So it's going to feel like we have been thrown into the deep end of the pool, the first day of the conference. Some of us are on the Pacific time, so we're still kind of sort of waking up and then suddenly Kubernetes is complex and then Argo on top of it and then multiple clusters and configuration across this, multiple clusters and so on. It's going to feel like it's quite a lot to take in. So I'll try and keep this as simple as possible. And if there are any questions, feel free to raise your hand and we can have a conversation about that. All right, so hi everyone. My name is Shri Zawdekar. I am an engineer at Outerbounds. Outerbounds is one of the main companies contributing to the open source Metaflow project. And today we are going to talk about cross cluster execution of Argo workflows. So basically we're going to talk about how we can run Argo workflows across clusters. What does that even mean? And specifically from the point of view of Metaflow. So Metaflow can create Argo workflows for you, especially for data science workloads. So we'll look at this from the point of view of Metaflow and we'll have a conversation about it. So before we go into the details of what cross cluster Argo workflows means, cross cluster Argo events means, let's take a quick look at what Metaflow is and let's take it from there. So Metaflow as I mentioned is an open source project. Metaflow makes it easy to access resources needed for every data science and data intensive application, compute workflows, data and versioning. And it makes this possible using simple Python APIs. And as I mentioned, it's an open source project. You can go to github.com slash Netflix slash Metaflow. Netflix was the place where the open source project actually began. Now there are multiple companies that contribute towards it, Outerbounds being one of the main ones. So what does this even mean? What does Metaflow do when we say that it is a simple Python API for data science workloads? So here I have an example of what a Metaflow flow looks like. On the left hand side, if you look at a simple flow, the simplest possible flow you can think of. And again, given that we are all here at ArgoCon, I'm sure you guys have known what Argo workflows is. Argo workflows is basically a set of steps, some sequential, some parallel. It's the same logical concept applied with a Python API. So in this flow, we have a flow called HelloFlow. It implements the flow spec. So Metaflow has a flow spec that anyone who's writing a flow has to implement. It's implementing a flow spec. It has three steps, start and end are the entry and exit points. So every flow has to have a start step and an end step. And in this case, the start step simply says the next one to execute is self.work. So it goes to this function. It executes the work step and then work in this case says go to end. And that's when the workflow completes. So this is how people who are data scientists especially or anyone writing data processing applications can write Python code using Metaflow. And now the question is Metaflow makes it super easy to build locally and then run remotely. So the right hand side basically talks about how you would actually run this. So anyone who's building this flow would actually, if they want to run this on their own laptops, you can simply run hello.py run. So it'll actually execute the flow on your local machine. So the set of steps, Metaflow takes care of making sure that the sequentiality or the parallelism of the steps is maintained. The output of one, it has to be sent to the other. All of that is taken care of by Metaflow. And then when you're ready to kind of sort of run this on a Kubernetes backend, let's say you have a Kubernetes cluster on which you have special access to GPUs, or if you have Kubernetes clusters where you have access to special data that you want to process as part of this flow for creating your models or doing some other data processing work, you can actually run this as Argo workflows. You can run this by running these two steps here, one which says hello.py Argo workflows create. This one will create a workflow template in the Kubernetes cluster. In that case, what Metaflow does is that the three steps that we mentioned, those three steps get converted to a step each in an Argo workflow. And that's how a three-step DAG gets created. And Argo workflows, hello.py Argo workflows trigger will actually trigger the flow. So it'll actually run the flow from the given template. So the three-step flow will actually execute. If you want to run this multiple times, you keep calling Argo workflows trigger multiple times and each of these instances will actually run the flow. We'll actually see an example of this in a little later. So that's the basics of how Metaflow exactly works and how it integrates with Argo workflows and what does it mean to run Metaflow with Argo. And now let's get to the main topic at hand, right, cross-cluster Argo workflows. So as you can tell, the name cross-cluster Argo can be a little ambiguous. What does it even mean to run Argo workflows across clusters? Does it mean that given a particular flow with, let's say, three steps at every step is someone making a decision whether each of these steps should be run on cluster A versus cluster B? That is one way to interpret cross-cluster Argo workflows. That's not what we are going to do today, but that is one interpretation of cross-cluster Argo workflows. The second one is you can schedule an entire flow on a specific cluster. So the user submits an Argo workflow and someone makes this choice that, okay, let's take this entire flow and run this on cluster A. The next time someone submits the same workflow, let's run this on cluster B. Is it that it is one potential way of interpreting cross-cluster Argo workflows that actually has a lot of very interesting use cases with respect to multi-cloud, with respect to cost-effective execution of flows and so on. We'll take a look at the second example here with respect to Argo events a little later, but that is one way to interpret cross-cluster Argo. And then the third and interesting step. So our third interesting interpretation, which is Argo to execute Argo workflows, Argo has its own control plane. So Argo is a custom resource definition. You have an Argo workflow controller that actually sits in a Kubernetes cluster, watches for workflow objects. And when a workflow object is submitted, the Argo workflow controller is the one which looks at the workflow object and executes the steps one by one, honoring the sequentiality and the parallelism involved. And then also making sure that output of one has to go to the other and so on and so forth. So you can imagine cross-cluster Argo also has been a mechanism where the Argo control plane runs in one cluster and the Argo actual workflow pods or the actual workflows run in a different cluster. And that is one of the main themes of what we are going to talk about today. This particular way of running Argo control plane in one cluster and workflow pods in a different cluster is what we're going to talk about. Why do we talk about this though? You can think about this as very interesting connotations once you think about this. Imagine you have an execution plane cluster. So one of the main interests that Metaflow actually caters to is data science. And a lot of times data science teams have their own Kubernetes clusters or can provision their own Kubernetes clusters and say that this is a cluster in which I have access to special hardware like GPUs or this is a cluster where I have access to special data, which is what I want to use for my machine learning models. So they have one cluster and they only want to run workflows that are actually kind of dealing with data science there. Anything that is running in the cluster that is not doing data science work in a way from their point of view is overhead and it's a fair argument. So they want to be able to run only workflows in this execution plane cluster, which is where they have all this access to special hardware, special data, whatever. So in that case, you can imagine having a control plane Kubernetes cluster, which is a separate Kubernetes cluster and that is only running your Argo workflows controller. That's the Argo control plane and it is possible to do this today. So one of the main things that happened with Kubernetes and the controllers that have actually been built over the years has been Kubernetes has always had this notion of a cube config and it's actually one of the most fundamental things. If you are going to run, you know, cube CTL commands locally or if you want to build anything, if you have access to cube config, you have access to the Kubernetes cluster. So you can actually today, literally take the Argo workflows controller, run it anywhere. You can run it on your laptop as long as you have the cube config of the appropriate cluster that you want to connect to. If you have it there, then you should be able to run Argo workflows controller in one cluster and then have workflows actually executing in a different one. And this has multiple other connotations, right? So this has multiple other side effects rather that you have this notion of managed Kubernetes environments and the shared responsibility model, one of the more modern ways in which applications are getting deployed and actually getting used. So in our case, you have a data science team, which is actually in charge of the execution cluster, but you have the platform team, which is in charge of the managed Kubernetes environment. The management cluster kind of sort of takes care of running all the management services. So I just showed you the example of Argo workflows controller, but you can imagine other kinds of stuff running in there. If you want to have a UI or if you want to have other kind of sort of, you know, monitoring components or if you want to have anything else, you can run it on the control plane cluster, whereas the execution plane cluster is strictly used for running flows, which means it is strictly used for doing the work that the user requested to. And this has other interesting implications. So one of them, one of the main reasons why this came about was the data science teams would be like, I create a machine learning model, maybe once a week and my job runs for like six hours, but and it takes a lot of compute instances, but it runs once a week for six hours. But I see my Kubernetes cluster and I see my, let's say AWS bill and I see that three instances are running all the time. And why am I paying for all of these three instances 24 seven when I'm only doing work for six hours per week?  We are running the Argo workflows controller, the Argo events controller and a few other things. And people would be like, well, sure, they understand it, but always it's kind of slightly like, okay, it's like a happy compromise, maybe at best. But people were like, if I could actually just run my cluster for six hours a week and use all the compute resources that I want, that would be fantastic. This execution model of having a control plane and a separate execution plane makes that happen, makes that possible. Of course, the control plane execution cluster is actually running for 24 seven, which is run by the Argo workflows controller. But you can imagine consolidating a bunch of these control plane components into one cluster and maybe run that multiple for 24 seven. But other clusters can actually scale down when required. It can also pose manageability challenges. One incident that actually happened was the workflow controller and user flows were running together. At one point, let's say the workflow controller died and there were enough pods that were actually waiting to be executed in one Kubernetes cluster. So they basically took up all the capacity in the cluster and the workflow controller had no way to run. It did not have enough CPU and memory in the cluster to run at all. So now when you separate these into two separate entities, the teams that are in charge of execution plane can happily run their workloads, your workflow controller itself is almost always guaranteed to be run, or you can monitor for it and make sure that it has enough capacity in the control plane cluster to run this. So this kind of separation between an execution plane and control plane has its own benefits. This slide basically talks about the same thing that if you look at the execution plane, it's a user provided, let's say an account or user provided cluster. It will run user submitted workloads in this. It needs carefully created RBAC. So one interesting use case or one interesting side effect of this is that you need a carefully created role based access.  And that service account needs to be the one for which you create the cube config and then pass it over to the control plane cluster so that it actually takes effect. And that the creation of the service account and creation of the cube config and handing it over from the execution plane to the control plane, it needs some work, some automation and things like that. So having said that, let's quickly take a look at how this actually works and with Metaflow. So I have two windows here, one at the top, which is one Kubernetes cluster. This is the name of the Kubernetes cluster. It is some randomized name. It's tagged with CP. CP stands for control plane. One cluster at the bottom here, which is called EP, which is the execution plane. If you look at the cluster and look at all the pods in the execution plane and if you look for workflow controller, we will not find a workflow controller running in this cluster, in the execution plane. But if I do the same thing in the cluster above, this is where the actual Ago workflows controller pod is actually running. So we have the workflow controller running in the control plane and it is watching for objects in the execution plane. There are no workflow templates. There are no workflows, so nothing is there in the execution plane right now. Now let's switch over to this other window. We have our good old hello flow here that I just showed you earlier. So this is a simple three step. There's a start, work, and end. Let's try to run this now. So the first command, as I mentioned, was just to create an Ago workflow template. So when Metaflow does this, it actually looks at the code and actually creates a template. Here it says that no triggers were defined. You have to launch this flow manually. So we will launch this flow actually manually, but now if you go back to the execution plane, if we look at the workflow templates, you will find that a new template called hello flow actually has been created. Then if you go back here and we do trigger, this should actually run the flow. So this will actually trigger the flow to run. So if you go back here, again, there's only one workflow template. If you look at workflows, we actually see that this workflow has started execution. And if I go back to this guy, and you can see that the Argo UI actually shows that this particular workflow is actually in execution. So the staff step will run, then the work step, and then the end step. So that shows that all of the work that was actually required to actually execute this flow actually was done by the workflow controller running in a different cluster, which is great for the use case that we had in mind. So this part is good that Argo workflow, and it's a relatively simpler one, as I said, with Argo workflows being just one controller, running this pod in different clusters is not that hard. And therefore, as long as you have the cube config, things are great. But what about Argo events? Now running the flow interactively is fine. It has its use cases, but it's not the productionized way of doing this. Especially for data scientists, no data scientist is going to say that every Saturday evening at 9 PM, I'll stand up and do Argo workflow trigger to train my model. They want to be able to run this either based on a specific schedule, or they want to do this based on events. And events are actually the most powerful one where you want to have flows for creating a new model triggered when new data gets uploaded to S3, or some other event happened because of which you want to create workflows. Now in that case, we want to use Argo events. And Argo events actually has a much bigger control plane footprint. So for Argo events to actually successfully run, you have what is called the Argo events controller, similar to the Argo workflow controller in some sense. There is a webhook deployment, which is the HTTP endpoint to which you can send events. There is an event bus that keeps track of or persists these events. And then there is a sensor deployment, which is the actual pod that triggers the actual flow. So if you want to say that, OK, you know, flow A should complete, and that event should trigger flow B. In that case, when flow A completes, it sends an event to this webhook. The webhook then writes the event to the event bus where it is persisted. And the sensor deployment is watching the event bus, saying that, oh, I see a flow A event complete. I should trigger flow B because that's what we were told earlier. So the sensor deployment is the one which is actually going to trigger the flow. So similar to the earlier case, the sensor deployment should have a cube config. As long as it has a cube config of the appropriate cluster, it can trigger a flow in a target cluster. And this is actually a very, very powerful thing because instead of now the sensor deployment going to one execution plane, you can imagine this actually happening where the sensor deployment has multiple cube configs. And therefore it can trigger flows in cluster A or cluster B. So this goes back to one of the earlier points we mentioned that cross cluster Argo can actually mean that given a flow, run this flow on cluster A and then run the next one that you come in cluster B or have some intelligent way of routing these flows to different clusters. So Argo events kind of sort of takes care of that. Let's take a quick look at how we can do this with Metaflow. So I have two flows here. The example that I just gave, we have first.py and second.py. First.py is very straightforward. There is nothing interesting in this. It's just a flow. But second.py is something more interesting where Metaflow provides one of these decorators called trigger on finish. And what second.py basically says here is that trigger the flow called second.py or the second flow when first flow completes. So only when the first flow completes, actually trigger this event. We can actually do this with the Argo events and Argo workflows control plane running in a separate cluster. Let's take a quick look at a demo for this. So just like we created the Argo workflows, we did Argo workflows create for first.py. Sorry for hello flow, let's just do this for first.py. So we created a workflow template for first.py. Let me just quickly also create it for second.py. So you'll find that, you know, if you look at the workflow templates here in the execution plane, you'll find there is first flow and there should be a second flow. Oops, what did I do? Okay, so we should find two different workflow templates. So there should be first.py and second.py. These are two templates. And here for second.py, it says this workflow triggers automatically when upstream first flow completes. So now let's go to first.py and actually execute it. So when we trigger first.py, it should actually execute and that should trigger an event which then goes and triggers second.py. So the second flow should actually execute based on that. So let's quickly go here, oops. Let's quickly go here. If you see the workflows that are getting executed, so the hello flow was the first flow that actually ran. First flow is the one that is actually running. This should complete any minute and as soon as that completes, the second flow should actually start. So let's go to the Argo UI here. This should show. So you can see first overflow.py, well, it completed the workflow. The UI needs a little time to refresh, but the second flow actually got triggered based on the event that first flow has actually completed. And this should actually complete fine. I'm being told that we are at time, if you have questions, I'm happy to take them. There are many other implications of this. If you have more questions about this or want to discuss this more, come find me. Maybe I'll be outside here during KubeCon or I'll be at the booth for Outer Bonds. Questions? Thank you, thank you. Good, good question. So the question was, is the flow, is the clusters that are actually executing the execution plane clusters, are they ephemeral? How does a control plane know that you are spinning them up and down? At this point, kind of sort of setting up these clusters and setting up that R back for making sure the control plane actually has access to it, it's part of some automation that is done separately. So in this case, of course, these two clusters were created by hand and like they were set up for this specific demo. But you can imagine being able to do this fairly easily where you create a cluster, create a KubeConfig for create a service account, create the KubeConfig and pass it on to the control plane. Yes, good question. So the question was, is there still like a one-to-one relationship between control plane and execution plane? Is there a way to submit control plane from one control plane to multiple clusters? In this demo, no, but if you, especially for Argo events, it should be fairly straightforward to actually have multiple KubeConfig and have them submit to different clusters. So the actual event that gets generated that might play a part where it says I am event A. So therefore run this in, run the workflow for it in cluster A. The event says I am event B and you can submit the workflow in cluster B. The mechanism in which Argo events triggers the flow is fairly straightforward. It should be possible to do this. I can talk to you offline about how it actually happens. If you have multiple KubeConfigs though. Yes, so good question. What about the Argo workflow operator? You're right. The Argo workflow controller, there's one-to-one relationship between a workflow controller, one Argo controller for every execution plane cluster. You will need it, yes. But you can run multiple Argo workflow controllers in one cluster, each with a KubeConfig pointing to a different cluster. So you can imagine like a hub and spoke kind of model where you have one kind of sort of golden control plane which has 15 KubeConfigs and now you can actually have 15 clusters. So this kind of sort of the original diagram that we had here, which we have one control plane which is Argo and it can talk to 15 different execution plane clusters and make trigger flows at various points. Anyway, thank you so much everyone. This was great. If you have more questions, come talk to me. I'll hang out here or maybe right outside this and also be at the booth. Thank you so much. Thank you.


First up, we have Ben Chapman-Schmidt, who is from the A New College of Arts and Social Sciences, and the title of Ben's presentation tonight is Japan's Response to Human Trafficking. When you think about human trafficking, you probably think about developing countries, maybe Thailand or Burma. But it's something that happens everywhere, and there isn't enough research on what developed countries are doing about it. I think that needs to change, and that's why I decided to research Japan's response to human trafficking. Now, Japan is a rich country, but with an aging population, there's a high demand for unskilled labor. It's a very safe country, but there is a large sex industry.  And it's people coming from developing countries, either for unskilled labor or for sex work, who are most vulnerable to human trafficking. These are the people I wanted to research, but being a very white male foreigner, I wasn't going to be doing any undercover participant observation. Instead, I spent over a year traveling across Japan, speaking with police officers and government officials, aid workers and foreign embassies to see how they think about human trafficking and what they're doing about it. A lot of what I found was inspiring. The police had cracked down on syndicates exploiting Thai sex workers. The government had changed their visa policy to stop the deceptive recruitment of hostesses from the Philippines. And even critics admitted that these policies had made some migrants less vulnerable to human trafficking. And yet, these protections aren't reaching everyone. They're not reaching the Chinese factory workers or the Vietnamese farmhands, even though they are often forced to work for illegally low wages, their passports taken, their freedoms restricted. Why are they falling through the cracks? Because farmhands don't grab our attention in the same way that sex workers do. And so they're not who we think of when we think of human trafficking. And this was one of the biggest findings of my research, that those words, human trafficking, have distorted the way that governments and people in general, the people in this room, think about the exploitation of migrants, leaving some people vulnerable to near slavery. So if I want to change that, then I need to get you to start thinking differently. Thank you.


Let's go ahead and do Cletus the Clown. Yay-haw! Oh, oh no. Oh, yay-haw. Oh no, I love it. Okay. So why don't you tell me a little bit about Cletus the Clown. Tell me sort of like his personality appearance and everything that's going on with him. Okay, so I am only about a quarter through the reading I want to do to finalize the character because I'm trying to go through all of Herman Fullers and you know how that's going to be. Oh no, in our campaign I'm currently like trying to wrap up our Herman Fuller arc. So yeah, it's long. I try to read as much as I can, but I sort of just accepted that I can't do it all. Well, at this point you might know a little more than me then, so feel free to chime in if something I'm saying doesn't sound right. I might have more of my own headcanon than you. That might be about it though. So for me, Cletus is a crotchety old clown when he deals with Herman Fuller's people because it's in the camp. He's a lot more heart of gold and when he's dealing with any other faction, he's a little more suspicious. The two other named clowns that I know, Eugene and Pius. Eugene and Pius got stuck in the Ikea before in the tale. Your call is very important to us. The two of them got stuck here with their transdimensional clown car and normally they would get out by using their kaleidoscope keys that open a door to another universe in whatever door you use, but that particular time they were in the Ikea, they couldn't find a single door, not to a staff room or a rest room or anything, just not even a door. So they were under attack and they had to use their keys on the door of the car, meaning they had to leave the car behind to escape. Not exactly the same situation for me in this case. Cool, so Cletus the Clown. You are a clown at Herman Fuller's Circus of the Disquieting. You have several clown friends and other circus performers at said circus and you do your best to sort of protect each other from day to day and try to not get too involved with other organizations like SCP and falling into any sort of traps that they might have.  They really were good, right, but not worth it. So you're walking up to them here in tales of these magnificent meatballs that you can get at Ikea. Just how good are these meatballs? How good are we talking? I mean, on a scale of one to delicious, at least, at least a 9.5. I mean, unless you went to actual Sweden and got some actual authentic Ikea meatballs, I feel like that'd probably be a 10. What do you think Eugene? Yeah, I think I agree with that. That sounds about right, 9.5, maybe a 9.6 even. And I tell you what, if we're talking about getting meatballs in there as good as you say they are and I don't have to deal with those creepy blonde hair blue-eyed Swedes, I'm going to the Ikea instead. Oh, uh, this is not a good one. Let's wait until we get to a different Ikea. This one, we had a pretty bad experience at. It's sort of infinite. Yeah, like infinite, like infinitely long. Like you will probably get lost. We were lucky to get out of there. We're clowns in a traveling circus with magic and monsters. And that's the craziest thing y'all have ever said. I mean, there's like actual magic here too. I mean, yeah, infinite is, it's pretty infinite, huh? Yeah, infinite is infinite. For sure. I'll just nip right in and out. But those meatballs though, man. Almost worth it, probably not. I'll be back in a jiff. I'm going to get me some snacks. All right, enjoy. I'm sure it's like some popcorn or something. Definitely not some meatballs, right? Right, right. Definitely not some meatballs. Wink. Why did he wink? That seems like a pretty bad wink. So, Cleetus the Clown starts marching off. He hops onto his like clown bike and starts pedaling off towards the nearby Ikea store. The bike doesn't like have any pedals or anything. He's just like miming the pedaling, but it's still moving. Whoosh. Whoosh. So you start pedaling up to the Ikea here. And as you are getting closer and closer, you are stopped by some individuals who are dressed in like some security detail garb. They're just like, hey, hey, hey, hey, hey. No, you can't. Go on back to the circus. The Ikea's closed. It's under under construction. Under construction, you say? Yeah. Can't you see all the, well, I guess the scaffolding just got brought down yesterday. But yeah, no, it's it's under construction.  What is it that they use? What is it that blown lady said at that last Walmart? Oh, let me talk to your manager. I want to manipulate him into going to his manager. And therefore being out of my eyesight long enough for me to sneak by. Okay, go ahead and roll to manipulate a person. Add your charm to that. All right. I just rolled a 13 to manipulate. Oh, goodness. Yeah, he's manipulated. I think that he's dealt with one too many Karen's in his time.  So he just turns around and starts marching to get the supervisor and tells the other guy who walked up there with him. There are two guards there. He tells him to just stay and watch over you.  So now I'm dealing with one guard instead of two. If you're a magical clown, or I guess your clown might know some magic tricks or maybe picked up some magic tricks from somebody. I imagine like maybe they'll sniff the flower trick, but it has some sleeping gas in it or something. What would you do to get by him, maybe? Well, I'm looking at my, I'm looking at my sharp and my sharp is zero. So I'm not the cleverest at reading the situation. So I was, I, were I a smarter man? I were a smarter clown. I would probably see if there's anybody else in between me and the door before I make my move. But since I'm not going to do that. I am going to reach into my clown pants and see what I pull out to deal with this singular guard. And based on just the random idea I pull out here, I was going to go with the joke frying pan. Okay, joke frying pan. Yeah, so he's, he like turns as the other guy walks off to go check up on his manager and go get someone to come over. And as he's turning back around, just immediately boom right on his forehead. And I think since your last role was a 13, we'll just lump it into this. You do well. He's knocked out. And as you look up to see if there is anyone in between you and the store, open field. Pedal to the not metal.  You throw up in the first door that you can find and do you bring your bike with you? Or do you like tie it up with a invisible like bike lock or something? You just gave me an idea to look at real quick because I'm thinking IKEA's have automatic doors. That is a sliding glass door. And so what I, the action scene I just imagined is that I after I bong this guy, the pedaling is like Scooby-Doo in the air. And I'm going straight in the doors, which are going to open.  And I am jettisoned off of my bike into the store. Yep. That's exactly what happens. Yeah! Cleetus goes flying into the store.  And you see that you are in IKEA. You have just plopped yourself into a wondrous scene. There are aisles and rows and rows upon different furniture throughout this area, but you don't see any meatballs just yet. You'll have to look around for them a little bit. But there's so much different furniture here. And I don't know that being at the circus, you get to see too much furniture all that often having to be super mobile. So a lot of this stuff may look fairly new to you. You've probably not seen a kitchen set in a long time or maybe ever since joining the circus. But yeah, what does Cleetus do here? I would like to see if there is a map. Normally in the front door, there are maps.  That's fair. And I will tell you now that my intention is, if there is a map, I am going to read that map upside down and comically walk the entirely wrong direction. Yeah, let's just do that. So you are able to find a little kiosk area that is nearby the door. You grab a map and it unfolds. And as you start to unfold it, it keeps unfolding. But you see a little star of where you're at. And you could see there's a section that says, meatballs, question mark on the map. So you could start walking in that direction. But as you unfold the map, it's sort of as you unfold it each time keeps unfolding. And you can unfold it more and more. I didn't even think that there would be an infinite map. That's hilarious. Cleetus squints at the wingspan length map that he has unfolded. And he's just holding it above his head at a 45 degree angle like where the meatballs. There's no like north, south, east, west compass rose or anything on this. You can sort of just see like generally you're here and meatballs might be that way. Oh my God, this is Ikea. There aren't even words on this map. Everything's written in that strange Swedish gibberish. So I'm just sitting here with my nose wearing this map like a mask, moving my head around trying to find up or down. So yeah, you're you're walking through here and you eventually just sort of try to look up from the map and then you turn back around and I don't think that was where you came from. Or did you come from the other way? Well, now you're thoroughly lost. Cleetus takes his takes the map in his hands, looks around, realizes the door is gone, realizes that he has no idea how far he has walked and crumbles up the map angrily. Ah, conflarn it. Dang it. And then he opens up his clown senses. I'm going to try I'm going to try and sniff for meatballs and again try to do a Scooby-Doo and maybe start floating the right direction. Can I smell meatballs? Yeah, roll plus weird. That's definitely a plus weird one, I feel like. All right, we are rolling weird. That is a 12 to roll meatballs smelling. Goodness. Okay. Yeah, you're able to sort of like you were pretty lost before and by following the map you had gotten turned around and didn't know exactly where you were going. But you are able to sort of key in like a compass pointing north in the direction of where the nearest meatballs are. So you start walking through the different, what I guess sets of furniture like the kitchen area and through the bedding area until you reach a door that you're able to open and it opens up into the warehouse section of the infinite Ikea. And as you step into here, your meatballs sensor sort of points in multiple directions. You could try to go whichever way you want to try to go and find some meatballs for yourself. There's off like a front right, we'll say, is the strongest sense you get. So you start heading off in that direction. So you're trucking along as you are heading towards the nearest meatballs that you can find. You're not able to get a good sense of how far away they are necessarily, but you have a good read on a general direction you need to head to get to the nearest one. And you walk and walk and walk and it starts to get sort of late in the day and eventually the lights that are here at the very top of the ceiling that is extremely high. It's a very high voltage ceiling. The lights that are dangling from them turn off. The area around you is now illuminated with just a dull red glow from some security lights. As you are continuing along, you keep trekking on for a while and eventually you hear a voice behind you of what you assume is probably like an Ikea worker say, The store is now closed. Please exit the building.  The figure starting towards you is oddly short. They are about like two feet tall, but what you know of the Ikea stores in general, you know that their theme is yellow and blue. You see that this figure is humanoid in shape wearing a yellow and blue pinstriped shirt with some blue pants as well. But they are not exactly human. They don't have a face or any discernible features. The skin that wraps around it is not even skin. It sort of just appears to be a shriveled dull fabric perhaps. There is no hair that covers this creature either and it continues walking towards you at what would be a quick pace, but since its legs are quite short from being about two feet tall, is slightly slower than your speed walking pace. It again says, the store is now closed. Please exit the building.  Do you know where I can get some meatballs? It reaches its hands out towards you and tries to grab onto you and again says, the store is now closed. Please exit the building. Alright, so I feel like at this point if it's trying to, I have now foolishly let it get close enough because I do not have any fear or idea of what's going on. I feel like what I have to do now is roll against a grapple. Okay, this would then be an act under pressure to escape the grasp. Alright, so, and that is my negative one, so I do not act under pressure. Let's roll. There's my bad roll of the day. I got a five to escape.  It grabs onto it and yanks and it then lashes out at you. Take one point of harm and you now realize that this thing is, whatever it is, pretty hostile towards you. Ah, a wise guy, huh? Alright.   I'm gonna do round two. Let's get the big old frying pan out and see how effective that is. Alright, go for it. Alright, gonna roll some dice and I got a nine to bonk him on the noggin. Okay, so you're able to bonk it and as you hit it, it scratches at you again, take another point of harm, but you are able to pretty effectively just bonk it and it falls to the ground motionless. And you hear off in the distance footsteps approaching towards you and through the dim light you're able to see that another Ikea employee is approaching you, but it seems to be quite a bit taller than the last one. It's not two feet, but sort of in the opposite direction of height, it is closer to eight. And it's heading in your direction after hearing the loud bonk from your frying pan. Well, you're gonna have to excuse me. I left my grandmother in the oven. Bye! And I'm going to flee. Okay, yeah. You go ahead and run in the opposite direction. The other one that was chasing after you sort of stops to inspect the body of the two foot tall one and you're able to lose it in between the different shelves. You're continuing to run generally in the direction of where you smelled the meatballs previously, but you sort of lost focus and now you got a little bit turned around and you see nearby a flare is shot into the air.  Indeed.


The study employed mild microwave irradiation with alkaline assistance to pretreat banana peduncle for potential use in various industries. Compositional analysis was conducted at different NaOH concentrations and temperatures, revealing that microwave-assisted alkaline pretreated samples had higher delignification rates, 60.86% at 6.25 N NaOH, compared to alkaline pretreated samples, 48.63% at 7.5 N NaOH. The study also found that microwave-assisted alkaline treatment increased surface exposure, poor volume, and poor diameter in the banana peduncle.


Is being the oldest daughter of an Asian immigrant family the hardest position to have? Let's discuss. Yeah, let's play the clip from Francine Ng. No, but this is going really viral. Shout out to Francine. She's actually a clinical psychology graduate student. So I guess this is the type of stuff that she thinks about. Shout out to her. Um, it sparked a lot of debate or at least a lot of like conversation. A lot of people weighed in and agreed with her. Maybe some people are debating her. We'll see. We'll go into the comments section, but please hit that like button and check out other episodes of the hot pot boys. Yeah. But what you know what's undebatable, Andrew, is the value of Smala that you can pre-order right now at SmalaSauce.com from Sichuan, Sicily, and amazing finishing oil. And we have an older sister.   Yeah, I think she changed your diapers growing up. Yeah, I think a lot of Asian women can relate to that aspect of like, if they're the eldest daughter, they were more probably expected to be probably more stable. You know, I mean, I think eldest sons for sure have responsibilities and expectations for sure, but they're just different, right? Right, right, right. And they usually, and this is true for our other friends, eldest sister, that was like the oldest kid in the family too. Usually they follow the traditional path and they don't be too rebellious or try to go against the parents' wishes, especially in what is traditionally viewed as a negative way. Yeah, I think that they probably, on average, I would bet argue with the parents and give pushback to the parents the least, at least in the beginning. Yeah, and this is ultimately, in my opinion, and I'm sure in Francine, Ing's opinion too as well, a function of traditional Asian society. Yeah. Like, you know, the different positioning, it's just like... Do you think it's only Asian? Now, this is a question I have. Do you think it only applies to Asians or even like just whatever a traditional American or European family may be like? There's probably some similarity. Yeah, you know what it is? I just think that other, like you said, like for example, it might be the same, but just there's a higher percentage of Asian immigrants that are traditional than other groups. Right. Because other groups that may have moved more towards some sort of new 2000s way of doing things. Yeah, I'm sure if you looked at, let's just say like Eastern European immigrants in America or even Irish immigrants back at their time. Or Latino. Latino. Right, yeah. Latino immigrants, their eldest daughters may still have that similar position, right? Yeah. Right, right, right. Anyway, let's get into the comments section, Andrew.  I feel seen the pain. Why do you think it's like so many people that I guess nobody had ever really mentioned it before. Everybody kind of knew this, but nobody had made a meme about it. That's why this has millions of views on TikTok. Between TikTok and Instagram. Yeah, I mean, I think memes are, this is what memes are meant for. You just say one simple thing and you point it out and it's delivered, you know, in a fun way and it's easy to consume. And yeah, I mean, I don't think this is the first time it's ever been said on the internet. I know that there's been like blog posts about this before, but as far as people, they don't like to read, so they just want to watch a TikTok. So yes, I do think it hit a lot of people. And yeah, a lot of Asian women are weighing in and being like, oh yeah, this is definitely my family. Do you think it might possibly be more true for people who are even older? Like, you know what I mean? More towards their 30s and more towards their 40 because those immigrant family waves were even more traditional. Yeah, I agree. David, you remember the part of her TikTok where she says like, you think you're having a breakdown, but then she snaps out of it? Like, what do you think that is? Is it like that the oldest daughter is meant to be super mentally tough, like emotionally tough? Yeah, she doesn't get to be, she doesn't get to like weep in her like. Yeah, I actually think that that's what she's referring to because I think the reason why that people feel so seen is because from what I've seen, the oldest child that is a daughter, that is forced to be that secondary mother, they don't complain a lot almost much like an immigrant doesn't complain. They're expected to just to tough it out like snap out of it. Come on, come on. Oh, you're feeling sad, well, well, you know what, Francine, you don't have time to feel sad. Right, right, right. They can't wallow in it for sure. This next comment says I paved the way and fought for the rights my siblings enjoyed growing up. Yeah, I mean, I think that that's natural, right? You always have every kid as a pioneer for the next kid, right? For sure, for sure. And it can go like more and more each time. Somebody said, I know this is supposed to be funny, but don't normalize Asian mental health issues. If you are sad, depressed, get help, do not just cram it down. And somebody said, I did this until adulthood. Now I have anxiety and depression. And other people said, well, why not just cram it down? And someone said, no, I never thought about, you know, getting help because that's weak. So basically, there was still a debate, which is classic within the Asian American community about how much do we need to lean or not lean into mental health? Yeah, yeah, because I can see depending on what the trauma is or the struggle or the mental struggle that you're going through, you don't want to just keep cramming it down forever. No, because that can have some very, very bad long-term consequences. But you also don't, a lot of us don't want to view ourselves as the weakest person either. So there's this balance where it's like, yo, maybe we should have like a booklet, maybe Francine Ng, because she's in, you know, the psychology field. Maybe she needs to put like a breakdown like, hey, if this is the trauma that you're going through, definitely go seek help.  Right, right. And we've seen the macro statistics. Asian Americans are actually the group least likely to seek mental therapy. 100%. But then you could also argue, I'm not saying for sure, that some people in America in 2023 are over diagnosing it. They're over seeking mental therapy. But I guess like as long as mental health is help is available, then I guess it's not wrong in seeking it. Like if you just have that inkling, right? It's not wrong to go do that.   Right. Somebody said, what is worse, being the only daughter or the oldest daughter? And then this oldest daughter came through and said, of course, no comparison. I'm not trying to make this a trauma competition. But being the eldest daughter, not only do you have the responsibility of parents, but then you have the responsibility of being like a child to your parents, but also a second parent to the other siblings. And then, you know, she just goes down a list of like, you know, especially if there's family is dysfunctional, then you almost become the parent parent.  I think there's different types of pressure of being a single child from what I've been told being a single child, because too much focus is on you and you get all the pressure, right? It's not spread apart. So then that pressure can build up and mess with you. But yeah, if you're the eldest daughter of a family and you have a lot of younger siblings that you have to take care of, and especially if mom and dad have whatever troubles, you know, they don't speak English, you got to translate all the letters. Even if they don't speak English, or they have trouble finding work, or it's a broken family, then your responsibilities are like times five. So yeah, I mean, I definitely know families like that. So shout out to all the responsible older sisters out there, older siblings in general, but older sisters especially. Somebody said, I used to be really bad at managing my emotions. But these days, I pretty much just go nonverbal and numb once I feel a mental breakdown is coming. Somebody said, same, I'm just quiet AF. But this is this is, you know, like a, I'm not saying this is the best way to deal with it.  Yeah, but I think doesn't how you deal with mental health or like stress and trauma. It doesn't also kind of depend on your personality. Like if you're an extrovert, you talk about it with friends, you're probably more likely to express it with other friends if you have them versus if you're an introvert, I can see that making it even tougher because you already don't love talking to people. Yeah, I did notice that especially like, you know, I don't want to say, but like, you know, even witnessing my older sister, it's like, she has sometimes you have so many responsibilities that when life gets frustrating, you can't fight everything. Like you can't fight every battle. Right. You know what I mean? Like sometimes you just got to like, like this person said, where you're just like, you just go, okay, that's how we're doing it. Right. Yeah. I mean, I think that's everybody. But I think that I think about the oldest sibling. Uh, like just talking about our family, I guess like, you know, our oldest sister, she didn't have to pick up like the financial burden of our family. Right. Right. But she does, she did pick up the, I would say the traditionalist aspect of our family because she has a family going to good schools, getting really good grades. She went to a good school, has a husband, has a family, has cute little kids, um, has a house now that, you know, our parents can visit, you know what I mean? So it has a whole life that she, she maybe, I don't know if she felt it as part of her, uh, duty, which I'll ask her after this video, whether to have kids or not. But you know, maybe she already felt, but I also think it was in her personality as well. Like, so it does depend heavily on your personality on how you handle that. For sure. This is not going to be true for like a hundred out of a hundred Asian families, but it sure seems like a trend that is easily observable in my own life as well as some of my other, you know what it is. I think it's slightly true for like all oldest sisters on different levels. It's all like a little bit true though at least. Somebody said, last but not least, shout out to my older sister. I got to stay out late AF when I was a teenager, while she just had to study for the SATs.  How different is the situation between boys and girls in traditional Asian families? Yeah, it's pretty different. I mean, it's different. I mean, I think being a boy in a family period versus a girl is different. And then I think... But it is true. Maybe in traditional cultures, let's just say the more newly arrived from different worlds. Let's just say the in recent 1970s Asians and Latin American Latinos, like maybe the way they treat boys and girls is even bigger. There's even a bigger disparity. Possibly. I don't know. Yeah, I think that's debatable. But yeah, definitely.  Yeah. Anyways, guys, you let me know in the comments down below what you think about this TikTok. I guess, does it relate to you? Does it relate to your family, relate to your friends that you know? I would say overall it's fairly true. Yeah.  This is the dope thing. Like you said earlier about social media, there have probably been psychological or like, you know, academic papers written for decades about this, but unless you're in that sphere, it's not even going to reach you at all or unless you're super well read. This TikTok, Andrew, it brings something so relatable and so easily consumable to the masses. So it really is like allowing these ideas and allowing people to feel seen. So as much as Andrew, everybody, this is TikTok. Shout out to Francine Ng. Hey, Francine. Great TikTok.  Okay. Thank you. Francine. What a great starter. Peace. Anyway, guys, let us know what you guys think in the comments section below. Do you agree? Disagree? What are your own personal anecdotes? Until next time, we're going to hop out boys. We out. Peace.


Hi everybody, welcome back to our coverage of the Cloud Native Security Con. I'm Dave Vellante here in our Boston studio. We're connecting today with Palo Alto, with John Furrier and Lisa Martin. We're also live from the show floor in Seattle. But right now I'm here with Andy Terai who from Constellation Research, a friend of theCUBE. And we're going to discuss the intersection of AI and security, the potential of AI, the risks, and the future. Andy, welcome. Good to see you again. Good to be here again. Hey, so let's get into it. Can you talk a little bit about, I know this is a passion of yours, the ethical considerations surrounding AI. I mean, it's front and center in the news and you've got accountability, privacy, security, biases. Should we be worried about AI from a security perspective? Absolutely, man, you should be worried. See the problem is people don't realize this, right? I mean the chat GPT being a new shiny object, it's all the craze that's about. But the problem is most of the content that's produced either by chat GPT or even by others, it's an asses, no warranties, no accountability, no whatsoever. Particularly, if it is content, it's okay. But if it is something like a code that you use, for example, one of their site projects, the GitHub's Co-Pilot, which is actually open AI plus Microsoft plus GitHub's Combo, they allow you to produce code. AI writes code basically, right? But when you write code, problem with that is it's not exactly stolen, but the models are created by using the GitHub code. Actually, they're getting sued for that, saying that you can't use our code. Actually, there's a guy, Tim Davidson, I think his name, a professor. He actually demonstrated how AI produced exact copy of the code that he has written. So right now, it's a lot of security, accountability, privacy issues. You know, use it either to train or to learn, but in my view, it's not ready for enterprise grade yet. So, Brian Bellendorf today, in his keynote, said he's really worried about chat GPT being used to automate spearfishing. So, I'm like, okay, so let's unpack that a little bit. Is the concern there that just the chat GPT writes such compelling fishing content that people are gonna be, it's gonna increase the probability of somebody clicking on it or are there other dimensions? It could. It's not necessarily just chat GPT for that matter, right? AI can, actually the hackers are using it to an external rate, can use to individualize content. For example, you know, one of the things that you're able to easily identify when you're looking at the emails that are coming in, the fishing attack is, you look at some of the key elements in it, whether it's a human or even, you know, if it's an automated AI-based system, they look at certain things and they say, oh, okay, this is fishing. But if you fear to read an email, that looks exact copy of what I would have sent to you saying that hey, Dave, are you on for tomorrow or click on this link to do whatever. It could individualize the message. That's where the volume at scale to individual to masses, that can be done using AI, which is what scares me. Is there a flip side to AI? How is it being utilized to help cyber security? And maybe you could talk about some of the more successful examples of AI and security, like, you know, other use cases or are there companies out there, Andy, that you find, I know you're close to a lot of firms that are sort of leading in this area. You know, you and I have talked about CrowdStrike, I know Palo Alto Network. So is there a positive side to this story? Yeah, I mean, absolutely, right? Those are some of the good companies you mentioned, CrowdStrike, Palo Alto, Doctrace is another one that I closely follow, which is a good company as well, that they're using AI for security purposes. So here's the thing, right? When people say, when they're using malware detection systems, most of the malware detection systems that are in today, security and malware systems, use some sort of a signature and pattern scanning in the malware. You know how many identified malwares are there today in their repository in the library? More than a billion, billion. So if you are to check for every malware in your repository, that's not going to work. The pattern-based recognition is not going to work. So you've got to figure out a different way of identification of pattern of usage, not just a signature in the malware, right? Or, you know, there are other areas you could use, things like, you know, when the usage patterns, for example, you know, if Andy is coming in to work at a certain time, you could combine a facial recognition saying that, should he be in here at that time? And should he be doing things what he's supposed to be doing? There are a lot of things you could do using that, right? And the AI apps use cases, which is one of my favorite areas that I do a lot of work, right? That it has use cases for, you know, detecting things that are anomaly, that are not supposed to be done in a way that's supposed to be, you know, reducing the noise so he can escalate only the things what he is supposed to. So AI apps is a great use case to use in the security areas, which they're not using it to an extent yet. Instant management is another area. So in your malware example, you're saying, okay, known malware, pretty much anybody can deal with that now. That's sort of yesterday's problem. The unknown. It's the problem. It's the unknown malware, really trying to understand the patterns. And the patterns are going to change. It's not like you're saying a common signature because they're going to use AI to change things up at scale. So here's the problem, right? The malware writers are also using AI now, right? So they're not going to write the old malware send it to you. They are actually creating malware on the fly. It is possible entirely in today's world that they can create a malware, drop in your systems, and it'll look for the, let me get the name right. It's called, what do we, what do we use here? It's called the TTPs, Tactics, Techniques and Procedures. It'll look for that to figure out, you know, okay, am I doing the right pattern? And then malware can sense that, saying that, okay, that's the one they are detecting. I'm going to change it on the fly. So AI can code itself on the fly. Or rather, malware can code itself on the fly, which is going to be hard to detect. Well, and when you talk, you talk about TTP, when you talk to folks like Kevin Mandi of Mandiant, who recently purchased by Google, or other of those, you know, the ones that have the big observation space, they'll talk about the most malicious hacks that they see involve lateral movement. So that's obviously something that people are looking for. AI is looking for that. And then of course, the hackers are going to try to mask that lateral movement, living off the land and, you know, other things. How do you see AI impacting the future of cyber? We talked about the risks and the good. You know, one of the things that Brian Bellendorf also mentioned is that, you know, he pointed out that in the early days of the internet, the protocols had an inherent element of trust involved. So things like SMTP, they didn't have, you know, security built in. So they built up a lot of technical debt. You know, do you see AI being able to help with that? What steps do you see being taken to ensure that AI-based systems are secure? So the major difference between the older systems and the newer systems is the older systems, sadly, even to date, a lot of them are rules-based. If it's a rules-based systems, you're dead in the water in arrival, right? So the AI-based systems can somewhat learn from the patterns as I was talking about. You know, for example- So when you say rules-based systems, you mean here's the policy, here's the rule, if it's not followed, but then you're saying AI will blow that away. AI will blow that away. You don't have to necessarily codify things saying that, okay, if this, then do this. You don't have to necessarily do that. AI can somewhat, to an extent, learn, self-learn, saying that, okay, if that doesn't happen, if this is not a pattern that I know which is supposed to happen, who should I escalate this to? Who does this system belong to? And the other thing, the AI ops use case we talked about, right? The anomalies, when an anomaly happens, then the system can closely look at saying that, okay, this is not a normal behavior or usage. Is that because a system being overused or is it because somebody's trying to access something, you know, could look at the anomaly protection, anomaly, you know, prevention, or even prediction, to an extent. And that's where AI could be very useful. So how about the developer angle? Because CNCF, the event in Seattle is all around developers. How can AI be integrated? We did a lot of talk at the conference about shift left. We talked about shift left and protect right, meaning protect the run time. So both are important. But so what steps should be taken to ensure that the AI systems are being developed in a secure and ethically sound way? What's the role of developers in that regard? How long you got? You could go for a base on that. So he has a problem, right? A lot of these companies are trying to see, I mean, you might have seen that in the news, that BuzzFeed is trying to hire all of the writers to create the thing that's chad made, GPD is creating. A lot of enterprises.  Yeah. They replace the writers. It's like automated vehicles. Automated Uber drivers, yeah. So the problem is a lot of enterprises still haven't done that. At least the ones I'm speaking to are thinking about saying, hey, you know what? Can I replace my developers because they are so expensive? Can I replace them with AI generated code? There are a few issues with that. One, AI generated code is based on some sort of a snippet of a code that has been already available. So you get into copyright issues. That's issue number one, right? Issue number two, if AI creates code and if something were to go wrong, who's responsible for that? There's no accountability right now. Are you, as a company that's creating a system that's responsible, or is it Chad, GPD, Microsoft that's responsible? Or the developer? Or the individual developer might be. So they're gonna be cautious about that liability. Well, so one of the areas where I'm seeing a lot of enterprises using this is they are using it to teach developers to learn things. You know what, if you add the code, this is a good way to code. That area, it's okay because you're just teaching them. But if you had to put in an actual production code, this is what I advise companies. Look, if somebody's using even to create a code, whether with or without your permission, make sure that once the code is committed, you validate that 100%. Whether it's a code or model, or even make sure that the data what you're feeding in is completely out of bias or no bias, right? Because at the end of the day, it doesn't matter who, what, when did that. If you put out a service or a system out there, it is involving your company liability and system and code in place.  If something were to go wrong, you're the first person who's liable for it. Randy, when you think about the dangers of AI and kind of what keeps you up at night if you're a security professional, AI and security professional, we talked about chat GPT, doing things. We don't even, the hackers are gonna get creative. But what worries you the most when you think about this topic? A lot, lot, right? Let's start off with an example. Actually, I don't know if you had a chance to see that or not. The hackers used a bank of Hong Kong, used a deep fake mechanism to fool bank of Hong Kong to transfer $35 million to a fake account. The money's gone, right? And the problem that is what they did was they interacted with the manager and they learned this executive who can control a big account and cloned his voice and cloned his patterns on how he calls and what he talks in the whole nine years. After learning that, they call the branch manager or bank manager and say, hey, you know what? Hey, move this much money to whatever, right? So that's one way of kind of phishing, kind of deep fake that can come. Imagine, so that's just one example. Imagine whether business is conducted by just using voice or phone calls itself. That's an area of concern if you are to do that. And imagine this became an uproar a few years back when DeepMind, DeepFix put out the video of Tom Cruise and others we talked about in the past, right? And Tom Cruise looked at the video, he said that he couldn't distinguish that he didn't do it. It is so close, that close, right? And they are doing things like, you know, they're using James Oles. It's an awesome Instagram account, by the way. The guy's hilarious, right? So they are using a lot of those fake videos and fake stuff. As long as it's only for entertainment purposes, good. But imagine doing that. Yeah, doing the assert there, but. But during the election season, when people were to put out saying that, okay, this current president or ex-president, he said what? And the masses believe right now whatever they see in TV. That's unfortunate thing. I mean, there's no fact checking involved. And you know, you could change governments and elections using that, which is scary shit, right? You think about 2016, you know, that was when we really first saw, you know, the weaponization of social, the heavy use of social.  What about public policy? I want to pick your brain on this because I've seen situations where the EU, for example, is going to restrict the ability to ship certain code if it's involved with critical infrastructure. So let's say, you know, example, you're running a nuclear facility and you've got the code that protects that facility and it can be useful against some other malware that's outside of that country, but you're restricted from sending that for whatever reason, data sovereignty. Is public policy, is it aligned with the objectives in this new world or, I mean, normally they have to catch up? Is that going to be a problem in your view? It is because, you know, when it comes to laws, it's always miles behind when a new innovation happens. It's not just for AI, right? I mean, the same thing happened with IoT, same thing happened with, you know, whatever else new emerging tech you have. The laws have to understand if there's an issue and they have to see a continued pattern of misuse of the technology, then they'll come up with that. EUs, in a ways, they are ahead of things. So they put a lot of restrictions in place about what AI can or cannot do. US is way behind in that, right? But California has done some things, for example, you know, if you're talking to a chat bot, then you have to basically disclose that to the customer, saying that you're talking to a chat bot, not to a human. And that's just a very basic rule that they have in place.  The decision-making is also a black box now and we don't tell people. And the problem is if you tell people, you'll get sued immediately because every single time we talked about that last time, there are cases involving AI-making decisions that gets thrown out of the window all the time if you can't substantiate that. So the bottom line is that, yes, AI can assist and help you in making decisions, but just use that as an assistant mechanism. A human has to be always in all the loop, right? Well, AI help in your view with supply chain, the software supply chain security. Or is it, you know, it's always a balance, right? I mean, I feel like the attackers are more advanced in some ways. It's like they're on offense, let's say, right? So when you're calling the plays, you know where you're going, the defense has to respond to it. So in that sense, the hackers have an advantage. So what's the balance with software supply chain? Are the hackers have the advantage because they can use AI to accelerate their penetration of the software supply chain? Or will AI in your view be a good defensive mechanism? Could be, but the problem is the velocity and veracity of things can be done using AI in whether it's phishing or malware or other security and vulnerability scanning the whole nine yards. It's scary because the hackers have a full advantage right now. And actually, I think it's chat GPT recently put out two things. One is it's able to detect the code if it is generated by chat GPT. So basically, if you're trying to fake because a lot of schools were complaining about it, that's why they came with the mechanism. So if you're trying to create a fake, there's a mechanism for them to identify, but that's a step behind still, right? And the hackers are using things to their advantage. Actually, chat GPT made a rule. If you go there and read the terms and conditions, it's basically a hundred rules suggesting you can use this for certain purposes to create a malware, security threat as a people are going to listen. So if there's a way or mechanism to restrict hackers from using these technologies that would be great, but I don't see that happening. So know that these guys have an advantage. Know that they are using AI and you have to do things to be prepared. One thing I was mentioning about is, if somebody writes a code, if somebody commits a code right now, the problem is with the agile methodologies.  You immediately push it out into production because need for speed is there, right? But if you continue to do that with the AI produced code, yes, crude. So bottom line, is AI going to speed us up in a security context or is it going to slow us down? Well, in the current version, the AI systems are flawed because even the chat GPT, if you look at the large language models, you look at the corpus of data that's available in the world as of today and then you train them using that model. Using the data, right? But people are forgetting that's based on today's data. The data changes on a second basis or on a minute basis. So if I want to do something based on tomorrow's or a day after, you have to retrain the models. So the data, what do you have a stale? So that in itself is stale and the cost for retraining is going to be a problem too. So overall, AI is a good first step. Use that with a caution is what I want to say. The system is flawed now. If you use it as is, you'll be screwed. It's dangerous. Andy, you got to go. Thanks so much for coming in. Appreciate it. Thanks for having me. You're very welcome. So we're going wall to wall with our coverage of the cloud native security con. I'm Dave Vellante in the Boston studio, John Furrier, Lisa Martin and Palo Alto. We're going to be live in the show floor as well, bringing in keynote speakers and others on the ground. Keep it right there for more coverage on theCUBE.


In this lecture segment what we're going to do we're going to take a look at the stream function and in the remaining segments of this lecture we'll also take a look at the potential function but we'll begin with the stream function for two-dimensional incompressible flow. Okay so if you recall earlier on in the course what we did is we looked at the equation of a streamline. It turns out that you can mathematically describe streamlines and you use a mathematical function called the stream function for that so that's what we're going to be taking a look at. So our stream function we give it the symbol psi and that's very common in fluid mechanics and we're looking at a two-dimensional incompressible stream function for this lecture segment and the definition of the stream function itself what we do we break down the u and the v component so the u component of velocity is expressed as being the partial derivative of the stream function with respect to y and the v component is the partial derivative of the stream function with respect to x but it's the negative of that so it's minus partial psi partial x and here psi is our stream function and it is valid for 2d flow only. So the place where we're going to begin we're going to begin with the continuity equation and we'll check and see if the stream function satisfies that so if you recall the continuity equation we had partial rho partial t plus del dot rho v and here what we're dealing with is we're dealing with a two-dimensional incompressible and given that it's incompressible the density is not going to change and then that will also disappear from there so what we're left with for 2d incompressible is del dot v equals 0 so I'll expand that out and what we have is partial u partial x plus partial v partial y equals 0 so that's the continuity equation now to see if the stream function satisfies that what I'm going to do is take the relations up here that we said have defined the velocity components using the stream function and we're going to try to plug it into this equation if all works well it will satisfy it so let's see what happens so when you plug in for the u let me just write that again oops we had partial u partial x plus partial v partial y equals 0 and we said u was defined as partial psi partial y and v was minus partial psi partial x so we substitute those in and we see we get this for continuity and we get 0 equals 0 therefore the stream function satisfies continuity which is good the next thing we're going to do we're going to take a look at what does the stream function mean along a stream line so let's look back at what we said a stream line was and so if you recall what we said that a stream line was was a line that is always tangential to the local velocity vector and we also had the thing that we referred to as being the equation of a streamline so what I'm going to do is I am going to assume that we have some differential element it's a vector of length and we're going to say and it's going to be dr and we say if it's an element tangent to the streamline if that is the case then we know we can use the cross product and if we do v cross dr that would mean that the dr needs to be tangential and and so if it is tangential and we're crossing it with the velocity vector v that would imply that that would equal to 0 and so let's see what happens when we plug in values so I have that and now we're doing the cross product and remember the cross product if you go back and review the vector operators it results in a vector that is perpendicular to the two vectors being crossed so if we have an i and a j component and that will take us into the k so we have k and then evaluating the cross product we get u dy minus v dx and we're saying that that along a streamline is going to be equal to zero assuming that this dr is along the streamline therefore what we can write so a vector that is going in the direction of the streamline this would be true so what we're going to do we're going to plug in the stream function and see if it satisfies that so plugging in the values we're seeing that has to be equal to zero but when we look at this what is this that this is nothing but the total derivative of the stream function so d psi is going to be equal to so what this is telling us is that along a streamline if we're moving along a vector that is tangential to the velocity field at every location d psi is equal to zero so what that tells us is that along a streamline the derivative of the stream function is equal to zero or psi is equal to a constant so that tells us that this function that we've come up with the stream function if you're following a streamline it is not going to change it'll be fixed along a streamline so it's constant along a streamline so what does that mean that means if you have this being your streamline and psi will be equal to constant here and if you keep following that streamline psi is the same constant now it doesn't say anything about going to a new streamline and it will turn out we'll see that that would be psi is equal to constant i'll say constant one which is different psi equals constant one so it'd be a different constant as you go to a different streamline but anyways those are two properties of the stream function it satisfies continuity and as you move along a streamline the stream function does not change


It's your friend or family member suffering from depression, then here are some of the tips that you can follow. One, make sure that you identify it and to take them to the medical help. It can be a doctor or it can be a therapist as well. Make sure that they are regular on the medications that they are taking, encourage them to interact well, help them to build a social life around them, motivate them enough to do the activities that they were doing prior to this, encourage them to do some of the exercises like yoga or meditation. Of course it can be aerobics as well. Then last but not the least, make sure that there are no negative comments around them about their mental health.


Everyone seems to know it. Everyone seems to have read it. And in fact, everyone seems to like it. It's called Think and Grow Rich. It was published in 1937. And some people claim that it has made more people wealthy than any single book in the history of our world. But like most things, only a tiny percentage of people who read Think and Grow Rich ever do anything about the book's priceless knowledge. I happen to be one of the few people who acted on the insight this book offers. I'll share my story with you in this video as I try to remind you of some of the priceless lessons you might have forgotten in this book. 1. Strong Desire is the Foundation of Wealth I know so many people who are poor, and one thing seems to be shared with them, and that is this people happily have a strong desire to build wealth. A few of them believe that the poor are closer to heaven than those who are rich. And I am not making this up. I know a man who leaves two states away from his family and goes home only once a month, because he couldn't afford the rent and leaving expenses for his family in the city where he lives yet. This man told me some months ago that having a lot of money makes people close to hellfire. Really? But this man is already in hellfire, isn't he? Now let's go back to the issues we're addressing. Desire. No, not just passion, but strong desire. So many people have wishes and wants. So many people have plans and hopes. Those are not what makes drastic changes happen in one's finances. Strong desire is the only weapon anyone can use to overcome poverty. And if you don't know what that looks like, here is a picture. You read everything you can find about money. I started studying money when I was 17. By the time I was 20 years old, I had become addicted to the drug called books. I would travel miles simply to go and read in a library. I would spend all night at a cyber cafe to search for and learn from the world's wealthiest people. I just wanted to know why some people have more than enough money and what they know which my poor parents didn't know. Like any drug, the more I read the less I seemed to know. So I couldn't stop. This zeal was driven by a strong desire to be rich. Most people don't read about money. In fact, I have friends who claim to want to be rich and they have never sat down and read three books about money. Those are not desires. Those are wishes. If you desire to have something, you'll look for people who already have it and seek to learn how they got it. Stop complaining and making excuses. The last time I made excuses was when I was 17. You can see a correlation between when I desire to be rich and when I stopped making excuses. When you actively want something, well, you can't afford to sit around and complain that it's someone else who's preventing you from having it. The government of my country is one of the most corrupt in the world. Social amenities in my country are probably that of the 1950s in your country. Everything is wrong and if you really want to make a list you can list a million reasons why you cannot become rich. Still, if you truly have a strong desire for wealth everything else vanishes before your desire. You can't just make yourself complain. You can't just get yourself to make excuses. All you want is freedom, freedom from poverty and that's what you strictly focus on. You're willing to do challenging things. For about eight years, everyone in my family was worried about me. My mother cried, my father was furious and my brother threatened to disown me. These people love me and that's the problem because they love me, they just couldn't understand why I would go off the road. They wanted me to be average, do normal things and leave a peaceful life. For me, there is no reason for peace if I will be broke. I wanted war or even death if I wouldn't have all of the money I need to live a good life. This sounds desperate but I am also a child of God so I don't cheat or commit crimes. I simply wanted to sacrifice anything under the law of God to kill poverty in my life. People who genuinely desire money don't look at their wounds. When searching for it, they simply keep on looking. I can write a whole book about the subject of desire but you get the point. You must want money as bad as you want oxygen if you must have enough of it. 2. Faith in yourself matters When I announced to my only brother that I wanted to build a company of my own the question he asked me was how are you going to do that when our parents are poor? Yes, everyone in my family is poor so no one could even afford to give me $200 for my business but I told my brother I don't know how but I will do it. It's called faith in yourself. Some people call it self-esteem. It's how you see yourself, what you think about yourself and how much you believe you are capable of. Like every other faith, faith in yourself doesn't have anything to do with reality or anything evident. For example, there was nothing in my background that indicate I would have what it takes to build a business. I was born a sickly boy. I never had the opportunity to be in the right school. I spent my first year in an obscure village you can't see on the map and suffered rheumatism for the most part of my first 17 years. It was all wrong for me. It was entirely hopeless.  There was not enough evidence that I could do it but I believed I could. Don't allow your immediate environment or situations to determine what you are capable of doing. Don't let the government's corruption or bad policies in your country make you think that you are doomed because you are not. And don't claim that you believe in God to make you rich because God also needs you to believe in yourself. There are thousands of people who believed in God in Israel when Goliath challenged the Israelites. Still, everyone was not able to fight him except for a boy who didn't just believe in God but also believed in himself.  3. Make the decision to be rich There's a story told in Think and Grow Rich. It's the story of a general who wanted to go into the battle with a more powerful army. Then when this general got his boys to the battlefield he commanded them to do something really crazy. He asked them to burn the ships which happened to be the only thing they could escape with. As the ships were burning the general looked at his boys and announced to them see, the ship is gone so will either win this war or perish here. This story changed my life literally. In fact, it was because of this story that I let school without any certificate. I wanted to be unemployable. I didn't want to be qualified to get a job so that I would either die or figure out how to build a business. It is called a decision not wishes or wants. It's I will do it and nothing else. Most people don't know how to make decisions. They listen to motivational speakers and say I will become an entrepreneur. Well, that's not a decision until you can follow through for the next three years. Real decisions are not made in public. Real decisions are made when you're alone and they don't give any room for the alternatives. The enemy called Plan B. When I told people that I wanted to build a company they really didn't have a problem with being an entrepreneur. They only have a problem about me not having any degree. They wanted me to have a degree and keep it not only because they will be proud their brother had a degree but because I would have Plan B. Since they were almost sure that I would not succeed in business if they could trick me into having a degree they knew I would be on the same page with them soon. Maybe after three months or at most a year. Real entrepreneurs don't need Plan B because Plan B is for cowards. If you have a real decision to lose weight that's it. I will lose weight no matter what. If two people in a marital union have decisions to make their marriage work that's it. We'll make our marriage work no matter what.  Decision means I'm going for it period. Here's the summary of this video. Desire to be rich and be willing to sacrifice anything under God's law to destroy poverty in your life. Have faith in yourself that you have the capacity to build wealth and everything happens until you do. Make a decision to be rich and how you know you have made a decision is by not giving room to Plan B in your plans.


Welcome everybody. For those of you who don't know me, my name is Caroline Bowman. I'm acting director of Cooper Hewitt. And I'm really thrilled to welcome each and every one of you. Thank you for being here bright and early on the Upper East Side. And this is only the second event in this beautiful space. And this is the trustees room. So we'll do dinners here, meetings, etc. And it's also available for corporate events. So I thought I would put that plug in. Well, it's a good getaway, you know, brainstorm space, I would think. Huge shout out to Beth Comstock, who is the president of our board of trustees. And GE is sponsoring this special breakfast. So thank you, Beth. Thank you, GE. And welcome, Linda. And just to tell you a little bit about this breakfast. We started National Design Week. It's hard to believe. Seven years ago now, thanks to Target. And obviously the aim was to really spread the message of design more nationally. And so far we've done a great job. It's getting bigger and better every year. Thank you to many of you who participated in our teen design fair yesterday. We welcomed over 350 teenagers. And it's like speed dating, except you sit down with a landscape designer, an interior designer, whomever you'd like in the design industry. The kids can ask anything they want. I love one year, one kid asked Isaac Mizrahi, how much money do you make? And Isaac said, less than last year. And I thought, what a great response. And then last night we had a celebration with five of the winners of the National Design Awards. And we had a winners panel. Again, we had over 400 people. And then tomorrow night is our gala. We have about 550 people coming to the gala. So join us, get involved. Wonderful to see you all. And now I'm very, very honored to introduce Bob Safian. FALSE Company has been our media partner now for several years. And this is the third year that you've moderated. And since there have been many debates in frequent weeks, I think you have some competition. But I know you'll come out number one. So over to you, Bob. Thank you. It's nice to see everybody here. One of the great things that I love about this breakfast is it's casual. It's easy. As was clear in the beginning, you guys are not shy about talking and sharing things. And my job is simple. It's just to let you guys talk with each other and try to have a conversation about where you see design and business and where you see it going and what lessons we can offer each other. I believe that this era is made for designers. I think this is made for designers. We have not been trained and schooled for a world that is chaotic. MBAs are trained for a world that follows a certain kind of order. Designers are trained for a world that anything can happen and everything is open. And I think that creates a lot of opportunity for designers. But I also wonder about what kind of responsibility that puts on designers to help bring others along and what that challenge is like for you guys within your organizations to be the person who's trying to bring people along to some place that maybe they need to be, but they don't necessarily want to go to. What is the role of design and the designer? Design and a design philosophy, the approach to design, is an excellent problem-solving methodology for business and that not enough people use it and even think of it in the base case as an approach to business solutions. Now we get to the point where we oftentimes don't even know what the problem is that we're trying to solve. And I find that designers are amazing at identifying the problem. Anyone can write an interesting idea in an email or put it up in PowerPoint, but the designer can actually sculpt it and bring it to life. So if you can feel, you can touch the experience, that's when you really can help shape the future. I think with the world we live in, everything's getting more complex. And I think there's an urgent need for people to simplify. And simplification for it to be relevant needs to be made by somebody with deep knowledge in something. It's like service at a restaurant, you want to focus on the meal, not on the service, right? I think for us to progress in whatever it is, generally the best design is something that to your point is simple, but that simplicity requires deep knowledge to get there by somebody. And as we've introduced design-led thinking brought in interaction designers, industrial as well as software designers, it feels as though we're bringing the customer in because our engineers have a wonderful view of technology. I think what our user experience and our user designers have done is said this needs to apply in the world. And clarity and simplicity and ease of use are all things that need to marry with the best of technology. The role of innovation is to close the gap between the current user experience to the ideal. It's not about making inventions. So if you focus it on the user experience, and for us the definition of design is a total experience thinking, so it's not only the way it looks, so everything is combined together, then it becomes very central within the company. And every element of the, not only the product, the packaging, the way it's published, the way it's advertised, everything revolves around this experience thinking. And then I think it's really a possibility to make it a central piece of business. My time at Nike was just an awakening experience because I got to see so much new, cool, innovative stuff. And then when I would go consult for another brand, the first thing I would say is I'm going to do it like Nike does. That's your problem. You're not allowing your creative team to show you a new, innovative way, so you're one degree always behind the curve. I wouldn't say that in LSE there is any difference between business and design. There might be an exception in that goal, but really everything in all the steps are informed by design. And so really there is, I don't see a lot of conflict in my company between MBAs and designers. So it's almost like knowing another language, right? And design is a language. When we're looking for a marketing person, it's not defined as a design role, but that marketing person with that awareness of innovation process, it's like a cultural component to any discipline. An engineer that has that sensitivity is a more valuable engineer. But then there's so many other ways that design is influencing how we run our business. We have product design that's generating user experience on the web. We're celebrating physical product design by selling LSE or chairs or physical product. What I do most of the day is more of like a workflow process, human resources design, where I'm tingling complexities, creating efficiencies, figuring out the best way to create a workflow process. And each person, it's about I think figuring out the best way to do what they're doing. I think that's the point is that designers focus on behavior. And first layer is individual behavior if it's a lonely product. But the next layer is group behavior. And for a lot of things we're realizing that the value goes up when it becomes a group behavior, when there's a way to connect the thing to more. So I think it's becoming a required skill set. And not that everything has to be social, which right now has been the knee jerk reaction, which is I think wrong. But every item should be questioned, is it more valuable if it becomes social? And if so, then play it out. I want to reframe the designers make money, because I'm a dealist to designers create value. That then the money comes from. I think great leaders, great CEOs are trying to create value, which then it turns into money. The single question I get most from designers is like, how do I convince the company the value of design?  So you have to show up and just in your day to day work prove that out. I'm struck when I'm hearing all of you talk about the essential sense of optimism and possibility in this room. And when I talk to people about this chaos that's going on in many business organizations, there's a tremendous amount of fear and anxiety around this. And I'm not saying you guys don't have fear and anxiety, but I think it's sort of overridden by your optimism and the possibility that you see in it. And I think that's terrific. It seems like you guys are having a good time. I think that's a good, you know, all of that stuff comes from design. Use design to be provocative in your organization. It's funny how simplicity can be provocative in a complex organization. An alternative approach to the problem, a reframing. They want the broadest set of problems to solve. You'll be able to do this and this and this and this, and that's the thing that seems to spark.