Round two. Round two everybody. Round two YouTube. Round two. Round two. This baby boy's coming. Here we go. We need food for the mama and the papa. I missed it. I missed it. Mama's doing good. Mama's doing good. But, but we're hungry. So, you gotta put you away. Pepsi.  That's like a run-in-a-marathon. And then some. Bringing a human being into this world. Like I said, we'll give you an update soon. Okay, next burger.   Don't go dying on this YouTube. Don't go dying on us. You ready for this? You ready for this? There is Michael Colby DeMore. Michael Colby DeMore. That's his name. More DeMaria. Healthy baby. Healthy mama. He came two weeks early. We'll tell you that story another day. It was an interesting night. Let's just put it that way. Twice. She Bridget pushed twice. They were hard pushes. But twice. He was here in about 90 seconds. Who's mama holding? He's sleeping. Happy birthday. Thanks for coming on this journey with us. It was an honor to share it with you. Michael is perfect. And he's just healthy as can be. And mama's healthy. That's all you can ask for, right? Tossing it up. Tossing it up. We love you guys. Thanks for coming by this DeMore DeMaria vlog. DeMore DeMaria. See you, beauty.


Welcome to Texas Heart Institute Educational Series on Innovative Technologies and Techniques, featuring science in treatment of cerebral vascular disease. I'm your host, my name is Valmarie Crazier. I'm an international cardiologist at Texas Heart Institute and CHI Health, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center in Houston, Texas. Joining me today is Dr. Miguel Montero Baker, he's an associate professor of vascular surgery at Baylor College of Medicine and also divisional chief of vascular surgery at Baylor St. Luke's Hospital in Houston, Texas. Also joining us today, a special guest, Dr. Gary Rubin. Dr. Gary Rubin is a world renowned international cardiologist, recognized for his groundbreaking work in development of the first FDA approved coronary stent, as well as in pioneering the techniques of carotid artery stenting and embolic protection devices. Dr. Rubin has published more than 250 manuscripts in peer review journals and as many abstracts also in journals. He has also edited three textbooks and contributing to other textbooks as well. In his 30 plus year career, he has gained a tremendous reputation in the field of cardiac care and particularly in the field of coronary interventions and the carotid artery interventions. Dr. Gary Rubin is currently the medical director at Cardiovascular Associates of Southeast in Birmingham, Alabama. Welcome, Gary. Thank you. So Gary, I would like to ask you with your tremendous experience, 25 plus years in performing carotid artery interventions, what is a typical scenario of carotid intervention in your hands look like? Thank you, Dr. Krazier. It's a pleasure to be here. Carotid artery stenting was developed almost 20 years ago now in an effort to minimize the invasive requirements for treating carotid stenosis since they are one of the important courses of stroke in our patients. We began by trying to figure out how we could do this with percutaneous techniques that we'd used in the heart. And as it evolved over the years, now decades, we have been able to develop a technique that requires very little time in the interventional suite. It does not require general anesthesia. The patient is awake or can be completely awake during the procedures done under local anesthesia. And it's a technique that we have tested now rigorously in many prospective randomized trials against our competitor, which would be the standard technique of endoterectomy surgery. And we have been able to show that this is a safe and effective technique for treating carotid stenosis. Thank you, Gary. As you have mentioned in the last several decades, significant progress has been made in endovascular treatment of cerebral vascular disease. Dr. Miguel Monteiro Baker, can you summarize for us what progress has been made in technology, techniques, and patient selection for carotid artery stenting? Of course, Dr. Kreischer. I think that when we look at where we were and how it's evolved slowly over time, we definitely came from a rather imperfect stance to really smoothing out all the technical needs that we required. So there's been a very interesting evolution on just the catheters, the material of the catheters, the tips of the catheters to make them as less abrasive as possible. A lot of effort and a lot of investigation has been put on how can we avoid some of those particles going through the brain? So all the embolic protection, be that distal or proximal embolic protections, that has evolved flawlessly. And then I think stents themselves, the technology that we're using at the implant, be that open cell, closed cell, hybrid cells. I think all have been adding more and more to the safety of this procedure. Another very important thing is that we've understood that a lot of what happens when somebody's trying to maneuver their way from the bottom all the way up to the carotid, is it's a treacherous path. So we've understood a lot more about what adequate anatomy we need, what could be a high risk patient for carotid artery stenting, what could be a low risk patient, what type of curvatures would you need. And all of that has been now obviously added to advancement in perioperative imaging. I mean, we have now more information than we have ever had in the past leading to the safety that we have now with as Dr. Rubin mentioned many of the studies published. Excellent, thank you Miguel for this update. Now we're moving to the segment of this presentation that talks about science in carotid artery disease and treatment of carotid artery disease. There are a lot of skeptics, these believers and critics of advances in carotid artery interventions what Miguel has just mentioned. And these believers that we have made a significant progress. So Gary, I would like for you to summarize to us the results of these clinical trials that have validated carotid artery stenting. And as answer maybe why is there still a dispute among societies and different individuals that promote one treatment or the other and lack of acceptance from payers for carotid artery stenting. As a reasonable alternative to a carotid end direct me for a certain subset of patients. That's a great question. Thank you, Dr. Crazier. And I think we can look at the science and they have been now two, three, four studies that have been published, two and one combined meta-analysis in the New England Journal of Medicine, very reputable journal, peer reviewed journal that has illustrated the scientific rigor that we have subjected coronary artery stenting to in attempting to validate this against the standard of care which was carotid end direct me. So there was the Crest One trial that was begun about 14 years ago now. Then there was the Act One study which looked at asymptomatic patients. That was launched about seven or eight years ago. We've now have 10 year outcome data from these studies. So what we have here is rigorous scientific data. So there is opinion, there is commentary, there is bias, but we need to turn as we are now in this era of COVID-19 to the best science and the best advice from the scientists who have done the work to randomize patients in these prospective trials to screen them carefully to make sure we are comparing apples to apples, not apples to oranges, to make sure that the follow-up is not biased, that we're measuring the end points with great rigor. And that's what we've done. In fact, carotid artery stenting has been one of the most carefully studied medical procedures at this time, probably on the second to coronary intervention. And I'm delighted to show you now some of the results. And the bottom line is that no matter how you look at this, that the outcomes, the primary outcomes in all of these trials, where we looked at stroke, death, we looked at myocardial infarction complicated in the procedure. And we looked at the incidence of stroke out to four and then to 10 years. And as you see from these slides, let's go to the next one. And you can go to the next one that we have in these rigorous prospective apple to apple comparisons demonstrated that carotid artery stenting in terms of stroke prevention is equivalent to carotid endarterectomy surgery. So this resulted in independent statement an independent statement from the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Scientists, neurologists, without any, as we say, dog in the hunt, to declare that these trials have shown that surgery and stenting are equally safe and effective. Now there are a couple of caveats to this. And that is that in the earliest of these trials as Dr. Montero Baker so rightly pointed out, we didn't quite understand the best patients to be treating with stenting. And so the results of generally minor stroke, neurological events were a little bit advantageous for surgery. But over time, both were very effective in preventing stroke. And I am quick to add that we will discuss data later in this discussion that shows that the outcomes in 2020 compared to 2000 and three are very different. And therefore the outcomes have significantly improved. And I would also add that what is not shown on those slides are the operative complications from surgery. And they were not insignificant. There was approximately 5% of the patients had damage to the cranial nerves with the neck surgery. And so this is a secondary endpoint that was studied in these trials. So the bottom line here is simply that this much less invasive, much less painful, percutaneous procedure has been shown in terms of stroke prevention to be as safe and efficacious as I wrote me. So that's where we stand today. And that is what the rigorous science has shown us. Dr. Ruben, let me interject for a second and ask you, you've obviously been part of this from the very beginning with such amount of effort and energy put into Crest 1, what was really the driver for Crest 2 and what was its uniqueness and the necessity for it to exist? That's a wonderful question. And let me address it because it's very important. Over the decades that we have been using, firstly, endoderectomy and secondly, parodistenting to take care of these blockages, there have been significant advances in medical management of patients with these blockages. Now there have been trials in the past that demonstrated that it was better to remove the blockage of surgery than to use simple medications. But the medications back now 10, 20 years ago were not the medications that we have access to today. And so it is extremely important that we turn now back and answer the question again. Can we now prove that removing the blockage with either stenting or surgery is still superior to medical therapy? I would then move on to this major Crest 2 trial. I was part of the planning committee and among the executive committee have been credentialing operators. As we planned this trial, it was very clear that the unknown that the test treatment was going to be medical therapy. And the medical therapy we are using is truly state-of-the-art. That is targeted medical therapy looking at targeted reductions of blood pressure, of LDLC cholesterol, of hemoglobin A1C for diabetes, for smoking cessation, for weight reduction, for improvements in nutrition. So this is really five-star medical therapy. And we are now comparing endarterectomy and stenting against this best medical therapy. And it needs to be said that both endarterectomy and stenting have become safer again over these last 10 or 15 years we're talking about. So this is a very important trial. And it's a trial that we are well into. And we have now close to 1600 patients already randomized. Now, let me perhaps move on to talking about where we stand with carotid artery stenting in 2020. To make sure that we have the best carotid artery stenting and the best endarterectomy to compare to this five-star medical therapy, we said about credentialing pressed to stenting operators and surgeons who are going to be doing endarterectomy. Let me talk about the stenting operators. The committee which was comprised of interventional cardiologists, vascular surgeons, neuro surgeons, neuro radiologists, neurologists and other neurologists interested in the quality of the trial, then looked at the outcomes and the way certain interventional cardiologists and carotid stenting operators, vascular surgeons, neurologists performing the procedure. Very, very importantly, this was a quality assurance for carotid stenting. We have been able to credential now close to 200 operators in over 160 sites, so many hospitals, community hospitals, academic centers and smaller institutions around the country. And so we got a chance to look at how they were doing, not in the randomized trial where the outcomes are blinded, but we looked at the outcomes in the cases they were doing that they must submit to our registry. And of course, all of these cases are covered by full CMS reimbursement. So let me ask you a question. Where are we now with pressed to registry? Do you have any preliminary data that you could discuss with us? Yes, let's look here at this slide because this was the results of the operators performing cases in this pressed to registry. Let me emphasize again, this is not the randomized trial results, but we looked at this very carefully. So let's begin by thinking about a patient where he comes to our office with a very severe stenosis. And it's only severe stenosis that we're treating, greater than 70% narrowing. We have a choice of putting them on best medical therapy, which we do for every patient. That's a statin. That's very good blood pressure medicines. That's controlling their diabetes. That is anti platelet therapy. Then we consider randomizing them to medical therapy or end artiracomy or stenting. But we looked at the patients that were not randomized, but were in this registry. And the outcomes that we saw from this very large number of operators are superior to anything which we have ever seen published from credible prospective registries over the last 20 years. So the outcomes in asymptomatic patients were 1.4%. In symptomatic patients, 2.8%. Even the best of any other revascularization technique that's done prospectively and rigorously does not come up with better stroke and death outcomes in the periprocedural period. More interesting to me was when we looked at those patients who would have been eligible for the randomized trial, but for some reason live remotely, didn't wanna participate, just wanted to get the revascularization done. The stroke and death rate was 0.8%. So this was published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology just a month ago. These demonstrate the safety of carotid stenting when performed by credentialed operators of which there are many. And they include vascular surgeons and urologists and neurosurgeons and radiologists as well as interventional cardiologists throughout the country. But these outcomes are really superior. And this, to me, is telling me that since we know that strokes are very rare after you do an endarterectomy or surgery, that we have a good chance of demonstrating in press too that medical therapy may be hard to beat revascularization, even with this very good medical therapy that we're putting the patients on in the other arm of the trial. Thank you, Gary. The results are very impressive. I'm quite convinced that this is one of the best results that we have seen so far with carotid artery stenting, particularly because 45% of those patients were symptomatic. So another important issue is, is there cognitive decline associated with carotid artery stenosis? Is it only present with symptomatic or can it be also present in asymptomatic patients? And also, how does a carotid intervention play a role in this scenario? Can you comment on some of the information related to the press too trial? Yes, this is a great question. Thank you, Dr. Frazier and one that's very important. The press too trial is state of the art medical therapy and state of the art revascularization with stenting or endoderectomy. They're really two separate trials, the endoderectomy and the stenting arm compared to medical therapy. One of the things we're looking at very carefully with cognitive testing of all the patients, including in a subset MRI imaging before and at follow-up and cognitive testing at follow-up is to test whether removing these blockages is an important way to diminish cognitive decline that we've seen anecdotally in patients with high grade blockages that this slide shows in light brown the cognitive status of patients who have had high grade blockages and the cognitive status of patients who do not have high grade blockages or have had the blockages removed. And this is in different domains. This is just one of a number of studies and this is what we would call preliminary evidence that there is a strong signal that perhaps removing the blockage apart from preventing stroke that may improve cognitive decline. So this is another very important reason why we must recruit patients to the Crest II trial, why we must complete this trial because not only will we answer the question, is revascularization still superior to best medical therapy as it was in the past? Is it still? And in addition, can we improve cognitive function in patients who are revascularized? So this is a very important issue for us to be discussing. Thank you, Gary. So to summarize scientific evidence as far as carotid interactions of concern and your personal experience, you've been doing this for more than two decades. What is your approach as far as treatment is concerned? Who are the candidates for carotid adrestenting in your experience and who are better candidates for carotid endoterectomy? Thank you. That's another very important question for all of us to be thinking about. In 2020, when a symptomatic patient who's had a stroke or a more commonly TIAs, transient ischemic attacks, when they present to us, the evidence is that we should take care of the blockage after we start them on this intensive medical therapy. And so what we do is we start them on statins, dual anti-platin therapy, and then we look at the anatomy and Dr. Mantero Baker has very nicely pointed out that we have advanced imaging now. Many patients are suitable for a stent and quite a large number of patients, when we look at the anatomy, we think that alternative techniques such as endoterectomy or a new technique called trans-carotid stenting, T-car, is the best option. So in a symptomatic patient, then we move them on to the best option depending on their anatomy, as Dr. Mantero Baker pointed out. Now for the asymptomatic patient, we're in a totally different ball game. For asymptomatic patients, we don't know whether we should revascularize immediately. Certainly we understand today that there is no emergency if someone's having no symptoms. And so for these patients, my practice and what I think is the best current therapy is to approach these patients to be in the Crest II trial where they have a 50-50 chance of getting either endoterectomy or surgery on one hand or a 50-50 chance of continuing with the medical therapy, which we follow them very carefully. And should they have the worrisome symptoms, we can also move them on to revascularization. So in 2020, my advice to all my asymptomatic patients is participate in the Crest II trial. This will give us so much information about how to manage these patients going forward. It will give us the best scientific evidence that we need to understand how to treat these patients. So Gary, this is as a follow-up question. I cannot resist not to ask you this question. A few months ago, we had a visiting physician and Abbott from Australia visiting us and actually recorded a program with her. And as you know and you know her well, she adamantly disagrees that the carotid artery stenting has any role for treating a patient with cervical vascular disease. So I ask her a very pointed question. I ask her, is there any role for carotid artery stenting in patients with severe carotid artery disease? And I said even 99% stenosis of a patient that needs urgent cardiac surgery. And she said no. So I want you to answer this on the basis of scientific evidence. This is a rebuttal and I think it is appropriate for you as a leader in the field to give this statement. Well, that's a great question. I would say that some commentators have very strong opinions. I'm not sure that that necessarily makes their opinions correct. But in the area of high grade carotid stenosis, there is now best evidence from previous studies that revascularization is superior to medical therapy and particularly for a patient that's undergoing the hemodynamic extremes of, for example, coronary artery bypass surgery. The standard of care is to take care of this lesion until we have scientific evidence to the contrary. And we do not have that. So if we fall back on the science, if we fall back on our experience and the work that we need to do, then the standard of care and the recommendation from the vast, vast majority of those of us taking care of these patients is that revascularization is in order in these patients. And of course, we are studying this very carefully in press two and we will have additional answers in a year or two when we finish that trial. So that's my thoughts on that particular previous opinion. Thank you, Gary. I share your views. Well, this is very informative and I would like to thank both of you gentlemen on your very valuable and meaningful and scientific contribution to Texas Heart Institute educational programs. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Dear Madam Chair, Secretary-General, Excellencies, industry colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, good evening from Dubai. It's a real privilege for me to offer some views on the issues arising from the emergence of new telecommunication and ICT service, and technologies for which we require future friendly policies and evidence-based regulatory regimes. In the current times, our collective efforts need impactful outcomes, which should be as equally connected to the success of governments, as well as the success and sustainability of the private sector. There are many opportunities where emerging technologies that scale on broadband networks and which drive digital transformation can be leveraged to contribute to addressing some of the most oppressing challenges across many sectors and society. First and foremost, 3.6 billion people of the world remain offline and need to be connected. This requires tremendous collective efforts for all ecosystem stakeholders, including investment resources, new methods and mechanics, and most importantly, a multilaterally driven collaborative mindset that must prevail across the board. Policy makers and regulators face the challenging task of adopting new and innovative collaborative regulatory frameworks, including regulatory sandboxes, sustainable financial approaches to providing universal digital access, better cross-border data policies, and many more set against the backdrop of a changing world where old frameworks, policy and models no longer hold or fail to address what they were created for. Given the global nature of the digital economy and its trends, it's imperative that there be global level responses to the connectivity gap and to data governance to ensure that no one is left behind, requiring an objective-minded realignment of shared priorities and responsibilities. In this regard, Madam Chair, I would like to stress open two particularly important aspects for future policy-making and governance. These relate to the need for, number one, firstly, innovative and sustainable funding, financing and investment models that are broader and include contributors and predictable and sustainable contribution from all those that benefit from the investment. Here, it gives me an immense pleasure to share with you that the UN Broadband Commission has released a new report which points to some important recommendation that may help overcome the shortage of required information and knowledge to deal with prevailing connectivity provision and funding issues. And secondly, globally harmonized middle ground approaches to cross-border data flow and better governance as the expansion of data flows matter for a more equitable and sustainable way of digital transformation and achievement of many of the SDGs. As we approach 2022, it is time to reflect and focus our effort on building better communication services that are inclusive, providing enhanced digital experiences, increasing business productivity and fostering sustainable investment. And to conclude in this regard, it is almost inevitable that we should also focus specifically on the need for reducing taxation and increasing incentives in investment, adopting future friendly spectrum allocation and approaches and rectification of spectrum interference issues and supporting innovation in the creation, adoption and championing by the government of new digital services. With this, I conclude my note and wish to extend in advance a very happy new year to you all with best wishes for your health and well-being. Thank you, Madam Chair.


We will first discuss venous in principle. So viscous, where is the dimension less? Such questions as well. Fine, so inertia, 1.25 into 10 is power minus 2. See how needed it comes to 1.25, this you are gone. Yes or no? Yes. So the firm in which going inside the water. So this is the energy and this surface molecule has this molecule or the collection of the molecule also. And that is the condition. Let us discuss.


No, hold on, look at me, dude! Save, save, save! Video Friday with a resin! Thank you, Xavier. This tip today brought to you by Betty Ensensberger, who said in an email to me, a very genius tip, when you are doing your resin, you've got to wear gloves, right?  So what she does is, she layers her gloves! Genius!  Oh, done! And I have fresh gloves again. Well, that's not right. And the string, the string. Not yet. Next time. Good afternoon, Art Res and Patty, speaking.


come to the conclusion I'm not gonna change anybody's opinion, and like with my wife, we don't try. Like the goal of this is not to get people who hate trans people to like us.  It's the people who do like trans women that are afraid to talk about it. It's like, this is what it is.   That's all it is. I think that's what the lion's share of transphobia is. Is it like subverted or transmuted or whatever repressed sexual attraction? Or is it just, what do you think, like percentage wise? Cause to me it's still just like, that's different. And I, it terrifies me. I don't like different things. It's a combination of things.  Like, you know, it's like the old Bobcat bit about like beating up a gay guy because you're attracted to him. I mean, there's, you know, and I know a lot of trans women and a lot of the guys they've slept with who are public figures who they, and they shouldn't name them if the guys don't wanna be named. Some of it is repressed transphobia.  Some of it is just true religious feelings of this person as an abomination. Some of it is indifference that turns into anger and revulsion because of what special interest groups do. Some of it is, I was kinda like, that's not for me, but then all of a sudden you're saying that like, hey, this is the way sports should be and this is the way that should be. And then people push back on that.  Acting like you shouldn't acknowledge trans people or people like, and if you mentioned something transgender to a child, you should know indoctrinated. And they're dying to get into bathrooms. Yeah, I mean, you know. I don't know if this is my thought or somebody else's, but like, they're worried about a guy becoming a woman to molest your daughter. And it's like, you know, there's lesbians in the women's bathroom. Yes, I've thought of that with gay men too. The Boy Scouts, I mean, Jesus Christ, that was a fuckfest for 80 years. And all of a sudden now it's just, but there are like, look, are there trans people that do it? Sure, but that's not the reason, especially- I don't think there are, honestly. You'll find some, I think, like that changed their gender right before they go to jail. And there have been- Okay, that just sounds like something, but like thing about becoming a woman so I can be around little kid. Oh no, no, I don't think full transitions. I mean, people that probably aren't really trans. But again, like, then there are certain times where there's legit things that are dismissed by like, you know, you had like, the people looked at, I forget what the state was, where the girl said she was assaulted by a boy in a dress sexually in school and the school board wrote it off like, I have this dumb hillbilly, but it turns out it was right. Like the school board was covering something up and this guy who seemed like this fucking, oh, this guy's a magamaniac, but he was right. It had happened to his daughter. So a lot of times people will write off and the criticism and it could be valid. It's just a matter of being truthful without saying the outcome has to be this. You know what I mean? Like, Nicky and I are married, we're legally married. I resent anybody that doesn't want us to have the exact same life they have.  Like that's how we look at it. I don't know what the answer for the kid stuff is. I don't have kids. I have no feelings about it. Well, as someone who transitions to 14, that seems to be where a lot of like the, I think legitimate controversy should, not even controversy of just like, what are we doing here? Yeah, yeah. Like, which I'm not, I don't think it's, I don't think it's wrong. I don't think it's a fake argument. It's like, no, this is a real thing. It's a real point, what's the right thing? And by transition, she just started taking Medicaid. Oh, you know what I mean? That's basically it. Like, what's the right age for that is 10, too young, maybe. But again, with no kids, and I don't have any feelings about kids whatsoever, like whatever they decide. I just don't know what's right. Yeah, I don't either. Which is another thing. People don't go like, I don't know. I can see both sides. I talk about this on stage. It's the reason I haven't shot a specialist. I'm still trying to figure out, what do I want to say?  Like, no, no, this is real. Well, that's what's interesting because thinking about your sexual stuff, if I may interject, like that, so do you ever look down at Nikki and be like, this is a, I didn't see this coming, but I guess you did. I did. Oh, yeah. What do you mean by the reaction you mean? No, like, you're, literally I was thinking of your point of view, first person. So you're either behind her. Oh, you sexually, yeah. Yeah. No, no, I'm never shocked.  Everything about her is exactly what I want. Great. So no, I never, I think she just- Well, it's, again, I'm projecting, I'd be surprised. Oh, of course.  And so I think, oh yeah, most guys aren't though. They pretend they are, they pretend they don't know. A big part of it is self identifying too.  And you can't dismiss that.  Right.  And I think it causes a lot of confusion with people. And I think a lot of people just walk away from you and think, this is crazy. But guys just don't know how to identify if they like somebody transgender.   I think that's a big part of it.  You don't have to say what you do sexually. Everyone has private stuff sexually, but don't just deny it and stop getting caught. I think it's probably they don't want to have to be the same politically thing. It's like, I don't want to have to pick a team because there are a lot of things about that particular team that I just am aggravated by or don't want to be a part of. But you're also right about a sphere. They're not publicly dating any of it. You know, there's a lot of people in public life who like trans women, we're not dating them publicly or taking them to dinner or taking them to award shows.  I mean, believe me, I'm really not. So the fact that none of them are doing it shows you that there's more there. Did you figure out, so how do you talk about on stage? I mean, I start with talking about her as a person.    Other people are annoying. And if they're of a different gender, there might be a little more annoying. Yes. And then I hit them with the fact. I mean, most people now who are coming to see me know already, but the way I get into it, they're like, oh, maybe this is a different person. But then I hit them with it.  But they're like, what is he doing?  And then when the joke comes, it's like a really weird laugh. Like, oh, yes, okay, this makes sense.  You know, but I want to get it right. Like, right, I mean, just funny. I want to make sure it's funny. And I'm not being self-righteous. And not being like activist. No, I refuse. I'm trying, yeah. I absolutely refuse. Our love is just as rude, yeah. Hey, did you like that? Did you like that? Yeah, did you like it though? You want more? Don't want to work? Would rather watch videos of me grab assing with people.  This is like when the weatherman says there's a high-pressure system coming in. I'm a little, I'm not really used to the green screen.


What's good you guys episode number three super quick refresher this is wheel of 2k I start within all am at this team I spin the wheel to improve that team and we're gonna play 12 games per season now depending on my record We will have a challenge at the end of the season and currently our record is three and one which is pretty awesome for us Right now. I got so lucky last game. I played an actual six-year-old, but that's pretty dope I mean, that's not gonna happen very often. So I'll take what I can get I think realistically we might land somewhere between six and six or nine and three So three NBA playoff tickets a 12-hour livestream with L taking two subscribers to a playoff game or a truth or drink video So all four of those are pretty awesome, but let's take an overview of the team. So our power-up players Luca Doncic I have never maxed out a power-up player this fast, but it worked out for us We got Galaxy Opa Luca Doncic as shooting guard and with this courier star point guard So we probably should try and get our hands on a point guard today if we can we got Palo Bancaro We got our team captain Giannis and then we got Yoke it's galaxy opal at center And then we just picked up in a pack from our challenge wheel this Anton Jameson never used them before excited to try I'm out. We got Terrence Ross off the bench We got Penny Hardaway off the bench Anthony Davis and David Robinson, but you guys get the idea Let's hop in our first spin for our first game here wheel at 2k. Let's see how we can add to this squad I was thinking it was gonna be signature series, but it's phenoms pink diamond up to galaxy opal So we get a choice here. So Palo Bancaro is actually from that phenoms promo. See if we can get another stud from it There's an Evan Mobley. I don't know if I want Mobley John Wall. Yo, there's a John Wall. Oh, I want that so bad Okay, I'm still gonna look at everybody else. Oh, no, there's not a lot of people. There's a Brandon Ingram Yo, Brandon Ingram would be so sick But I I could put Brandon Ingram at shooting guard and I could put Luca at point Oh, but I just want John wall and it's not often. I'm an oh, he's got 99 speed. Oh, I'm going John wall I'm really sorry if you guys want me to go Brandon Ingram.  He's in the Wizards Unis too, which is so fire Listen curry amethyst curry you have honestly been amazing. I gotta put John wall in here We'll move amethyst curry to the bench. He is still a bit of a defensive liability, but we'll figure it out All right, boys the Chicago raw doggers Potentially could have a full galaxy opal or better starting lineup if I can secure a win right here right now I don't think we're getting as lucky as last time.  This is one pack from the store It's been super clutch so far one of my favorite challenges of all time hit one buzzer beater So it doesn't have to be a game winner I just had to beat the buzzer in one of the quarters. Oh his team is CJ Miles Jalen Green He's got basically an all pink diamond team So he'll have more depth than me, but my starters are better than his starters. No question Alright, let's see what he's got boys. We got John wall out here. Now. I'm excited about that. Oh Oh John won't get me. I guess I'll take it.  Let's run it. Nope out to your kitchen.  Oh Damn, that's about the quickest dunk. I've ever seen. Oh go go. Oh Okay, take it John wall hundred percent beautiful and Another one. Oh, can't get it to go.  That's for sure Uh-oh Goes with the whoa Just gonna do a little spin layup here because I don't know why guys. I'm just clicking buttons out here I'm just clicking buttons He wanted that three broad misses the dunk dude. I would have broken my controller by now I I respect my opponent another spin Shit no threes. Oh, that's a three Guys, I said no threes duke pump fake another step back. Oh got it got it got it All right, ten to five a good start here.  He just sham. He just did sham god and Then went in there and didn't dunk the basket fake. Yannis has a mismatch down here Good move. Damn. Good move.  I love it. He forgot to play defense that works for me step back three Oh step back to he guarded that so well Wait buzzer beater buzzer beater for three Two one. Oh great defense. I'm not gonna get that All right first quarter in the books up six no challenge wheel done But we're playing good basketball not a lot left on the show Jesus he just told me curry deep three. Oh, he got it. He got it. Let's go. I shot her I love this curry, man. I got to get my hands on like a Galaxy whoa, I think I got him again Good defense. Hey, that was We are having a shootout ladies and gentlemen step back. Oh, no way. Oh, I thought that was a perfect release Good defense Anthony Davis shoot that with you. Honest. I don't care. It's he honest. Yep, great defense We ended up with the ball somehow run it run it to the corner pump fake. Yep. I Somehow just Anta Jameson with a slam there. He might get a three out of it.  I might just be able to hit this little turnaround. Yep 28 to 25 Nice take All right. Good news dark matter.    We'll take it. Let's see if the ball Ball lies the ball just lied. All right. It was clear that it wasn't a foul ball. I'll lie.  I'm playing the honest game though. I'm playing the honest game He's doing he's even sending help. Okay, he goofed that up so bad.   I keep doing that. You just shank one, please shank one Yes, hey great foul. Wait. He might have just missed both Oh, no, I can't get a buzzer beater like this We got to put one up quick. Let's just put this up. Yes. Now.  No That's fine. That's fine four seconds four seconds Four seconds on the clock John wall slightly late watch dude now. He'll just drill this won't he?  Oh No, yeah, I kind of figured he was gonna do that. Wow. He still gets it to go though three point lead right now I'm gonna feed it down to yoke itch.  I could I could have passed that a lot sooner if I was better at it But hey still got the three John wall.   Good defense. I'm gonna go in. Oh All right. Oh bail out from the ref again.   I'm gonna go. I'm gonna go the fader John wall Could have been sick, but David Robinson looks like he's got an easy one. He'll take it Good to do that was spectacular defense. You want the three so bad. You're missing good shots But he gets the two anyway. I split good screen Tyler Harrow on Anthony Davis.  I wait. Oh one point six. Oh, he's actually got good positioning. Oh my god. Oh My best not my best defense of all time Paulo is just gonna walk that might be my most effective offensive tactic. It's just walking at the paint All right fifty four to forty six. Oh, Luca, you know, he's just gonna drill that Decent on ball defense leaning three works for me Fifty four to forty eight He's out of position though. I think you'll catch you'll get a freebie strong finish you'll catch Good defense. Good defense. Good defense. Whoa Shit, let's get it. All right.  This is who he wants to have it He's got takeover. I don't know which takeover that is He drops the ball, but they get it back. Okay, good defense here great defense here.  I mean, I know it's not the most perfect release in the world But does it have to be it's a wide open three.  I got it. I got it. I got it 61 55 he needs a three here. No threes boys. No threes. He has to have a three.  Why can't a hand on you? No way he fouls again? I don't know Lucas release, but I got it Thank you. Oh, I like Lucas. Oh, no, I don't like it that much. I missed another one. It's a four-point game now See if he tries to hit another one of these He doesn't need the three good defense Amazing defense Yolkic protecting the paint Yolkic free throw got it.  Am I gonna be able to get a buzzer beater now? He's gonna be shooting all the shots. Does he still foul? Wow Just barely hung out to this one boys. Yannis free throw got it. All right. All right. All right extending this lead Are we gonna get an opportunity? To shoot a buzzer beater. I'm worried he's gonna foul again.  No, he's gonna quit Honestly, I would have loved just an opportunity but only 1.6 seconds and I already shanked three of them I I'm not too mad about it. Hey boys a big W though and John wall is locked into the lineup So that's amazing. We don't get anything else. No challenge wheels John wall stays We moved to four and one and I can take another wheel spin here for our second game All right our next wheel spin for the next game Best case scenario we could pick up our second dark matter to pair with Yannis, but we'll see What we can do we get one player who's jersey you have we're adding a Boston Celtic I went to my jerseys. I do have an akeem allows you on but I think akeem only has that season rewards card So I couldn't buy it. I really was leaning towards that though, but instead we can pick up a galaxy opal jason tatum There unfortunately aren't any dark matters, but there is this playoffs 98 overall small forward or power forward jason tatum I've always liked jason tatum cards. So we'll see how this one plays last season man He was such a goat. Honestly, I think I might start him over palo bancaro So the new starting line. It would be John wall luke jason tatum. Yannis yokic and jason tatum Welcome to the squad. Here's a comparison. So tatum is lighter and shorter.  We've got a diamond a pink diamond an amethyst and two opals I'll take this though. I'm excited to use jason tatum Hopefully balls out right here.  One more. Yannis. Take that two point lead, baby Hey, let's go Tatum.  He just wants to shoot threes. Let's just stay up.  He's got the help side here Jason tatum for a three. I still I still love that release Seven to three nice start boys Shit, how did I goof that? Wow?   What can you only hit threes if you get a perfect release? What's the deal here?  Good defense hand up in his face. He's playing some interesting defense here. Oh step back Perfect release. Oh that might have been I'll just take layups.  Good defense.  It's an eye up to yannis who's on an island. Come on Yannis I don't even know what just happened another offensive board Another offensive board. Oh yannis three.  Oh, that's so annoying.  He's gonna miss that again for his million time. God.  Oh my god another miss dunk Jason tatum Jason tatum blocked on his dunk. God. I'm so sick.  Oh my god. That was disgusting Oh, wow, why would you elect for a screen there? Wow? This guy really only likes threes. He does hit that one though. That was impressive Oh all the way No time on the clock.  All right. Paolo Boncaro Yep, knew he was gonna shoot it hand up great defense unlucky. He gets the offensive board But honestly regarding this pretty well That was another dust Honestly, I wasn't unhappy with the defense there. I'm kind of surprised he hit that though. I'm gonna go right at his Hey, all right. At least we're going to the line. Although. I can't imagine david robinson has a Wow, it's gonna say I can't imagine as a free throw. I like but we'll take that Another one. No a little late little late is seven percent. Wow. That's very unforgiving. Good defense I watched I watched myself miss that dunk about four times already today Good Hand up hand up. Good defense and he's leaning back. Yep. Nice board I'm on his backside. That's bad. He'll hit it, right? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I always forget about that Jack sigma the goat It's literally just shoot whatever three you get hope for the offensive board d book I thought he had it. He did not That is such a bad shot Devon booker. Yes Are you kidding me? I'm gonna cry.  I play like three games.  Could you please stop getting the offensive boards? Please please. Yes He's we dunked it it went in it's 18 to 18.  Why would you stop? What would compel you to do such a thing great defense? Oh call the timeout 1.2. This game is so frustrating right now I scored eight in the first quarter and now 10 in the second. All right, duke duke Oh my god guys. I took a lead. All right guys. My goal is to score more than 10 points this quarter That's a good three That's a pretty good three.        Yes Yoko drips the inbounds. Be honest, please I repeat it went in. I'm shooting 29 percent. He is shooting 31 percent I think it's pretty good defense. Okay, freebie freebie for Yanis all of a sudden. We're scoring, baby Oh, john wall falls. No, it's not about It's not this is this is I'm already done with 2k. I'm quitting 2k already.  We could take a lead.  What type of three does he go for here? Yep. Yep. No, we know you gotta And he drills it 34 to 32 Dude, I just gotta settle down because this game has been so ultra unbelievably frustrating It's still a close game So if I just settle down and play a decent game here in the second half, I think we win duke All right luke going to the line. That's a good start free throws ain't easy though. So let's um, let's try and hit these Zero percent.  That's a that's a miss, too It wasn't uh, wasn't good enough Yanis with a steal I got my two points back. He is cold, but I think he wants it I think he's upset these cold great defense in the paint from the boys there Yep, got him jumping luke in the paint another follow I don't know if luke is gonna be able to hit these though. I gotta hold it a little longer All right, I got that one told us a little longer Shanked that one zero percent. All right a threes coming Oh nice spacing. I still got my hand up though five Oh good move He went the wrong way there though Offensive three second violation one point lead. Oh my god. It's the fourth quarter. Whoa and all our takeovers just activated He is in full off ball mode. Wait luke Luca has the shooting takeover, but I still don't know his release. That was dumb.  I'm going coast to coast with Yanis Oh, and he misses the layup That's got any points. Stop it. I'm just gonna get this into duke. Oh, I could have had that maybe Oh a three. Nope. Nope. I am I'm early So it's not gonna go in of course.  Well, I guess technically we get a dub there But it just doesn't just doesn't feel like it. This has been super weird. All right boys. I guess we move to five and one I don't feel very good about it though But we do would have loved to have played that game out and it's that's honestly a bummer gentleman But listen, we're sitting at five and one. Hopefully we started to get some real matches But I guess we're gonna see what happens five and one. I love you guys. Thanks for watching as always I'll see you in the next video. Peace


Hey everyone, welcome back. It's Professor Howard. So in this topic, topic number four, we're going to be talking about the methods of observation. And I have provided some links to psych core videos for you to watch. The psych core guys are great. They summarize the content really, really quickly and cleanly. But I want to make sure that we spend a little bit of time expanding on these methods of observation. So definitely start by watching their videos because it's going to give you a brief introduction. And then come on back where we're going to break this down. And I'm going to give you more detailed in depth information about these methods of observation. So just as a quick review, since of course you've already watched those psych core videos, remember that in behavior analysis, in Miller's textbook, at least, we're talking about four methods of observation. And we're going to break out one of these a little bit so that we're talking about more than four, we're going to actually talk about five. The four that I'm talking about here, of course, are outcome recording where you're looking at a tangible, physical result of the behavior once the behavior is done. We're talking about event recording or discrete instances of behavior as they happen. So an instance of behavior is just whether or not it happened as it happened. And this doesn't work as well for behavior that's less discrete, something that can last for a long time or a little bit of time and it doesn't look the same or exactly the same every single time. Event recording is really good for stuff like it's got a clear on and off point. Like you can tell in this video how many times I do a tongue pop, like I'm known for this kind of noise that I make when I'm recording videos. And you could go back through and actually count the number of times that I tongue pop in this video, as opposed to in this video, how long am I talking for? And I'm intentionally stopping to talk here so that you can see that there are going to be some times that I'm actually talking, talk, talk, talk, talk, talk. And there's going to be some times in this video when I'm not talking or when we have brief moments of silence. That kind of talking behavior is less discrete. For those less discrete behaviors, we typically use time-based measurement that can be interval recording. Now Miller just describes this as interval recording. We're going to break it down further into whole interval and partial interval. Interval recording means that you're just observing within those intervals to see whether or not behavior is happening, whether or not I'm talking in this video. And time-sample recording is when you pre-designate a period of time to actually check for that behavior. It can be very consistent or not, which I'll get into in a little bit, but you're, again, looking in discontinuous intervals, you're not actually watching the whole time and you're just checking to see whether or not that discontinuous or non-discreet behavior is happening. So let's go through these in more detail. I'm going to begin with outcome recording. As the site core fellow said, this is hands down one of the easiest methods of observation to observe if you have a physical tangible product. So for instance, if you are going into observe, you just have to make sure that you're observing after the behavior actually occurs and you're looking for physically some product that has been produced by whether or not the behavior happened. So for instance, you might in the wintertime check your child's elbows to see if they're kind of ashy. And if they're really dry and ashy, that would be evidence that they had not, in fact, used any kind of lotion when they were finished getting ready. Or you might go into my kitchen and see whether or not my dishwasher has been loaded. The outcome of me loading the dishwasher is the dishes are actually in the dishwasher. So you're not actually seeing the client do the behavior, you're looking for a product of the behavior. There are some pros and cons to this. So like we said, super easiest method of observation hands down very, very easy to use. But it's not appropriate for every situation. For instance, we know that outcome recording can be really bad if you're doing something like trying to observe someone's private events. Because for the most part, having a private event like feeling depressed one day doesn't actually leave any permanent product. You might look for other evidence like maybe there are a lot of tissues in the trash, because the person cried a lot or maybe you're looking to see whether or not they're wearing the same clothes they did the day before. But for the most part, you can't actually see and observe that private state that the person was experiencing on that day. So first of all, that's challenging. Second of all, you can't use methods of observation like outcome recording where you have to go and find the physical tangible product if the results are in a location that you cannot get to. So for instance, we know that people have walked on the moon. We have some video evidence of people walking on the moon. But you and I could never go there unless Elon Musk gets his way and we actually can go to outer space because it's so cost prohibitive for us to get there. And there are going to be some times when you're working with a client that you cannot get to the physical location where the behavior happens.  You can't necessarily go to the client's home and like dig through their trash to look for evidence of condom use. It could be that it's really difficult for you to get to wherever it is. Maybe it's in a different country or in a different planet, or maybe you're just not allowed to be in the place where the behavior happens. So outcome recording is really not good for that approach to observation. Like this is really very difficult to use when the results are in a place that you can't get to and you can't measure. The third is that sometimes we can capture results of other behavior. So what I have here on screen is a picture of someone washing windows. Imagine I own a business and I want to make sure the windows are clean and I have two employees, Jeff and John, and it's Jeff's job to wash the windows. But they'll both get in trouble if they're not clean. So even though it's Jeff's job to wash the windows, John, seeing that Jeff isn't doing it, washes the windows. So now I've got clean windows, which is great. That's what I want as a business owner. But it was Jeff's job to do it. And someone else did it. And so we have this kind of confounding variable there, where what I could be looking at is not the product of the behavior that I wanted, which was Jeff washing the windows. Rather, it's a result of an alternative response, someone else doing the behavior. And there are disadvantages to that. If I create a contingency for Jeff, where Jeff gets a bonus for doing all of his job tasks, but really it's John doing the work, I can't reinforce Jeff properly. We'll come back to confounds and other challenges later in the course. And then finally, sometimes if behavior and their results don't last long enough, we can't get to them. So for instance, we know that in prehistoric times that there probably were quite a lot of cave painters. There were a lot of people creating art, but we don't have records of a lot of that because it's been destroyed or ravaged. It's been lost through time. Same again, if you have a client that you're asking to do a particular task, clean their room, but what if they share a room with a younger brother or sister and they clean the room perfectly, but then the younger brother and sister comes in and destroys it, makes a huge mess. And so the product, the cleanliness, didn't last long enough for you to capture it. Those are some disadvantages of outcome recording. When you can use it, it's really great, but there's a lot of reasons why you might not be able to. Turning to event recording, remember that this is just counting those discrete instances of behavior as they happen. So what I'm going to show you on screen here is this is the behavior as it's happening. These little check marks is when the behavior is occurring. Maybe this is me raising my hand in a lecture class. The method has to be used for behaviors that are discrete and uniform in length, so they have to kind of look the same every single time. Remember my tongue pop behavior sounds the same. It's roughly the same length and it looks the same every time. Raising one's hand relatively discrete and it looks the same every time. And what I'm doing here is just count the behavior as it happens. What I'm showing you on screen is one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven check marks. So in this session I would say eleven instances of the behavior happened. When you're recording from session to session, of course you just want to make sure that your sessions are the same length, so you don't have that confound of like one session was super long and one session was super short, so it looks as if the date is a little funny, but in this case we're just counting the behaviors that have a clear on and off point as they happen. Eleven total events occurred here. I might do this in a classroom. Maybe I'm interested in seeing how many of the students in this class speak at any point. Speaking or opening one's mouth is relatively discrete. I'm really just counting the number of students who are doing it, not how much or how little or maybe the number of times they raise their hands in a classroom. Now there's a number of reasons why this particular method of observation could be inaccurate. In this case we know that behavior that occurs at a super, super high rate. Imagine we've got all these kids in the classroom. There's 15 or 20 kids in the classroom and then suddenly three students at the same time start talking. Well as an observer I'm just human and I may lose that. I may not accurately capture what's going on there. We can also have observer error when we have really long sessions, so if I have one observer like you see here on screen sitting in a classroom with students for eight hours in a day of course they're going to start to make some mistakes. So if you're using event recording there are some some barriers there to this method and it's especially prominent when you have a super high rate behavior. Now switching to interval recording, remember interval recording is we're watching in periods of time to see whether or not a behavior is happening. An interval or time-based measurement systems are really really good to use when the behavior is non-uniform. In the video so far I've not actually said the same thing again and again and again and again. If you were to if we were to make a drinking game out of this of course and you were to have a a sip of coffee every time I use the word data right we'll do that in a future video I'm sure you'll love it. But in a future video if I were to say count the number of times I say the word data that's discrete data the word itself is really really discrete on and off. But observing whether or not I'm speaking during the video is less uniform because I could be saying things like data or interval recording or method of observation or and none of those terms are exactly alike and so it's much harder to account for those. So when we're using a non-uniform behavior you want to try to use the the method of observation that's going to work best and those tend to be time based so we're talking about the interval whole and partial interval and we're talking about time sampling and you're really just seeing at the point when we're observing did the behavior happen or was the behavior not happening right a perfect example of this is when kids have a tantrum. Tantrum and kids are the best because you know sometimes it can be like and it's just kind of an outburst and other times it can go on for minutes or if they've got really good constitution like if it's a kid who's well-practiced they could tantrum for a half an hour and if we're doing a session there it's going to look differently maybe that tantrum was like 30 seconds and that counts as a tantrum session versus the kid who's having the tantrum for 15, 20, 30 minutes that's a very different tantrum than the first one but if we used event recording they would look exactly the same. So event recording the way that you use this method of observation is you take a session length and you break it down into smaller intervals. So notice that this is the session and I'm breaking it down what I'm showing you on screen is that unit of time is being broken into little bins of time and I'm going to see whether or not in that first period of time did the behavior happen or not in the second period did the behavior happen or not if it happens put a check mark if it doesn't happen leave it blank so on and so forth. So I'm going to continue going here and this particular client that I was observing engaged in the behavior during session one or excuse me during interval one interval three, interval seven, interval eleven and interval 13 of 14 intervals. So then I can break that down and I see that they're they're engaging in the target behavior during five of the intervals and I could even break that down even further you know five of 15 intervals here we're looking at a total duration of the behavior of about 33 percent. Does that make sense? Okay so interval recording there are two more specific kinds of interval recording partial interval and whole interval recording and like they described in the video uh the site core videos the difference between partial interval and whole interval recording is for how long the behavior was happening within each one of those little sections right within each one of those intervals so if I say partial interval recording what I'm creating is a behavioral definition that says if the target behavior happened at all even for the tiniest little sliver of a section if it happened at all score it as if it happened during that interval regardless of the length of the interval right so in this particular case these 15 intervals and I'm showing you on screen here if the behavior happened even briefly like at all just a tiny bit then you you score it as if it happened whereas with whole interval recording you can only count that the behavior happened if it lasted for the whole interval like the name suggests so if we're taking this session and breaking it down into 15 intervals that behavior would have had to have been happening at the start of the interval and it would have to have continued through until the end of the interval for you to count that yes it happened and as you might expect you you result you get a very different result in terms of how often the behavior is happening and how accurate that is to the true measure of the behavior based on whether you're using whole interval or partial interval recording let me tell you some of the inaccuracies with interval recording and I'll tell you more about our measurement artifacts in a little bit okay so returning to interval recording I want to talk now about the difference between partial interval recording with an example on screen what I'm showing you here are 15 sessions or 15 sections excuse me intervals within a session now remember that with partial interval recording if the behavior happens at all within that interval you record it as occurring so what I'm showing you on screen here these green bars that occur underneath each of the intervals tell you the true measure the true duration of behavior so this first one that I'm showing you starts begins partway through interval two and extends through interval three then I record the behavior actually happened during those two intervals the next is in interval four so I score that it happened during interval four even though it's happening for only a small portion then the next starts interval eight through eleven I record the behavior is happening during those four intervals and then finally we've got a couple in interval 13 14 and 15 so in total we have behavior occurring during one two three four five six seven eight nine ten intervals or approximately 66% of these intervals even though if you were to have used a true measure of the behavior meaning that I start the stopwatch when the behavior begins and I end the stopwatch when the behavior ends we would be looking at a true total duration of less than 50% for this behavior so we see the partial interval recording over estimates behavior but we use this because it's actually easier to use partial interval recording than it is to measure the true value of the behavior excuse my cat she's got a little sneeze we measure this because it's easier than the true value the true duration start and stop time in much easier to use in clinical practice now I can increase the accuracy if I were to make smaller intervals I could make them as tiny as possible and just say yes it's happening during this one second and the next second and the next second and so on but again the smaller your intervals you will be more precise but it's going to be much more effortful to use this method of observation when we are deciding on which method of observation to use we always have to kind of balance the ease of use or how practical it is for us to use this in clinical practice versus the accuracy of the data that we're going to get now partial interval recording can overestimate the rate of the behavior or the true the value of the behavior it can tell you it's happening more than it actually is even more than the true value what we would get if we had a start and stop time that's a measurement artifact whole interval recording can also underestimate the rate of the behavior so again same 15 intervals remember with whole interval recording I only count those behaviors happening if it began prior to the start of the interval and continued throughout the interval to end after the interval is finished same 15 intervals on screen here remember that my green bar shows that it started part way through two and extended through three but it did not actually fill any one of those intervals so I don't score that behavior is happening in the next we have a little bit in session five but not the full interval and then finally in let's see one two three four five six seven eight in nine and ten the behavior started in part way through interval eight and extends through interval nine and interval ten and then into eleven but it only fully encompassed intervals nine and ten and then even with the small little bits of behavior that we have happening in session or in excuse me intervals fourteen and fifteen and twelve they're very brief so the behavior is not scored as happening because it did not begin before and end after the interval was finished so in this case you see that when you compare it to before using whole interval recording we would record that the behavior only happened during two of fifteen intervals or about 13.3 percent of the time remember that the true value of this behavior the true duration was around or a little bit under 50 percent so this is a very different result that we're getting with whole interval recording versus partial interval recording. You want to use the method of observation that's going to be best for the behavior and we can see that for some behaviors like these ones that are relatively brief in duration it may not be ideal to use whole interval recording if it's a brief behavior because you're never going to capture. Moving on to another method of observation that has a lot of flaws time sample recording is really really really good when you maybe have to observe multiple clients or for whatever reason you cannot give your full attention to a single client during the observation. Time sample recording is observing in discontinuous intervals so we're going to watch for a little bit and then we're going to look away our attention is going to go somewhere else and during that little period of time that discontinuous observation we see whether or not the behavior occurs. Again this just like with the tantrums and just like with time sampling or excuse me interval and partial and whole interval recording we want to use this when behavior is non-uniform so it doesn't have a clear on and off point. If behavior is uniform use a different method of observation use event recording but you can do time sampling in one of two ways. You can either record consistently and set a pattern so for instance maybe you observe the first 15 seconds of each minute to see whether or not the behavior occurs. What I'm showing you on here are those same 15 intervals from before but in this case all I'm going to do is observe for the first 15 seconds. The other 45 seconds of each minute I'm not observing the client so I only score the behavior if it occurs during that first 15 seconds. If the behavior occurred for instance right here I would score it if it occurs during that little window when I'm going to watch the client but if it occurs at any other point if it occurs from second 16 through second 59 do not score the behaviors happening. Again score it if it occurs during that little interval when you're going to observe but do not score it if it occurs outside of your observation window. So time sampling can be really really good when you have lots of clients to observe when you have to switch maybe from client one to client two to client three to client four it can be very good to use when you have limited resources so maybe you can't dedicate a lot of time to just watching a single client you could set up a time when you're going to say maybe I'll check in on my learner every five minutes or so and it can be very good when for instance you don't really want the person who also has to record behavior to spend all of their time looking at the client for instance this is very often used with teachers because teachers they have a job to do right they have to teach in the classroom we can't make them our data observers because they simply don't have the time and resources to do that. Another way that you can do time sample recording is rather than being very consistent and saying you're going to observe for the first bit of time out of a larger interval maybe you're a little bit more random this could be more like a parent checking in on child to see if they're doing their homework the parent doesn't necessarily have a timer that says you know what every three minutes I'm going to go see if junior is working on math maybe they come in every four minutes and then eight minutes and then two minutes and so on and so forth but they're not necessarily scheduled another way that this can another way that time sampling excuse me occurs is like I said when you're alternating between clients so what I'm showing you on screen here is a colored display of switching between different clients we've got a larger session that we're breaking up into time blocks or intervals and maybe I observe client one and then switch to client two then go back to client one then switch to client two I as the observer I'm watching for the whole time but from the perspective of the person being observed it's a discontinuous observation because I'm only actually observing client number one during intervals one and three and five and so on so it's actually a discontinuous observation of each client's behavior even though I the observer in watching them the whole time when you're trying to determine this here if you see switching between clients you're very likely looking at time sample recording now the biggest limitation of time sample recording is you are absolutely going to miss instances of behavior so what I'm showing you on here this one is definitely going to underestimate behavior because keep in mind that there are going to be periods of time when the behavior is occurring but you're just not seeing it because you're not observing what I'm showing you on screen again is that accurate or that representation of 15 intervals with the inner time 16 seconds through 59 seconds blocked out in some of these instances we see that the true measure of the behavior was quite a bit longer but we would actually only capture of these one two three four five six kind of spells of behavior we would only capture the behavior one two three four times or so because if it happens during that blackout period when we're not looking we don't count it is actually happening time sample recording is another one that underestimates the true value of behavior just like whole interval recording and then wrapping up here that we've talked a lot about the different methods of observation but what I want you to remember is we want to try to capture the most accurate representation of data and flawed observations can occur for lots of different reasons if we choose a wrong method of observation or a very insensitive method of observation for instance if I choose whole interval recording when the behavior is actually really brief in true duration then I'm going to miss a lot of it so picking a bad method of observation for the target behavior is one of the reasons why behavior may be inaccurate or the observations may not be accurate another reason that behavior or the observations that we have can be flawed is because we didn't measure at the right time for instance if I want to check eating behavior in a client that I need to increase or change the rate of their behavior I shouldn't look at them when they're in math class I should probably be looking at their behavior when they're in lunch so it does require some work to understand the client where the client's coming from to make sure that you're actually measuring the behavior at a time and place when it would likely happen this also related to that can explain why sometimes you have two different people in a learner's life that report very different instances or very different like characteristics of that person so maybe the person is really off task in math class but they're they're a rock star in English class and you get those two teachers together and they have no idea why the other person would think that about the learner because that's not what they've seen keep in mind that there's those are very different contacts you might occasion different kinds of behavior from the learner last you can have flawed observations just because the observations were really flawed meaning that if you're choosing learner if you're choosing observers that are not well trained they could be using the behavioral definition poorly maybe the behavioral definition is super flawed maybe the environment in which they're observing is chaotic and it's very difficult to see what the learner is actually doing so your observations your data are really flawed and there's nothing worse than having flawed data like if you take nothing else away data is the most important thing that you are going to need to understand whether or not the behavior is happening so you really really have to invest heavily in understanding whether your observations were valid and whether they were appropriate and you need to fix that method of observation before you even consider moving forward and actually doing an intervention if you have flawed data you're really just wasting your time so get the data right get a strong method of observation choose the right one for the type of behavior happening measure at the right time have a good behavioral definition and train people to observe behavior before you just set them loose to observe behavior because if you come in with flawed data and you don't know if what you did was effective you just wasted time and resources and potentially expose someone to a really ineffective form of treatment that they didn't need to be exposed to and then one last thing bear in mind that again we've got to compare and contrast the values of the method of observation I wish that it was as easy as saying oh just use this one method every time but no method of observation is perfect there's no single method of observation that's going to be best for all behaviors you have to understand that every method of observation has strengths and weaknesses so you want to be comparing how easy is this to use to how accurate is the data really really accurate data is fantastic but not if it's going to be data that no reasonable person can collect because nobody will collect it and vice versa you can have really easy method of methods of observation but if the data that you're collecting is trash and is not an accurate representation of the behavior that you're interested in then that's just as bad try to find that sweet spot of ease and accuracy in your data so that you can be confident in what you're concluding I look forward to hearing if you guys have any questions otherwise make sure you check out the site core videos and I'll see you guys next time


So internally, from a selfish corporate perspective, we have an unending thirst for benchmark data. Obviously, based on what we do, we know about third-party spend, contracts, performance levels, supply chain risks, and so on and so forth. And we bring that to the table as part of our service portfolio. That said, we are constantly trying to seek out other third-party benchmark data to append to what we have to enhance some of the models. And why do we have to do that? Because our customers expect us to bring them best good service at the right cost, the right quality with the right innovation, the right assurance of supply. And in order for us to do that, we just have to ensure we have a dearth of benchmark data, our own, plus whatever we can find. So that's the internal perspective. The external perspective is, you know, given that we are in the midst of a many-to-many relationship, right? So you have our clients, you have chain IQ, and on the other side, you have our client suppliers. We have a massive amount of intelligence, whether that be price, preference, cost, alternative, substitutes, you name it, it runs again. And in that unique position, each of our customers have a keen interest in understanding what our other customers are doing, obviously. And of course, this is all part and parcel to what we can share, as agreed with our customers. But then also, too, on the supply side, every one of those suppliers that we're engaging with and touching, they have a desire to understand, hey, how am I doing against my competitor? Hey, is there more opportunity for me with my existing client? What about the other clients that you're serving? Can I get in there as well? So they want a benchmark. There's also a unique thing sort of emerging as well, where we're having some discussion around can the totality of the data that we pick up in our operations feed something else, like perhaps a new type of purchasing index, one that's much more rich than some of the traditional indices that are out there that are used in economic forecast and so on and so forth.


It's dedicating back like I never left cause I'm cooking up content like a chef. Shoot videos like a fabric curry. So here I'm subscribed cause it's time for us to slot.  If you're not a part of the crew and you would like to be, go ahead smash that subscribe button and also give me a thumbs up and comment below and throw them a C's up in the comment section. Now I'm gonna give you guys a backstory. On Friday, I said that we did not get any more loads but we actually did. I was at home trying to edit the video get it right, get my pockets tight and I put it in the bid for 18 dead head miles, 13 miles loaded, so 31 miles altogether. And I put the bid in for $100. The dispatch reached out to me and said, did you know that the pickup day is Friday and the drop off day is Monday? I'm like, yes, I did know that.  I never heard anything from her, right? I'm editing the video, getting it right. Guess what? We actually did win the load. So I had to stop editing the video, getting the band and run up and go get some bands. Now we still have the load in the back of the van right now and it's Monday, but we now have two orders from Home Depot. We're trying to stack our chips like Pringles. So the first order we're gonna pick up is one item, two miles for 44, 22. The second order we are gonna pick up is one item, five miles for 2303. We're here to get this cheese. Now this is the plan, Stan. We're about to go ahead and get these bands, man. I'm gonna first show you guys me picking up the load on Friday. Then we're gonna come back to here, which is Monday. We're gonna pick up these two items from Home Depot. Also, both of them are coming from the same Home Depot. I'm gonna go in here, get these loads. We're gonna drop off the two Home Depots orders first, and then we're gonna drop off the load. We're gonna get our pockets on, so let's go. Just like that, we are here at the pickup location. I've been here one time before. I've been here like one time before and hopefully got this joint ready.  I was here for a minute. How you doing, boss? How are you? I'm doing great.  Are you picking up to go to Lake Forest or something? Yeah. Okay, I was actually literally just talking to the guy about that. I just gave him a paper work. He's wrapping it right now, this guy. Okay, so is this one right here? I don't know if it's this one or which one it is, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah. I know who the two orders he's working on. I don't even know how big this skid is, but she said it's just one skid, like a small one. Yeah, I think it was supposed to be like... I think I just put on there like 60 by 40, but just something, it's not gonna be bigger than that, I can promise you that it might be smaller, but I knew it would fit in a sprinter band. Right. Is this it? No. The driver's here, okay? Okay. So you're just the bottom one, you just gonna wrap it though, not the top one, the bottom one. I'm just gonna add a couple more boxes to it, wrap it, and then it'll be good to go. Is that cool? All right, yes sir, that's cool. Two thousand years later. Just like that, y'all see what's going on. We already get it on. This one? Okay, go ahead. You got the extendals with that joint too. You might as you didn't do it with that y'all. That's what I'm talking about. Yeah. Get right. Guess for you, right? Yeah. Should be time off at this angle. Put the other one in between, right here. Perfecto. And just like that, we're going, it's time to get it on, let's go. Hey, another thing I forgot to tell you guys, we have to drop off that load by seven a.m. And it is now six o' three. Good morning. Good morning. How you doing? Good. I'm gonna have two roadie orders to pick up. Okay, good. WG 48, 15, 71, 35. You guys don't have it? No, we don't have one. So you have to cancel it? Yeah. That's fine. And where does the next one? That one is WG 48, 06, 81, 69. A rug. That's perfect. So you're gonna cancel it on? I'm gonna cancel the other one. And it should come off, right? And it should come off, yes. Okay. Thank you guys. You guys have a good one. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Let's go. So we got the rug, baby. Y'all see the load back here? I'm gonna find this rug right here. What? That's the load. You tell me, get our pockets on, Swole, let's go. Just like that, we are here to drop off this rug. You know what I'm talking about? I'm a real thug.  We're here to walk through off this rug. I'm gonna sit it right here. Right there. So we'll have something to sit on. Guess what we're gonna do after that? Y'all already know. Y'all see the light? Step back, get off the photo, y'all. I know those. We gone. So as you guys heard earlier in the video, that order was canceled. What we're supposed to pick up was a Christmas tree. It was a live Christmas tree though. They said they didn't have any in stock. They only had the display one. They cannot get out of the way. So we had to cancel that order. Well, they canceled the order and we received $6 for that one. The good thing about that was that was the one for $23 and not the one for $44. The one for $44 was the rug I just dropped off.  We're here at the hospital. It's a Lake Forest hospital and they're actually building another wing to the hospital right now, baby. Let's see what's going on. We're here to get it on. My nickname wrong. We're rocking on the microphone. Let's go. Is that both pallets? It's one pallet but I think it doesn't have any bottom to it. I don't know why they put it in like this. Oh, it's the opening is on this side. Yeah, he was slow. Yeah, I don't know why he did that, but. Oh, he's got no time at all. All right, I'll call him. Okay. Watch your foot. It looks like getting half of it up. Spend it around. All right, why it won't fit sideways? That's what it is. Yeah. You like doing this? It pays the bills. You make good money. I know you make good money. Yeah. You don't want to be on my phone. I'll take you out, brother. No problem. Oh, okay. Some people like to be recorded. You see how he said it though? He ain't saying it like in a mean way. Some people may be tweaking it and I don't like it. Hey, hey, watch your talk. Right here at the second copy of yours. Bruce said, you have a good one, but I'll stay up. Order number three. Guess what we got an order on? Curry, curry, curry, curry. We got an order on curry. The pickup location is the towel shop. We're picking up one item that weighs 15 pounds driving 9.3 miles for 27, 28. It's time to be great. Let's go. And we are here at the towel shop. We don't keep getting this money. We ain't gonna never stop. How you doing, boss? Good, there we go. I'm doing great. I woke up this morning. I can't complain. How you doing, boss? How are you? I'm doing great. I can't complain. I have a curry order to pick up. I have the order number for you whenever you're ready. 22, 97, 06, 91. It's like one item. Is that it for me? Yeah, you're good. All right, thank you. All right, you drive safe, boss. You too, man, man. That's my hometown ball. Hey, give me these all day. You have a good one, sir. Bear, bear, bear. Thank you. And just like that, we are here at the drop off.  I'm not sure if they're gonna be awake. What time is it? 7 o'clock. We good. It's 8. It's 8, baby. It's time to be great. I'm gonna ring this doorbell up. Now I'll be gonna leave it by the front door.  How you doing, sir? I remember the towel shop item. Yeah, we gotta get some front doors for them, there we go. I'm doing great. I woke up this morning. I can't complain. That's a good day. We're above ground. Hey, some people complain about it, but we all live in. Just type your name and be inside in a white box. Do you have a good one? Yes, sir, you too. Order number four. We just pulled up so we can get some more dough. The pickup location is interstate batteries. We're driving seven miles, picking up one item for 1115. We're here to get this green. Let's go. Just like that, we are here at the pickup. Hopefully we had no hiccups. I'm gonna get bugs. Hello. How you doing? I'm doing great. I have a roadie order to pick up. Of course I need to find it. Okay, so just this one? Awesome, so that's gonna be this one in the notes. Cause this is an Amazon order, actually. You have the address on something. Yeah. On the notes, it said something about a nail salon. So I wouldn't be surprised. Cause it's supposed to be a home delivery. Wouldn't be surprised if that's their business. Okay. That's it. Thank you. Just like that, we are here at the nail shop. This joint is closed right now. So I'm gonna put this paperwork right here on the floor. Put that battery right there. What up? Step back up the floor, y'all. No, don't smack. We gone. Order number five. We just pulled up to pick up the prize. We won another load, but get our pockets on the floor. We have 16 day ahead miles, 36 miles loaded. So 52 miles altogether for 110. We're here to get it in. Let's go.  Bring that door over here. They got the Simi. That's the first time I seen a Simi here, baby. Somebody getting unloaded. My God. What's going on with you, boss? I got a logo on the Pleasant Prairie. How you doing, sir? Is that a camera? Oh yeah. YouTube. Yeah. It's called Cars and Cribs. I do deliveries. Oh. So you drive the Simi? How long you been doing it? 29 years. Really? Wow. Do you love it or it just, it pays the bills? I retire and I just decided to retire and come back for you. Right. So you go over the road or? I stay local. Smart. That's what I want to do. I don't want to drive. Did you ever do it over the road? I want to go home and take a shower. Sleep in your own bed. Sleep in your own bed. Yeah. Eat some good food. Yeah.  Man, I agree. Some people think otherwise, but taste their own.  Have kids, yeah. I wouldn't do it, probably. I'm 33 and I still don't want to do it. I don't want to live out of a truck. That's just me. I don't either. And then you get these people that have three dogs in there. Yeah. All right, you have a go, boss. Yeah, so you got this one right here. You ready for me already? Pull in the back. I'm going to strap it and I'm going to put you back in. All right, appreciate you, boss. You already know what time it is, baby. My guide was about to pull in so we can go out and get these dividends and spins to get this paperwork so we can make that paperwork. All for you today. Good. Yeah, you about to get that Thanksgiving off. So you guys enjoy the time with the fam. Yeah. That's not tough, boss.    That's not tough, boss. I came here to make money and I spent money. I'm going to lose that every time. Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, appreciate you. You know you're the only person who signs? Every time I go to another, they never really sign. I don't even know the last person I was saying sign. I know y'all sign every time. Yeah. But y'all have a dedicated area where you're supposed to sign. Some paperwork don't have that. So I just have to have them signed just like right here or anywhere. Right, right. Yeah. Appreciate you, boss. You have a good one. Have a good Thanksgiving. Hopefully I see you again. Yeah, let's go. Just like that, we're gone. It's time to get it on. Let's go. My quick question. The pallet is it between the wheel? Well, you think we need the puller or no? Yeah, this guy right here. Oh yeah, I probably got to wait for him. Okay. Oh yeah, he got the mistendos on there. I had to make sure he can get me together. Let's see if he can do it with no help. Let's see. No help. Yes, you did. I said, let's see if he can do it with no help. And you definitely did it. I got the paperwork for you. Everybody know how to do everything. This is the hotel, yeah. Yeah, until they hit some and break some and then, then now they look crazy. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Everybody know how to do everything nowadays, Mike. There's nothing that nobody can't do. Yeah, so. Just Google it. That's all you got to do. Here you go, take a seat. Here's that. Thank you very much, Mike. You have a great one. Yes, sir. And just like that, it is the end of the video. I hope you guys enjoyed the content. Today we made $298.65. It's a great time to be alive. We went out there and got busy and it only took us five hours to let that money shower. Honestly, I wish every day was this sweet, baby. We left at the house at 5.30. We boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. I'm talking about knocking orders out. Five orders in a row. Boom, boom, boom, boom. We sent literally zero minutes today. We had the orders.    We got another order. We got another order. And we just kept on moving and grooving. Getting that money, it was very soothing. I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Again, if you're not subscribed, make sure to subscribe. Also, give me a thumbs up. And don't forget to throw them C's up. Throw them C's up in the comment section before we go. Y'all know we went out to the school. I will see you guys on next one. We going, we going, we going before you already know and it's DDK and I'm on my way.


By 2020, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world. These words, delivered by President Barack Obama in his address to Congress in February 2009, are only achievable if students satisfactorily complete high school. Remediation in the traditional subjects of reading, writing, and arithmetic is possibly the leading barrier to improving college graduation rates. Just 41% of college-bound students are prepared for the world of higher education, and only one fourth of students who place into college remedial writing, English, or math courses will graduate within eight years. Remediation is often considered a bridge to nowhere. Succeed U will build a bridge to somewhere. With Succeed U, more high school graduates will have the requisite skills to enroll and graduate from college as well as to achieve their academic, professional, and personal enrichment goals. The overall purpose of Succeed U is to create an integrated academic, social, and instructional support college readiness model using mobile technology that will increase the number of high school students who are prepared for college-level, credit-bearing course work upon graduation. Succeed U is scalable, adaptable, and cost-effective. It is designed to support high-impact learning at the local, state, and national levels. Succeed U features an integrated approach to student success including development of competency-based, modular curricula in math, reading, writing, and college skills that maximize the use of free, existing, open educational resources, OER, and development of new OER curricula aligned with outcomes for accepted college placement exams. An OER learning platform will be used. The curricula will be delivered in a competency-based format including self-paced, direct assessment methods. As learners complete assignments, assessments will be designed to measure proficiency with the concepts. The materials will be portable and scalable under a Creative Commons license. Provide student success and support through a mobile, technology-supporting environment including a co-advising model available online or in a blended delivery, mobile application that fosters a community of learners, and Succeed U success coaches. Credentialing in the form of badges, upon demonstrated mastery of content, students will be awarded a Succeed U badge to denote successful completion, www.openbadges.org. As students complete the self-paced, competency-based modules, they will receive a badge for each component successfully completed. Success coaches will be awarded a badge for successfully completing the competency-based qualification training module. Additional badges can be earned from milestones such as the number of students assisted or the length of participation in the program. Succeed U co-advising models are intended to establish a flexible model for advising high school students using mobile technology and or face-to-face coaches. Succeed U will feature integrated, intrusive, technology-supported coaching and mentoring throughout the student experience. Succeed U will engage students through a mobile student success application, such as the one developed by EDUCAUSE Team 1. This application will allow students to record data about their daily activities, including how many hours they study, socialize, sleep, spend time with tutors, etc. The mobile application will provide feedback comparing how their time spent compares with their peers. In addition, an Ask Us portion of the mobile app would allow students to ask questions they might have and get a response from a group of experts, success coaches who monitor the application 24-7. Examples are questions about content, completing forms, applications, FAFSA scholarships, fears they are experiencing, financial, confidence to attend college, or career information. Coaches from a variety of backgrounds, academic, financial aid, counseling, would be recruited and trained to respond to the questions. Participants in the Succeed U mobile app will become a community of learners. Succeed U will provide a model that can be adopted and adapted for use locally, at the state level, and nationally to support the nation's completion agenda, as more high school graduates will have the requisite skills to enroll and graduate from college, as well as to achieve their academic, professional, and personal enrichment goals.


Well, according to the National Alliance on Mental Health, about one in five youth ages 13 through 18 experience a severe mental disorder at some point during their life. The Brainerd and Pequot Lake School Districts have been working to shed light on the topic that so many deal with, but many are afraid to talk about. With this week's Golden Apple, reporter Rachel Johnson has more. In the age of technology and smartphones, human connection seems to be declining. Joe Beckman, a motivational speaker from the Twin Cities, talked to students and parents Monday about a direct connection to our mental health. There is no coincidence that anxiety, depression and suicide are up and at the same time human connection is down. The Brainerd and Pequot Lake School Districts have come together in an initiative to talk about mental health and its effect on students. We are constantly working on the safe and collaborative culture of our school and we want Pequot Lakes to be that place where every kid feel that they belong and there's kids that don't. To address this topic, the school districts brought in Joe Beckman to talk with students as well as parents. Joe started the morning at Brainerd High School and then traveled to Pequot Lakes where he spoke to middle schoolers and high schoolers, overall giving his talk to over a thousand students. I speak on stages in school communities all across the country to students, to teachers, to parents and the message that I really focus in on is the importance and the power of human connection. Joe focused on three main ideas. The first is the importance of self-worth. My hope is that kids understand that that they matter and that they're enough just where they're at right now. The second is resiliency. Knowing that all of us are going to get punched in the mouth by life at some point and the question isn't are we going to get punched the question is what are we going to do next. The third and what Joe argues is the most important is human connection. I talk about the importance of separating from our screens and looking up and realizing how important just eye contact and noticing somebody and talking to somebody sometimes just a few words or a smile. The school administrators hope that students and parents take away something important from Joe's talk. We have a mountain of evidence that tells us that if a student has just even one adult that is deeply engaged in them, knows them well, knows what they like, dislike that that student will be much more successful in school. So challenging our educators to be that staff member for somebody. Our kids face challenges today that that we as when we were kids we didn't face but there's also a reason to be hopeful. The schools hope to take what they have learned from hosting Joe and continue the conversation past the auditorium and into the school days ahead. Reporting from Pukot Lakes with this week's Golden Apple, Rachel Johnson, Lakeland News. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.