It's one o'clock, time to begin. We're very excited to have this special session for you today on the founding of the Mises Institute. We have an informal panel discussion set up. The panelists include some of the faculty that you've met already this week, myself, along with Professor Salerno and Professor Gordon. All of us were involved with the Mises Institute from its earliest years. We also have a special guest, Ms. Pat Barnett. Pat has been... Pat was one of the Mises Institute's first employees. She has served in a variety of roles at the Institute, recently retired as the executive vice president of the Mises Institute, but she still serves on the Institute's board and performs a number of consulting roles. And then the gentleman in the middle, I'm sure needs no introduction whatsoever, the founder of the Mises Institute, Mr. Lou Rockwell. I was asked to moderate this discussion given that I'm the most moderate person among the faculty. And the youngest, just barely, that's true. So I'm gonna pose some questions to the panelists and allow them to sort of freestyle their responses, and then we'll have some time at the end for you guys to ask some questions. Let me start, of course, with Lou. And Lou, you have written and spoken about the founding of the Institute many times, and some of the students may have watched those videos or read some of those articles. So they probably know how you were involved with the conservative intellectual movement in the 1960s and 70s, how you met Ludwig von Mises when you were an editor for Arlington House, which was translating and publishing some of Mises' works in English, and how you went on to found the Mises Institute in 1982. Now, Murray Rothbard was one of your co-conspirators in the early days, and Murray served as the academic vice president or the chief academic officer of the Mises Institute from the beginning. So could you maybe start by telling us how you met Murray Rothbard and what role Murray played in sort of shaping your vision of the Institute? I first met Murray Rothbard in the 1970s, when he was writing books for Arlington House publishers. Arlington House was the company founded by Neil McCaffrey, the great scholar-entrepreneur. So a great man, in fact, I'll never forget the day that he invited me into his office, and he said, how'd you like to be Ludwig von Mises' editor? Oh, he smokes, I thought it had to be tremendous. He says that three of his books were out of print, which was a terrible thing. We wanted to bring them back into print, and also he's got a monograph that he's written on the history of the Austrian school that we want to publish, and we want you to handle all that. I said, well, I'd be delighted, of course. So I did it, and I read those three books, and I was aware of Mises before that, and of course I knew he was a great man, and I'd read some of his smaller works, but this is when I really began to study him, and I'm near the great, let it read who was the founder and the president of the Foundation for Economic Education, which in those days was entirely an Austrian organization. He held the celebration of the publication of these three books, and at that event I was able to have dinner with Margaret and Ludwig von Mises. I'd dealt with them on the phone before this, and Mises, I must say this was a life-changing experience for me. Murray Rothbard later wrote about Mises. He said he was a representative of an older and a better civilization, and he sure was. And just the way he dressed, his manners, his manner of speaking, his table manners, everything about him, just astounding and made a permanent impression on me, and also his wife Margaret von Mises, who I later didn't have much to do with when I started the institute. So I went on to have several other jobs, but about 10 years later, I was concerned that it seemed to me that Mises' writings, his person becoming less and less interesting to people, he was getting less and less attention in the academic world and just in the general public, and I thought this is not a good thing, and this time I was working as the associate director of the Law and Economic Center at Emory University, which was a free market, but unfortunately, classical, not non-Austrian organization, and although Henry Manny was the director, like Mises had sympathies with Mises, unusual among those people. But one day I was looking around the room and it was a smaller organization than Mises Institute is now today, but it was still a big organization to me, and I looked around it and I thought, I could do this. So I applied for a 501 C3 status, which in those days happened quite quickly, and got that, and then I incorporated it in the District of Columbia, and it's funny, but this seems counter-intuitive, but DC is actually a great place to have your organization registered, and they pay far less and much less attention to you than if you were to be unlikely enough to be registered in California or New York or in most of the other states. So I set up the institute there and after about a year, I thought we needed to be affiliated with the university probably wrongly, but I was moving to Auburn, which I think was a good thing, and it, one of the first, after I started the institute, the first thing I did at a meeting with Margaret von Mises and asking her to become our first chairman, and she said, I know you just want my name, she says, you can have my name, but you don't want my input, otherwise I said, of course I do, because I knew she'd been, as Margaret had been late, called her a one-woman Mises industry, keeping his books in print and just promoting him all over the world. She was a brilliant lady, a great lady, and so I got to work with her for about 10 years before her death, and that was a great experience, but the first person that I talked to right after I had, I took Margaret to her favorite restaurant in New York, which was the Russian Tea Room, and then I, at the appointment of Murray Rothbard, and I said, Murray, would you become our academic vice-president of our inspiration? So he, the only time I've ever seen anybody do this, he actually jumped a little bit in the air and clapped his hands. He was so happy, so until his death, you can't imagine what a blessing it was to be able to talk to Murray every day, and to, he loved what he called sociology, which was gossip, with the libertarian movement.  I remember once being at a used academic store in New York City with him and a couple of other people, and people started sort of teasing him to see which books he'd read and what it was familiar with. It seemed like he was familiar with every single book in the bookstore. I'm sure that's not actually true, but probably pretty much true. I mean, in the areas that he was interested in, he just, what a great genius. And unlike Milton Friedman, not at all arrogant, unusual for somebody that brilliant and that important, entirely non-arrogant and happy to talk to anybody, always looking for smart students to do their dissertations on important subjects and he just, I must say I miss him every day still today. He just was the most extraordinary inspiration for all of us at the incident when he was here and even since his passing. Murray looking down on us and saying, Attaboy Lou and Attaboy, all you guys, it's just, you must be very, very pleased at what's happened to the Institute and to what we're doing because of course, what we're doing is even more necessary today than it's ever been in what's becoming almost a Marxist country, almost almost a Communist country. It's just unbelievable, but we're here to hold the flag of liberty and one of our most important programs is this one. Joe mentioned the other days, this is our 39th and more than 4,000 students graduate from this and they've had a tremendous effect on the profession and other businesses that they've gone into. So we look for that sort of thing from all of you too. We look for great successes and I must say this has been the greatest thing of my life to be able to be involved with the Institute all these years, just magnificent and we've got great plans ahead to be better and more successful, more influential and just keep an eye on us. So Lou, to many of us it seems like an Institute founded and operated by a visionary entrepreneur like yourself with a creative genius like Murray Rothbard also at the helm. That sounds like a no-brainer. I mean who wouldn't want an organization like that to succeed? I remember myself when I was an undergraduate student considering going to graduate school and I had already discovered the ideas of Mises and Rothbard independently but I saw a piece of paper on the wall. This was the pre-internet era and it was just a flyer that said Mises Institute, apply here for scholarships. I mean I was completely floored. I don't think I did the Murray dance clap thing but I was shocked to find out that someone had founded an Institute and named it for Ludwig von Mises who I thought had maybe been completely forgotten. At the same time we know that when you were getting the Institute started there were other individuals and organizations within the libertarian movement more broadly who were not totally enthusiastic about you starting the Mises Institute. Could you say just a few words about that and maybe how the landscape has changed thanks to the influence of this organization? I should also mention that I remember getting your letter. I phoned Murray Rothbard and I said Murray I've got this extraordinary letter from this student and I want to send it to you and I think you should phone him. Murray will read your letter and he did phone you. Yeah so that was... So I had a good friend who at this point was the head of the Koch Foundation and all that Koch was doing in those days academically and I wrote him and told him I was going to start the Institute and I liked his support and they had a lot of money of course.  The whole thing was a lot of bad language. What do you think you're doing? Do you realize how much money we've spent trying to get rid of Mises? He said we want to make... Hayek the key guy, we want to entirely forget Mises.  He said well that's like a medal on Mises' chest if that's true. He said we're going to oppose everything you're doing we're not going to support you, we're going to oppose you. I said well it's too bad but okay. Because that actually stimulated me to get even more to really get going the fact that this huge enterprise that Murray Rothbard led up the Cotipus was going to oppose us but all their organizations, Reason Magazine and Raketa Center and so forth they've all been in opposition to us but it's okay.  I think actually the fact that they did that was stimulating it actually it is more dedicated to getting to succeeding. That's true of Murray too of course. They had earlier Murray had been one of the co-founders of the Kato Institute and this was an unusual organization it was a stockholders organization even though a non-profit and Murray said let us keep your stock in our safe so that they can happen to it. So then later they took it and tossed Murray off the board and stole his stock so he talked to a lawyer and said you've got a good case but he said there's no way you can fight the Cokes they can spend incidents amount of money higher incidents than other lawyers and so Murray had to give that up but Murray eventually won and of course today I think Murray Rothbard is far better read than maybe even the Milton Friedman it's just a tremendous people all over the world read him and it's translated to Chinese and many many different languages and so Murray you're still our leader. Thank you. Let me turn to Pat for just a moment. Pat you were one of the first employee of the Mises Institute maybe Marty was first I'm not sure but could you tell us a little bit about what the institute was like in those early days did you ever imagine back then in the early 80s that we would eventually grow to the level of size and influence that we are today? Well it's hard to describe to you nowadays what things were like back then first of all I want to recognize I met Lou in 1982 when he was at the law and economics center and this was an idea that he was formulating and we have with us today one of the first board members who was still on the board Debbie Ayers who worked with Lou to help found the institute but when I met Lou the Mises Institute was literally his kitchen table he and Marty were moving around all over the place trying to get all of this started his wife Marty Rockwell who is with us today an unsung hero so Lou met John Denson who is also here today Judge Denson has several speeches that are on Mises.org but about the founding of the institute and how he and Lou met and how he was on the board of trustees at Auburn and brought Lou to Auburn but the very best one I think if you look up John Denson in the Mises library birth of the institute a speech he gave in Vienna in 2011 in great detail about the institute coming to Auburn so my first memories of the institute coming to Auburn Lou and Marty rolling up in a U-Haul with everything they owned and they booked a room at the heart of Auburn motel downtown now the heart of Auburn motel to say it was a dump is a luxury it was awful but Lou knew that I had worked on a database for another a non-profit organization in the years past and he said to me I think we've got these donations coming in I think we need to create a database could you come to Auburn and work with a programmer at Auburn University to create a database to keep track of our donors and our students and he said it shouldn't take but a few weeks so here I am 40 years later how's the database we donated the institute Lou had an arrangement with Auburn University where we sponsored economic students the first one was Mark Thornton who was getting his PhD at Auburn which meant they had to carry a lot of boxes I mean we were this was as Peter said pre-internet no websites everything was done by paper we had the university allowed us to have an office on campus in Thatch Hall very old building and so we were literally Marty and Lou and I in one office we had probably the first computer with a hard drive on campus Lou by the way very important for everyone to know he started the institute with his own savings this was his personal savings he had no grants he had no government money he would take a dime has a sense and won't so this was a huge investment and he had a child to support this wasn't just something he did on a whim but we had so we were crammed in this one room everything was done by paper so it was you wrote everything you wrote you had a typewriter I think we kept a typewriter in the archives here thank you letters were typed and everything we were on the Auburn campus so if you wanted to make a long distance call you had to dial the Auburn University Operator and then give them your department code and they said they would say they knew us all by name just from our voices they would say oh Mr Rockwell I'll patch you out to an outside line so that was when Lou called Murray Rothbard you had to go through the operator it was just everything was very very different but the faculty in the economics department at that time were very friendly to us we even sponsored the softball team for the department of economics we were called the Mises Mahlers we played teams like the biology department who were the fungus among us and somewhere in the Mises archives is a picture of a very young Mark Thornton and I on the softball team so it was great fun it was so exciting people we would open an envelope and there would be a hundred dollar donation with a note the way to go Lou get things started and it was so exciting in those very early days and it was all by the way a lot of the hard money people in those days donated their mailing lists which were like gold to Lou fundraising letters to get the institute started that's simply because of his reputation they wanted to see this movement get started as far as the conferences the summer conferences go if I'm not mistaken the first summer conference for students was held in 86 here at Auburn the first the next year we had a small conference at Dartmouth and one at Stanford and then we started here at Dartmouth and it was just amazing that the students and I must say here our students to us are family we still get phone calls and emails from people from 1986 who say let me tell you I've got this publication or this career change or these are pictures of my children and now pictures of my grandchildren but because Murray was such an integral part of this and he was so he loved the students he would stay up until late at night and they'd go to Denny's and have a patty melt and he would talk until 2 or 3 or 4 o'clock in the morning with these students and then the poor students had to get up the next morning and be at class at 8 o'clock but one of the funny stories was at Dartmouth back in those days the faculty had to stay in the dorms with the students because that was all we could afford and at Dartmouth it was a very old dorm and Hans Hoppe was on the faculty and it turns out there was a bat in his dorm room and he didn't discover he kept hearing something and he made the mistake of turning the light on so the bat just went crazy and started attacking him but you can just imagine how Hans Hoppe relays that story it was a Keynesian bat no doubt I can remember a story from those days when it was when the summer conference was here but for some reason I think the faculty were all going out to have a meal maybe at John Denson's house and I as a student was the driver somehow and so I'm driving this van in which is Murray Rothbard Walter Block, David Gordon Joe Salerno, Hans Hoppe basically the modern Austrian movement is in the van and I didn't really know how to drive this van very well these constant visions of plunging down a cliff and having the Austrian school end with me let me turn to David for just a moment let me just mention one quick thing about the softball softball team that Pat mentioned I was like Roger Garrison's title which was rejected unfortunately he wanted to call it the Vienna Ordinals so David you had met Murray Rothbard in the late 60s or early 70s and could you talk about how your relationship with Murray how you met Murray and how your relationship with Murray led to your involvement with the Mises Institute well I had read Murray quite early on I remember when Manny Economy and State came out in 1962 when I was in junior high and I read that but I didn't actually meet Murray until the late 70s I knew a libertarian in Los Angeles George Smith who was friends with Rothbard and he invited me to meet Murray who was visiting and I remember we went to Cantor's restaurant in Fairfax and I'm still going to that restaurant and then after I met Murray I was invited to a conference held at the Cato Institute in June 1979 I met I met Murray again was talked to and I met two of his greatest friends Ronald Hamaway Ralph Rayco they were the two of them Ronald Hamaway and Ralph Rayco were two of the three most sarcastic people I've ever met so I I got along with Murray very well and afterwards Murray got me a job at the Cato Institute and then after Murray was pressured out of the Institute I went with him and it was Murray recommended me to Lou Rockwell and one thing I just mentioned when he was talking he mentioned that when he was founding the Institute there was an employee of the Institute who was very opposed to him so one funny story about that the man's name was George Pearson he was nicknamed the peanut and when I met him many years later he really did look like a peanut so when Pat was mentioning the first conference at Stanford I remember in one of those early conferences at Stanford I was sitting next to Murray someone came up afterwards and said oh you two seem to be having a good time what was so funny and what we couldn't tell the one who asked was we were making up a list of which students should be kicked out of the conference so it was really it was really a lot of fun in those days and I also remember going to bookstores with Murray and seeing him go through all the books and he would know all of them so those were great days let me turn to Joe for a moment Joe was also an early disciple of Murray Rothbard and Joe you were involved in Libertarian organizations in New Jersey in the 1970s you had met Murray you became affiliated with the institute very early on since the beginning could you talk about what were your impressions of the Mises Institute in that day what attracted you to Murray and to the institute when there were lots of other Libertarian organizations and groups you could have connected to well it was experience with those other Libertarian organizations and groups so when I got my first job I had a small college in New Jersey and then I was called up by people representing the Koch Foundation they were starting an Austrian program and I was told it was going to be very hardcore and this was going to start up at Rutgers University subsequently moved to George Mason University so I was very excited about this I accepted the job and so the two people one of whom was a professor who I was going to be working with and the other was sort of our mentor I had just read and it had just come out and Mises takes his gloves off in that and criticizes those people who deserve to be criticized and praises others who deserve to be praised so in our first meeting before the semester started for this Austrian program I spoke to my colleague who was an Austrian and the other Austrian was sort of a mentor in the liaison with the Koch Institute and I said isn't this a great book Mises really comes out swinging he tells a lot of good stories and they just looked at each other and smiled and they said it's a disaster the book is a disaster Mises is uncompromising he's intolerant intolerant of error he comes across a cranky old man he says in our program this Austrian program that I was going to be part of of course we'll use Mises' works we're going to emphasize Hayek we're going to downplay Rothbard we're going to be Rothbardians with manners in other words you can't really criticize the mainstream so Hayek was much Hayek was a great economist but he was much more acceptable to the mainstream then I also was associated with the institute for humane studies I would give in fact with Murray and a few others I would go into conferences like these conferences in the early 80s and they used to be called Liberty and Society which is a great name straight forward and then a year or two later a year or two after they started it suddenly became the spontaneous order I mean what students going to be attracted to the spontaneous they know what Liberty is and they know what society is so this was sort of the background that I had I didn't bother me at the time I figured I could still teach Rothbard and Mises as long as we pretend that we're Hayekians and so on so when I was first invited to a conference at the Mises institute in 1983 I think it was the gold conference I went down to Washington because it was located in the house in Washington and I went to the quarter where they were quartered I think it was downstairs or no maybe it was the first floor but anyway I noticed that everybody the staff was Marty and Pat and even Lou were all sitting at the table stuffing envelopes doing work I spoke with them this is the first time I had really I met Lou once before they were all dedicated not just Lou but Pat and Marty to the mission of it was clear disseminating Rothbard's and Mises' ideas to students and others and doing it in a way that was uncompromising so I was hooked right away and then we had the conference the gold conference and at the gold conference were all Austrian economists now I had been involved also with Cato and they had a conference on money maybe the next year or around the same time and most of the economists there were monetarists or even worse there were only a few Austrian commentators and they started off initially again as sort of following the Austrian school but the message was watered down so I was thrilled to be associated with the Mises Institute I must say when I came down for the first time to Orbert in 1991 and I had been associated by then with the journal and with Murray I mean Murray I met in 1972 but I thought they liked me but then they booked me in the heart of Orburn Hotel someone in particular on this panel it was a test of my fortitude but the reason why I think well let me mention one other thing Murray Rothbard was again downplayed in the libertarian movement in the late 70s when the Kochs started to fund a lot of different organizations and conferences and after the break with Murray Rothbard Murray Rothbard really didn't have an intellectual home that is an organization where you have others that think like you talk to them and bounce ideas off them you can disseminate your own ideas he didn't have any way of promoting his vision of a free society and a free economy and the Mises Institute provided those resources I mean the old Austrian school would have never really gotten started unless they had had traditions which they did have at the University of Vienna but academia in the 1980s American academia in 70s and 80s it was closed to Austrians so I think the founding of the institute really kept the Austrian movement alive or at least kept Murray Rothbard's ideas alive and then we were able through the conferences like the Mises University started in 86 to spread that to younger generations and now we're two generations past me so that's really why that's why I I'm so committed to the Mises Institute I'd like to make a remark about the institute's strategy you know Murray Rothbard used to describe his approach to political activism in terms of a belief in what he described as universal rights but locally enforced so he believed in timeless principle and truth but the exact implementation of a specific policy reform was very dependent on local circumstances I think the Mises Institute in a like manner has always emphasized and promoted universal truth we're about understanding and preserving and developing and extending and disseminating the ideas of the great thinkers from Carl Manger you know on to of course Mises and Rothbard and more recent writings so we're not trendy and contemporary in glomming on to the latest fashion in you know in intellectual circles or in higher ed however we've always been extremely flexible and adaptable in you know the means by which the message is developed some of you if you're my talk yesterday I showed a picture of the first Mises.org it was even something else before Mises.org but I remember going to Lou probably in 1993 or 94 I had been exposed to the the internet and a web browser on something called NCSA mosaic on a Unix machine probably around 93 and you know I could sort of not that I'm some kind of super caster but you can sort of see the potential as a means of disseminating ideas and the only organizations that had a presence on the worldwide web as it was then called were you know the Smithsonian institution and maybe a university or a museum here and there and I remember showing this to Lou and saying hey what if we could take some articles from Mises publications and put them on there it's really easy you can convert the text into this code called HTML and I learned how to do it and we could have like an article from you know the Mises newsletter and some links with information and Lou was very receptive and enthusiastic even though nobody really knew what this was and I think from my perspective in the decade since you know in terms of you know really embracing the ability to use the internet to deliver content you know putting books articles lectures online we have the live stream for all these kinds of events the use of social media I think the institute has always been at the forefront of trying to find the latest technologies and in some sense you know the way that ideas are packaged to appeal to contemporary circumstances local circumstances of time and place as I would put it without ever compromising the core message and to me that's a very nice extremely effective strategy of the institute and one that I certainly expect to continue we would like to take some questions from the audience Alcon has got a mic there yeah so just raise your hand and again no speeches but short questions directed at one or more panelists would be appreciated hi thank you thank you guys so much for sharing when you look at Murray Rothbard right you hear how he was really a happy warrior fighting in the battle of spreading austral libertarian tradition and I was wondering well a lot of as fellow students like we can see the march of the state and we can get really pessimistic what can we take from Murray Rothbard's life so that we can apply that and be happy warriors like he was when we're spreading these ideas one thing he was a short term pessimist but a long term optimist thought that we would win in the long term and that if we didn't everything was gone so he believed we would win because we had to win and I think we all feel that way too today I think also the lesson you would take from him is that he never gave up he was he was amazing he just kept going and this is totally an aside but I don't think this panel can leave without mentioning Joey Rothbard Murray's wife who was as he said the indispensable framework just one last thing Murray Rothbard also to use Austrian terminology held liberty very high on his value scale he said that it was the right thing to do it was right to have that high on your value scale so as I said he just never gave up Joey was a brilliant she was an unbelievably brilliant woman and Margaret from Mises always blamed Murray that she didn't get a PhD but I never dared to say to Margaret well actually she did exactly what you did for Mises she dedicated her life to her husband and that was a good thing for Mises and it's a good thing for Murray but Joey was absolutely indispensable framework and also somebody that an intellectual partner for him she was so smart so funny so interesting and we had a couple of our speeches online that I highly recommend you listening to just so funny so interesting what a great lady one thing about Joey also she was a great expert on the Civil War period she gave lectures on it after Murray passed away so she she could have been an outstanding historian she was also a great authority on opera Wagner alrighty so this might be primarily directed towards Dr. Salerno since he certainly seemed the most energized about the subject just to you've been implying this throughout the panel here but just to set the scene about how bad things were could you give us a description of the heart of Auburn Motel let's just say it's been demolished and for good cause yeah it's where the there's a CVS and what's that burger place burger pie down there on South College that's where it used to be mercifully it's been replaced oh yeah other questions can I stand up I thank you all for taking the time to speak to us this is mostly directed towards Ms. Barna and Mr. Rockwell but towards the early days of the institute what was one of the biggest struggles you guys had to overcome and was it unforeseen or did you guys expect it well the there were in the early days it wasn't a struggle I mean it was so I know I sound like I'm making this up but it was so exciting and so much fun Lou Rockwell was writing ten press releases a day and we would run them over to the Auburn University print shop and say we need five thousand of these in two hours and then we would stuff them in envelopes and send them to every tiny radio station, television station newspaper in the country every week I mean this was like that was challenging but there was a very lean financial time that the institute went through in the very early days the first couple of years and I think Lou got very discouraged and a gentleman from Texas a very humble gentleman walked into the institute in Auburn and handed Judy Tomason a check for a million dollars and he said I'm doing this because you save paper clips and he had seen what the staff how frugal we were and how Lou was working so hard and that turned the tide for the institute and Mr. Perry Alfred there's a biography of him on the Mises dot org site great man great man did just kind of a general question did any of you kind of in your early days as you were developing and getting involved with the institute did you have like a moment where you sort of not necessarily with the institute itself but with the Austrianism and its ideas did you have a moment where you can think back to you can realize that oh this was the moment when I changed my life course or it changed how you fundamentally thought about the world and what was that moment? That happened to me before I started the institute so it it was based on that from the very beginning and I thought that it was the only economic school that made any sense whatsoever the rest of it just seemed to me very much a nonsense and I think that's continued to be the case of course it happened to me when I was a junior in college I had taken principles of micro macro intermediate macro, intermediate micro and other courses and someone I had heard about the Austrian school and I mentioned that to somebody who was a member with me young Americans for freedom which was a conservative organization at the time they gave me a little pamphlet called depressions cause and cure by Murray Rothbard and so instead of going to my macro class I sat in my car because I was looking at it before class and I just read it in 45 minutes and by the end I knew I was an Austrian I realized that there was more sense and wisdom in that pamphlet than there was in any anything that had been taught up to that point well yes I think I had this moment when I read Human Action and Manned Economy and State back in the early days and I said this makes sense I really enjoyed the deductive approach I thought this is really the right way to go and I've never changed my view since then okay well we are out of time thanks to the panelists and thanks to all of you for coming


okay good evening everyone I got delayed so that's why I couldn't start the session before so as I told before today's session would be on Constitution I'm in SAT so in that app selected Constitution I'll start from here I have been telling you time and again that you should be I can see people leaving let me tell you those who are thinking that they can do mad questions and they'll crack NTSC they're actually wasting their time here time and again we have told that SAT is equally important so I have selected Constitution today so try to understand first thing is that this is Karnataka board we are following Karnataka board books 9th and 10th and not a single question mark this in social sciences 99% questions would be from these two books so if you are preparing properly from these two books you will be getting good score now try to understand so let me start what it covers this chapter covers two three things which is constituent assembly of Constitution drafting committee and framing of Constitution preamble salient features fundamental rights duties and directive principle of state policy so I will cover from here to here and if I get time I will cover another chapter also so try to understand we got independence on 15th August 1947 but preparation for independence was going on before that like at least two years back in 1945 44 45 only British us where British us had made their mind that they leave India so challenge in front of the British government which was ruling India at that point of time was that once they leave how Indians will rule India so we all know that there were different committees like vowels committee and other committees including cabinet committee which is mentioned here I discuss about cabinet committee over here and few of the committee supported partition of India few of the committees did not support partition of India so finally India got divided into two part one became India and one became Pakistan so united India I mean when Pakistan and Bangladesh where Pakistan was not separated how the Indian government was I mean what was the method of governing India so try to understand method of governing India now it is if you look we have three tier government so we have union government we have state government we also have in states we have union territories duties different duties and we have panchayat or municipalities at third level municipal corporations we have so we will not discuss this because this this is creation of this is after independence creation now we will discuss these two so before independence union government was there and we had state government as that point of time was called provincial assemblies there was like we have utes now which is directly governed by central government and they appoint lieutenant governors over there so we had four chief commissioner states states governed by chief commissioners and then we had another category over here which is not present now which were princely states like most of you might be knowing that Karnataka was not named Karnataka at that point of time Karnataka came under Mysore princely state major part of Karnataka and it was run by Bodears with I mean if you go to Mysore palace now so that used to be there governing place from where they go on and and and it was under the Kings name Bodears so these were the four categories union government provincial assemblies fourth chief commissioner constituencies and princely states now try to understand that let me write few things for you on on the board so till now I have discussed union government before independence or let me tell you not union let me tell you central government so before 1947 we had central government we have Prince state provincial assemblies we had state states run by chief commissioners and we have we had princely states so look at here it it has been written that India had to face many problems soon after independence rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan merger of princely states maintenance of law and order are the challenges during the beginning of the independence is now question comes like this so I'm not only doing I'm not only teaching I'm also finding out questions from here so you can be directly asked that before independence which of the following were challenges which India faced so this is the first challenge rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan second challenge is merger of princely states third challenge is maintenance of law and order these are few challenges and they can give you fourth challenge as some random thing which is not related like sending some some satellite to moon or something like that so that was not the challenge so remember like this then we have Sardar Patel successfully achieved the merger of princely states and provinces with union of India even challenge of framing a constitution in order to enable us to govern the country was fulfilled now let us know about structure of our constant constitution characteristics fundamental rights and duties so before you start understanding these things try to understand why constitution was needed how constitution was built what was different what were the different things taken into consideration so there is a committee which has been mentioned here which is cabinet committee so cabinet committee when Britishers started when Britishers decided that they leave India so it's not that we demanded constitution with its best country ours is a constitution best country every rule every law that we make has to be in accordance to law in accordance to laws of constitution so it's not that we demanded the constitution in 1946 or something like that our independence struggle the later part of our independence struggle one of the main demands that we put forward in front of the Britishers was that our country should be governed should be governed by us and it should be governed according according to the written constitution so we had two demands one was Poon Swaraj and second was with Poon Swaraj came drafting of constitution for running a nation why constitution what is constitution constitution is a set of law or is a set of rules can is it necessary that constitution has to be written no constitution can be written like in India it is written constitution can be unwritten also which is the major country where constitution is unwritten it's UK where constitution is unwritten so constitution is a set of law by which we are able to govern our country so demand of constitution first name I mean first time constitution was mentioned by Gopal Krishna Gokhale perhaps in 1911 or something like that and major demand was put forward by 19 in 1934 by communist leader M.N. Roy he mentioned the constitution and creation of constituent assembly now understand what is constituents assembly a group of people who were designated to draft constitution is known as constituents assembly or you can understand that people responsible a group of people responsible for drafting the constitution was known as constituents assembly so in 1934 M.N. Roy demanded who was a communist leader so he demanded framing of constitution and constituent assembly setting of constituents assembly then in 1939 Motilal Nehru committee made or this committee was given a task of framing few demands which we were which we we were supposed to put in front of the British government so what we what he did was it was a 14 point agenda and in that the major point was Motilal Nehru committee recommended framing of constitution or sorry framing of constitution yes framing of constitution and this Motilal Nehru committee was endorsed in 1939 session a congress session of Karachi so this happened in congress session of Karachi what used to happen that congress every year used to meet in at one place anywhere across complete India undivided India so few places you may hear like Karachi is now in Pakistan but in 1939 it was united India so congress used to meet every year and they used to make policies they used to put forward demands which were which were required at that point of time and they put it in front of the central government run by Britishers and there there were I mean this was conducted to set different agenda for freedom of the country I mean this was the central body see there were different groups which were fighting Indian independence sometimes together sometimes separately but congress was one of the media I mean not one of the major congress was the major platform for bringing together all the national freedom fighters and and and through this platform they put forward different policies as an agenda structure to the national freedom independence movement national independence movement sorry so in 1939 in Karachi session which is which is an annual session of congress Motilal Nehru committee made recommendations in that recommendation there was one demand that the constitution should be framed and that was endorsed by congress so this was the first formal first formal mention of constitution so you should understand that I told it before that in 1946 this cabinet committee came they were not the first person or this was not the first committee which came here with an objective of framing the constitution for independent India we demanded it long back so it started the demand started not demand but it was mentioned by MN Roy and formally it was demanded in 1939 so this is our this is our pre-history I mean pre-independence history of constitution in 1946 with the same objective that now India is getting free so a constitution should be framed for in free India and for that cabinet commission came there were three members and name of these three members are time and against again asked so look at here the three members are lord Patrick Lawrence you don't need to remember secretary of parliamentary affairs and all those things Stanford Cripps and AV Alexander so the three names are Patrick Lawrence Stanford Cripps and AV Alexander these were the three members of cabinet commission this is very very important so you may be directly asked which of the following is not the member of cabinet commission sent to India in 1946 and generally the fourth name that they write is Richard Attlee at that point of time Richard Attlee was prime minister of England so you should take this answer he's not Richard Attlee is not the member of cabinet commission so there were only three members I have written their names so these three members suggested few measures and what were those measures so they told that the Indian Constituents Assembly Indian Constituent Assembly which was responsible for framing of constitution or I should write body responsible for for framing of constitution so this is the case so they they suggested that in the Constituents Constituents Assembly there should be 389 members and how these 389 members were divided among different part or different type of states so they told that 292 members should come from provincial states I mean states where provincial assemblies were there so let me write states with provincial assemblies four members from four chief commissioner states I mean ruled by chief commissioners and 93 members from the third type which is princely states so this question this this particular because provincial assemblies are there so if you know Rajya Sabha our parliament is our now parliament we have upper house which is Rajya Sabha and we have lower house which is Lok Sabha so Lok Sabha elections just happened on in in in May 2019 April May 2019 and we have system of direct elections Rajya Sabha is about indirect election in which MLAs vote so these 292 members were indirectly elected on the basis from different provincial assemblies so how they were indirectly elected so let me write here members of provincial assemblies PAs let me write this as PA elected members of CA Constituents Assembly is it okay this is your CA and this was nominated members of princely states were nominated by the kings taking care of princely states and this was nominated by central government so this is through nomination so one question is generally asked that how election of constituents assembly was done so you should remember that election of constituents assembly was partially done through election and partially done through nomination it was not by all the members were not elected by elections all the members were not nominated so it is election plus nomination now try to understand this this was the case when India was not divided but in between there was so look at here in your book it might be written so look at here whatever I have taught till now that constitution is a set of rules and regulation guiding the administration of a state just remember this line properly the recommendations of Motilal Nehru committee and decisions taken by the meeting of national congress at Karachi 1939 emphasize the need of formation of constituents assembly why constituents assembly because constituents assembly will frame constitution as per the recommendation of cabinet commission a constituents assembly with Indian members was formed in 1946 the assembly had three nine eighty nine members as I have told you but these three eighty nine members try to understand these three eighty nine members where when the partition was not decided so for united India when it was decided that India would be bifurcated so for or right let me write like this after separation after division the number of members in Indian constituents assembly now it became Indian and Pakistan so Indian CC the number came down to two 99 members so I hope you are writing these things so you see here it came down to two 99 members and there were there were seven members from Mysore provincial states so I have already told you that members were also nominated from princely states so these seven members were nominated I mean their names are not important so the question from here can be that how many members were nominated from Mysore provincial states in in constituents assembly you should remember this as seven now let me move to another thing so what was the duty of constitutional constitution constituents assembly the duty of constituents assembly I have already discussed so constituents assembly CA was for it is a body responsible for framing of constitution so first meeting of constituents assembly first meeting was done on 9th December first meeting was done on 9th December 1946 the constitution was finally accepted it was signed by the members on 26th November 1949 so it took nearly two years not nearly two years remember this 11 month 11 months and 18 days for constitution to get framed for constitution framing so look at here it would be it would be written somewhere on 9th December 1946 first meeting was done second was done on 11th December under the chairmanship of Rajendra Prasad the imminent persons like Jawaharlal Nehru Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel B. R. Ambedkar Abdul Kalam Ajat C. Raju Vapalachari K. M. Munsi T. T. Krishna Machari Sarojini Naidu Chucheta Kriplani all these people prominent people from Karnataka you can write these names are important S. Nejalin Gappa K. C. Reddy Kengal Hanumanth Hanumanthaiya Tekur Subramanya these are the four names which is important in this particular case so let me remove everything these four names are important which is S. Nejalin Gappa K. C. Reddy Kengal Hanumanthaiya and Tekur Subramanyam so these four names are important you may be asked that which of the following personality from Karnataka were part of Indian constituents first meeting or second meeting of Indian constituents assembly and these four names are important so you need to remember these four names it's important now what has been given it is drafting committee see here it has been written wrong in your book it took not 11 months you add if two years 11 month and 18 days to complete its work so drafting committee two three questions are important so constituents assembly does not only have a only drafting committee it had 22 committees as it and it has been written here so there were 22 committees in in in in constituents assembly and five subcommittees to examine in in detail all the issues related to country out of these 22 committees one committee of was a drafting committee which was given responsibility of writing down the constitution and in this drafting committee that member of sorry chairman of this drafting committee was B. R. Ambedkar that is why he is known as father of constitution chief architect of Indian constitution he was given names such as modern Manu and all those things so modern Manu then chief architect of constitution and all those things so these are the things that you need to take care now in drafting of Indian constitution nothing else you need to you you can remember these names Bhopalaswamy Iyengar if you read it read this book for two three times you will already remember these names so nothing to worry about now framing of constitution I have already told framing of constitution it took two years 11 months and 18 days now there is one thing which is very important over here in the book that I discussed that poor Swaraj was demanded by Congress so it was demanded in Lahore session of Congress so try to understand two Pakistani major Pakistani city Lahore session in Lahore session poor Swaraj was demanded why what is poor Swaraj complete independence and it was demanded on 26 January 1930 and that is why even if we approved the constitution on look at here there would be two things coming when the constitution was approved and when the constitution came into force or adopted so approved I am coming to this difference approved and adopted adopted so Lahore session 19 26 January Lahore session 1930 poor Swaraj was demanded in Congress session and that is why if the constitution was approved on 26 November 1949 we waited for two months and we adopted it or it came into force on 26 January 1950 and that is why 26 January is celebrated every year as Republic Day because on that day we became Republic of India and we became Republic of India by the virtue of constitution which was adopted on that particular day so 26 January 1950 now try to understand what are the sources of Indian constitution this is very important so sources of I mean when constitution was get getting drafted in yes whether it is ninth grade NTS is that so when Indian constitution was getting drafted the members of the drafting committee took reference to a lot of constitutions from different countries across world and as India was governed by different rules and policies which were implemented by British government we also took references from those laws which which were already there so like to go on India on I mean at different intervals Britishers used to bring different we used to call it acts so just look at here we used to call it they used to call it acts so like 1909 act this is called Minto Morley reforms 1919 act which is called Montford reform so these were the two acts and then 1935 Federation of India Act 1935 act Federation of India Act always remember this Federation of India Act 1935 has maximum impact on Indian constitution so 1935 act the question is asked that which of the following affected or which of the following has the has the highest influence of something like this on the Indian constitution it is 1935 Federation of India Act so apart from these three different constitution of countries across the world were sourced like we took parliamentary system from Britain we took fundamental rights from American Bill of Rights we took directive policy of state principles from Ireland and we incorporated it from in we incorporated it in our constitution so our constitution is a mix and blend of all the good policies and all the good things in different constitutions across the world and that is why because it has been taken from so many different sources it has been taken from so many different pre-independence acts of British governments it is one of it is the lindiest constitution in the world I'll come to that how constitution has been divided into different parts and articles all those things so it is the lindiest constitution in the world and its effect can be I mean the why it is lindiest because the source is so many that most of the good things from most of the constitutions and pre-independence acts have been incorporated in our constitution so that is why it is one of the lindiest constitution now let me okay Swamiya what was the need to wait for two months to adopt the constitution so there was I mean it's not about need they waited for 26 January because 26 January was very important day in in Indian constitution full independence was demanded on 26 January 1930 in Lahore session of congress and that is why they wanted to mark this day 26 January as their republic day as the day when the constitution is getting constitution will come into force so that is why they waited for two months for the constitution to be adopted so that that is why the region that we celebrate our republic day on 26 January it you look at here it was to commemorate this event that the new constitution was adopted on January 26 1950 so don't get confused between approved and adopted it was approved on 26th November look at here and it it came into force came into force synonyms is adopted on 26 January 1950 so don't get confused by all these things preamble to constitution what is preamble to constitution so look at here Indian constitution let me see whether the constitution has been written here or not yes it is here so I will discuss all the important words over here so what I was discussing now was the that has been written here Indian constitution has combined in itself the best features of different constitution of the world and has its own preamble the preamble contains fundamental policies and the ideals of quantity constitution fundamental give gives a brief of Indian constitution you can say what are the ideologies which has been incorporated principles ideologies all these things has been incorporated in preamble of Indian constitution so that it it can give a glimpse of what has been written inside so preamble contains fundamental policies and ideals of constitution it is the sum of structure values principle and goals of Indian constitution it is based on the aspirations and the ideals of people of India so try to understand one thing is very clear that constitution and which has been said in the preamble of constitution also that the constitution is not only for the government or it's not only for the state government central government if you read the constitution before I have to discuss a few things but if you read the first two three lines of Indian constitution it say that we the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into sovereign socialist secular democratic republic so it's not the government of India which is which is which is doing it it's from the side of the people of India so constitution has been made in such a way that it takes care of everyone whether it is a normal person or whether it is a public servant or whether it is a minister or prime minister it is same for all of them and that is why when the preamble was written it was not written that we the government of India it was written that we the people of India who who is responsible for constituting India as these different words sovereign socialist secular democratic republic so from the very beginning of the writing of the constitution it has been established that importance equal importance has to be given to each and every person who is the citizen of India now try to understand preamble is a part of objective revolution put forward by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13th December 1946 and approved by Constituent Assembly on January 22nd 1947 I want to discuss this a little bit okay Shreyas I will discuss once again let me read read your messages I'll explain the election of 398 members once again just give me a moment let me finish it so yes few people are saying that wasn't the case that 26 this January 26 January before independence people used to hoist flag on that day saying that we are not going by Britishers yes as 26 January was 26 January 1930 in Lahore session Poon Swaraj was demanded after that it was decided that we will host the flag of India at that point of time flag of India was not as it is today it has also developed during the course of independence and after independence but after 1930 26 January was considered as a day when full independence was demanded and people used to hoist flag on the banks of different rivers at different public places though it attracted severe non-human measures from British government but yes it was at few places I'm not saying that across India it happened but yes it happened at at few places so people used to hoist flag flags now I want to discuss this which I have marked here Jawaharlal Nehru addressed the Constituents Assembly on 13th December 1946 and in his address he made clear that what should be or he tried to make it clear that what should be the objective of frame of constitution and in his speech he gave few points which became part of preamble that is why it has been explained here that it is part of objective revolution objective resolution means why we are framing the constitution what is the objective of framing the constitution so in his speech Jawaharlal Nehru gave different points I mean gave different objectives for framing of constitution this preamble is a part of that speech plus few other things I will come to different amendments done in preamble now let's go to preamble and let's understand the different words written over here on in the preamble so preamble say that we the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into sovereign so what do you mean by sovereign sovereign means a country is supposed to be sovereign when it is free to take its own decisions so sovereign means independence in taking decision of national interest so what do I mean by this so suppose there is a like Prime Minister went to G20 meeting in Osaka Japan just a week or 10 days back now India is a member of this G20 group by its will India wants to become group of this no one can force India to become a part of any group or any particular institution whether global or regional or anything or for that matter we had a pulvama attack and after that India strived Pakistan back so nobody will force India to take those kind of decisions and that is why we are a sovereign country second one is socialist now write down these two words this here I am writing socialist and secular these two words and look at here here there is third word integrity these three words were not there in original cons preamble I mean the preamble which was accepted in 1949 approved in 1949 and adopted on 1950 these three words were not there these three words came in 1976 42nd constitutional amendment act I will discuss everything don't worry yes Veda international rights also everything if if see you no one can force you to be in any international treaty like we have not signed a non proliferation proliferation treaty of nuclear bombs because we are sovereign nation but if you sign any international treaty then you have to follow it because you have signed it from by your will by by your interest so when you when you have signed some international treaty you have to follow its rule but nobody can force you to sign those national treaties so or any particular group nobody can force you to join so first of all try to understand write these three words that they were not in the question would be which of the following was not present in the original constitution so one among the three words can be given when did it come when these three words were added year is 1976 nobody will ask you constitutional amendment act this is not in your syllabus but just for your information I told it now you might be wondering what is constitutional amendment act I am calling it CAA so constitutional amendment act by word amendment you might have got a sense of it saying that if I need to change few things in constitution constitution can only be changed by parliament and and in few cases by state assemblies help of state assemblies are also taken but for that there has to be constitutional amendment act so any change in constitution is possible only with the help of constitutional amendment act can the complete constitution be changed no there is something called basic structure of constitution that cannot be changed I will come to this basic structure later so it came in 1976 so I have I have discussed with you socialist secular democratic sorry sovereign and socialist secular and this one integrity I am not discussed but I have told that they have come later in 1976 what is socialist so try to understand socialist let me see how much in what extent it has been given in your book so it has been given here the goal of our constitution is to create social equality and promote welfare of all people in our country so socialist means we are socialist why because we wanted to create social equality and welfare of all the people in country so I told you initially only that equality among people has been taken as basic agenda and if we want to do it there should be something which should I mean just by writing or just by saying that we want to be socialist society doesn't give any I mean governments can come and they may not be socialists so what constitution has done constitution has incorporated few articles which are called directive principle of state policy and it has been incorporated in constitution by 42nd now it can come because it has been written in the book 42nd amendment act done in 1976 so 42nd constitutional amendment act I have told you two three things socialist secular integrity and then comes DPP DPSP sorry directive principle of state policy that was also with 42nd amendment act now let's go to secular the word secular has been has been incorporated in constitution through 42nd constitutional amendment act what do I mean by secular no religion has been given the status of national religion so we don't have an any national religion that's the main thing of secular that government does not have any official religion incorporated to its policy so India is a secular country citizens have liberty to practice any religion that desire all religions have equal status in India so you should remember three things here that secular means that no religion is official religion this is one thing and second one is all religions have equal status in India now the fourth word which came was democratic democratic you know by the people of the people for the people it means that the government would be chosen by elections and what do I mean by republic so republic means head of the state remember this is very very important people this is us time and again republic means head of state is elected like our head of state is not prime minister it is president of India so our president is elected by members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha I mean elected members of Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha and legislative assemblies in the state so head of the state is elected in India now is there any other case now can countries be non-republic also yes countries can be non-republic when the head of state is not elected like for that in England England is not a republic non-republic why because head of the state there is queen and queen is not elected the position of queen is hereditary so that is why England is non-republic India is republic yes why the head of state is president and president of India is elected so that's why we are republic of India India if you see different countries which are not secular for that matter Pakistan no it doesn't mean that we had national religion until 1966 it was just not written in the constitution that is why it got written in the constitution so it doesn't mean that India was a country where secular secularism was practiced in ethos but as it was not written in constitution it was given a place in constitution it's not yes anything that comes yes okay next I don't know the answer is no secularism was practiced in ethos but it was given an official status in 1976 so I have explained most of the thing now we come to the justice justice liberty and equality fraternity I don't need to explain you just need to know it it the objective of the Indian constitution is to provide social economic and political justice to each person in India what kind of liberty India Indian constitution gives it gives liberty of thought expression belief faith and worship so look at here even if secular was not given in preamble it was already mentioned that liberty of worship is there liberty of faith is there liberty of belief is there thought and expression is there equality of what equality of status and opportunity so status means what so irrespective of status of the person in society or due to job or any other thing constitution and its right would be same for all the people in India so that is equality what is fraternity so among fraternity assuring the dignity of individual and the unity and integrity of the nation so this word integrity was incorporated in the constitution in 1976 that I have already told you so you look at here this is very important word socialist and secular were added by second constitutional amendment act 1976 so remember this okay now let's go to salient features of Indian constitution so salient features of Indian constitution first of all it's the lendiest constitution and written constitution I have already told you the power and functions of the organs of government like legislature executive GD series have been delineated in the constitution it means that try to understand what it is trying to say that Indian constitution clearly defines what are the powers and the functions of see there are three organs of government in India one is called legislature so legislature we have union legislature state legislature and then three tiers of government you understand in India then we have executives so in executive ministers come and then under ministers bureaucracy comes so your is IPS everyone comes over here and the third one an independent organ is judiciary so all three have their tasks and powers and functions clearly defined clearly delineated means it has been separated like what they do what this this this organ will do and what they'll do has been clearly defined over there so there is no gray area out there then different rights like fundamental rights fundamental duties directive principle of state policy for equality and social welfare this is all in written form now this is very important this is asked in the examination original constitution original means which has been approved and and adopted in 1950 there were 22 chapters which is also called 22 parts now in each part each part was for different objective so like part one is for definition of india and state part two is about citizenship who all are citizens of india part three is fundamental rights part four is fundamental duties and directive principle of state policies and likewise now each part has been divided into articles like in part one there are article number one to four is there in part two article number five to eleven is there part three article from 12 to 35 is there part four this is article 36 to 51 sorry this this dpsp is 36 to 51 fundamental duties are in 51 a so what i'm trying to say is that that constitution has been divided into different chapters so initial constitution has 22 chapters and each chapter was divided into different articles if you count the number of articles in original constitution 395 articles were there and schedules schedules means different parts like appendix in the book that we have where we add different additional points so there were eight schedules now nearly 465 articles are there 466 nearly so in your book 465 has been given you take this only 465 articles are there which are divided into 25 parts and there are 12 schedules now stress i'll explain don't worry sir i'll end the class with definition of election so you remember these things these are very very important okay so first was written and lengthy constitution second one is partly flexible and partly rigid what do i mean by it partly flexible means few of the provisions can be changed few of the provisions cannot be changed so constitution which can be easily amended is known as flexible so that's why i told that why it is partly flexible and partly rigid because i told that basic structure of the constitution so there are few articles of the constitution which can never be changed any government comes that has been specified by supreme court of India so that is why it is rigid in nature for for those articles there are few articles which can be changed easily so those that part of the constitution is very flexible so that is why we say that our constitution is a mix of flexible and and rigid articles so partly flexible and partly rigid constitution now there are two forms of government so you might be wondering that in few countries prime minister has importance like India Pakistan Bangladesh Britain there we don't hear i mean main importance is of prime minister and then there are few countries where presidents have more importance we don't even know like America if i'll ask you who is the prime minister of America you won't have any idea about it similarly France similarly Canada all these countries you will only hear the name of the president you will not hear the name of prime minister over there why this is the case because there are two forms of government one is called parliamentary form of government and second one is called federal form of government so parliamentary form of government is also known as prime ministerial type of government federal type of government is known as presidential form of government so we have selected parliamentary form of government our constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government the sovereign power of the nation is vested in elected parliament so all the rules laws acts bills everything is prepared passed by the parliament and it has power to enact any law the executive is responsible put to the legislature at the central and state levels the cabinet shall be in power as long as they enjoy so try to understand like in Karnataka now a crisis is going on if you read today's newspaper i mean 11 mls have resigned there is a news that 11 mls have resigned what does it say it says that the government which enjoys the majority what is majority whatever is the total number of seat the government can only be formed by a party or a coalition or coalition of parties if they have at least one more than half the total members so like if in Karnataka 224 seats are there in legislative assembly government can own or 229 seats are there government can only be formed if they have 115 seats so 115 members if they have less than 115 members they can they can the government cannot be formed so that is why it has been that is what is known as enjoying the confidence confidence means having majority so if any party or coalition does not have majority in in in the assembly or in the parliament that party cannot form the government which is called they cannot enjoy the confidence of legislature as soon as it loses the confidence of the legislator it has to reside now we are republican system republican system means the head of the country is indirectly elected by citizens so we elect our MPs and MLAs and on behalf of us our MPs and MLAs elect president the this one is federal system what do we mean by federal system so federal system is nothing but giving power to the states so if you look at we have why why do we have different forms of government why do we have central government then we have state government then we have panchayats and and municipalities it is because the reason behind it is because ours is a federal type of government in which different subjects what do I mean by subjects subjects means area of governance like for that matter if something is related to education who will make rule for it how will we come to know that for education whether the central government will make the rule or state government will make the rule so it has to be there is a list in which different governance areas has been divided into three parts first one is called central list so in central list whatever is there like railways now anything related to railways only central government can do state government has nothing to do with it similarly we have space we have aviation central aviation so all these things has to be done by central government only then we have state list so law and order in the is in the hand like national security is here so if somebody attacks India government of karnataka then only support central government law and order then other things I mean agriculture health this is all in the hands of state government and then there is concurrent list so in concurrent list the major part is education so you should understand like this so this is what federal system is where different areas of governance has has been divided among central government and state government so if certain things are listed in the purview of central government rules on those governance areas can only be made by central government so government any state government cannot come and say that the chandrayan would be not sent tomorrow sunday three days later i'm not ready for it because it is not in the hands of state government similarly public health public health comes in in the state government so the there are few few things out of public health or or health which is under a central government also but most of it is with the um state government so similarly education so education is in concurrent list so you can see central schools also so you have different central schools like central boards are there so we all are part of cvc medium so cvc medium is under on national level under central government now we have state boards also so because both of them can make rule they have they have made separate rules so state boards karnataka board is there then delhi board is there mijoram board is there up board is there behar board is there likewise tamil adu board is there kerala board is there so every state has separate board so this is what federal system and distribution of different areas of governance specifically between central and states then fundamental rights what do we mean by fundamental rights so i have already discussed that in part three of the constitution government of india sorry constitution has provided different rights to the citizens of india so which are called fundamental rights they have been taken from bill of rights so remember this is asked fundamental rights have been taken for from bill of rights mentioned in us usa constitution and this fundamental rights fundamental rights in indian constitution is more elaborate it is more elaborate than fundamental rights mentioned in in in bill of rights in usa constitution so ours fundamental rights are is i mean they are more elaborate than what it has been mentioned in bill of rights fundamental duties i told that in part four it is in clause 51 a article 51 a uh so it has been taken this is very important fundamental right duties have been taken duties has been taken from constitution of russia so ussr soviet union of russia it has been taken from there now try to understand if there is a breach of fundamental rights i can go to court high court supreme court anywhere so fundamental right is our right against the government operation or or any operation by government or government related or organizations agencies so i can go to high court like for that matter i'm giving one example if i'm if if somebody is arrested that person should know the reason why he has been arrested and within 24 hours of arrest the person has to be presented in in front of the magistrate stating why he has been arrested and if magistrate permits then only the person would be under the arrest otherwise the person has to be if magistrate does not agree with the regions of arrest the person would be left free so this is one fundamental right how it helps us so if i'm speaking against the government and government feels like that this person is speaking against me if this kind of rules are not available government will start putting if somebody comes who does not like his criticism as prime minister or president or or CEO of any particular government agency or something like that so what they do is they will start putting everyone behind the bar if they feel like so that should not happen so that is why these rules are there now if if if these rules are broken i can move to directly supreme court only in fundamental rights i can move directly to the supreme court i don't need to go to any other court or if if if i feel like i can also go to high court then there is fundamental duties what do i mean by fundamental duties fundamental duties are our responsibility towards our country now if i don't follow my duty the government cannot go to the court saying that this person is not following fundamental duty so this is called fundamental rights are enforced by law because if you breach it breach it i can move to and this is not enforced by law so if i don't do any duty the government cannot go to the court and say that he is not following the duty so 11 duties have been mentioned in the constitution this is the case now now 11th duty mentioned in the constitution so this is one thing now let me go to directive principle of state policy so i already told that in fourth not scheduled this is wrong here in fourth part of constitution north in fourth schedule so in your book also you make change directive principle of state policy is in fourth part or fourth chapter of indian constitution part is synonyms with chapter so directive principle of state policy we have already discussed that this is to promote social welfare and equality in economic equality it has been taken from where it has been taken from ireland so it has been taken from constitution of ireland directive principle of economic policy this is also not forced by law so if any rule government is trying to make which is against directive principle of state policy this cannot be enforced by law so this is one thing then we have independent and centralized judiciary so our first of all our judiciary is independent and centralized what do you mean by centralized so first you go to your local court at your place then if you lose a case there then you go to high court in in in the state capital or wherever the high court is situated it is not necessary that the courts high courts are in capital of the states only like UP the capital of UP is Lucknow and high court is in Allahabad in Madhya Pradesh similarly the high court has is in Jabalpur so there are places where the high court is not situated in the state capital it is somewhere situated somewhere else so we have centralized judiciary and neither legislature nor executive has the right to interfere with the working of judiciary this is a very very important line if supreme court or high court or any particular court gives a judgment nobody can go and question that judgment saying that why you have given such judgment so they are completely free to take their decisions and their decisions cannot be discussed in parliament that their decisions cannot be questioned in parliament sorry and and and no one has right to question their decision the supreme court is the highest court in the land and all the high courts and subordinate courts function under the under it so that I have already explained next one is single citizenship so supreme court makes provision for single citizenship so in USA if you will go there is a concept of dual citizenship so there are 50 states and those 50 states have agreed to make a federation which is known as united states of America now each state gives its own citizenship and apart from this we have a central citizenship also which is what do we say which is also the union citizenship in India we have only single citizenship adult franchise means everybody above the age of 18 years is has the right to vote irrespective of caste creed religion place of birth gender anything the the citizen of citizens of India having more than 18 years of age has a right to exercise their vote in in by the constitution what do I mean by bicameral legislature bicameral legislature means presence of two houses so we have I have already discussed we have lower house which is loksabha and we have upper house which is rajasabha party system different political parties are there which are pillars of democracy so different party multiple party systems we have in in in in India the party which wins the majority votes not majority votes majority seats in general election becomes the ruling party whereas the rest will be the opposition parties so in India we have different parties like we have BJP congress in in karnataka we have a regional party which is what do you say which is jds several other regional parties like dmk aia dmk and samaj waji party bahujan samaj party all those things are there so that's the case no dual citizenship does not now let me take your questions sit is i'm not getting your question so write your question once again tanisha dual citizenship is not there in india we have a concept of single citizenship now somebody was asking me so from fundamental rights what i'll try to do is fundamental rights how many of you have this book or let me know how many of you don't have this book those who have it don't write anything those who don't have it soft copy i'm asking everyone will have pdf form only madhu mitha doesn't have shreyas k doesn't have right to education is not i mean right to education is fundamental right but if the parents are not willing to send their children like child labor was there or even if there there are rules again child labor the parents can not send us to the the parents cannot send their or they they they may say that they are not willing to send their children to to the school due to any reason even if they are not working somewhere so that is why it has been made duty one is to provide the education second one is to ensure the education so government is providing the education to ensure the education in that case the the child can sue the parent or even the government can sue the parent so madhu mitha and shreyas k you can take it from there so what is your this thing today i'm stopping the class here what is your um homework for for the next week your homework for the next week is you go through only fundamental rights from page number 101 to page number it's not that i'll not teach you i'll explain everything to you to page number 106 solve all the questions given over there just look into it and page number 101 to 105 read everything and finish this second chapter before next class so if you'll finish it it will be easier for me to just run through it yes or next class also would be sad class so your homework i have already given next class i'll start from fundamental rights and i'll go i'll i'll finish off the second chapter i want each one of you to complete second chapter and then we will go to there are three four chapters out here we will complete it in next coming 15 days and then i'll move to grade 10 civics that's the thing talus was um see you bye bye


Look how freaking gorgeous these are and this is the famous seaside nothing makes me more happier than seeing that name the water is so clear like I just wish that each water was this clear a bakery thing it actually has such good doughnuts there's this one donut that I loved it was the chocolate and coconut doughnut have you ever been there before what'd you get the one time you went I don't know why people hate coconut I love coconut what'd you get oh yeah I got a chocolate with sprinkles too but they also have like actual food like eggs and stuff we were gonna go to badass coffee but then I remembered like donut hole was here so I just gotta go to that guess where we're going tonight tell them see girl seaside doughnut hole other blueberry yeah I bought eggs but whatever I get eggs but it's either really good or really bad please be safe I'm sure it'll be above each of these dishes we don't die we want our business still we don't want you to die that's nice yeah this is the first day nice to me yeah but that's what it's for today hopefully it'll be yes I hope it's like this today yeah yeah yeah true yeah it won't be but we can hope it doesn't do us literally it was like two pounds really flowery it looks so much better on my iPhone dude all right she bought those donuts she doesn't like it no I literally love coconut I watched your scat out the how pretty the donuts were you're so good i really love coconut she doesn't like samoa cookies from the girl scout boy you better shut your damn mouth got this dozen right here though about 10 pounds is that pretty yeah yeah you're just saying that's a week ago no you got me not pay promotion see if anyone's up I doubt anyone's up but everyone is actually what's even this gonna wait all right that was right no one's up sour cream one and it was really good so we just got to the beach and Ryan's about to play some tunes on my big pill yeah I took my computer here to edit guys he's like just do it at the beach I was like you know what you're right but hopefully I'll be able to see the screen it's like super bright I spotted some dolphin there were like three there were literally three that went over it was so cool what if I catch that I have the courage to dive in because it feels really good like we just played football so I'm kind of hot so I really want to go in but Ryan's like I'm just gonna go waist deep they just informed me that my bathing suits inside out so that's good do you guys think Ryan can make it all the way over there let's see you got this ready go good job we just had a photo shoot on this wall we call it the Santorini wall because it looks like Santorini hey um put your leg out a little bit Ryan said you're not gonna take pictures of me my makeup's set outside have the cutest beach houses here so catch us here live in here when we retire right it's so pretty it looks so new it looks like like a tv show you know what I mean like those perfect like tv shows look how freaking gorgeous these are probably like billions and billions of dollars but a girl can dream right oh my god that's so pretty holy crap it just looks so perfect that's like the only word to describe it you know what I mean yay seaside that's like the monument of seaside I feel like hot dogs can you believe it's not very good me and Ryan came here freshman year and ate together it was so cute they used the famous shirts frost bites it's like kind of the food court and this is the famous seaside seaside stepping it up with these nice stairs this is so new and the water looks so blue I don't know if it's just like the time of like the day or something or if this water is like actually bluer what do you think you think it could be a little bluer I get 10 pictures yeah instagram husband I don't take advantage look how blue the water is it's so pretty in the sunsets so pretty too and you're prettier at the prettiest sunset ever record store that's really cute out here imagine living here and just having your balcony like just in the middle of seaside so pretty we just got to the restaurant and there was this girl in front of us like and her friends weren't here yet so they let us go in front of her um and they gave us like the really good table like it has like a really good view on the menu I get the blue cat claws it's in the starter so but I'm gonna get something else last but something I think I'm good with water for now I'll give you a few minutes um should we do what's get the Rockefeller do they have Rockefeller or is it like baked oysters or like the normal oysters Rockefeller dude baked oysters Rockefeller I think you like it yeah yeah okay we'll get that and then I'm gonna get my blue crab claws and then you're gonna get shrimp and grits I'm guessing nothing makes me more happier than seeing that name we are feasting so first we got these trio baked oysters I love Rockefeller so that is already my favorite but those look really good too those like super interesting I don't want to say it but it looks like up oh my god I'm so glad I asked for extra sauce look they don't give you like barely any oh my god yes feasting boy this is so embarrassing but I'm so happy we're just gonna make a trip to seaside every month for this place it is amazing they were so pretty good yeah he got the grits at y'all and I got the blue snow crab claws I think and we just got a bunch of sides we just got gelato at the infamous gelato place all heavenly salty caramel what'd you get this guy good morning it's our last day at the beach so we are taking advantage and um I mean we woke up pretty late today actually it's like 11 I don't know but then I had to take my Spanish test because I am now on official spring break and I think I did really well for not being like in class the whole week but we're gonna play some football try to get it super hot and like then go in the ocean there's a lot of wind so it's not extreme beach weather but we're we're gonna we're gonna make do hey guys we're at Destin Florida beach Miramar beach 38 I don't even know where we are honestly I did my nails by myself in their gel and they literally just like pop off we are gonna go back in the water soon we just have hot dogs for lunch but we're vlogging on my GoPro now saying to it's waterproof and so I'm gonna get a camera stuff in the sand and water but this hat lights go down yeah let's not put on the bag yeah it's really cold actually we're green isn't it yeah mr. gopro master so now I wanted me to do a recap of the trip because she's coming ready the bigger part was probably going to seaside or just being on the beach hanging out today was the first day I didn't get burned really I found some screen every 30 minutes you know it's not that bad I got some tan if you can tell all kinds of seaside was fun I don't think we vlogged very much but we got here's their cafe today we ched hot dogs and we're back here at the steakhouse gonna act me everyone coming in for spring break now I got the colleges and high schools mine was really early this year like even snogs the next week and they're gonna go to hell in georgia you know that is it's not very cool where are we daytime war daytime war there's like a lot of cute shops and restaurants here just a good place to walk around once here's some packing tips oh really really how did you fit all those clothes in there wake up what he wants to walk on the beach but he won't get up I just need to close my suitcase and that's it my suitcase is literally over for me yep I don't know how I'm gonna close it but we can try my friends kind of wanted to have like a mount me spring break so I'm glad I got my beach fixed in with Ryan the water is so clear like I just wish that each water was this clear and then my life would be complete I almost don't want to touch it because I know it's going to be freezing is it cold no don't you laugh you're staying back five days can't fully help come back in the summer yeah air be easy air be easy thanks for closing time saw my hair closing time so one time in Tallahassee I think my sister was like oh you have to try these um honey butter chicken biscuit from water burger so I got it for the road but I'm starting my drive home so this will probably be like the last club just because my camera's on pretty low battery so I hope you guys enjoyed these vlogs and I will see you guys in my next one bye


It's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards and we are ripping one box of wwe 21 2021 tops wwe women's division For Elvis are so good luck here Elvis see what we got in here for you Gio we've got so many different products Yeah, so Sean's gonna link you a Um Yeah, there you go. There's our basically our website with all of our personal boxes On it so we can order pretty much anything if you want to get it ripped on YouTube Just choose the rip on YouTube option We'll get a strategy with these.  That's cool. I don't think we take crypto Yeah, that's Alexa bliss on the hollow Yeah, you can read a description on each of the products to with What we've got That is Tony Storm he does honey. I don't think tops does That is hollow Sonya Deville should be two autos in this. I believe two autos per box here And a prom gia you can sort it by miscellaneous sports, too So if you click on miscellaneous, it should be WW you should be in there as well. You can just read a quick description on what each each product offers Yeah, it's pretty base heavy. Nothing super crazy with these. That is a hello of Oshka defeating Nia Jax. Oh Nia Jax costs Oshka her match Rhea Ripley Elvis R. That's his last name. Yeah Live Morgan diamond die cut something big over in gaming Hello, it's a Kota Kai Dolan base No, we don't offer NFC NFC's Yeah Defeats Rhea Ripley. That's hollow. I know there's I know crypto is taking back NFC's are down like 95% right now, too Yeah, I Just saw an article about Way down Ethereum's lost like huge percentages. I Don't know if it's rebounded. I just know it's a bit been down recently Looking for our autos here NXT defeats Candice Leray There is to me a defeats Sasha Banks or to me now Wow purple Charlotte flair that's about as good as it gets right there 44 out of 99 congrats Elvis That's nasty. Let's go dude. Thank you. That is solid nice one there Elvis. Congrats, buddy Oh, yeah, he's pumped he's pumped that's what we like to see face I think it says two others for boss. Well, no, that's a top. So I don't think it'll say on average Oshka These are one or two. Well, there's another Charlotte flair That's a red One of one.  Oh my god with a relic on there, too Relic auto bro to Charlotte flares in one box. That's gonna do it for your box Elvis. That was insane We'll get them right out to you. Thanks again, buddy. I'll take a pic dude. We have full