Welcome to this lecture. We continue to study the first order partial differential equations but now we move on to general non-linear equations from quasi-linear equations that we have been considering so far. So in general non-linear equations we are going to have 4 lectures in which we will establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions to Cauchy problems for general non-linear equations. In this lecture we are going to discuss about search for a characteristic direction. So we will be making regular comparisons with the quasi-linear case from time to time. So first we set up the notation for the Cauchy problem for general non-linear equations and the hypothesis. Then in the search of characteristic direction we will be led to the study of theory of envelopes and since we are anyway doing the theory of envelopes I would like to point out a few misconceptions which are there in the form of language sentences. So to define a general non-linear equation first order we need to set up some notations. The equation is going to feature the independent variables x and y. So we are going to deal still with the equations with the 2 independent variables. So x and y are 2 in number then the u, ux and uy there are 5 quantities which are appearing in the equation. Therefore we consider an open set in r5 called omega 5. Recall omega d we would like to use it for rd. Then let f be any arbitrary function denote f by f of x, y, z, p, q that means whenever we are going to differentiate f of something of a function of x, y then we need to do chain rule then we should know what are the variables we are using for the function f they are namely x, y, z, p, q and we need to assume that fp and fq both cannot be 0 at the same point. That means at every point in the domain at least one of the fp or fq is not 0 that is expressed by writing this equation for every x, y, z, p, q in omega 5 fp square plus fq square is not equal to 0 which means that f has to be differentiable. I said arbitrary function here but this already suggests it should be a differentiable function. Precise hypothesis we will also see when we are going to prove theorems till then this is fine. So such an f defines the most general form of a first order PDE of course first order PDE is defined for any arbitrary function which is going to come now. This always makes sense even if f is not differentiable. But we want to say that at least one of the first order derivative appears in f that is made sure by asking fp square plus fq square is nonzero. This is a differential way of expressing that ux and uy one of them features in the equation all the time. So we refer to this GE. So we used L for linear, SL for semi-linear, QL for quasi-linear, GE we use it to denote the most general form of a first order PDE. So sometimes we call it fully nonlinear equation. Sometimes we call it general nonlinear equation. So you should not be confused because fully nonlinear is a very standard usage for this kind of equation and I am calling it general nonlinear equation as mild you know step down from the word fully okay. Even though we know that L, SL, QL are all representable in the form of GE we know that. But still in this form whenever we are dealing we are doing a theory for this we do not know whether it is going to be linear or semi-linear. So that is why we call it general nonlinear equation. Now this general nonlinear equation reduces to quasi-linear equation which is here when the function f is of what type? f of x, y, z, p, q should be equal to so not x, y, z, p, q stand for x, y, z, p, q in the place of z u comes in the place of p ux comes in the place of q uy comes. Therefore f of x, y, z, p, q in the case of quasi-linear equation is a of x, y, z into p plus b of x, y, z into q minus c of x, y, z for some functions a, b, c okay. So therefore QL is a subclass of GE. So quasi-linear equations are contained in general nonlinear equations. Now aim is to extend the method of characteristics to the general equation general nonlinear equation. Of course questions come first that why find a method for quasi-linear first and then try to extend to GE. Why not directly find a method for GE? Of course there are answers. Before trying to solve a problem it is a good idea to explore simpler cases and this might help in designing a strategy for solving the most general form that is the original problem GE okay. Now coming back to quasi-linear and general nonlinear equation QL is not only a special case yes it is a special case not only a special case but also has a good geometry associated to it. We devoted a lecture for geometry of quasi-linear equations. So we use a geometry of QL to design a method to solve Cauchy problems. The geometry of GE is not as apparent as that of QL. Strategy is analysis for GE draws inspiration from that of their QL quasi-linear case. So frequent comparisons to quasi-linear case will be made throughout the presentation which helps in understanding the new difficulties and how to deal with them the process of generalizing the ideas from the quasi-linear case. The key steps in the analysis of general nonlinear equation is organized into the following steps. The key steps are this step one obtaining a system of ODs for what is called a characteristic strip they will be defined soon but I am just writing down the main steps involved so that we can keep our progress we can keep tabs on the progress where are we at each step. Step 2 is finding an initial strip. Step 3 is defining a candidate solution this was also there in QL case right this was I think step 2 there in QL defining a candidate solution and checking that candidate solution is indeed a solution to the Cauchy problem there is the last step. So for quasi-linear equations step 1 was carried out very easily in fact there was no characteristic strip there characteristic curve it was owing to the explicit geometric meaning of QL there was no step 2 and then step 3 and step 4 were called step 2 and step 3 in QL case. Now hypothesis on the function f f is assumed to satisfy C1 function on the domain omega phi where it is defined and assuming it is C1 omega phi is same as saying all the partial derivatives on the function are continuous functions on omega phi this is equivalent to that. And fp and fq satisfy this condition we already discussed about this this make sure that f of xy u ux uy equal to 0 is a first order PDE at every point. The projection of omega phi to xy plane is called omega 2 and to xyz space is denoted by omega 3. Now Cauchy data we take an interval i in R and we take 3 functions which are C1 functions such that f prime square plus g prime square is not equal to 0 for all is in i. Conscious space curve gamma described parametrically by x equal to fs y equal to gs z equal to hs. Recall this condition meant that projection of gamma to omega 2 which was called gamma 2 is a regular curve for a given space curve we already define what is the meaning of Cauchy problem. Cauchy problem for GE is consists of finding a solution that is a function which satisfies the differential equation and also such that it satisfies this condition u of fs gs equal to hs. S in i dash we do not require S to be in i as I already reminded you many times this is a notion of a kind of local solution. So i prime is a sub interval of i. So Cauchy problem for GE consists of finding a function u with a domain D which is contained in omega 2 such that for every x y in D this 5 to pull belongs to omega 5 and therefore I can apply f to it and f of that should be 0. And for each S in i dash u of fs gs equal to hs for some i dash sub interval of i. So geometrically speaking Cauchy problem consists of finding an integral surface on which a part of the datum curve lies. Since quasi linear equation is special case of GE you do not expect anything better than what was possible for quasi linear equations. Because any result that you show for a general GE equation continues to hold for QL therefore what you do not have in QL you do not expect for GE. So on the other hand you can ask questions what is true for QL is it still true for GE that is the question one can ask. So for example we neither expect we can neither expect a solution to be defined on whole of omega 2 nor the corresponding integral surface contains entire datum curve gamma that is we cannot expect solutions which are global with respect to domain. Similarly we cannot even expect solution which are global with respect to the datum curve because that is not true for QL so same thing holds here. So we can only expect the existence of a local solution with respect to datum curve this is what we have proved for the quasi linear equation and the corresponding Cauchy problem. Therefore we can expect this for Cauchy problem for GE as well. Now search for a characteristic direction because that is what we had the starting point for QL. So we would like to use our experience and expertise in quasi linear equations and try to extend these ideas to general equation. What is the idea in quasi linear case construct integral surface using characteristic curves construct integral surface using characteristic curves this was the idea of course there were difficulties in implementing this idea but we could successfully overcome all these difficulties and actually implement this idea. So therefore we would like to have something similar for GE. So here we had characteristic curves which are defined by characteristic direction. Now we ask the question what is the characteristic direction for GE how do we get it? Recall that for quasi linear equations the equation is AUX plus BUY equal to C we observed that at a point on an integral surface the normal direction will be UX, UY minus 1 and the equation tells us that ABC dot product with UX, UY minus 1 equal to 0. It means the direction ABC is in the tangent plane it is a direction in the tangent plane at P. This observation led to the definition of a characteristic system of ODE. Once we understood that this is a direction in the tangent plane then we thought of a curve which lives on the surface and such that the tangential direction is ABC that led us to the definition of characteristic ODE and solutions trace was characteristic curves and their union gave us integral surface for the case of quasi linear equations. Now remark that there is no automatic choice of characteristic direction suggested by the general equation the QL suggested very easily ABC is perpendicular to UX, UY minus 1. Therefore, ABC is a direction in the tangent plane but GE simply says F of X, Y, U, UX, UY equal to 0. So there is no directly suggested characteristic direction by the equation GE. Now how to get a tangential direction to a possible integral surface? Okay answer to this question is yes maybe there is no automatic choice very visible choice from the equation for a characteristic direction but still it gives something more actually it does not give one direction in the tangent plane maybe it gives the entire tangent plane that is a possible tangent plane we will see that. So GE puts a constraint on possible tangent planes that is all it says. Now we have to figure out one direction which is going to be in the tangent plane and in a consistent way as well consistent as we change the point we have to see that. Okay using the constraint on possible tangent planes we are going to see what is this constraint we follow a geometric argument to choose a direction at each point of omega 3 so that it belongs to the tangent space to a possible integral surface containing the point. It plays the same role that characteristic direction played for QL. So how are we going to get somebody who looks like a characteristic direction for GE we look at what is that constraint on the possible tangent planes and follow a geometric argument and then we will be able to choose one direction at each point which serves the similar purpose as characteristic direction did for QL that is the summary here. Now let us ask how do you find first assume that such a thing is there that is there is an integral surface somebody gave you integral surface understand that and then pretend that you do not know the integral surface and try to see how much of this information will be useful in getting what you want. So given an integral surface for the GE where U is a C1 function and P naught is a point on the integral surface in other words Z naught is equal to U of X naught Y naught that is a meaning right S is defined like that the third coordinate is U of first two coordinates. So equation of the tangent plane to S at the point P naught is of this form it looks like this it is a equation of the plane passing through the point X 0 Y 0 Z 0 having normal P Q minus 1 what are P and Q?  So and the tangent plane passes through the point X naught Y naught Z naught so this is an equation when we do not know the integral surface how should we understand a tangent plane at a point P on S? S itself is not known. So we will only talk about possible integral surfaces and possible integral possible tangent planes to that at points of that. So admitting that U is not known to us what is left of this equation it is still equation of a plane where I cannot write what P and Q are like this because U is not known. But if at all P and Q are going to be tangent planes to the integral surface P and Q are required to satisfy the condition F of X naught Y naught Z naught P Q equal to 0. So we will not use this this is the explicit information which is known only if you know U. Now we are saying oh I do not know you admit admitting that U is not known we want to find the U. So U is not known so this is the equation of a plane any time only thing is P Q minus 1 is supposed to be the normal to a possible integral surface and that is required to satisfy this constraint F of X naught Y naught Z naught P Q equal to 0 because if at all you knew your integral surface this equation will be satisfied X naught Y naught Z naught U X at X naught Y naught U Y at X naught Y naught. Now I do not know this U therefore I simply put P and Q and this constraint. So this is the equation of a tangent plane passing through a point X naught Y naught Z naught and this is the constraint on the normals. For this formulation we need not we do not need to know U. So that is why the word possible keeps on coming here. Family of possible tangent planes through a point take a point in omega 3 done. We get lots of possible tangent planes to possible integral surfaces given by this relation. As many as solutions of T2 are for every solution of T2 you can associate a plane given by T1. We do not know how many solutions will be there for T2 it is a non-linear equation. So for each solution P Q of T2 in fact what is to be expected is T2 is an equation involving two parameters P and Q and one constraint therefore what we expect here is one family of solutions will be there. Corresponding to that you will have one family of planes. So for each solution of T2 P Q of T2 we get a plane that is true. T1 T2 users only the information which can be extracted from the equation. For example T1 it uses nothing it just equation of plane we always write only unknown quantities are P and Q they are supposed to satisfy this T2 which is coming from GE. So I am not making use of any explicit knowledge of a known integral surface here I do not know integral surfaces. I am proposing this T1 planes in fact going to be a family of planes which are one parameter family because two parameters are tied by one equation essentially means only one of them is free therefore this will be one parameter family of possible tangent planes. Now T2 let us see what it have what it means for the quasi linear equation case. So we can explicitly write down T2 for quasi linear equations this is one where P naught is the point X naught by naught Z naught and this is the equation right f of XYZ P Q equal to 0 is this it reads as this from here one of them is going to be nonzero either A or B let us assume B is nonzero then I can divide by that therefore I can solve for Q in terms of P I have solved. So you see Q is a function of P now I take this and substitute in T1 therefore T1 looks like this. So this is the equation of a possible tangent plane where P is free. So it is a one parameter of one parameter family of possible tangent planes the only property is that they pass through the point X0 Y0 Z0. So you have a point X0 Y0 Z0 now you are looking at a plane like that another plane the plane is infinite these are planes in 3D and another plane like that and so on. The only common thing is this point P0 they all pass through this point. So it is a one parameter family of possible tangent planes index by this parameter P in R it is because why how did we get this explicitly this P here because we could solve from the equation we express Q in terms of P explicit expression and then we substituted and got now for GE also we would like to do the same thing. Okay let us continue for QL this is the equation it represents a one parameter family of possible tangent planes index by parameter P. So for GE exactly this right this is T1, T2 as written earlier. So this represents a one parameter family of possible tangent planes at P0. So maybe we may have to analytically impose some conditions which say that Q can be solved in terms of P at least locally for around a fixed value of P let us say P equal to P0 small P0 you can express Q as a function of P or vice versa for a fixed value of Q equal to Q0 you can express P as a function of Q and then go and substitute here you will get a one parameter family of possible tangent planes. In the case of QL these two equations reduce to just this that is because we could express from here Q as a function of P went back and substituted T1 and we got this it is a family of tangent planes indexed by the parameter P in R. In the case of nonlinear equations we do not expect that we can have solutions global solutions therefore what typically happens is Q is a function of P in a small neighborhood of some fixed value of P. We will see the rigors of the details later, rigorous details. Story so far we were motivated by the analysis of Quasinary equations we were searching for a tangential direction that belongs to a possible integral surface but we ended up with a one parameter family of possible tangent planes. Now we need to pick up one direction from this how do you pick up that that is a problem let us see how that is overcome. However for Quasinary equations we have one parameter family of possible tangent planes as above in the previous slide and also the characteristic direction we also had a characteristic direction and the fact the geometric idea of envelope connects these two. The envelope of the one parameter family of tangent plane possible tangent planes that we described earlier envelope of that turns out to be a cone and the characteristic direction turns out to be a generator of that cone so therefore there is a connection. So we pursue this idea of envelopes for general equations. Now why the idea of envelope should succeed the one parameter family of planes described by T1, T2 and its envelope share a common tangent plane that is a property of envelope. If you have a one parameter family of planes and you take its envelope whenever this envelope intersects any member of the family it intersects it touches that means they share a common tangent plane. Therefore if you can choose a tangential direction from the envelope that will also be a tangential direction in the for the surface. It will also be a direction in the family of planes that we are considering which is what we want. So we hope that envelope is a good thing where it is easier to pick up that particular direction which was the case for quasi-linear. So it may be easier to pick a tangent vector from the tangent plane of the envelope we would get a characteristic direction that we are looking for. The envelope of planes is a cone I have put it in quotes because I am going to explain later since all the planes pass through a point fixed point P0. So a generator of a cone may be chosen as the characteristic direction that was the idea. Now let us have a brief excursion into the theory of envelopes. Envelopes of families of surfaces. So we take the family of surface of this special type actually graphs of functions z equal to g of x y lambda s lambda is given by this lambda is a parameter anything you want to do you must assume that functions are differentiable otherwise there is very little one can do. So lambda is a parameter g is a differential function. So I have got a family of surfaces. Now differentiate that with respect to lambda so you get this side it is 0 this it is just g lambda of x y lambda. Now for each fixed lambda let c lambda denote the curve of intersection of s lambda and 1 means set of all x y which are common to this and this. This is what we expect whether it will be curve etc one has to see okay this is a surface this is another surface intersection two surfaces we think it is a curve okay that is the background behind calling this. It all depends on how the lambda appears okay but what is the envelope first you look at the family differentiate you get some other equation look at the common points fixed lambda look at the common points set of all x y z such that this 3 tuple is there here as well as here that is what we have written the two equations. The envelope of the one parameter family of surfaces is defined as the union of c lambda s. Now let us go back and see what is the ql we had a family of tangent planes right possible tangent planes and what is its envelope let us see that. So this is the family remember it depends on p so instead of lambda we have a p here so we need to differentiate this with respect to p that means that this will be 0 equal to this quantity because p appears only here small p so this is 0 as well as this equation is satisfied what does that mean this is not there it is only this it means it says some relation between z minus z naught and y minus y naught please do this computation slowly so this is what we end up with cp p is the parameter note that cp is the same straight line for each p it does not depend on small p it is just straight line it all depends is abc at p naught cp is a line passing through p naught having this direction abc what is abc it is a characteristic direction at the point p naught analytic expression for envelope so we assume that we can write lambda as a function of x y from this equation and then go back and substitute in the equation for the family of surfaces which will give us z equal to capital G of x y instead of lambda I have expressed lambda as a function of x y so I write g x y that is assumption okay if you can do this then this is an expression one single equation for envelope let s lambda be a one parameter family of surfaces and let lambda represent solutions of this so that I am going to go back and substitute in this therefore e denotes the envelope we have defined as a union now it is simply this g of x y g x y let c lambda be the curve of intersection of z equal to g as well as g lambda equal to 0 conclusions assume that c lambda is non empty for every lambda in fact for some surfaces c lambda could be empty for some values of lambda in that case I do not want to talk about that therefore I assume that c lambda is not empty for every lambda then the envelope intersects every member of the family s lambda because I assume c lambda is not empty therefore envelope intersects every member of s lambda along c lambda that is my definition right important thing is the second assertion the envelope and s lambda touch each other that means at every point which is common to them which is nothing but c lambda by definition the envelope have envelope and s lambda have a common tangent plane proof of one so take a point on e definition of the envelope says that there is a lambda because the union of the lambda right of c lambda over lambda so there is a lambda such that x y z belongs to c lambda but c lambda means it is there in s lambda also because that is a part of the condition of the definition of c lambda therefore one follows that is simple proof 2 we prove that the envelope and s lambda have the same normal direction at points which are common to both of them that will establish that the tangent plane is same so we are going to enquire into the normal directions for e as well as s lambda so take a point in c lambda normal direction to s lambda at that point x y z is given by g x g y minus 1 this is a general fact that we have discussed many times whenever you have a function phi of x y z equal to 0 the normal direction is phi x comma phi y comma phi z in this case the envelope was this right z equal to g x g x phi okay here I have written typeset in small font because it was not filling so normal to the envelope is exactly this you need to differentiate this with respect to x x dependence comes in x as well as in the lambda that is why x derivative and lambda derivative once you take lambda derivative you have g their x dependence so g x similarly y derivative and minus 1 which on simplification it is this because this is 0 g lambda of x y g x y 0 therefore it is simply g x g y minus 1 that is it so it showed both are same so therefore they share a tangent plane that means they touch each other now let us look at this PDE this is a non-linear PDE f of x y z pq is equal to p square plus q square minus 1 now let us write the family of possible tangent planes z equal to px plus q y that is coming from equation of a plane and pq are constrained to satisfy this equation therefore p square plus q square minus 1 equal to 0 from here luckily like q like in ql we could solve for q in terms of p which is root 1 minus p square of course this makes sense only when mod p is less than 1 of course you have 2 solutions for q thus we have the one parameter family of tangent planes I go back and substitute for q the p now I will find envelope of this we need to differentiate this with respect to p that will give us this relation and express p as a function of x and y we get this now go back and substitute in this equation that will be the envelope envelope is z square equal to s square plus y square mod z bigger than 1 so envelope lies on the double sheeted cone with vertex at the origin the figure is there in the next picture and a few members of the family of possible tangent planes is also there okay these are various planes okay their envelope is this blue color the cone now a few misconceptions that are prevalent envelope of a one parameter family of planes is a cone this is not correct okay look at this example this is an exercise g of x y lambda equal to ax plus by plus c z plus d plus lambda times a1x to v1 plus vnz plus d1 equal to 0 it is a family of planes so find the envelope it turns out to be the intersection of these two planes so message envelope depends on the manner in which the parameter appears in the definitions of the families of surfaces or curves okay so we cannot have a blanket statements like this one parameter family of planes envelope will be a cone no such things are not true so in the literature there are at least three ways of defining the notion of envelope their interrelations may be found in a beautiful article written by coq note that for our purposes it does not matter what is the correct envelope that we have to consider correct definition etc what all matters is does it serve a purpose whichever you follow so the notion that we define is good enough as it is used only in guessing a characteristic direction and success of that we will see in the next lecture this is a reference for coq's article it is called envelopes notion and definiteness contribution to algebra and geometry he has written this article in 2007 it is a beautiful article let us summarize what we did note that the quasi linear equation defined a characteristic direction right away g e gives only possible tangent planes that is all fact is that geometric idea of envelope connects the one parameter family of possible tangent planes for q l and the characteristic direction we have just seen that we have proved this a brief theory of envelopes was presented in the next lecture we are going to work further the next steps in fact we have not yet found characteristic direction we will do that in the next lecture and continue the analysis of Cauchy problem for general non-linear equations thank you


Lead Activity Sausagebow held an appreciation luncheon for all Sausagebow area ombudsmen. For deployable units, communication between the command and family members is essential to ensuring peace of mind for families and allowing sailors to focus on the task at hand. In a command such as bottom or shard, when we deploy, we are gone from home port more than half the time, and our families, they sometimes need help dealing with issues, and the ombudsmen, they don't always help solve the problem, but they're trained very well, and they know where those services are. So they help our families get the help and care they need. So while our ship is out deployed, our sailors can concentrate on the job and stay safe knowing their families are taking care of our ombudsmen back home. Although this luncheon was just a single afternoon of recognition for these ombudsmen, their many contributions to mission effectiveness are felt year round. Petty Officer Michael Sanchez, Lead Activity Sausagebow, Japan.


Tezal Bangkok ITTT's Tezal Training Center in Bangkok is located in the north of the city close to Kasetsar University, the country's largest and third oldest university. We are also near to Bangkok's famous elephant building a 32-story building in the shape of an elephant. Our training center is based in a pleasant open-air shopping mall that is also home to a stationary store and supermarket. Two minutes walk away you will find a couple of pharmacies that are able to fill prescriptions and sell over-the-counter medication. We have all you'll need at the center to complete your Tezal training including Wi-Fi throughout the school. The local area is dotted with traditional businesses and modern upscale shops. There is the major cineplex cinema showing international and local movies in the Avenue Ratchaeathan, a shopping center with a selection of boutique restaurants as well a number of fast food outlets plus banks and other services. A short ride away are stations for the Bangkok Underground, MRT, and the Skytrain, BTS, which makes getting to other parts of the city such as Siam Square very easy. We are also in the vicinity of the world-famous Chattachak weekend market, a must-see for any visitor to Bangkok with more than 8000 stalls over 35 acres selling everything under the sun. Behind the weekend market is the Arturkor market. This fresh market was ranked the fourth best in the world by Congo. As well as selling myriad fresh fruits, vegetables, meat and seafood. There is a food court where you can sample delicious local dishes.


Our ministry is gonna grow bigger, but our roots have to go deeper One time we had a windstorm in tri-cities and as I was driving to church I saw a little tree in the trailer park over here that was really bushy and really nice and beautiful But it was flipped over and the root system was was about maybe one foot in it was wide But it wasn't deep and therefore the tree started to grow bigger Larger but because the roots never went deeper a small storm and tipped over that tree like crazy And for us to see what I'm declaring for right now and what I'm confessing for some people Maybe find that proud find that offensive or anything. That's that's your your thing But for us, this is God's height. This is God's potential for us and all of these things even now going into two services I mean for crying out loud graduating from high school getting your own license and getting your own job paying your own taxes Getting a girlfriend getting your own place getting children or getting married and getting married first and then getting children Getting your own mortgage What happens is anytime your life enlarges your responsibilities get bigger your relationship has to get deeper The problem with us as people is that many times our responsibilities get bigger and Root system remains the same and therefore a small trauma a small disappointment. It tips us over We go into depression we go into alcohol we go into other things for some people is they glue themselves to Netflix Others they just literally get addicted to eating some get addicted to this and that why because our root system Supported us well when we lived with our parents in middle school But now that we have our own kids our roots can no longer sustain the weight of Responsibility of adult life and so I want to I'm not gonna preach today. I'm just doing an introduction For the roots to go deeper personally, I found three habits that have helped me for my roots to deepen as My branches expand the first one is you have to fast if you want to last fasting Allows you to last in whatever you start to do Have you noticed many people start with a passion for Jesus and with time that passion dies out The only way to increase the hunger spiritually is to put yourself through hunger physically And I'm not talking about the hunger where you don't have the money to eat. That's that's that's not the same I'm talking about the hunger where you choose Not to eat so you can focus on spiritual things for those of us who grew up in church or now are getting accustomed to church It's possible to be so around the Christianity that you become numb To the beauty the majesty and the awe of who God is It's kind of like a person who works in the chocolate factory Starts hating chocolate Because you see it all the time you eat it all the time and after a while you become you you grow with this taste I preached 39 times last year in this church and 59 times outside of our church not including about 26 times in schools and internships. I can tell you one thing I can preach in my sleep and After a while you become numb You like the person who's done is so many times you preach is so many times You've been hurt and disappointed by people and everything and it's just so easy to go through the motions And what helps me to reset my spiritual life so that I am as on fire for God today As I was when I was 16 years of age and I just discovered the Holy Spirit is fasting if you want to last you got a fast So I challenge you this week was so beautiful to see so many people of our church We starting this movement where once a month we take first three days of the month to fast It resets something in your spirit I've met people who've done it for the first time in their life this this week and this is a lot It's so much easier than I thought I didn't die I feel so much better my spiritual senses are sharper people who thought that I'm gonna they're gonna throw up blood the next day They said everything was fine actually lost roles that I've been trying to lose by working out They said it works magic Because when you obey God God will let you last if you fast The second decision that practically I take is this is In order to overcome Overwhelmness I have to avoid Overweightness Now let's get sensitive in order to overcome being overwhelmed It's very practical. You have to avoid being overweight When you are overweight Physically, I'm not talking about some spiritual sense right now. It's very practical physical when you are overweight Physically what it does is it begins to affect your emotions? It begins to sap your energy your physical energy and it begins to actually even your physical body the structure of your body Is not wired you may say it doesn't matter.  I Am referring to someone who's a mall cop from a movie that I saw. Okay. I am not referencing to you. Okay Mall cops are not trained for warfare They're trained to guide people to the restrooms in case there's something they call for the police if you are in the military There are people here today.   It's not even your skills It's your energy and you lose that energy and therefore this is the year well We all have to take our health very seriously. I am not an expert in this that's for I'm not gonna talk about it anymore My beautiful wife is gonna come in in just a moment and she'll talk a little bit more about health I struggle with weight I Do after I got married until my marriage everything was fine when I got married things just shifted I Got corrected numerous times by my pastor saying Vlad You got a belly sticking out you can't do that You're a preacher your soldier in the army of God and the first time I heard that I was offended because of like You know people should we should look to to Christ not to our appearance and everything But see we're not just having Christ here We're having each other here And so and I started to take my health seriously started to take a little bit more seriously And then I started to realize that my eating habits were were a whack You know, I drink didn't drink enough water. I didn't exercise I ate more than I consumed that I burned and I started to realize that I was addicted to sugar and and all of these things What they do is they begin to affect every area of your life Amen For those of you who are struggling with overweightness or struggling with you know getting rid of that that extra weight and stuff So this is not to hurt you or discourage you This is to motivate you to listen to overcome that you will be able to have energy and Strength that you didn't have before this is God's will for this year for your life You may not be able to be like someone else, but be the best you the God credit you to be and the last tip for myself and that is Focus more on education Then entertainment the Bible says I pray that you will prosper and be in good health as your Soul prospers Your soul goes bankrupt if you spend your free time on entertainment Many times for Christians entertainment is escapism From the pressure of life now There's nothing wrong with having little outlets in life where you enjoy yourself where you relax the problem What is when the pressure is so strong that you actually create a coping mechanism and you glue yourself? Not because you like to watch action stuff, but it's because you just like to run from the reality and Though there's nothing wrong in itself to watch an action movie or go and watch a game or play a video game There's nothing wrong with that what it does is that if it takes your time from educating yourself by reading Listening on other things that becomes devil's foothold in your life If you still have time to read and to educate yourself then that is good Have some fun go play golf and you know watch some movies and do all this stuff But if you don't have time to read you don't have time to be on the reading plan And you complain that for the past 20 years as a Christian never read the Bible once But your Netflix history shows the two movies a day and bunch of TV shows that have 10 or 15 Seasons you have plowed through like a fateful plower You got a problem Amen I Remember I met with the young teenage leaders and then I asked them how many times they've read the Bible from beginning to land and many of them Young people already. I'm like you guys have kids wives or I mean what what's happening? Why you don't have time they're like we're so busy and I asked them to do something that was so powerful For those of you who have Android phones I'm not sure if you have that feature I said open up your iPhones open to settings on the setting There's this feature called battery they look on the battery and Then it shows up with what did you spend your time on the phone in the past 24 hours? You click beside it a percentage and then you click another button beside it That says last seven days and I asked them could you show me and I saw one person's Two three hours a day on Facebook The other person's you know two hours a movie app and as you see where your time went and the iPhone shows it to you if You're not being educated and you're being entertained your soul is bankrupt very soon So will be your bank account Very soon so will be everything you touch will be bankrupt on the average CEO reads from four to six books a month On the average a person that works for CEO reads two books a year Why because as employees we entertain ourselves people who are wealthy they educate themselves and for Those of you who finished high school and finished a degree got a bachelor's or a master's You have you will have the biggest challenge because you will feel like you're done with school as long as you're breathing you're in school You got a constantly educate your soul Educate your mind don't leave your life in 2018 entertaining yourself enlighten yourself. Can somebody say a man?  I didn't take care of my health I didn't live a life of fasting and I avoided learning I Avoided reading and so I really want to challenge you this year new year new you is not going to come because you get a new Prophecy you have more prophecies. You can save China with the amount of prophecies you got But there will be no shift if you don't learn to read more Watch more sermons Read the Bible Slowly, but surely Watch how many steps you take every day drink more water less sugar More Jesus the Bible does not say Jesus is a great coke or a great Pepsi. He's a living water Water my friends water drink water Amen I'm very grateful because my wife. She is the one that always helps me in the area of health I am if I would be left to my own devices. I would eat cake for lunch dinner breakfast and during the night I love sweet stuff and about two months ago We came from Massachusetts and I started to notice a fatigue I started to take more naps than I should and I feel more tired and so she told me gave me a prophetic word She's a Vlad until you cut off sugar She said you just gonna get fat discouraged And she said you just you just he's a couple. I'm gonna love you still he said but you are gonna love yourself And something just happened. I've heard this statement from so many people myself included by something happen Honestly, I believe Holy Spirit did something in my heart. I made a vow. That's it. I'm gonna drink coffee I'm not gonna give up on coffee But I will drink coffee without any sweeteners and and ever since then it's been another time I started to see increase in energy. I started to see how I feel I mean my face a little bit shrunk and stuff so in the past two months and but most importantly One discipline always leads to another one. I started to watch how I eat a little bit better It started to be more consistent in in fitness and in exercising I started to become more consistent even with reading books and and so many other things You start with one decision where you discipline your flesh and it will lead to another decision and to another decision and to another Decision there's no magic here. There's no secret pill Some of you saying well Vlad it's easy for you. You come from that family. Yes Jeans they affect us, but honestly excuses will never help us to progress in life Period. Thank you for watching this content I hope this was a blessing to you if you're like me and you like to click on things Click on this subscribe to our channel and the content will come to you every time we post it And remember the best is yet to come


Did something happen to you when you were younger that still takes a toll on your mental health today? Adverse childhood experiences, also known as ACEs, are defined as traumatic events that occur during childhood that have a lasting negative impact on your emotional well-being as you grow up. These events include abuse, neglect, and other kinds of childhood trauma such as serious illness, injury, bullying, peer victimization, and so on.  So it's important that we recognize the signs of lingering childhood trauma that hold us back from being happy and accomplishing all that we want to achieve. In this video, we're going to talk about eight signs that you may still be battling against some unresolved childhood trauma. Before we begin, we would like to mention that this video is created for educational purposes only and is not intended to substitute a professional diagnosis. If you suspect you experienced post-traumatic stress disorder or any mental health condition, we highly advise you to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. Number one, you're burdened with guilt. Your early childhood experiences have a way of shaping the way you view yourself and the world around you.  Your unresolved trauma may manifest itself into unexplained and unreasonable feelings of intense guilt, shame, and regret. Number two, you feel anxious for no reason. Do you feel anxious all the time but don't know why? Are you agitated and restless? Do you often experience an elevated heart rate, profuse sweating, muscle tension, or shakiness? These are all common symptoms of anxiety, but it's usually triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. If you have no idea where all your anxiety is coming from, it may be stemming from the emotional trauma you've been repressing for so long. Number three, you're emotionally distant.  While others learn to let go of their heartbreaks and try again, people who suffer extreme tragedies or emotional pain find it easier to distance themselves than deal with the trauma. You may be hesitant to be vulnerable with anyone or to form intimate, meaningful relationships with others. Number four, you struggle to be happy. Do you struggle to see the good things in life? You may have had a hard time letting go of your past and moving forward because of your traumatic experiences. You resist positive change and fall into the trap of denial, negativity, and self-sabotage. After all, happiness can feel scary and unfamiliar to someone who suffered so much. Number five, you struggle with self-loving. For many people, self-love and self-compassion don't come easily, but it can be especially hard for those who experience trauma at a young age. Your past experiences may have taught you that you don't deserve happiness, and so you listen to your own negativity and sabotage your chances at success. The consistency in hurt is what makes it so comforting and so hard to let go of. Number six, you tear yourself down. Did you grow up in a toxic home environment?  An effect of childhood trauma is how it negatively affects your self-esteem. Victims of adverse childhood experiences tend to have a lot of problematic, self-defeating thoughts and behaviors. You may be extremely harsh and critical of yourself or often feel worthless and inadequate. Number seven, you can't control your emotions. Do you often feel overwhelmed by the intensity of your feelings?  Difficulty controlling your emotions and having a low stress tolerance are both clear signs that you may be struggling with some lingering psychological trauma. As a result, you may be more defensive, quick to get upset, and you lose your temper a lot. And number eight, you gravitate towards the wrong people. Do you have a tendency of falling into unhealthy relationships with people who are bad for you? Your dynamic with your parents are templates for all of your future relationships. They teach you what love looks like and how you should be treated by others. No matter how awful they may have been, it's simply human to want to recreate your early childhood experiences because it feels familiar and makes sense to you. So do you relate to any of the signs mentioned here? If so, how do you plan to work through your trauma and move on from the pain you've suffered in the past? Let us know in the comments below. Don't forget to like this video and share it with someone who might also benefit from it. If you enjoyed our content, be sure to subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell icon to get notified whenever we post more videos. And as always, thanks so much for watching. We'll see you soon.


Yo, welcome to Doit Flop. We're here in Liverpool. It's one of the main events of the day. Shout out to Kazmir for having us back.  You know the score. If you are here ready for the main event, please make some noise. It's coming.  After then, we're done.  Now, we'll wrap. Doitflop.com slash tickets. Lunacy versus OJ, the main event of all main events coming up. Six weeks time as of today in Ministry of Saudi London. You wanna come? Doitflop.com slash tickets. All right. Anyway, we're here at one of the main events, MC on my right-hand side. Main event of number one. Please make some noise for the calcium kit. Let's go. Everyone, everyone, everywhere. MC on my left-hand side. Battle is six weeks today, but right now for the Liverpool fans. Please make some noise for OJ. Let's go. For the cup. We chose on camera that Osh is gonna go first. It's round number one on Osh. If everyone can hold it down, please. Thank you. It's on Osh. What's Osh? Bars, right? Bars. Calcium kid. Your nan is a flid. Bishby doggy pattern when she having a swim.   If I have an accident on the way home, crashing a whip. If you have an accident on the way home, you're gonna have to abandon a ship.  I'm Osh, heavy hitter.  I'm a blue nose. We're both funny, but I'm Richard Richard and you're Eddie Hitler. What sandwiches do you do? Eat some bacon head with everyday episode of Jerry Springer. And from Liverpool where we've said, aye, more ties than Henry Winkley. Yeah. Osh, I sell stripes to Gremlins, like stripes from Gremlins. I snort stripes myself to cause fights with Gremlins. Man, this battle's one-way traffic.        See, these bacon head, man, will talk a tough game, but the difference is, we live it. And I know you're not scouts, but whoever you're on is not from Liverpool. You are, so deal with it. This is him, this is him. You're man, you're man, man. I'm a free spirit, man. I'm a free spirit. I drink food and I eat Guinness. I'm such a... I'm such a free spirit. I actually turned up to the battle today with free spirits.     Man, I got no snipe with these type of ars, because I'm sick. Man, I clapped man's wig like, nice wig! And I've been lying to you, Jason. I've been lying to you. But today, I'm gonna tell you the truth and that shit's for free. You know when I said my son wrote calcium, kid, the prick on that pick? It was me.  Man, I get knocked out.     Yeah, giant kids in the battle with clever victims.    Yo, you said that you wrote that, I could tell by the grammar, by the way. Just told you. Calcium Kid is a prick, just gonna put that out there. Yo, I'm down to bet my last bluey on a dead horse to come last. Yo, I'll snuff jab poor McCartney's auto biography out the buck rack. Yo, yo, when I get shushed, yo, when I get shushed in the library, I shush back. Yo, yo, I'm spitting back a deep fried cooking fat, stiff to huff and smack, by the way, what is your left eye looking at? You could be having a lovely chat while checking a running tap on a bubble bath.   Yo, yo, I love sto always glocks waving. Yo, I'm such a gangster, I own the dark blues and Monopoly when I'm not playing. Yo, yo, I'm not playing. I'm down to make a bad impression, bro, I stabbed my Sifu on my face, karate lessons to combat the tension with a smack injection.   Quick, quick, stop it, stop it. If I repeat stuff, it's because I pick, pick pockets, pockets. You're great. Time, round two, ocean, round two. It's time for the freestyle, this flip.  Don't have a clue what you're going on about. I don't know what you're talking about. This is Towson kid, your nan is a flit.      He is that nice.  You're so nice every event you offer me a spliff and you haven't even got one. But what he has got is guard dogs, and guard dogs the guard the guard dogs. Well guess what, I've got guard dogs that guard two extraordinarily large frogs.  And if that doesn't get on bad bars, I do not know what happens.  I've got solo skills, I'll put a bouncy on your head just to help out hand solos bills.  This guy is so racist, if willsy jumped in a battle he'd say, Kolo, chill. Save willsy, gee. I'll bat at his prick, the calcium kid.  I actually feel bad having to win. This guy blames every bad performance that he has on the fact that he's hypoglycemic. In the words of Victor Meldrow, I do not. I don't believe it. Listen, I don't know these there.  But the saying is wrong. These next few bars aren't scientifically proven. They aren't, mate. They aren't. They aren't to me.  Cos it's bad news when your life support machine is lucaside. I know hypoglycemia is not contagious, but move away. I have a bottle of lucas when I'm sick. You have 22 a day. And you talk cheap. One punch will knock out four teeth. It's such a woolly back.  You're everything. Give me a recipe and I'll cook it for you. You're the chosen one, the golden one. Jason and the Argonauts are looking for you. Get that. Listen. Listen. Casper knows. Casper is the only person who got that far. And I don't know what's worse.   I genuinely did not see it on the inside. I did not see that. I was going to take the entire family, the beach, but that plan is cancelled. Because if we're here, who's guarding our sandcastles? No one. No one. That's a fact. Yo. Yo, I don't battle because I don't give enough. We all want different stuff. For instance, you want a bigger cup to put liquor, bro. I want to marry one of the Olsen twins and split them up. Yo. Yo.  You look like Alex Ferguson's kidney bro Yo. You look like you can tell if a chicken's cooked from a finger touch.  You look like you're stockpiling for the winter months.  That last one was a lie. Yo. Yo. I bet you butter both sides of your toast. Yo. I bet you butter both sides of your toast. You don't need to hold a knife to my throat to tell you my life is a joke, bro. All of my messenger pigeons have died in the post. Yo. People call me crazy. So I set fire to those and got high off the smoke. I'll overdose and die from a stroke and dig myself out of grave to find the remote to turn your track off. Hats off in that eke drops. I'm pretty sure you had a crack rock. And I have to physically stop him from eating it twice. Yo. That's true. Yo. Yo. You spent half of your time trying to remember what happened the other half of your time. Didn't say that bark as it rhymed. Yo. Yo. In Leeds you got so drunk you tried to dial out on an xylophone and got a dialing tone. Have fun drunk driving home. Bro. Do you still wrestle? Do you still wrestle? Do you remember your skill level? Do you remember cheering for Phil Neville? I heard of Phil Neville because someday the dust will settle and you'll remember you cheered for Phil Neville. Phil Neville. Listen. Let's go.  This man's high. He said I buzz at both sides of his toast. I do. And the sides. You beating O'Shea.  The other half of his trousers he wears with another outfit. This is. Listen. You know O'Shea's got this. You are not sick. I'm fine. I've cheered Phil Neville.   You're so loud.  You swat. But everybody likes calcium. Don't be serious.   A couple of years ago we were doing a gig around the corner at Django's Rift. It was one of Max and I said it was scratching space. Calcium tears up. Two bags of weed and a massive split. We're having a great time.  Then down the road in the distance we spot the pig sprite. Sniffer dog in tow. Calcium cleverly dropped the split. The only the only problem is he's been smoking and he's got two bags in his pockets and he proper stink. So I'm thinking what you're all thinking he's got a chip proper quick. That's what we know doing it. Not this prick. He walked over to the busy and said officer that dog is sick.  It's snarling, growling, barking. Jumping all over him. And guess what, Mr. MC, dickhead oblivious does start stroking him. This busy has got a smile from ear to ear. In fact it was even bigger. It was like heeet. He just thinks calcium is taking the piss. So he puts his hands in cuffs. Cuffs his hands.  Officer, you don't understand. Dogs love me, man. Five hours later he's been charging that.   They always gone too far. They always just go too far. He's like they're all knobbed. No, you are.    I'm joking.  Oh, yeah! Yeah, that was a punch. I didn't know if there was a punch. I think I won't go to that punch. Oh, I forgot.  Here are a list of words about why I should fight Krista Berg.


show. Call in now. 855-4-SHIFT. That's<PHONE_NUMBER>. Reveille and Leo. The Peter Schiff Show. You're back with Jeffrey Tucker. I'm the head of the Laissez-Faire Club at LFB.org. I'm a substitute for Peter today. I'm pleased to say he's a good friend of mine. We've had a good time hanging out here and there. I consider him something of an intellectual mentor. I write a daily newsletter called Laissez-Faire Today. You can subscribe for free at LFB.org. It's in the sidebar right there. In the last segment, we had Addison Wiggin. I'm not sure if you caught the URL of his new book. It's called The Little Book of the Declining Dollar. You can get that book for free by going to LFB.org, free dollar book. As you can see, it's very articulate and learned on this whole subject of the catastrophe facing the American middle class, thanks to the rise of debt and federal reserve and the growth of government. On this segment, extraordinary thing. I've got another one of my intellectual mentors on. Stefan Kinsella. He's an IP attorney, intellectual property attorney, and I tell you this man has single-handedly shifted the way freedom lovers, liberty lovers, think about the issue of intellectual property. He is the founder and director of the Center for the Study of Innovative Freedom, and the founder executive editor of Libertarian Papers. And a man I used to think had a lot of crazy ideas that I didn't believe.  Maybe we all need little bracelets to say something like that. Stefan Kinsella is right. Stefan, it's wonderful to have you on the show. Thanks, Jeff. I'm so glad to be here. Hey, listen, I've written a ton about the issue of copyright. I consider it to be a form of censorship, a kind of monopoly privilege that the government has conferred upon some people, at the expense of other people, and it seems to me the world would run just fine without it. And we can talk about copyright, but your area of expertise is, in addition to copyright, is patents. And I've always had some sense that in my own writing I've neglected this topic partially because I'm just not as comfortable with it as I am on the subject of copyright. Maybe you can just introduce this topic of patents. You are of the opinion that they are on net harmful to economic development and are particularly pressing problem now in the digital world. Yes, and they're also a threat to human liberty as well. As a practicing patent attorney who doesn't really enjoy it that much anymore, I used to think patents were worse than copyrights. I have come to the conclusion that copyrights are actually a much worse threat to liberty than patents, but patents are still pretty darn bad. I mean, the basic problem with patents is that they're just a monopoly grant by the government, which is meant to slow down competition and to protect people from competition. It originated in the statute of monopolies in England in 1623, at least in a modern form. And back then they were honest about labeling what they were doing. They called it a statute of monopolies, and nowadays you'll have defenders of the patent system deny that it's a monopoly grant, although everyone recognizes that it really is. Yes, and it's kind of a problem because they're always pushed as an example of the enforcement of property rights. I've read countless books. In fact, most historians who are going to talk about the history of economic development will credit the patent for and patent enforcement for spurring economic growth because unless you can have ownership over your innovations, then people don't have any incentive to create new things. You would say this is just a fallacy of cause and effect. Well, it's completely ridiculous, number one. In terms of cause and effect, there is really no empirical evidence that patents do generate some kind of net wealth in society. In fact, all the studies that have come out that are not ambiguous indicate that patents are a net drag on innovation because they prevent people from innovating in certain areas or they make you get permission or there's a lot of cost to hire the patent attorneys and to pay for the lawsuits and the insurance. So you basically have a more oligopolized industry because only a certain number of players can afford to develop these big patent arsenals. Yeah, like Apple and other such. Can you give an example of maybe one that struck you recently of how patents are inhibiting economic development, particularly in new technologies? Well, the smartphone wars is just a raging battle right now. So you have three or four large players like Motorola, Google with their Android operating system, Apple and Microsoft, and maybe Samsung, one of the manufacturers just filing multimillion dollar lawsuits one after the other against each other. And the end result will either be that one of them actually gets an injunction from a court and gets to shut down their competitor's product like maybe an iPad competitor or an iPhone competitor or something like that. Or they'll just make a royalty sort of they'll do a cross license and they'll pay each other lots of money and they'll go back to business. But the little guys on the outside can't hope to compete with this. So you have this small walled garden of a small number of players who benefit from the patent laws. There have been some recent studies which are striking just like trying to estimate the cost of what's called patent trolls. Yeah, what is a patent troll? Can you tell me what a patent troll? Technically a patent troll is what we call a non-practicing entity. That means someone who makes a makes who has a patent but they don't make the product that the patent covers or they don't make any products really.   And there's an estimate recently that patent trolls cost the economy like hundreds of like almost half a trillion dollars over the last half a decade. If you sum up all these studies the best estimate I've been able to come up with is that the patent system clearly imposes at least 100 billion dollars a year of just complete dead weight cost on the economy every year just in the U.S. alone just from the patent system not even from the copyright system. And that doesn't include all the costs that are unseen obviously which are just incredibly incalculable, right? It's probably an underestimate by an order of magnitude or two. Well I find it I find it in fact heartbreaking because you think about all the brilliant young computer programmers that are out there today trying to get a foothold in the industry and do something new and something exciting they face a terrible thicket right? I mean just I mean they think they're writing fresh code as soon as the thing takes off next thing you know they're slammed with all kind of lawsuits and it's not until they become successful yes what they're doing that they're that they're hit and it's my understanding too that the backlog on approving patents is you know as long as two years and this is despite the patent office having something like nine thousand employees. Oh yeah four more than that actually and they're allegedly profitable like the post office. Actually I think the backlog is a good thing the longer that takes for the monopoly grants to come out as good but there's I mean you know Bill Gates was famous for saying back to the dawn of the of Microsoft when it arose back when software was not clearly recognized as being patentable which it is now he has said that you know if software had been patentable at the inception of Microsoft it may it may have never arisen it may have killed the whole software industry but of course now he's in favor of it um yeah well this is often what happens right I mean the the company develops a war chest and then uh and then actually becomes like a conference because Steve Jobs is a good example right he was famously proclaimed that everything he ever did for Apple was was basically stolen from other people and and he bragged about this because a good entrepreneur knows how to learn from the successes of other people but then they then they get they get religion and decided the patents are a great thing now are you saying that every company that owns any kind of patent is a sort of a bad guy no of course not in fact that companies are compelled to acquire patents now because if you don't you're defenseless against your competitors but you have an incentive built into the system for everyone to waste tons of money on patent attorneys and filing fees and lawsuits just so that they can counter to each other or threaten each other it's like an arms race it's almost like a mad during the Cold War basically you acquire all these nuclear weapons called patents just so that you don't use them um you know but but unlike the uh the Cold War you know we don't need to have this if we just would get rid of the patent law no one would have to have these patents in the first place and we would have tons of more resources available for research and development it sounds like we need a big Reykjavik moment you know like with Reagan sitting down with Gorbachev and deciding to eliminate nuclear arms didn't really work but it was a nice try yeah maybe we need that in the patent world too right where where all the big companies come together and say look this is just stupid let's let's get let's let's uh all go go to the government and say uh look we'd be better off in an atmosphere freedom rather than uh this kind of uh as you described you know IP Cold War going on arms well at least in the in the in the Cold War most normal humans realized that there's a threat from nuclear weapons or something bad out there the problem with patents is a very arcane complicated field and everyone's bamboozled into thinking that these government granted monopolies which are anti-competitive and it's a slowdown competition and to protect people from competition they've been told that they're property rights and so they're confused about it they let the experts handle it i mean look software patents are relatively new about 20 say 20 years old and there's been a recent study that indicates that if the software industry in the u.s alone was to hire enough patent attorneys to study the patents that are coming out in software to make sure they're not infringing it would literally require six million full-time patent attorneys a year and about 2.7 trillion dollars to pay them to just do this just to avoid infringing patents and just by comparison the software industry only generates about eight to four hundred billion dollars a year profit and um there's only about 40 000 patent attorneys in the u.s right now so basically we have to mobilize you know one tenth of the workforce to become patent attorneys and waste you know one about one seventh of gdp just to make sure that companies don't emulate and compete with each other stephen when we get back i'd like to talk to you about the relationship between uh intellectual property and actual property which i understand you actually do believe in so you're not uh speaking to some sort of socialist you're talking about talking as a real free market intellectual we'll be returning here just in a moment the peter ship show and its economics twice the education of a harvard mba for one one hundred sixty eight thousandth the cost this is jeff the current peter shiff you can join 25 000 others and subscribe to my daily newsletter lezay fair today lfb.org it's absolutely free and uh and i send out something provocative and often outrageous every day at least it'll make you think a little bit and talk about provocative and outrageous i think that last segment we had with stefan canceler probably alarmed a lot of listeners who imagined that patents are very much like normal property rights it's just something to be protected in any any kind of system that protects property is going to be issuing all kind of patents but you know stefan i think you made a point that undermines this and it was that you said that in the early days of software there were no patents at all we saw gigantic amounts of creativity and growth i mean it implies i think it proves that that what you call intellectual property is really not something built into the structure of the universe it is something created by politicians well absolutely i mean really until about 200 years ago there was no institutionalized protection of intellectual property you did have and the and the height of mercantilism in in europe in england you had the the crown granting all these monopolies basically is favors to their cronies um so one you know someone would get the monopoly on playing cards they didn't invent playing cards they just basically bribe the court or gave you know they helped there was a monopolies on fur and sheep and and these guys would help the crown collect taxes and then they would call the crown and the government and say listen i think my competitor across the street is selling some playing cards without the official seal they're competing with me so they would send the uh the police in there and arrest these guys are rough and placed up so we have basically a crude version of what we have now with the government arrest arresting kim dot com in new zealand and uh confiscating cd's and dvds and imposing taxes on blank tapes and blank media and things like that now it's really not a real threat hasn't it to freedom i mean free especially in the digital age i mean you've got american foreign policy all kind of uh geared up to enforce intellectual property all around the world yeah i mean even john lock and the american founders like thomas jefferson even though they were mildly in favor of some kind of incentivizing system of patents they didn't they never thought it was a property right or a natural right they just thought you know maybe we can have the government grant these temporary monopolies to incentivize invention or disclosure of you make a very good point here i mean you know our listeners are probably right now thinking well wait a minute patents are kind of written into the constitution but the constitution the way its phrase represented a kind of liberalization of the patent or at least so they believed taking it away from something that would be owned by the government and giving granting it to the patent holder or the copyright holder uh himself and that that seemed to be a kind of individuation of of intellectual property didn't it to that generation absolutely i mean i think that um in the terms of in the field of patent well it was in the field of copyright copyright was used to censor free speech into the freedom of the press and to control what was published and so one of the reasons that the statute of an in 1709 in england which sort of institutionalized copyright one reason it was favored by authors was because until then they had to get permission of the crown or the guild or the church uh so copyright allowed them to make the decision that their work could be published instead of being censored and in the field of patents um the the statute of monopolies of 1623 basically removed the power of the crown to grant arbitrary monopoly grants but it retained one part that had been going on which was the grant of monopolies to inventors yes so that's why it existed because they didn't abolish all of it in 1623 yeah and then this is the problem right you make one little mistake get give government even the the most minute power and and enough time goes by and and next thing you know that one power is wrecking the entire system and that seems to be what's going on uh right now uh now let me ask you something very specific that people have often asked me let's say that i invented piece of software and i put it on for put it out for sale and i come up with a way to exclude people from uh reverse engineering that software and marketing uh so-called power copies am i violating anybody's rights and doing that absolutely not there's nothing wrong with not revealing secrets or things you know unless you want to or people are willing to pay you for it uh in fact that the inception of the software sort of revolution you you would have people compile a program they would design it and some kind of language basic or c or fortran or whatever and then they would compile it into an executable file and they would sell that and you it would almost impossible to reverse engineer that you could just play it but you didn't know um how to do it yourself so you i mean and you don't want to call that uh intellectual property you want to call that just a management strategy of some sort right absolutely it's just basically keeping some information to yourself and not revealing everything just like everyone has a personal life in their their personal life you don't reveal all your personal details in your business life you don't have to reveal all its details either to everyone so it's like a privacy setting on facebook exactly in other words invention should just follow the normal rules of the market which is that you can do anything you want to maximize your profitability provided you're not seeking some kind of special favor from the state that's going to coerce a third party so so it really comes right down to it it's not that complicated is it well yeah the basic insight is that there is nothing special about being an innovator that's just another type of entrepreneur or creator on the market and everyone in the market faces competition and they have to come up with ways to respond to that competition either they offer a better service or they bundle it with something else or they continually innovate but there's always competition that will arise in response to the price signals that you send out the profit signals when people see that you're making a profit that's assigned to everyone in the market hey i'm doing something that's valuable for humanity why don't you come do this too that's when they do that they reduce your profit margin and you have to adjust and in this way you have to innovate you're always benefited by it well Stephanie you're the author of a book called against intellectual property uh the lez it fair club is publishing a special edition of your book with a new introduction and some reflections by me the lez it fair club as you know works as uh it's like there's a cover charge and then once you get in the door all the drinks are for free and i can tell you that your book is a pretty stiff drink uh you know for anybody who believes in pat copyrights so i i thank you for being on the show and for making such a difference you know it's pretty rare thing in in this world and somebody comes along with a brand new idea that has such a powerful effect as as your idea has had you change my mind certainly and i know you've changed the minds of many young libertarians about this crucially important topic and i thank you for being on our show today stefan we look forward to releasing your book very soon and all your great work in the future thanks jeff that was stefan cancella a real intellectual innovator i've enjoyed hosting the show today um of course i'm just thrilled to have had these three mega high-powered intellectuals here to help me and help help me see the world more clearly and help me see the world more clearly have a good colleague


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