Welcome to this NPTEL course on fundamentals of industrial oil hydraulics and pneumatics. So, first module is introduction to hydraulic and pneumatic systems and this is lecture one where we shall discuss what is hydraulic and pneumatic system. Pistons and pneumatics is more generally known as fluid power or fluid drive and control, but let us know what it is. Consider a load which is to be lifted to a height. There are many other mechanical means, but we can think of an actuator which is piston cylinder. We can put it vertically and on the piston end, we can put the load which can be lifted by means of lifting the piston through fluids. Now, we will think of supplying the oil to the cylinder and we will think of a pump. So, we have put a pump. Now, we can directly connect this pump to the bottom of the actuator and then we can lift the load, but the question is that when the pump will run, how we can take out the oil to lower the load. Therefore, we need some means that we have to take the oil out. Now, what we can introduce? This is a valve which is named as 4 by 3 directional control valve. I shall describe later what is meant by 4 by 3 direction control valve, but looking into this what we find that pump is connected to one port and then there are two ports at the top and another bottom ports which is apparently draining the oil. Now, we can connect this valve to the cylinder by conduit or pipe. Then one end is connected to the bottom, other end is connected to the top of the double acting actuator and then if we looked into the left side of the direction control valve, then this pump will be connected to bottom and there is a slight mistake in the arrow. Then the top side will be connected to the drain and load will be lifted. Similarly, if we actuate this valve to right side, then this will go to the drain and the oil will be will enter through the bottom sorry through from the top and load will come down. Now, we need a supply of oil to the pump which is called reservoir. Sometimes it is called tank also and of course as we are pumping the fluid, we need a filter there. Now, this pump will be driven by a motor or a prime mover which may be electrical, which may be an ice engine, which may be other means of drive. So, this is the basic things and this should work, but there is another an important question that if this load gets stuck, then this pump which is pumping the oil will be pressurized and there will be there might have an accident because this hose can burst due to the pressure. So, if the pressure rises above some limit, then oil should go back to the reservoir and for that we add and pressure relief valve. What is pressure relief valve? We can set a pressure here limit pressure which might be equal to the system pressure slightly above the system pressure. So, if there is any problem, then the oil will press through the relief valve and it will go to the tank and thus the safety is maintained. Now, if we look into the industrial oil hydraulics and pneumatics, then why it is called like this? First of all as shown in this diagram, fluid power systems use fluids to transmit power and motion that we have seen. Both liquids and gases are called fluid. Hence, both these types of fluids are used in fluid power technology. Under liquids mostly mineral oils with suitable additives these are used instead of plain water which however is used also in some cases particularly nowadays again the water hydraulics is coming up. The main problem with water hydraulics is that it cannot be pressurized up to the level of the mineral oil. Also, there is a problem of rusting most of the components are made of ferrous materials. So, for water hydraulics we should go for some other material anyway under gases usually atmospheric air is used after clinic it suitably. However, synthetic fluids with additives and other gases are also used for specific purposes such as high resistance or the fluid itself is the product milk as an example that is the state of art behind these two modern technologies of industrial oil hydraulics and pneumatics. Now, here I would like to mention in hydraulics the fluid which is used is considered as incompressible whereas in pneumatics should it be air or gas this is compressible. So, definitely behavior will be different as well as we have to go for separate analysis for these fluids. Now, historical background is follows fluid power technology in its earliest form mostly took advantage of the motion of fluids or scientifically speaking of its kinetic energy water current to drive water wheels example hydraulic hydroelectric power generation as for an example. Wind energy was utilized in selling boards those are based on hydro kinetic and also hydro dynamic principles, but while hydraulics under the banner fluid power means the pressure energy of the fluid rather than its velocity is the drive force or in other words we would say that we are using hydrostatic energy in case of fluid power. Therefore, fluid power with while hydraulics even called as hydrostatic transmission of power in short form we call it HST system while hydraulic actuators pumps and motors are turned as positive displacement units. Now, where I would like to explain let us consider and auditory hydraulic pump centrifugal pump there we are using kinetic energy the when the impeller inside is rotating then a suction head is generated through which the fluids come in and that fluid is energized by the velocity and then it is discharged at a pressure which may not be very high, but still we can supply the fluids with certain pressure. If we think of the turbine there the fluids with potential energy converted into the kinetic energy and that transmit the power to the impeller of the turbine and the turbine rotates whereas, in case of fluid power we supply the pressurized oil inside the actuator and it moves like it is like when it is giving the thrust to the piston it is like a solid bar generating a thrust on it. Alternatively if we use the rotary elements they are also the same pressurized oil is working and that is why it is called hydrostatic. The question is there do we use any hydrokinetic principle of fluids in case of fluid power answer is yes when we are analyzing the valve flow particularly flow in and flow out we have to use also hydrokinetic part, but as for the power transmission is concerned only we are using hydrostatic power. Pneumatics is also put under the same banner when pressurized air gas works at constant pressure temperature and volume to transmit power. Now if we look into history of development of fluid power then we have to go back when Pascal's invented his law in 1650 that pressure in a fluid at rest is transmitted equally in all directions then onwards people started thinking of the fluid power system using this fluid energy. However until the Bernoulli invented the law of conservation of energy in 1750 the fluid power did not crystallize. Now first application of fluid power or we should say the birth of fluid power in 1800 when Brahma an engineer developed a hydraulic press using water hydraulics. His invention was not to use the power of fluid, but the leather calf seal technology he invented a water hydraulic press. Now if we look into water hydraulics and oil hydraulics then with time it developed. Now if I consider this line for the power transmission by water and in this direction we should consider this is the use of that fluid power then let us consider also oil hydraulics and pneumatics. Now almost after 100 year 1900 train that the beginning of the last century Konstantinosko proposed an idea of alternating flow hydraulics. Now what it is? You know alternating electric current and direct electric current DC system and AC system. Now in fluid power if you have little knowledge then whatever fluid may be with few pistons we are pumping that are mixed and then this is transmitted to the actuator. This means that this is not an alternating flow hydraulics rather it is a direct flow hydraulics whereas Konstantinosko he proposed the alternating hydraulics. However that never popularized because of some engineering problem. Next in 1920 Halley show vacuum he developed high pressure vane pumps as well as 1930 Thomas Doubty he developed synthetic rubber seals he industrialized that seal technology. In fact in fluid power as it is a high pressure technology the main problem was the leakage apart from some other technical problems. So when synthetic rubber seals were invented by Thomas Doubty it actually revolutionized the fluid power systems not very far from that 1940 to 1945 there was the second world war then to for meet the requirements of world war. Many engineering developments took place as well as the fluid powers also started growing rapidly. After that in 1950 MIT that is Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory they in fact developed a fluid power laboratory just to give the theoretical supports to the fluid power components already being used or developed during the last few years. The outcome of that was published in a book fluid power and control which was edited by blackburn refer and CRR all are MIT people. Now 1960 onwards there is a rapid growth in advancement in components fluid air fluidics while fluidics and many industries academic research institute they were also involved in research on fluid powers. Now in between that electrical engineering devices were also developed. So it practically over shadowed the fluid power for the time being but it was found that fluid power is having its own applications. So again the fluid power research and developments started in the 1980. Next in 1980 the rapid growth in electronics microprocessor computer control electronics control and drive that were introduced and that were in fact was revolutionized again the fluid power. Now if we look into the beginning of this century rapid growth in electronics manufacturing manufacturing technology and nanotechnology has further developed this fluid power with the introduction of mechatronics hybrid system energy saving systems proportional valves again the water hydraulics digital fluid power virtual prototyping micro hydraulic systems and nano fluidics. So now we can say this subject is a combination of all engineering subjects. We if you would like to know the fluid power control in better way we have to need we have to know all these subjects. Now we should look into the what are the advantages and disadvantages of fluid power transmission over mechanical and electrical power transmission. Briefly those are advantage that material medium and heat dissipation heat can be dissipated easily through the body because the fluid is spreaded all over the cavity inside. Second the second advantage is the inertia to torque ratio as the fluid can be pressurized to a very high pressure and this pressure can be taken by the body because the body can be stressed highly. Therefore inertia to torque ratio is very low in this case in this case of fluid power that means very high torque can be transmitted at a low inertial force in comparison to electrical and mechanical devices we shall discuss more in later. Secondly that mechanically stiff particularly oil hydraulics the fluid if we consider the bulk modulus which is equivalent to the stiffness of material it is very high. Fourthly high attainable speed response the responses through the fluid is transmitted very fast. Fifth is the same medium can be used for both drive as well as control. But there are disadvantages too number one machine in general second leakages control is a problem. Third busts of hose pipeline that causes accident and we should take at most care in this regard. Apart from that in case of mineral oil there is fire hazard and explosion may also occur and fifth disadvantage the contamination control is a problem because some part of the fluid power is exposed to the air and it takes out the dart inside and cleaning this inside becomes a problem. There are many other disadvantages also as well as advantages but those are minor. Now again we will go back to the historical background. Now growth in electrical technology over shadowed the use of fluid power which I have already mentioned in the last decade of 19th century. This is 21st century so last decade of 19th century that time electrical development was started and then the fluid power was sitting back. Fluid power technology revived again in the mid 20th century because of certain inherent advantages. The high force to weight ratio of hydraulic devices makes its use very attractive especially in situations where weight is at a premium such as aircrafts and missiles. Now sometimes it is called force to weight ratio sometimes inertia to torque ratio. You see if we consider inertia to torque ratio and force to weight ratio this is just reverse. In case of fluid power devices force to weight ratio is high in comparison to the mechanical and electrical devices. Force to weight ratio in electrical machine is higher due to limitation of flux density in iron core. If you would like to generate a torque we have to increase we have to increase to increase the torque we have to increase the flux density in a iron core but it is having own limitations. So if we consider that flux density versus the weight that can be comparable to force to weight in case of hydraulic machines. In comparison to that very high pressure can effectively be used in much lighter body in fluid power machines because fluid power ultimately generating stress in the body as the pressure is distributed all over the cavity. So the body in which the fluid is being pressurized that is also stressed in distributed manner and the stress level can be kept within the limit for very high pressure. Now basic elements in fluid power already we have seen for transmission of power over a distance usually four basic elements are necessary. First is the pump which is invariably of the positive displacement type and whose function is to transform mechanical input power which drives it into hydraulic output power. The second element is the hydraulic motor or actuator which converts the hydraulic energy back into useful mechanical energy at the point of application. The motion of these element may be reciprocating rectilinearly or over small arcs or it can be continuous rotation usually with directional reversibility. Now reciprocating you can easily understand that an actuator piston cylinder and also as well rotary you can understand says vane type or might be piston type that can be converted into rotary motions fully. But there are also actuator which give some motion not a full rotation but it is reciprocating in a curvilinear path. In between the pump and motor the fluid has to be conveyed through pipes or conduits of suitable strength and dimensions and this is the third element. The fourth element is the controlling element which is usually called the valve and it may control pressure, flow and direction of the fluid and can be used by an operator or can work automatically under given conditions. Of course a suitable reservoir for hydraulic fluid is also a necessity as the fluid is recirculated in the system after repeated cleaning and cooling. Nevertheless we need other components too for the finer control of drive or may be for some other purpose. Now in pneumatic system it works in similar ways. When air is used as working fluid it can be exhausted in the atmosphere without bothering for recirculation. This means that in case of pneumatic if we filter the air to come in then we need not bother about the recirculation because it is exhausted to the atmosphere. It has other advantages however the working pressure in pneumatic systems is usually 7 to 10 bar it is much lower than hydraulic pressures which 300 bar or more. Therefore for pneumatics we need larger piston areas to develop a large force. So if we think in this way we will find that pneumatic under the fluid power banner it has the separate applications then the hydraulics under the fluid power banner. Normally hydraulics are used to transmit very high power and pneumatics are used for the small actuation and control. Now valves and fluidics the control of fluid power system is done usually by the valve which we have mentioned earlier. However a modern method has emerged since about 1958 where the controlling action is performed by one fluid Z acting on another fluid stream or Z. The pure fluid devices are called fluidic or fluidic devices. The word fluidic being a combined word is called fluidic. The word out of the two words fluid and logic this means that the fluidic devices also can be used as a valve. However initially the fluidic devices was only pneumatic. Therefore it was being used for mostly signaling not the valve where we need the fluid larger force. However where the pneumatic was used there we could use the fluidic devices also as a valve. This technology is more suitable for pneumatic application which I have mentioned and that also under low pressure for high pressure valves with moving elements are most suitable. Now we continue this with basically valves and fluidic devices may also be called as switches and as one of the main functions of a switch is to put on and off power. It can be used as a two state device with outputs on or off or in terms of binary system one or zero or in terms of symbolic logic true or false. This makes it possible to use the switching circuit algebra also known as logic circuit algebra and Boolean algebra. We will learn this topic separately in a different lecture later in this course. Application design of telephone exchange and computer switching circuits where we used this logics also in fluid power technology as well without at all weathering to interface with electrical elements. Now control of fluid power we know that power is equal to force into velocity. Now the force can be dissolved into pressure into area and then velocity. Then we can write pressure into flow rate which is the output of a pump. But we should remember the pump output is the flow rate not the pressure. Pressure is experienced by the load we are transmitting or the motor torque to transmit the load. Hence fluid power control involves control of pressure and flow rate by using a variable restrictor in the passage of the fluid flow rate fluid flow sorry fluid flow rate can easily be controlled. Now this is a valve which is shown this is very schematic view but what I find the flow is going in and there is something like screw which is restricting this path. Now this by doing so what we can do we can control the flow as well as pressure. Now pressure control is done for keeping it below a safe pressure and arrangement it is shown in the following illustration. Now in this case what is there the flow if you look into this figure flow is going in from the bottom and then as if there is a body which is called poppet it is under a pressure of a spring the length of the spring again can be controlled by a screw. So what happens when there is a certain pressure only then this opens and fluid can go out otherwise normally this flow is going to a system. So this is the basic concept of pressure relief valve the poppet valve is kept under variable spring pressure which I have described to put a stop to the flow when the pressure exceeds the spring pressure the poppet gets lifted and the pressure is relieved or we can say it is controlled. Most simplest but essential of this category is pressure relief valve. In fact the pressure relief valve to be used in all fluid power system for the purpose of safety. A simple fluid power system application example is that a spool type valve is often used for controlling flow and direction. An example of simple fluid power application is shown in the following illustration. What is there we find a load is being lifted and there is a valve this valve is a simple push button type. Now fluid supply is here now if we push down then this fluid will go to the system. Now if we again remove the pressure on the push button then this fluid will go out which I have already described the push button allows the working fluid to enter the actuator cylinder as to exhaust out of it. Pushing the button down makes the load rise up and left alone by itself the valve spring pushes up the valve and the fluid comes out of the working cylinder to exhausts bringing the load down. The valve is controlling here the movement of the load but an accurate movement of the load through definite distance is not ensured here automatically. However it can be achieved by knowing the system characteristics and or an accurate calibration curve and of course with specific valve geometry. This means that we can control this valve to get and say desired rate of flow etcetera by controlling the orifice such type of controlling is known as open loop control. Now what is closed loop control and fluid power referring to the earlier system if however the movement of the load was made to act upon the controlling valve to get a desired output it would be a closed loop control. In order to let the output be monitored continuously with the input a feedback loop is needed the concept is represented in the block diagram as follows. Now what is there an input then error detection then actuator process or plant then controlled output and there itself a feedback which is coming to the error detection and then it is on controlling the actuator. Now we can think of the servo mechanism which is also with hydraulic the servo term as you know it is feedback control of motion and position. So, a schematic view is shown here this is the load it is being moved with an actuator and there is a valve. Now the system is like that when we give an input then load moves but looking into position and motion the valve body outside body also moves and by that closing the motion of the load and again with the presence of input this pull will move further and load will be moved. Now if there is an feedback control within the system then we shall call it servo mechanism and there is a wide application of hydraulic servo mechanism starting from the machine tools to many other say even if it is in the missile control. Now here this is further explained as like that an input effort x say from the left to right will produce a large force output to move the load through a distance y proportional to x. In a copy lead for example the input x would be generated by a template follower and the output y would be the cutting tool position for reproducing the template safe. Here the valve is doing the output measurement and error detection and also it is supplying the corrective power to the working cylinder. Now automation system using fluid power it is a schematic view is presented here in many systems the control arrangement required may not be aimed to do only a particular simple operations but to control sequences of operation such sequence controls may be event based or time based that means looking into the event this control is being operated or may be on time. When a particular action takes place only when the previous event has been completed it is an event based sequence but when a number of events are ordered to be completed according to a definite programmed time interval irrespective of the completion of other events it is a time based sequence and example of an event based sequence operated by fluid control is illustrated next. Now look at this the system is here is used for lifting an object for from one conveyor level to another automatically without any human intervention without any human intervention. The sequence of operation consists of first extension of cylinder a rod and then b and then a and b retract and wait for the next object to come say it is like that an object is coming in then with this cylinder this is lifted to this conveyor what is there when this load is coming in then this object sensor is there which is sensing the object is on this a cylinder then this will be lifted and there another lift sensors which will give an indication to the cylinder b and then this will be pushed to this conveyor and when this push will be completed it will push another sensor which will go back to the again initial state that mean another object will come. So this is a simplified schematic view but actual will be very complicated and designing these are all may be with fluid power these actuators are using the fluid power sometimes these are with the fluid power or with electronics. Now this lecture is prepared with following these books and yeah these are mostly books one is the control of fluid power authored by McLo and Martin this is a very good book. Now electro hydraulic servo mechanism by Morse also an important book similarly design of hydraulic control systems hydro static transmission system by corn this is available in our library and lastly I have followed also fluid power and control by Blackburn, Rayforth and Searer which I have mentioned earlier. Now organization of this lecture series so this was the introductory lecture so first lecture now module one will be introduction to hydraulic and pneumatic systems there are few modules I will describe one after another and each module is having minimum 2 to 4, 5 lectures. Now our next module will be the fundamentals of fluid flow and fluid properties next one module 3 hydraulic valves and other components module 4 electro hydraulic valves. Module 5 introduction to hydro static units pumps and motors module 6 hydro static transmission systems module 7 fluidics and fluid logics module 8 special topics on hydraulic systems design module 9 pneumatic system components module 10 non linearities in fluid drive and control systems and last is appendix this is actually miscellaneous things may be sometimes some problems are solved there as well as in many lectures we have to follow the appendices for the further study of that portions. However we shall go one after another but sometimes it might be that we can jump to other module instead of continuously following the sequences and that is all thank you very much for listening.


Congratulations to each of the winners of the 2019 STEAM Horizons Awards. The Council of Natural Science and Engineering of Canada is a proud partner of this award since its launch in 2017. As Canada's largest supporter of science and engineering research, we at NSERC are always looking to the next generation of young Canadians who are ready to change lives with their passion and ideas. The winners of STEAM Horizons Awards go one step further. They put their passion for science, technology, engineering, art and math to work. They help their peers, improve their communities and add their voices to science culture in Canada. On behalf of Lockheed Martin Canada, it is my pleasure to offer congratulations to this year's STEAM Horizon Scholarship Award winners. The achievement of this year's recipients is truly inspiring. Our team at Lockheed Martin Canada works hard every day to discover the innovations that will change the world and we are very proud of our involvement to encourage students to take up STEM-related academic paths. My advice to the winners is keep innovating, keep pushing, keep pushing for progress. Canada and the world needs your ideas and energy to solve the complex problems we face and to build a better tomorrow. I'm very excited to congratulate the recipients of this year's STEAM Horizon Awards. As someone who got a STEAM education and is now working as a research scientist, work that I really love, I want you to know you've chosen an education path that will lead to a fulfilling career. I know I'm contributing to a bright and sustainable future for me and the world they live in. Syncrude, the company I work for, is all about learning and innovation and then taking what we learn to develop new technologies that help us produce crude oil safely, reliably and responsibly. I get to contribute to this goal every single day. I know you'll succeed in your learning and career paths because you already have. So keep up the hard work and know that you're supported every step of the way. Congratulations. Segal, my name is Roberta Jamison and on behalf of everyone here at Inspire, I'd like to congratulate this year's STEAM Horizon Award winners. Your passion for science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics is truly inspiring. We are thrilled to support the STEAM Horizon Awards this year as we share a common goal of promoting positive change in Canada through education. Careers that require a new set of technical skills and knowledge are continuously being created and as the Indigenous population grows, we know that STEAM education will be essential when it comes to creating a digitally fluent workforce. We at Inspire are committed to supporting STEAM innovators in Canada. They're working to create a better world for future generations. In 2017-18, Inspire awarded $14.2 million through 4,900 bursaries and scholarships to First Nations, Inuit and Métis students across Canada. And I invite you to visit our website to learn more about how Inspire can help you reach your educational goals. And to all of the award winners, I encourage you to dream big, work hard and continue to achieve greatness. We're supporting you every step of the way. YOWING.


And, or, if we have a sufficient equipment and we want to give it to the owner, we want to give it to the owner then, so that the owner can take it out in the form of a draw, which doesn't hit the income statement, and then the owner can spend it on personal needs and or invest it in something other than the business, if the business doesn't need any more cash from there, such as stocks and bonds and whatnot, notice the income statement not impacted by it by the transaction. All right, let's add the other one back to the first tab. This one is a $20 fee, so I can I can check this off by the way, a greenify that one, and then we have this $20 fee, that was the bank fee, so that's what we would expect to see pretty much every time. I'm just going to say this came from the bank, hit us with the $20 fee, can't choose see, this is the bank fee, bank service charge is the one, bank fee is the why, and then if I say let's hit the drop down, and it's got, it's added this other line here, I'm gonna say don't do that line right there, and then here's the item, all right, so I'm gonna say, let's see, I'm gonna save the transaction, so now we've got it checked off, one thing is checked off, the bank feed, all right, so everything looks good, let's reconcile it, all right, so now we've reconciled everything, that should have recorded a transaction once again to the balance sheet on the checking account, if we up to date, if we up to date the report, and then check it out, we can drill down on the checking leave, because I have made a summary report, and then we should see a $20, $20 decrease, Feb 28, once again, Feb 28, everything happens on Feb 28, there it is, they spend money, form other side, go on to the bank service charge, back to the balance sheet, tab into the right, updating over here, we then see the bank service charge, we should have down here, there's the $20 on the income statement, so that has been recorded on the first tab now, nothing is in the reconciliation, because we've reconciled everything that has a bank transaction to it, that means that everything that was in the banking side of things, which we pulled in, which should match everything on the bank statement, this is greenified by the way, should be done, so we've basically greenified this boom and this bam, so there's that, everything over here should be reconciled, don't mind these, we deleted those you'll recall, because that was a prior month issue, because everything on the bank statement should be reconciled, everything on the accounting side of things, however, isn't necessarily reconciled, what isn't reconciled, if it had been written in February before the cutoff or January sometime before February 28th, then would be our outstanding items, so these things are what are going to construct our bank reconciliation, there's kind of a lot of them, for the items that have not yet cleared, all right, so that's what we expect to happen, so if I go to my bank, my bank rec over here, this is the January bank rec, no change to the January bank rec, it should still be good to go, still ties out, we're on the February bank rec, let's go ahead and update the feb rec, and you can see now that, now we have the balance that ties out to the February balance sheet, boom, 9525906, the outstanding payments and the outstanding receipts, calculating to the 10159005, which matches the ending balance we can see here, as well as here, we'll talk about that more in a future presentation possibly, we'll dive into this statement a little bit more, but you can see the outstanding payments here, and then the outstanding receipts, okay, we might touch on this bank report a little bit more later, we're running short on time, so let's duplicate a tab, let's put some trial balance, take a look at a trial balance because we have made a couple entries, so we're gonna say reports, and trial balance, trial balance, and we will check out the trustee trial balance as of custom date, I'll just take it to the end of 2023, just to make it easy, and this is what we have here, so if your numbers tie out great, if not, and you tied out before, if you were on before you're off this time, we made a change to the bank account for this $20 transaction and the draw of the 500 and the bank fees, and then down here we made an adjustment to the income statement for the bank service charge, and we made a change to the owner draws account, so you would think those would be the ones affected, if it's a date issue, try expanding the date range, drill down on the numbers and to the source documents and possibly change the date if you need to.


Hmm, hmm, hmm, hmm, hmm. This exam begins now. What does it really mean? Has it really begun or has the Holy Spirit of Christmas sparked a flame in my eyes? Question one. Name one famous rain phenomenon. Oh dear. Name a famous reindeer, you say? What's his name? It rhymes with a doll. Rudolph! Another Hitler. Always saving me during exams. Next, find the slope of the line and graph the given points. Let's say that this is your house. Your house has two slopes obviously. When you have Christmas stockings, invest them on the stock market. If your stockings are out of stock, X-MUS. Do you guys know X-Men? X-MUS is his wife, okay? Explain the business relationship between these three branches. Yay, trees and branches! Get it? Get it? Yo Klaus, how are the elves doing? Slaving away, I'm hoping? We wish you a merry Christmas! We wish you a merry Christmas! We wish you a merry Christmas! And happy New Year! Good tidings! I need a pencil for this. All covered. Eraser. There we go. That's a difficult formula. Happy New Year. Then, this doesn't feel right. Perfect! You've been singing and dancing during the whole exam trial. I doubt you'll be passing it. You don't understand Christmas, do you? Do you realize how many generations have celebrated this miraculous event? Do you know how much joy Christmas brings to our society? Christmas has been commemorated through ups and downs of humankind. Through all the wars and heartbreaks. Christmas has been there for all of us. The joy of Christmas songs, Christmas decorations, and then Christmas meals with the ones who we love, even whom we hate. All joys together for one thing. To be there for one another. Now that's the meaning and spirit. I got an F? What does F mean? Graded by Father Christmas himself! There you go. Genius, genius, genius!


Forty farmers have graduated from the Manthlong Agribusiness Development Training of the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO, making good on the Agriculture Ministries Agreement to ensure that the school feeding program is linked with farmers and food producers who can sustainably provide safe produce. Hosted from July 7th to August 3rd, the training sessions explored topics such as low usage of agrochemical inputs, post harvest handling, food safety, agribusiness management, and market linkages. It also afforded the participating farmers the opportunity to design agribusiness ideas which were launched at last week's graduation exercise. Mexican Ambassador to St. Lucia, his Excellency Luis Manuel López Moreno, in expressing his fascination with the business ideas and creative value-added commodities emanating from the agribusiness development training, says he is confident that the food offered to students through the school feeding program will be as varied and nourishing as all partners anticipate. I wish to express that it's an honor and satisfaction for me to participate in the ceremony that marks the graduation and signing of contracts of the farmers that have been trained under the umbrella of the Resilient School Feeding Program, which is part of the Mexico Carycon FAO, we say in Spanish, FAO initiative that is very simple to work and very important to work on that. The cooperation for climate change adaptation and resilience in the Caribbean, which has the main objective of mitigating the economic and social impact generated by the COVID-19. Pandemic in the region, and to which Mexico has dedicated more than 5.5 million US dollars benefiting 14 countries in the region, including the six existing Caribbean states. Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Rural Development, Honourable Alfred Prosper, in highlighting the successful implementation of the agriculture component under the school feeding program, says this latest achievement with farmers is a step in the right direction as the ministry continues to champion food security for all. I wish you the farmers every success and assure that the fullest support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Rural Development in your future milestone as we as a nation and ministry endeavor to realize food security for our people and most importantly the benefactors of this project, our school-aged children, the future of St Lucia. I also want to extend heartfelt thanks to the government and people of Mexico and the Food America Organization of the United Nations FAO for the unwavering support they have provided to the citizens of St Lucia and more specifically you, the hard-working committed farmers. Food security and ensuring that only the best produce reaches the tables of St Lucia is being given critical attention at this time and as the agriculture ministry continues to unravel its plan for this agenda item in the coming months, the spotlight will be placed on farmers, getting them better equipped and empowered to supply the country's market demands. From the communications unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, I am Anicia Antoine reporting.


My name is Keri Berge, I am the associate of the International and Environmental Development, IAED. I'm just going to give you a brief agenda after today's webinar and introduce the speakers. So, Emily Polak from IAED is a senior researcher in the Legal Tools team, a natural resources group. The first speaker, Juan O'Perman is team leader at Malawi, our team sector transformation program. And our second speaker, Snowden is secretary of the Cotton Farmers Association of Malawi. Thank you and good afternoon everyone, I'm Emily Polak. And as Keri said, welcome to everyone very much to the second webinar in a series focused on sharing experiences of promoting and supporting legal empowerment of small scale producers in commercial agriculture. So, we've got a great diverse group here with lots more people joining, so that's great to see. So, I'll just briefly introduce today's seminar and then hand over to our speakers. Engagement in commercial agriculture, as we know, can present small scale farmers and communities with opportunities to get local and global markets. But many also face a whole raft of challenges in not only securing a fair price, but in securing the necessary resource space, sustaining production, or negotiating business relationships. And in global supply chains, we know risks and rewards are rarely distributed equitably. Empowering producers in commercial agriculture, EPIC, is an IAED-led initiative seeking to generate lessons on how rural producers, their associations, and their wider communities can best empower themselves to articulate their priorities, make informed choices, and negotiate effectively for equitable partnerships with progressive private sector actors in commercial agriculture. So, EPIC is exploring the different ways producers are able to mobilize and overcome challenges in their commercial relations with other value chain actors. And that includes addressing challenges both upstream and downstream. One mode of exploring these issues is through inviting practitioners from around the world with relevant experiences to critically reflect on and share their work, much more in a lesson sharing mode than a promotional way, and to do this amongst the diverse group of practitioners from around the world, which is certainly what we have today. Today's event, as Jerry mentioned, will share and debate the experiences of incentive-based contract farming in Malawi. Contract farming is not a new mode of procuring materials from raw materials direct from smallholders, but continues to gain currency. And yet, evidence on the outcomes at the local level amongst farmers and their communities is hugely mixed, and instances of farmer indebtedness and other challenges have been well documented. And buyers continue to face challenges of side-selling amongst other things. So the incentive-based contract farming in Malawi was developed by the Malawi Oil Seed Sector Transformation Program as a way to move away from a system that focuses on sanctioning farmers for non-compliance and side-selling to a more positive incentive-based approach. So it seems interesting to hear about how this plays out in practice for different actors and what are some of the nuts and bolts of this approach. And our speakers today will also discuss an experience of linking farmers to agricultural commodities exchanges and vice versa as a way to address both upstream and downstream challenges and with the potential to get farmers out of ties to particular buyers. And this may be helpful in contexts where farmers are being squeezed by a monopolistic or oligopolistic players and behavior in the value chain. And in this instance, it offers producers a number of systems for trading their produce based on transparent pricing mechanisms at a time and or price that is optimum for farmers. So it seems, again, interesting to hear some of the nuts and bolts of this and also the risks and opportunities it presents for different actors and how do these approaches look going forward. So we hope that hearing from our two speakers on these experiences will stimulate many questions and comments for discussion to try and deepen our understanding of what lessons these approaches offer us both in Malawi and elsewhere. And we hope that many of you participating will also be able to contribute insights from your own experiences, your thoughts, your reflections and further questions for the speakers and to further broaden the range of insights and examples we can share and think about what context specific issues we have and what are lessons that can be shared between different spaces and geographies. So without saying any more, I'd like to hand over to Kuan, to our first speaker to give his presentation. Thank you, Emily. Pleasure to be here. The line is a little bit dodgy. I'm in rural Bangladesh at the moment. I'm not certain about how things will pan out in terms of internet connections. I'm the team leader of the most program that was conceived by DFID and contracted in September 2013. The program follows a market systems development approach and is coming to an end now in November. The program is being well received by DFID and has had several successes and far exceeded the target set by DFID. I think key to the approach and the program's approach was to really look and assess the particular market systems we were working in. We had a focus on oil seed crops and so we looked at cotton, sesame, groundnut, soybean and sunflower and really look at determining why the market is not functioning in the interests of the poor and what the underlying causes of exclusion for the poor from these market systems was. Not looking at symptoms that stemmed from it but rather looking at what the fundamentals were. We initially conducted market systems analysis and I'll initially focus on the cotton sector. This is pretty much applicable to many contract farming arrangements or the status quo of small holders around the world is that they have insufficient access to productivity enhancing inputs. In the cotton sector this is particularly around seed and crop protection products. The financial issues around this in the sense that a lot of programs are trying to look at some sort of financial arrangement to improve that access. But we felt that within the cotton sector the best approach was to get the cotton jinners to understand that the poor were an important part of their supply chain and to implement a contract farming arrangement that was to benefit of both the cotton jinners who needed the volumes to come through but then also to the cotton farmers who were fundamental to the process. The cotton sector in Malawi just to give the context it's got 250,000 tons of installed capacity and over the last few years the cotton production has ranged from a high of about 45,000 tons down to about 2 years ago about 8,000 tons of cotton. There's a lot of competition for the cotton, the market is relatively dysfunctional and a lot of this stems from the fact that the cotton smallholders are not receiving the inputs that they need to participate in the market. On the part of the cotton jinners the risk averse is a high degree of side selling and the coverage in the cotton sector would be around 30-40% at best and as such there was no incentive for the cotton jinners to make that investment in their supply side and support the smallholder farmers. They did however have the capacity for looking at contract arrangements that worked well for both sides of the equation for the smallholders themselves. So the most worked with the cotton jins and facilitated an approach where the smallholders were able to access productive inputs. If they went through a process and they fulfilled their contractual arrangement which is around delivery of a certain volume of cotton they would be in a sense rewarded and in the following season the input package would increase as well as the incentives that applied to that particular cotton farmer. So it's a stepping process and a graduation process and as long as the smallholder complies with the contractual arrangements they will continue to grow and continue to receive bigger and better incentives to remain in. The main area and this is where it was an interesting part that came out is that for the system to work the cotton jinn or the generalist of procuring cotton needs to pay the market price at a particular time of purchase. Should they not pay the prevailing price is the strong likelihood cotton smallholders would side sell. So in a sense this resulted in a fair price being paid to farmers rather than we are buying cotton at a discount because we provided you with certain incentives or certain inputs at the beginning of the season. Cost of the incentives were not discounted from the price. Price paid was per kilo of cotton on the prevailing price of that particular day and no discounts, no cotton supplied in lieu of payments for the inputs and as such every kilo of cotton the smaller the produced they were paid for. We added in further incentives in the form of drought input insurance and essentially this insurance ensures that the cotton farmers are not left with any residual debt it also includes fuel expenses insurance as a social benefit but that's been particularly successful as a motivator to smallholders to comply and remain within the system. Some of the challenges are trying to get the companies to understand particularly the gymnast to understand the concept and make sure that that cascades down through all the people that are engaging at small hold level and we use various tools to do this we've made little mini clips that can be sent out on WhatsApp to explain the structure of the insurance or the package and explain to the farmers that in the first year the package would be X and that if they performed the following year they would be added incentives or added inputs that are provided. The key thing is also to get the firms to understand that this is not a way of procuring their feedstock or their commodity cheaply this is around investing in the long term supply base that gives them a consistent volume and that they can plan around volumes coming through their processing facility. So ideally this sort of approach would have a 2 to 3 year window 3, 4 years probably better and in that time the firm is then able to really establish and expand their supply base. The firms benefit because they're making more money because they can plan ahead and receive the right quality and correct volumes of commodity. We started recording on cotton, started recording 95% of repayments value going up to 97% and this is a complete new paradigm within the cotton sector in Malawi. The small holders were able to participate in the market as they had now access to productive inputs. One of the key things is that their yields improved because they had access to failure feed and various other inputs that they required to improve their yields and it's now likely that the Cotton Council of Malawi will recommend this approach for the whole cotton sector as a way of building the market up to its former levels. We took the key lessons out of this and worked in collaboration with the Malawi Agricultural Commodity Exchange and really took out the parts about what is an incentive, what is a small holder required in order to engage effectively in the market and benefit from that market. So with the commodity exchange we established the Chutumba model and again it worked on the same key parameters as the cotton sector improved access to farm inputs, building a repayment history and productivity in increasing. The private sector and by this I mean the input supplies in terms of seed and the mock-ins in particular found that there was a new channel to sell their products and as a result of that we were prepared to take a certain amount of risk in the provision of those inputs as well as provide an eight month period of credit. With the commodity exchange it sort of introduced small holders to the services they offered and it increased the volumes that are traded across the platform but one of the key things, one of the reasons we worked with the commodity exchange was that they were then able to, we had a mechanism for price discovery so again the remuneration or the payments to small holders reflected the prevailing price at a particular time or date. As I see the program is coming to close in November we've done a short animation on the MERS program which you can see if you click on the high link you'll be able to see that. Thank you very much. Thank you everybody and welcome to my presentation. My presentation managed to agree with Curand, indeed in Malawi we've got a 70 base contract family. This is an improvement of some other models that were tried before which failed. Currently apart from those who are involved in the IBCF arrangement access to input in Malawi is still a very big challenge and those farmers of the IBCF were facing similar challenges. As you can see from my presentation and from what Curand has said there are a few geners that are willing to invest in current imports. Some of the geners just provide incomplete input packages no financial institutions are willing to finance current production in Malawi so farmers are facing difficulties to access inputs on time and the input that are available markets are very expensive poor quality and usually long distances to access them. The benefit of IBCF that farmers are now enjoying those performance which are on IBCF have a guaranteed source of inputs and they know that the inputs will be available which is a very great relief. There's also a guaranteed quality of inputs because the geners who are providing the input to farmers make sure that they get the high quality inputs. There's also an element of labor saving technology because in the package there's help such that are provided. There's also a guaranteed quality of markets. As Curand has said, the geners who are frustrating the IBCF they enter the market and they offer even better prices because of the lack of competition. They don't count about the investment which they have given to the farmers. They offer competitive prices. This year was a typical example. The company that is involved in this appraisal was one of the best appraisal provider on the market. So we have seen that those farmers on IBCF are just they are going to increase income and their poverty levels are reducing. Q&A has contributed the fact that non-repayment Malawi hovers around 30% but through IBCF arrangement. The repayment rate is as high as 85%-90%. One of the benefits that this program has brought is the issue of insurance. This is a very big incentive to both the farmer and to the geners. Farmers are much more motivated because this insurance package covers issues with the index issuers. There's also consumer expense issuers which is a very good innovation and it gives a very big relief to farmers because Malawi sometimes expense a lot of flooding. At times there's droughts which affect the co-production. And there's a lot of issue that affects other kinds of issues that affect the smogoda farmer. So when there's a funeral and this funeral incentive issuers brings a lot of dignity to the farmers which are on the IBCF. Currently, just as an overflow effect we have seen, as Kuyuna said, more geners are now interested in going to this base following this approach. We have also seen a lot of interest coming from financial institutions. Currently there are a lot of financial institutions that are turned to banks and some other micro-financial institutions that are coming in. We have seen the farmers which are on the IBCF being more organized. This is evidenced by the loan payment and the loyalty that is there. So there's also a pressure that a lot of farmers are willing to join the scheme. Through IBCF there are improved market efficiencies on the market, such as reduced asset selling, reduced free-liders, reduced sad buying. So among the farmer and the buyer there's improved trust and IBCF has also introduced a passbook system which is easy to trust farmers. In this program we have seen the following being beneficiaries. The main beneficiaries are smallholder farmers. These are resource-poor farmers who always have problems to access inputs and to access the actual market. Within the scheme there's also some medium-scale farmers. There's also a program spray service provider. These are people locally identified, trained, who provide spray services to the beneficiary but they do this at a fee. Because of this arrangement, genus are also part of the beneficiaries' input supplies. The insurance company that involved and because of increased productivity and production of cotton, we have seen at least there's an improvement which means there's an element of labor employment. So the labor market is also a benefit. Cough and cotton are indirect beneficiaries because the more organized the farmers are, the easier it is to link them to organized institutions and to the winning institutions and the financial service providers. This program is not going on without challenges. TURNS is supported that registration is facing instances of double interest. Sometimes those involved do create ghost farmers. Again, there's no proper software to capture and manage farmer data days. Some farmers, because of the audio habit, still want to repeat the system and still want not to default. We've got a problem with extension service because government has got few extension workers on the ground. On the part of the genus, the genus are complaining that because these programs learn as a commercial in nature and they've got a fixed assets, the programs become a bit excessive in their part. Currently, we have seen introduction of hybrid seed on the market which is selling at $20 per kg like the other varieties which are selling at $1.20. So this is raising the input package to be on the hard side. Also, M&E, to track the endowment progress, I think that's a shortfall. As we go forward, these program has just benefitted a few farmers. Even the first year, 4,000 farmers benefited. Last year, we saw the figures increase to 5,000 farmers. But now we've got more than 250,000 farmers to 300,000 farmers. So the starting is good and there's room for improvement. I think as an opportunity, there's room to organize more farmers and strengthen the umbrella institutions. What we want to say is farmers should be well organized so that they can engage with the input supply, with the genus on equal basis. The problem needs to be scaled up. As I said, it is covering just few farmers and few areas. In the cotton growing areas, as Q&A have said, we also have same farmers or some farmers growing other crops. So we see this incentive, this project can also be extended to some other crops like sesame. There's room to invest in the lower farmers to become part of extension service providers because of the shortage of the government funded extension service providers. So as we are doing with the spring service provider, we can also find some lower farmers and train them so that they can boost the extension system. The project in Malawi is being implemented by most one genus. But we still feel there's a room to the good core for cotton farmers association to do the mobilization and organization and registration and capacity due to the farmer. Cotton Council is crucial for the enforcement of some registrations to make the project a success. Otherwise, from cotton farmers and the farmers themselves, they are very excited and the people and the group of farmers who are on this project are really testifying that this project is very this approach is very good and because it is a win-win situation and farmers and genus are both both benefit from this. And as co-far we strongly recommend that this project indeed be in testified Malawi and whenever we see forward we have farmers can play as an equal pattern to the teaming companies and other service providers. Thank you for now.


The Red Lake School District has launched a new initiative to have all their students be able to speak conversational Ojibwe by the time they graduate. Reporter Cheryl Moore tells us about their goals for this week's Golden Apple. The Red Lake School District is making sure culture plays a major role in their curriculum. To foster that movement, they've launched a five-year goal to have all of their graduates be able to speak conversational Ojibwe. We want to preserve our language. It's on the verge of extinction and we want to build resiliency with our students for who they are so they can identify who they are, learn their culture, learn their language. Our students are very vulnerable with our culture and our language so it's really, really important that we say to our elders that are here and have been here for a long time. Ojibwe signage is already all over the schools but now teachers will also start integrating everyday Ojibwe phrases into their lessons. The school district has even created a new website that anyone can access from home. Our kids are doing exceptionally better than they were last year and we see that continuing and building as they move through. All of that was taught through the Red Lake Ojibwe culture and so it was using Red Lake stories, Red Lake history. The community plays an important role in the initiative. In fact, the tribal council, Red Lake school board and parents all have a part in planning the curriculum. We're starting small and we're going to expand on that and we're including everybody, the teachers, the custodians, the bus drivers. Officials are taking baby steps when it comes to learning the best ways to integrate the language. The staff agrees the best way to succeed is to celebrate your roots. Our goal is to produce leaders of this nation and so that's why our community is also so important in the work that we do here in the school. It's not just the teachers, it's not just the staff, it's not just the adults in the school system. We have a link to the new Red Lake School District Ojibwe language site on our website at lptv.org. Reporting in Red Lake with this week's Golden Apple, Lakeland News. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


So my presentation here is basically a good transition from what you've heard in the morning with all the other speakers talking about the user experience and so on and so forth. So what I'm trying to talk today is basically the lessons and the tips that we have learned by powering WebRTC into the enterprise applications and optimizing the customer experience using WebRTC. So a quick show of hands on how many of you recognize the word CX? All right, not surprising. That's good. So when you think about UX, that's user experience. But when I talk about CX, that's basically the customer journey through your app. It's like some total of the customer experience as the customer goes through the app and experiences different things through the app. So what do customers expect from great experiences? So they expect consistent voice, video. The data is everywhere. So aggregate the data and make it a personalized journey for the customers and connected interactions. So that in turn will give them a very rewarding relationship with your service and with your application as well. So today I think we've had speakers talk about the customer service applications. We have speakers talk about the health care application. So any kind of applications works very well with WebRTC. So either health care, insurance, customer service experience, and so on and so forth. But I think, yeah, I skipped one. But the customer journeys are really complex. So we have seen that you can definitely use WebRTC for a minimum viable feature set, like video, voice, and what have you. But there are multiple devices, multiple networks, and multiple channels. So taking the customer seamlessly through the transition journey is not easy. So basically any broken journey, any journey that is broken here drives customers away. So data shows that if the customer has a bad experience like a patchy video or a bad audio once they come to your application, it is 91% very likely that they'll choose an alternate service. So that's where the customer experience becomes very important. And it's one of the top priorities for all the enterprises today to have a seamless journey and provide a very good customer experience for their customers. So the tip one is enable seamless journeys. What does this mean? So I think in the very beginning, Sahi talked about the web angle of WebRTC and the wipe angle of WebRTC. So whenever we talk about WebRTC, we talk about this paradigm shift. So paradigm shift from communications as a silo to communications as a feature in your web application. But that comes with a certain challenges as well.  What do you do when the page doesn't come up in the web browser? You reload it. So there are web style browser reloads and the classic back button. And of course, the native apps do crash sometimes. And there are connectivity changes, Wi-Fi to 4G, device handoffs, and server side failures. Of course, nothing here the customer cares about. All the customer cares about is basically the experience that the customer would have. So what we have done is we have solved this by the concept of session rehydration. So basically it is to keep the session alive when the connectivity is interrupted and recreated as soon as the connectivity is reestablished. So what we have done was, I think, three years ago when we started building our product, which is WebRTC session controller, we were looking at the drafts. And there was a draft IETF RTC web draft where we got this inspiration. So basically, I think the session rehydration didn't make it into the final state because maybe my guess is it has a lot to do with signaling and how reliably the signaling is implemented. But we took this concept and we built on it. So what happens is, let's say there's this client and the server. And for some reason, the client goes down. And the client has to reconnect to the server. So what we do is, when the client is trying to reconnect, when the client goes down, on the server side, we still keep the session. So we still keep the WebSocket session. And when the client is trying to reconnect, for example, maybe the browser crashes or the browser reload, when the client is trying to reconnect, we have some session ID, some information on the client that we store. So that session ID is passed onto the server. And the server detects that this is the session ID with which the WebSocket connection has been made earlier. And then it resynchronizes that session ID and it recreats the WebSocket. So basically, we built a very reliable signaling protocol. It's called the JSONRTC protocol. So basically, that's based on WebSockets. So it does a complete resynchronization. So it has the reliability built to the message level. So whenever the client comes back, so it resynchronizes the client messages and the signaling is re-established. And then you have the ICE procedures. You send a new STP and the whole Shebang to get the message working. So what does it give you? It gives, from the customer perspective, your connection. It's a seamless journey.  Maybe there's a little pause on the RTP side because RTP is generally UDP and that's somewhat expected. But it's very unnoticeable, I should say. And then I do come from VoIP background. So when I compare the VoIP call setup times with the web's call setup times, I do find the web setup times are a little slow, or maybe it's just me. But fast call setup times impact customer experience. So customer expects the call setup time to be really fast. And WebRTC has this call setup procedure that takes considerable amount of time to establish. And why not? Because there's a lot of thing that is going on. You have to gather the candidates. You have to prioritize the candidates, exchange the candidates with the remote party. And then there's connectivity checks. And then finally you get the candidates that you connect with. So there are multiple ways this can be solved. And I think most of the people now are talking about dynamic media peering. This is where you prioritize candidates that are most likely to work first. Then you establish the connection with that relay candidate. And then at the same time, you try in parallel with the other parties that can communicate directly. And if they can, you switch the media. So alternately, there is the strickel ICE that reduces the time for ICE procedures to complete. So basically it is an extension to the ICE protocol. And it sort of reduces the time because it incrementally does the candidate gathering. And that sort of optimizes the call setup times as well. So customer experience is tip two. So identify and solve the weak points. Solving weak points is one thing. But identifying that is a more difficult thing, actually. But so don't be afraid to step back. And I think we have heard this over and over again today is if the call drops in the middle of the conversation, that's one thing. But if there is a patchy video, that's a big no-no for the customer. So how do we solve this? So there is a good WebRTC stats API that can measure jitter, packet loss, the bit trade, bandwidth. And of course, this might give you some after fact data. But then you have RTCP feedback mechanisms from which you can calculate the quality of your stream. Then with the frame rate, you can find out if the CPU of your device can handle the video and also the battery. If your battery is really down, you wouldn't want your customers to connect to the video. I mean, you can either trigger a message or say that you can fall back to audio. So there are different ways you can do that. And of course, it need not be audio. You can switch from an HD video to a low-resolution video or audio depending on various factors. So it's basically aggregating all this data and triggering some sort of a message that the application can catch and provide a seamless experience to the customers. And of course, now we have simulcast. So basically, you can encode the same video stream in different resolutions so that you don't penalize both the parties. So you only send a low-resolution video to one of the parties, and the other party can have a good HD video or audio or whatever it is. So I think we have different other speakers talking about simulcast and so on later today. So I'll sort of step this. And one thing I noticed is WebRTC notifications. And I didn't hear many people talk about it, but from where I stand, it's very, very important. So the customers expect to stay engaged when they're vandered away from the app. And they want to stay engaged without draining the battery. So there are multiple things you can do for this. So basically, from my perspective, whoever is handling the signaling should also handle the notifications. So you can optimize the WebSocket connections with push notifications. So how does the battery drain? So you have the client, you have the server, and the client is always pinging the server or letting the server know that I'm alive. And that will take up a lot of resources, and the battery goes down pretty quickly. So what you can do here, so you can optimize the WebSocket connection. So basically, the client can tell the server that, hey, I am hibernating for a while during the period of inactivity. And the client can go off. The WebSocket connection is broken. And on the server side, the server can keep that connection for a while. And whenever there is a message coming or incoming call coming in for the client, the server can rehydrate. Again, I'm talking about the concept of rehydration here. Basically, the server can rehydrate the client session, wake up the client using a push notification, and resume the call. So there are many ways you can implement the push notifications. You can directly connect to the APNS, GCM servers, get the notifications, or you can use the mobile. You can create your own push notification gateway. Basically, it can connect to multiple notification services, and it can register multiple apps, and so on. And of course, Chrome has push notifications as well. So we have Chrome push notifications based on W3C API and service worker, which works well on the desktop, as well as on the mobile browsers as well. And finally, I was thinking whether I have to talk about this or not. But sure, certainly we do, because we all like elephants, and especially the big ones. So interoperability is a key to success in the enterprise applications. And from where I stand, almost 60% of Oracle Enterprise customers run their desktop applications on Internet Explorer. And Oracle has a big player in enterprise application space. So how do we solve the IE stop gap on the desktop? So we did use the flash fallback solution for a while, but now I think our customers look with a funny face when we talk about the flash fallback. So I think in the interim, there are IE adapters, IE plugins that you could use for multiple versions of to support the multiple versions of Internet Explorer, because that's a funny thing, right? It's not one version. If you look at some of the enterprises, banks, and some insurance companies, they even go back to very old versions of IE, maybe six, seven, whereas until IE eight, even web sockets are not supported. And then wait for Microsoft Edge. So Microsoft Edge is now supporting GetUserMedia. So probably we'll hear about what and when in the session that is coming up with the Microsoft folks. How about Safari? I think that is a question. So I think on the Safari side, the stop gap is hedged with various things. So we have the native iOS WebRTC support, which sort of hedges that as well as, I think, people can use Chrome on Macs and so on and so forth. And then finally, mobile is different, and we all know that, right? And customers do not like if their video call drains their battery on their device. So certainly, I think if you're talking, if you have a video call set up for 20 minutes and your battery goes down south, definitely that's not a good customer experience. So hardware acceleration is very important, especially if you're working with applications where customers use them mostly on the mobile devices. So video coding with dedicated hardware is always better, has better video performance. And if you're really working with good quality videos, 720p, 1080p, hardware acceleration is very, very important there. So Chrome 45 has started to support H.264 as well. So that's good, because there always has been a big gap between the number of devices that support H.264 hardware acceleration versus VP8 hardware acceleration. And that certainly was troubling us quite a bit. So stop gap, I think, certainly you can fall back to H.264 when VP8 hardware acceleration is not supported by the native chipsets. So I think WebRTC could provide some sort of an indication that this device has VP8 acceleration set up and sort of switch back to H.264. Or there are APIs on the native devices which tell you whether the hardware acceleration is supported for the codec or not. So VP8 H.264, we have been struggling with these so far. But now I think we have new candidates in the mix. And certainly I think we are very excited to look forward to what comes in. So I want to conclude my talk saying that customer experience is very important. There are many more things that we have learned. So I'll be very happy to share my experiences after this presentation as well. But I just wanted to close with this code from Macy's store manager, which says, be everywhere, do everything, but never fail to astonish the customer. Yeah, so now I want to transition to my demo. Amit, it's going to do a quick demo. So why don't we, while we're getting set up here, we have time for probably one question. Questions? Serge, any indications from your customers on whether they will move from Internet Explorer to Edge? It's very difficult, especially I think, when these enterprise applications have written their own web pages and websites that are very specific to a version of Internet Explorer, I think they sort of stick to that version. So I've talked about the session rehydration, right? So how the session gets recreated during browser reloads and so on and so forth. So I have a quick demo here that I want to show that shows a user logs in into a room-based service, and we have a lot of them right now. And let's say I'm a user, Alice, and I log in into a service, and I create a room, and I'm here. So now I take this URL, and I give to my friend, which is me, again. So let me open the site again. Open another window. Actually, it should give me a moment. OK, maybe I should. OK, maybe we can do that as well. So let me, so now it's OK. So I become Bob in the next window. So now we have Alice and Bob finally. So we have the call setup. So now I also have a chat service. So Bob says hi. That comes to Alice as well, and Alice says hello there, and that comes to Bob. So now Alice, for some reason, wants to reload, and then the connection gets re-established without any delay.  You see that the data channel gets re-established. So everything gets seamlessly re-established with this. So I just wanted to show this quick demo. All right?


By doing what you're proposing to do in terms of getting more engaged in the communities around you That's what democracy is all about. So we need you to keep doing what you're doing not just in student council Not just not just as you're doing this for student council, but every day Public education is really really important what you've learned here what you're doing is in a school That's no accident because it's part of what you're learning and it's part of what a Society like ours has to make sure our students our kids learn This is why in my budget. I want to reinvest in education. I think this is really important It's important where you learn what you've learned because we need everybody We need as many people as possible to have access to that And that's really important integrity honesty trust those things are actually very much a part of leadership You understand that and and you're learning that more than I think more quickly than anybody else Surrounding you is but that's really important


a decent start from game number one, but watch out for Aptos Smarslik in yellow, he seems to be way, way behind at the moment but he's got some speed and Killerman the same as well in second spot, but Limbaq coming through Dolly locks up there and has that lead but there's people all over him here and now Smarslik, I did mention it watch out for him, he's coming on strong and there's pressure on Doyle down that back tries the inside run, Killerman tries the outside Smarslik has got speed, watch out for Smarslik whilst the front two are on the inside Smarslik's coming, here he comes not a Smarslik in white, huge pressure in the back Argument though, I'm sure that Chris could have been excluded there as we build up to the second semi-final once again Will it be a clean getaway this time around? It's looking good for Holme this one right now, I have told Nicky's not going to have it easy as he he's sitting there holding on to that third place yeah it's not enough Sam, this will be the end for Nicky Pedersen Chris Holme has that lead, he's heading through into the final Antonio Lindback is there with him, pad years of age he's about to be crowned world champion for the first time it is on the inside in red, Warden Yellow goes up the inside line oh my word, where has he found that from? and now Gollum and Hancock are coming back for more what a race this is, Gollum has the lead, Ward second Hancock third, look how close it is now right up Gollum's back wheel that sidetrack by young Darcy Ward he's now got to hold them off, he's going to the dirt just look at this coming up the inside they're going right in there super speedway here, Hancock has the lead oh, race of the night and possibly the best race of the year so far sensational speedway


Good morning, everyone. My name is Sara Mattioli and I work in ST Automotive Product Marketing team in Michigan. Today I'm going to present our Intelligent Power Switches and in particular our Highside Drivers in VI Power Technology. VI Power stands for Vertical Intelligent Power, a technology that is still invented in the early 90s to integrate additional circuitry for control, diagnostics and protection to a discrete power MOSFET, creating a so-called Intelligent Power Switch. Intelligent Power Switches provide many advantages that are expected to a discrete solution, offering full protection and diagnostics and at the same time reducing design complexity and number of components for a more reliable, performant and cheaper solution. Thanks to the continuous technology innovation and state-of-the-art products, ST has been leading in this market for almost 30 years. Today we are still in production with several older technologies to guarantee the longevity our customers need, as well as we offer new competitive technologies with smaller lithography for higher power density and smaller package sizes, embedding more features at a lower cost. In particular, we have a broad portfolio of Highside Drivers for 12V applications in M07 technology that we will present in more detail today. For 24V applications, we have a family of Highside Drivers in M05T technology with similar protection and diagnostics feature to the M07. We have in development the best-in-class Highside Drivers for 12V applications in M09 and M09 SPI technologies that will be released from January 21 until 2022, and the new Highside Drivers and DALF bridges for 48V applications in our new M011 100V technology. And finally, our new VFUSE products with embedded EFUSE protection for 12V, 24V and 48V systems. This roadmap represents an absolute technology breakthrough and we invite you to contact us for more information. An Highside Driver switches current into loads connected to ground and safely protects itself and the system from potentially dangerous fault conditions. It also provides a diagnostics feedback to the microcontroller. It can be used in a large variety of applications like automotive lighting, body control module, power distribution, electric locks, electric heaters, and in general wherever customers need to drive loads or unidirectional brushed DC motors. For example, replacing mechanical relays with a much smaller and cheaper solution, offering much higher reliability and longevity plus a diagnostics capability. Here you can see a typical block diagram of our Highside Drivers and the full set of diagnostics and protection features. The diagnostics feedback is provided to the microcontroller through the ST Exclusive MultiSense Pin or CurrentSense Pin depending on part numbers. Protections include ST Exclusive Power Limitation in case of overload and short to ground, on top of overcurrent and thermal shutdown. Power limitation can be programmed through the fault reset pin in either auto restart or leach off mode depending on part numbers. Power limitation is a unique ST feature that allows the device to protect itself, limiting the thermomechanical stress caused by an overload or short circuit event. Our devices in fact are capable of measuring the temperature gradient between the cold and hot points of the die and whenever this gradient exceeds 60 degrees, a power limitation event is triggered. The load current is clamped to an overcurrent limit iLIM H as per data sheet and the device is leached off and the fault flag is set on CurrentSense Pin. In auto restart mode, the device automatically restarts and if the fault is not recovered is cycling on and off until thermal shutdown temperature is reached. At this point, the load current is automatically limited to a lower safe value called iLIM L. In leach off mode, the device remains switched off until the fault is recovered, further increasing the reliability of the part which can stand more than 1 million short circuit cycles. For more details, please refer to our app note 5368. MultiSense is an ST exclusive feature and means that the device can provide the diagnostics feedback on load current, device temperature and battery voltage. Depending on the part number, customers can select parts with MultiSense or just with CurrentSense. Here you can see some benefits from application standpoint. ST also offers a symmetrical turn on and off and optimal edge shapes which allow faster switching times and at the same time lower switching losses for better EMI performance. Thanks to the smaller lithography and the high power density, the M07 ICI drivers family are offering 75% smaller body sizes respect to the previous M05 generation and our packages are well known for their great thermal performances. Our ICI drivers portfolio has been developed having scalability and pin-to-pin compatibility in mind, so our customers can easily port their designs to different devices. For example, replacing a single with a dual channel in the same package, also with a different on-state resistance. This is at the glance our M07 portfolio, offering ICI drivers from 1.3 million up to 140 million from single up to four channels. M07E stands for M07 Enhanced and offers superior current sense accuracy and pin-to-pin compatibility with other M07 parts in PowerSSO 16 package. M07E also offers cold cranking capability down to 2.85 volt of operation, like for other parts here indicated. VA power zero is our low-omic M07 ICI driver family that can address very high current applications up to 30 amp. And VN7000Y is one of the lowest RDS on ICI drivers on the market. We have a complete set of tools and collaterals for all our products in VA power technology, ICI drivers, low-side drivers and H bridges. In particular, application notes and design guides, and very easy to use evaluation boards, called easy boards. You can find a selection of documents and videos in this CS web page and on our website. Our tools include the VA power finder app, which allows to select and access product information in a few clicks, plus a unique electro-thermal simulator tool called TwisterSim. TwisterSim is free and easy to use. We invite you to watch our video and feel free to contact us if you need any help to get started. Thank you for your time and don't hesitate to contact me for any questions.


We're going to make sure that you stay up. We'll make sure that you stay up. You can share with us. We'll make sure that you stay up. We'll make sure that you stay up. He waved to the other media. He was our, we got the back of the head. You see the window. He's the third one. You'll see the next video. I'm sorry. We'll say. Yeah, he waited. Did you see him go in? Yes, I did. He waited twice. I did a video. I did video. I didn't do pills. I figured that it would be. No. I just saw him. I'm not sure. I did see him. He just left. I have to f**k on it and inside. What's interesting to us, as you know, is that they never even closed traffic onto that avenue, which has always been in the past, the protocol would be near the junk tower. So maybe the city is trying to find a way to work with it. There are some, I see if our photojournalist can actually paddles a little bit. It's pretty much contained in the west side of the avenue. But right now it looks like traffic is in the zoo. The deserter traffic on this block is still closed, but we see that towards 57th street that it has been reopened. So certainly I guess the city was looking for the least destructive way to usher its arrival in today. Is Melania with him or just... Was Melania with him or just him? It does look like Melania. Are you talking about this lady? Oh, I'm sorry. I'm right here. Are you filming us? Yeah, she was like a few seconds after. Yeah, she was like a few seconds after, yeah. I didn't think that was Melania. So I wish I would have zoomed in on her. It is what it is. But you know, these things you can't... Are you waiting to see if she comes out? Yeah. Do you think she will? Maybe, I don't know. How long have you been here? Since early this morning. Midnight last night. Oh, that's what we had? Oh, no, I just came to like...  So what? That's a good one. That's a good lickie. Yeah. Same old smoke. Hanging out with some friends. Just chilling. Hanging out. What about you? Same. Was in Brazil for the capital this morning then? Oh, wow. So that's it. I love you. So it's been already? So, like, for the photo. Is that what you do? Uh... Best way that I sound is to take a screenshot. But it's using... And there's an option that lets you export... And it does the maximum quality. Because if you do a screenshot here, or take a screenshot here... What do you use in my movie? It's a terrible spot. Yeah. I thought they would shut everything down. And we tried. We tried. But you got it now. It was bad because I was lost. But I was just like... Because then I got it. That's crazy that you were allowed to be open.  And because I can't see the lights. Because I can't see the lights. And I just... Can I come in? No. The decision made not to stop the... Yeah. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. Sorry. What is that again now? What is it? It's open. It's just so you know it. It's just so you know it. It's like right there... I'm sorry. I want to give this to Mr. Trump, sir. Mr. Trump, sir. I had to live here. I had to live here.  I had to live here. If I'm anything else, please put that down. Do you know what you are? I'm not going to talk about that. I'm going to swap my hairs. It is over, but they might take it out. I'm going to just read a shot out. I won't get it. Yeah, maybe. Can you show me how to put that in? They asked you to do it. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. I just said it. We have nothing to do with this. Where I am? I don't really see it. That's Madison Avenue. That was Madison Avenue. Too bad, dude. That's a little too bad. Got a good shot. We've got the motor came right to us. Did you see him? We didn't see the motor came. We saw it fighting its way out. Ah, sure. I didn't look at the clip. About 30% of it. Sprite? That's the R-Live. That was too close. We wanted this to happen. What are you doing? I'm just filing. You want to go to Five Guys? Five Guys is somewhere over there. I have my car down there. What do you think? What do you think? I think there's lawyers that have dinner inside. They confirmed 11th tomorrow. For him? At the protest. I think they'll get a driver. I don't think he's going to get out. That's a high five. Are you going to beat him? Yeah, I'll go down there. I know. The guys I was with. The two of us.