nd create new jobs to enhance the economy. We are aware that we need to articulate efforts between the State, the Academy and the private company to develop new technologies and to enhance the development of our countries, with a fertile environment that generates innovative opportunities, avoiding brain fumes and capacities and positioning research and development. For this, we have to ensure access to connectivity and internet. We still have other challenges after this to achieve a complete digital ecosystem. Ecuador must overcome the challenge of fostering culture and digital skills that allow the appropriation of the use of infrastructure and digital solutions to improve the quality of life and efficiency of public services by the government. For this, digitization of the states and governments is essential. Another challenge is normative. Our country has been privileged for years to have a tributary recovery instead of the deployment of connectivity and economic development. In this sense, I agree with my colleague who considered it as an option to reduce the cover of the use of the spectrum in exchange for greater investments in rural connectivity and in disadvantaged areas. For this, we will continue to work on national and regional public policies that allow us to adopt TICS and strengthen the companies of this turn so that they have the capacity to develop new digital services, improve their investment returns and take our countries to a digital economy. For this, we also need to develop the infrastructure of the TICS, which in our country, at least, is complicated due to certain geographical conditions and due to the high investment costs. With few tributary stimulus for the operators who want to invest, which we will soon be correcting and motivating from the government and regulation. For this, it is important to manage financing for the private sector in our country. We are putting our eyes and emphasizing the opportunities that private public alliances have given in other countries and in this same sector with the objective of replicating them. Albert Einstein once said that imagination is more important than knowledge. The TICS are no more than a creative form in which we use that technology to improve our lives. The digital agenda of Ecuador, the technological route page and our new policies have a chapter dedicated to the choice of emerging technologies for sustainable development, aimed at fostering its use of promoting the innovation, development and research in the benefit of the productive sectors and of the entire society, fostering a culture of data and strengthening an environment that allows us to adapt these technologies contributing to ODS-9, which impulsates the construction of resilient infrastructures. In Ecuador, we have an inclination towards the TIC data, advanced analytics and computation in the cloud, in addition to artificial and robotic intelligence. We are going to focus on that, thinking and inviting organizations with which we coincide in the high value of technologies. What is our challenge then? Our challenge is to be in the avant-garde and in sync with entrepreneurs who support us with innovation. From the social field, we will be applying projects for development promotion and use of TICS emerging, while at the same time, we diagram a regulatory or regulatory framework that allows and facilitates the adoption of 5G and privileges for investment. In the social field, we are emphasizing on the connection via Wi-Fi of areas that are unattended, social or marginal. We also have pilot projects with new technologies to reach areas with little geographical access such as TV-Wide Space technology via transmission on the internet to remote sites, occupying UHF frequency bands. In this, we are already making pilots that are in operation and have given excellent results. Additionally, I congratulate myself on mentioning that our country has one of the highest indexes in the region in terms of traffic in line. In Ecuador, it is working for the digitization of documents such as identity and license for driving so that in the near future, citizens can make use of mobile devices by accessing such documents from their cell phone. We are also dedicating efforts so that the largest number of projects can be carried out in line until 2025, when the government would end. With this, we will contribute to the 16th objective of the ODSs, promotion of just, peaceful and inclusive societies. The government of President Guillermo Lazo has coined a phrase that can be useful to make the description of the work, not only in Ecuador, but all over the world. Together, we achieve it. Together, public institutions, private, NGO, and citizens in general, we will be able to integrate and connect the world through the TICS. The TICS, as an element and tool of the connection of the world, of the governments of citizens and the private sector, is our objective from the side of the government's administration. Thank you for listening and listening to us. Thank you kindly, Madam Minister. We now have the honor of hearing from Ambassador Dr. Perks Legoya, permanent representative of the Republic of Malawi to the UN in New York. Having previously been permanent representative to UNF and UN Habitat, he holds a doctorate in economic policy management and has an impressive record of portfolios in the public and private sectors as well as in diplomacy. Your Excellency. Thank you very much, Kim. Your Excellency, Minister Vienna-Maino, Minister of Telecommunications and Information Society in Ecuador. Congratulations for your new government. USG Courtney Ratley, High Representative for the List-Developed Countries, Landlock Developed Countries and Small Island Developing Countries, ITU representatives, Excellencies, Panelists, Ladies and Gentlemen. First, let me start by congratulating USG Courtney for assuming this important role of High Representative for the List-Developed Countries, Landlock Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. You have taken over the role at such a critical time. Given your remarkable experience, I'm very confident that you'll be a great advocate of the issues concerning the three groups of countries. And as a friend, I wish you a very successful tenure of office. I also commend ITU for organizing such an important event. Thank you for dedicating an entire week towards discussing how to accelerate digital transformation in the LDCs, LLDCs and seeds. This event comes at a time when the LDCs are still grappling with the issue of the digital divide. The event also comes at an opportune time as concrete and implementable solutions raised here will feed into the outcome of the fifth UN conference on LDCs. The conference, as you may know, will be held in Doha in January. Excuse me, do you hear well? No, I'm not hearing any. Exactly, I think there is an issue. Possibly muted. Bye, Esther. Ambassador Lagoia? No, no, no, he's not muted, but something going wrong. We don't hear him anymore. Let me check. Ambassador Lagoia, if you can hear me, can you, can you know it? If you can, yeah, we can't hear you. We can't hear you at the moment. So I, yeah, I can't, we can't hear you at all. I wonder if you'd allow us to go to the final speaker while we try to sort out your audio? Would that be okay, Ambassador? I'm so sorry, I'm so sorry. If the IT, if the moderators would queue up the next speaker, which is a video message from Maria Francesca, Spatuliziano, she is the Assistant Secretary General of the Policy Coordination and Interagency Affairs of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs and Officer in Charge of the Office of the SG's Envoy on Technology. She has in Teralia held several EU Ambassador appointments and served as head of the Economic and Trade Section of the EU delegation to the UN and until we can get back audio from Ambassador Leguio, we will switch to the video message from the Assistant SG. Excellencies, distinguished colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, it is an honor to join you today at this opening session. My thanks to the ITU for inviting me. COVID has shown us how now more than ever our ability to connect, communicate and engage online is fundamental to our everyday lives. Yet, as we are all painfully aware, this connectivity and access is not enjoyed by everyone all around the world. With 3.7 billion people, mostly women and in the developing world, still offline. This fundamental gap between the digital heads and have not means that people do not have the most basic access to the online world opportunities. This is why the United Nations Secretary General's roadmap for digital cooperation, his vision for a more open, free and secure digital future role, sets out concrete actions to ensure that every person has safe and affordable access to the Internet by 2030. This is urgently needed, particularly for developing countries and even more so in least developed countries, where more than 80% of people are not connected. These connectivity gaps also exacerbate already existing social and economic inequalities. As those people and communities already marginalized and vulnerable are also more likely not to be online. This is even more stark in developing countries, whereas in high income countries, 87% of school aged children and adolescents are connected in low income countries. This figure is just 6%. All of this means that we have fallen seriously short of SDG target 9C, which aims to, and I quote, significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020. Ensuring universal, affordable and meaningful connectivity for all must be an urgent priority for the international community. We must also take a human centered approach to connectivity, considering how to leave no one behind in addressing the digital divide. The Office of the Tech Envoy is proud to work with the ITU and many of you present today on this as part of the implementation of the Secretary-General's roadmap. What is also critical and I'm glad that ITU has organized this event is the question of how to leverage emerging technologies to achieve connectivity. The global conversation regarding Internet access has tended to focus predominantly on mobile connectivity being at the forefront of deployed solutions. But we should also take into account alternative technologies such as leo satellites, TV, wide space, wireless, Wi-Fi and fiber. To some extent our analysis and viewpoints regarding the cost and affordability of connectivity has been based of technology of the past and we need to consider emerging technologies that could drive the future. While mobile and broadband will remain important, we should also look into infrastructure investments that move beyond simply building mobile towers and consider fiber cables, satellite and wireless deployments. In this perspective in a few days my office will be organizing together with ITU and the UN office on outer space affairs a discussion on space-based technologies for connectivity to explore that potential. We must also continue to focus on the LDCs, LDCs and the SIDS and their particular needs because there is no one size fits all solution to this complex issue of connectivity. Ahead of next year's fifth LDC summit in Doha, our office is working with partners including the UN office of the high representative for the least developed countries developing countries and small island developing states as well as the technology bank for LDCs to see how we can better harness the power of digital technologies for the LDCs. Finally, even as we strive to connect the unconnected, we must bear in mind that connectivity and online access by itself is not a solution to everything. Connectivity must also be accompanied by measures to ensure the safety and security of those brought online through education and necessary digital skills and literacy so that all can be fully empowered and engaged. This entails, for instance, addressing possible online harms and risks and users' vulnerability to online exploitation and abuse including countering misinformation. The time to act is now. Connectivity remains the pressing issue to ensure that all can benefit from the Secretary General's vision of a more open, free and secure digital future as embodied in the roadmap. The Office of the Tech Envoy remains committed to working with all of you to make this a reality. Thank you. We are very grateful for the ASG's remarks and you would notice that we are just on the 9 o'clock hour in my time zone. We have the kind of permission of the next session if you would allow us to go over time just in order to hear Ambassador Lagoya's brief remarks and then we will close with a picture and then we will hand over to the next session if you will be so kind participants to allow us to go into the next session for which we have permission. Ambassador Lagoya. I'm sorry, I'm still not hearing. Let's try that again, Ambassador. You can hear me, right, but we still can't hear you. Perhaps we can go to, let's try one more time and if not, we'll go to the photo and then try the audio one last time. No, still not, still not hearing. Perhaps we can go to the group photo. You can hear me. So what I'm asked is if everybody, panelists as well as participants, if we all open up our cameras and we offer a great big smile, happy to be here at the start of this exciting week on emerging technologies as our technical staff will take pictures to capture this moment. Let me wait for one more second. Please put your best smile. Ready? Here we go. I have more participants just a second. Again, please smile. Amazing. And one last time. Amazing. This is done. Thank you so much. Thank you so much. So let's hear from Ambassador Lagoya. I'm so hoping that your audio is back up. Well, that, you can hear me, but we can't hear you still. So that being the case, I believe that we will need Ambassador Lagoya if you will allow us. I believe that we would need to move on and perhaps if there is time in the next session, perhaps you can add your words once your audio is back up because they were expecting us to go over time a little bit. So let me take the opportunity to provide, to offer gracious thanks to all of our speakers. We deeply appreciate your time and the wisdom shared. You have primed us to derive maximum profit from this week of immersion in emerging technology for connectivity 2021. Thanks also to all of our 222 participants for joining us. Please refer to the event website where you will find full bios of all of our speakers. So now we are pleased to hand over to His Excellency, Professor Mohamedu Khar, permanent representative of the Republic of Gambia to the United Nations office and other international organizations in Geneva for the next session, which we will launch immediately on trends in emerging technology for connectivity. Thank you to all. Good afternoon. Good afternoon. Can you hear me loud and clear? Loud and clear, Your Excellency. I was on top. Yeah, we, I think somebody have, you have your mic open if you can kindly mute your mic. Good afternoon, Excellencies. This has been quite a wonderful day sitting in through the opening ceremony to this very last session. It's been very, very wonderful. Our session today is Trends in Emerging Technology for Connectivity. I will give an opening statement and then we will go right into the panel. At the onset, permit me to extend my thanks and sincere gratitude to the leadership of the ITU for inviting me to moderate this very important session and indeed for putting together a very distinguished panel for this series of very important engagements. As you are aware, as the topic of our discussion, Trends in Emerging Technologies for Connectivity is an especially important one as this relates to developing countries. It provides our countries with an opportunity to leapfrog and bridge the digital divide. Emerging technologies also enable us to play catch up quicker than we have ever imagined since the Industrial Revolution left many of us behind and in doing so marginalize our countries and indeed our people. Appropriate adoption of emerging technologies solving the last mile challenges with access to affordable and reliable broadband connectivity, digital platforms and services with adequate, skilled and quality human resources will stimulate wider commercial opportunities, creating additional jobs across value chains and sustaining livelihoods for millions. The centrality of adequate investments, capacity and competency building are key requirements for LDCs to adopt and benefit from the evolving trends of emerging technologies and connectivity. Some of these technologies have been discussed in earlier presentations today. Implementing and deploying these emerging technologies to resolve connectivity challenges requires smart policy requirements to build smart infrastructure driven by these emerging technologies. Further, it is key that these evolving emerging technologies unleash affordable connectivity and digital services and tools for rural communities. Harness and unleash the creativity and resilience of women and youths to facilitate building the productive capacity, scalability and the ecosystem to facilitate growth and development. SDGs attainment, resilience, sustainability and wealth creation across LDCs. As developing countries, governments, civil society organizations, private sector, private sector startups continue to embrace and adopt these evolving trends of emerging technologies such as AI, machine learning, deep learning, robotics, big data, IOTs, blockchains, bitcoins and digital currencies. This is a very, very exciting topic and to conclude I would say substantive adoption of the trends of emerging technologies for connectivity, valuable data governance and digital inclusion and building the digital platform service ecosystems will most likely only evolve in LDCs if they are able to access hubs with affordable broadband connectivity and with alternative and renewable energy to power them and also have youthful populations, empowered women with high quality and rigorous innovative education systems and institutions with constant and continuous supply of motivated quality graduates with high technical social competences plus entrepreneurial drive, passion and enthusiasm to create wealth and provide solutions to these SDGs using these emerging technologies. Emerging technologies and evolving technologies will not yield the intended values for LDCs if we don't substantively scale and build the requirements of competences and capabilities around these tools and to reinvigorate and disrupt how we do STEM education. It is critical for us to be able to harness these wonderful technologies that are coming to us at speeds. On that note, I thank you very much and welcome all of you to this session in which through our distinguished panelists we intend to introduce various ways and interventions that showcase selected initiatives on using emerging technologies for connectivity. Panelists will discuss solutions and share their experiences as to the use of emerging technology to connect the unconnected and in doing so our panelists will seek, will highlight how the UN Sustainable Development Goals SDG4 Quality Education, SDG9 Industry Innovation and Infrastructure, SDG11 Sustainable Cities and Communities and SDG17 Partnerships for the goals should be implemented especially in LDCs, SIDs and LLDCs. Distinguished participants, I now call upon Madam Dr. Aminata to take the floor and set the stage so that we can hear from our panelists. Dr. Aminata, you have the floor. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Your Excellency Ambassador Kha. Can we have the presentation please? Thank you. So I will be having this talk today which will be a broad overview of emerging technology for connectivity. I wouldn't go in depth on anything but I will try to go on the different technologies and also some of the key constraints of emerging technology. Next slide please. So we have heard it in the previous discussion that about half of the world population is offline and in this offline population most of them are concentrated in the least developing countries. Only 19% of the people in LDCs are online and if we look on the landlocked developing countries it's about 27%. And when we go regionally, Africa and Asia Pacific are the least connected regions where in Africa it's less than 30% and in Asia Pacific around 45%. So we can see here that really when we focus on LDC and LDCs which is the focus of the meeting this week we have very few people online. It means there are many challenges to connect these people but it also means that there are many opportunities and the objective of this week is to see what are the opportunities, how can we best choose the solutions and best connect these people. So if we go in the next slide please. We have discussed in a previous work in ITU the last mile connectivity solutions guide many steps to connect the unconnected. The first one will be to identify the people who are unconnected and this is actually we know that there is 80% of people unconnected in LDCs and the question is where are these people? Can we really pinpoint exactly the position where the people are? And this is important in order to define what are the best solutions to connect the people. So the first step will be to identify the people and the second one is to look at what are the different options and this will be actually the focus of my talk today. What are the technology options? When we talk about options there could be other options not only technology options but my talk will focus on technology today because it's the theme of the day. And then in the third step is to select what is the best option taking into account the constraints, the geographical constraints but also looking at the viability of the service and looking at the affordability of the service. And I will come back to this towards the end of my presentation. And finally it is to select and really put in place interventions to be able to connect the unconnected. So the talk today will be focusing on step two. Next slide please. So for the first step which is about identifying the people who are unconnected there are many initiatives on connectivity mapping and we can group them into four categories. The first is the demand mapping saying what is the bandwidth demand? What is the quality of service demand? Are people willing to pay for these services? And the infrastructure mapping is a type of mapping when we look at what are the existing infrastructure? And the ITU Board of Management map which you will hear about tomorrow is one of these type of infrastructure mapping. And then you can have order mapping like the utilities map. Thank you. So you can have utilities mapping for example it's important to know whether or not in the places we intend to extend the connectivity there is electricity. Are there all existing so that we see how to build the fiber if it is the fiber. So this is a type of mapping which is important. The third one is investment. Are there already investments in place or do we need to look at investment? And the service mapping is to look at the type of services, the type of data cap the type of prices which can be offered. This will be a focus on a presentation tomorrow afternoon at 2 p.m. so that wouldn't be my focus but I thought it was really important to focus on data and mapping because it's really the first step of identifying what we need to do and I invite you for the tomorrow meeting at 2 p.m. to go in depth into mapping and data. In the next slide I will start talking a little bit more about the different next slide please. I will start talking about the different connectivity options. So this slide is showing some of the wireless technology options. So when we look at them, the first one is the Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is an old technology for sure but it has been improving and then we have more and more innovation going on. The latest Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi 6 or 802.11ax is now offering a large bandwidth. Usually Wi-Fi I give you limited coverage and then limited bandwidth and now we still have limited coverage but it is being extended with extended Wi-Fi and now we can see that Wi-Fi can offer really competitive data and it is an option which is being considered and being implemented in case studies in Google connectivity and in some places where you lack connectivity it has this benefit of being cheap enough. And then one other option for connectivity which is most likely the most popular technology option is the wireless cellular where we have the 2G, 3G, 4G and then we are talking about 5G. In this category 5G is the emerging one and then the advantage of 5G and we heard it from the previous speakers is that 5G will really give you large bandwidth. It gives you midrange but it also allows to connect a lot. 5G is based on this densification of the network and then allowing having very low latency. So if you have applications which require low latency, which you can have a lot of bandwidth and willing to connect a lot of things, not only people it is a good candidate for that. And then we have the fixed wireless option. The fixed wireless usually will build upon existing network. It's a type of microwave technology, point to point technology providing the connectivity to the places, to the homes, to the organizations. It's not a mobile technology but a wireless microwave type of technology. It has the advantage of giving you higher bandwidth than mobile but it is a fixed type of technology. So that will be the drawback but it is an option which is interesting in places where you already have infrastructure and then you can use in top of the existing infrastructure to offer the fixed wireless. And then the traditional satellite technology will have this advantage of being available everywhere. They have really a huge coverage. And then we will talk about satellite technology on Wednesday and see what are the new innovations happening in the satellite industry. Next slide please. In the next slide I will be talking about the wireless technology for connectivity, mostly focusing on the fiber for LDCs. Fiber has really been a very solid candidate for connectivity. Fiber gives this huge bandwidth, huge also coverage. It can be costly as initial investment but it is a long-term investment. After that the operating cost can be smaller. So fiber is a solid candidate but indeed sometimes the initial cost of investments so has to be considered. And I wouldn't focus on coax and copper that will be mostly in places where you already have legacy infrastructure. They are innovation happening in these very old technologies. But in places like LDCs where we don't have too much legacy infrastructure, these are not something too much to look at but they are innovation and they can also, they should be considered if they exist already to look at what are the innovations. Next slide please. For the specific emerging technology for connectivity we have the HABS high altitude platform stations like the balloons, the drones and they have this advantage of having huge coverage. They have good enough possible to put the initial investment of course is high and we will be also talking about HABS on Wednesday afternoon at 3pm. And the low-earth orbit satellites. So this is really the emerging technology. It's actually an old technology which has been reinvented so it is an emerging technology now in the satellite and it has the advantage of having lower latency than the traditional satellite and it has a huge coverage. We also have a presentation in Leo on Wednesday so I wouldn't focus much on that. Millimeter wave and TV white space are these technologies not really to allow you to use to optimize the spectrum. So the idea of millimeter wave is to use the frequencies which are higher than 30 gigahertz. So usually we're using lower band of frequency. Now we as we know spectrum is a resource which is limited. The idea of millimeter wave is to use the very high frequencies which are available. The drawback of it so the advantage is that we will have much more spectrum maybe cheaper services because spectrum is available in that range but the drawback is that they are more sensitive to obstacle than the regular frequencies we use for wireless. So there is a need to do a little bit more work and optimization to get a lower range of the communication to go. And then the TV white space in the same range the idea is to use the unused spectrum in the TV and also to optimize the use of spectrum. The unused spectrum will be used for TV space. The free space optical communication is also an all technology which is being revisited. We have a talk on free space optimal optical communication on Wednesday also at 2 p.m. I invited you to follow if you want to learn a little bit more about this technology. And the idea is that fiber is great optical communication is great but when we talk about fiber we have to dig and then put the fiber. The free space optical communication is using free space so it's a wireless optical communication method so the advantage will be that you have less cost to build the fiber. Obviously you will have very lower range than you will have for the fiber. You will have more obstacle and lower throughput sometimes but it is a good alternative to consider in some cases. The low range or lower the advantage is that you can use that usually designed for Internet of Things initially. It can be used to connect a lot of things at the same time but it offers very low bandwidth and we have seen now some use cases where they are considering using low range even to connect people but in cases where you need low bandwidth for the connectivity. The power the power line communication it's an old technology but the idea of the power line communication is to use existing electricity grid in order to offer connectivity. We have a very interesting talk on Wednesday afternoon at 2pm on the power line communication which I invite you to follow so I wouldn't spend too much time on it but it is a technology in places where you already have the electricity infrastructure and it allow you to actually use something which already exists to optimize your existing infrastructure to offer connectivity. In the next slide please and I think I'm going out of time I wouldn't stay in this slide but the idea of this slide is when we look at all these technologies all of them they can say one is better than other rather what is the technology which most suits the needs we have in that place we need to connect and when we do that we need to look at which one will be more sustainable in the place we need all of them I think are equal it's which one best fit the need we have at this time and I will stop here in next slide please I thank you very much for your attention and I would like to acknowledge that some of the slides of these presentations are coming from the ITU last month Internet Connectivity Solutions Guide and then in this slide you can see the link to download the report. Thank you very much Ambassador I give you back the floor. Okay good afternoon and thank you very much Dr. Aminata for your very valuable presentation. Now I will give the floor to Mr. Teddy Woodhouse, a research manager of A4 AI will take the floor please Mr. Teddy. Thank you your excellency can you hear me? Yes we can hear you. Perfect thank you excellencies friends colleagues it's supposed to join you today so yes to introduce myself I'm Teddy Woodhouse I'm a research manager at the Alliance for Affordable Internet and I think there are slides with my presentation I don't know if I am supposed to put them up or if someone will put them up for me. IT can you please share the screen? Yes Perfect just coming in now excellent so yes so I am with the Alliance for Affordable Internet or A4 AI and so what I wanted to focus on a lot today is thinking about the foundations of emerging digital economy and in many ways what this comes from is as we're focusing on emerging technologies there's something that there are other things that have to emerge with those technologies in tandem with those technologies as we can think of as forms of hardware or forms of equipment there's also emerging practices in policy and regulation that are quite important to support the development of those technologies and their adoption in different parts of the world where contexts justify their utilization and so the thing I want to focus on here is as we're thinking about all of these practices and all of these new technologies a crucial thing is to think about how inclusive they are and how effective they are in bringing as many people online and including as many people as possible in these digital economies that we're looking to grow as we come out of the global pandemic and the recovery from it so in the next slide summarizes my talk quite quickly I'll introduce my organization the Alliance for Affordable Internet just in case you haven't heard of us before summarize a bit about affordability and access today as we see it go into a bit of detail about the impact of policy decisions as they're influencing these questions that we're talking about today and then talk a bit about some policy recommendations and kind of steps ahead as we see them what are quite important trends to think about so next slide to introduce ourselves we at the Alliance for Affordable Internet are the world's broadest technology sector alliance and we bring together public sector, private sector and civil society across the globe to work on driving down the price of broadband for everyone and we focus on transforming policy and regulatory frameworks through that action and in the next slide there's just a quick summary of some of our member organizations and our focus around a set of good practices which are all kind of thought to be connected to the driving down of the cost of internet access in many parts of the world and as an organization we focus in particular in low and middle income countries and thinking about the unique dynamics that play in the technology markets in those areas so if we can skip forward to slides from here this is just a quick summary of some of the research that we do as an organization and what we try to contribute and kind of value add of why we ask for a bit of your attention today is every year we publish the affordability report which assesses the policy and regulatory environments throughout civil parts of the world, the latest edition had around 70 countries looking at how they're set up to support those emerging technologies as they come in and as they create the space and market pressures for the cost of internet to reduce so in the preceding presentation many of those technologies for example TB white spaces we do assessments on how well and how inclusive are the licensing frameworks or the spectrum policies in place effective at adopting and harnessing and leveraging those technologies to reduce the price of broadband for people in the market and there's a number of other things that we cover including quality of service metrics and also the cost of devices in many parts of the world in the next slide this is quite the quick summary of the thing that we focus on and what we pay attention to at the Alliance for Affordable Internet we create an index called the ADI which is short for the affordability drivers index and what it is is an amalgamation of a number of different policy factors in each country that's ranked numerically from a scale of 0 to 10 and how effective is the policy at arranging spectrum at universal service at setting a broadband strategy there's a number of factors how of all those scores combining together reflecting the effectiveness of broadband policy at the time and so that's the orange line you see there quite fortuitously one of the good things is policies that gradually are getting better over time and the green line in comparison is average of 4 can I ask you to slow down a bit for interpreters it's kind of difficult of course yes so I'll slow down so that is the orange line which focuses on the affordability drivers index which is that assessment of quality of different policy environments and the green line in comparison at the same time as we see the decreasing affordability or increasing affordability or decreasing prices of internet in many parts of the world as these policy environments are improving so we're quite heartened by this relationships that we're seeing emerge over time that is as policies are getting better to include these emerging technologies the price of broadband for many people across the globe is reducing at the same time so in the next slide what I wanted to quickly summarize is we have we do regional snapshots throughout many parts of the world and most recently we did a regional snapshot for these developed countries and countries in that classification to understand the comparison of different countries and the ways that they are thinking about the policies that are relating to these emerging technologies this is a quick link to that report you can also find other supporting materials related to the affordability report in the most latest edition at that link but what I want to focus on is in the next slide so if we think about the summary situation amongst LDCs and this classification again it's 17% of the population is online 41% of the population is covered by a 4G network which is crucial for what we see to be meaningful connectivity which is the point at which connectivity is no longer the first experience of someone coming online and based activities but then being able to use the internet more meaningfully in work life play in other parts of life as well and also quite crucially and unfortunately the size of the gender gap in this part of the world is quite stark and the balance between men and women participating in online life is quite extreme and something that we look to close and should be considered an urgent policy priority in the next few years so in the next slide covers the 10 highest scoring countries amongst LDCs and so this is just a quick summary of the placement of all these countries to get a sense of what are some of the countries that have the world leading policy and regulatory practices that are relating to these emerging technologies that we're talking about over the course of this week and some of the strongest countries that we've identified are Senegal, Benin, Cambodia and Uganda each of them have individual strengths to the way that they are considering many of these policy issues and there's also many of these other countries as well have strengths in their own right relating to many of these policy issues as well in the next slide this just to quickly confirm why does this matter so what you see along the bottom access is the index score of all of these countries and so the further along the right it is the higher the quality of the policy environment as we see it in these individual countries and then along the vertical access you see the affordability of data so you want to be as close to the bottom right is kind of the most desirable situation for an individual country and quite crucially we see that of the countries that have met the definition of affordability that we have which is one for two so it's the affordability of one gigabyte of data to no more than 2% of the monthly average income in that country only three countries that are classified as LDCs have met that and all of them have comparatively quite high policy scores so we see this chain reaction occurring of having a high policy score and developing a strong policy environment leads to better market conditions which then again leads to more affordable prices for everyone and with those more affordable prices that next step that we see as well is that emerging technologies become more ubiquitous, they're more common and more affordable for more people to use and take advantage of so continuing on to the next slide just wanted to emphasize some of the positive progress that has happened so far particularly in the context of LDCs on average the price of one gigabyte of data has transitioned down over the past four years from around 4.5% of average monthly income to now 1.6% in 2019 and that continues to track down as we have collected later data a number of countries have seen the cost of one gigabyte of mobile broadband come down by more than 60% in that same time period so in the span of about four or five years one gigabyte has become exponentially much more affordable for millions of people and in particular the positive case in Rwanda looks at how the price of one gigabyte has reduced from 20% in 2015 to now just a little bit over 3% in 2019 so in the next slide the one thing I wanted to finish with was okay so reflecting on this information considering these questions what do we need to be doing what is the urgent policy action that comes ahead so in the next slide the thing I would recommend focusing on is on national broadband plans these are one of the core indicators in a country's affordability drivers index score and it's also one of the most influential single policy documents for a country to adopt that then affects the quality of its market and the development of emerging technologies that then favor greater affordability and accessibility of the internet throughout a country and so here we see amongst LDC countries that we monitor that national score on the affordability drivers index along the bottom and then also the national broadband plan as we rank to internally and we see quite a close relationship that countries that have a strong national broadband plan and score a higher score in that one indicator then also tend to have stronger scores and a better policy environment in other parts of their market whether that's spectrum governance the regulatory framework or universal access and so that's why we think that national broadband plans are such a crucial policy document to think about what needs to be done and so in the next slide this just summarizes what are some of the important things broadband plans create smart spending so they make governments more effective in their public spending and they also create a sense of accountability which favors better and deeper private investment and they also create a sense of accountability which allows people and citizens to engage in the policy making process as well and create a greater sense of trust in the trajectory of a market's development over time so in the last slide and I'll quickly wrap up here some of the recommendations from our most recent affordability report as relating to broadband plans bringing in a diverse inputs from a diverse range of sectors whether it's private sector, public sector and civil society and so even within public sector it's quite important to bring in multiple ministries to think about how these emerging technologies and how these digital issues relate to other sustainable development goals education, health, the environment and how they should interrelate and how we want them to relate to each other in the future the second one is that every good broadband plan has targets that come with a clear measurement and a time limit so there is a sense of accountability throughout the achievement and the lifespan of that document and then the third one is that a plan must come with funding commitments words are only so good, words should quite frequently and ideally be followed up with action and that creates a system of assessment and review and that allows the government to continue to develop their emerging policy and regulatory practices along with emerging technologies that come in and help innovate within this space and so that's a quick summary of what I wanted to highlight here as what we see as quite a crucial aspect is the development of emerging policy and regulatory practices that support in turn the adoption of emerging technologies in different parts of the world that then create that emerging digital economy that is inclusive and kind of grows to scale to include as many people as possible and lift as many people out of poverty as possible as well so I'll conclude there and thank you all for your time today thank you very much for that presentation Teddy we appreciate your contribution now we move to our next presenter Mrs. Gomez the CEO of Internet will take the floor kindly take the floor Good morning Yes Good morning First I would like to thank the invitation to be part of this session as an internet representative for all of us it is an opportunity to show our project and the model that we are using to connect to the non-connected with views that this model can be replicated in the rest of the world Internet for all of us can you help me with the presentation you are showing it Internet for all of us was born from the initiative of cutting the digital gap in Latin America where we know there are more than 100 million people without internet connectivity where the connectivity index of rural areas is so important in urban areas and that is why Internet for all of us in Peru product of the Alliance of Telefónica of Peru, Facebook Connectivity CAF and Bidinvest a mobile infrastructure operator with rural focus and a sustainable innovative model with the goal of connecting more than 6 million people of the country in order to give them the same opportunities and promote their social and economic development and therefore the development of the same country Peru the next thank you before yes and PT started its operations in 2019 selecting Peru as a pilot country a country with important challenges as well as great opportunities to execute the project among the challenges for the connectivity of rural areas and that are the barriers we know are characteristics responsible of this connectivity gap of these areas we have a complicated geography in Peru mountains, jungle and coast a low income level of people and a low population density in urban focus due to intense traffic in these areas and the basic infrastructure is poor and scarce finally technology is designed for urban demand however beyond the existing challenges we found in Peru important opportunities to start the operations and look at the goal of connecting between the main infrastructure including a unique model in the world this figure was created to increase the coverage of mobile services in rural areas of Peru the OEMR can provide mobile access and transport networks to the country's mobile operators so that they can extend the service in rural areas of the country this through a major model the OEMR is the one that makes the investment of infrastructure maintenance and operation and the operator or the MNO puts its spectrum and maintains the relationship with the final customers precisely this concession is the one that has the internet for everyone to operate in Peru the concession of mobile in rural areas another of the opportunities that Peru has is the existence of the optical fiber projects in regional development in Peru they are fiber projects that extend from north to south and west and are investment projects of the state and can be used by the private or any operator who wants to operate in rural areas Peru has more than 6 million or had more than 6 million people that did not have internet mobile services 3.2 million people only had the voice service 2G and another 2.8 million people did not have any type of service neither voice nor data next internet for everyone is an example of alliances for the development of objectives objective number 17 when Telefónica recognizes the need to develop collaboration strategies and look for allies to connect in a sustainable way to non-connected allies of course they had the same goal of cutting the digital gap and thus breaking paradigms and acting in a disruptive way it is possible to concrete the alliance between Telefónica, Facebook, CAF and Vidimves Telefónica as a heritage and a network of more than 3,000 sites 2G in rural areas and at the national level in Peru as well as its technological experience like Facebook that together with other partners also place capital for the investments necessary for the project our technological model and business based on innovation and sustainability and we use the concept of network as a service where we act as a neutral host where our infrastructure is shared and we give the same access to the mobile operators of the country so we allow them to extend their service to a low cost and maintain the relationship with their clients here precisely the efficiency of our model our operation and maintenance is based on open systems or PNMS, virtualization and automation as well as we are using predictive models for the reduction of failures and the reduction of the operating costs so we also believe that this increases the availability of services, especially in rural areas where the transfer to attend a failure can require even days we are betting on new technologies innovation and open systems because we believe it is the only way for the reduction of investments and costs in addition to adjusted solutions to conditions and rural demand in IPT we have an important display of open run we have the use of radio of non-licensed band and we are doing tests with TV White Space as Bajol for the SAIS 4G in the same way we believe that the sharing of the infrastructure to enhance sustainability of the displays and accelerate it is very important believe that a single operator can build all the infrastructure that is needed to connect the non-connected and finally we use Big Data and Business Intelligent for planning and adjust all our solutions to rural demand the next please what have we done in the last two years of work since we were created for all has implemented more than 1600 LTE 4G to provide connectivity to more than 2.1 million people who are in 12,000 populated centers for which invested more than 40 million dollars in equipment and services on our infrastructure we are offering services to two mobile operators in Peru Telefonic and Intel 50% of our sites 4G are being used under the satellite and the other 50% transport solutions we have become the allies of the state to cut the digital breach of Peru but also the allies of mobile operators being a solution to provide services in rural areas without losing focus in urban areas our commitment is still firm our goal is to connect more than 2.4 million people in more than 13,000 populated centers the next when the pandemic started worldwide as we know the classes were preserved and the model of virtual classes was adopted in Peru the government implemented the app at home via tv or internet but despite the efforts of its classes and others had to walk kilometers to be able to capture signals and connect to their classes in this context IPTE took the knowledge that in the Canicuto a very small population in the Puno region the children had to walk for about 10 kilometers every day at a very important height to reach a hill in which the signal of internet could be captured of course we committed ourselves to accelerate a solution for this town and we deployed the 4G service in this locality providing the internet service to the children this locality and this locality only to confirm that internet for everyone is a model that is working we are already harvesting fruits that we can replicate in the rest of the world thank you very much thank you very much for that presentation ladies and gentlemen Excellencies we have quite diverse presentations I will quickly go to the audience so that we can have some participation and questions if you have questions you can send it through the chat window or raise your hand and then we can channel it to the panelists the floor is open for Q&A you may raise your hand if you have a question we have Ghana Mr. Abdulay and Tegba you have the floor, please proceed thank you my question goes to the last presenter internet brother para internet para I want to find out in your country do you have a universal access fund and if you have what role do they play different from your company this is my question Claire yes the interpreters are working on it sorry could you repeat the question please the last part I didn't hear very well I want to find out if there is a universal access fund in your country and what role do you partner with the internet access fund in rolling out your networks or do they also play a different role I want to understand the collaboration between the internet the universal access fund and then your company okay yes in Peru there are universal funds of course and in fact there is a universal fund that was used for the construction of the fiber optic projects that today that today cover and are still in course and that cover the whole country from north to south west we we can access as a moving infrastructure operator the use of those fiber optic projects that is the contribution of the state to the company but not for everyone can as an operator use those fiber projects that were made of course with the universal fund that already for us means an important lever to be able to use them it is also true after the Peruvian state is promoting several policies that are allowing to the operators that all the taxes that are paid by the spectrum are directed to construct infrastructure in rural areas of the country and the internet for everyone one of the actors that then constructs and explains its infrastructure in rural areas I don't know if with this I answered the question yes please thank you ok thank you do we have any more questions on the floor ok there is a question but in Spanish I can translate that I will go ahead and ask a question to the panelists what are the most important points or aspects of the emerging technology that should be considered to accelerate the digital transformation in LDCs in LLDCs and SIDs I will start with Amina and then we go to the next panelist Amina can you please proceed thank you very much I think there are really many aspects to take into consideration picking the most important will be difficult but I think it's important to know whether or not what is the need we have first I think before going to technology technology should be looked at the main so the emerging technologies there are many of them I think a lot of them can do the job what we need to first look at is what do we need what do we need and then which one of these emerging technology can help us most each objective we have so if I take an example which I have in talk about is for example AI the artificial intelligence is a great emerging technology which can allow us to do a lot of things but the idea is what do we want to do with emerging technology with that AI where can that help us the most Teddy said it initially we need to have a plan a strategy knowing what we want to achieve and based on that then we will select then what are the key aspects of this emerging technology we want and when we select this aspect that will definitely lead us to the technology which is best suitable to the need we have so I think so far technology has not been the biggest challenge because we have many of them rather the challenge has been do we have the policies in place do we have the strategy do we have the skills to use that technology and so on and so forth so I think all of these around the technology must be looked at and I don't know which one is the most important maybe the colleagues can help here but it's important to have this analysis prior to saying well this is what we want to do with which technology it's together what do we want to do with the technology back to you thank you very much Teddy can you please intervene here yeah sure so quite something to I mean that's a response I think that issue brings out a really great question here about the intention with which we are bringing these new technologies into our lives and so from my perspective I think one of the biggest challenges the biggest problems that we need to confront is we can see that in many ways the internet as even kind of the recent history of it has been both reflection of many of the positive things of humanity but also unfortunately many of the negative things of humanity as well in ways that the digital divide is replicating divides and disparities that exists throughout many other parts of the world and so I think as we're thinking about emerging technologies both in terms of hardware again in terms of hardware and in terms of policy and regulatory practices the value there is thinking about what do these technologies do and how if we can can we foresee what are going to be some of the implications of these technologies for inequality for other aspects of society and ways that we can kind of bend the arc of history towards a more just future rather than just letting technologies kind of determine for themselves and see them as being self-led in their applications but really being intentional about their adoption throughout many parts of the world. Teddy there was a follow-up question on chat that asked that you stated during your presentation that your company did research in Uganda did you cover all the country? Yes so what we can do is I think give a quick summary of how the research is done in each of those 70 countries because it's quite a similar process in each country there's essentially four questions where we rely on an expert's consultation of the policy environment in that country so it looks at the national level about for example how streamlined or straightforward is the regulatory and licensing process in that country is it relatively straightforward and reliable to apply for a license to offer communication services or can it create a stumbling block for new and smaller operators that would discourage innovation in the market. So that's one example and how we do it and then there's also a number of secondary indicators again at the national level that are added in so for example market competition or the number of smartphones in a country and other aspects that help us evaluate kind of the environment in that country in terms of policy and market realities but it's kept at a national level. Thank you very much Mr. Iza quickly but before we do that I want to take the opportunity to apologize to our interpreters that we started a little bit late and we will be very grateful if you can accommodate us for three to five minutes to wrap up the session I hope that is okay with you. Thank you I appreciate it. I would ask Mr. Iza to quickly intervene here with the question being asked earlier There was a question asked maybe one of the panelists can help repeat the question. So I think the question was about what are the most important aspects to consider for emerging technologies Thank you Yes the . the is the is the is the is the is the is years of bandage that we need to offer a good service. But also the optical fiber has very high costs for rural areas and not only high costs, but the times that are required to deploy it. Especially thinking about complicated geographies, as I was telling you about Peru. So here we have to think about satellite solutions or other types of haps solutions where we can somehow connect rural areas of the country, but at a low cost. That's where the other challenge is that the emerging technologies have to be at a low cost. But for rural areas where there are low income and low population density, we wouldn't have the way to sustain these deployments. Another of the points I think of emerging technologies is that they have to be as open and flexible as possible. We need integration and interoperability. We need to take into account that the platforms need to be managed. Thank you very much. That's very valuable. We're coming to the end of this very insightful session. The last question, and if you can just be very quick. One is what will be your vision on emerging technologies for connectivity in the next 20 years and why? If you can be very brief and to append to that takeaway, a keyword, one sentence that fits this session topic. If you can merge both of them as your final comment. I will go with Aminata. Thank you very much, Ambassador Ka. It's a very difficult question, but I will say maybe the vision of emerging technology for me is that it actually really helped people to advance in the vision they have. So in the countries must have their own vision and the emerging technology will be a very useful tool which make them achieve this objective very efficiently. That will be my vision. And my takeaway will be that the emerging technology will be used in a really, how can I say it, design way so that it's not a copy and paste from a country to the LDCs, but design for LDCs, for the need of LDCs. And so that really this development will be and digital transformation will be achieved quickly. Thank you very much, Ted. Can you quickly add a voice? Sure. Yeah, from my perspective, in two words, universally unique, in the sense that I hope that it is universally accessible to everyone around the world, no matter their income or background. It's unique in the sense that everyone is able to have a unique experience fit to their life and their background and their perspective. Option of trends of emerging technologies for connectivity and digitalization is to promote the growth of market creating innovations, including frugal innovations for connectivity, where communities, systems and processes frugal and otherwise for reliable and adequate broadband connectivity deployed, especially for rural communities to make services that are affordable for millions of potential consumers and producers of services, who otherwise could not afford the services and connectivity due to high costs in accessibility and other aspects. So with this, we need to build the connectivity infrastructure through efficient collaborations and partnerships disrupt policy regimes and innovative and pragmatic strategies and make them smarter and enhance access in rural communities and reduce the cost of connectivity, especially in the last miles. That's what I could encapsulate from the very insightful presentations that these very, very thoughtful technologies, I must say, have done justice to our topic today and I congratulate all of you. And we look forward to you joining us in the upcoming session. The presentations will be shared, including the opening remarks. We thank you. And you have a wonderful day and interpreters we thank you very much for your patience. Thank you. And Excellencies and ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Bye bye. Thank you. Bye bye. Thank you very much. Recording in progress. Dear Pablo, I think you are muted. Okay, can you hear me? Yes, I can hear a lot on clear. Oh good. Well, we can start in a minute. The event. We are, I think we are totally ready to start. Well, we can start now with the event. I think it's quite clear and distinguished guests and representatives of the different institutions in the region that are present. And all the guests of the different regions, different countries. Excuse me, sorry to interrupt you. I have an issue with English channel. I don't hear English. English both. Yeah. Yeah. Now it's fine. Thank you. Sorry about that. Dear public, can you please start again? We haven't had the interpretation yet. Yeah, gracias. Eh, creo que ya estamos listos para empezar y se agradezco a todas las personas que se han conectado y distinguidos invitados y representantes de las diferentes insuficciones a nivel mundial en las diferentes regiones que están presentes, damas y caballeros. Para mí es un gran honor iniciar la primera sesión de la Segunda Región y regional coloquio sin cogir el acceso a internet. It's a light take 2021. Este año se desarrolla en el marco y un evento global de tecnologías emergentes para la conectividad cuyo tema es la aceleración de la transformación digital en países. El lc el lc es el lc es ahí es. Y en la mañana tuvimos varias sesiones ya hemos empezado las otras regiones desde las tendencias de tecnologías emergentes para la conectividad y la transformación digital. Y también tuvimos la ceremonia de apertura con la participación de autoridades de diferentes ministerios y utilidades a nivel mundial de todas las regiones y de la Unión Internacional que la comunicación es también de los sectores de la UIT. En esta ocasión tendremos la participación de esta sesión de dos ponencias de expertos de las comisiones de estudio de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones del sector de estandarización y del sector de desarrollo. Señor David Day y Amad Reza Sharifat. Para empezar hoy le doy la bienvenida como introducción al señor director regional de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones para la región de las Américas el señor Bruno Ramos por favor señor Ramos le pasó la palabra. Muchas gracias Pablo me escuchen. Okay. Gracias Pablo. I will change to English to my speech. So just to inform the participants that I'm going to change to English. First of all thank you very much for being present and very welcome to you all. And a very, you know, special thanks for the panelists for this first session. David and my dear friend Ahmed for being present. So distinguished guests and representatives of the American America's institutions present here today. And for sure the other regions. Ladies and gentlemen. It's a great honor for me to outcome new to the new technologies and internet colloquium of the Americas region. I tech. This year. The event takes place within the framework of the it global action focus on emergency technologies for connectivity. Particularly accelerating digital transformation in least developed countries and this is landlocked developing countries and DC and small island developing countries since this week in the different regions of the world. We will sharing our own knowledge and that for our invited speakers and the next week for 12 to 16 July, we will offer training sessions on this same topics. All of these trainings will be provided online. So, I will invite you to review the agenda actively participate in this training. Ladies and gentlemen, during this week, we will have very diverse interesting and enriching discussions on emerging technologies. We will have the opportunity to listen to the experiences of those who have already begun to adopt this technologies and the challenges they have faced. We will be able to jointly identify the opportunities and projections that these technologies trigger. We will be able to analyze if they will contribute to closing the digital divide, and especially if they will contribute to connecting all rural and unservant areas. We will hear from government authorities who will share their national plans and companies representatives who will share new developments in the industry. We will also share information on the work carried out by regional organizations and the ITU in fostering cooperation to achieve our common objectives. As you know, all the countries in the Americas region are planning on or already working on the deployment of 5G networks and the adoption of emergency technologies. Both efforts are integrated in planning towards economic recovery and in regional preparations for the new normal. After the strong blow caused by the pandemic, the final impact of which we cannot yet calculate in full. Our objective is to offer a space for analysis and debate where the exchange of contributions from all the sectors involved may jointly build more inclusive and efficient connectivity with new generation networks. Projected towards 2030 to achieve the UN sustainable development goals. The different sessions and discussion panels that have been prepared have taken into account the needs of the region in key issues and will provide an opportunity for the participating expert to debate the adoption of concrete strategies that take advantage of technological advances and transform then towards social development and economic growth in the Americas region. We are clear that in this contest, we are faced with multiple challenges. For example, it is necessary to swiftly adapt regulatory frameworks so that rapid technological advances are quickly translated into tangible benefits. We must work on the adoption of innovation systems that dynamically integrate the contributions of all stakeholders. It is essential to have a transparent and efficient management of the electromagnetic spectrum and also to provide a conducive environment so that service providers can bring the benefits of technological advances to the entire population. Dear friends, through technological cooperation schemes, the ITU provides its experience, knowledge and human resources for the development of activities, projects, training programs and concrete actions, bridging distances in order to promote the benefits offered by ICTs, reduce the gap digital and move towards the global objective that leaves no citizen behind. I gladly reiterate the invitation to the discussions and training sessions that will take place in these two weeks. Likewise, I invite you to be part of the work that the ITU develops continuously in these study groups. With the pandemic, we have perfected the procedures for remote participation in these meetings where, throughout the year, all aspects of emerging technologies will be discussed together with experts from countries around the world. Dear friends, to finish, I leave you with a thought. The appropriate use of information and communication technologies, the adoption of emergency technologies, the deployment of next generation networks, the implementation of efficient processes, the establishment of interconnectivity, the construction of smart cities and communities will help us build a better world. At the ITU, we are working to facilitate the use of these technologies, connect the unconnected and promote the different applications that reactivate countries economies for the benefits of each one of us. Thank you very much. I give the floor back to Pablo for continuing the panel. Thank you, Pablo. Thank you very much, Mr. Ramos. Excellent. Thank you for your words of welcome. We have the presentation of the expert of the study commission number 13, the director of the nationalization of the international telecommunications union, Mr. David Dye, who is going to put a master's speech on the inspection of DPI packages and the benefits for the operators. With the title of his presentation yesterday and tomorrow for the access and accession of the network in the international telecommunications sector. Please, Mr. David and I will pass the floor back to you. Okay. Can you hear me? Yes. Can you hear me, chairman? Yes, we can hear you. Pablo, can you hear me? We can hear you. Yes, please go ahead. Okay, thank you. Good morning, good afternoon, or good evening, everyone. Now I'd like to share some information about the network awareness in ITUT. The title of my presentation is yesterday, today and tomorrow for network awareness in ITUT. I'm David Dye from Fiberholm. I'm also the rector of ITUT 27, start researching. Next slide, please. Next slide, please. Okay, thank you. My report includes five aspects. The first one is about the motive, challenge, and change for network awareness. I hope I can give a detailed, you know, discussion for overview of network awareness in this part. And secondly, I want to give information about the positive recommendations related to network awareness. This is a summary of studying Q3 about network awareness in ITUT. And the third aspect is about carbon study about network awareness. This part is about several active work items related to network awareness. And the first one is about the upper layer technologies relying on network awareness. I'd like to introduce several network technologies that are based on network awareness. And the fifth one, and the last one is about the future study related to network awareness. This part is illustration for some candidate study point related to network awareness in the future. Now let me do the part one first. Next slide, please. And first, we've got a question, why does network need network awareness related to technologies and methods? We can find the answer in this slide. You can see from top half of this slide, when network awareness is absent, the network is similar to a blank box, and the trouble is brought to both network service provider and the network user. On the other hand, when network awareness is applied to network, the situation becomes totally different. It can be seen from the bottom half of this slide. Next slide, please. Now let's take a look to the evolution process for one of the network awareness technologies. That's the network service application awareness. Additionally, layer three protocol, layer four protocol, and layer four port is enough to identify a kind of service or application. However, with the development of the network, many things are changing. On the one hand, many service applications try to share the same layer four, layer three protocol, layer four protocol, and layer four port. For example, AGTP-based service application. On the other hand, some Mellis and Hanvo traffic try to use an allocated layer four port in order to disguise itself as normal traffic. So port-based method is not efficient. Then DeepPang is a vacation, come to play an important role. Let's find out how Hanvo traffic disguise itself. DPI can capture it perfectly. Next slide. When some security measures are applied to the network problem occurred to DPI, then the motive for DPI be convergent with artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies. Now I'd like to give a brief introduction for DPI. DPI is one of the typical network awareness technologies. According to I2T-Y2770, channel package inspection is only responsible for basic protocols, and the middle package inspection can handle the intended protocols such as layer four plus only DeepPang inspection can process the whole data packet, including payload of the packet. So it can be announced that DeepPang inspection is able to handle everything of the packet. There are general two kinds of deployment. Deployment mode for DPI to be used in the network, impact mode, and out-of-pass, in other words, severe mode and parallel mode. The substantial development between two modes is impact mode can help to take some action on the network traffic. Next slide please. Okay, thank you. This slide describes an example application scenario, mobile application scenario of network awareness. In fact, network awareness can be deployed in many network entities in mobile network. To recommend the deployment design are invading DPI into GGSN, or deploy DPI to GIN interface, then it connects SGSN and GGSN, or GI interface then it connects GGSN and the upper layer network. Next slide please. Another example of application scenario can be seen in this slide, that enterprise application scenario of network awareness. In reality, DPI can be very beneficial to enterprise network. For example, network rate can be detected by DPI, then network security can be enhanced. The left part of this slide illustrated there as a bit. The right part depicts that DPI help to improve resource utility of the enterprise network. Next slide please. Anyway, there are pros and cons about network awareness. Sure, network awareness can be much beneficial to network. It can enhance network function and improve network performance. From this slide it can be learned, then network awareness can help network service provider to support capability, such as traffic management, QA assurance, security enhancement, incubated accounting, improved BSS, OSS, and provider value added service. Those capabilities of network awareness bring itself good application prospect. Nevertheless, there are also some challenges to network awareness. The first one is the evolution of related technologies. The second one is the change of the application scenarios. The third one and the last one about policy and regulation. Anyway, there are feasible measures to tackle the information problems. Next slide please. Now that comes to the second part is about public recommendations related to network awareness. Next slide please. So far, ITUT has published six recommendations related to network awareness. And those recommendations are ITUT-Y2770, requirement for deep bank inspection in next generation networks. ITUT-Y2771, framework for deep bank inspection. ITUT-Y2772, mechanisms for the network elements with support of deep bank inspection. And ITUT-Y2773, performance models and medical for deep bank inspection. And ITUT-Y2774, functional requirement of deep bank inspection for future networks. And ITUT-Y2775, performance models and medical for deep bank inspection. You know this ITUT can probably to supplement for network awareness. ITUT-Y23, supplement on DPI terminology. And ITUT-Y25, supplement on DPI use cases and application scenarios. Next slide please. Now let's take a look of ITUT-Y2770 first. ITU specifies the requirement for DPI in NGN. ITUT primarily specifies the requirement for DPI entity in NGN, or raising in particular as a bank site and application identification, flow identification, in the bank data traffic types, signature management reporting to the network management systems and interaction with the policy decision functional entity. Although MNN is NGN, the requirement can be applicable to other types of networks. ITUT-Y2770 can be applied in IP and non-IP network. The template of policy for and flow information can be seen from the top right. And the main aspects of the requirement are listed here, including the A, B, C, D and the four aspects. Next slide please. Another one is ITUT-Y2771, it provides a framework for DPI. The primary purpose of this framework is to describe a structure of approach for designing, defining and implementing DPI solutions in support of service and application awareness for facilitating interoperability. It serves to identify and assist in understanding the network issues from primary and architectural standpoint. The two important models described in ITUT-Y2771 are given here. One of the parts is the basic model for bi-directional DPI. The DPI entity is composed of DPI engines and PIB, policy information-based and local policy decision functional. And meanwhile, a DPI engine is composed of DPI scan function, DPI analysis function and DPI execution function. The next one describes a schedule model for traffic shared among multiple parallel DPI engines. Next slide please. The next one is ITUT-Y2772, it provides a mechanism for the network elements supporting DPI, including the procedure and method as a base of DPI with base to package-based networks. It serves to assist in the understanding of DPI related methods in the phases, protocols, procedures, aspects and process aspects of DPI related products. The typical deployment topology can be seen from the level of this slide. The DPI function can be deployed in almost all layers, including access layer, aggregated layer, and IP metro layer, blah, blah. The right part describes the protocol is changing procedure among DPI engines, local policy decision function and the policy decision functional entity. The protocol is changing procedure among PDF, LPDF, and the management entity. Next slide please. The next one is ITUT-Y2773, it specifies the deployment models and metrics for deep bank detection. It specifies DPI specific deployment models and measure points of DPI deployment metrics. And it also specifies the kinetic visualization method of DPI deployment metrics. Furthermore, DPI deployment decryption template and DPI physical deployment metrics are specified. The typical measure logical topology can be seen from the level of health. And there are five major points, such as the major point between PIB and RPDF, and the major point between tax increase point and DPI engine, and so on. The right part gives the 20 basic deployment metrics such as positive error rate and both negative error rate, etc. Next slide please. The next one is ITUT-Y2774, it specifies the functional requirement of deep bank detection for future network works. For example, LDN, NRV, and other future networks. This goal includes the general requirement of deep bank detection for future networks. DPI functional requirement for LDN, DPI functional requirement for NRV, DPI functional requirement for SAFC, and DPI and the service. And it also adds DPI functional requirement for network visualization, and DPI functional requirement for evolving mobile networks. This slide illustrates the functional requirement for evolving mobile network and SAFC as examples. As to evolving mobile network, functional requirement lies in three aspects, general requirement, interface requirement, and protocol requirement. As to SAFC, we've got two aspects of the requirement, classification requirement and general functional requirement. Next slide please. The next one is ITUT-Y2775, it specifies the functional architecture of deep bank detection for future networks. This goal includes the general DPI functional architecture aspects, and DPI functional architecture for LDN, and DPI functional architecture for NRV, and DPI functional architecture for SAFC, and DPI and the service. DPI functional architecture for network visualization, and DPI functional architecture for evolving mobile network. And then example, this slide describes the functional architecture for LDN. The labeled part is a general architecture of DPI for LDN. The right part gives an application scenario for multiple controllers. Next slide please. Yes, this one. And we have also got two supplement for network awareness. ITUT-Y23 provides complementary information on DPI terminology related to the flow and application to the computer, hand-killer processing and a layer of protocol architecture, and defined by ITUT-Y2770. The labeled part of the slide illustrates the three main terms, flow to the computer, application to the computer, and DPI signature. And ITUT-Y25 provides the complementary information. Sorry, I cannot hear you anymore. Sorry. Sorry. Okay. Now you sound better. Yeah. Now I can hear you. Please continue. Thank you so much. Okay. Then ITUT-Y35 provides complementary information on DPI specification for use cases and application scenarios in evolving networks. Detailed use cases are specified including the application identification and traffic detection. Application improvement measurements. Application specific energy measurement. Application statistics before gene diagnosis and analysis. Application traffic optimization and application enrichment. For vision of tied service and the environmental control, the application scenario of DPI in NGN enterprise networks and the software defined network are specified to help guide the deployment of DPI for service application awareness in evolving networks. The right half of the slide depicts the application scenario for DPI deployment in NGN context. Next slide, please. Okay. Now let me introduce the third part, carbon studying about network awareness. Next slide, please. Yes. And the third one is ITUT-Y.B DPI mechanism. It is specified the mechanism of deep-fangled inspection applied in network big data context. This scope includes the role of DPI in big data and data classification mechanism using DPI for network big data and data pre-processing mechanism using deep-fangled inspection for network big data. And the coordination process in mechanisms of DPI in network big data context. In the phases between deep-fangled inspection and of layer big data related methods. Great change component to when DPI is applied in network big data context. The top level illustrates the change occurring to DPI entity and the top right describes the change about the DPI engine. In addition, a new component named DPI engine is introduced in the bottom right, the bottom left, DPI is a Pamela coordination model for multiple DPI entities. Next slide, please. Another active work item is ITUT-Y mechanism for traffic awareness based on machine learning. It is specified the mechanism of traffic awareness. Sorry. Traffic awareness for application to computer agnostic traffic based on machine learning. This scope includes overview of traffic awareness for application to the computer agnostic traffic. General mechanism of traffic awareness for application to the computer agnostic traffic. AI and machine learning method adopted to traffic awareness for application to the computer agnostic traffic. Implementation method of traffic awareness for application to the computer agnostic traffic based on machine learning. Report and the auxiliary control mechanisms for the managed traffic. AI and machine learning can bring up to various areas including network. AI and machine learning can also have network awareness and bring more network intelligence to network itself. Traffic awareness based on machine learning is one of the network intelligence. This technology that can be used in the independent machine learning system and embedded machine learning system. It is noted that the independent machine learning system and the embedded machine learning system can be designed in the co-operation mode or independent mode. It is sure knowledge based and the concurrent machine learning method are also necessary. The example of machine learning method is already in the figure is a deep neural network. By the time artificial intelligence and machine learning begin to be convergent with network awareness. The top left quarter gives a machine learning model. Then it's a hybrid machine learning system. The bottom left is derived a template for knowledge based used by the machine learning system. The right half illustrates the concurrent machine learning method. Next slide please. And another one is the ITU-TY that makes intelligent network status awareness. It is specified mechanisms for intelligent awareness of network status. This scope includes the introduction of intelligent awareness of network status. Overview of mechanisms for intelligent awareness of network status. Mechanisms for intelligent awareness of network fault. Mechanisms for intelligent awareness of network performance. Mechanisms for intelligent awareness for network load. Mechanisms for intelligent awareness of other aspects of network status. Intelligent awareness for network status is an aspect of network awareness. The main model for Intelligent Network Stated Awareness is a four-layer logical structure that can be seen from the labeled part of this slide. And the main process includes six steps that can be seen from the right half of this slide. Next slide, please. And the next one is the I2DIY.architecture for Intelligent Network Requirements Awareness. This is set by the FACTIONAL ARCHETECTURE of INTELLIGENT ARRUITES for requirements. Its scope includes a new direction of intelligent awareness for network requirements, and a more FACTIONAL ARCHETECTURE of INTELLIGENT ARRUITES for network requirements. Network service data based FACTIONAL ARCHETECTURE of INTELLIGENT ARRUITES for network requirements crowd sourcing basis based FACTIONAL ARCHETECTURE of INTELLIGENT ARRUITES for network requirements. requirement is computer functional architecture and requirement for core functional architecture and the requirement evaluator functional architecture. The user requirements are written or motive to the network. So intelligent awareness of a network requirement is also much critical. It includes requirement intelligent awareness within a network domain and a knowledge serving among different network domains. The main model for intelligent network requirement at awareness is the composer of COVID data layer, requirement source layer, requirement is computer layer, requirement mining layer, requirement of broker layer and requirement of evaluator layer. And the network can be divided into different domains. Then it can be seen from this slide. Next slide, please. Now let's come to the fourth part is about our layer technology to rely on network awareness related to technologies. Next slide, please. And first, I'd like to give a brief introduction of the relationship between DPI and big data. In a word, DPI and big data has a tight reconnection. One network awareness is a commercial with big data. In hardware and in improvement are also necessary. In reality, network awareness and big data are beneficial to each other. On the one hand, network awareness can help big data to collect the network big data and pre-processing network big data. On the other hand, big data related technologies can help network awareness to implement functions such as intelligent management and control of policy information base. When network awareness applied in big data context, enhancement of DPI engine and induction of DPI media engine can facilitate to improve the functions and performance. Next slide, please. The second one is big data driven network networking. That's BDN. BDN collects big data from network and applications and generate big data intelligence based on big data. It is then provided big data intelligence for city data smarter and autonomous network management, operation, control, optimization, and security, and blah, blah, blah. It includes three plan, network plan, big data plan, and a management plan. The general model of BDN relationship and BDN plan and the autonomous management and control so called are typically in this slide. Next slide, please. The third one is man-like networking. Man-like networking is a set of technologies that enable the network to behave like a man. That is to say, man-like networking enables the network to have the following capabilities, environment awareness and self-awareness, self-learning and thinking, self-decision, self-operation, self-visitoring and self-optimization, and self-protection. Man-like networking is a synthesis of artificial intelligence technologies, network awareness technologies, network self-destructive technologies, and other technologies. Man-like networking is also kind of emerging network architecture, which makes full use of the information set of technologies and has a feature such as self-awareness, self-learning, and thinking, self-decision, self-operation, and so on. The general model for man-like networking can be seen in the left half of the slide. Meanwhile, the relationship between the man-like networking and the related technologies can be seen in the right half of the slide. Next slide, please. Another candidate of a layer of technology based on network awareness and network intelligence is the requirement of defined networking. It can be thought and an enhancement of self-aware and defined networking. The general view logic structure, physical structure, and one of the core components, many AI agents are depicted in the figure of this slide. Next slide, please. Now that come to the last part of my presentation, then about the future study related to network awareness. Next slide, please. Generally, our target is to enhance and improve architecture, mechanism, and methods about network awareness. With the enhancement of the two wings, such as intelligence and cloud, and other technologies, we believe that network awareness related technologies can fly higher and higher. Next slide, please. As to intelligence, not only new network awareness aspects and application related to AI and machine learning can be discovered and developed, but also it is beneficial to apply AI and machine learning to improve the current network technology and methods. Take a DPI as an example. AI and machine learning can be used to improve the performance of DPI engines in kind of management and control of DPI entities and maintain PIB, that's the policy information base, intelligent and so on. This figure illustrates the information and the size of AI and machine learning to be applied in DPI area. Next slide, please. And present, the center of information technology is shifting from network and cloud and to network awareness, it will become different from traditional mode when it works in cloud context. We can improve the network awareness to a cloud-based service. It is called network awareness and the service. The left half of the slide depicts a geological structure. As an example, the right part gives an illustration for DPI and the service, we believe, in the future. Network awareness and the service will play more important role in network area. Next slide, please. That's all for my part. If you have any questions or suggestions, I'm much happy to discuss with you. In the meantime, I'd like to say welcome to join ITUT, question seven, starting with 13. Then the topic is about the DeepPan is a vaccine and network intelligence. And I'd also like to say to welcome to join ITUT, starting with 13, future network with four goals on IMD 2020, cloud computing, and the network infrastructure. Thank you very much. Ganto. Good afternoon. Thank you very much for the excellent presentation, Mr. Lai. Yes, I'm very sensitive to the location of, as part of the work that is being done in the study and management of that, the sector of standardization of the international communications about the structure, about cloud computing, about the presentation of Mr. Lai. And the others, as well, can be developed and the sector of standardization. Next, I have the presentation of Mr. Ahmad Reza Sharafat, who is a German expert in the development and management of the development sector and the international communications sector. I'm going to explain a master's degree on the digital transformation for sustainable development, the implementation of 5K, and the transition of 4K. Please, Mr. Ahmad Reza Sharafat, please. Thank you very much, Pablo, and also thank you to my good friend, who started the meeting at the beginning. Today, I would like to talk a little bit about 5G and how we can have a successful deployment of 5G networks. Next slide, please. Next. So the title of my talk is Digital Transformation for Sustainable Development, 5G Deployment and Transition from 4G. Before I start my presentation, I'd like to offer my greetings and wish you all good morning, good afternoon, good evening. It is my pleasure to be with you today and discuss how digital transformation for sustainable development can be achieved via 5G deployment and transition from 4G. In this talk, I assume that in many developing countries, we do have 4G networks. So the focus of my talk is on how we can evolve from 4G networks into 5G networks. Moreover, 5G networks can be divided into two types, enterprise or private 5G networks and public 5G networks. And my focus is on 5G public networks. Next slide, please. So today, my presentation has eight main parts as explained in more detail in the following slides. I will briefly introduce digital transformation followed by IMT 2020 use cases. In ITU, we normally refer to 5G as IMT 2020. So whenever I say IMT 2020, I mean 5G. I will then cover 5G deployment challenges in 5G core network, in 5G transport network, and in 5G radio access network. For end-to-end deployment options, I will end my presentation with conclusions. Next, as you can see, digital transformation is the use of digital technologies for achieving sustainable development and has three pillars, mainly people, processes, and tools. 5G is a vital tool for digital transformation and our focus today is on 5G deployment plans. In my presentation, I will contextualize various technical options for 5G deployment and discuss their impacts. Specifically, I will focus on the migration from 4G to 5G with a view to enhancing interoperability with existing networks and facilities. Next, as you can see on the left, 5G has many use cases and applications. And many aspects need to be considered simultaneously to satisfy application and services requirements. 5G services are divided into three types. Namely, enhanced mobile broadband, which you can see at the top of the triangle. And then we have massive machine-type communication, which you can see on the left of the triangle. And finally, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, which you can see on the right-hand side of the triangle. In this slide, you can also see on the right-hand side where 5G networks and services are different from 4G networks and services. You can see some aspects have been significantly improved. And some other aspects, the improvements in 4G have already been significant. So the amount of improvement is not as significant as in other parts. Next slide, please. Yes. Any network and specifically 5G networks can be divided into three distinct parts. 5G core network, 5G transport network, and 5G radio access network, also known as RAM. Next slide, please. In 5G core network, for the deployment of 5G core network, there are several choices as recommended by 3G PEP. EPC, which is an evolved packet core, is universally adopted by many 4G operators for their core network, which is LTE releases 8 to 13. Then we have EPC and EPC+, which are hardware-based and do not support virtualization. We also have EPC and EPC+, which use reference point interfaces and make their deployment more challenging. Eventually, EPC and EPC+, shall be upgraded to 5G core network, which uses service-based interfaces instead of reference point interfaces. Please note that the timeline for the three choices. The first EPC was from 2008 to 2016, and it addressed LTE releases 8 to 13. And then we have EPC+, which started in 2016. Can you go back to the previous slide? Which started in 2016 and through 2019. And then we have 5G C, which releases 15 to 17 from 2016 to 2021, which is the current year. So there are different stages to make the core network 5G ready. And these are shown on this slide. EPC is optional. EPC+, is mandatory. And 5G C is also mandatory. EPC+, is not officially standardized, but 3GPP is encouraging the operators that have deployed LTE advance to deploy EPC+, which is more scalable and flexible due to separation of control plane from user plane in releases 13, 14. 5G C, which is 5G core, is the core network deployment for all 5G standalone networks. 5G C is easy to deploy in cloud-based networks. Besides, 5G uses service-based interface for the controlled plane interconnections between network functions. And moreover, 5G C supports network slicing, which enables the operator to support different 5G services. Finally, 5G C is a virtualized core network, which means it is much easier to deploy MEC-based services in different slices. Next slide, please. Again, for 5G core network deployment, there are three different and distinct states for migrating from 4G to 5G. For example, an operator can have the following path for 5G deployment from initial state 1, which is a physical EPC deployment to the initial state 3, with physical and virtual EPC, both serving 4G to the intermediate state 2, with virtual EPC serving 4G also, internet working with EPC plus, with serving 5G NSA, non-standalone option 3. Can you go back to the previous slide? Yes, I'm not finished yet. To final state, final state 3, with EPC plus, serving 4G internet working with 5G, serving 5G standalone option 2 slash 4, similar to 5G deployment by Korea Telecom in Korea. Next slide, please. I will now briefly. It seems that you have some issues with the connection. We don't hear you very well. Dear Dr. Sharafat, try to speak now. I just stopped your video. Maybe it would help. The 5G is in the end. Sorry about that. We still hear the issues. OK, let me stop sharing. I will try to help Mr. Sharafat to reconnect. Thank you very much. Meanwhile, please try to reconnect to Mr. Sharafat. I don't know if you can hear me correctly. My volume of my voice. Yes, I can hear you. Yes, thank you. I think Dr. Sharafat left the meeting. He's reconnecting and we'll try to reach him. Before you reconnect to Mr. Sharafat, I would like to extend the invitation to the day of tomorrow and every week, tomorrow, Wednesday and Thursday, that we will have several discussion sessions, round tables. Tomorrow it will be about the digital gap, the adoption of networks of new generation, which are rural, in which we have the participation of representatives of governments of Colombia, Uruguay, Peru, Mexico and Ecuador. On Wednesday, we will have a discussion, a discussion on adoption of 5G in the region, the future opportunities, projections. It will be a very interesting session for both of us. We will have representatives of governments of Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, Brazil and Argentina. On Thursday, we will also have a session on the change of the COVID-19 pandemic in line with all of us due to the pandemic, which are the new technologies, projections and we have representatives of Ericsson, Facebook, ISOC, GSMI and LACNIC. It seems that we have to return to Mr. Sharafat. Please pass the mic. Yes, thank you very much. And my apologies for the technical difficulty. Yes, if we can continue with this slide. I was saying that since 4G traffic is on the rise, a fiber-based transport network is very desirable. So even if we do not have 5G, I strongly recommend that we enhance and upgrade the transport network because, as I said, the 4G traffic is on the rise. And now this enhancement of the transport network is very desirable, which can also be used in 5G network with higher traffic volumes. Network operators also need to upgrade their wireless transport networks in order to provide sufficient capacity. Etsy is recommended to use millimeter waves, which can provide up to 10 gigahertz bandwidth in wireless links. Gigabit passive optical networks, or G-ponds, are already deployed in many network operators, but cannot fulfill both capacity and latency requirements of 5G. Its successor is NG-ponds, too. As an alternative, standardization of 50 gigabits per second or 100 gigabits per second of PON is underway. Ethernet interfaces should also be upgraded to increase capacity. And gigabit internet interfaces shall be upgraded to 10 gigabits per second or 25 gigabits per second for front hall interfaces. The transport network is very challenging in CIRA due to the strict requirements in terms of data rate and latency. Enhanced CPRI, the CPIR, stands for Common Public Radio Interface. So eCPRI is introduced for the front hall network in 5G, which exploits functional splitting to reduce latency and data rate requirements for any given service as compared to CPRI. I'm not finished with the previous slide yet. Can you go back? Yes. So SDN brings many benefits, such as flexibility, scalability, and agility for the transport network and can also be used for deploying efficient transport network slicing. Network slices are realized by coordinating transport network management system and end-to-end management system. Transport network management system can be implemented via SDN controller. To evolve a legacy transport network into SDN-based transport network, both its hardware and architecture should be upgraded. Now we go to the next slide. So in general, for the end-to-end deployment options, it's based on the standalone mode or on the non-standalone mode. In the standalone mode, ENBs or GNBs handle both data plane and control plane. In the non-standalone, go back please to the previous slide. Thank you. In the non-standalone mode, the data plane traverses both ENBs or GNBs. When the core is EPC, ENBs handle the control plane, which means that the ENBs are the anchor and GNBs handle the data plane. When the core is 5GC, either next generation ENBs or GNBs can be the anchor. Standalone and non-standalone options are as follows. Option one, which we refer to in this slide, is the starting point for migration from today's 4G network and refers to the standalone LTE radio network and the EPC control. Option two is for the last stage of end-to-end deployment in which GNBs operate in the standalone mode and core network is 5GC. Network operators can provide independent network to vertical customers in an efficient and flexible manner. In option three, core network is EPC in the non-standalone mode, but ENBs and EPCs must be upgraded to support GNB, GNB dual connectivity and high capacity. Also ENBs are the anchor. ENBB services and 5GL devices are supported. Random level internet working between ENBs and GNBs is needed, and both deployment time and cost are low. In option four, GNBs are the anchor and operate in the non-standalone mode with next generation ENBs. The core network is 5G, 5GC. Besides, ENBs must be upgraded to support 5GC signaling and interfaces. The deployment time and cost are both high in option four. In option five, ENB operates in the standalone mode, and core network is 5GC. It does not support millimeter waveband and end-to-end network slicing. Option five can be used to deploy 5G in rural or urban areas to offer low latency services with 5GC. Finally, in option seven, GNBs operate in the non-standalone mode with ENBs. The core network is 5GC, and ENBB services, and some URLC use cases are supported depending on the 5GC features. Next, this table shows different paths for nationwide 5G, E5G deployment. A network operator may choose an option for a given location depending on traffic volumes and future forecasts. For example, option five for rural areas, and option three with millimeter waves for hot spots. Selection of a path depends on some key factors, such as time to marketing, capex, optics considerations, utilization of future proof technologies, business trends, and existing facilities. As can be seen, choosing a path depends on several factors, such as the network size, location, availability of 5G-enabled devices, and the expected demand for 5G services in different deployment stages. For instance, the path in the second row is for tier one operators, and the path in the first row is for tier two, tier three operators. Next slide, please. Now we cover radio access network. And for radio access network, the initial deployment of 5G-RAN is via the non-standalone mode, followed by the standalone mode. For 5G-RAN deployment, one needs to consider the availability of 5G spectrum, the geographical coverage of 5G, as well as 5G-RAN architecture and technologies. In this table, we present different choices for 5G-RAN. 5G and E5G spectrum is divided into three segments of the band, namely below 1 gigahertz, 1 to 6 gigahertz, and above 6 gigahertz. In order to deploy the MVB aspect GSMA and 3GPP, 80 to 100 megahertz in mid-band, which is 3.5 gigahertz, and 1 gigahertz in millimeter bands are needed. When mid-band is not available, 80 megahertz can be freed by reforming. Go back to the previous slide, please. When mid-band is not available, 80 megahertz can be freed by reforming, or by dynamic spectrum sharing, or by acquiring more spectrum in the lower 2.6 gigahertz band. For instance, if the operator selects choice 2 in phase 1, it can provide 5G data rate for the end user, and in the second phase, can provide all 5G services. In the third phase, it can enhance 5G capacity and coverage. Next slide, please. Now we come to an interesting question. Is 5G harmful to your health? In order to answer this question, we begin by saying that human exposure to electromagnetic field, or EMF, is at the topic of interest. And ITUD study group 2 via question 7.2 is studying this topic. The scientific basis for limiting radio frequency exposure include two biological mechanisms, nerve stimulation, which is instantaneous for below 10 megahertz, and thermal effect, which is averaged over time, measured by specific absorption rate, or SAR. There are a number of different international organizations and institutes who are currently are heavily involved with setting guidelines for safe exposure. Go back to the previous slide, please. For safe exposure to 5G radio frequencies, first is the International Commission for Non-Ironizing Radiation Protection, which is called also ICNIRP. They have produced the guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields up to 300 gigahertz, which is way above the 5G spectrum. They published the latest guidelines in 2020. Next is the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, also known as IEEE, which they have a standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from 0 hertz to 300 gigahertz. Their standard is referred to as IEEE C95.1 back to 2019 standard. The third entity is the International Electro-Electrotechnical Commission, or IEEE C. And they have a number of technical reports and standards, which you can see on this slide. Next slide, yes. So the main international standards for measuring SAR in human head are IEEE C62209-1, and IEEE 1528. Also in ITU, we have ITUTK series recommendations and their related K supplements. In addition, ITU recommendation sector, they have a report, ITURSM.SM.2452. As I said, there are some guidelines. And predominantly, the 2020 guideline by TICNIP is being very applied significantly. However, if countries are more sensitive, they can set more restrictive and precautionary limits. And that has been practiced in some countries. Go back to the previous slide, please. Yes. So administrations are encouraged to follow ITNIP guidelines for IEEE standards or set more restrictive limits if they wish. The best practice is to follow ITNIP 2020 guidelines. And this is the outcome of ITUD question 7-2 in ITUD study group 2. Next slide, please. So in this slide, we show that there are different options for the deployment of 5G radio access networks, depending on the traffic and usage in any given location. It is more cost-effective to start 5G RAM deployment in locations with more users, such as hotspots. Please note that end-to-end 5G connectivity is needed for transmitting and receiving users. When a user is in an area not covered by 5G RAM, she cannot have 5G services, although she may have a 5G device in her hands. Please also note that for economic reasons, 5G deployment in rural areas is the last stage in nationwide 5G deployment. So we come to the last slide. In conclusion, 5G deployment is done in three steps. First, core network should be 5G ready. This can be done mostly by hardware software upgrades. Second, transport network should be upgraded to handle new excessive traffic and avoid bottlenecks. Third is the radio access network should be upgraded to connect 5G devices and applications. 5G, can I go back to the previous slide? 5G deployment is time-consuming and will require careful planning. This is something that I want to emphasize. We cannot have a 5G network overnight. So 5G deployment requires hardware software upgrades in existing 4G networks for 5G compatibility. 5G deployment requires new hardware software for 5G sites. And finally, 5G deployment requires new spectrum. So we come to the end of my presentation. And I would be happy to answer any question that you may have. Thank you very much for your excellent presentation. You're reaching very informative. I would like to open the floor if any of the attendees has any question. Yes, I can see from India. There is one question from Ms. Preet. Can you set the question, please? Can I chime in? Yes. Yes, I can hear you. Thank you so much for this informative session at the outset. I'd like to take the opportunity for providing such an insight. I would like to know about the use case study of 5G in India. What do you think of when will 5G be deployed in India, given the current scenario? I'm pretty and I'm complete. Is this a question to me? Should I answer this question? Yes, yes. Well, the question is on the timing of 5G deployment in India. Of course, it depends on each country when 5G would be deployed. As I said, 5G has different stages. The first is the core network. You have to upgrade your core network first. Otherwise, the traffic would be so huge that the core network would be collapsing. So in that respect, it is recommended to upgrade the core network first and make it 5G ready. Then the transport network. And finally, the radio access network. When this would happen in any country, of course, it depends on the policies and resources available to the operators. My recommendation is that they should start with hot spots where the traffic is heavy and many users are there because they would generate the revenue needed to enhance and expand the 5G network. I suspect because of the heavy demand in India, specifically in metropolitan areas, such as Delhi and Bombay and other places, there would be trials and initial deployments to be enhanced and expanded quickly. As to the timing, I'm not aware of what India has done to make 5G ready, to make the core network 5G ready. But I'm sure that they have taken the necessary steps to actually make 5G services available to their citizens. Thank you. I think now we have a question from Ghana, Mr. Abodalai and Tixba. Can I give you an advice? Thank you. My question goes to Mr. Ahmad. I want to find out what recommendation would you give to regulatory administrations to accelerate the adoption of 5G in rural areas? That's a difficult question, but I try. As I said, rural areas are the last stage in deployment of 5G, mainly because the revenue generated in rural areas are not sufficient to cover the costs of 5G deployment. So any country, the best practice in many countries is to start with metropolitan areas and then enhance and expand into rural and remote areas. What should be done in order to do that? I think the regulatory authorities can put in place some specific requirements when they issue licenses for 5G or when they make a frequency spectrum available for 5G services. They can attach to their license some requirements as to the timing of deployment of 5G and upgrading of their existing 4G networks. So it depends on the country. And there are, of course, several options that we can consider. I would put my email address for all of you if you have further questions, you can reach me. I just put it on the chat, but I would be happy to answer any further questions. I think we have one more question from Guyana, Mr. Dem Roberts. And maybe this is the last question before we can close this session. I didn't hear the question. Mr. Roberts. Oh, thanks. I didn't hear you, sir. I have a question in deployment of 5G in the populated area, the metropolitan area. Or do you recommend, do you have a recommendation of the amount of towers that could be placed within a particular area? Because what I recognize is that 5G technology, apparently, it requires a lot more physical infrastructure and towers. Apparently, the range is not that wide. So is there a regulatory or recommended number of antennas or transmission systems you would recommend for a particular space? Or would you recommend, or would you do that based on the population? Thank you. That's an excellent question. As you may have recalled, I said that there are three different bands for 5G. The low band, below 1 gigahertz, and also the mid band from 1 gigahertz to 6 gigahertz. And then the high band, which is millimeter waves. Of course, in millimeter waves, because of the characteristics of electromagnetic waves, they attenuate very quickly in short distance. So we need to have much more, as you mentioned, base stations. Now, there may be a significant time difference between deployment of 5G in low band and in mid band until we get to the time that we really need millimeter waves. Until that time, my own recommendation is that you may not need that many more towers and base stations. You may be able to maybe relocate some of the towers in your existing coverage of 4G in order to provide a more continuous coverage of 5G. This is, of course, with respect to metropolitan areas. In rural areas, this situation may be different. So it appears to me that the initial stage of 5G, you don't need to have that many new base stations. You can install 5G equipment in the existing base stations and have 4G and 5G running in parallel. Thanks a lot. Thank you. Thank you for the questions for the answers as well to the questions. We can see 5G is one of the revolution of the interconnection with low latency and very high connectivity, high speed. And as we did several studies here in the region and the recommendations towards implementation of an adoption of 5G in the region, we are recommending in the study to have a national plan on implementation of 5G. As I was mentioning during the presentation, it's not just the deployment of a new technology as it was 4G, 3G, and now it's more oriented to having a global adoption nationally with the participation of several stakeholders and to identify the different industries where the 5G will be applied and the final customers from business to business to build more smart cities and more rural areas. So since we are just about to finish the time for interpretation, I would like to thank you, everyone, for today and for your participation today and your active participation with the questions. And I want to invite you again for tomorrow's meeting and Wednesday and Thursday meetings global and for the Americas region. And as I mentioned before, we will be discussing about the further deployment of 5G and the opportunities, the challenges, and as well how we can face a digital gap and with the adoption of the technology that is 5G and as well the new paradigm of online life which we will have the projection of new technologies by the industry. So I thank you very much for today and I would like to close this session and I think especially to the speakers, the keynote speech, excellent, brilliant and very enriching. Thank you, everyone and have a nice day. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you, Ahmed. Excellent. Thank you. Thank you, Bruno. Good to see you again. Good to see you. Good to see you. There was a hand raised by Oman with that present. Thank you very much. Have a nice evening. Goodbye. Record.