So, we have discussed what function of specifications are. Function of specifications usually are given in a very raw form by the end user and they are expanded jointly. After you frame those function of specifications, then you will come out with data models and data dictionary. Now, we have extensively discussed both the ER model. We have loosely discussed rather the data flow model. But as far as the ER model is concerned, as far as the static model is concerned, you practically know everything that you need to know including the data-deficient language users of SQL in order to prescribe what you call the complete schema. You know the constraints, how they are prescribed. You also know how to write queries once you come to the schema. So, up to that portion, you don't write queries as a part of SRS. But you know exactly how the queries will be written. And therefore, you would have a rough idea when you frame queries in English that these queries have to be responded to by the information system that I am creating, then you would know roughly what kind of SQL queries will be ultimately written. Of course, there will be a lot more to the procedures where many of these queries will get embedded into other software components which are like components which will handle the front-end screen, components which will handle the communication between front-end screen and the back-end server, components which will handle multi-user responses, crash recovery features of the database, etc. which we have briefly looked at. What we have not looked at certainly is any details of the user interface requirements. And the user interface requirements actually form a key to the entire system and these, therefore, the requirements must be captured right up front during the SRS. Now, you have a rough idea of what user interface requirements are. I thought I will use this opportunity to elaborate a little more because that will probably be needed to be understood by you in order to frame a proper SRS because there is a full-fledged chapter on user interface requirements. So, let's look at some of these. User interface is a generic term which is used to describe how an end user of a system will interact with the back-end information system that you have. The user will get in touch with that system typically through conventional front-end technologies. The most conventional front-end technology is a PC with a mouse, keyboard. That's what most of you know. There are special devices for user interface. Mobile phone is one of those devices as I had mentioned once. There could also be some peculiar interfaces which could be switches kept unobtrusively somewhere. There could be a user interface comprises of your own smart card which you pull out of your water wallet like, for example, your identity card. Most of you should have an identity card of this type which has a chip somewhere there. We are currently not using it. But consider an information system which is supposed to automatically mark attendance of people or system which is automatically supposed to give you access to a laboratory. So, the locks are governed by your access code and the access information which is stored at the back-end. In such a situation, the user interface will not comprise of a full-fledged PC, screen, etc. But just a card reader on the door where you just show your card or insert your card and the appropriate algorithms are invoked at the back-end. The databases are searched. If you are authorized, the door opens. Otherwise, the door does not open. So, such user interfaces are also not uncommon in modern times. However, conventional business information systems will generally have interfaces which will comprise of interactive screens on a conventional PC. Modern systems typically deploy screens which are presented to you or rendered to you by browsers. The screen that you see here is not rendered by a browser. There is another piece of software which is rendering or showing you this screen. What is that software? It is Microsoft Powerpoint. There could be a variety of tools which will present such contents to you. For example, OpenOffice has a presentation tool which can present it like that. You could have Acrobat Reader. So, if you have PDF files, the PDF document format, then you will use an Acrobat Reader to display those things. So, you can scroll, you can move up, down, you can expand the font size. All these features are available to you. How do you model such screens is an important activity during system analysis. More particularly, apart from how the information is rendered on the screen, which is important, but that's not the most crucial thing in an information system. The most crucial thing in an information system is the ability to capture input that is provided by the end user. So, whether it's a registration form where you enter your roll number or subject course that you are registering for, or whether it's a railway reservation form where you enter a train number, or whether it is a bank clerk who is as an end user of a financial information system, he is trying to do debit credit to your account, or it could be a statistical survey who is collecting data about progress being made in a district by going to the district headquarters and inserting information about the number of sheep in that district, number of camels in that district, for example, in Rajasthan, or the number of water bodies that are there, whatever, whatever. So, for every such interaction which demands input to be captured from the end user, particularly in the form of conventional character strings, numeric values, character strings, et cetera, et cetera, you need to provide for a user interface. So, this single line message capture and validate input will mean a lot actually. What kind of input do you want to capture? How would you like to organize the screens? One might argue that the design of such screens in the final form should be a matter of the design part of the software development, not the analysis part. It's a chicken and egg. Unless you have thought something about what kind of user interface you are going to provide or what kind of user interface the end user wants, there is no way you can come up with a good design which will be acceptable to the end user because you are not constructing a system as per your imagination. You are constructing a system which will satisfy the end user of the system. The satisfaction of the end user can be judged to a large extent by interacting with the end user right of friend during this system requirement specification building phase. So, that is why the user interface definition becomes part of the SRS document itself. By and large, if you have done a good job here, then your final design would almost always be mere translation of those screens, the screen layouts which will be sort of draft pictures so to say will become ultimately when you count the line number, column number, which space, what will happen, etc., etc., exactly. So, you can do that. However, it is necessary to apply your mind to say how many screens will you design in your entire information system, not design, how many screens will be required in your entire information system. Just like we discussed the ER model where we said it is possible to have a single table containing all the data and then we said that will lead to a very stupid design. So, we came up with a design which was based on entity model, association model and as we shall see later when we study the normalization during the design phase, you will end up getting multiple tables which are logically organized as per certain design feature. In exactly the same way, a single screen is meaningless. You can see what would happen if a single screen was designed. For example, I think I gave that example earlier that a single screen was designed by a government application to collect the data from every block headquarter about the information pertaining to that block from the development point of. So, there are something like 300 or questions which had to be answered in terms of giving values. The point was that these 300 or questions related to pieces of information which were not uniformly applicable to all parts of the country. So, I gave the example of number of camels. Now, that makes sense in a district or a block in Rajasthan. It certainly does not make sense in a district or block in Tamil Nadu. Now, if you organize those questions in the order let us say from going north to south, then somebody in Tamil Nadu trying to fill in those numbers will have to keep pressing return, return, return say 150 times. Now, that's not a good user interface in that. So, that's the reason why you would like to organize your screens in a way so as to minimize the number of keystrokes that the end user will have to put in in order to fill up that form. So, that is a design issue, how best you optimize and so on. But during the system analysis, you must identify what data needs to be captured, what would be the validation rules? Where will you get the validation rules from? You will get the validation rules from your ER model analysis that you have done, where you have essentially understood what data is important for representing the business model, the ER model. You will be capturing only that data or some part of it or you will be deriving the internal data from whatever is given and therefore all the constraints that you have put in your ER model will have to be validated there. And you have to write whenever you give an input screen saying this data will be captured. For example, hostile number will be captured in certain field in a screen. Then you have to additionally write there that the hostile validation rules will have to be implemented when this data is being captured. Now, you might either make a reference to the hostile validation rules that have been stated in your ER model or you may rewrite them again. Please understand the implication of rewriting. If you rewrite those rules and tomorrow let's say we construct hostile number 14, then the validation rule will change both in the requirement specification and the validation place. If you have written it at two places, somebody who is maintaining the documentation must remember to modify this number at both the places. So, rather you make a reference to one place and say the same reference is valid. However, in case the number changes to 14, then the maintenance of application software which by then has been constructed and let's say people are using it without to involve that this rule has to be implemented at this validation, at that validation, at that place all the places the necessary software changes will have to be made. These are the responsibilities of information system designers and implementers. So, let's quickly look at the capture and validation of input kind of screens and the query retrieval kind of screens. There is an additional thing which I am implying in the query retrieval. We might in fact want to write it. That is the menu options screen. Typically an information system when it comes first, it will say it will ask you what you want to do. It is unlikely that it will directly take you to some data entry screen. It will say you want to let's take regular reservations. So, do you want to just see the timetable? Do you want to see which stands prior between two stations? Or do you want to actually reserve a ticket? Because when you want to reserve a ticket, by that time you know exactly which is the train that you have in mind on which date, which class. And you have verified earlier whether indeed that train runs with that class accommodation on that day or not for which there might be other option. The option to an end user within the railway department could be different. He might be wanting for example to prepare a chart which has to be pasted on each bogey of a train saying in this bogey following people will travel on this date from say Mumbai to Amritsar, whatever. So the requirements would be different. Accordingly the menu options will have to be designed differently for different people. And even there would not be a single menu typically for a large system. There could be multiple menu options. Usually the way information systems are engineered is the moment you log in, because there will be security to any information. The moment you log in, the options which are most relevant to you will appear automatically. So if a clerk logs in from the railway department, the options that clerk will see will be different. If an end user like you and I log in, the options that you will see will be different. At what point would these options get decided? They will get designed during the design phase. But primarily they get decided during the system requirement identity. And that is the importance of identifying the user interface. So let us look at, let us take a design of, with which you are already familiar, a design exists for the academic system. You are all familiar with that. You can log in using your LDAP login ID onto the institute system, right? The ASC system. What is the screen that you see generally on that system? Yes, nobody remembers? After logging. Yeah, after logging. Course registration adjustment. Course registration adjustment. Is that the only thing option that you get? Yes. You will find that that screen is not presented to you as option 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. These are just things which are listed there. And there is actually a, what you call a, HTML, a hyperlink. In that sentence, there's something a hyperlink which you can see in blue typically. You click on that link and you go to that choice. That's modern way of giving out menu. The earlier way of giving out menu was it will say some such and such system. They say hostile management system or something like that. So hostile management system. And here after you log in, you will typically get choice 1, 2, 3, whatever. And here you will have to choose one of these things and press enter. So this choice will say you want to know all the inmates of the hostel. So search for students in the hostel. Second one will say, give me the mess bills of last 5 months. The third one might say, get me the canteen bill, whatever, whatever. In fact, if there are multiple things that the information system does for you, the menu choices will say number 1 choice will be about inmates. Number 2 choice will be about accounts. Number 3 choice will be about whatever, political organization within the hostel, etc. Some such thing. So you categorize the multiple menu options based on the units of activities that you do and you give this as the first menu. If you press 2 for example and press return here, you will be taken to another menu. So this may be accounts menu. So it will say, hostel management system and within that it will say account subsystem. And within the account subsystem again you may have 1, 2, 3, 4 choices or whatever. One of the choices may be for the mess coordinator who is supposed to feed in the extra amount that is to be charged to every individual in men. So now when he presses that choice you might want to present him with a screen which will show all the 350 or hot students who are staying there and then against each one that fellow can say 2 breakfast additional or 1 lunch additional whatever. How you decide to design that is a matter of great application of mind so as to minimize the number of key strokes that the mess coordinator or mess secretary or the hall manager or somebody will have to enter. But that's a matter of design. Initially at the SRS stage you have to identify that I will require such a screen. So these are examples of menu screens. There would be an example suppose as I said you press 2 here and you will be guided to a data entry screen. Let's say this data entry screen permits you to enter for each individual student the additional mess charges that are to be paid by that student in which case what you will have will be something like a roll number here. You would expect that the moment you enter the roll number the name of the student the room number etc. should come automatically. How will this come automatically? That is requirement. The function requirement is that the moment in this screen I enter the roll number the database should be looked at the name should be picked up room number should be picked up and should be displayed here. Then I will say whatever I might have something like extra amount to be paid this month and this is where I will enter data. After I enter data I will expect that this data entry is captured, validated and is inserted into an appropriate table in my database. So subsequently when I try to generate a report factual mess bill from this table the extra amount will be taken from some basic bill calculation some basic amount will be taken and for each student in the hostel the total amount will be displayed. So you can see basically things are not very difficult but things have to be thought of very carefully. Would you really like to put extra amount directly or in the context of hostel would you like to put that in this month the fellow had two extra breakfast one extra dinner, three guests whatever you want. In whichever way the raw data is available at that point in time is the best way in which you should ask for capture. If you ask the end user to do any calculation and then enter the final results then the end user will definitely ask you this question why the hell do I have a computerized system if you want me to multiply the number of breakfasts by this bill or whatever one. So as far as possible you must capture raw data which is routinely available in the conventional system. Not a raw data which you think is important but which does not exist. Needless to add such a hostel management system application would be written only once in the institute but it may have to be parameterized if it has to be implemented in each of the hostels. For example if I am from hostel number 3 I would like hostel 3 to appear on my top screen itself but if I am hostel 4 and I am running the same application I would like hostel 4 to appear. Similarly I would like inmates of hostel 4 to appear in my detail work. Now I could either design a single system which is running from a single server for all hostels and at the login time depending upon which general security or mess security is logging in I will figure out this mess security in hostel A and I will automatically present the screen of hostel A. At what point do you make these decisions? Not necessarily at the design stage but at the very conceptualization stage and that is the reason why the SRS document will not be merely pictures of screens that you will paint saying this is the screen this is the screen you are required to give logical arguments as to why you want a screen to look in a particular way and not in any other way and the implications there are that if the screen has to look like this and if there is going to be a single system then at that point itself you will say that the moment somebody logs in the hostel number should be picked up from the database and shown here the name of the person should be shown here whatever one so you see analysis of design for the purposes of engineering approach we separate them out as two phases but when you are doing analysis you are actually doing part of the design thinking and when you are doing design you might refer back saying in this analysis I goofed up I did not think of everything and therefore I need to do something more is that clear? so this is about interactive screens what about query retrieval what kind of screen would you like to make one simple way of saying is you give a long string to be written and say please type the necessary sql query that will be stupid right only information scientists can write sql queries end users they may be able to but they cannot be expected they are the end users so nobody will write an sql query so what is it that you have to do during analysis during design and during coding can you imagine for a query retrieval system you said what kind of queries can you use so what kind of queries can you use consider the academic system now this is where you have to first classify the users in different groups for any application system such as academic office system with which you are familiar you can easily see three kinds of users one are the two end users for an academic system in IIT Bombay that end users comprise of students and teachers and TAs these are end users then there are academic office functionaries so academic office clerk who is supposed to update grades academic office clerk who is supposed to fire a program which will calculate CPI academic office clerk who will follow up whether the fees has been paid in time academic office clerk who will do something that a student was not able to change courses during the date prescribed but subsequently the student has gone to dean academic programs and got an approval saying because of these special circumstances I am now permitted to change my course registration such thing will not come to the faculty advisor such thing will normally not be permitted by the end user directly so you will have let's say the activators of academic activities within the academic office will comprise one group and finally there are managers who are the managers heads of the departments who would like to know the academic performance of students within the department dean of academic programs the director of the institute a board member these are typically called management users for whom you need to produce reports comprising of management information system reports a transactional system handles transactions any reporting that is generated out of that transactional system for the purposes of gross understanding of the happenings are called MIS reports the management information system reports the requirement for them must be captured during these phases so what kind of questions would a faculty would like to ask what kind of questions a head of the department would like to ask what kind of questions the dean of academic programs would like to ask what kind of questions the UGAP convener or PGAP convener would like to ask a PGAP convener while he has he or she has to approve all the results after every semester the PGAP convener also has to look out for exceptional cases somebody who has a very poor academic performance somebody who has an exceptional academic performance how is the average CPI moving in the course of years these are the kind of questions that the convener would like to ask similar questions the dean might like to ask there was a query which was a very unique query at that time we were trying to find out so we were worried about the what you call the quota system not QUOTA but KOTA large number of people from quota were getting admission through joint entrance exam and we were worried whether there is any gap there so what we decided of course to institutionalize a more rigorous sort of invigilation we are not in charge of invigilation at centers the center in charge is not there but to send more number of people and simultaneously we undertook a very interesting exercise to correlate the JEE rank of people who come from quota or Bhilai to the academic performance and academic rank within the institute after the joint because after the joint there is no coaching you have to survive like that so that was not planned for in the information system because I mean how do you plan for that so we had to get that data separately and we had to write queries separately we surprisingly found a good correlation that means the people who had better ranks coming from that it did not matter which place they came from actually that's what we could show independent of whichever place they came there was a good correlation in the JEE rank that they had and the performance there were of course outliers in any statistic now such questions cannot be anticipated so you will always have provision to write additional queries and that may be the reason why sometimes you may change the database design to include additional tables subsequently but these are exceptions in normal routine way you should be able to anticipate all these things in exactly a similar fashion you have to model reports reports could be of two types one is when you make a query online and as I said the query cannot be in terms of SQL just as you make a query screen how would you make a query screen even for a simple thing like you want to find out some details about a student let's say you want to find out what is the CPI of that student then the query screen that you will design will merely say enter the role number of a student now that role number should automatically disappear the name should have a radio button or something say confirm the query that indeed this is what you want to ask and then internally an SQL query should be formed which will say save X CPI from student where role number is whatever you are given so all that will be done by the software the database will be inquired into value will come out and again some pieces of software will bring that value to the front end these are the pieces of software which actually programmers will have to write in your case the system will be implemented by the secondary BTEC students who will actually write the code for doing everything that you prescribe ultimately is the system which will run but you have to design how should that information appear should just say CPI of this student is so and so that's a very simple screen to design so query answer is also a report sometimes the query will send larger number of values for example the query could be that given a prescribed CPI get me the list of all the students names of all the students in the hostel who have CPI more than that I might even want to ask questions related to which wing has superior academic performance more importantly from a hostel management information management system I want to casual together a basketball team and I would like to know all the students residing in my hostel who have given basketball as one of their hobbies in all such queries I will not get one name I will get maybe 20 names maybe I will get 50 names how exactly do you want that final output screen to look like has to be thought of during the requirement specification so would you like a 25 list to be packaged in a fashion in a two column one column here one column here where the font is so small that nobody can read it or would you like the names to come up like this such that there is a scroll bar where the end user presses the scroll bar and the list scrolls up or this scrolls down so you can easily look at it on our interactive screen including the screens which are displayed by browsers you have the scrolling facility but if you need a printed report that printed report has to come on a piece of paper what should be the size of paper what should be the size of font in which way that information should be organized now this is a requirement specification you can just say in your SIS document that a report comprising of all the passengers travelling by each state for each bogey will be produced that's not that's not specifically in the report how will that report look like so it will have a bogey number it will have a trade number it will have class of accommodation it will show it separately it will show from which station to which station which travelling etc etc ok you will notice that the age of the passenger is not written in such a print out do you know why simple the age is taken as a corroboration that the right passenger is travelling so the age is not displayed otherwise any person with that age we claim that my name is so and so that's why there is some information which is cross checked by the TC so if you buy a ticket on internet for example you are required to give the document type for your identification suppose I say driving license and I give driving license number that is not displayed in the report but that is something that is available with the train conductor so the train conductor has a similar list what is posted but it has some other information now who will think of these things these things cannot be thought of at the design stage they have to be thought of at the stage when you are collecting the requirement and that's the reason why it is extremely important to look at the system from individual users perspective so even in the hostel the perspective of an individual hostel internet is different the perspective of the hall manager could be different the perspective of warden could be different and you have to put yourself into everybody's shoe to say that from this hostel information system what is it that the end user will require but hostels in IIT Bombay you yourselves might be better players to raise some of these questions but in general can we say will you know for example what kind of system is required by securities and exchange board for surveillance of the trains that happen in the stock exchange no who will know these things the people who sit in savvy the people who do the stock market trading that is brokers people and so on the people who run stock exchanges so you have to go to them and ask questions to find out what exactly they are doing why they are doing what they are doing and what kind of information system interface will they require that's the reason why invariably in this important phase you have to interact with the end users you have to learn as much about the end user as you can as much about the end users domain as much about the end users application or the information system as you can this is a very serious task that is the information scientists are not people who just move with a bunch of technology and implicitly just use that technology for whatever they are required constantly to learn about a different domain every time they design or analyze a system every time they build a system one year or one and half years later you will be required to build another system if you are working for example for data consultancy services it is not uncommon that you will end up in a span of 10 years working on 5 to 6 completely different systems and when you do that imagine the amount of competence that you will develop in the knowledge of each functionality of the 5 or 6 system this knowledge is expected to be reflected in the software requirements, specification document that you make subsequently the design document that you make and subsequently the information system that you construct there are actually books world style system analysis books which in fact tell you how to conduct interviews so let's say you are working on a stock exchange system you don't know anything about stock exchange first you will be required to read about what are the normal operations of a stock exchange then after familiarizing that you will formulate a set of questions from a information system perspective that you would like to ask the executive director of stock exchange the individuals who manage the systems there what kind of information requirements are there and so on and for that what kind of interviews you should conduct for example suppose I am the end user of one of the applications that we at an appointed time and suddenly start asking questions your first question will be sir tell us what do you want I am not an information scientist I do not know from what angle you are asking me these questions what is the purpose of these questions I will generally describe in a philosophical manner what I want that is not adequate for you you will go back and you will be less wise than what you were before so you have to prepare a background paper before you conduct an interview then you have to send that paper to the end user saying I want to meet with you but I want answers to these questions so the end user is ready with the answers if the end user does not understand some questions that end user can send back an email or a document to you saying I do not understand what these are this means then you are required to elaborate please remember that the interview time is a very short time of 15 minutes half an hour whatever and during that half an hour you want to achieve a lot of useful information exchange the preparation for half an hour interview could easily take about one one and a half hour on your part and could easily take at least half an hour of pre preparation by the end user whom you are interviewed these are no trivial matters these are typically stated in large system analysis processes and procedures but for you to understand this you have to practice this thing how do you practice this in a class setting how do you practice this I am sure you would have asked some questions to Samir sir whenever you are designing completely new information systems which did not exist at all then there is a lot that evolves while you do not only analysis but design and even building so when you build a system people will come up with additional requirements and as I said earlier this is common for but when you have existing information system which are to be migrated with additional functionality then the end user is also able to answer you questions in a better fashion the important question to us is how do we simulate that environment here I have tried to do that in two ways one is to expose you to Samir sir, so good then one hand and Prasakriti Ramayana on the other so that you can have at least that first interaction but beyond that you will have to create group interviews within yourself and practice this so for example there is a group of four people right now you can within your own group you can say alright you will act as a user and I will act as a information system analyst and I will interview on these facets so you actually time it you say 10 minutes interview but before that whatever is the preparation questions then that person thinks about those questions and if that person can answer those questions I can answer all of them or I don't understand this question now this is an exercise in information system analysis this is not an exercise in SQL programming but this exercise is as important as SQL programming because if this exercise is not done some questions will remain unanswered some questions will not occur to anybody but they will have an uncanny propensity of surfacing later after you have built that system that is why this has to be done report modeling as I mentioned contents and format is an important aspect more importantly whether the reports are to be produced on screen or whether the reports are to be produced on printer you would see that each one of you gets a great report at the end of an examination I don't know how the great report is printed now it's a smaller is it a pre-printed stationery or it's an ordinary paper on which great report is printed so there is something which is already printed now you can see the possible problems the already printed things means that there are exact spaces wherein the variable information must come your old number your name course grade etc must come and sit there if it is printed 1.5 inch on this side the whole report will look like rubbish so which means that the person who writes programs to generate that report on the printer must know exactly which line number which column number what information has to come and the printer itself must be aligned properly with the printing stationery before you start printing nowadays things are much simpler with let's say A4 size papers getting printed through laser printers will actually have pre-printed stationery and still make sure that exactly at that place the printing occurs it is not necessary many times to have any pre-printed stationery because a laser printer is a page printer and it can print the entire page in the same time that it takes to print even smaller pieces of value but in large dot matrix printers or line printers such is not the case the amount of information to be printed decides the throughput of the printer imagine for example refund cheques that have to be printed and sent take the IPO that happened recently of Arayal unfortunately that stock is trading much below power but whatever some 50 lakh people are supposed to have applied nobody got the number of shares that he or she applied for that means there is a refund amount that is to be paid back as per maybe whose this refund amount has to be paid back in 10 or 15 days time imagine printing 50 lakh cheques correctly then putting them in some kind of an envelope folder putting a postage stamp and mailing them please remember each one of these is an activity of an information system have you ever wondered how long it will take to put 50 lakh cheques in envelopes close them test a poster stamp assume that the address is automatically written and put them in the post can you put 50 lakh things in any post box you can't how do you handle that so you take so many things almost all these paper have to be said under some kind of a proof so which means the poster authorities must sign saying so many envelopes these are physical envelopes that have to be carried to the post office they have to be received by a post office clerk and that post office clerk has to give you a receipt for each of the envelopes he can't give a receipt for each of the envelopes so he will generally expect you to carry a large list on which he will put a stamp saying received 500 or 100 but each of these 100 or 500 have to be physically countered by the post office clerk and all against the list that indeed that name is what you have been given how long it will take to do this with 50 lakh envelopes do that as an arithmetic exercise you will find out that these are non-trivial issues and it costs money you need to have people who will send we sent just 12000 envelopes containing CDs to our alumna you can find out what kind of miserable logistics arrangement it required in the alumna office you have to put a CD inside of each envelope then you have to find that we have a franking machine but we still have to go to the post office and a post office said we will not be able to accept more than 500 in a day so we found out 10 different post offices sent 10 different people with 500 each and they were doing that every day now this is very clearly this is a matter which requires money to be spent and your job as information scientist is to try and think of ways in which you minimize these things one of the reasons why email has become so popular across the world is because they cause time and effort involved is much less in taking the contents from one place and delivering them at the desired but in real world you still need paper and that is why when I say on printer what is the size of the page on which you want to print this how will this report be printed how will this report be handled after printing these are the questions that have to be raised during system analysis is that clear we will not go through these special interfaces but I did mention two things one is if you want to for example have an information system which will interact with the end user using SMS so as I gave example when I am travelling by Singapore Airlines I will automatically get an SMS reminding me that the flight leaves at this time from such and such terminal in this way if the flight is delayed I will get an SMS now this must be automatically generated you cannot expect a person sitting there every time the flight is delayed by 15 minutes typing in messages to 350 travelers of that flight but that is the part of the information system design and implementation but to perceive such a need is the job of an information scientist at the time of system requirements you can see that this part of user interface will occupy sufficient effort from your side during the SRS specification itself and the better you do this part here the less will be the problem during design implementation and usage screen and forms layout is what generally you will include in the SRS how will the screen look like how will the forms look like data entity forms but what you will also include in the SRS is which are the source and target stores they could be either entities or associations in your ER model or they could be stores which have been introduced in your data flow diagram model you remember the data flow diagram where you have this notion of a store now a store can be introduced which holds the information in a transient fashion input information comes like this it goes into a store after 2 or 3 processes that information is consumed and put in your regular database table so it is not necessary that all the tables that you have described in your ER model are sufficient to capture all the stores requirement there will be some stores which will be required during the SRS phase itself which you will identify ultimately they will also have to be translated into some kind of table definitions then operational considerations ease of use what we call user friendliness one of the aspects is keystroke minimization minimum number of keystrokes required if it is pure play keystroke and no mouse then the number of down arrows that you have to hit to go from the top of the screen to say seventh field six are useless that is also to be counted in general it is not an easy task and you have really really a good opportunity to apply innovative ideas in this design the people I have found who are very good at this are people for example our industrial design center people who who work for the master of design they understand the user interfaces much better we actually have a professor there Professor Anil D. Joshi who had given a talk in this course on user interfaces basically usability analysis I will try and put those slides on the moodle screen you might want to look at them as to how user interfaces are I mean they go to the extent of saying that if there is a product a product like for example scissors so if you are given a scissor you automatically know the scissor to cut paper or thing you don't need to read a user manual but suppose somebody designs are extremely complicated in a beautiful scissor which cuts in a very fine way except that it does not have two hands it has five buttons now can you use that scissor without reading the manual and even if you read the manual the danger is always that you press a wrong button and you cut your thumb instead of a paper so this usability is an extremely important facet of any information system whether it is an information system or a gadget consequently there are a series of manuals that have to be written user manual how many user manuals have you read about any information system if you take software as an information system or if you take any hardware as an information system then you would have come across manuals a TV user manual or a PC installation manual software installation manual notice that the quality of that user manual is decided by the end user depending upon the ease with which the ultimate objective is satisfied by following the steps given in that user manual at what point do you write the user manual in a classical approach to information system you write the user manual at the time of design however much of the user workflow will have to be captured during the analysis phase so you have to write a good design document so you can see the kind of things that you will have to write under operational considerations you will have to write some modes on how the workflow happens how information moves from one place to another place this identity of different groups of users has to be done the identification has to be done during the SRS facet I would conclude here by saying that the user interface part is an important part of the SRS document and therefore writing a good SRS document refining it and making sure that it captures everything that is of consequence


Now, we start next part of our discussion and what we want to talk about really is we have been using and we have demonstrated when we went to the lab and we talked about it we have been using non-linear optics quite a bit. In the last module we had talked about your amplified laser the laser that we have the next step is optical parametric amplifier. Now in order to understand optical parametric amplification first of all we need to build a little bit of basics of non-linear optics. And as has been the central theme of this course we are not going to try to derive everything perhaps but we will try to understand how things work. So what we learn today is this when we showed this femtosecond optical getting experiment we had shown that red light comes false on some non-linear crystal and then when we turn the crystal by using a micrometer screw we see that second harmonic is generated to a greater extent. So today in this module we are going to learn why that happens why is it that you turn the angle of a crystal and you get good second harmonic while you do not get it earlier to do that we have to I am sure many of us know already about non-linear optical phenomena. So we will discuss the basics and let us see how far we can get. So first of all we have talked about this earlier and I am sure everybody has learned this in other courses. The model of interaction of light with matter is that light induces a polarization in the medium electric the electric field component of light induces a dipole moment electrical dipole moment and that is what interacts with the electric field to give you the radiation matter interaction which is what we are talking about. Now if you have ordinary light then you have linear response meaning the polarization is directly proportional to the amplitude of the electric field E. So you can write it in a very simplistic manner as P equal to chi first order that 1 in the superscript within bracket means first order it is not chi to the power 1 it is not chi 1 it is chi first order. So P equal to chi first order E where P is polarization first order chi is the electric susceptibility of first order and E is the amplitude of the electric field but then there is actually more to this than what we have written and someone tell me what more is there what is it that we are actually hiding in this simplistic expression. No that even before going to square cube term even in linear response suppose the response is linear I am saying even then in that case this equation that we have written is a tad too simplistic the situation is more complicated than that ok Hint Raman spectroscopy you have learnt this in Raman spectroscopy yes not dipole moment susceptibility so let us say alpha instead of chi first order I will write alpha polarizability let us say if I write polarizability does that ring a bell think of what you learnt in Raman spectroscopy this expression is actually more complicated than what it is ok electric field is it a scalar or vector the vector field right what about polarization scalar or vector yes so now Prajith has remembered the thing is this it is not necessary that if I apply an electric field along x direction polarization will be along x direction only electric field along x direction can produce polarization in other directions as well so if you write P the three components of P P X P Y P Z let us say we write it as a column vector a column matrix that will be equal to column matrix E X E Y E Z left multiplied by a square matrix right and the components will be something like alpha xx alpha xy alpha xz and so on and so forth why is it that if I apply electric field along a particular direction polarization is produced in other directions as well yes I am applying in one direction so to answer this question the easiest approach is to think like a baby like a kid think of simple analogies it is easiest to understand that way ok what is the meaning of polarization production of dipole moment what is actually happening to the molecule electron right so electron is it particle or wave or what right so electron cloud and the electron cloud is distributed all over the molecule so when you polarize what you do essentially is that you distort the electron cloud is that right so let us say we are spherical electron cloud over the molecule you distort it so that in one direction the concentration of electron cloud is more in the other direction it is less ok I like to think of it as a balloon this entire electron cloud is like the air contained inside a balloon now think of holding a balloon and pressing like this well you can pull also but then it is easier to press so this is the field you are applying and the balloon will get depressed in this direction but is it not elongated in the perpendicular directions X and Y yeah so that is a rough analogy that explains why when you apply an electric field in a particular direction distortion takes place not only in that direction but also in perpendicular directions all directions that is why it is actually a tensor for our purpose for now it is ok if you write like this right next we come to what Shoradip was saying this expression that we have written in the simple form or in matrix form this is valid when we have ordinary light light coming out from the electric bulb where the field is weak what happens when we use a laser a laser is associated with significantly higher electric fields right then the response is no longer linear then you have something like this your nonlinear response P is equal to chi first order E plus chi second order E square plus chi third order E cube and so on and so forth and the reason why you see this for high values of E and not for low values of E is that first order chi is much larger usually then second order chi if it is provided the second order chi is nonzero we will come to that second order chi is generally much larger than third order chi and so on and so forth that is why unless this E square term or in some cases E cube term can take over unless the value of E is sufficiently large you do not see the higher order terms ok but when you deal with lasers you can get at least the second order term sometimes you can get the third order or fourth order term as well we will see what are the conditions that are required for this higher order terms to be involved ok for now let us focus on the second order chi it is called the second order nonlinear susceptibility ok so this is the beginning of our discussion of multi photon processes 2 photon process of course is the simplest multi photon process one can think of and the second order nonlinear susceptibility is responsible for bringing about 2 photon processes so once again let us remind ourselves of what 2 photon processes are so whatever we are discussing now I believe is known to all of us is just the capitulation what is the meaning of 2 photon absorption let us say we have these 2 energy levels separated by an energy equivalent to frequency of 2 nu or nu 1 plus nu nu 2 depending on whatever we are going to write so to start with let us say the energy gap is equivalent to frequency of 2 nu and let us say I excite with laser pulse of or not necessary the pulse laser light of frequency nu what will happen the photon does not have enough energy to cause a transition to the next available stationary state right but once again cutting a lot of mathematics out and using a little bit of childish analogy the molecule does not know right the molecule does not really the molecule has not studied quantum mechanics so it does not know when the light comes that it is not supposed to absorb it so what happens is the distortion of the electron cloud starts anyway and then it reaches some virtual state what is the virtual state what is the stationary state what is the virtual state what is the stationary state CH 107 stationary state is a state in whose energy or whose psi psi star we can say is independent of time ok so these are states associated with finite life time your molecule can stay there for some time and virtual states are anything in between you can have an infinite number of virtual states between any two stationary states and the way you generate these virtual states is by taking linear combination of stationary states and the point to remember is that virtual states are associated with lifetime of 0 the molecule cannot stay in the virtual state for any amount of time so the moment it is there is going to come down so if your intensity of light is not too much then you will not see any absorption so you can think like this the electron cloud starts getting distorted this is the shape of electron cloud in the ground state this is the shape in the excited state it starts getting distorted runs out of gas midway and comes back however if you use intense laser light then what happens is at the same moment when the molecule or let us say the system is promoted to the virtual state there are many other photons around so a second photon can cause promotion to a second to the stationary state and if you carefully choose the frequency of the photons you use so that their energy is exactly half of the energy gap between two stationary states then you can have what is called two photon absorption okay so this is a very very simplistic hand waving way of saying what two photon absorption is and the case we have discussed is the simpler of the two cases of two photon absorption where it is but both the photons are the same color same energy same frequency regenerative photon absorption that need not be the case always sometimes what happens is that the energy gap might be equal to the sum of the frequencies of two different kinds of photons that you have at your disposal in that case first photon let us say new one takes the system to the virtual level and at that instead a large concentration of new two photons are available the molecule is promoted to the next stationary state of course all this is just wishful thinking we are writing like this to understand there is no reason why new two will not be absorbed first we do not know actually which have been absorbed first which has been absorbed first the other analogy I like is that it is sort of like two water droplets joining up together and forming a larger droplets so two energy of two photons are sort of getting added up to give you the promotion that you require okay so much for two photon absorption but then when you absorption when absorption takes place the energy of the system goes up so anything that goes up has to come down so let us talk about some frequency generation or in some cases two photon excited fluorescence let us take the second case where the energy gap is equal to new one plus new two non-degenerate to photon absorption now and let us say that the energies of new one and new two are such that new one plus new two is not equivalent to any energy gap between two stationary states in that case even after new two is absorbed the system is going to be some virtual state right what is the lifetime of a virtual state 0 so the moment the system has reached that virtual state it cannot stay there immediately it has to come down and it comes down with emission of the light that is absorbed but then there is no memory the system does not remember that I had absorbed new one first and new two second or the other way around there is no memory so when the emission takes place the emission is of a single photon of frequency new one plus new two this is how some frequency generation can take place now think of a case where this higher energy state is not a virtual state but rather a stationary state then what will happen stationary state is it associated with some non-zero lifetime or it is a lifetime 0 generally lifetime is not 0 so when the molecule gets excited to a stationary state and then the emission takes place from there what is it called fluorescence in the simplest case scenario yeah same spin multiplicity so this is something that is used especially in microscopy where you excite where you do a two photon excitation and you look at the fluorescence the problem is this let us say I want to look at some protein under a microscope what are the the fluorophoresin protein generally tryptophan is the major one anything else tyrosine anything else phenylalanine this is something that is perhaps the least popular there is a school that has tried to promote tyrosine as a good fluorescent proven all but generally people follow tryptophan emission ok if I want to follow tryptophan emission where do I excite 295 but tryptophan absorption maximum is 280 nanometer why do I excite at 295 nanometer so as to avoid exciting phenylalanine and tyrosine ok so that is just a recap not really anything to do with the present discussion now the problem is this I want to look at a protein that is inside a cell under a microscope and I want to follow it by tryptophan emission then I have to excite by 295 nanometer light two issues there first of all unless you buy a significantly more expensive UV microscope regular microscope optics are all glass so 295 light won't even get through secondly even if you use a UV microscope you are looking at cells which is a turbine medium they have to scatter light scattering efficiency how does it fall off with lambda lambda to the power what lambda to the power 4 so these are things we cannot forget we have to remember so UV light is scattered big time you won't see anything so it is much better in that case to not use 295 nanometer light but rather use some laser which gives you 295 into 2 how much is 295 into 2 302 into 2 is easier 600 600 minus 10 590 so 590 nanometer laser if you can use intense 590 nanometer laser then you can have a 2 photon absorption to a stationary state right and then you can look at the emission of the protein provided that emission is not scattered provided that emission I mean provided your optics that can look at that emission that is a different issue 2 photon excited fluorescence is very popular in biological systems because the problem is this if you use wavelength that is too short it will get scattered if you use wavelength that is too long it will be absorbed by water so typically when wants to do microscopy one wants to work in the therapeutic range of 650 nanometer to 900 nanometer but then if you excited 700 nanometer where will it emit it will emit beyond 900 2 photon excitation followed by fluorescence is very popular technique especially in microscopy okay but here coming back to our present discussion what we have seen here is how you can get some frequency generation so in some frequency generation there is no delay light is absorbed instantaneously light comes out in instantaneously you do not have to wait any time so if nu 1 plus nu 2 is the case we call it some frequency generation and in the special case when nu 1 and nu 2 are equal to each other then we get second harmonic generation that is what we do in inside our millennial laser that is what we do for in the fog instrument and in any other places okay. So now with that simplistic background build let us go a little further into understanding second order non-linear phenomena okay so once again we are following this our usual textbook Helena now think of what you have in the entrance side of the fog spectrometer you have light from a laser here we have written with frequency of omega it falls on some non-linear crystal we will talk about what optic axis is in a little while and then you get omega and 2 omega out and then you use a long pass filter to get 2 omega out and block omega or do something in our case what we do is we transmit omega and we reflect 2 omega fine what you have to use a dichroic here once again we proceed in the simple with the simple description of the system the electric field of light is a function of position as well as time that R that we have written anything that is in bold is actually a vector electric field is a function of position and time and it is given by E 0 multiplied by cos of k 1 R – omega 1 t what is omega 1 there is no retry to omega 1 here actually I could have written omega but later on I have talked about omega 2 and all that is why here omega 1 is there what is omega the answer is there in the projection omega is the angular frequency of light incident light what will be angular frequency of the second harmonic 2 omega remember what is R R is in bold so it is a vector what is that R small R there are very few things for which you use R and a vector at that what is R just tell you what do you use smaller for distance right and R vector does that ring a bell distance from where is the position vector distance from the origin you have some point x y z you draw an arrow from the origin to that point that arrow denotes the position vector R is that same position vector nothing else what is k 1 k 1 once again is a vector it is called the k vector is there another name that you know wave vector so what is k that is something that we should say and then we can stop this module go to the next one we will come back to that but first of all suppose this is E and for this expression of E I want to write the expression for this second order polarization what will it be just a second order term not the first order term remember what it was p equal to chi first order multiplied by E plus chi second order multiplied by E square so what will be the second order term for polarization chi second order multiplied by well E square what is E square here E is equal to E 0 cos k 1 R minus omega t omega 1 t so what is E square E 0 square that is a good beginning then cos square k 1 R minus omega 1 t it is very simple so as I said many times in many different for I never ask difficult question cos square term but now I want to ask a question let us see if you remember our high school high secondary trigonometry how do we write cos square theta cos square theta is equal to well in terms of cos since you are writing cos we will stick to cos 1 plus cos 2 theta divided by 2 right 1 plus cos 2 theta divided by 2 what is theta here k 1 R minus omega 1 t right so can you work out the expression E 0 square do it in terms of theta E 0 square cos square theta what does it become in terms of cos 2 theta E 0 square cos cos square theta if I want to write it in terms of cos of 2 theta cosine of 2 theta what do I get yeah E 0 square by 2 plus as I have taken 2 common plus there is a half as well and do not forget do not forget second order chi I might have forgotten to say it okay so that will come later fine E 0 square by 2 plus cos 2 theta divided by 2 okay that is E square now to get second order term for polarization this term has to be multiplied this factor has to be multiplied by second order chi second order susceptibility so this is the answer second order term for polarization is given by second order non-linear susceptibility multiplied by E 0 square by 2 plus half second order non-linear susceptibility multiplied by E 0 square cos 2 theta where theta is k 1 R minus omega t okay what is the frequency of this associated with the second term what is the frequency angular frequency associated with this second term this one 2 omega 1 that is right so look at the first term the first term is a constant polarization is it not there is nothing in t there it is just second order non-linear susceptibility multiplied by E 0 square by 2 E 0 is a constant of time constant of space constant of everything right so this is called constant polarization or DC effect this part is used to measure the power second one is actually the second harmonic term there you have a polarization that is modulated by a frequency of 2 omega 1 so this is the term that is responsible for second harmonic generation okay then we take a break here and in the next module we start right here


24-hour period when we're just using the electric drive. We only burn about 8,000 gallons for the day. If we're using the gas turbines for the whole day, it'll burn about 22,000. Aft generator room, we always need three things for electricity. So we need motion, a magnetic field, and a conductor. So that's basically what is in here. So the drive-in would be our rotating field of motion, and inside the generator we have the magnetic field. So once that cuts that magnetic field, it actually So we have the APM, the auxiliary propulsion motor, and the auxiliary propulsion system that makes this ship the hybrid ship that we have. Everything on this ship we use digital. Everything's digital.  It's very energy efficient. Destroyer, for example, on any given day will burn 20,000, 30,000 gallons underway. For us, I've seen where we burn less than 10,000 gallons a day just underway, and this ship is much, much bigger than a destroyer is. It's kind of like a hybrid car. We use the electric motors to go low speeds, which saves a lot of fuel, and then if we have to go high speeds, we use the internal combustion engines, which is the gas turbines, to go those high speeds. Some of the pros that we have, because we have a hybrid electric system, is that we don't have to refuel much out at sea. Staying on station is important for us. As the newest ship in the Navy, we're going to be called upon to go to where our problem areas are. We're there for war fighting purposes. We're also there for support. So, we're there to provide flat operations, air strikes for troops down on the ground. Marines are defending on us to be there for them. With us being able to use auxiliary propulsion system, they can depend on us. We can stay there for months.


There is always new opportunities in the market. Let's look at the top 10 cryptos by market cap since 2013, which by the way, only 14 coins existed in that first initial year compared to now where there are currently over 22,000 coins listed. Here's a top 10 cryptos by market cap historically since 2013. Don't forget to like and subscribe for more videos just like this.


The secretary of the Navy, Ray Mavis, visited sailors aboard USS Mount Whitney for an all-hands call. He had this message about the importance of this year's Baltic operations, which includes 11 nations and NATO. It's important to show that how we work together with our friends and allies, how we operate together, how we're interoperable, and the resolve that we are going to do this. And we're going to continue to do this. We're going to continue to do the work of the United States Navy. Before he departed, Mavis had the opportunity to pin newly-advanced sailors and congratulate them. He also spoke to the ship's crew. And I really appreciate it and on behalf of a very, very grateful country. Thank y'all. Appreciate it. Petty Officer Emily Williams, Carled Krona, Sweden.


What is the healthiest vegetable to eat? Broccoli? What do you think? Cauliflower? Cauliflower? The idea is it's BC grown fruits and vegetables. Make them available on a regular basis to kids in schools. It's not a food program for hungry kids. It's a program to introduce kids to, first of all, fruits and vegetables. So that it's a special thing, that special day every two weeks that happens. And second, introduce them to BC grown fruits and vegetables because we need to be supporting our local producers. And there's another vegetable that's actually a herb. Something we think is a fruit and it's actually a herb. Do you know what that could be? Can you guess? We're starting it in September and it's going to be an expansion for the next couple of school years. I think it's going to be great for kids to be able to eat BC grown fruit. It's great for their producers too because that's where we buy from. Who wants red and who wants yellow? I think the thing is that a lot of parents are really busy and fruits and vegetables aren't always the first thing that kids want to eat. So it takes a little bit of time to cajole your kids in lots of cases I think into eating fruits and vegetables and when you're a very busy parent sometimes you don't make the effort. So I think there are a lot of kids that don't get introduced to fruits and vegetables the way that we might have when we were kids. So this program makes it a little special for them and so that every two weeks when it arrives it's a special occasion and hopefully it gives the fruit and vegetables a little bit of star power that they might not otherwise have had.


Hi, I'm Jill Robbins of Voice of America Learning English. First, I'd like to thank all of the teachers who sent in their stories for our writing contest and Go Global for initiating the contest. In reviewing the entries, we were impressed by the wide range of experiences the teachers wrote about, being occupied, escaping occupation, and dealing with the losses of the war. Their stories reveal to us the beauty, the deep history, and the cultural treasures of Ukraine. They show the determination of the Ukrainian people to preserve and share their cultural identity. We are honored to have this opportunity to share all of this with our global audience. Thank you.


I'm gonna work and pivot around the head shape. Now, if you wanted a fringe, what's up guys, today I got a really fun haircut. I'm gonna do it dry because I wanna be able to showcase this haircut pretty quickly. One thing I wanna do is I wanna smooth the hair and prep it. So I usually take diagonal sections, diagonal partings. And my goal with the hair is to make sure that I iron it in the direction or with the face frame. So we talk about the perfect haircut for a round face. My goal is to make sure that I don't have too long of layers in the very front of the head. So anytime you have a shorter face, you wanna elongate it. The way that you elongate it is having some of those layers, either popping back off the face or coming towards the face. You don't want to have a long one length haircut that's gonna then shorten up this gap between the length and where your jawline is. So really pulling in those layers. So I'll just continue. I'm just gonna go through here real quick. Just some diagonal parting. So let's just say we blow out the hair. I get the hair nice and smooth. The smoother the hair and a dry haircut, the better because of the fact that as you're working, you wanna be able to see how the hair is laying. So if you have curly hair and they're gonna wear it curly, then cut it curly. If you have straighter hair and they're gonna wear it in more of a straight fashion, then cut it straight. All right, so we get our parting. Now this could be any style parting that your guest has. So if they come in, they have a slight side parting. You just keep it there. If they have a center parting, you keep it there.  So I draw a circle there. Now what I've basically done is I've separated that crown area so I can cut that differently than I cut the interior of the haircut. I'm gonna work and pivot around the head shape. Now, if you wanted a fringe or a side fringe or a curtain fringe, however they part it, then obviously I would start right here in the front. If you don't wanna really do too much of a fringe, you want more of a face frame, then I'm gonna pull everything out this way. I don't wanna do necessarily a fringe on this haircut today. I wanna do a little more of a face frame.  So you can see how her face looks a little bit shorter here. If I bring these pieces in, it'll kind of almost attach the jawline to these pieces. So that's my goal there, strong side here. And we're gonna work over here on the weak side. What I mean by that is this is where there's less hair. This is the part side of the head. So there's less hair here than there is on this side. Now there's a couple of things that we can do to cut this face frame. I'm gonna show you guys one of the easiest ways. There's also other techniques that you can do, like the stroking technique. You can come in here and kinda work through it like that. What I'm gonna do is I wanna show you guys just a slide cutting technique that's really simple. So we'll take a slightly diagonal forward line. I'm gonna come to the opposite direction or the opposite side of the chair. I'm gonna pull the hair forward like this. And all I'm gonna do is I'm going to slide, deciding where I want this piece to hit. So if I want it to hit right here at the jaw, then I kinda know right about where I wanna start cutting. Now let's say you're not comfortable slide cutting. Slide cutting takes away from having to elevate because it gives you a softer line and it goes short to long. If you wanted to do a little bit more point cutting, you could see if I elevate to this point here, that's pretty much where that line is. So even if you wanted to clean up your slide cutting a little bit, you could elevate to this point and cut. That'll give you that same effect. So here you can either cut here and slide through, which is gonna be that short to long diagonal line or just lift it up in the air and point cut through it and that'll soften it for you as well.  You elevate the hair, you point cut it. One last little thing to help define some of these pieces in the front is to come through here and now you can half close on the hair just like this and work through it. And that'll just take out some of those gaps or it'll create a little bit more of a gap that'll help build in more of that face frame and just define some of those pieces. So you can see that that takes away that gap and makes her face look a little bit longer. So now we can work on the heavy side and I wanna bring it up and I want either this to kinda come across and cut up, which will help kind of soften the roundness of someone's face or you could have it kinda tuck and then just come right around and come in towards the face that way as well.  I'm gonna work a vertical parting. I'm gonna bring that up over the parting here and I'm gonna grab a little bit of that hair that we cut previously as a guideline and I'm gonna pull that new hair over to me. So just bringing it over like this, I can see that guideline through and I'm gonna come in and point cutting my line, making sure that I'm following the head shape. That's gonna give me the most seamless layers.  I want it to be nice and seamless.   So there's a couple of things that you can do. You could slide cut into it a little bit if you want to. I'm going to take out this fringe area here and just slide through and cut into this portion of the hair. So some of those pieces start to define at this fringe that comes over kinda sits on the opposite side. All right, so now we're gonna move into the back of the head and what I wanna do here is again remove some of that weight and layer some of the hair in the back. So I'm gonna take a vertical section straight down center back just like this and I'm just gonna elevate the hair up and then cut into it. Now if you're worried about taking away length on this just make sure when you take your vertical section and you start to elevate the hair up just let that bottom kinda fall out and then that's your length so you know you're keeping it. All right, so now I've got this crown area that I took out and what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna pull this entire crown area over top of the parting. Bring it over top of the parting. I'm gonna grab some of this hair just to give myself a guideline here and I'm just gonna literally cut deep point cutting into it. So it'd be another thing that you could if you wanted to use a tri razor. Comus all towards me just like this and then I can take this 50 cutting and work through it like that and then kind of softly cut off the ends through it.  You get a ton of movement from that. So I'm plugging in a wand iron, this is Paul Mitchell and we're gonna give it a little bit of style back off of the face. I'm gonna use a little bit of worked up so worked up, flexible hold, styling spray. I'm gonna go back in with worked up again. Just kind of scrunch up, loosen up some of those curls. I appreciate all of you guys, you guys are awesome. Thank you so much for being part of all these classes. I definitely would encourage you guys to go to freesalanaeducation.com, check out all the online classes that we have and also the videos can figure out any haircut you ever wanted to learn. If you want to learn a curtain bang, it's on there. If you want to learn a long bob, if you want to learn highlighting, balayage, foilayage, natural hair, curly, straight, everything. Everything is on our online app, FSE Now.


Welcome to another edition of Yes, We're Here. I'm Meredith Marachnitz alongside Buck Showalter. Buck, how are you, my friend? I'm in there, Meredith. You know, all things considered. Hit the wall a couple of days ago, ran out of things to do, every closet, garage I've been in. But all things considered, especially comparatively speaking, I can't complain. How about you? I've been holding up, okay, trying to stay busy in the house, same thing, cleaning out some closets, getting some stuff done that I would have never done had there been baseball right now. But just how much have you been missing baseball, Buck? Because I know this thing is bigger than baseball, but it doesn't mean you can't miss it a little bit. Well, yeah. Obviously, it's part of your life and something's taken away. It's also allowed me to kind of appreciate some other things, Meredith. I've tried to, as I used to say, Miss Monk in the first grade, did you use your time wisely? You know, and that's what I'm trying to do more than anything is making sure I'm embracing the things that I haven't been able to do before. But that day-to-day baseball, especially the geeking, I was very looking forward to this season. So what are you doing to fill your day? What's a day like in the show Walter Household? Let's see. We planted tomatoes, taking care of them. I planted about five or six rows of bushes. I love roses. The only people we're interacting with is from a distance is my daughter and my grandson, so a couple miles away. I'm staying pretty physically active. I'm always finding something to do. So I can't really pinpoint it. I walk in a lot. My wife ran into Mark Cuban walking with his family. Obviously, he's in a different neighborhood than I am. That tells you how far we're walking. But just trying to stay active. Got a couple of dogs trying to keep them active. And in a lot of ways, it's good to see kids playing in yards around. And I'm trying to dwell on the good things. I love it. The casual drop in ran into Mark Cuban. That hasn't happened for me here, Buck. I didn't run into any of any great town here. What's that about? Well, you know, I had one guy was trying to get me to get pitching lessons to his son, who I won't give it up. But you know, I said the biggest thing you can do right now is just take some time off. You know, the shoulder and the elbow wasn't meant to throw for 12 months. Just give it some time off and see if he can stay out of the Tommy John surgery. That was for the position players, especially the young kids who already saw their little leagues get canceled, but they're craving baseball. Is there anything they can do, either inside or in the backyard to kind of keep themselves ready for when baseball does come back? You know, Meredith, I've spent a lot of time through the years. I'm a real biography bio guy. In other words, I look at the like things I see in the players in the big leagues, biographies, and there's exceptions to everything. But there's certain things you see when you're evaluating a player to make a trade or what have you. Some of the things missing in today's game now, they're making more mistakes of player evaluation than any time I can remember. But what is well rounded players that don't just play baseball? You're around. They play football or lacrosse or soccer or just do something else with their time. And that's my advice. When I see someone who's played baseball on these travel teams 12 months a year, it's a big red flag. It doesn't usually work out at our level and you don't see many of them up there. So I think instead of worrying about what your baseball skill sets going to be, you know, take this opportunity to get a little more well rounded. You will seek your level. You know, a lot of the great golfers don't pick it up till 17 or 18 years old. Some of our best players didn't really get serious about baseball to late later in their 13 years. So don't feel like something's passing your body. You will seek your level. Hey, you mentioned something interesting and that's at the major league level. You feel as though talent evaluators are getting it wrong more often than ever. Why do you think that is? I think it's the sixth tool. There are less and less people that can evaluate the other part of the puzzle on a player. You know, I remember Gene Michael used to and I know Cash does it too. It's been a lot of time understanding who can play in that pressure cooker in New York and they don't have a corner on pressure. It's just that day to day accountability that some people have trouble with. You know, I found it as an advantage because a lot of things got taken care of by the media, the fans, things I didn't have to worry about motivating a player because you know, it didn't last very long. So it was one of the greatest places to play when things are going good in a tough place when it wasn't. And what's wrong with that? We're all accountable. But I just think the valuation of players is they're not. They're getting so mechanical and so you know, there's there's a big picture there, a puzzle you paint in order to get it right, you got to listen to every possible angle, especially, you know, the phone calls, the communication, the relationships you have to have to find out the unknowns about a player about more than just the statistical evaluation. Throughout your years, was there one player that you thought I don't I don't know if they're going to make it. I don't know if they have that well rounded persona and they surprised you and stepped up to the plate or vice versa. No, I tell you what, usually that picture that's painted is a pretty good idea. This guy could be, you know, I took a lot of pride in our and our people did and the people like Steve Pierce, the people like JJ Hardy, the people like just guys that, you know, Steve Pierce was MVP in the World Series and people said, wow, are you surprised about that?   Did they bring those intangibles that it took to be that impactful of a player? It was fun to watch that evolve. As far as this 2020 season is concerned, fans were extremely excited. The Yankees had 100 free wins last year at the best free agent picture. And then as we know, things have been shut down. Now, within the last week, there have been a couple of stories leaked to several news outlets. The latest one article in USA Today saying that maybe not just Arizona is the way to go. Maybe they would consider using the Florida spring training sites and the Arizona spring training sites. Do you like that plan? Well, I like anything that that safely gets baseball back in the picture. There's a lot of questions there. You know, those things usually happen, Meredith, being in on some of those competition committees where someone's they're throwing everything up against the wall, trying to get something moving in the right direction, all possible angles. And someone may have said, you're not going to believe what they were talking about in this and some inexperienced writer runs with it and all these veteran guys have to start writing about it. They're not they don't they're not too happy about having a right to something they don't think is going to happen. But, you know, first, I've been in Phoenix in the middle of summer. It's 100 something degrees in July at 7 o'clock at night. You know, if you're going to play inside, but how many games can you play inside? You know, at the most 15 games have to play today.  I look at the families who's gonna be able to spend 3040 days away from the families. What happens the first time someone contracts it? What's the next step? You know, we're going to know so much more, I think, in another month, whenever the date they're thinking about. And so instead of blowing it up, let's think about it. I know these people, they are so smart, articulate. They when you think about something they've already thought about it. And if they're even exploring that, it's down a certain highway. In your heart of hearts, do you think we'll see baseball in 2020? I think we'll see some form of it. I do. I say privately. I don't, you know, I'm preparing for it not to be. But I think there's so many things going on in our country right now that we're not really sure about yet. There's nobody an expert on this. And especially we're sports is a concern, but I do know this NFL draft will have probably the highest viewership ever. How about it? How about it? Well, fingers crossed that there is baseball. I know the fans want it. The players want it. Everybody wants it. But first and foremost, we want to make sure everyone is staying safe and staying healthy. And that means staying inside if you can. And social distancing if you have to leave the house. And we know it's been a tough time for everybody. But if you'd like to share with us how you've been able to stay safe at home, feel free to send us a picture and hashtag it. Yes, we're here. You might see that on an upcoming broadcast. Everyone stay safe out there. For Buck Showalter, I'm Meredith Barakavitz. We'll see you next time.