The next item of business is a member's business debate on motion 2777 in the name of Alex Rowley on long-standing underpayment of social care staff. This debate will be concluded without any questions being put, and I would ask those members who wish to speak in the debate to please press the request to speak buttons now. I call on Alex Rowley to open the debate around seven minutes, please, Mr Rowley. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I want to begin by thanking those who signed my motion to make today's debate possible. I want to thank, in particular, Willie Rennie and Murdoff Fraser, who signed the motion to allow the debate to happen. I was surprised that the Greens refused to sign the motion, given that the treatment of workers described in the motion happens every day in every community up and down Scotland. Under the refusal of SNP members to sign, what is a factual statement just demonstrates the stick of your head in the sand and hope it fixes itself approach to what is a growing crisis impacting on older people across mid-Scotland and Fife, indeed across all of Scotland. However, let me be clear. I have not brought forward this debate to point blame at any political party far from it. What I am attempting to do is to say that unless we take action now to address the unequal and unfair treatment of care workers, then we will not fix the growing crisis in the provision of community care in Scotland. I say that it is a matter of fact, for it is a fact that care workers working on the poorest terms and conditions and the lowest pay are walking away from being carers and why would they stay when they are treated so poorly? When you look at the way some care workers are treated, is it any wonder that firms cannot recruit new staff and are losing the ones that they have? Some will say that there is a shortage of labour across many sectors and that Brexit has made the challenges even more difficult and this is true. Why then would you choose to work in a sector that is a very demanding job when that job has some of the worst terms and conditions in the entire labour market in Scotland? Last week, given evidence to MSPs on the audit committee on his report into social care, Scotland's auditor-general Stephen Boyle said improvements must be made urgently and he warned that some things cannot wait for the establishment of a national care service. The committee heard that there are, I quote, major problems with recruitment and retention in the social care sector and that existing staff do not feel valued or properly paid. I have talked with care workers who work an eight-hour shift and only get paid for five or six of those hours as they are not paid for the hours that they use to travel between clients. They tell me that they are working often 10 or 11 hours as they are on a split shift with two hours break in the day and even if their clients are miles from where they live then they just have to sit in their cars during those hours. They are giving a mileage allowance of 25p a mile for when they are travelling between clients, but they are not paid for their own time. 25p a mile when MSPs in this place have paid, I think, 48p a mile, as is the case with the majority public sector workers. The difference between council staff working as carers and that of private sector is astounding and cannot be allowed to continue. Council staff will be paid for the hours they work, not just the hours they are in a person's house, and they will get the same travel allowance as all public sector workers. How can it be that you have two sets of workers doing the very same job being paid by the public parts to deliver the same public services and yet they can be treated so differently? As Auditor General told MSPs last week, the predominantly female workforce does not feel adequately rewarded or valued. There are also major problems with recruitment and retention. The Scottish Government now needs to take action to improve working conditions for this vitally important workforce, according to the Auditor General, who said otherwise that it would not be possible to deliver its ambitions for social care. On Tuesday, the Government launched a consultation on what is currently working well and what needs to change in social care. The health secretary, Humza Yousaf, said that, I want Scotland to be the best place in the world to grow old with older people living full and rewarding lives, contributing to society and actively involved in their health and social care. I am here today because older people are getting their care packages cut. People in desperate need are not able to get a care package. The numbers trapped in hospital because they cannot get home because there is no care package to support them are increasing. The reason is that private companies who, through a procurement process, have been commissioned by the health and social care partnerships to deliver half an hour and our blocks of care say that they can only pay the staff for what they are being paid for, which is the commissioning of the blocks of care. As a result, the care workers end up being treated so poorly. That is the main point. Those workers may be being paid by private companies, but the money comes from the Government. The contract, the commissioning, is done through the Government's health and social care partnerships. By putting the work out to tender and through the commissioning regime, it is cheaper for the health and social care partnerships. Let me be clear that the practice that has resulted in an appalling treatment of care workers has, in the past, been practised by all political parties when in power. It is not about trying to blame one political party. It is about recognising that care on the cheap does not and will not work. I am well aware of the on-going debate about a national care service. I will, along with my party, fully engage in that debate, but I want to stress that, unless we deal with the poor terms and conditions and low pay of care workers now, the problems will just get worse and worse and older people will pay the price through their sufferings. Let us deal with this issue and deal with it now. I welcome the opportunity to speak in this debate. I recognise Alec Rowley for securing it. Alec Rowley has outlined the complexity of the care system. My first job when I left school was in a care home before I started my nurse training. I know that that was a long time ago. I remember right then the complexity of the work that we were trained to do and being asked to do. From the outset, I want to be clear that our social care workforce here in Scotland is absolutely valued. They do crucial work every day, often in very challenging circumstances. The Covid-19 pandemic in particular has emphasised the need for our social care sector to be supported and valued. Social care means all types of personal and practical support for children, young people and adults who require it. It includes a wide range of roles, including home carers, care home staff, activity and care co-ordinators, care managers, social work assistants, children and young persons support workers, day centre staff, cleaners and care centres, admin support staff and many others. It is important to keep that in mind when discussing the sector. It is more complex than just one job, one role or one pay scale. Social care is an investment in Scotland's people, society and economy. Many of us or many of our family members and friends will already use social care and many of us will need to use social care at some point in our lives in the future. The social care sector in Scotland employs some 200,000 people and has an estimated financial value to Scotland's economy of £3.4 billion. The sector is hugely important and a lot of work is going on to improve the sector and the experience of its workforce. The Scottish Government is committed to supporting people to stay at home or in a homely setting, with maximum independence for as long as possible. It is crucial to attract and retain the right people to work in social care in the support and in social work, something that is not helped by the withdrawal from the EU, as Alex Rowley has stated. We need to raise the status of social care as a profession. We have discussed that in the health and sport committee, which I am a member of. The Scottish Government has embarked on a largest reform of adult social care in Scotland. Working with COSLA, the people with lived experience, unpaid carers and other stakeholders, the Scottish Government has developed the following priorities, which are being implemented when it comes to social care. Those are to establish a shared agreement on the purpose of adult social care support with a focus on human rights, social care support that is centred on a person and how they want to live their life and what is important to them, what matters to them is important, Presiding Officer. Changing the attitudes towards social care support so that it is seen as an investment in Scotland's people, that is absolutely valuable as well, and strengthening the quality and consistency of co-production at local and national level as well. Derek Feeley's independent review of adult social care was a crucial step towards the creation of the national care service for Scotland, and that will enable us to improve the experiences of everybody who works in and uses social care. The review was comprehensive and found many aspects of our adult social care system that are worthy of celebration, such as the introduction of self-directed support. The carers act is also important and the introduction of free personal care. With the aims that the Government has in mind, which also includes the principles of fair work, we need to welcome that the Scottish Government is taking issues forward, and I look forward to working further with the Health and Social Care Committee to look at what we can do. I look forward to hearing from the minister in his response, because I am conscious of the time. I thank Alex Rowley for bringing forward this important debate and for his considered contribution and his long-standing commitment to social care.  I also thank those unpaid carers, sometimes very young, sometimes much older, often family members who look after many in our communities. They are unsung heroes. We are all accustomed to paying tribute to the valuable work that is done by our NHS staff, but our care and support workers do not always get the public recognition that they deserve. However, there has never been a time when our front-line workforce has demonstrated such extraordinary dedication, compassion and selfless commitment. As Alex Rowley said, the Government urgently needs to address the social care crisis, and paying conditions are part of the solution to this crisis. The heroic staff are overwhelmed and care is still being provided on the cheap, as Alex Rowley said. Staff have gone above and beyond during the pandemic, but they have not been given the leadership or the appreciation that they deserve. People who require care services are suffering as a result. A report by Audit Scotland on social care, published in January, should act as a wake-up call. The report revealed the social care system, in which staff are not adequately valued, engaged or rewarded for their vitally important role. Audit Scotland reported that the average hourly rate across all care in Scotland is just £9.79 per hour. Let us also bear in mind that the new £10.50 rate will not apply to all of those who work in social care. Let us remember that 15 per cent of social care workers work unpaid overtime. 13 per cent of the workforce work over 50 hours a week. Two in ten are not on permanent contracts. The industry is undermined by long hours, low pay and recognition, which means that care providers struggle to find and keep staff. It cannot be right that supermarkets and shops often pay more and appear to offer a greater sense of career progression. This is wrong and it must change. Angers staff, when they are described as low-skilled, when in fact their roles are highly skilled and complex, have to understand medical needs, deliver medication and possess soft skills such as empathy and tact. We can see quite clearly that there are problems of recruitment difficulties, rising sickness absence and high vacancy levels. The SNP's solution to that, in part, is to develop a national care service. Far from being a positive step, that could be perceived as a direct assault on local government removing accountability and potentially undermining patient care. Instead of reorganising the chairs on the deck, ministers must now urgently and meaningfully engage with carers, staff and those who work in the sector, but also those who need support. Dr Dono MacAskill, chief executive of Scottish care, has warned that the industry is at risk of disintegration and collapse, so we simply cannot wait for a national care service. I accept that additional funding is being made available in 2024-25, Scotland will benefit from additional £1.1 billion as a result of the health and social care levy, but if the Government is really committed to ensuring that every person receives the care that they need to be provided with the dignity that they deserve, they must take urgent action to address the needs of the workforce, and that means to better workforce plan. We need to show people who show an exceptional level of personal commitment and accountability that they are valued in terms of pay and conditions. It is time to respect and reward those who work in social care, and to end, as Alex Rowley quite rightly said, providing care on the cheap. Staff are too often on the forgotten front line, and we vote to them to change this. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. Can I begin by thanking my colleague Alex Rowley for securing this extremely important debate today and for his powerful speech outlining the issues? Can I pay tribute to all of our care workers in Scotland who work day in and day out to look after and care for older people, people who have disabilities and people with long-term life-limiting conditions? Their contribution is immense, and their work brings dignity, respect and, indeed, happiness to the lives of so many and their families. Caring is an essential service in our communities, but it is more than that, it is a vocation, a role that dedicated and compassionate people offer themselves to, and we know from the figures that those are predominantly women. Colleagues may not know this, but when I was a student, I worked in a care home, I was an activities organiser, means that, among other things, I can call a really mean bingo. It was an experience that taught me a lot about older people and the challenges of living with an illness like dementia. Although I played a small part in a wider team, it was nothing compared to the contribution of care staff. They taught me the most. I was always in awe of their dedication, their patience and the genuine care with which they supported people living in the home. Taking time to get to know them and their families, finding ways to brighten their days with stories and songs, peerlessly protecting their dignity and independence and sharing with families all the news and important moments that they may have missed during the day or week. In my job, prior to being elected here, I had the honour of helping to tell some of the most amazing stories, personal assistance that enables Scotland and the work that they did during the lockdown. Recreating Friday nights bent at the person that they cared for's favourite social club at home, arranging for local pipe bands to play outside people's homes, or linking people up with their loved ones via digital methods. They went above and beyond because they cared. But the respect for their work and the rates of pay never matched what they gave, despite the efforts of some employers, particularly in the third sector, and they still do it today, and Deputy Presiding Officer, that should shame us all. We must acknowledge the skilled and vocational nature of this work and pay people what they deserve as this motion calls for. I was very struck by the recent common wheel report highlighting the current failings in our care system and calling for ambitious reforms with the advent of the national care service in order to deliver the changes that we need. As I have said in the chamber many times, this has to be about values, not structures, and those values begin with our people, the people who deliver care across Scotland. We do not have to wait, but we can act now. Currently, if I have joined our trade unions, particularly my union, the GMB, in calling for a £15 minimum wage for care workers, we have advocated this through the last two budget processes, but that has been rejected in favour of a 40-ap rise. As we are serious about honouring what we said in the pandemic about the value of carers, calling them Covid heroes, that must be matched by our action. There is also more to do. Get a support for the wellbeing of care staff through breaks, fire food, rest areas and support services. More standardised qualifications can be accredited and recognised across the care system. Apprenticeships in care showing that it is a valued and important career choice for younger people. And clear our progression routes for workers that they can get on. Deputy Presiding Officer, it is clear that we owe all of our carers across the country a huge debt of gratitude. We trust them with the most precious thing in our lives, which is often our family members, but often in difficult and challenging circumstances. And as such, we should offer them a rate of pay and a set of conditions that meet the huge responsibility and reflect their talent and dedication. We, on these benches, will continue to urge the Government to act with offering our own vision of what care should be, Scotland. It was quite difficult to hear Mr O'Cain there. I picked up the bulk of what he said, but it was not easy. I wonder if we are hearing from Ms Mackay online if we could try and do something to boost the sound a little bit, please? Thank you, Minister, for your point of order. I did note myself that the sound was patchy. I am sure that the broadcasting unit has heard your plea, and I hope that they act on that. And let's try it out and see how we go with Julian Mackay. Julian Mackay, I see, is there and ready. And we'll be the last speaker in the open debate around four minutes, please, Ms Mackay. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. I'll try to use my outside voice just in case it's still quiet. Care workers perform an extremely challenging, complex and skilled role. They look after our loved ones often when they are unwell, vulnerable or coming to the ends of their lives, and I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to care workers for all that they do. The enormous contribution of care workers to our society has for too long gone unrecognised, however. They were classed as low-skilled by the UK Government, which we all know is simply not true. It was international women's day on Tuesday and the theme was break the bias. In light of this, as many others have, it's worth noting that, with women making up approximately 85 per cent of the workforce, failure to properly appreciate social care workers is linked to how we value caring roles that are traditionally performed by women. I was struck by the words of Fiona Collie from Carers UK when she recently gave evidence for the Health, Social Care and Sport Committee. I quote, We often talked about the important role that the national health service plays, but we talked less about the significant role that social care plays in maintaining people's independence and enabling them to live good and positive lives. The role of social care has been very hidden. It is right that social care has now become a national focus, and it is long overdue. The pandemic may have highlighted the undervaluation of care workers, but that has been a problem since long before any of us had heard of Covid-19. Care staff were often working in difficult conditions before the pandemic, with low pay, long hours and insecure work to contend with. For the past two years, they have also had to deal with a dangerous virus that has devastated care homes. A workforce survey conducted by Scottish Care published its interim findings in September. It found that the number of hours staff were working was markedly high, with increasing pressure on them to maintain the same quality of care while working longer hours. Almost 50 per cent of organisations relayed that their staff were working more than 35 hours a week. I am extremely concerned about the physical and mental wellbeing of care workers who have been under such sustained pressure. As we seek to help social care to recover from the pandemic, we must prioritise workplace wellbeing. Some care workers may have been traumatised by their experiences, and they must be able to access mental health support when they need it. As we enter the recovery period, we are also creating a new national care service, a cornerstone of which will be improved terms and conditions for staff. That is why the Greens and the Scottish Government have committed to deliver ethical commissioning that promotes fair work, and that is vital. The independent review of adult social care highlighted that the current approach to commissioning and procurement is characterised by mistrust, conflict and market forces. At the moment, commissioning and procurement processes are largely focused on cost, which can squeeze pay and conditions. Ethical commissioning would shift the emphasis from cost and include a range of factors, including workforce terms and conditions, and investment by providers in training and support for staff as well as the quality of care. We must ensure that staff can access the training that they need, as well as opportunities for career development and progression. That will be key to improving recruitment and retention. That is why we have also committed to a system of national collective bargaining through which we will deliver improved pay terms and conditions. The increase of the minimum wage for adult social care staff to 10.50 is an initial step in improving pay for care workers, but we recognise that the work is far from over and we will continue towards delivering pay, but it recognises the incredible work that care staff do. I will close, Deputy Presiding Officer, by once again extending my thanks to everyone working in the social care sector. We recognise that care workers' pay terms and conditions must continue to improve and we will continue to work towards this and create a national care service where staff are properly valued and respected. I now call on Minister Kevin Stewart to respond to the debate on behalf of the Scottish Government around seven minutes. Can I first of all thank Mr Rowley for his considered contribution today and the tone and tenor of what he outlined in the chamber? If we did that more often, we would do a lot better in this place. I thank Mr Rowley for that. I thank the social care workforce for its remarkable work, providing critical and invaluable support to people right across our country. A lot of attention has been paid to social care workers delivering care, but, like Emma Harper, I also thank and acknowledge the domestic cleaning maintenance and administration teams whose vital work keeps those critical services running. Indeed, I thank every member of the social care workforce, including two of my own nieces, who are social care workers. Although one is having a wee bit of time off in maternity leave, that is an important debate to bring to the chamber. I thank Mr Rowley for bringing it here and I thank everybody for their contributions. I would object to the fact that the Scottish Government does not value the social care workforce because we do. We are fully committed to improving pay and conditions for the predominantly female workforce. The social care system, as it stands at the moment, is complex, with more than 1,200 employers and a huge variation across Scotland, as acknowledged by Derek Feeley in his independent report. Despite that, we are taking action now with partners in local government to make improvements now. Since 2016, the Scottish Government has provided funding to ensure that adult social care workers delivering direct care were paid at least the real living wage. We have led the way across the UK in ensuring that those workers have this minimum rate of pay, with the Welsh Government following our lead by adopting this policy from April of this year. However, we are now going beyond that. In the last few months, we have committed to two significant increases in pay. A mid-year uplift that was delivered in December saw adult social care workers pay increase to at least £10.00 per hour, which was an increase of more than 5 per cent. In April, the minimum early rate for those providing adult social care will rise to £10.50 per hour, a further increase of 4.8 per cent. For a full-time adult social care worker, on the minimum rate, the increase to £10.50 per hour represents an uplift of more than £1,600 over the course of the next financial year. That £10.50 early rate in Scotland is 60p higher than the real living wage rate of £9.90 per hour that will apply to workers in Wales from April. Scotland's minimum rate is also significantly higher than the national living wage rate that is paid to many social care workers in England and Northern Ireland, with workers there receiving £1 an hour less than in Scotland. Of course, our minimum rates of pay in Mr Riley is right to point out that some folk are paid more. Sometimes there seems to be an unfairness in all that. We have heard from the Labour Party and others about proposals to increase pay to £15 per hour, but that would cost £1.75 billion. We have to have a discussion on how we can do better and be realistic about what is achievable, because we cannot spend money twice, and that is what some of the suggestions have been. I am more than willing to speak to Mr Riley and others on those points. We need to go further, but I think that we all have to grasp the reality that some of that we will have to work through and find the money, because we cannot spend that money twice. My door is open to Mr Riley and others with any credible ideas that they might have. I thank the minister for giving way and for his commitment to fair pay for the sector. Can the minister say what assessment the Government makes when changing pay rates within social care on the issue of differentials where it has an impact on other care home workers, where the Government may not reimburse particularly private sector providers for those increases that will then feed through the system? There is a huge complexity in all of that. Those two pay rises in recent times do not come without difficulties, because what we have to do in partnership with others is to make sure that the money that the Government has provided actually gets into the pockets and purses of the workers. With 1,200 different employers, that is not as easy as it sounds. Of course, the discussions that we have had with COSLA, local government, health and social care partnerships and others, including third sector and private sector employers, throws up other anomalies, which we have to work our way through. I have meetings in the very near future about what has happened here and what the impacts are on other sectors. We are looking at that too, but it is immensely complex as it stands at this moment in time. Mr Rowley was right to point out about the different procurement that goes on, some of which certainly did not happen when he and I were in local government. There has been too much emphasis on value for money rather than quality services for people, which includes paying staff well and ensuring that you have a workforce that has the freedom and autonomy to do what is right for the clients that they are visiting on a daily basis and caring for. That is why ethical procurement, as Gillian Mackay has mentioned, is so important as we move forward, because we have to get that absolutely right. Ethical procurement includes fair work. It is not just fair work, because caring is a profession, and we have to ensure that, in order to attract new people, young people to that profession, they can see the opportunity to advance in their careers. That is why it is so important that we have the right apprenticeships, the right ability to continuously improve and get the qualifications, and the ability to swap careers between social care, social work and the NHS if and when that is right. I am committed to doing all that. We must ensure that we build a social care system for the future with human rights at its very heart, with a person-centred approach, and we must include in all that fair pay and fair work for the people who work in it. That is why we will continue to engage with our national care service proposals to get that right. However, we cannot wait for national care service itself to make some of those improvements, and that is why I will continue to talk to COSLA, who I think has been very positive with the Government in looking at what more we can do. I will conclude, because the Government is absolutely committed to improving the experience of the workforce through fair work practices, because we deeply value and respect the vital role that social care workers play in our communities. Let us be honest, without them, over the past two years, life would have been very much different for many, many people. I applaud it to them, and my door is open to others to see how we can work together to improve further in this front.


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YouTube team keep it clean. What's going on the same grave in here with another video and in this video I Haven't done NFL questions from subscribers in a very long time In a very long time my apologies for that because I know before when I was doing more NFL questions from subscribers That's what stuff in the NFL had kind of got not necessarily slow But there just wasn't as much news going on as they did as there has been recently So then the news picked up But the NFL questions from subscribers slowed down. It slowed down So my apologies and that that was my opportunity to really get caught up on all that But I hadn't take I didn't take advantage of it. So that's my fault and my apologies anyway This question was from my boy Derek Snipes y'all already see the question he asked is Is Jeremy Macklin a free agent bust is Jeremy Macklin a free agent bus and Since Jeremy Macklin has been the top of the conversation so much recently I said, you know what we might as well attack this question head on We might as well. So before we get into it and I'm looking I'm looking for this light right now it keeps It's too much to explain but there it goes. I found it, but Anyway, let me introduce myself me. I'm engraving vids and this is my YouTube channel engraving vids And I'm a Ravens fan and even though I'm a Ravens fan on his YouTube channel We just we talk about Ravens, but we also talk about any other football teams, too So if you're Ravens fan, if you love Jeremy Macklin, if you're cheese fan, and you love Jeremy Macklin If you were Eagles fan, you love Jeremy Macklin, or if you are none of the above and you don't love Jeremy Macklin Make sure you subscribe to the YouTube channel turn your notifications on and like my guy Ryan Mallet says every single video Make sure you leave a like on the video. Click that thumbs up button And what's going on Joe Fleco? What's on what's going on Alex? What's up, Baltimore best my boy Savage? Joshua Swisher JB smooth for no Byron Meach Josh Julian Who else we got up in here Jason J. Frank appreciate all y'all coming through me. Thank you. What's up Charles? What's going on George? Everybody I appreciate y'all man Appreciate it. Appreciate it. Appreciate it. Make sure I click that thumbs up button. Yes, 25 people in here But it's only 10 likes what we got going on in here. Anyway Is Jeremy Macklin a free agent bust? well Now I appreciate y'all more though, man. Thank you George Free agent bust Not a bust But he just hasn't had The impact that I thought he was going to when he joined the Ravens He hasn't had that he's had an impact now And it's been more positive than negative because Jeremy Macklin has been one of the receivers that He really never drops the football. He never really drops the football When the ball is thrown to him, especially when the ball is thrown perfectly he usually makes every single play or makes every catch He the big knock on him is That he has been injured Over and over and over and over and over again Now usually when he gets injured He'll miss a couple of drives Then come back in the game But Now Depending on how this injury is I think he should be back next week. I don't think he's gonna play this Saturday, but Like I said before he'll go out and he'll miss a couple of drives doing I Feel like it just happened just about every game but um that's his biggest knock and another knock that maybe Just as big as that is the fact that he can disappear sometimes Sometimes you might need you might not even know that number 18 is playing. You might not even know My boy Meach brought up that um Jerry Macklin has only scored three touchdowns This season three touchdowns Um But yeah, I somebody did just mention that he's been more productive than payment or my boy for no buyer He said he's been more productive than a pyramid and he's been hurt pyramid hasn't been hurt at all So that says something right there Or pyramid did get that concussion at one game, but then that was that he came right back but Jeremy Macklin he Now when we think about it When we think about it Imagine if we didn't get Jeremy Macklin. We most likely would have had Eric Decker. So that's But we'll never know for sure We'll never know for sure because that didn't end up happening. We end up getting Jeremy Macklin Um, but if we didn't say we didn't have Jeremy Macklin We didn't have Eric Decker who all receivers and I'm sure they would have added somebody or whatnot But let's think about that. We would have had Mike Wallace Basha payment Chris Moore Michael Campanero And that's it They might bring in griff griff whaling again good old griff They might promote Quincy. I am vadejo Have you say his name and we still waiting to see if he gets called up? I'm sure he would get called up Uh tomorrow if if they were gonna do it, I'm sure I think they would do it tomorrow I thought they might have done it today but Macklin apparently I guess he still has a chance to play like I said, I don't think he's playing But he obviously still got a shot if they didn't bring him up yet um We'll see um He's a younger Deshaun Jackson who? Not Jeremy Macklin, right? Deshaun Jackson I felt with Deshaun Jackson He I felt like he was more of a playmaker than Jeremy Macklin though Even when Jeremy Macklin was was healthy before um Yeah, yeah, I heard that I've been reading about that stuff too about them possibly bringing up Quincy Um, and that will be interesting to see what he can do That will be very interesting because he was somebody that they ranted and raved about Uh in the OTA's preseason a little bit. No, not not so much before preseason really They ranted and raved and they ranted and raved about Uh preseason came they didn't really do much but preseason is preseason preseason 50 000 guys are trying to get Opportunities to do stuff. Um, so if you can't shine in preseason, that's not really a big knock on anybody um But I don't know jerry macklin is like a tony romo, but oh i receive him uh Now tony rom tony romo was nice But once the collarbone went he went too um But jerry macklin he He's been uh, it's tough. I can't call him a bust though to answer the question I can't call him a bust. He's not a bust because um a bust will be somebody like vishaw payment who has really done absolutely nothing and They they haven't they he's the shot has shown flashes, but He's just been too too bad He's been too bad for a first round pick a first round pick shouldn't be flashing They should be flashy not showing flashes. They should be flashy And peremon has not been flashy Uh throughout his career um and peremon is Very close. I'm very close to giving them that bust title. I'm very close but I didn't give it to him yet though. I didn't give it to him yet But so to call macklin a bust. I couldn't do that not yet I couldn't do that now. Do I think he'll be back next year based off of this year? No I do not see it happening. Um but he has He has given our why receive a position some He's helped He's helped um Oh, well macklin did in the stealers game was inexcusable forcing us to lose the time out Then coming right back in and not getting his feet in balance I was first that was very frustrating. That was probably the lowest of his The lowest of all those in his uh Career or this season with baltimore somebody asked was this his first season? This is his first season in baltimore. So if that answers your question Um, that was probably his lowest point as a raven when he did that. What's up good doves We have them. What do they sign him on a two-year deal? I think I I'm pretty sure it's an option deal though So if they want to get rid of them after the first year and they have the option to just um cut them Without any penalty But right right now based off of this year so far. I don't think they keep them. I don't think they're bad I mean, yeah, I don't think they're bad. I don't think they're gonna keep them um Yeah, so if they want to get rid of them He'll be gone um Taste said that could wouldn't have been any better We'll never know. We really won't we'll never know um, we'll never know Koleppi say never thought he has lived up to his hype. He didn't he hasn't I mean when when we first got him I was like, okay, we got Macklin. We got Wallace. We're gonna have Perryman Perryman to be more comfortable Macklin and Wallace already veterans. They they already know what time it is um But It hasn't been it hasn't been the case now. Yeah, shout out to Eugene because he brought up Chris Moore He said Chris Moore is taking the spot rightfully. So he didn't really he hasn't really taken uh, jerry macklin spot I mean, it's something that's been not necessarily given to him, but He's had to be put there because of the injury so now, um Based on everything with jerry macklin so far. Chris Moore is going to be the starter on Saturday against the Colts And they're not going to have our former Raven uh, rashaun melvin Uh covering him and he has been he's been pretty good this season too rashaun Rashaun melvin. We just wish he would have been like that with us a little more consistently Because rashaun melvin was like up and down with us. He was up and down up and down Then he just started going down and that was it the rest was history I appreciate it Koleppi man. I see uh, I'll see you saturday night I'll see you saturday night, unless I see you before then um So what's up, uh, what's up first name last name? We should have kept aching as our number three I mean hindsight in hindsight you could say that But they thought that they had a nice core They thought I was I was hoping we were gonna get rashaun jeffrey george. I really wanted him I wanted all the receivers that the eagles got I wanted rashaun jeffrey. I wanted torii smith But it ain't happen. But um Hindsight is 2021 because he said kamar. We should have tried to keep kamar aching as our number three But like I said the ravens, they thought they had a nice core, man They thought they had a nice receiving core because they had uh, they just got jerry macklin They had Mike Wallace already and perryman last year perryman had showed he showed little flashes of being decent He showed flashes of that but then this year He has not shown any flashes. What's so ever What's so ever Now kamar aching was an injury prone Oh, no baltimore. You talking about jeremy macklin right now and as in for next year. What's up, joey? I see you got a new avatar picture, man I'm glad we didn't pick up brandon marshal. Yeah. Um Yeah, because what he didn't as a giant that was to say it man All the drops were just terrible Um, and that's somebody who I also really wanted us to get to brandon marshal that didn't happen But i'm not mad at that Oh, aching got 14 catches for 131 yards Wow, so with with don'ta moncreef The coach wide receiver not playing. Um, I don't know who their starters are besides ty hillton Um, because they obviously got ty and I don't know who who who their other receivers are besides them But if moncreef is out that obviously gives kamar aching another opportunity to be shifted up in that depth chart So i'm sure we're gonna see a lot of him I'm sure we're gonna see a lot of him come this saturday Marshal suffering and why because elie is losing it and they lost all three top receivers Well, no, did marshal was he was struggling before they even lost Odell beckham jr. And sterling shepherd too.  That doesn't help anything That doesn't help anything Um kamar aching as far as revenge this saturday I don't know man. I'm sure he's gonna be extra motivated, of course, but I don't know But anyway, oh you're going. Yeah, you did say you did have been saying that you're gonna be going to the game That should be fun What's up lean craft? I see your jags, man I know you've been having a lot of fun this season My poor lean craft His jags have been killing it killing it. So congrats to your jags, man um Oh shadow face a a hope everyone is having a good day and hope everybody is ready for a saturday. Yes We all man. We're being patient though It it didn't hit me yet. The excitement ain't hit me yet. It'll come probably tomorrow. Definitely saturday Definitely saturday morning and afternoon It's definitely like hit me there. Yeah, Mike Wallace is a free agent next year um Different thoughts about him um If they let him go, I wouldn't be mad if they kept him. I wouldn't be mad. I'm neutral about it Chiefs came to me. Say look out for those chiefs Yeah yeah Uh, george say engraving playoff picture. What does baltimore need to have to happen to get in? Just win the last two games. That's it. They don't need anything else. They don't need any help They don't need anybody to lose. They don't need any other teams to win. They just got to win the last two games. That's it That's it They literally don't need anything else That's it. Win the last two games. They in there What do you think about talking to martavius bryant? I wouldn't be mad at that. Oh, I would like that I would like that Balders is gonna kill the jags in the playoffs. It's a shame. Honestly I don't know. We'll see I like I like what them jags fans did. I like I love that I like what they did because um Jadavian clowny Uh, young young guy.  Oh, Eugene. That's what I needed. He said one of the announcers made a good point We have oh never had a pro bowl receiving Raven's history That's true. Well, Baltimore best. That's what I was looking at engraving the co-star to receive a TY Oh, Philip Doss No, then they traded Philip Doss set to the uh to the What's it called the Patriots, right? They traded him to the Patriots I believe am I right or am I wrong? They traded they traded him to the Patriots. I thought right Hey, I appreciate that the lava the lava. Thank you Thanks, Jack appreciate it. Yeah. Okay. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, George would know to Georgia Patriots fan So, yeah, they they don't have uh, Philip Doss set You must have been looking at uh, you must be looking on Madden and you ain't update the rosters yet So, yeah, they uh, they traded him They traded him Um, but yeah besides T. Y. Hilton, I don't know who their who their receivers are besides T. Y. And Kamar But still Raven's got to be on point Um, oh, yeah for door. Yeah, you're right for brisette brisette for door set. You're there it goes. Thank you um But anyway, yeah, we man, we always get way off topic We we start with one question we start talking about 50 000 other things We went from is jerry macklin a free agent bus to talking about playoffs talking about Jags talking about everything man um And brandy Williams got rock last week so they won't have him either Who's that? What in what position does he play? Uh chiefs kingdom, you may be right about that You may be right about that. Um chiefs king chiefs kingdom said derrick car is overrated You may be right about that um I can't disagree with you there Uh, so yeah, you may be right I thought the raven should have gone after paddison a good playmaker haven't played I haven't paid much attention to that or a cordero paddison Okay Oh, oh, that's the tight end. Okay All right So yeah, we'll see cars isn't the same after the broken leg Yeah He got paid so he did this thing Who who plays tight in space apex? Who you talking about? Ryan bringer said jessie james catch starts. Oh boy Oh boy Oh man Oh, we talked about that like 50,000 50 million times on this channel, man We went video after video. We went in the detail about the rule wasn't a catch wasn't a catch That's it wasn't a catch He's overrated now because people still looking at the pass but last year he was not Yeah, he did this thing last year, but he just he just doesn't seem to have I like their car, but um I don't know. I don't know what it is. I feel like you got more weapons this year and I feel like he um I felt like he had more weapons this year and I feel like he just He didn't have any excuse For why he wouldn't be able to do better But I mean he hasn't So now Green Bay can't make the playoffs they are eliminated once the Once the Falcons beat the Bucks That took out Green Bay for good. They're done so Well, if if you make a football, but it's not a catch then the football moved I mean if you make a football move and it's not a catch then it's not it doesn't matter How many moves you make? I'll give you make a dance move a football move if it's not a catch then Nothing else that you do matters Literally nothing else that you do matters so Yeah, we we we talked about that thing in detail that whole play that catch that oh goodness Still has half Houston in the Browns and Tony O's back for playoffs his injury won't impact anything Yeah, and they they can afford to not have their top receiver. They can afford that especially against those two teams um Because juju beast Martavius nice Eli Rogers He is better than average So They they got people man. I and I do I like that guy juju man. I like him I be seeing people retweet some of the stuff he'd be putting on twitter and whatnot. I like that guy man um He said uh torn calf is going to impact the wire receiver Uh falling is not a football move. No, he talked. He didn't football move He talked about when is when uh when jesse james reached the ball over the goal line. So yeah, I mean Yeah, it wasn't a catch no catch man Yeah, juju seemed like he's cool people man. He's been doing this thing beast of a player too Beast of a player, but anyway appreciate y'all man um And if you have questions from subscribers, it's back. It's been a long time Been a long time by the rule. It isn't a catch. Not sure what's so hard to understand I mean, yeah, I I think I think it was pretty simple It's pretty simple he was Ben rosas burger through the ball jesse james was diving and caught it. What's up joe flack was elite um Jesse james was diving when he caught the ball So he's up in the air when he when he had the ball So in order for it to be a catch when he hit the ground He would have needed to had possession of the ball and control of the ball When he hit the ground the ball spun even though he reached reached over the goal line He still got to make the catch and since he didn't complete the catch since the ball spun when it hit the ground incompletion That's it We're even three signed jimmy smith during the offseason. No jimmy smith has already signed I believe through the next two seasons, but I I wouldn't be surprised if they moved on for him I really wouldn't be because I know i'm sure they're looking at it right now like oh man, this is pretty much Let's let's do a test run for life after life after jimmy smith Um to see how our guys can do now Um, but I don't know we'll see we'll see we'll depend on how his contract is and stuff because I know he um He signed it a four year 40 million dollar deal So let's average it about 10 million dollars a year Um, but I wouldn't be surprised if they got rid of him. Yeah for via trade Yeah, he would be valuable trade option because he is a beast of a cornerback beast of a cornerback, but um If you can't be here You can't if you're not here Then you could be a beast as much as you want to be but it won't matter doesn't mean anything if you can't play So no, they shouldn't extend alex Collins. They should not They have him. He's a restricted free agent.  I love I love alex collin. Love what he brought to the team Love what he brought to the team And he's been the most exciting running back here since For a set but remember for a set He was um, he was a one hit wonder. He just looked slowly started falling off So Let's see how it goes. But anyway, appreciate y'all. Thank you um love y'all And I'll see you in the next video. I don't know when it's gonna be could be right after this or maybe later on Watson and wintz You can't go wrong with either one. Should I even get a new halfback or no? No, I mean alex collin's been fine So you got a ride with him, man But yeah, once after this year, I wouldn't bring back Danny woodhead Um, he he got a nice set of hands though Or Yeah, I probably wouldn't bring him back though only if he was super super super cheap super cheap I wouldn't bring him back tennis west. I wouldn't bring him back Um, kena dixon. I got him. Hopefully he wouldn't get suspended Um And buck allen he can catch too buck allen can catch. So yeah, that's it Anyway Appreciate y'all Thank you. Oh, I love more than Humphrey travel Uh, thank you all In gravy which games are we most likely to lose coats coats of bingles if I had to pick one I would say bingles But I think Raven's got a good shot at both of them They just gotta just gotta been played the way they've been playing man Stay solid.   Do you think take your shots? That's it. You'll be fine and be creative And be creative because when when I seen them be creative It's when they just they're a whole another team And in a good way So thank you Joe. Thank you Marty I don't know if y'all patch it up But y'all definitely I don't know if they patch up their friendship, but they definitely patch up this offense a lot So Appreciate y'all. Thank you for coming through I will see y'all when I see y'all It's thursday night And we're feeling pretty good Make sure you subscribe to the youtube channel if you haven't already turn your notifications on if you haven't already And leave a like on the video because like my god ryan myla says in every single video It's completely free. I'm out


Hello and welcome to this new segment of CD spectroscopy and MOSBIRS spectroscopy for chemist. My name is Arnab Dutta and I am an associate professor in the department of chemistry at IIT Bombay. So previously we are looking into different symmetry element that can be present in molecules and try to connect those symmetry elements to its properties. And one of the property just stood out it is the chirality. So today we are going to look into a little bit more details in chirality. So we have already looked into chirality and we found in nature chirality is a crucial factor and this chirality is present in most of the typical biomolecules including proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acid. And we have found these proteins are actually made out of amino acids which are itself chiral, carbohydrates also the sugar molecules of different kinds and they are also chiral in nature whereas nucleic acid they are made out of this adenine, theonine and all those different nucleosides and nucleotides. Those are itself not chiral but when they create the secondary structure those are chiral in nature. So all together we found that in this biomolecules from the molecular level to the large scale polymeric structure the chirality is playing a huge role and why this particular chirality is maintained so natively in this biomolecules. One of the important answer we got is the molecular recognition. So as we have looked into the different molecules and how they behave and how they interact with the different molecules present around it we found this molecular recognition is one of the important factor which actually says how the life is going on. So if we try to answer what is life in a very broad perspective we found that we can define it like there are multiple chemical reaction happening but in a synchronous way. So they kind of know which reaction we need to perform which reaction we need to shut off and which reaction we need to prefer. So how these molecules can detect can sense which reaction they should go forward with and over there come this particular term molecular recognition and chirality is an important part of this molecular recognition. So that we are going to look into in much more detailed format in this particular segment. So one of this molecular recognition that we can think about is for the protein-protein interaction and one of the major portion of this protein-protein interaction is enzymatic properties when the enzymes are reacting. And most of us learn this particular term lock and key mechanism that has been followed vividly for this enzyme. So how it actually works? So if I want to draw a cartoon picture of that and say this is one portion of my protein structure and here my reaction will occur. So this is one of the protein say this is the enzyme part. So now if I put different kinds of systems to it out of all this only this one present over here fits exactly to this side. So that means we can have different keys but only one of them fit to this key. So over here this is actually cartoon picture we say the different shapes like spheres, square, this particular shape or triangle only this particular shape over here that I have drawn only this one fits very nicely to this enzyme and that is the lock and key mechanism we are talking about. Now over here when you talk about this protein-protein interaction is going how it is recognized we want to learn a little bit more like what is the fundamental aspect remain in this particular lock and key mechanism. So if we look closely at the molecular level and try to figure it out what are the different interaction is actually going on over there. So we found this enzyme and say this is the substrate which can be also another protein what are the different interaction goes between this substrate and enzyme and over here we found at molecular level there are different possibilities. So the first one is hydrogen bonding so we have enzyme which is made out of the amino acids and in the earlier classes we have gone through what are the different amino acids possible and over there one of the important factors was the backbone which actually contains the amide bond and also the side chain the R groups present in all the different kinds of amino acid where there are particular functionalities which can actually lead to the formation of hydrogen bonding. So this hydrogen bonding can define like which particular molecules you would like to be preferring so that it can forms a very good nice hydrogen bonding network over there around this core. So after hydrogen bonding the other one comes to our picture is called the salt bridges. So salt bridges is nothing but over here what happens there are two different parts of the molecules are coming. One molecule creates a positive charge and the other segment creates a negative charge and then they create an electrostatic interaction which is favorable in nature. So for an example arginine, lysine those kind of amino acids with their side chain they can create this positive charge whereas aspartate glutamate they create the carboxylate acid group which is negative in charge. So if you bring those two different types as arginine, lysine and aspartate glutamate together you are going to get a very nice electrostatic interaction which is known as the salt bridges. So that is one of the other common factor comes over here. The third one comes into this picture is hydrophobic interaction. So typically when we talk about the salt bridges or hydrogen bonding they are favored in a hydrophilic environment where there are water or polar media around it. So they actually create an influence around the groups which likes to be in hydrogen bonded or salt vision network. However there are different amino acids for an example phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan all those groups which actually contains a very bulky aromatic groups around it. And along with that we have also got isoleucine, leucine, valine even alanine this kind of amino acid which produces hydrocarbon chain as a side chain. So those kind of groups hydrocarbon chain or bulk aromatic groups creates a lot of hydrophobicity. And this hydrophobic interaction also can play a role. So how this hydrophobic interaction plays a role to give you an idea over here I am showing you say there is a hydrophobic group present over here. This is group A which is hydrophobic in nature. And now say there is another group coming over here B which is also hydrophobic in nature. So both this are hydrophobic group because we are talking about a protein atmosphere which is present in a cellular system. So there will be some water around it. So before their interaction this molecule A and this molecule B will be interacting a lot of water. Now this water molecules around this A and B are not really stabilized because A and B as we just said hydrophobic in nature. So they are non-polar. So they are not having very good interaction with the water molecules which is polar in nature and to stabilize it. So in this particular format of A and B both of them are really unstable there is not much enthalpy support to establish this interaction. However if I put A and B close together now what happens all this water molecules that was present in between now they can leave and go outside. So they are relieved from their original position and what is the consequence of that. So when these two hydrophobic groups comes close together and releases the previously interlinked water molecules they got released. So this water molecule can go into the bulk and do a dynamic hydrogen bonding network which is present in the bulk solution specially in water. Previously it cannot do that because it has to interact with A and B how much inactive or destabilize it is. However when we put this A and B together those water molecule got released. So this water can stick together and create this dynamic hydrogen bonding. And the same time previously this water molecules are bound. So they cannot move around because there is not much interaction going on between this hydrophobic group and the water. But when we talk about the water molecules over here due to this dynamic hydrogen bonding water molecules can go in different places very nicely. So that creates an entropy. And this entropy factor is coming because of this freed water molecules. And this particular water molecules actually creates the overall Gibbs free energy negative. So that is why hydrophobic interaction is favorable in nature. Not only because A and B actually have some interaction in between them which is possible through pi pi interaction and all those things. But the major contributor to that in a polar solvent or aqua solvent is the release of the bound water molecule and create the bulk water. So that entropy factor drives it and that is where hydrophobic interaction is quite a stabilizing interaction. And that also plays a role when we are talking a molecular level interaction during two enzymes or two proteins. So over their hydrogen bonding solvies and hydrophobic interaction also play and include a important role. And the last one also play an important role is the weak forces, weak forces I mean Van der Waals forces. So the molecules can be hydrophobic can be really non-polarant. But at the same time they can create some instantaneous dipole moment which can interact. So it can be a dipole induced dipole or induced dipole induced dipole interaction which actually creates some interaction between the proteins. So among these four are the crucial interactions which actually creates a bonding interactive system around two proteins and that is actually create this particular interactions possible. With that now we know that yes these are the interaction possible, hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, hydrophobic interaction, even weak forces coming into the foray. But why this particular shape dependency? These forces can define like how stable and how destabilized I am, but how they define this shape dependency. So that is coming next. So over here I am drawing this part one more time. So this is one of the enzymatic core area where my substrate is going to come and bind and say the substrate is nothing but one of the other protein segment. And this is going to come and bind over there and it fits very nicely. So we now know that there are particular factors like hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, hydrophobic interaction and last but not the least the weak forces actually define how they are going to interact. So these are the tools by which the enzyme and substrate going to interact. But why this particular shape dependency?  So this log key mechanism is coming from this shape dependency and the shape dependency come from two different factors. First directionality of the interactions. So now say over here in this particular molecule over here I have some particular groups which can do hydrogen bonding. So in that respect I would like to put over here in my molecule some corresponding groups over here so that they can support this hydrogen bonding network on this molecule. So over there you can see if this molecule goes over there it can creates interaction between them. So let me draw that one more time once it is getting formed the bond and say over here is our protein coming and over here I have this hydrogen bonding diodes where they can create a nice pairing between the groups through this hydrogen bonding. So this positioning of the hydrogen bonding ensures that yes this molecule has to be entering in this particular way and it is supporting the overall shape of the system. And this system can go forward even for salt bridges or say hydrophobic interactions. So all these kind of different interactions are possible so all those together come here and ensures that the molecule goes to a particular different direction. With respect to all those things directionality of the interactions the other thing come into the picture is the chirality that also defines how your molecule is going to interact particular through this lock and key mechanism. And that is coming from the natural amino acids and their integral chirality. So any amino acids we have drawn that earlier so we will draw that one more time this is the alpha carbon of the amino acids again and over there this is the carboxylic acid say this is the NH2 group I mean group this is the R group and hydrogen is the back one so that is the definition of alpha carbon which connects the both amine group carboxylic acid group in the R group and also in hydrogen. And over here in this tetrahedral geometry when I am showing it I will put this hydrogen on the back side and then look into the carboxylic acid R group and nitrogen which is above the plane of the paper or on the plane of the paper and try to connect how this carboxylic acid group the R group and NH2 groups are connected. So carboxylic R group and NH2 and if we took the first two letters of carboxylic acid R for the side chain in for the amine we get say corn so this is why it is known as a corn rule which says that how do you define the positioning of the carboxylic acid R group and amine group in a three-dimensional space where I am putting the hydrogen on the back side in a tetrahedral geometry showcasing of the alpha carbon and over here you can see carboxylic acid R group and amine group how I am moving I am moving like this so it is a left hand motion so that is why it will be called as an L amino acid similarly carboxylic acid of another alpha carbon put the hydrogen on the back and now swap the places between amine and R group and over here the corn rule you can say it is going the other direction it is going from the right hand side put it reaction so that is why it is known as the D amino acid so this is the L amino acid and this is the D amino acid and that is how they interact between themselves and this particular D amino acid what we are showing over here will behave differently than the L amino acid because you can see although the groups are same carboxylic acid R group or amine group the orientation is different where is the R group on the right hand side or the left hand side and depending on that they would also create an additional directionality during this interaction and which would create particular phase on this enzyme binding site or from the substrate that they would prefer to bind on that particular phase and that also creates another dimension to this lock and key mechanism so with respect to that we can say yes lock and key mechanism actually works and over here the different functionalities that is actually creating that one obviously is the directionality of this different interaction but it is also complemented by the chirality which ensures the molecule has a particular phase during this particular interaction with respect to that the other particular motion other than this enzyme based lock and key mechanism one of the other example of such interaction is antigen antibody interaction and we have learned this term a lot over the past few years antigen and antibody interaction whereas antibody is a complex molecule which contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactive regions and which also contains carbohydrate and proteins and those things comes and interacts with this antigen which can be different molecules small part of the protein or even small organic or inorganic molecules and over there the amino acids or carbohydrate molecules present in this antibody they play a huge role on detecting this particular antigen so that once one antigen comes into the system our antibody can detect it and can create a signaling mechanism so that we know yes this antigen has arrived so that we can trigger whatever the safety precautions we can get from the cellular mechanism. So that is why antigen and antibody interactions is very much important and it is again is actually executed with the respect of all the different interaction and also the chirality present in the molecule. So with that two things gone from our hand now the question comes to our mind we know that chirality is one of the important factor but the question is why does this chirality began so we start questioning the origin of chirality because so far we know we are seeing chirality from the beginning of the life even for a very simple the single cell systems like amoeba they also have chirality because their proteins are made out of the chiral amino acid molecule. Now the question is why all those things kind of began and can we understand how this particular system actually originated so that we can have an idea how this chirality is playing a huge role in this particular factor. So that we will cover in the next segment so in this particular segment we have covered so far the molecular recognition and how amino acid and proteins can come together and create this molecular recognition factors that we will also learn about all the hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, hydrophobic interaction and weak interaction. So those are the common factors which is going to come into the play and we look into details of this lock and key mechanism and how that works in biology. So these are the things we have learned so far and then we throw a question that chirality is one of the tool for this molecular recognition but where and how this chirality come into the biology. So that was the question that we are going to answer in the next segment. So with respect to that we would like to conclude this particular segment over here. Thank you very much.


Now, the next project under the 4C group is the implementation of virtual lab experiment in Sandeep. So friends, give a huge round of applause for them. Good evening everyone. Yes. Myself, Sudhanshu Dandini and my project name is Sandeep. So let's first discuss about what is Sandeep. It is a free and open source visual programming editor and in this we can create a flow graph by using the blocks and this editor is developed by 4C team at IIT Bombware which is extension of GNU radio and GNU radio is a free and open source software development kit that provides blocks to implement software radios. Sandeep runs on Linux only. The interface is easy and clean. That means we can use drag and drop. It is used to carry out control system experiment and the main advantage of Sandeep in respect of GNU radio is that it supports feedbacks that is not supported by GNU radio and the size of the Sandeep is very, I mean, not too much of high. It is like without dependency it will take only 20 MB and it supports multiple languages like Python, C++, Skylab and GNU octave. So my task is to implement virtual labs experiments into the Sandeep because virtual labs are implemented in LabVIEW but LabVIEW is a proprietary software that requires too much, that is too costly and license for is very expensive. So Sandeep is a solution. So I have performed five experiments. I have successfully like superposition, Thevenin, Northern, Allegiance and Compensations. So let me show it in the Sandeep. This one is the superposition principle. The output of the top block will show the current in the branches. First I remove the emf source in the first circuit and calculate the current in the subbrances like I1 dash, I2 dash and then remove the second emf source and then remove the current and then finally the current comes like the current of three of the branches. Here we can see that the sum total of the current that is I2 and I3 gives the current. I1 dash is the current in the subbrances and for the circuit purpose you can refer to the site IIT Bombay KZ Kharagpur because the experiment that I have implemented available in that site solely. The next experiment I implemented is Allegiance Theorem and according to that Theorem, the power delivered in the circuit, the power is conserved. So the top block will show the power in the circuit and the current in the branches. The power delivered and the power absorbed are approximately same. The error is due to some circuit parameters changes. I mean the power delivered I have calculated by the help of the manual things and power absorbed I have calculated by the help of by calculating the circuit parameters in all the, considering the Ohm's law. So thank you.


Welcome to MOOC course on Introduction to Proteogenomics. Mutations in different genes lead to different cancers, such as the Breaka1 mutation, Breaka2 mutation and Her2 mutations, they lead to breast cancer, while mutation in isocitrate the hydrogenase gene like IDH mutation leads to brain cancer. Therefore, understanding the modalities for efficient treatment of the cancer, it becomes very important to know about the mutations which are relevant to a particular tumor type. In this slide, Dr. Kelly Reggels today going to talk about how to use some of the online available tool like C-bioportal for accessing gene mutations and its expression from the published datasets. Dr. Kelly Reggels will take the case study of breast cancer and 6 most common oncogenic mutations in the clinical conditions. She will show how one could access the published dataset and understand the correlation between various genes and their mutations. So, let us welcome Dr. Kelly Reggels for her lecture today. You should have this slide, so if you, oh that is the about. So, if you go to this C-bioportal.org, that is the first step so everyone go there and then you are going to want to select a specific data type. It is called the breast invasive carcinoma TCGA provisional dataset. So, if you look in the, there should be something that looks kind of like this, this you have to scroll down a bit. Also make sure you click on this mRNA expression Z score, there is a sub panel at the bottom that has mutations, copy number and then we want to look at mRNA expression in addition to all of these. Yeah, make sure you click on the TCGA provisional and not one of the other ones because our data is not in the other ones, it is not easy to pull out. So, once you get to, you go down a bit and you will see this select patient case set. Did everyone see that? Go down. Yes, select patient case set and you want to select this protein quantification mass spec. There should be 77 samples that you see. So there is, and then there is six genes you will put in too in the gene section. So it is these six genes, TP53, PIK3CA, GATA3, ESR1, PGR and ERBB2. Yeah, you type in the gene symbols and that, just these, yeah. We want six proteins in that field. Okay, so we are going to start over for anyone who still hasn't found it. Yeah, I think we can pause and see. So is everyone able to get to the CYF portal page? Left page? Anyone has a problem with your mask? No, don't change anything, yeah. Okay, so here is the page.  For this patient case set, you want to find the one that says, here, protein quantification mass spec. This is the 77 samples we used for the proteomics CP-TAC analysis. And then we are going to type in, so these six genes were the same genes that we focused on on figure 1B, which is why I wanted to have us look at them in a little more detail. So that is TP53, PIK3CA, GATA3, ESR1, PGR and ERBB2. So you should be able to enter all of those in and submit the query. Oh, last two genes, and PGR, ESR1, PGR, ERBB2. They're up here now, too, if you need them, yeah. And you should get this. So how many people were able to get to this? Awesome. Killing it, guys, great, okay. So what you'll see here is what this shows you is the mutation status. So each of these columns is a sample, and then each of these just shows what mutation status based on this here you see for each of the different genes. Okay, so what we want to do is we don't have mRNA on here, we just have our mutations. So what we want to do is you go to heat map. So find this heat map and click down on it, and you say add genes to heat map, and it'll give you the RNA expression for each of these genes below the mutation status. One step behind, how did we get it? Heat map, click down on heat map, up on this arrow here, and then click on add genes to heat map, and it will add them at the bottom. And then we'll just have to do one more thing, and then it's all exploring and clicking things and looking at plots. So one more, we're going to add a clinical track. So if you look here at the clinical tracks, so what the clinical tracks add, information about ERPR status, HER2, so anything that's like survival, anything that's in the clinical data you add with the clinical track. So I'm just going to have you add one clinical track. Let's do HER2, let me see what we looked at here. Yeah, do HER2, so type in in the clinical track, IHC HER2, and it'll come up, and you can click on it, and it'll add that track to your data here. Is anyone having issues? They're like, okay, good, great. So what you can do here is you can sort by, so if you click on the three dots next to IHC, you can sort, so if you sort A to Z, it will sort the samples by their HER2 level. And HER2 is one of the PAM50 genes, it's one of the genes that's used for prognosis, it's associated with the HER2 subtype. So what I wanted to just show here was that you can do this, so if you pull up the Mertens et al figure 1B that we had, there was, you could see that the ERBB2 and the HER2 subtype, which is these reds, were very much associated, which makes sense, because ERBB2 is the gene that is actually the same as the protein HER2, so it makes sense that these are related. So you can kind of, just by using this website, you can get very similar plots to the plots that we actually got and showed in that manuscript. The percentage of all those mutations is different, and it's the same, what you have it, okay? Yeah. But if you see the 27%, the map is different than what you have accepted. Yeah. If you see the 27, the last... Yeah, you have 27, right? Yeah, but if you see it here... Oh, it's because I sorted. So if you sort, if you go to the three dots with IHC, click here, click on the three dots, next to IA, this one, these guys, oops, no, the three dots next to it, and you can sort A to Z. So okay, so once we have all of this, what I wanted you guys to look at was, if you go to the plots, there's this plots right here, you can play around with how copy number of one gene affects the mRNA of another gene, or how the mutation status of one gene impacts the mRNA. For example, if you look at mutation of TP53 and mRNA of TP53, you see if there's a miss sense mutation or a truncating mutation or if it's wild type, it changes the expression of TP53 based on what kind of mutation you have. So you can, what I would do right now is, if you've gotten to this point, play around with this data so you can see how different data types impact, or how different, yeah, omics data impacts the other level of omics data for the same gene and then between genes. So just spend some time playing around with that. So one is like the pictorial which I'm getting is different from the pictorial which you had shown. Oh, it's just because I sorted it, I'll show you. So if you go here and you add in the clinical track IHC HER2, so then it has HER2 status, it adds it. So one, one minute, so first we have selected data of proteomics with a 77 dataset and then now we are saying select only for whom we have done the IHC. Yeah, well this is actually just showing what the results of the IHC are so you can see whether or not the HER2 is up or down in those samples accordingly and then we can sort it out. Yeah, so then you can sort it. I'll show you. If you click here, sort A to Z and then it sorts it. Okay. Other thing, what do you mean by your truncated mutation because here I can see many. Yeah, so truncated means that there was a stop codon that was introduced so it made the protein shorter. Okay. No, that's truncated. I know, but it is showing only in the sample. Weird. Oh, these are, so each column is a sample. Yeah, so there's a lot of truncating mutations associated with ERBB2. Let's start over. Okay, so if you're starting from the CBIO portal and you've nothing worked, oh no, it's kept my CBIO portal. Here we go. Okay. So you're starting from the home site. You're able to see studies, select studies here and you are able to see, you can scroll down and see all these different cancer types, right? So if you go to the breast, you scroll down to get the breast. There should be an invasive breast carcinoma header and under which you'll see a whole bunch of different studies, right? At this point you can click on the breast invasive carcinoma or the TCGA provisional. Has everyone found that that was not able to find that before? Okay. So that's good. We found our sample. So now you can move down and look at the genomic profiles. We have mutations, copy number and then add in the mRNA expression, the RNA seek, which is the second one here. Don't change anything with the threshold, it's fine. So for the patient case set, you go through and you'll see different patient case sets and we're going to pick the protein quantification mass spec 77 case set and then we're going to select a certain genes from our data set and that's going to be the following. TP53, PIK3CA, GATA3, ESR1, PGR and ERBB2. So submit the query at this point. Okay. So now you should see this. If you don't see this, we see this. Okay. Great. Okay. So what this is is different, each, again, each column is a patient and it shows different mutation status for each of the genes based on the color here. You can see that there's a key here to see. So the other thing we wanted to do is add in the mRNA expression as that, as the underneath as the heat map. So you go to this heat map tab and you click add genes to heat map and it should populate that. Yes. Good. Were you able to get this? You weren't. Okay. For some reason it doesn't, yeah? You can put your own data on here as well. Yes. Okay. So now you should have your heat map. The other, there's one other thing to do and that's to add a clinical track. So what you do here is you just type in IHC HER2 and that should add in another row of clinical data and that just indicates what level the HER2 expression was at when they did their immunohistochemistry. And you can sort any of these. So if you click on these three dots, you can sort the track. So if you want to sort by HER2, you can do that. If you want to sort by TP53 expression, you can sort by that. If you want to sort by ERBB2, you can sort by that. So you have a lot of control here if you want to play around with the data and any kind of, you can pick any of these data sets. You can pick all of the data sets and you can play around with the data quite a bit. And then so the other thing I just wanted to point out to everyone was this plots. So if you hit the plots tab, you're able to do more quantitative assessments. So that was more qualitative. You can just see how everything is related looking at these heat maps. But if you want to see how does one level of omics impact another level of omics or how does one gene impact a second gene, you can come here. So here we have the copy number of TP53 versus the mRNA of TP53. So if there is a deletion or an amplification or a normal or an amplification, you can see how that impacts the mRNA expression. You can change this to mutation and that's one of the ones I wanted you all to look at. So I guess we could look at one specific thing within this. So let's look at how, I mean picking one of my examples. So okay, if you go into, you can change the data type so you could put in clinical attribute for example. And we put in the HER2 status as our clinical attribute on the last one. So you can say IHC HER2 here, right? So you can get HER2 status and then for every different gene. So if you do HER2 status, let's say with ERBB2, so you have clinical attribute IHC HER2. You have negative, positive, and then you have, you can look at the different levels of let's say GATA3. You can look and see how it changes with HER2 status. So I don't think we're going to have time to go through specific examples here, but I just wanted you all to at least get to the point where you can play with the data within the portal and sort of know that this data is available and that you can ask your own questions of the data and really make some nice plots and do some actual statistics within the site. You can also do survival analysis. There's a lot of, you can play around with this all day and really find some neat ways of looking at your data, at this data without having to generate your own data, which is nice. And you know, when we put in those six genes, you can also just, there's a default where you just say highly mutated genes and it will just pick for them for you. So it just depends on what you're looking for. If you're just looking at exploring the data, you don't have to say anything, but if you are really interested in a set of genes, you can look at all of these data sets and see if your gene has changed in certain, at certain omics levels. So I think it's really, they did a really, I think they did a really good job. I had nothing to do with this, so I'm not patting myself on the back. So yeah, I have to look and play around with it. I have all of the data I've ever needed, they've already put on there for me, but I know that you can upload your own data. So I can look into that and then we can talk about it. Yeah, I know that you can. It's probably, it's going to be expression level data, like VCF files, so really processed data, not like raw data. But the samples, the mass spec data is also connected. The mass spec data, yeah, they, it should be in there as well. I didn't want to go into that because we haven't done proteomics yet, but yeah, yeah, yeah. I have a sample from, you know, responder, non-responder survival like that. So I wanted to draw this graph, so I would like to know what type of data format. There's probably easier, I think there's easier ways of doing that than uploading it to this. And I can, I can send those to you, they exist. This might be harder than it's worth. So conclusions, today you have learned how one could study the mutation patterns in various cancer types in the global population. And there are online tools, a lot of information available which could be leveraged, utilized to first get a very good idea about possibilities of these mutations for a given tumor type. In the next lecture, we are going to have another speaker, Dr. Bing Zhang, who will talk about the correlation of variations in genotype, gene expression and its phenotype. Thank you.


Over 200 people were standing in line at the De-It Regional Medical Center before it opened at 9 a.m. They're getting a chance to be treated by doctors from all over the world. We're providing an important aspect of medical care to the local population, but at the same time almost bigger than that is building relationships with the local population. This medical event is a part of Pacific Partnership 2014, an exercise designed to bring nations together to learn about each other's methods for disaster preparedness. It's a good experience for me because this is my first experience working with the Americans. I am observing what they are doing and all those positive things I can bring back to my country. They certainly have a lot of medical need following the hurricane that came through in November of last year. The partnered countries are working as a team to treat about 300 patients a day. Senior Airman Brandy Durr, Tacloban, Philippines.


Hello my name is Sarah Harper and today I'm going to tell you a little bit about some work that I've been involved in at the Institute for Oceans and Fishery that really deals with how to sell fisheries data gaps, especially in small scale fisheries. Jumping right into some of the data challenges, the way that fisheries data is collected in many countries and contacts overlooks the many roles and activities that contribute to the fisheries related economy, often missing data from small scale informal unpaid and part time activities that many, many people around the world do in fisheries. National level data is also often aggregated by sector, so things like forestry with fisheries and agriculture, small scale with large scale sectors, fisheries with aquaculture and this makes it very hard from a policy perspective to understand the contributions of specific subsectors and especially the small scale sector. There's also issues of comparability across scales and contexts with different definitions and methodologies used for data collection. Standardized data is definitely lacking and very much needed. So how do we overcome some of these challenges? So I'm going to highlight a few projects that I've been involved with in the past, estimating small scale fisheries patches, counting women and then some of the methodologies used to estimate uncertainty. So small scale fisheries have historically been overlooked from a policy perspective and although there's increasing recognition of the contribution of this fishery subsector to things like food and livelihood security, small scale fisheries are notoriously data poor. There's considerable variability in what counts as fishing and how we define small scale fishing and with no universally accepted or appropriate definition of small scale fisheries each country really needs to come up with their own definition of small scale and what's appropriate to their context. So with this greater emphasis on the importance of small scale fisheries efforts to estimate the contribution of the subsector are mounting. Over the past 10 years I've been involved with projects with two working groups at the University of British Columbia, the Sea Around us project and the Fisheries Economics Research Unit whose researchers including myself have developed global data sets with national level indicators of catch and associated land and value, economic impact, employment, subsidies, all by the various sectors and subsectors of fisheries for all maritime fishing countries of the world. And this really drew on approaches that utilized all available data, often unconventional data sources that were validated through expert opinion. We use benefit transfer approach to fill data gaps. And this was very much an iterative process of estimating verifying and refining those estimates to come up with the best available estimate in these data poor context. So another major gap in fisheries data is the significant but often overlooked role of women in fisheries whose contribution to fisheries related economies are very much undervalued. This is changing, however, it's quite slow. National level fisheries data are rarely desegregated by sex and are often missing the contributions by women partly because the definition of fishing is very narrow and doesn't necessarily include all those activities informal and paid that women are involved in, especially in small scale subsectors. Some countries do a better job than others at estimating these data, but an overall effort is needed to include gender indicators that highlight gender dimensions of fisheries in census data and other data collection methodologies. This as I said is changing and partly this is because of the emphasis at the international policy level on gender equality. So this is through, for example, the small scale fisheries guidelines that have been developed by the FAO in conjunction with civil society and also the sustainable development goals that highlight gender or identify gender equality as one of their main goals, goal number five. And so these have really pushed for these dimensions to be added in a fisheries context. So finally filling fisheries data gaps of a briefly highlighted often relies on a variety of unconventional data sources, which can introduce quite a bit of uncertainty into the estimates. So this uncertainty can be partially captured using methods that have been developed in other data poor contexts. So example, for example, in estimating estimates around climate change, the IPCC used a method to score the quality of data sources used. And this approach has been adopted in a fisheries context by the C around us and other working groups. And it uses sort of a semi quantitative approach of a four point scoring system, which is based on the level of agreement and rigorousness of data sources. And then this score is translated into a metric that's used to calculate confidence intervals. And in the examples that I gave above, we used a Monte Carlo simulation to generate these estimates of lower and upper confidence intervals. And however, there's other approaches that could be used to do this type of thing. So there was just a few examples of where data gaps in fisheries exist and some approaches to filling them. Obviously, there's quite a lot more to cover here, but I'm looking forward to the discussion and some questions that we'll follow after the other two presentations. So thank you for your time. Thanks for listening. And I'll look forward to your questions in a bit.