decisions that were simply based on the best evidence. This all started back in the 70s with researchers such as Glass Smith and Miller who were looking at best decision making in psychotherapy. And by the late 70s, early 80s, Archie Cochran and his colleagues gave rise to the Cochran collaboration, probably the most famous, the most well-known systematic review process and repository in the world right now. And the Cochran collaboration is a truly international network of researchers and others who are committed to the principles of evidence-based and systematic knowledge acquisition where knowledge is built in a cumulative manner. By the way, this comes, the synthesis and this history comes from the epicenter. The epicenter is another fantastic UK repository of knowledge synthesis documents and practices. And I'll be sharing these links throughout our session today. Once we emerge from the 90s and we get into an era where information is much more readily available online, but it also starts proliferating wildly online, we see more and more of these systematic review collaborations arising. We have the Campbell collaboration, the epicenter, and others coming up to bring us this kind of evidence-based knowledge and decision making in other fields, education, social welfare, public policy, public health. So expanding a little bit from healthcare itself. So this is another important question. I've noticed that we have added these from very many disciplines. We have added these from biomedical engineering, other kinds of engineering, public health from biology, and crucially from education and from education psychology. So what are the sources of information that you have that you can base your knowledge synthesis on? Well, of course, this depends on the disciplinary methodologies, the literatures and the epistemic cultures that you move in, right? But as you just saw in this slide, we started out offering knowledge synthesis in the health and medical area, where we have a quality of evidence pyramid. And we have to remember that a lot of knowledge synthesis still try to achieve serving up or being based on the highest levels of evidence, as seen as the 5S or the 6S pyramid. So we see that these knowledge pyramids are built on what we would call primary empirical studies. So that's the big red bar in this pyramid, and that they become a synthesis because they're built on a lot of primary evidence. Of course, in the healthcare and medical fields, we have synopsis, summaries, and even systems that can be built further on top of existing synthesis. But again, not every field will have these. What I find very useful about thinking about this pyramid of evidence is that it's not always as smooth as we see in the medical field. Here, a really great article by Morad and Paul authors published in 2016 tries to see these largely primary sources, the single studies, or slightly better backed up studies as this large, interweaving, and not really very tidy universe of evidence. And then the way Morad and others see it is that systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and knowledge synthesis in general is actually a lens through which we see the primary literature, the primary empirical literature. So it's not just something that organically grows on top of the literature, but it's something that we have to will into existence, that we have to muscle up from this primary evidence. And I think that's a really useful way of looking at knowledge synthesis. So again, the literature that you work with may not have the same types of sources and may not have the comparable pyramid of evidence. But what we're aiming at is making sure that we've included all the evidence that's relevant and all the quality evidence that you need to get the information that you need to build an answer to your question. So either get a general overview if you're doing a scoping review or answer your specific query if you're doing a meta-analysis or a systematic review. So today we have participants from education and we have just about 13 people who signed up from education and you see that there are different sub-disciplines of education showing up in this graphic. We also have biomedical engineering, public health, psychology, social justice education that's a larger team from OISI, mechanical engineering, geography. So we are moving these knowledge sympathies outside of the healthcare professions, outside of the healthcare fields where they arose and right out into other areas of applied science. Does that make sense, by the way? Does the pyramid of evidence make sense to you? Do you have any questions about that? And do you have any questions about the fact that sometimes as you move out of the healthcare areas of the information, you may need to extend your pyramid to let's say gray resources which are not formally published reports and other kinds of evidence that are outside of the traditional 5S or 6S pyramid. So as long as this makes sense to you, I'll move on, I don't see questions about that.


Hey guys, I'm void gamer and my channel well, it's interesting variety of gaming of reaction videos of all kinds of stuff How are you guys today? I hope you guys are really doing great because I feel really really great today today We will be spotlighting a freedom partner that is part of our community team and also he is one of the administrators in our discord page His name is Vaioa Va? Vaioa Vaioa say with me now. All right, Voia Gamer calm down. Let's get down to business Voia Gamer is a youtuber that does a lot of gaming content besides from that He also makes the videos of reviews of interesting and trending topics The interesting part about Voia Gamer is that he juggles a lot of different content And that's not easy to do freedom family join me and Voia Gamer as he shares his experience on How he does this on his channel freedom family. Let me introduce Voia Gamer Hi, Dan. Before we start the interview Please tell us something about yourself and your channel and how do you really pronounce your youtube name? Voia? I'm saying it wrong, right? My channel is pronounced Voia Gamer. Voia Gamer. I got the idea for this name It actually there's a YouTube music artist by the same name, but we both got our name from the same Origin which I think is pretty interesting him and I have talked about this a few times but there was an old Lego theme called Bionicle and one of my favorite parts of that theme took place on an island called Voia Nui Vo-Y-A that just Became my name. I started out using Voia Man and then Voia Gamer as the YouTube channel grew into a gaming channel And Voia Man would be a little weird for a YouTube channel to be called So that's the origins of my name that no one can seem to pronounce I can see in your channel that you have a lot of videos that did well It started out with Five Nights at Freddy's, Roblox, TikTok and other types of videos. My question is why do you think it became popular? So things like FNAF became popular and Definitely started off my channel as a FNAF because these big youtubers were Really really going at it. You had Game Theory, you had Markiplier, you had Jack, you had PewDiePie in there You had all these big youtubers and so many Smaller youtubers that Dedicated themselves to Five Nights at Freddy's grew up and now you have people like Daco, Razbowski and other people who are still big today just because they jumped on that trend train and they kept pumping out. I was late on that trend So of course I didn't boom like they did plus I had no idea what I was really doing I was new to content making at the time and I was Bad at it But that did start off the channel and things and having a trend that is mainly prioritized by big youtubers is really what helped grow that and grew the trend which Started off my channel making videos on trending topics is a good idea because once you ride that hype train There will be a higher chance for your videos to get noticed I found a video in your channel that explains you want to transition to another type of content What was your experience during the whole transition process and what can you share to our audiences that want to shift to another type of content? So after the whole my channel starting off as FNAF and all that FNAF was dying out And everyone thought the last game was gonna come out in like 2016 even though didn't but everyone thought that it was over. Oh no, so what are people gonna do? What are these FNAF channels gonna do but I left that trend and decided okay We're voya gamer. We should do gaming not just FNAF but gaming as a whole so transitioning from just FNAF to gaming was an Interesting process to rebrand from just a single type of content to multiple types And I am gonna just say now do not just do one thing on your channel. You can do one genre of things You can do gaming you can do vlogs you can do this you can do that But do not if you're gonna do gaming don't just play Roblox. Don't just play FNAF Don't just play one thing over and over and over. I've seen this many times Some of my closest friends have done the same thing for a long period of time It does not turn out well for most people in the end indie games indie horror games were big so a lot of people were looking into that and making content on it and Capitalizing on it and that's what I did. I went from just FNAF to horror games and then horror games Transition to just indie games in general and that was a good rebrand and it went pretty smoothly because the Content is close enough or related if anyone out there is gonna rebrand and you're like Oh, I don't want to do this anymore I want to do this then think about the way to make that transition the easiest for the viewers and for you Having the viewers your strengths and weaknesses in mind is pretty good advice for someone who wants to shift content Why do you think it's important to interact with your audience or engage with the people that are viewing your channel or your videos? so interacting with your audience is Always important it builds a community feeling you have big people like Markiplier Jacksepticeye who have done reading your comments and if you look at the comments on those videos or even in the comments on any Video of theirs people feel like it's a community that they're all there enjoying the same thing It ultimately builds a closer community and people will feel like they're closer to you and can relate to you more Which is of course important as a youtuber That is evident in your channel because you made a video that explains you want to transition to another type of content Because when you build a community of people that supports you supports each other and supports your brand or channel It garners you active people who are actively watching your videos My next question is right now. What motivates you to create content my motivation for YouTube is that hopefully there will be Some person someone will see me be like yo It's pretty good. I like him. I want to start doing that too ultimately When you get to that through that process it is pretty smooth So that's pretty much what my motivation is is to just to go and hopefully at some point inspire other people to want to do and fulfill their dreams or desires of making video content as for the future of the channel It's really hard to tell since trends are changing constantly, but the trends are constantly changing So you always have to be on top of things always be trying out new things. Yes, you will fail Yes, there will be videos that do terribly and there will also be videos that do great So you have to look and see what you did right what you did wrong and Roll with that roll with the punches that you take Yeah, very noble motivation you have there We know that one day you'll become like PewDiePie Markiplier or any other type of youtuber you aspire to become what advice can you give to our audiences that will help them grow their channel one major thing to help you guys grow your channels and This is ultimately the most important when I watch someone new I love watching smaller channels, but ultimately to me I want to see someone unique someone being true to themselves, but don't steal stuff Don't be like top of the morning to your laddies or stuff like that be yourself be true to yourself be you don't go impersonating others be you don't be afraid to be you just Be yourself alright freedom family remember to always stay true to yourself If you are a goofy dude just like me be goofy in front of the camera if you are loud Be loud your personality goes a long way. Thanks. Boy a gamer for those amazing answers Lastly what has freedom contributed to the growth of your channel? I joined this exact day three years ago, September 27 2015 I was pretty cool. Oh Hey Happy happy three years in freedom boy. So I joined freedom in September of 2015 three years ago and through my time here on the network my channel is really Blossomed I joined the network with about I'd like to say maybe 500 or less subscribers back before all these new rules were implemented and Freedom really helped me buy the community going to the forums going in the comments now We have the discord freedom was my first network to join and it'll always just be the only network that I'll be with Because so many other networks are focused on okay, we're gonna give you this we're gonna give you that we're gonna do this But that's nice and all and some people want that but a lot of people want community you want relations You want people you can collab with you want people you can work with you want to build up that audience you don't want just free stuff everywhere and freedom focusing on that Community aspect getting feedback getting critiqued Letting other people watch it and watching other people that is really the best thing about freedom You are absolutely right sir. We are a family the freedom family. Thank you so much and boy a gamer The floor is yours. So if you want to see more of me then you can check out my channel Which I'm sure will be in the description, which is a boy a gamer VOIA. It's not Boy, yeah gamer and you can also find me on Twitter and Instagram as well I also live stream every weekend Saturday and Sunday 5 p.m. Pacific time if any of you Dear viewers would like to come watch, but that's all that's my plug That's my spiel. So thank you know and thank you freedom for having me It's been a blast and it's been a blast for the past three years Freedom family give boy a gamer some love check out his Twitter and Instagram page Which can be found in the video descriptions below don't forget freedom family to check out his channel Subscribe like and also share with your friends. That's it for today freedom family. I hope you guys loved this episode Let me know by hitting that like icon Let me know your inside suggestions or violent reactions if you have any in the comment section below Don't forget to subscribe to our channel and also click that bell icon My name is Noel guys, and you're watching freedom hot seat. Bye


Statistics and Excel. Normal Distribution Calories Data Example. Got data? Let's get stuck into it with Statistics and Excel. You're not required to, but if you have access to OneNote, we're in the icon. Left-hand side, OneNote presentation, 1632, Normal Distribution Calories Example tab. We're also uploading transcripts to OneNote so that you can go to the View tab, Immersive Reader Tool, change the language if you so choose being able to then either read or listen to the transcript in multiple different languages tying into the video presentation. First a word from our sponsor.  Like our Accounting Rocks product line. If you're not crunching cords using Excel, you're doing it wrong. A must-have product because the fact as everyone knows of accounting being one of the highest forms of artistic expression means accountants have a requirement the obligation a duty to share the tools necessary to properly channel the creative muse and the muse she rarely speaks more clearly than through the beautiful symmetry of spreadsheets. So get the shirt because the creative muse she could use a new pair of shoes. If you would like a commercial free experience consider subscribing to our website at accounting instruction.com or accounting instruction.thinkific.com with the timestamps. One note desktop version here in prior presentations we've been looking at how we can represent present demonstrate different data sets using both mathematical calculations like the mean or average the quartiles the median the mode as well as with pictorial representations like the box and whiskers like the histogram the histogram being the primary tool we typically envision when thinking about the spread of the data and we can use terms to describe the spread of the data on a histogram like it's skewed to the left the data is skewed to the right. We then thought about lines and curves that can be represented with formulas that can approximate different data sets depending on the circumstances if we can approximate a data set with a line or curve that has a formula related to it that would be great because it gives us more predictive power over whatever the data set is representing. We looked at different lines curves that might have a formula related to it and could represent things in actual nature in real life including the uniform distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution exponential distribution now continuing on with one of the most famous of course of them all the normal distribution or the bell curve remembering not all data set will conform to any of these distributions it could be a data set that's too chaotic to conform to a simple line or curve that has an equation for it. However we have observed in nature that many times things do roughly conform to these patterns and if we can find one that does then the the formula and the curve can be useful with the bell curve we've thought about many things in nature like heights and weights and so on often conform to a bell curve type shape so what we typically want to do is think about what we're looking at does the thing we're looking at conform to one of these distributions we might test out the data to see if that is indeed the case and then we might plot out the curve to give us more predictive power this time we're going to be looking at calories now if you're looking at calorie counts if we were kind of tracking our calorie counts for example you would expect that it would follow some kind of normal distribution intuitively because you would think that my calorie count would have to be somewhere pretty steady and not be going too much on the high end or low and at any given time given the fact that our weight has to be maintaining somewhat constant so once we have our data we can sort it and put a table around it which we'll do in excel we can sort it by the date or we can sort it by low to high high to low this one currently being sorted from high to low so what's going to be different about this data set than some of the examples that we have had in the past are that because the calories is a pretty small unit of measure then we're going to run into this issue of should we be putting the calorie counts into buckets so that we can better compare our actual calorie count to what we're going to plot when we plot the calorie counts out so this is going to be a little bit different in that way to what we've seen before with the plotting of the the bell curve information for the calories so our data is on the left we're going to start with the normal kind of stuff that we do does this conform to a bell curve well let's do some of our normal calculations let's take the mean or average this would be the formula in excel to do so it's at 2189 that would be summing all of the data up and divided by the number of count let's take the standard deviation then this would be the formula for excel so that helps us with the spread 815 let's take the median that would be the one where we sort all the data we pick the one in the middle and we're picking the 2062 because this number is fairly close to the mean the closer it is to the mean the more likely that it might be conforming to a bell curve so that's an indication to us the bell curve might be useful here's the formula for the median and then the mode the mode is 10776 now this one is a little further off than than the mean but it's still fairly close so we're thinking that possibly a bell curve could still be something that would approximate this data set this would be the mode remember that the mode is the one where it's going to have the number appear multiple times and might be more or less useful depending on the type of data that we're looking at if we're looking at data such as this data which has the unit of measures pretty small so you might you might not have the mode where multiple multiple numbers show up that are exactly the same as you would if you had a smaller unit of measure that you were that you were looking at then it would be more likely that the mode would be representing that kind of middle point now the next thing we might do is plot this information into a histogram to see if it looks like a bell curve so here's a histogram of the data just taking this data set putting it into a histogram in excel excel creating the buckets from 0 to 730 730 to 740 calories and so on the middle point is is here which would be some the mean we recall was 2189 so it looks like it's kind of conforming to a bell curve remember that the last example that we looked at because we had a whole lot of data points we were looking at heights then the data looked a lot more bell shaped but if you don't have as many data points then it's not going to be as bell shaped but we would still expect that it would look like clumped in the middle and then moving out towards the sides here as as the look and shape of something like a histogram which might give us more confidence that this could be conforming to a bell curve scenario so that we can plot a bell curve so let's plot the bell curve we're going to say all right let's take our x's let's take our p of x's that we will then calculate the question is where should we start with our x's so the x's we're talking about calories now so you would think you can't have zero calories because you they'd have to be just positive calories you cannot have negative calories however uh in theory remember that the bell curve goes in if uh indefinitely infinitely on to the left and the right so so let's take our four standard deviations remembering that if i'm trying to plot all the data so i have a pretty nice bell curve that has all the information in it so i could see the tails of the curve four standard deviations would be the vast majority of the data so i can do that by taking the standard deviation 815 times four and then i'm going to subtract that from the middle point or mean two one eight nine to get to the uh 1071 uh it's rounded here so it's not exact let me do that again 815 times four minus the two one eight nine about uh 1069 now that's a negative number so you might say well why don't i just stop it at zero because you're good but sometimes it's nice to to try to plot it all the way down in the negative so you see the whole shape of the bell uh and it can give you another verification by the percentages adding up possibly to 100 percent so we'll keep it for now just to demonstrate that then if i do this the other way 815 times four standard deviations plus two one eight nine we get to the high point of the five four four eight on the calories so my count then over here if i'm going to say all right let's count this thing out we're going uh uh negative x's and then we're going to go all the way down to the positive now i've cut some of it out here we'll have the whole thing in excel but i'm just going to then it goes into the positive here's the positive calories and so on then we can do our p of x calculation this would be the norm dot dist or actually notice that this x here uh we did this with a formula that will demonstrate in excel as well because what we want to do is go from negative 1069 up to positive five four four eight now you could do that by putting negative 1069 negative 1068 highlighting those two and having excel see the sequence as you go down but you'd have to go down 5488 times so it might be faster to use the formula of sequence and what we want is the sum of those two plus one in terms of how many columns do we want we want or rows not columns five four four eight plus 1069 we want six five one seven uh columns here so that would be uh six five one seven plus one columns and then skipping the start that's why we have two commas and then the starting point is going to be that 1069 then it'll plot all of these x's for us without us having to kind of drag it down once we have that we can then do our norm dot dist now it looks funny because calories are negative up top but remember we kept the negatives uh for the for the examples of the curve of a normal distribution so that we can get the full four standard deviations on the low side norm dot dist we're taking the mean and the standard deviation which of course would be this number and this number in our function or formula and then we've got does it should it be cumulative it's going to be not cumulative or zero so then if we do this all the way down you can see that it's plotting these out now if i get into the positive numbers down here so now we've got that the likelihood of our data set being at 126 calories is 0.0020 so note when we're looking at this we're getting pretty small numbers in part due to the fact that that our calories are a pretty small unit of measurement so so that means if i'm looking at just this one calorie point of 166 then the percent is pretty low it's likely that we're going to be asking questions about ranges like what's the likelihood of being 167 or below or something like that which you would be tempted to sum it all up but you'd have to use another formula because we're talking about area under the curve although because this is much more detailed because we're using a pretty fine detailed approach here you get a pretty good approximation if you were just to sum up sum up the whole thing we'll talk more about that later though so now we we want to be out so here's where an issue comes up we want to be able to compare this to the actual count now the ways we've done that in the past as we said okay well i can take my actual count i can count all of the all of the numbers over here using account formula of this how many how many data points do we have with a count function and it comes out to 457 so we have 457 far less data points than the last example we had where we had like 4000 data points so i could say i'm going to take this number times the 457 but you're going to get you're going to get these really small fractions of the number because we have such small units of measurement here or last time what we did is we we grouped all of our all of our actual data over here into bends or buckets based on the calorie counts but that's still not going to work quite as well this time because because there's there's such fine data over here that we're just going to have a bunch of zero zero zero and then every once in a while we'll have one that landed into a bucket and then a bunch of zeros because again we have so many small units of of the calorie count so for example here is us taking the percent times times the count so remember that the count was what was the count 457 so if i go down here even to one of the larger percent it's still a quite a small number if i take that 457 i think it was times and i'll multiply it times this one which is 0.00021 if i put it in decimal format then you get this really small number and this small number is isn't going to match any actual data count because of course the data count is just going to be a one you can't have less than one of the data so when i match that up over to my actual frequency so this is the actual frequency meaning we're looking at these in terms of buckets and this would be counting how many times in our actual data set we had a count that was above 126 but below and including 127 and you get a bunch of zero zero zero zero for all of them and then every once in a while you're going to have a one over here in our frequency so it's going to be difficult to compare those out last time when this when we had different examples in the past when we were talking about heights for example or weight then we then this frequency count kind of lined up fairly nicely because we didn't have such small units of measurement and we were able to then take the percent of the total and give a comparison of the percent of the total and the p of x over here which we're not as able to do in this data set the nice thing on this side of being able to take each calorie count in excel even though it's quite a long set of data is that when you add this up it adds up to basically pretty close to 100 percent which is kind of a nice double check so what we would like to do though is we'd like to say okay well I'd like to kind of group this stuff together so that these p of x's would be for the range of like anything less than a zero and then everything from zero to four hundred for example I would like to kind of sum that up into a group and then when I do my frequency count for my actual counts we can put them into bins or buckets there's a couple different ways we can do that when we're looking at our actual data that we could just use this to kind of sum up into our buckets sum these up and remember that normally we don't like to do that here because we're talking about the area under the curve but because we're using such fine data we get to a pretty close number or we can use a formula which will be the between formula so that we can we can use the norm.dist in the upper range minus the lower range so let me show you what I mean we'll do a couple of these over here we're going to say that we have the x's and the x's are going to go up by 400 so these are going to be basically our buckets so we got it going from zero up to 400 and then 400 to 800 for and then 800 to 1200 so that we have our buckets instead of just one calorie at a time so then the actual frequency if I was to do my frequency calculation then now I can do my frequency and have buckets that are much larger so for example this one would be saying everything that's greater than zero up to and including 400 in our actual count over here of our actual data and we had five of those this one would be saying everything over 400 up to and including 800 of the actual count we got 14 of those we're doing this with the frequency calculation the data array being our table on the left and in the bends being these bends and it gives us our buckets which is nice so now we have actual numbers in here as opposed to if we did it one calorie at a time when we did our frequency we had almost zero numbers with one like a one showing up every once in a while although I don't have a lot of the data in here because I didn't want to copy it all over but we do this in Excel if you want to check it out the sum adds up to 157 which is a double check that these bends are adding up because that's what our actual count was of our actual number of data now we can take the percentage of total and it gives us something that may actually be relevant meaning I could say okay this is going to be five divided by the total divided by the 457 and that gives us 1.09 and this is the same thing 14 divided by the total 14 divided by 457 is 3.06 if I move the decimal two places over so now the question is well if I can if I can do the same thing for my p of x information then I have something that's kind of comparable and we're going to do that with a formula that looks something like this and then we'll do it another way as well this is a sum if formula and it's saying sum if and we're picking up the sum range which in this case we're looking at the p of x is over here so we want the p of x is comma the criteria so we want we're going to pick up the criteria range which is going to be this information and and then we're picking up the criteria it's got to be less than or equal to this number over here it's got to be less than or equal to in this case the zero so that's so I'm summing that up so so it's basically saying pick this up if the x is less than zero sum this up so it's summing everything up down to when the x is zero and then this one is summing everything up if I did a similar formula it would look a little bit different but this one would be summing everything up if x is greater than zero up to and including 400 and we would be picking up this column if this area the x was between zero and 400 now remember usually that's just an approximation but because we have such fine units we come up with a pretty close approximation so that's one method that we can use and now we have comparable numbers I'm like okay there's 800 actual data came out to 14.06 versus the 3% that if we use this technique of summing it up and I can see if this adds up to 100 it adds up pretty close to 100 percent on this data which might give another indication that that's given me a pretty accurate calculation and then I can take a I can also do it this way I can take my p of x count times the count meaning now that I have these numbers I can multiply them times the number of counts that we had so I can take this number of 0.036 0.0036 0.0036 times the count of 457 and then we get around two and now I can compare this two to this five so these are the two ways that we can kind of compare our data sets right I can convert I can convert the norm dot this to to a count by multiplying at times the count and comparing it to our actual frequency count or I can convert our actual frequency count to a percent to compare that to the percent the only difference here now being that we put these items into buckets so that we're not talking about one calorie at a time the other way you can do this buckets thing which is which is more accurate uh would be to say I'm going to have a lower buck a lower bin and an upper bin from 0 up by 400 400 to 800 800 to 1200 and so on and so forth and then use our norm dot dist formula to calculate this one's calculating the first one which is just norm dot dist to for the for for the zero but for the second one you'd have to have norm dot dist of the upper part minus the norm dot dist for the lower part so it would look like this you'd have norm dot dist of the x of the higher x and then the mean the standard deviation it needs to be cumulative that's the one minus the norm dot dist for the lower part the zero if you're talking about the second one and that'll give you that in between this should be more accurate than what we did up top summing but because we we did such a fine uh we have such a fine unit of measure they're pretty close either way that you do it so we get the 0.36 to 1.04 the three the the 6.82 the 0.36 to 1.04 the three the 6.82 so they're pretty close either way this one comes out you can see if I add them up to exactly a hundred percent this one came up to 99.99 okay let's go on to our graphs then so once we have this then we can kind of grab them together we can put both of these on the same graph this is graphing I believe the actual percent column and the p of x column so we're looking at our actual data and the the the the function data on one graph and you can see they line up fairly close giving us further indication that a bell curve might be an appropriate tool to use to approximate this data uh this one this one is a a I believe this is a bar graph of this data over here probably should have labeled it better this data over here well we picked up all of this right now this this was a long column because remember if we did it one calorie at a time that we had a whole lot of we had 106,517 you know calories in total so if I graph that even with a line graph then you get something that looks almost like a smooth curve right it doesn't look like this jagged thing over here or it doesn't look like this this jagged this jagged thing here because we have such fine data that we're using not this isn't the actual data this is the curve that we're plotting but we're plotting it on a calorie by calorie basis and that's one of the reasons again that if you when you when you think about the area under the curve and and you think about the integral calculus of it if because you have such the fine so fine of the lines could be the reason why that if we sum up you know we sum everything up this way that that we come up to something very close to uh if we did it with a calculation of uh the the norm dot dist so there is that one


Hey guys, I'm Broogly and today I'm going to be talking about Backrooms Level Press Start, which is a level where you start a terrifying journey through the backrooms and it could possibly be the worst decision you ever make. Sound fun? Well, it won't be. So buckle up and get ready for this explanation. Let's get into it, shall we? So the level entry starts with the phrase, quote, Welcome to the game of life or death. Will you win or will it be game over? Which is terrifying and a scary way to start, but it might get better. It won't. Backrooms Level Press Start is classified as a class variable difficulty and it says it's safe and secure, but I'm not going to believe that. It also says, quote, Just us at the bottom of the classification, which might mean there's a weird entity or something here. Now the level itself is split into two distinct rooms. The two rooms are called Press Start and Game Paused. The first one, Press Start, is a really dark room and I'll explain it now. The room itself is around 400 square feet in size, so it's pretty small, kind of like a living room or a big bedroom. There are absolutely no doors or windows or vents or any way out and the floors and the walls and even the roof are all decorated with glow in the dark stars and stripes like the ones you used to put on your walls as a kid. The carpet is like an old movie theater or laser tag or arcade type carpet and it also glows. Now there's only one thing in the room and it's in the very center of it on the ground and it is an old looking arcade machine, but I'll touch on that later. Now not much else is known about this place, but there has been a pretty scary discovery about the walls and if you try to break the wall or hit something or scratch it or even throw something at it, you'll instantly, and I mean instantly, get no clipped to level you cheated, which is not a fun place to be and if you haven't seen my video on it, go check it out, it is insane. But if you try to break this room or scratch this room or try to claw your way out, you'll be sent there, no questions asked, which means that these levels are indeed connected. Now back to the arcade machine thing. The machine itself appears to everyone who gets in here, however the game that the arcade machine is is different for everybody. So up you can see a Pac-Man game and another person can see Dig Dug or something, but each time the arcade machine will have words on the top that say press start, just written right at the top. When a person approaches the machine, it will automatically boot up and turn on. You don't have to do anything, it just knows you're there, kind of like a motion sensor and it said that when it starts up, it makes a sound similar to the sound of an iMac starting. The machine will then load for around a minute and after it loads, it'll show something pretty strange on the screen. It'll show a terms of service document like the ones that you get when you open a new phone or download new software and this is what it says, welcome to press start. This game created by Unintelligible will give you the time of your life and winning this easy game comes with a reward to an exit back to your normal reality. But if you choose to play, be careful not to lose all your lives and remember, there is a special punishment for those who cheat. If you wish not to play, we will bring you to another level, but if you want to reconsider you can come back anytime and then after it says that there's an area where you're supposed to sign your signature that says I, the player, agree to this game to the best of my ability. I acknowledge there is risk involved and acknowledge any harm, loss of life or punishment is not the fault of press start limited. I agree to not attempt to escape this level while the game is in session through any means and to not attempt to cheat in any way for all time. All rights reserved. So yeah, as you can see, something or some company has created this machine or it could be the back rooms actually creating it. Who knows? Let me know your theories on it down below because I'm interested. I don't know why I would make this, but it made a machine that has these terms of services that you have to agree to. Now after this, the game will then load something and it'll be different for each person. But each time there is a few common things that happen. The games that load are never real games. They're not ones from real life, but they're knockoff versions. One person said that their game was called duty calls instead of call of duty and so on. The next thing is that the games all have a weird, scary horror aspect to them.  You could be playing a harmless game, but it would jump scare you randomly for no reason. And all the games after you complete them at the beginning say that they were created and curated by PressStartLTD, which I'm assuming is the name of the company that made this arcade machine and maybe this level or is it just a back room itself? No matter what the game is, you always have one goal. You have to complete it fully. You need to beat the game 100% completion. And you can do that in a couple different ways. One way is like I just said to complete all the on screen objectives and get to 100% on the completion bar. Or you can just do whatever else it says because sometimes it'll be different. But no matter what you do, you got to beat it. And if you do, it might be sent to a level that will help you escape the back rooms, like level 3999 or another exit level. But remember, if you try to cheat the game or the machine, or if you break something in any room, you'll be sent to level you cheated. So be careful. Now, if you remember what I said earlier, there are actually two rooms here. And now I'm going to talk about that second one. It's called the game paused room. And it looks pretty similar to the press start room, except this one has couches and tables and almond water bottles. And there is no arcade machine. The same rules apply here too, though. Just like in the other room, if you break something or try to escape it, you'll be sent to level you cheated. No questions asked. But as you can tell by the name game paused, this is where you get sent instantly if you pause the game from press start. So if you're bored or whatever, you press pause, you'll be sent here. The only catch is you can only do this once. So use it wisely and then go back to beating the game. Because if you don't beat the game, well, have fun being sent to level you cheated. To enter level press start, you can lose a game on level 3999, which is another exit level where it has to do tasks to escape. Now, most of the entrances to this level involve playing a random arcade game or something in general like that. So I recommend avoiding all arcade machines in this entire landscape with the back rooms just so you don't have to worry about getting sent here. To exit, you can either beat a game or if you lose a game, you'll be sent to a bad bad level. The rest of the exits revolve around losing specific games. And if you're interested, I recommend checking the link to the article below so you can read the full list. But just know that you probably should just try to beat the game because if you don't, it's not going to be good for you or well just you because you're alone. Have fun. So yeah, that was Backroom's level press start. A room where you're forced to play a game and if you don't win, you get sent to your death. That's fun, right? Thank you for watching and supporting me. Comment, start, Broogly, if you are still watching and make sure to comment down there so I can leave a heart for you. I try to heart everybody I see because that means you're a real one. If you're watching to the end, I appreciate you. Also make sure to comment what levels you want me to go over, what else you want to see, that kind of deal. I have a ton of stuff up my sleeve, y'all. I mean, I have a ton of things coming out, tons of new custom levels and that sort of thing. I really hope y'all are ready. Next year is about to be awesome. I mean, I have so much planned. Check out my second channel, Tugly, for daily reaction videos and funny clips of me. And if you check out Spookly, you'll get more creepy stuff like SCPs and ARGs. Thank you for everything you do for me. I love you all. Also, I recorded this at like 4 a.m. So kind of tired, but we're having fun. Thank you for everything and I'll see you all in the next video. Peace.