Okay, what's up internet? So today we are reviewing a case from Zigmatic and to be honest, I haven't had a lot of experience with these guys but we started stocking Zigmatic because they seem to have a good balance between cost and their good value for your money. So the Eden Plus is kind of emblematic of that kind of good value for money and this case in particular is even less than 2,000. We sell it at 1,900. And that's the sweet spot of the brand. And yes, there are certain trade-offs of course when you buy a case for this price but generally overall, the case is not bad and we're actually using it now for a bill. So the front panel features three USB ports, an optional space for an SD card reader, headphone jack, all of the usual things. The front panel is a bit obtrusive for my personal taste. I mean, most cases try to sort of blend the front panel into the case itself but this one just sort of plops everything down there, the buttons and all the things. But it's nice and accessible and it has that going for it. So it's very clear on what it is rather than trying to hide it in little nooks and crannies unlike what other cases do. But the case itself is quite large inside. You can fit a full ATX case. You can have radiator support if you're going for AIOs. The manufacturer claims you can have a 280mm radiator up in front. You can put a 120mm radiator up on top and another one in the rear. So actually the inside is very roomy. The quality of the case itself is not bad again for what you get for the price. So the body of the case is plastic and this is one of the side panels and you'll notice the very kind of dull sound when you kind of lightly press on the case. But the quality itself, the finish is quite nice. There's a brushed finish to the texture of the side panels and on the top and front of the case. The front of the case actually features a bit of an RGB strip. There's two thin RGB strips running down the front and you can control this via the button on the front panel. So even at this very minimal price range, there are some RGB options. The case also comes with one 120mm fan in the rear for added cooling. And again, I mentioned before how big the inside of the case is. You can actually fit in six 120mm fans inside. The front of the case does feature the brand, Zigmatic and very large letters in front.  They tried to de-emphasize the brand by only putting minimal logos to the side. I guess Zigmatic hasn't gotten the style memo. They still have very large branding on the front. The styling of the front looks okay to me. I mean, it looks sort of attractive but you're sort of left wondering what exactly they were going for with the design.  They look like they allow airflow at the start but when you take a closer look, it's actually just closed off plastic. So it's just purely there for design. So it's just like a mish-mash of different design elements. I can almost imagine the design meeting where the designers were like, okay, well, we put RGB in the front and that's good and let's try to pretty it up a little bit and then nobody knew what to do with it so they stuck basic isometric shapes and things like that. But the overall effect is okay, it doesn't turn somebody off but again, at the same time, it doesn't have the same distinctiveness of some other higher-end cases. But compared to other value cases, I've seen this one overall looks pretty good. It's distinctive without being overly loud or aggressive or off-putting and at least you can tell that it's trying to set itself apart other than compared to the other value cases where they all look exactly the same. So at least the Eden Plus has that going for it. What's nice about the Eden Plus is that it comes at a good price and it has all the features of a modern case. It has the features of a more expensive case. For example, it has a PSU shroud which has become popular recently. Deep cool has a lot of cases with a PSU shroud and other higher-end manufacturers as well. Basically, it's so that you don't see the PSU anymore. It's kind of hidden in the base of the unit in the bottom of the case. It's quite roomy as I mentioned before. The thumb screws are not bad. Again, they are not as premium as more expensive cases but they get the job done. The length of the screw is quite long relative to the screw itself so that you can really make sure that it sticks all the way in and you can screw the acrylic side panel all the way in. I've seen some cases where the screws are very, very short like there are just these little stubs here and I do get concerned sometimes that, you know, you want to screw it in some more just to make sure that the side panel is on but the short stubs don't allow that but at least the Eden Plus comes with a long, long-gish screw. Other modern features of the case, it does come with a top and bottom mesh filters and the top one is magnetic and the bottom one is just secured by a clamp underneath the case. The mesh itself feels thick so it will not tear easily and it will get the job done of blocking out any dust although the holes themselves on the mesh seem a little large so fine dust will definitely get into the case and you'll need to do cleaning every now and then. Although this looks pretty representative of a mesh filter from other manufacturers. The inner scaffolding where you attach your motherboard and basically everything else does feel a bit weak. Again, it's just plastic so it doesn't feel very solid and any parts that you bend while assembling or building your rig, they will tend to bend much easier than other cases so you do have to be careful. The case does come with routing holes so that you can try to do some cable management and hide some wires in the back. Although there doesn't seem to be a hole on the top around here so that usually we route the cables from the power supply all the way up here and then make it pass through a hole on top but the case, the even plus doesn't seem to have a hole there so we're gonna have to route it through the side. For airflow performance, the front of the case is pretty much walled off and there's not much air. There won't be a lot of air being sucked in through the front. There are vents to the side of the front where air might be able to pass through although you'll have to install extra fans because the case, as mentioned, only comes with one rear fan. You can see the kind of vents there on the sides. I don't really know how much intake those things can handle. Although to be honest, poor intake is not just the fault of value cases. We've seen more expensive cases in the past where intake is also a problem because basically the front side is all walled off and there's no vents to allow air to come in and it's a designer's choice and it's not just limited to the even plus. So overall, not a bad case for its price. It looks distinctive. It has, it's very roomy inside. You won't hurt yourself when you're building your rig because there aren't a lot of sharp edges. There's not a lot of metal also. So the plastic, you know, is easier on your fingers. The thumb screws are nice. The burnished feel of the case is good as well. Again, overall, of course it's a value case so some corners had to be cut. Not a bad job from Zygmatic to cut corners where they can be cut rather than really sort of just make something super cheap and not care about it and just throw RGB on it and toss it on the market. Zygmatic Eden Plus, if you're looking for a value case, do consider it. So I hope that these basic tips help you. If you found this video helpful, please drop a like and hit the subscribe button. For your PC needs, consider buying from us, hardware sugar, at Lazada or on our website. You can find links in the description below. And thank you for watching. See you next video.


What's going on you guys? Welcome to the Single Guy channel. My name is Lloyd. I am not the Single Guy. Today we're going to talk about a very special subject and we have a very special guest to help us out with this. Her name is Miss Emily Freeman. Emily Freeman is here and we're going to talk about seven things women first notice about you.  Women pay very close attention to these things that we're going to be talking about and you don't get a second chance at a first impression. So Emily, what is the first thing that women pay attention to? Oh the first thing is your posture.  Yeah, absolutely. This is one of the things that I tell my clients right from the get go. If they're going to change their look, they're going to make themselves more attractive. The easiest thing to change is their posture.  What is number two? The second thing will be your facial expression. So are you smiling? Are you excited to see her? Do you look relaxed? You know, maybe you're grimacing. You know, she might be a little bit worried that you're not happy to be there. What she thinks looks better, a more serious look or a more friendly look? Definitely a friendly look for first impression. You know, when you're talking to her later on, you can definitely put on more of a serious face. Do that little, how do you guys do that, like eyebrows? Like you put your eyebrows together. I don't know, something like that. A stern look maybe. Yeah, but when you're first seeing her, definitely smile, show her that you are happy to see her. Yeah, this is a big problem that I have, and I know a lot of my clients have as well too, because my eyebrows are all slanted at like a 45 degree angle, so everybody thinks I'm about to murder somebody constantly. I'm not, but I know that if I relax my face a little bit and I look more friendly, my results go way up. What's number three, Emily? The third is how you greet her.  Now, if she's giving you the right energy to go in for a hug, do it, but make sure it's not too soft. You want to have some firmness behind it while still being respectful. Yeah, I totally agree.  Yeah, I like the pat on the back. The pat on the back, yeah. Oh, man. You're setting all the wrong signals there. You want to come in with confidence, a sense of warmness, and make her feel comfortable around you. What is number four, Emily?  So make sure your clothes are clean. There's not a lot of wrinkles in them. You're wearing something that suits your body type and your overall style. Show your individuality. What makes you feel good? Yeah, so this is something that a lot of guys don't focus on at all, but I know it's one of the first things that women notice about them when they see them is this shirt wrinkled. Is this dirty, or is it stains? Yeah. A lot of times guys throw the first thing they see all in the closet, and they walk out the door, and I get that it's easy and it's convenient, but take some time to take care of yourself because that's what she's thinking about how you're going to take care of her. Absolutely, and there's nothing better than seeing a guy with great style. Number five is how people react to you. So she notices that other people are smiling when you walk by or noticing your presence because it is so dominant. That's going to be something to make her even more entry. Yeah, that's one thing I tell a lot of my clients is that like when they walk into a bar or a social event or something like that, they're usually looking to see what kind of girls they're attracted to, but a lot of times what women are looking for is they're looking to see how other people behave towards other people. What are they looking at? Who is the center of attention? Who is the person that's captivating everybody else? And if you're that person, you just made yourself a lot more attracted than the people around you. All right, number six. Number six is how you treat other people.  A woman wants to see that you are kind to other people, that you're considerate of how you treat other people. Yeah, absolutely. You know, one of the things that I tell guys is that like you don't just be nice to the person that you're talking to. You know, she's actually going to pay more attention to how you treat other people. And in my opinion, this is just my opinion, tell me if I'm wrong, I think that women pay more attention to how people are behaving in when they're not looking. You know what I mean? For sure. They take notes, they're looking to see how you act when people you don't think anyone's watching. That's going to really give her an idea about who you are as a person because you can always put on an act for the first few dates, but then after that your real character starts to show through. She's always watching. Number seven. Your smell. So guys, this is so important.  If you have cologne on, if you have any beard oil on and she wants it to smell nice. She's put a lot of work into smelling good and looking good for you and she expects the same. Yeah, what do you think about the difference between maybe a guy's natural smell and like the smell of cologne? Yeah. Do you prefer men that were cologne or do firmer men with like the more natural smell? So I think women, this is such a personal preference in general.  However, no woman likes overpowering cologne.  Yeah, I agree. I think the biggest one here guys is just make sure that you're clean.   Absolutely. Cool. All right. Well, that's the seven things. Thank you so much, Emily. Guys, if this was helpful for you, please hit the subscribe button. Please hit the notifications bell. And if you'd like to follow Emily, she is on Instagram. Emily, where can they find you? You can find me at Emily Freeman coaching. Perfect. Well, thanks a lot, you guys. We'll put a link to those in the description box below. Thanks a lot and good luck out there. See you there.


Dear learners, welcome to this video. In this video, we shall discuss one very important concept that is feminism and its evolution. This topic is included in BA's second semester course in political science. I am Jahanabhi Debi, assistant professor, discipline of political science, Krishna Kanta Handik, State of an University. In social sciences, the concept of feminism occupies a very important position. Feminism basically refers to a movement which seeks to establish equality between man and woman and other gender. In many societies, we can see that woman and other gender are treated as inferior in comparison to the male members of the society. They have to face discrimination and injustice in every step of their life. The feminist thinkers take up all these issues of inequality and discrimination against women and the main objective of feminism is to eliminate inequalities that exist between man and woman. The word feminism is derived from Friend's term Feministe. So what does it mean? The term Feministe was used to support equal rights for women and men. So feminism refers to a socio-political, cultural and economic movement that aims at establishing equality between man, woman and other gender of the society. The feminist movement emerges out of discrimination which is done to women in all spheres of life whether it is private life or public life. The most important concept associated with the term of feminism are gender and patriarchy. So what is gender? Gender is a socially constructed concept. It is socially and culturally constructed one. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviour, activities, attributes that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women. The socially and culturally constructed distinct roles and behaviour may give rise to gender discrimination and gender inequalities that systematically favour one group and ultimately it leads to the oppression and suppression of women in every sphere of life. Another important concept associated with feminism is patriarchy. In fact, the feminist thinkers consider patriarchal system to be one of the main factors which is responsible for discrimination and injustice against women. The term patriarchy literally means rule of the father. So patriarchy means a system in which male members of the society receive a preferential treatment in comparison to the female counterpart. It indicates a social system in which male are primary authority figures and control all aspects of private as well as public life. In other words, we can say that patriarchy refers to male domination or power relationship by which men dominate women and it indicates a system whereby women are always kept in a subordinate position in comparison to the men. Now we shall discuss the evolution of feminism. While discussing the evolution of feminism as a movement we can refer to three waves. These three waves are first wave of feminism, then second wave of feminism and third wave of feminism. So what is first wave of feminism? The first wave of feminism refers to the feminist movement that started during 19th century and continued till early 20th century. During this phase the feminist movement focus on the voting rights of women and political equality between men and women. So basically this first phase of this first wave of feminism emphasizes on political rights of women. During this period emphasis was also given on working condition, then educational rights, reproductive rights as well as marriage and property rights of women. The first women's right convention was held in Newark in the year 1848. At this convention a declaration of sentiment was signed which outlined the grievances of women and set the agenda for women's right movement. First like Virginia Woolf was associated with the first wave of feminism. The second wave of feminism was started in 1960s. The period between 1960s to 1980s is considered as the second wave of feminism. The second wave of feminism begun in USA and spread to the other western countries. So this second wave and first wave of feminism was basically limited or confined to the western countries. During the second wave of feminism the feminist movement emphasized on gender equality in laws and regulation. Feminist movement during this period raised awareness about sexism and patriarchy, gender waste violence, then domestic abuse and marital rape. It also stressed on legalizing abortion and birth control. The feminist associated with the second wave of feminism explored various dimension of female subordination. They emphasized on various factors which are associated with female subordination like control of men over reproductive technologies, then social practices that always keep women in a subordinate position in a private life. One very famous feminist associated with the second wave of feminism was C1D Weaver. In this period another feminist Karol Haneats coined the slogan the personal is politics which was related to the liberation of women. Now we shall discuss the third wave of feminism. The second wave of feminism failed to solve or address women's issues and this failure of the second wave of feminism led to the emergence of third wave of feminism in the early 1990s.  The main theme of this third wave of feminism was the debate between the distinction between sex and gender. It was argued that sex is biological while gender is a socially constructed concept. During this wave the feminist analyzed various issues from the perspective of intersectionality. She refers to interconnected nature of various social categories like race, class, caste, gender etc. which may lead to the advantages or disadvantages of a particular group of people. This wave of feminism also focused on stereotype concerning of women, then media portrayal representation of women and the use of language to define a distinct woman. In fact, this wave of feminism always emphasized on discussing women's issues by encompassing all the diversities in different socio-cultural, political and economic situation. So these were the three waves of feminism that emerged till 1990s. However, apart from all these three waves, the fourth wave of feminism began from 2012 and still continues. During this period, the feminist movement has focused upon the empowerment of women in socio-political, economic, cultural and all other fields. The feminist emphasized upon the empowerment of women through the use of information technology. In the fourth wave of feminism, scholars raised issues of intersectionality of various factors that lead to marginalization of women in different fields. The feminists during this period have strongly demanded adequate representation of women in politics and business justice for women against assault and harassment, then equal pay for equal work for both men and women, freedom and autonomy of autonomy for women over their body and over their spirit. So this fourth wave of feminism basically emphasizes upon freedom or autonomy of women as an individual.  So we can say that the feminist movement is the outcome of all the discriminations and oppressions which have been done to women. The feminists want to eradicate all the discrimination against women and achieve the prime goal of equality between men and women. The main trust area of the feminist movement is that the subordinate role and position of women must be questioned, challenged and overcome. The main emphasis of the feminist movement is to establish a gender-just society. Thank you.


Delighted to welcome all of you here tonight. For me, it's quite special because I can see how the program, the real estate program, has become an increasingly important part of the school. As an architect, I think I always imagine these people are going to be our partners in the world to imagine how we can improve questions of everything from housing, to infrastructure, to density, to beauty. And a lot of it has to do with the vision that Patrice is bringing to the program. I am also very grateful to so many of you, our alumni, for your ongoing engagement and support of our MSRED program. With your help, we continue to build the rigor, the capability, and the professional integrity of this program and provide our students with a year-long transformative experience of intense and immersive learning, supportive and informative industry engagement, such as with you, and of course, also a tremendous amount of fun. Such achievements and capabilities of our students in the program and as graduates in the industry are exemplified by one of our earliest graduates, and that is Stephen Glaskock. As a professional renown for his integrity, commitment to the quality of design, Stephen is a model for what we hope and continue to try to produce in our program. Truthfully, I don't think I've fully appreciated the many hats that Steve wears until joining the Ombow team. Since then, I have learned a lot. I have learned that Steve treats every member of the Ombow community with the same respect and compassion that he treats his family. Steve, after all that you have done for this community and after all that you have achieved, congratulations. Tonight, we get to celebrate you. When I started the program, my architect friends would joke that I was going to the dark side. I would tell them yes, but I'm going to the light side of the dark side. The light side produces buildings and projects that are good neighbors and positive contributions to the community, to the stage on which we act out the daily theater of civilization. So my advice for any young developer coming out of this program is to spend some time gaining deep experience in at least two and ideally three areas of the process, finance, law, construction management, or design. Those things will distinguish you quickly. Ombow number two, my advice, Ombow means to add on to. Strive to add value at every level of the development process. Number three, money follows good ideas. If a deal makes sense, there will always be a way to raise the money for it. I cannot emphasize how important this Mesred community has been. Mesred graduates understand the importance of not only the finance, but the rest of the development hats as well. And with so much growth happening globally, Mesred plays a central role in preparing tomorrow's developers around the world and the importance of good design, careful planning, and rigorous execution. On a personal note, I would like to thank my partner in business and partner in life, Barbara, my two children, Alex and Adrian, who inspire me every day. And our entire Ombow team, who makes it such a joy to go to work every day. Thank you, and good night.


It's Wednesday. It's 11 o'clock. It's November the 10th, 2021. Welcome to What Now America. My name is Tim Apachele and I'm your host for today. Today's title is infrastructure bills won't save Biden. Right now, the infrastructure bills sitting on President Biden's desk. He's not going to sign it immediately. He's waiting for the House to reconvene. He said he wanted to make sure certain members that worked hard on these bills are going to be back in Washington, D.C., so that they will be present for the signing ceremony. So he's holding off on signature of that $1.2 trillion bill. But he's not wasting time. He's actually in Baltimore right now, extolling the virtues of the bill. He's also going to have his agency heads out in the marketplace traveling to different parts of the country. He's going to have the EPA out there and they're going to talk about how they're going to replace all the lead pipes. That's part of that infrastructure bill. He has the transportation secretary, Pete Buttigieg. He's going to talk about roads, bridges, rails and the airports and how those are going to be improved. He'll have the commerce secretary out there and she's going to talk about internet access and coverage around those areas in the United States where internet is a problem and people can't get it. The Energy Department will be talking about electrical grid and improvement to the electrical grid. I think Texas might be interested in that. And the Department of Interior will be talking to Native American communities talking about the benefits that will hopefully come their way once this bill is starting to be implemented. So with that, that sounds great. But guess what? As the title indicates, I don't think it's enough and maybe I'm a cynic. But I don't think talking about these bills and selling these bills is going to help Joe Biden in the Democratic Party in 2022. So to discuss why I'm a cynic, I have my fellow guests here, Jay Fidel and Cynthia Lee Sinclair. Good morning. Good morning, Tim. You know, Jay, we look at Virginia. We look at how Terry McAuliffe lost Virginia. One of his mistakes was he tried to tie his candidate or his opposing candidate to Donald Trump. And he lost sight of those things, be it true or not true, those issues that his opponent brought up, that was detrimental that McAuliffe didn't address. And those would be those things I call cultural wedge issues, or sometimes alternative facts, or sometimes just issues that are contrived out of nothing, but they stick. Just to go through a few of them, defund the police, the critical race theory in schools, being taught in schools, which, by the way, they're not. The border insecurity. Again, we had massive influx of people from Haiti, and that was a bad visual. So that's being used right now to bludgeon the Democrats. Inflation, that's a real deal.  Deficit buster, the vaccine regulatory abuse that certain Republicans had to comply with. So these are all what I call wedge issues. And the question is, how successful will Democrats be to address these issues? And what happens if they don't? What happens if they just focus on infrastructure and selling infrastructure and the social infrastructure package? And how will that play out in 2022? Infrastructure has been discussed so much for so long. It's like old news. It's happening. You can put some benefits and compliments toward Biden and his administration about that. But that's not what turns the public on. The public is always interested in right now and forward promises, aspirations. Now, I was telling you, Tim, that I got an email this morning from the Republican Party, I guess, and it was written in Times Roman. There were no bright colors. There were no bold, outrageous statements such as I get 500 times a day. There was no pitch for money. It was very well written. And it was those same kind of elegant presentations that you were talking about. I think the Republicans are together on this, and they have achieved a way to talk to the country that will appeal even to Democrats. They are taking positions that are, I don't want to say defensible, but better than they were. And they're not linking it to Trump. They're not linking it to the outrageous things that Trump and his friends have done. They're talking their own kind of ideology policy. And this email, not that it persuaded me in any way, but this email was an example of what happened in Virginia happening here, happening everywhere. I'm sure that you would find many emails go to many people, including Democrats like me, right along the same line. So that's where we're living now. And so the answer is that all these trillions of dollars are soon going to be old news, and Biden can get them both passed, and I'm still a little skeptical about the second one. And he can go around the country and sell it and spend the money, but that's not necessarily going to help him election day. Here's what Tom Perez says. Tom Perez is the former Democratic National Committee chairperson. And he said the following, we need to be implementers in election. We need to be implementers in chief on how we sell and succeed. So obviously he's pertaining to selling and new messaging for the infrastructure bills. But I agree with you, that's not enough. I like to see the weak and timid Democrats stand up to misinformation that's being hurled at them by the Republicans. Things that aren't true, but things that stick. And why do they stick? They stick because they don't stand up and immediately defend it. And is that what you're referring to? Soup ladle to a knife fight. You know, it's all that. Better bring a sledgehammer than a soup ladle. But you know, what is interesting, too, is that there's an undercurrent of incompetence, inability of the Biden administration to get things done. Okay, so okay, maybe, you know, the big money infrastructure bill passes and we have roads and bridges and whatnot. But you know, what about all those other initiatives that the Democrats promised? You know, what about voting rights? That's as dead as a doornail. What about immigration reform? Not a chance.  What about all those issues? And I think, you know, what the public, if you just stop the man on the street including the Democrat, you say, well, Biden can't get that through. He can't seem to get these things through. And he's having so much trouble that I don't believe in anymore. So, I mean, I don't think that's top of mind, but I think it's in the ether now, the way people perceive it. At the same moment, all the bad stuff that Trump did is fading, you know, the public always operates at a level of amnesia. They can't remember, you know, what happened last week, much less a year ago or two. So what Trump did, the bad stuff, it does not live on with him. It doesn't. It's out of Shakespeare, you know, the good that men do often, you know, what is it the good, the evil that men do lives on or something. And the evil that Trump has done is not necessarily living on. People forget how bad he was and they cannot, you know, see, I mean, you know, we go on through kind of thought generations and we can't see what would happen if he or anybody like him were elected president again in 2024. It would be a flaming disaster for the country permanently, permanently. It'd be a looting of the treasury, a destruction of democracy, the destruction of the social fabric in the country. All of those things, people do not see that.  And your point about inflation is going to be really important. It was reported at 6.2 for the past year. That's a lot. And although we may not feel it right away because we're discombobulated because of COVID, it will take a toll. It'll take a toll on disposable income and it will take a toll politically, believe me, and people will blame Biden. It happened on his watch. Well, kudos to the federal government proactively addressing inflation because those are on a fixed income, specifically Social Security. Next year, Social Security will have the largest increase of 5.9 percent unheard of. But kudos to the agency, the Social Security Administration for properly addressing something they saw on the horizon and actually was able to respond to it. So, but you're right, that 5.9 probably won't keep up with the 6.2 and potentially a higher rate of inflation. So, okay, Cynthia. 5.9 may exhaust the funding in the Social Security funding. So, very nice, but the horizon is ever closer when we won't have Social Security. Good point. Cynthia, is it a matter of messaging and selling the infrastructure bills, assuming the second one gets passed? Is it a matter of messaging that's going to win the day for the Democrats or they're going to have to do basically have multi-ball juggling in the air to not only sell the infrastructure bills, but also address and take on Republican definitions and, you know, very successful tags that are placed around the Democrats' necks. And your thoughts about that? I think messaging is paramount. And I'm glad that Biden is out there with the people. You know, we see him behind the pulpit and he doesn't always do so good at the lectern because he kind of stumbles over words. And so, people that want to pick on him, he kind of gives them a platform to do it. Yet, when he's with people, boy, he is, he's in his element. So, I'm glad to see him go out on the road. I think the Vice President should be out on the road. I think they should all be out on the road. So, it's no longer just the media saying what's going to happen. It's these people in person saying what's going to happen. And I think that will make a difference for people. And then I think he needs to implement this within a month to at the most. People need to see jobs start now. They need to start, you know, picking up bids for some of the jobs and giving people jobs that aren't even college degree jobs.  And so, I think that's really important. And then I think the most important thing is to come against this misinformation. And we talk about this a lot. And it's not just the tags of, you know, critical race theory or whatever. It is an intentional approach to misinform the public. And I have a little something here about Rupert Murdoch. Okay. After being in the United States for only one year, Ronald Reagan made this Australian a citizen. Then he had his FCC chairman scrap the fairness doctrine, which is what kept newspapers and television programs from lying to the American people.  Fox News is not news. It is propaganda that the older garks are using to poison the minds of Americans. And it is time that we treat it as such. And boy, you're singing, you're singing my song sheet about FCC regular regulatory action to stop, stop this, what you described. I want to address something you said, you said, the Biden administration needs action now. This year, if you remember, the COVID stimulus called the American Rescue Plan, $900 billion. By the way, that was action. That was $1,200 per person in their pocket. That was immediate action. As soon as the bill was signed, people were getting checks sent. But if you remember, Joe Biden's favorability numbers were in the mid fifties at that time. And now they're the low forties. So that bill did nothing for his favorability ratings. What happened? Well, we're still talking about all the misinformation. And that's probably why that's what I think is why. Anyway, all this misinformation that is flooding the airways. Now, Fox News, anybody can get that. That's basically on your regular cable, right? But if you want to get the OAN or the Newsmax, you actually have to pay for those other channels. So the people that aren't paying that extra money are just listening to Fox News. So I think that's why his approval rating is down. And I think the media is partly why his approval rating is down. Media has been picking on him and going on and on and on and on. Well, didn't the media pick on Donald Trump? Didn't the media pick on Donald Trump? I certainly did. Oh, we did. Yes. I don't think they did. It took them until his third year to really start calling lies lies. They didn't, they gave him so much slack. When he said, oh, I was just joking. They didn't say, no, you weren't, you were lying. They didn't push him, press him on the things that he was doing wrong. All of that, you really had to search if you wanted to find out about all the things that he was doing in regards to the emollience clause and the Hatch Act and some of these Logan Act and some of these other things that he was doing. We barely heard about them on 24 seven news, even on MSNBC and CNN. We did not hear about those things. Okay. The big pass. So, okay. So last question on this topic for you and Jay, I'll ask you the same thing. What should the Democrats do? Not only, well, we know that they're going to do better job probably in selling the infrastructure. What should they do to foil the misinformation from the Republicans, the tags, all the things that are successful in doing to make the Democrats look bad? How should the Democrats address that other than using the Lincoln project? Well, the Lincoln project is great. And I really like what they do. Why can't the media do that stuff? You know, the truth from the media. Cynthia, the media's job is not to defend the Biden administration. It's the Democrats that have to stand up for themselves. Right. But it is the media's job to tell the truth. So when there's lies, they need to be telling the truth. That's need to talk 24 seven. They need to appoint at least three people, maybe even a whole committee to do nothing but take on misinformation. Right now, there is no real intentional formal approach to it. And until they do that, they're going to be in trouble and they will always be coming up short. Okay. Great points. Thank you. Jay, to you. Same question. I'm developing a perception of this. And my perception tentatively is this. The Democrats look to politics locally. And they're all focused on local politics. I suppose Republicans do that too. But the Democrats are not, you know, in a cohesive mode nationally. So you can go, for example, to a Democratic event, a gathering of the party, so to speak, even here in Hawaii. And you don't hear them all ticked off about what's going on in Washington. It's too far away. It's too hard to understand. They're not really vocal about it. They think more at the local level. Somebody has got to get in there. You can say Joe Biden, but you know, it's not in the cards that he would do this. Somebody has got to get in there and do the Republicans with the Republicans to reach out to every single Democrat in the country. Get them together, galvanize them, have them take action.  And they advise them and consult with them and explain to them how they can get around the suppression and nevertheless vote. Now that's action. But that has to be on a national scale. So it's not only the media talking to the media.  It's not only talking to your friends and sending email around. It's taking action like that. It's taking action with a national approach, a national mentality, a national concern. And I don't think the Democrats are doing that. They have to get together. I think it's clear the Republicans are doing it. And there's a big difference. Yeah, I want to read Sean Patrick Mahone, I think. Maybe it's Mahoney. Yeah, Mahoney. And he said the following, Democrats need to stop talking like a bunch of lawyers and eggheads and start talking like you need to take a shower after you've had a long day at work. So it's not the fact that they can talk. It's just the impression is that citizens are being talked down to by the Democrats rather than spoken with the Democrats. So I thought that was interesting. And we'll see if the Democratic Party can shift gears on their messaging and try to relate more on an elbow to elbow basis versus a platform down to the floor basis. I want to talk about a little bit what happened here on the passage of the infrastructure bill. We had 13 GOP House members come over to the Democrat side and voted for it. Those Republicans are being chastised. In fact, some of them, it hasn't happened yet, but some of them may be stripped of their committee duties. And we just have this horrible thing that says if a Republican dare votes for anything that's on a Democrat bill or the improvement of the American, the Americans way of life, particularly on infrastructure, then they're going to be ostracized or isolated from the main branch of the party. Jay, is this insanity?  I believe it represents a kind of change and then on an important bill, you're going to find Republicans voting for, you know, rational results. And although they may be punished by, you know, the Lurites, that's a new political party. It's otherwise known as a Republican party. They may be punished, you know, but I think that punishment is getting old too. You know, remember, we are always in change. We are always evolving and this is evolving too. And so those guys, you know, who voted for the bill may represent a trend. I would like to think so. But of course, we will have to see what happens there. You know, the problem is there are still some real Lurites, you know, I want to say Cretans, but I'll hold back on that, in the Congress, you know, parading around as Republicans and making us think they are part of a legitimate Republican party. And one of them is this guy, Gosar, and I know you wanted to talk about that. I want to mention that, you know, there was a discussion at an event I recently attended about the non-year-old girl who was handcuffed because she made a drawing in class of some violence of her killing a classmate or something like that. Meanwhile, Gosar in Congress actually goes to trouble of making a movie of the killing of AOC, which, you know, a Congress person and say to yourself, well, the little girl, nine years old, she got arrested with handcuffs, which didn't seem appropriate. I don't think anybody would agree. I mean, that it was appropriate. But what happened to Gosar? Nothing. Zero zippity, do nothing. No criticism, really, to speak of by the Republicans, certainly, and no action taken against him. Well, you know, I guess we didn't listen close enough to what Gosar had to say. He said, oh, it was a symbolic visualization of the horrible infrastructure programs and Communist incentive packages that are coming the American way. He said, relax, it was a cartoon.  I want to add something is that he did it in public. Okay. Yes. And we have seen enough of these what you call it, dog whistles. It is a dog whistle. I suggest he intended it to be a dog whistle. But whether he intended it or not, it was a dog whistle appealing to people who might actually act on that. He's in a position of national leadership. He shouldn't be, but he is. And if you're in a position of national leadership, you do not suggest murder to people because they will do it. This is what Trump was doing. Haven't we learned about that? If you want to incite violence, send dog whistles. That's what Gosar was doing. Well, good point. And I'll bring up two incidents. Remember Gabby Gifford? Remember she was shot at a political meet and greet in Arizona? Horrible traumatic brain injury. It's a miracle she's alive. And then of course, remember the baseball game? Steve Solis, he was shot and critically, or not critically, but horribly wounded. And these things can happen. And they can happen rather easily. And it doesn't take much of a wing nut to load up the AR-15 and hit a political bent. So I agree that it's been crickets, especially Kevin McCarthy. And Cynthia, I like your thoughts about what should be done if the GOP won't say anything about what has transpired here from Gosar? What should they do? What should be done? Well, I don't understand why Nancy Pelosi can't do something if he won't. She can refer to the division of ethics. And she could do that. She could do a lot of things. Yeah, exactly. And I think that she absolutely should have already done it. It should already be happening. I think she said something to that effect she's going to. I didn't hear that. Okay. Just to go back about the dog whistle thing. Do you know that Marjorie Taylor Greene, actually right after the 13 representatives of Republicans voted for the infrastructure, she tweeted out all their names and their phone numbers. And I saw a couple of them being interviewed this morning.  People are just following up, threatening them all day long.  So I got a couple of quotes about this whole Gosar thing. One is from Jamie Raskin. And he says, Representative Gosar's conduct is grotesque, dangerous and utterly disgraceful to the United States House of Representatives. We must address his intolerable assaults on the dignity of our body and safety of our colleagues. Now I want to say something else that I think is super important. This is what Twitter, this is how Twitter handled this. Because, you know, you see people that just say something threatening and they get cut, right? Nothing has happened. And they didn't even take the tweet down. That's what gets me. And this was their comment under their statement. This tweet violated the Twitter rules about hateful conduct, reads the label. However, Twitter has determined that it may be in the public's interest for the tweet to remain accessible. How do you possibly justify that? So now Twitter, as far as I'm concerned, I don't trust them for anything. And I thought they were doing fairly well compared to Facebook, as far as policing this kind of hate speech. But obviously, not at all, we find out. Because this shows exactly where Twitter stands. All right, well, hopefully this isn't just a 12-hour news cycle item that this discussion goes on. And certainly, be it a referral to the Ethics Committee or not. I mean, I'm surprised we haven't heard from a GOP on that. Oh, actually, we did. Correction, Liz Cheney castigated this particular individual. And Gosar has not responded to Liz Cheney's criticism.   So there we go. We've run out of time. So I'd like to ask, Cynthia, if you have closing remarks regarding either how the Democrats sell the infrastructure bill or how they stand up to Republicans, or anything else that's on your mind about things to come in the next week. Well, I think I already said how I think they needed, what they need to do as far as getting that message out. They need to be out there in the streets, pressing palms, patting people on the shoulder. And then they need to hurry up and get money in their pockets. And that's really what speaks to all Americans, Republican or Democrat. I think his Biden's approval rating was a little bit higher in the beginning, because he did put money in people's pockets. He didn't care if you're Republican or Democrat, he put money in your bank. And he gave you a $300 per child tax credit, which is huge. So I think once people start seeing tangible evidence of this, his approval rating is going to go through the roof. So I don't think we need to worry about that anymore. I have two quotes to finish today. One is from Barack Obama. And he said, quote, I don't know what happened to our culture. I don't know when we began to celebrate bullies instead of looking out for people who care for other people. When did that happen? That's such a great question that we all need to really look at, because I think when we can answer that, we can start to really deal with all these bullies. And my last quote is from Robert F. Kennedy. And I love this one. Let's dedicate ourselves to what the ancient Greeks wrote so many years ago, to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this world. Let us dedicate ourselves to that. Wonderful. Thank you. What a great way to end the program. Thank you, Cynthia. Jay, your last thoughts. I'm not as optimistic about the human spirit. I believe that there are always evil doers. There are always criminals among us. It's the nature of the species. And so in the civilized society, you have to judge those people, and you have to apply sanctions where necessary. Not that I have any regard for him now, but when Rudy Giuliani was mayor of the city of New York, his whole philosophy was, we don't permit any crime here at all.  And if I prosecute Jaywalkers, then the murderers will take note and they won't be murdering so much. You have to have sanctions for bad conduct. And we don't because the rule of law has slid down the slope on this. The Supreme Court no longer reliable. The Attorney General, not reliable. He's AWOL right now needs to be replaced in my opinion. When the country figures out how to apply sanctions to bad conduct to discourage that bad conduct, to discourage violation of norms will be better off. All right, Jay, great points. Cynthia, great points. Great points from great people. Thank you very much for participating on What Now America. Join us next week, Wednesday at 11 o'clock. I'm Tim Appichot, your host, and I hope to see you then. Aloha.


Do we have a pointer? Oh yeah, that should work there. The button is going forward. Okay, so it has a funny color, but it works. Okay, let's go with the funny. It can be seen from Zoom as well. Okay. You have the floor please. Alright, let me just... Alright, so good morning everyone. I'd like to thank the organizer for letting me do this talk instead of Max of Fines, who was originally invited but couldn't make it unfortunately, and with whom I work at the University of Sherbrooke at the Institute of Quantity. So I'm going to talk about voltage bias Josephson junction again, and I'm going to focus on the results we add on two different devices using this. So mainly it would be an amplifier and a photo multiplier that can be used as a photo detector, both based on this so that it could be prepared internally. So first I'd like to acknowledge the people who really did this work because I just started my postdoc with Max, so most of the work has been done by the ESPHG students in Grenoble and more recently in Sherbrooke by Joelle Grissmar and Ulrich Martel who is a master student. We also had a nice collaboration with Joelle Pagan-Gas for the description of the photo multiplication. So I first described quite quickly the concept we already talked about quite a lot this week and basically we're using Josephson junctions and we all know Josephson junctions. Usually if you want to make current devices such as a qubit, that is basically just an harmonic system, you will use the Josephson junction in a zero-voltage state where you can take advantage of this bearing potential to realize your two-level system. But if you increase the current inside the system and even when you go above the critical current of the Josephson junction you will be in a place where a voltage will start to develop around the Josephson junction. Then you will start to lose your currents for your system and something you don't really want in devices such as qubits. I really like this picture to describe this phenomena. If you think about the Josephson junction that is residing on this flat earth picture you can think about the horizontal axis as the current and when the phase particle that is the junction goes above the critical current it falls inside this monster of instant currents. So when the junction is in this voltage state we don't have this interesting current behavior but we have other interesting things. So as we already discussed and especially on Wednesday morning if we look at the IV characteristic of a single Josephson junction biased in voltage well we do not see anything in this voltage state but there is still the presence of an AC excitation which is mainly the AC-JSN effect and if we add an environment in this system then we start to have interesting phenomenon happening. Usually when the voltage the voltage bias will be chosen so that the Josephson energy the Josephson frequency sorry is chosen so that the real part of the impedance of the environment is non-zero then we'll have inelastic Cooper path to learning for the junction and we'll have the apparition of a DC current inside the system that we can measure basically the power is going through from the Josephson junction to the environment and can think about that as dissipation another way to see that and it was already described on Wednesday again we need to think about it as a Cooper pair that has additional energy because of this voltage bias and can tunnel through the junction because there is no states in front of that and when you add an environment you add a channel for this energy to be dissipated and then the Cooper pair can tunnel through the Josephson junction by emitting a following at this particular frequency the signature of this phenomenon those bumps in the IV characteristics it has been measured in 1994 and more recently in an experiment by Max Ofain we have Fabien Portier in SACLE an experiment that was already mentioned by Denis Villon on Wednesday morning when they did the same setup it's basically the Josephson junction coupled to a Coplanar waveguide resonator that acts as a single mode or multi-mode environment we were resonating more at 6 GHz they will have been able to measure the current quite precisely going through the DC current going through the junction and the number of photons that were coming out of the system what they measured is here on the right is the rates in red Cooper pair tunneling through the junction and in blue the rates of photons being emitted and they showed that these rates were non-zero where the impedance of the environment was non-zero as expected the interesting thing here is that the rate of Cooper pair and the rate of photons are exactly equal that means a Cooper pair of energy 2 EV will produce one photon of the current another thing they saw and it was a bit more interesting was at the voltage bias that it was twice the value for this original peak and they also saw photons being emitted at 6 GHz with these voltage bias that means the Cooper pair gives rise to two photons inside the environment so more generally speaking if we have a Josephson junction we can generate for example in the form of the color and get the composition for resonator we can create a Cooper pair tunneling through the junction will create an ensemble of photons and the rates of tunneling for the Cooper pair will be it will depend on the Josephson energy but also on this delta function and the Cooper pair can tunnel only if the sum of the energy in the system is zero and that means that the energy 2 EV has to be divided inside several photons inside the different modes of the environment if we look at just two modes inside the environment we can go a bit further inside in this description and look at all these photons will be created and we end up with those amplitude here the mn of k that are described here is the coefficient alpha k that is basically just the reduced impedance of the mode so the impedance of the mode divided by the superconducting quantum resistance describes just the coupling of the mode with the junction so we see that in an experimental for an experimental system this is quite interesting because we have two different variables that control this process one is the value of the impedance of the environment and this we can control as much as we want and the other one is the voltage that we apply to the junction and again this variable can be controlled quite precisely and this makes this full platform really interesting for experimental devices so using this platform we talked on Wednesday we talked about using this to create sources to create photons and a high number of photons you can also use these systems if you add inside your environment alongside your single resonating mode you can add a capacitive term in the form here for LCS circuit you will then prevent subsequent tunneling of group repairs because of discharging energy and then you will end up with a single photon generating device something that was measured by max and the group of that with max a few years ago in the opposite scenario if you have two modes inside your environment you can show that if you bias your junction so that the energy is equal to one photon in each of the modes you will have pairs of photons that have non-classical properties and that was again shown in the work of Fabien and Amboise Peau, his PhD student in SACLE the measurement side of things kind of so basically we are making two devices at the moment one is an amplifier and the other one is a photomultiplier I will start by describing the result we have on the amplifier and then we go to the photomultiplier and hopefully I will have enough time to describe both of them so in the case of the amplifier we have again two different resonating modes inside our environment and we bias our junction so that we can spontaneously create a photon inside one of each mode but this time we also send an incoming signal that we want to amplify and basically this is going to trigger simulated emission inside the system and we can consider this device as a parametric amplifier and that means that theoretically we can achieve continuous limited amplification so our measurement setup is going to be here and the device is over there with the Josephson junction as a form of a squid so we can control the Josephson energy and a Coplanar waveguide resonator that is around 6 GHz that is the same device as I talked a bit in the beginning of the talk and we can measure this device using homodyne detection using a VNA or we can measure the noise of the system using power spectral density measurements at the same time we apply a voltage bias to achieve these processes so what I am showing here is one of those measurements so here we have this device and we apply no input signal so we are just looking at the spontaneous emission of the device add a function of the voltage bias we apply so we are measuring the power spectral density between 4 and 8 GHz to increase the voltage bias well we can see here we can see different things we see this line at the bottom that is basically the Josephson frequency of the junction that means we are emitting photons inside the environment and when this line crosses the resonant frequency of the environment around 6 GHz we see interesting things start happening so basically here the bias equals exactly the resonant frequency we have the emission of one photon each time it could be compared to next through the junction but if we increase this bias by a factor of 2 we see we can achieve the generation of 2 photons inside this mode and if we increase it even higher so this time at 4 times the original value for the bias we have other things happening and we start to excite one photon inside the fundamental mode of the Coplandi wave resonator and one photon in the third mode the third harmonic of the environment and we can go even higher to the fifth harmonic and so on but we stopped at 45 GHz for experimental practical reasons if we take the same device and we now send an incoming signal that we want to amplify and this is what we see here in this color plot we've in red the gain that is positive and in blue the gain negative so losses and we have the same kind of lines for the gains for the same processes as described just before the one photon process the two photon process and the two photons in two different modes process and those processes are associated with gain we have an amplifier that provides gain at those points the gain can go up to 10 dB for this particular device but what we also see in this graph is those blue lines we count those as losses but it's not really losses per se it's just frequency conversion means that at those points the incoming photon energy corresponds to the Joseph Cooper pair energy to create a photon in one of the higher order harmonic mode if we look a bit more closely on those curves we take some cuts inside these 2D plots we can have those more classical curves where we see on the left the gain of the device as a function of frequency and on the right this is the noise of the device as a function of frequency so first thing on the left we can now measure the bandwidth of this amplification process it's the order of 100 MHz for this device but what is more interesting is those dash lines that we plotted here were calculated using a POV calculation for this device and we see why we do not have quantitative agreement the qualitative picture is quite close they're quite close together of course we know in those devices the Josephson energy is higher is quite high and we know we cannot really apply the POV theory so that's why they're not close together on the right here we have the added noise those noise added by the device are referred as the input of the device and we see that for the case of the blue line so this particular cut here we have a noise that is sitting at twice the value for these dash lines the dash line here represents the quantum limit for the device so the quantum limit of noise added at the input and we see that for this device at this working point we achieve something around two times the quantum limit which was pretty nice to see at the time and that was using one of the first devices Max ever made in Grenovo of course he tried to improve that in the past few years and quite recently we measured a new device that had quite more interesting performances and this device is summarized here in all those points so each of these points correspond to one working point so a set of voltage bias and frequency for a single device so for a single device we can choose where to work, which voltage to use which frequency to use, which process to target and this results in different performances for the amplification so the gain will be different the bandwidth will be different and the noise will be different this is all summarized on those two plots on the left you have the bandwidth of the amplification as a function and on the right we have the added noise divided by the quantum limit as a function of the gain so the first thing you can see is on the left here the maximum gain we can achieve is now around 25 dB which is more than twice the amount we had on the previous device and is more in line with what other amplification devices propose but for those high gain we see that the bandwidth is limited by 1 MHz and we feel limit ourselves to the 20 dB gain which is more the reference to compare amplifiers we have a bandwidth that is around 10 or 20 MHz if we look on the right now at the noise and again around the 20 dB mark we see that we have two working points that are really close to the quantum limit and in fact they are below 1.5 times the quantum limit so for these new devices we improve both the gain and the noise of the amplifier and we start to have really really nice performances really nice characteristics of course I have to compare our device with other devices and our device being DC powered I need to compare this device with the DC powered amplifier the first one being the Mth of course is widely used and the other two are two different propositions to use Josephson Junction to realize DC powered amplifier the first one is a superconducting low undulating galvanometer and the second one is a single Jackson amplifier if we compare all those to the Josephson parametric amplifier of course we have to compare ourselves to the Josephson parametric amplifier we can see that there is a main difference that is the power source the devices are using a DC bias that is their main advantages because it's easier to control and to implement a DC bias there is less components involved while the Josephson parametric amplifier use an RF pump if we look at the noise though we see that of course the Josephson parametric amplifier is still the best that we still have not beaten that result but we see our noise is now really close to the Josephson parametric amplifier and the noise level of our devices is way lower than what other DC powered amplifier are putting forward and we think this is the case because in our device we have a dedicated electromagnetic mode for the idler in this parametric amplification process so that will be all for the amplifier so as a quick summary we have a device that has noise below two times the quantum limit we have around 20 dB of gain I didn't really talk about it but the saturation power is our minus 125 dBm close to what Josephson parametric amplifier would have and our bandwidth would be between 10 and 100 MHz the main advantage as I said of those devices is that we don't need a microwave radio frequency pump of high power so one of the drawbacks is that we don't have a phase reference inside this voltage bias so that means the phase sensitive regime will not be accessible in those kind of devices as we make them so I will not talk about the other device we are making in Sherbrooke and that is a photomultiplier basically it can be the exact same chip as the amplifier but used slightly differently so now we are still using two different modes in the environment but we bias the junction so that the energy to EV plus an incoming photon will be equal to the energy of several output photons in the blue mode here this is basically frequency conversion and if we choose the parameters correctly theoretically we should not have any spontaneous emission but we see we do have some still because the value to EV here is not equal to any of the modes in itself it needs the complementary energy from an incident photon to create several photons inside the output mode using the work of URI Pagangas we could characterize or calculate the Josephson energy that would be needed to have a perfect conversion in those process basically using input output description for the system you can show that for any characteristics for any frequency any bandwidth for the resonators and for any value of N where N is a multiplication factor you can find Josephson energy that would provide the system with perfect conversion efficiency meaning every photon that we come in the system would be converted this value again depends on those coefficient alpha so the reduced impedance of the modes and to have a low enough Josephson energy so we can manufacture the device we would like to have these those alpha to be higher to be close to one so the device I will show you the result on is the same actually as the last amplifier device and is basically again 2 resonating mode 2 LC resonating mode 1 at 5 gigahertz and 1 at 6 gigahertz because of manufacturing reasons the impedance of those modes was limited to below 500 ohm so the alpha coefficient is around 1.2 in this device so we we measure those device by sending us a weak incoming current signal and measuring what is going out of the device at the frequency of the output mode by doing so we can calculate the probability at the different probability of the system so either the probability of the photon being reflected at the entrance of the device or the probability of the photon being converted so here reflected is in blue and here reflected is in orange and we also have spurious processes that we don't really want to have but we still have because it's experimental realisation and there is the direct transmission of the incoming photon through the capacitance of the junction without being converted here it's in green and the the last spurious process we have here is the photon is converted then reflected inside the device so the frequency changes but it goes out from the wrong way from the input of the device so we see that here those probabilities are the function of the flux so as a function of the Josephson energy we see we have a certain value for the Josephson energy that enable us to have a perfect not a perfect conversion but to have a zero reflection inside the device at the same time we have conversion efficiency that reaches 75% and the other spurious processes are still quite have a quite low probability but at the same time we see that the total probability here in black is not equal to 1 is below 1 means we have losses inside our system somewhere we don't we don't know yet we don't understand really well or at least we didn't measure at that time the last information we have on this graph is this gray curve here and this gray curve is the dark rate so the emission of photons by the system when no input photon is sent to it that's a limiting factor in here for this particular working point where a dark rate of 410 megahertz theoretically we should have no dark rate but we still have some because that's an experimental realization and if we look at the same results but this time as a function of the input frequency we have the same kind of curves and we can measure the input bandwidth of the device that is around 100 megahertz again the input bandwidth is mainly fixed by the the width of the input resonator and here it was around 100 megahertz the maximum efficiency was 73% so this is I forgot to mention it was for the 1 to 2 photon conversion and we can now look at the same curves but for the 1 to 3 photon conversion so we have a slightly different voltage bias so that we achieve a different process and this time we don't have a reflection probability that goes to 0 it goes quite low for a certain value of EG but it doesn't go to 0 this time the value for the Josephson energy has to be higher because we are going to higher a number of photons being created as we discussed in some previous talks and we still have a conversion efficiency that is close to 75% exactly 75% and this time the dark rate in gray is way higher because we increase the Josephson energy so the other system can couple to more superior modes especially in low frequency modes and that generates a lot of unwanted photons because of that and this time it's around 400 MHz which is pretty high for this kind of device again if we look at the same curves at function of frequency we have again the same bandwidth and we have this maximum probability of 75% though we can look at what happens when we increase the input power so the number of photons we send to the device and of course after a certain number of photons at the input we will start to have a degradation of the other performance of our device this is what we see here and what is summarized in the inset where we plotted the conversion probability at 4.74 GHz that corresponds to the maximum of the resonator and we see that above minus 120 dBm we start to have a quick degradation of this conversion efficiency meaning we have a saturation power around that point this corresponds to around 6 photons in average in the input resonator which is not that high but for a photomultiplier that is aimed at very low power because you want basically to multiply a few number of photons but if you use an amplifier for that it's not such a problem and actually one of the usage we try to realize for using those devices is in the case of single photon detection basically if we take two of those devices and put them one after the other using a single mode as the input mode for the first stage we can have what we call a cascade photomultiplier basically one photon would be in the case of one-to-three conversion would be converted to three photons that would then be converted to nine photons and as soon as one of those photons is emitted inside the transmission line for further measurement and detection the reverse process cannot be achieved that means we can find as before a value of EG that we enable theoretically a perfect impedance matching and a perfect conversion from the one photon to the nine photon the two advantages of this system compared to other photo detectors using qubits for example is that this system is number resolving we can send several photons at the input and we get the same number multiplied by nine at the output as long as we stay below this saturation threshold I talked about before and for these kind of devices we don't have any dead time so with that I will conclude with one last information, one last advantage of such system is that the physics of these processes is valid up to the frequency corresponding to the gap of the superconductor for aluminium that means frequency up to around 100 gigahertz but if we switch to large gap superconductors such as niobium we can hope to use frequency that we go in the terriots regime that is basically what we are going to try to do in the following years lastly I mentioned that while we understand quite well what is happening we don't really have a good understanding of some strange processes and especially we observe some non-linear amplification where several input photons would be involved in the parametric amplification we don't really understand those processes and our description is based on the POD theory and input-output description so we like to get further than that if we want to have a very open system with large less energy with that thank you for your attention if you have any questions I will try to answer them as best as I can Thank you very much Nikola for the nice presentation I have a question which is maybe trivial but what actually limits your conversion rate the optimal point somehow is the point where there is no reflection so all the incoming signals are sucked by the system but it's apparently not converted to 100% so what limits the conversion? One of the first trivial answer would be as per use processes for example we have direct transmission through the capacitor for the junction it's something we are going to try to eliminate by reducing the size of the junction we add at one point some noise in the system that would also reduce the efficiency because you would kind of see an average around the peak of maximum conversion so you reduce your conversion efficiency we reduce that noise quite well but we still have a voltage noise on the voltage bias of course and you can see here the total probability is quite well below one so we still have volumes going somewhere else maybe in other frequencies for other processes or previous modes inside the environment that we still do not control perfectly things like that first part regarding the comparison with the POV theory I'm surprised that I would expect the opposite that essentially the width is not matching well whereas the height seems to be better I would expect the opposite because the width normally you know it better and then the height is related to the coupling so I would expect the opposite would happen so why is it a little wider I mean the POV theory it's a prediction I'm afraid I will not be able to answer this question I did not do the calculation myself all I know is they use the POV theory to calculate the admittance of the junction and they fit that inside the linear of circuits to calculate those gains we are not that far I would say from the applicability of the POV theory that you have some energy is not that it's higher than what it should be for the POV theory it's not that high we have other problems appearing at higher radiation energy as we saw in different talk there is some amplification problems and all that and we see we cannot use all devices in this high radiation energy regime okay thank you thank you just an experimental curiosity how do you measure the dark rates more specifically we just use these we measure the POV spectral density basically here it's on the boundary for 400 MHz we integrate all the energy basically to count the number of photons without any signal at the input okay it's just a spectrum analysis measurement but then you have 400 MHz bandwidth and 10 MHz dark rate right so you're like measuring a fraction of a fraction of a photon as PSD sorry I didn't really understand that because at one point whenever you measure your power you need to divide if you divide by the bandwidth you get an energy and if I so it gives you a very very small energy and you can still resolve that in your measurements I would say yes I didn't do the experiment but I would say yes the averages is on a quite long time with on-off measurements and all the calibration is quite well done for all those measurements okay thanks alright since there don't seem to be more questions let's thank Nikola again we'll have a coffee break


Merhoi i chi, welfa yw ddweud o ddweud 28 o'r 100 ddweud, ychwanegwch ar ychwanegwch, i'n ddod o'r gweithio am y ddweud o'r hyn, gallwch bod yn byw, neu'n meddwl'i gweithio o'r tyfn o'r hyn, neu'n meddwl o'r byd ac o'r byd o'n meddwl o'r hyn, a'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ymgyfaint o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r meddwl o'r ddweud, mae'n meddwl o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'r fawr oedd yn eich fywyd, ond ymddai'n rai'n leol. Ond oeddwn i gyd yn siarad o'r cymryd neu'r holl o'n cael hwnnw'n cywir yma. Ynchhanol o'r cymryd yma heb y gallu gwneud o'r lleol ffaith o'u ymddangos ffas foiol. Gweithio gael. Gweithio gael, ni fyddwn i'ch osan fod yn gwybod, cyd-dau, rydych chi'n gilydd y peth, a'i bwysig o'u bod gennym ni'n rhywbeth o Toru Llywydd o'r llwyddoeth, o'r anziriaethau, o'r anhywpeth sydd gofannau yn yr hyn yn y cyd-dweithiau. Diolch golon i'r ddod yn mynd i'r diolch i'r mynd, mae'r ddod yn y ddigwethaf ydych chi'n cael profws edrych yn y dyfodol o'r bwysig oes i'r sefydliadau ni'n látiau a'u bwysig o'r ddechrau'n mynd, felly byddwn ni'n ddim i fynd i ddod am gyfer hyn. a defnyddio yn gwneud i gael gynnwys i wneud, i gael gwneud i'r wrangodol Gweinidol. Felly wedi bod hynny'n gwneud bydd i'i bwysig, bydd ddyn ni, arweithio'n meddwl fod yn meddwl â'r gweinidol. Roedd wedi bod ddynnu'n meddwl ei gweinidol. Felly, roeddwn ni draws yn y dîm, byddai tîm sefydlu'n gwneud, neu os gallwn ni'n gwneud, roeddwn ni wedi siwng i'r procurementau, a cyfreithio hefyd i ddynnu. Hold it with loving kindness, separate the situation that's around you with the thought that's in your mind and then it goes. So today I want to talk to you about visiting your special place. So we're going to do a meditation. I'm going to go straight into it today on day 28.  And I want you to find yourself in a comfortable position either sitting or laying down but make sure you're not going to be disturbed for the next few moments. And I want you to begin by relaxing your body as we always do and start focusing on your breath. Take a nice full deep breath in, hold it and exhale. Now when you're doing this you let your belly, your stomach rise and fall with each breath. No need to do anything else at all. Just breathe. Breathing in and breathing out. Good.  A place that you feel completely calm and relaxed. A place where you feel safe. It can be anywhere you like. It can be a beach. It can be a holiday resort. It can be a childhood memory. It can be your own room, the room you're in at the moment. Sometimes people imagine being in the womb all safe and warm before birth. And they picture all the details of this place like colours and smells and any sensations. And that's what I want you to do. I want you to take a deep breath in because the special place where you are, the more detail the better. And vividly, wherever you are now, see all the colours bringing bright shimmering light all around you. It feels so calm, so beautiful and so loving.  Feel the sensations of safety in your body. Feel how calm you feel, how relaxed you feel, how quickly you've managed to get into this place and be with this place. Notice how your chest and your belly feels right now. In essence, feel all the sensations throughout your body. Does your legs feel relaxed? Your legs at the moment have absolutely nowhere to take you right now. It's just about being sitting in or laying in this space. You are very, very relaxed, very comfortable.  And as you do so, I just want you to connect in with that movement and feel those sensations in your neck. Perhaps your body feels a little lighter or maybe a little bit heavier. Just notice all of the sensations in your body right now. And take note of how this wonderful, blissful state feels. We'll start an exercise where we notice all of the different emotions that we have and that we feel. Where we feel them and in which part of the body we have them. And at times we might feel an uncomfortable emotion just rise. And if it does, you can simply remember how it feels to be in your safe spot and breathe some very gentle breaths and just hold that uncomfortable emotion with loving kindness. Separating any mental chatter from the emotion itself and by practicing these techniques of noticing the sensations in your body and learning your, you can physically change your body's chemistry. Making you feel relaxed and secure is a beautiful and wonderful gift. I want you to know when you're sat here or laying here, start to feel and start to imagine the feeling of pride in yourself. Visualise yourself and feel yourself being very proud. You can do this just by casting your mind back, remembering when you accomplished something that not only you thought was marvellous and special but those people around you as well. If that's difficult for you then you can think about when you were proud of somebody else who did something wonderful. Just feel this sensation and pay attention to where in your body you notice it. Really sense its location. Sit with its sensation for a moment. Now I'd like you to feel the experience of feeling excitement. Again remember vividly being excited about something or maybe you become more enthusiastic right now with a particular reason or situation around you. I just want you to feel, notice how the feeling in excitement sits with you. How does it feel? And again sense where this situation, this sensation arises in your body and feel any physical changes that you notice. Sit with this moment, this feeling of excitement for a moment, breath to breath. I'd like you to now bring your awareness to the feeling of amusement. Can you remember when something was really interesting to you? Remember how it grabbed your attention? Feel all of the sensations in your body and where do you sense this feeling of amusement?  Perhaps it doesn't feel like much at all and that's perfectly fine as well. But I'd like you just to sit with a sensation of amusement just for a moment. Breath to breath. Now I'd like you to locate in your mind, in your emotional bank whenever it was, the feeling of gratitude. Feel the feelings arise when you were grateful for something. Do you remember a time when you were truly grateful for something or someone? Also think about that time when you were grateful for someone or something. Be grateful right now. Where do you feel this emotion? Notice every sensation you can and again just sit with this feeling of gratitude. Now if you can I want you to bring your awareness to the feeling of kindness. How does it feel to be kind to someone? How does it feel to do an act of kindness? We as humans, as people always strive to be the kindest creatures on this earth and this feels good for a number of reasons. Without kindness we struggle to get along at all wouldn't we? So feel all of the sensations you can that come from kindness. Noticing in your body where you're feeling any shifts. Sit with this feeling for some time and feel the kindness within. Now you've visualised many emotions and many feelings. Well done. So right now I want you just to relax and stop trying to do anything at all. Don't try to bring up anything in particular. Just let the emotions flow through you. Let them pass by as soon as they arrive. If you like taking observers view of what's happening and witness all the changes that's happening around you, emotions etc. You may encounter a feeling beginning to swell that doesn't feel right and that's completely okay as well. Just sit with that for a moment. When we're sitting in these meditations we naturally have exterior noises, life passing us by. Just allow you to sit with them and let them pass. And this encounter you may be feeling that doesn't feel right for you, that doesn't sit right with you. It's okay to feel all of these emotions both positive and negative. So allow if there is this feeling of an ease. Allow this wave just to roll on by effortlessly. Allow it. Watch it pass. Remember you can always choose to come back to your safe place. Feeling this pleasant sensations and just breathing towards them. And by sensing the good feelings and allowing not so good feelings to pass by you change your entire body chemistry for the better. When you can locate where these sensations arise you get a better understanding of your body. So let's try this again. This time a little bit quicker. Imagine the feeling of joy. Remember as many joyful memories as you can all the way to back to when you were a child. You could be experiencing the biggest joy right now noticing where your body is as your sensations arise. Notice every change. Allow in this sensation to grow filling you up and let it get stronger. Your body is physically changing and healing right now. Now with the feeling present in your body visualise your safe place again. And by doing so you are strengthened in the positive emotions tied to your safe spot. Visit in your safe spot can often have a great effect on relaxing your body, your mind and ultimately connecting with your soul. A relaxed body we know heals itself easily naturally it feels good. And sometimes when we're in the tension sometimes it's difficult to bring ourselves to a calm relaxed state. But practicing the safe space technique every day will help you to convert those hard times if they come. Let's strengthen our safe spot even more. I want you to visualise the feeling of passion. Everyone is passionate about something or someone. So find your passion and notice the sensations as you do that arise. How does it feel? Do you feel pleasant changes? Where do you feel these changes? And just let this passionate feeling grow getting stronger and stronger.  You can always bring yourself back here to your safe space place at any moment in your day. Now I'd like you to return your awareness to the present moment. Notice in the surroundings and becoming more alert. And when you're fully present you can go about the rest of your day feeling very relaxed and very refreshed. That was a slightly normal longer meditation and normally was quite guided but I just feel it's important for us to we've said before cultivate and change the neural highways that affect us in our lives and the neuroplasticity of being able to be in a beautiful situation and being able to change the way our mindset works and be able to push our happiness bar that we've talked about in the previous 28 days. It's a lovely meditation and one you can go back to whenever you like. These videos are there for you for a resource for you to be able to you know cultivate this outside of this 100 day challenge. I hope everything's okay with you today. Be love and give love. I think we're going to be locked down for another three weeks here in the UK but that's okay. We've got each other and we're all growing. We're learning and we're transforming and don't forget yesterday I put a bit of a a play out each one reach one share this video to somebody go on now click the share button send an email to somebody show somebody and the only reason I'm asking you to do this is I believe that mindfulness is the key to unlock the freedom during isolation and it's the key to unlock your life when we get back on. Thank you very much for watching today. Put your hand on your heart and say good morning Julian. I love you. Good morning Julian. I love you. Have a lovely day. I shall see you on day 29 which will be Friday the 17th of April 2020. Have a lovely day practice your meditation and I'll see you soon and don't forget each one reach one please share this with somebody today and they can share with somebody themselves and we can start this mindfulness challenge going viral and get as many people on this as possible so they can have the tools to be able to meet all of their challenges, their emotions, their fears, that anxiety in their lives. Thank you for watching. Have a great day. Be love and give love. Take care. Bye bye.


write down the Faraday's law, Faraday's law of induction. Faraday has conducted a lot of experiment and he found out a law, based on this law only entire chapter is based. Write down the statements Faraday's law of induction, the magnitude of the induced EMF, the magnitude of induced EMF in a circuit. What is a circuit? It is a loop that contains electrical instruments in it, resistance by trains. The magnitude of induced EMF in a circuit is equal to magnitude of induced EMF in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. Rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit. So what does this law gives you? It gives you what? Magnitude of EMF. Magnitude. It does not tell you which direction the current will flow. It won't. Fine. For that there is separate law. So the magnitude of induced EMF is the rate of change of magnetic flux d phi b by dt. Write this down. This negative sign is coming because of Lenge's law that we will discuss right now. This is the negative sign that signifies that induced EMF will be such, the induced EMF will be such that it will oppose. The induced EMF will be such that it will oppose the cause of creating that EMF. Who is creating EMF? Change in flux. So what it will try to oppose? Change in flux. Change in flux. It will not oppose flux. It will oppose change in flux. And if suppose there are n terms the same formula can become m d phi by dt. Every term there will be a flux associated with it. Now tell me one simple mistake. Suppose you have a loop like this. You have a magnetic field that is coming out. This magnetic field is increasing with time. Which direction the current should flow? Direction of current. Magnetic field is increasing. If flux is changing? So there will be EMF and if there is EMF there will be current. And that current should oppose the cause of it. Now tell me. Every time I ask something this guy is like okay. You don't need that. You just need right end curve rule for everything in magnetism. Everything. So with this work it takes in the opposite direction. Many things will work. But this is like simplest of them. The cause is increase in the flux which direction? This direction. The cause is increase in flux in this direction. So the current should do what? Decrease the flux in this direction. So because of the current, magnetic field should be into the board. Get a hit. So it should be clockwise. Current will be clockwise. Get out. Any doubt? Should we cross it? Now draw another loop. Draw another loop. There is this magnetic field B into the board that is decreasing. Find the direction of current. You can see that easy advance. Not the advance. Tell me which direction the current will be? Clockwise. See what is the cause? Magnetic field decreasing in into the board. So what the induced current will try to do? It will try to increase the magnetic field into the board. It will be clockwise. Now magnetic field is constant. Magnetic field is constant throughout. You have to compress the loop into this shape. Which direction the current will be? Clockwise. But how many? Which direction? Magnetic field is into the board. Going in. See the flux is decreasing in which direction? Into the board. The flux is decreasing because area is decreasing. It will be clockwise. Decreasing into the board. So it will increase into the board. So clockwise. So now I suppose you are experts in finding the direction of current and you can move forward. This one. See what is flux? Flux is magnetic field into area. Area is decreasing. So flux is decreasing. Which flux is decreasing? Into the board the flux is decreasing. So induced current will try to increase the flux because the cause is what? Decrease in flux. Write down a numerical. I am directly taking right now from your NCIT and if you do the homework then we can go to the mains level also because it cannot be done without you practicing the basic level of questions yourself first. Write down a square loop of side 10 centimeter. The square loop of side 10 centimeter has a resistance of 0.5 ohm is placed vertically in east-west plane. Vertically in east-west plane. Magnetic field of 0.1 tesla. Magnetic field of 0.1 tesla is set up across the plane in northeast direction. The magnetic field is decreased to 0 in 0.7 seconds. B1 B2 becomes 0 steadily in 0.7 seconds. Steadily means what? Rate of change of magnetic field is same as average rate of change of magnetic field. Find out the induced EMF and current in the loop. How much is the EMF and how much is the current? Once you get EMF, EMF divided by resistance is the current. Anyone? Draw the diagram properly. Visualize it. 5. 5. Why is it 5? I want EMF and current. Times for 3 or 10 to minus 3? 5. 1 millivolt. All of you getting it? 1 millivolt. Get the current also quickly. What Kevin? Peter-san? I got it. Then you give it to uncle sir. 2 into 10 to minus 3. Fine. Look at here now. This is north direction. This is east. This is of course west and that is south. Where is the top and bottom? Top is this. Bottom is into the board. This is horizontal actually. Like this. So, what was in it? Square loop is placed vertically in east-west plane. Don't talk. East-west plane is a square. Like this. Fine. And magnetic field is in north-east direction. So magnetic field is like this. This is B. The area vector in which direction? This is the area vector of perpendicular to the surface. Getting it? What is the angle B is making with the area vector? 45 degrees. How you find out the area between two vectors? You connect them day to day. The flux is gone. See this entire surface has constant area. Direction is also constant. So the flux is B into A into cos theta. This is case number 2. So the flux is B into area into cos of 45 degrees. B given by B is 0.1. Area is 0.1 into 0.1 meter per convoy. This into 1 by root 2. This is initial flux. Final flux is what? 0. How much time it has taken? 0.7 seconds. Fine. 1 by root 2 is 0.7? 0.7. 0.7. So 1 by root 2 is also 0.7. So in all these things you should remember. You should also remember root 3 by root 2 is what? It actually helps. So 1 by root 2 is also 0.7. So if you find out change in flux. Change in flux is the initial flux itself. Find that initial flux divided by 0.7 is a change in flux. Change in flux divided by time is 0.1 into 0.1 into 0.1 into 1 by root 2 divided by 0.7. So 0.7 and 1 by root 2 gone. So this is 10 square minus 3 volts. And current will be this divided by 0.5.