Welcome to the next lecture to the course of nanostructured materials, synthesis properties, self-assembly and applications. This is the sixth lecture of module two and we are discussing methodologies of growing nanostructures and in the last lecture we discussed the methodology how we can grow nanostructured films using the chemical vapor deposition technique which is called the CVD technique. Today we will continue on this topic and we would be discussing today on the physical vapor deposition technique. The physical vapor deposition technique is basically involves deposition of atomistic processes that means deposition of atoms in which the material is vaporized from a solid or liquid source in the form of atoms or molecules and these vaporized source of atoms and molecules are then transported in the form of a vapor through a vacuum or low pressure gaseous environment, it can be a plasma and it is this atom and molecules traveling through this low pressure system is taken towards the substrate where these atoms and molecules condense and form a thin film. So this is typically PVD process that is why in short it is PVD for physical vapor deposition which is different from what we studied earlier which was the chemical vapor deposition technique. So here atoms and molecules are being transported through a system, it will be a chamber which would be at low pressure or we call vacuum with some amount of gas or plasma and it is taken it is flown towards the substrate the molecules travel towards the substrate where it condenses and forms a film. So PVD processes are used to deposit films with thicknesses which are in the range of a few nanometers to thousands of nanometers. So a wide range of thicknesses are possible to make films which are of the order of few nanometers to thousands of nanometers and it typically is used in multi layer coatings in graded composition deposits, very thick deposits and also on free standing structures. Here graded composition basically means that till certain thickness you have one composition and then as you have another layer or as you go deep into the film the composition is varying. So that is why it is called a graded composition deposit or a graded composition film. You can have multi layer coatings that means one layer of a material X which is on top of a material Y and then a material Z. So you are making different layers of different materials using PVD processes. So you can make thin films to thick films a large range of thicknesses are possible using the physical vapor deposition technique. The main categories of this PVD technique can be divided into four major disciplines or four major methodologies. They are the vacuum deposition technique which is also called the evaporation technique. The other is the sputter deposition technique. The third one is arc vapor deposition and the fourth is iron plating. As you can see from the name itself you can get some idea that what is different among these four techniques belonging to the general PVD process. Here as you see it is basically built on evaporation and so some material is there and you evaporate in a vacuum and you deposit it on a target or a substrate. Here you sputter something sputter means you have a material which has to be coated on a substrate and you bombard that material with some ions or some other beam and atoms are ejected from the target and then they are deposited on a substrate. So that is splutter deposition. Arc vapor from the term arc you can understand that an arc electric discharge has to be generated and during that there is a plasma which is created and then you can deposit atoms from that phase. Iron plating includes methodologies where you can have the ions assisting in the deposition and we will discuss each of these four methods little bit more in detail and all four belong to the physical vapor deposition process. So from the term physical PVD and CVD the main difference is in the chemical vapor deposition process you can see that you start with some precursors and some chemicals are required and normally they involve lesser energy. Physical vapor deposition processes are not using that kind of chemicals mostly they start with solids and they may be metals or compounds and then you use high energy or evaporation techniques or sputter deposition etc or electrical discharge to process to form the films. So coming to the first methodology of the PVD process it is the vacuum deposition process in which material from a thermal vaporization source reaches the substrate with little or no collision with gas molecules in the space between the source and the substrate. In other words you have this filament which on heating you have a material on this. So on thermal evaporation of the material thermal vaporization you will have the molecules going through this vacuum or where very little gas molecules are there so they will not face any collision and they will be deposited on the substrate here. So this kind of a vacuum evaporation technique is possible to make thin films. Normally the heat source that you use here for heating the compounds which would be evaporated is you use tungsten wire coils as the filament during the vacuum evaporation. So this is a very simple technique it is an evaporation technique you can call it or a vacuum deposition technique where you are using tungsten wire or similar wires which can give rise to thermal effect and the material which has to be deposited on the substrate can be coated on this wire and then because of thermal heating it will evaporate and pass through a vacuum chamber where it will meet very little collisions because the density of gaseous molecules is very less and you will expect that those molecules which are evaporated from the surface of this filament will go on to the substrate and make a uniform film. So this is a vacuum deposition technique the next technique we can discuss this little bit more on detail the instrumentation of the vacuum deposition technique. So here is the filament where you will have your vaporization source so this will start generate evaporating from the filament where the source is there so it will the molecules will start evaporating and they have to go on to the target which is here and or it has to go to the substrate here and the substrate is held in a kind of fixture which is shown here such that the substrate does not fall and the substrate can be heated and that a heating can be done by this substrate heater which is shown here that is the heater for the fixture and you can also heat the substrate using a heater which is little away from the substrate and this will heat radiately and so you can heat the substrate you can heat the substrate holder or the substrate fixture and of course you have to heat this coil which has the source which has to evaporated. Now apart from this there are possibilities of rotation here and you can monitor the substrate temperature you can control or you can monitor the deposition rate here. So you can have many other fixtures and electronics along this vacuum system which needs pumps to actuate the gas so you have a roughing pump and you have a high vacuum pumping system here. So this is more or less a schematic diagram which shows you about the evaporation source the substrate the substrate heaters the fixture heater the view port the shutter and then you have this high vacuum gauges you have the gas inlet and the thermocouples etcetera which are all connected to this methodology of depositing a film using a PVD technique which is based on evaporation or it is also called vacuum deposition. So one needs to have good vacuum and you need to have proper pumping systems and monitoring the vacuum the temperature of the substrate because certain growth of films can take place only under certain temperatures. So the variables in this technique of evaporation and vacuum deposition are the substrate temperature the deposition rate the environment inside the chamber that is the pressure and which gas you are using the angle of incidence of the depositing atom flux so you can rotate that source or substrate one of them you can move the substrate surface chemistry and morphology if you modify that will also affect the deposition in this condition. So all these things we just discussed substrate temperature deposition rate environment since you can change so with how you have to monitor each change and that is what is shown in this picture the how you can monitor the substrate temperature the deposition rate the rotation here and the heater which is heating the substrate radiatively and the pumping systems etcetera the gas inside can be modified and you can use different types of gases. In addition you can also use masks here to form patterns or if you want to make films not continuous but according to a certain pattern or design then you have to have a mask here which is kept in line of the deposition between the evaporating source and the substrate and depending on the design of the mask you will have a patterning on the surface of the substrate. So this sometimes masks are important for making devices where you have to make certain contacts or certain circuits and you want to code say a conducting material like copper according to certain design which will be then useful to make contacts. So these are all the variables we discussed right now and each of them has to be controlled very carefully and then the growth rate can be modified how the films is growing whether it is forming as a uniform film or there is islands which are forming and is the rate of growth too fast or too slow we can control using these parameters. Now the advantages of vacuum deposition the vacuum deposition is also called a line of sight deposition that means you the substrate is directly in the line of or in the in front of the evaporating source and this is called line of sight vision and in this kind of technique it allows you to use masks to define areas of deposition which is what I described just before that if you design a mask and keep it in front of the substrate then this mask will allow only certain portions of the substrate to be covered by the atoms which are falling which are being evaporating from this filament or on top of this filament and so you can create a pattern or a design. So line of sight deposition allows the use of masks to define areas where you want deposition and where you do not want deposition. The next thing is you can deposit very large area so using very large area sources so you can use something which is called a hog trough crucible you can use multiple sources so instead of one source here you can use multiple sources and very large area sources can be used to deposit materials. You can achieve high deposition rates and deposition rate can be monitored relatively easily as compared to other techniques. So these are some of the advantages of the vacuum deposition method which is also called the evaporation method. Further you can use various types of vaporization source materials such as chunks or powders or wires or chips and the vaporization source material which normally is used can be found with very high purity and relatively inexpensively. So they are not very expensive to use and high purity films are easily deposited from high purity source material since the deposition environment which is the ambient cannot can be made as non-contaminating as desired. So overall this technique is relatively inexpensive compared to other PVD techniques and hence this kind of thermal evaporation or vacuum deposition technique is being used routinely in several types of materials and one of the most important thing is you can use different forms of materials you can use chunks powders wires and chips etc. So it is a reasonably inexpensive method for making large scale thin films. Now there are of course some disadvantages of vacuum or therm or evaporation technique vacuum deposition or evaporation technique where one of the thing is the line of sight deposition though it has some advantages where you can use masks but this also gives you a poor surface coverage and you need elaborated tooling and fixtures to have perform this kind of vacuum deposition and surface coverage is little difficult. Similarly this methodology which depends on the line of sight deposition provides poor uniformity of the film over a large surface area again unless you have very complex fixturing and tooling it is difficult to deposit uniformly the film over a very large area. Then if you want to deposit many different alloys and compounds this technique is has some drawbacks it may be good for metals etc. but for binaries or ternaries alloys and compounds sometimes it gives us not a very uniform film and so these are some of the disadvantages of the vacuum deposition technique or the thermal technique which we can remove in going to the other techniques which we will discuss. The other disadvantages of vacuum deposition is the involvement of high radiant heat during processing so that is another disadvantage. The vaporized material is not used very efficiently so what you are vaporizing is not only falling on your substrate but it is also falling on several other parts. So non utilization or poor utilization of the vaporized material is one drawback then you have non optimal film properties example you have pin holes then you get less than bulk density of the films. Many times you get columnar morphology and you sometimes have high residual film stresses in the films produced using vacuum deposition. There are few processing variables available for film property control in the thermal evaporation technique or the vacuum deposition technique. So with so many disadvantages of course one of the main advantage of the vacuum deposition is it is inexpensive and it can use a wide variety of materials but we also saw that there are many disadvantages of the vacuum deposition technique. So now let us look at another deposition technique and this is the sputter deposition. In the sputter deposition basically you deposit particles which are vaporized from a surface which we call a target by the physical sputtering process. So you deposit particles which are coming out of a target and these atoms or particles which are coming out of the target are basically produced by a physical sputtering process. So what is this sputtering process? The physical sputtering is a non thermal vaporization where surface atoms are physically ejected from a solid surface by momentum transfer. So it is not an evaporation technique. So what you are doing is you are bombarding a target so this is your target and you are bombarding the target with some sputtering either it is atomic beam which is highly energetic or a gaseous ion which is accelerated from a plasma. So here you see a plasma and this is a gaseous ion beam which is being accelerated towards the target and the target atoms then come out and then they fall on the substrate and you get the film on the substrate. So there are two parts first is the sputtering using ions generated from a plasma onto the target which then sputters atoms of the target material which you want to be coated on a substrate. So that the first is getting those ions or atoms out of this surface using either energized atoms or ions from a plasma and then depositing them on the substrate. So basically many different compounds can be made because the target can be any compound and then you can attempt to generate atoms of the species and then they are kind of moving towards the substrate and then the deposit on the substrate and you get a film. So these are examples of titanium nitride and zirconium nitride which are commonly reactively sputter deposited by using a reactive gas in the plasma. So if you have a reactive gas then it is called a reactive sputter deposition and you can have this technique to make films like titanium nitride and zirconium nitride etc. So this is what is being shown here. So this is the target and you generate those kind of ions and then those ions fall on the substrate and basically this is through momentum transfer that you are creating these ions not through evaporation and you get films on the substrate. Now there are many things which happen when you are bombarding a surface during sputter deposition with energetic atomic sized particles. So here is your energetic particle and it falls on your surface. So this is your surface and on the surface you have say an adsorbed surface species and this adsorbed surface species gets enhanced mobility when this energetic particle falls on to it. What else can happen? You can create these energetic particles can go deep inside and get implanted and you can have then there may be lattice defects and these energetic particles can get trapped in the lattice defect. It can get channeled like this through some channels and this is known. It can also create a cascade. It can also generate ions which are reflected, electrons which are ejected which are called secondary electrons and some of the sputtered atoms from the surface can come out. It can also possible it can be possible that some of the atoms which are coming out of the surface interact with the energetic particles and then they are backscattered. So several processes can occur. So depending on what you are looking at you can study some of these events which are taking place at the same time in certain cases but all the events need not possibly take place at the same time. There may be 1, 2, 3 events taking place but it is not necessary all the events listed here are taking place in every sputter deposition. That would depend on different parameters of the sputter deposition process. We saw mainly that you have energetic particle falling on a surface bombarded to a surface which normally creates enhanced mobility for any atom or molecule on the surface. Those atoms and molecules can move around and you can get these surface atoms redeposited on the sputtered atoms which are coming out redeposited or you can take some of the atoms can really come out or they are backscattered here and many other things can happen including ion implantation which is happening here. So near the surface this is a surface region all these activities are happening and as you are going deep interior there are less activity in the near surface region. This is the surface region is the near surface region most of the activity is happening in the surface region when a surface is bombarded with energetic atomic sized particles. So what are these different effects and what are the time scales of these different effects during the sputter deposition of this process by which we are trying to make films on substrates. So you can classify these events in four different ways depending on the time required for those effects. So in the very small time domain say less than 10 to the power minus 12 second which is less than 1 picosecond you can have effects which are called the prompt effects like lattice collisions physical sputtering reflection from the surface in the range of some 10 nanosecond to 1 picosecond so this is the range 10 minus 12 to 10 to the power minus 10 second 10 to the power minus 10 second is 10 nanosecond. So between 1 picosecond to 10 nanosecond you can see what are called cooling effects where you see thermal spikes along with collision cascades. So in the picture you can see there is the collision cascade which is happening. So this is happening in the time scale of around 1 picosecond to 10 nanosecond and then you can have delayed effects. These delayed effects can take long time they can take a few seconds or microseconds to sometimes years and they involve processes like diffusion, strain induced diffusion, segregation and then there are something which are called persistent effects. Example gas incorporation or compressive stress due to recoil implantation. So when you have something like recoil implantation so you can have these kind of delayed effects or persistent effects in these sputter deposited films. Now coming to another methodology so we looked at physical vapor deposition two methodologies. One was the evaporation method or which is also called the vacuum deposition process and the second one that we looked at was the sputter deposition process and now we look at the third method which is the arc vapor deposition. So as the term arc suggests to you that you have to generate an arc and an arc is normally generated between two electrodes at different potential one is the cathode one is the anode. So you can have a cathodic arc like it is shown here so you have here a cathodic arc and you can also have an anodic arc. So once you have a cathodic arc that means the electrode which is forming the cathode from there you can generate plasma and you can get deposition on the substrate of atoms belonging to this cathodic material. So if you have a cathodic arc then you can make a film of the cathode material and if you have anodic arc then you can make a film from the anode material. So basically a high current and low voltage arc is used to vaporize a cathodic electrode which is called the cathodic arc or anodic electrode which is called the anodic arc and deposit the vaporized material on a substrate. So the substrate is here and when the vaporized material is highly ionized and the substrate is biased so towards the ions moving towards the substrate then you can get deposition and mostly arc vapor deposition is used for hard coatings and decorative coatings and very commonly it is used. So you use basically a high current and a low voltage arc discharge system. Now then you can also have a technique which is called the ion plating technique. In the ion plating or ion assisted deposition which is called IAD or ion vapor deposition IVD. In this techniques there is concurrent or periodic bombardment of the depositing film by atomic sized energetic particles to modify and control the properties of the depositing film. So you can first vaporize the depositing material by any of the methods which we discussed earlier. So you can vaporize the material that you want to deposit by evaporation or sputtering or by arc erosion or by CVD by any of these or decomposition of a chemical vapor precursor. So any of these methods can be used to first deposit the film and then you either simultaneously or periodically bombard that depositing film by atomic sized energy particles. So one of these is used along with either an atomic or ionic beam to assist the deposition. So the energetic particles which are normally used for bombardment are ions of an inert or reactive gas or ions of the condensing film material itself. So you can use different methods you can use a inert gas and its ions or a reactive gas ions or the ions of the same material which is condensing on to the substrate. So depending on them you can have different schemes. So in this ion plating scheme you can do the evaporation technique which we discussed earlier. This sputtering technique the arc erosion technique along with an ion gun. So when you have this ion gun along with one of these techniques separately you are using an ion gun then this is called an ion beam assisted deposition. So you are doing in this ion plating one of these techniques has to be used along with the ion gun which is generating ions and assisting the deposition of the film which the ions are being generated by either thermal evaporation or through an arc cathode or anode or a sputtering technique. So there are various techniques which we already discussed and along with that we use an ion gun and this technique then becomes an ion beam assisted methodology for deposition of thin films. So what are the steps involved in general in choosing a PVD process? So in all the PVD processes that we discussed using either evaporation sputter deposition and then this kind of ion assisted deposition or the arc method of deposition the first thing that you do is you choose a substrate and this substrate has a very important role to play during the growth of the film and the substrate can be a single crystalline polycrystalline and it depends on what is the type of film that you are trying to grow. So choosing a substrate is important and then we need to understand define what are the critical properties of the substrate surface which are important for the film that we need and how these can be determined. So then we develop an appropriate surface preparation process. The substrate has to be cleaned in a particular manner. So this is called the surface preparation process which includes cleaning and may involve changing the surface morphology or chemistry. So that is called surface modification of the substrate. Then you have to select the film material and the film structure to produce the correct film adhesion. You need your film to be strongly bound to the substrate. So to have that kind of adhesion you need to select proper film material and the structure of the films which you are trying to grow on the substrate. So the film adhesion and film properties that you require need a very careful selection of the film materials with which you are going to start and the film structure. Then you need to use your understanding of the various fabrication or the thin film deposition processes to choose the right process which would provide reducible coating and long term stability of the properties that you want in your thin film. So that what material you are going to use to coat the substrate is very important to know because that will enable you to choose the proper fabrication process. Then you need to develop the equipment that is the chamber in which the vacuum has to be generated or the arc has to be generated and if you need to flow of gases and how the substrate can be rotated or the substrate heater has to be placed. So all that part of is a part of a design to produce an equipment that will give the necessary product throughput. So you also need fast product throughput for industry applications and so you have a choice of production equipment is very necessary. The development of the fabrication equipment process parameters, parameter limits and monitoring and the control techniques ultimately will give you the best product and also a high yield. So it is important to choose a proper substrate, the proper methodology and the proper process parameters along with the appropriate equipment and its quality and design which will ultimately yield a good product with a very high yield. You have to develop appropriate characterizations to determine the product. So along with choosing the substrate, the right appropriate materials for the growth of the to generate the molecules which will be deposited on the substrate, you have to choose the characterization techniques to determine the properties of the film which you have made. So you have to also develop techniques for the reprocessing or repair of the defective coating. So if you have films which have pin holes or which are not forming very uniform films then there needs to be a possibility of developing a method by which you can remove those pin holes or you can do some annealing or other processing by which you can improve the quality of the film, make it more uniform, make a film which is lacking in pin holes with uniform thicknesses etcetera. Then all these processes etcetera need to be written down, all the specifications and manufacturing process instructions need to be written down as a manual for everybody to use at all stages of the processing. So all the details need to be written down specifically for the manufacturing process so that proper quality control of these films can be adhered to. Now we come to another technique. So far we were doing the PVD technique. In my previous lecture we did the CVD technique and then today we looked at the physical vapor deposition technique. What are the different kinds? So four different kinds of PVD techniques we looked at and we looked at their advantages, their disadvantages and the kind of instrumentation that you need and the kind of parameters you need to control like the substrate, the substrate temperature, the gas pressure, the distance between the substrate and the source etcetera. Now we discussed another technique which is a highly precise technique although it is a bit expensive technique is the molecular beam epitaxy method. What is epitaxy? Epitaxy is basically the growth or deposition of a monocrystalline film on a monocrystalline substrate. Now if you have the same film, a different film and substrate so when the film and substrate are different then it is called hetero epitaxy and when the film and the substrate are the same then you call it homo epitaxy. So epitaxy basically means depositing or growing a monocrystalline film on a monocrystalline substrate and it is of two types. It can be homo epitaxy or hetero epitaxy. By molecular beam epitaxy MBE what we mean is that we generate fluxes and we generate of constituent matrix and doping species to form a molecular beam. So these fluxes basically mean you are generating a molecular beam and then their reaction at the substrate. So the doping species and the matrix species form the molecular beam and they react at the substrate to form an ordered over layer. So the substrate and the over layer are exactly matching and hence it is called epitaxy. So the over layer is guided by the structure of the substrate and hence it takes the structure exactly of the substrate then only you get epitaxy. Now the capability of the MBE technique is to precisely control both chemical composition and the doping profiles. So it is a very precise technique. You can fabricate precision semi-conductors especially hetero structures having very thin layers from a fraction of a micron down to a monolayer. So you can have precise fabrication of films on substrates with very precise control of the structure which is more or less matching with the substrate structure. So that is why it is called epitaxy and it is called molecular beam epitaxy because we are generating flux or molecular beams of the matrix and doping species. So in the MBE process we have a source which is heated to produce evaporated beam of particles and these particles then travel through a very high vacuum to the substrate and on the substrate they condense as a thin film. So this is the typical MBE process. So you have a source again to produce evaporated beam of particles. These particles travel through a chamber in which very few gas molecules are there. That means the chamber is in high vacuum and then these particles are directed towards the substrate and on the substrate they condense as a thin film. So here there is a picture of what is happening. So this is the substrate and you can see on the atomic scale and then in an this is a organic molecular beam epitaxy. So organic molecules are coming and forming a layer and this top layer is exactly being guided by the substrate structure and you form these kind of layers one on top of the other. So this is organic molecular beam epitaxy because organic molecules are part of the dopant flux on the substrate. Now if you have atoms like you have here gallium atom and arsenic atom and they are falling as molecular beams or fluxes of these gallium and arsenic atoms on top of a substrate. So this one is the substrate wafer and on top this gallium and arsenic are falling as a molecular beam. Then they form this layer on top of this substrate and the structure of the gallium arsenide layer exactly matches the structure of the substrate. So this is a typical molecular beam epitaxy method. Gallium arsenide as you know is a very important semiconductor and used for many applications. So this is using an MBE technique you can manufacture very precise films with controlled morphology and controlled composition of gallium arsenide as epitaxial layers on proper substrates. Now the mechanistic pathway during the MBE process is basically you have absorption to the surface, adsorption to the surface then surface migration and dissociation then incorporation into the crystal lattice and thermal desorption. So these are the ways the molecular beam interacts with the surface and the film grows with first adsorbing on the surface and then it tries to migrate on the surface and so the atoms move to the right positions and then incorporate themselves into the crystal lattice and unwanted molecules are thermally dissolved. Now so this desorption and adsorption depends on the temperature. So there is a important effect of temperature on the adsorption and desorption in the MBE process. So at low temperature you will have atoms which will stick where they land without rearranging so that would lead to poor crystal quality. If you have high temperature then atoms will adsorb and dissolve very fast so they will re evaporate from the surface too rapidly and the growth rates will be very small again leading to poor crystal quality. So you have to optimize between a low temperature and high temperature. The temperature should be sufficient so you need appropriate intermediate temperature and at that temperature the atoms will have sufficient energy to adsorb and then move to the proper position on the surface which will give the epitaxy or which will lead to the epitaxial layer and that will be the correct growth of the crystal which you want. So you need to optimize the temperature such that you do not have a very low temperature to have the atoms sticking wherever they are falling or you have very high temperature when the atoms adsorb and dissolve immediately or re evaporate you want a temperature where the atom adsorbs and then has some energy to move around to find the proper position which has a minimum in energy on the surface and hence will add to the growing crystal and to the growing epitaxial layer. So the parameters for the molecular beam epitaxial method or the MBE method you need ultra high vacuum and you need some conditions for the mean free path which is given by the diameter and the concentration of gas molecules N and by this equation and the concentration of gas molecules of course depends on the pressure and the temperature. So all these things need to be controlled when you control the MBE process. The advantages of the molecular beam epitaxial method is that it permits the control of composition and doping of the structure at the monolayer level. That means you can get a single monolayer with the right composition with the right epitaxy using the MBE technique. It can it is also advantageous because it can be controlled in situ by surface techniques you can while the layer is growing the epitaxial layer is growing you can study the layer by very efficient techniques like the reflection high energy electron diffraction which is called the read technique. Also the OJ electrons spectroscopy or optical reflectance or laser interferometry all these techniques allow you to control the composition and the doping of the growing structure. So these are some advantages of using the molecular beam epitaxial method. Finally the application of MBE the control of the molecular beam epitaxial method allows us to fabricate very intricate structure of layers. So you can precisely make a very say a 10 layer system or a 4 layer system and each layer having the condition that you want by properly choosing your flux that means the molecular beams and the temperatures etc and the substrate you can really control the layers and grow highly ordered epitaxial layers of various compositions. So it is a very very important tool to grow multi layers. So thank you for this lecture and we will continue our course on nanostructure materials. Till then goodbye.


Presidential candidate of Labour Party, Mr Peter Ubi, has asked the federal government to declare a state of emergency on all flood affected areas across the country. At a visit to Flood Vicent in Ibi Local Government Area of Tarawa State, the presidential hopeful also urged the government to adopt global best practices of desilting all waters to avert a recurrence of this year's flood direct havoc across the nation. What federal governments need to do or what Nigerians need to do to stop this is to ensure that the waters are desiltered, the rivers. If you look at it, they've all been silted and you need to work on them. This is easy, it's done globally all over the world and it is because it's silted, it can no longer hold water, it can no longer hold anything. So you need to do it, controls are being awarded for this and it's not being executed. What the Labour State Government is doing is to see how we can help these people so that those of them that have had their houses were destroyed will help them to see that they rebuild their houses. Some of them that have lost their palm lands were hoping that and we have done some of it. We are hoping that we will help them to see that they recover some of the things that they have lost. Don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


This year is Spotify 7th year at Cannes Lions, so we're really excited to be here. It's always one of our main 10 poll events of the year. So this is our second year in this beach space. At Spotify Beach, we really have created this space to inspire marketers and creatives to think about the possibility of what's next. During the day, we build out a truly modular space that is the center of all of our thought leadership and hosts a ton of our client meetings and having areas of hospitality as well as having areas such as our podcast studio where we're recording our original podcast culture now streaming throughout the week. This year, we're really excited to feature NAS and SWIS beats as well as BBRXA and TOVLO here at Spotify Beach. On Monday night, we actually had an event in a private villa very close to our beach space featuring Ciara and the DJ set by Hannah Brompton. Cannes Lions is our largest global temple of the year and we complement that with our experiences at CES in addition to our two big global temples as well as our events that happen throughout the year and other markets. We also have a ton of digital experiences and engagements that really give clients different ways to experience Spotify throughout the year and in different platforms.


The following is a presentation of TFNN. The Trader's Edge with Steve Rhodes. Toll free at 1-877-927-6648 or internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. The Trader's Edge. Now, Steve Rhodes. Good afternoon from TFNN. Welcome to the August 14th, the wonderful Wednesday edition of today's Trader's Edge show. I'm your host, Steve. Perseverance Rhodes, who absolutely knows that each of us should always be pioneers of our future versus prisoners of our past. Hope everyone out there is having a great day. Hey, let's make sure we have an extraordinary one. Of course, the easiest way to do that is to always remember that life is happening for us, not to us. That's right. When you and I make that one little two-by-four shift, it means we can find the gift in every set of circumstances that life is gonna toss at us. Today, you and I, we're gonna go check on the circumstance of these markets. We're gonna go figure out what the bulls and the bears, what those buyers and sellers are communicating to you and I just past one o'clock in the afternoon. I want you to know that I'm absolutely grateful for your presence here, but way more important than that. During this next 60 minutes, I'm here to serve you. So feel free to pick up that phone. You can dial on in at<PHONE_NUMBER>. If you can't dial in, we've got you covered. Just rifle off an email.  Steve at tfn.com, inside the subject heading. Inside the subject heading, please put radio show question. Of course, in our Tigers Den, well, any ping will do. So let's go ahead and get this show started on wonderful Wednesday. Of course, this is Tiger Financial News Network. I'm Steve Rhodes. Welcome to LUS Show. We're going to take a look at the market. The market index is all in the red, meaning in the red. The Dow is off 725 points, the S&P 81, the Nasdaq, 102, 36. That's 3% to the downside. Spotball, Tilted, it's up 29%. That's up five bucks, 2258 is the print there.  And we are going to go ahead and put some water on this fire out here. Well, we're going to take a look at what the markets are really communicating to you and I. You've got gold up 19 buckaroonies out there, bonds up another one and nearly two points out here. If we wait long enough, it probably will be. Get up to the 165 level. Lead in the charge to the upside. That's not an ETF. Hard to find. In fact, I don't have one. Vanguard, extended duration. Treasury bills, it looks like. Out there, ED Visa took a symbol. To the downside, the individual stock wise, Amazon 65 bucks, booking holdings, 48, Google off 33, cost our group down 29. So some big movers and really shakers to the downside. Let's begin by taking a look at the markets here. And then we'll go to the questions that have come in. And by taking a look at the markets, let's first always like to step back and take a look at, well, where are we? What are we doing? Welcome to the world of the consolidation. Here's our monthly charts for the Dow, the S&P, the Nasdaq 100 and the Russell 2000. We are in a consolidation. And it's going to be like this. Well, I don't know when the consolidation will end. Probably doesn't end. Well, we know the date timeframe is for us to look at. We know that middle of October is one possibility. We know that the end of January is another possibility. Then you've got the end of June. And obviously I'm into 2020 out here. And then you've got the October timeframe. So those would be the time periods where you would likely see a bottom of the consolidation. It's not likely to be August the 14th out here. So we're in a consolidation. We know that. What do we know about today's trading action out here? Well, first, if we take a look at our TAS daily profiles, what we know that's going on right now and what we want to pay attention to for some type of signal, I would say would be the Russell 2000. So the Russell 2000 is right now testing the bottom of its daily profile. Now the structure of this profile is bearish. Let's step back for a moment. What do you mean bearish out here? Let me do this. Let me just simply turn off price because we're just simply going to look at the most recent box out here. The top of the box we're taking a look at is up at the 160350, the center 1557, the bottom 1465. So sellers should have, which they do right now, have had the power to push price down to test the bottom of that profile. We turn the price on out here and we can see that we're trading right at the bottom of the box. So with regard to the Russell 2000, this is where buyers are lined up. Whether or not they're going to be able to overcome the sellers, I don't know that. But if you were wondering, like it's now the time that you would step on the gas and take a short position in the Russell 2000, the answer, my friend, is absolutely, positively not. Of course you wouldn't do it at a potential support area, which is 1466, what we'll call it, 146590 out there. So price is at support. We don't have price at support in the NQ. That's way further down. That's down at the 7305 level out here. And with regard to daily profiles, the new profiles that form for the ES and the YM, they're above price. So we can't really look to those. That was a bearish when those profiles form. When you have profiles form above price, it's a bearish indication bullish when profiles form below price. So all we know right now is the Russell 2000 is testing a key level of support out there. Okay, what else do we know? Well, let's step back and just simply take a look at volume out here. Typically I leave this for the volume master, and that would be Obi-Wan Kenobi. But we need to take a look at it at 112 in the afternoon. Obviously our polar bear, he's going to look at it. He'll look at it through the lens of the power law vector indicator and what's going on with regard to the indices. But if we take a look at the ETF structure out here and we begin with the SPI, here's what we know. We know that price is trading inside its most recent swing point. That swing point is from August the 5th. That swing point had 179 million shares out there. We're rounding. You're at 60 million shares. We are more than 9-30, 10-30, 11-30, 12-30, 134-30. We're four, six and a half, so to speak. We're more than halfway into the trading session. This is light volume, mega light volume. Now when you are inside a swing point you never know if price is going to go test. And if it's with volume, you say you're going to go test the bottom, which is 281.72. If it's light volume, you can, but you're really not sure whether it will or it won't. But here's what we know. Don't have the type of selling that we saw on August the 5th out there. That says, prepare for a possible bounce. So you've got the Russell 2000 equity futures contract that support. The SPI is pulling back with much lighter volume. If we go take a look at the QQQQ series. Remember the NQ, we don't have a profile level. We know what the profile level is. It's quite a bit further to the downside. But here's what we also know about the Qs. The top of the swing point that they're testing is 183.51. It's still the same date out here. It's August the 5th. The volume there was 75 million. You're at 27 million right now. You want to talk about Giganto light volume out here. So those of you that are short, here's what Stevie's suggestion is. At least just looking at these few things out here. We are in a consolidating market. We are in a traders market. And tighten up those stops out there. The sphincter muscle is eventually going to get smaller and smaller out here. So if you see today, the Q is close above 183.51. Unless in 75 million shares, which right now that looks like a no brain or anything can happen. But it looks like a no brain right now. Talk about a rejection of a swing point as it did just a couple of days ago when we saw yesterday's rally out there. Now let's finish this off. Let's go take a look at the IWM. Let's see what it is doing on a daily basis. It's trading into really two different swing points. It's August 5th swing point, which had volume there of 39 million. You've done 16 today light volume, but you're below that. So price could be targeting. Now, if price closes above 146.21 today, 146.21, that would be a rejection of that swing point. And your light volume coming into the swing point all the way back from May 31st out there. Get back from this break. We'll continue looking at the market. Say it into your question. Let's see what you're thinking of. 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Call now toll free at 1-877-927-6648 internationally at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Welcome back, folks. Douse off 709, SNP down 78. Let's go out to Philadelphia and speak with John. John, thanks for calling. Thanks for holding. How are you doing this afternoon? Steve, I'm doing very well. Thanks for taking the call, sir. Sure, my pleasure. Steve, thank you for answering a question on your show yesterday. I think I posed it in text form regarding the rally yesterday and your hope to be soon, Steve, patented Apigee Paragee Pivot Trading Tool. You gotta love that, don't you? Well, no one I know of, certainly myself mostly, had any idea that sellers would come out of the woodwork as they have thus far today. What is just incredibly clear, and I wish to repeat this for your listening audience, rallies that run up to your Paragee Apigee Pivots and stop our incredibly low-risk trade entries. And, of course, I took it yesterday and it's working out nicely. So I just encourage everybody to buy your work and get a hold of that pivot tool because it doesn't come into play every day, certainly, nor every week. However, it is a tool that's a must in anybody's arsenal. Well, thanks. I appreciate that. So yeah, so thank you for reviewing in real time what Price was doing relative to those numbers yesterday. Now that we've started to fall off, I ask you the following, with the pace of decline here today, why, I ask you this, is there any reason that you see in your work that says we shouldn't automatically, excuse me, that we should not quickly fall all the way down to the 2740 S&P area, which would mark an AB equals CD projection? Any reasons in your work why you don't think that will occur, please? Sure. So there would be a couple of those things. So today's market, one of the things that it's done, and let's take a look at the S&P 5, let's take a look at the Dow because the Dow here, I'm going to put up the daily chart for the Dow. And what we can see here, there's a black line that's been drawn on the Dow chart, my Dow chart, my daily Dow chart out here, from the August 5th low to the low of today, slightly lower low. And what this is potentially creating is a rose momentum indicator bottom signal. Now the last time that we had, so as good as perigee and apogee are, so too is this tool and this indicator. So we take a look at the last bottom, John, that formed out here on June 3rd. It was with that same pattern. Now it requires a bullish reversal candle. That's not going to happen today, but it could happen over the course of the next couple of days out here. So the Dow has that pattern that is in play. That does not mean that this pattern will identify a bottom. There's five very specific rules that must be followed for this, but the mere fact that it is present makes us say, hmm, something to think about. The ultimate support level, if this doesn't identify a bottom, is 24, 960, 282. That's where price broke out, but this is the Dow. And you're asking, is there anything I'm looking into my work to suggest that the market may not head down into, you gave a figure of about 2740 or so, which would be a monthly horizontal trading range as well. Also the New York Stock Exchange, John. So when I pull the New York Stock Exchange chart out, we'll see that it too is generating a rose momentum indicator bottom. Now the New York Stock Exchange topped with a rose momentum indicator top. It didn't happen until this bear sash candle formed. It looks like around the 27, 28, 29th of July out there. Let's not worry about the date. So we have those two things going for us. By the way, the ES mini right now is trading right at its daily horizontal trading range that has had 38 closes, opens or closes at the 2852 level, or 2850 right now. This is a real strong level of support. If this isn't it, it's the monthly horizontal trading range at 2836. So we're right up against some support levels out there. I don't know if they're going to hold just yet. We've got to go take a look at some intraday charts to try to get some signals. But we are at support and then we've got two charts out here that are showing those potential bottom signals. So then, John, I simply step over and I take a look at what's going on inside the spot volatility index. Well, we can see that it's up by 26.54. That's the very right-hand side of this chart out here. It shows the spot volatility index at 22.17. What you and I know is that when you have one day rates of change greater than 10%, that's what we have at the moment. What we typically see as a stall or a bounce or a bottom that forms inside of the S&P 500 out here. So what I wouldn't want people to do is to jump on the short train right now with all of these things in place out here. I'd rather them sell the perigee or there's going to be a new apogee pivot point in the next, I think, over the weekend. This weekend, sir, this weekend. Yeah, this weekend. So we'll have something else to use to guide us without here. But there's also that play that is in place right now. And then we take a look at the New York Stock Exchange. One of the ways that it forms its bottom. And this is a different tool than the one that we just looked at where price is moving lower with less relative energy. But here what we can see on a closing basis and in order for this to happen, the New York Stock Exchange would need to close below 12,497.31. We'll call it out there. And that says we've got a lower low right now than the date of August, the fifth out here. But if we go back and we take a look at the August fifth low of its advanced decline oscillator, it was a much lower low 223.09. Right now you're at minus 161. If you take a look at the New York Stock Exchange when it has formed other very viable bottom patterns, just the last four, those would be the red diagonals on my chart out here at the middle section. You can see that those were really viable, viable bottom type patterns and signals out there. Now, just because this pattern is present, we need something else to indicate to you and I that the so-called bottom is in. But your specific question, is there anything that I'm looking at that in essence would warrant caution that the markets may not fall all the way to the downside. And then, John, we kind of combine that stuff with Tom and David's work and taking a look at the volume analytics out here and understanding that the market is moving lower at this stage with lighter volume. So those would be the things that I'm looking at and then one other piece of information that I'll throw out here for you. And this way kind of helps Peter with his question of taking a look at several different things to understand what the market is doing. Peter inside our target stand out here is that I showed the larger consolidation when we opened up the show. There is a smaller consolidation in essence that seems to be going on utilizing Tom DeMark's setup trend lines out here, the breakout levels. We can see on the two-hour timeframe charts there's a key level of support in the ES mini, 2831.50. So I will say this, if everything I looked at is dead wrong, price must close the ES mini below 2831.50. But right now it's in bar number nine of that TD setup and markets can bottom, in this case here, on bars eight, well, that's out of the question, but bars nine are the bar following nine. And if we get that before this 2831.50 level out there, that says caution to the downside. And right now we can see the NQ well away from its breakout area, John, is 73.93, and the Dow testing its level of 25.527. So that's why I threw out there for you. If you want to digest that during this break and come back to me with some questions, you're welcome to do that as well. Thanks so much. One follow-up I will hold. Okay, perfect. We'll be back with John from Philadelphia as soon as we get back to business break. I'm certain you are or strive to be one of the best of the best at everything you do in life. It's the most common trait that we tigers and tigers share. If you're looking to become the best of the best when it comes to managing your money, let me teach you to do what most wealth managers tell you can't be done, which is how to time the markets. I'm Steve Rhodes, author of Mastering Probability and for the last 12 months, Timer Digest has been tracking my newsletter signals which have earned me the ranking as their number one market timer in the nation for the S&P 500 for the last 12, 6 and 3 months. Timer Digest also ranks me as the number one market timer for gold as well. 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The Art of Timing the Trade Chart is designed to help you when scouring the markets for stocks just beginning to form the trading patterns that many investors spend days, weeks or even months searching to find And right now we're offering licenses available at only $79 a month We are so confident that you're going to love the new charting software that will even give you a 30-day unconditional money-back guarantee Don't miss out on this incredible new piece of software Get your copy of The Art of Timing the Trade Chart today by visiting TFNN.com This segment is brought to you by Think or Swim For more information, just click the Think or Swim banner on the front page of TFNN.com Welcome back, we're on the line with John in Philadelphia. We're taking a look at the S&P general markets for the most part And so John, the follow-up question that you had is Yes sir. Dovetailing rights with the last chart you showed which was the TD set up nine count for the two hour chart patterns on all the index futures you track Steve, as you know it was 33, 34 years ago that a pal of Tommy DeMarc a fellow by the name of Joey Generalis Joey taught me Tommy DeMarc's sequential system tool that was reasonably newly invented 33 years ago and I have used that as applied to daily, weekly, monthly charts ever since in looking for intermediate to long-term trend changes As a matter of fact just so your listeners know it might be of interest to them the S&P daily chart the S&P cash the C500 daily chart and weekly charts both gave confirmed Mark's sequential system cell signals here in the past six, seven weeks Yes Suggesting trend change at hand which is what I think we're dealing with but leaving that aside have you well, I notice with great irregularity during your shows you will display either 30 minute or hourly bar charts and the Tommy DeMarc the TD set up counts Yes My question you've aptly noted after nine count patterns TD set up nine count patterns slight reversals often occur what you've never, what I've never seen you comment upon the DeMarc system as applied to half hour and hourly charts have you noticed any tendencies for the combo signal or what Tommy also referred to as the sequential the sequential signals have you ever or have you developed any feel or not feel but experience as to whether sequential signals on those very shorter term charts are accurate and tradable Yeah, so it's been a while since I've applied those to the shorter term time frame charts out there but what I will do is between today and tomorrow show I'll generate some shorter term time frame charts and I'll put that tool on there and then we can look at that not that you have to call back in or anything but I'll do that on the shorter term time frame charts and you and I can look at it you had mentioned the TD combo count folks if you're watching us on Tiger TV those are referring to the red numbers on the system out there John or I are going to explain the entire strategy for you but you can buy books on this and read upon it but as John mentioned the S&P 500 generated the count signals out there and then it required to close below a certain bar out there which the S&P 500 did so that's truly in place out here and yesterday's bounce up was right into resistance DB's red line so I'll answer your question tomorrow with actual definitive charts that we can take a look at the nine count happens more often and so I like to use that and I especially like to use that because it helps me to and I think it helps others to identify and answer the question is this just a retracement what's the difference between a retracement and an actual change in trend and so where that setup helps us is to identify where price broke out versus going all the way back to what normal folks would use which would be a prior swing point out there and this is where it's really helped me substantially and I think the traders and investors in the listing listening environment as well because this two hour time frame chart is so helpful to us right now with regard to understanding the Dow Equity Futures contract and the ES mini and its counts and coming back to a level where price broke out likewise price ran right into resistance yesterday inside the ES mini and those are the green horizontal lines in the upper panel out here and so it's working well you keep working with the time frame until it stops working out there so let's take a look at what you would have asked about tomorrow or I'll let me ask you that Steve thanks so much for your help I appreciate it okay you bet thanks for calling Philadelphia and tomorrow we'll look at those TD sequential both TD sequential and combo counts on a short term time frames to the upside and to the downside out here so let's get to some questions that have come in as well make sure that we get to these the first one coming in from Ray C and Ray in Saratoga New York wants to take a look at the GDXJ specifically and what he specifically is asking for is the TAS profile levels out here so if we take a look at GDXJ right now the level that you're watching for in the daily time frame chart is $39.94 yesterday was a test of that level out there Ray or Raymond and and as long as that holds you don't have a change in trend you just have price pulling back to support the weekly profiles are well below where price is at $32.48 that's not going to help you and the weekly level of support because I believe that's what you were asking for the monthly I'm sorry so the weekly is well below price the monthly is well below price well that's at $30.92 out there with regard to so those are your levels for the GDXJ you say they seem to be going down faster than the price of gold well that's all going to be dependent upon the constituents that are in there I don't know what those are but now what I would say about the junior gold miners ETF is there's not a level of support that has been broken so thanks for writing in I hope that answers your question you've got further questions just please go ahead and and fire away and look folks with regard to to gold and to gold gold and silver the mining equities or what have you I just don't if you're if you're in from a lower base that's great I don't want you to be sucked into this vortex out here what I mean by that is if we take a look at gold we take a look at silver out here well first let's take a look at silver here's what silver hasn't done at this stage well first silver is trading right in the top of the daily profile level $17.26 we're at 17.22 so that's resistance out there we also have a new quarterly profile that formed and the top of that box is 18.40 so there's no breakout going on inside of silver yes there was a nice move out here but there's no breakout not like what we would see with regard to gold out here okay because if I put up the gold contract now the numbers are going to be slightly different perhaps and where price is actually trading because this is my synthetic version of the contract but I have to do this in order to get quarterly profiles and monthly profiles and so forth but here you can see prices above all of the resistance zones the top of the daily the weekly the monthly and the quarterly level out there so we can certainly look at gold and say hey look it's the breakout is valid but is it real why would Stevie say I don't want you to get sucked up into that cortex out here you've got to ask yourself the question you've got to ask yourself the question is there a real breakout out here without silver breaking out if you go back to the real breakouts in gold back in 2010 out here it really occurred when silver broke out as well and if you take a look at silver right now it has not broken out above it's July 2016 high at 2037 in fact it's created but underneath it do not get sucked into this cortex 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in let's get to those here during this segment and so this one coming in from Perdue says I have a long position in EGO that's El Dorado Gold let's go ahead and get the charts up here for everyone EGO and that a cost of about okay I'm not going to reveal your cost that you've been holding for more than a couple of years I wonder if I should close out the position Well, here's what we know about El Dorado Gold right now. If you're asking me, would you close out the position today, I'd have to say, well, I don't have a, well, at least at this stage here, and looking at these charts, I don't have reasons to suggest that. You've got El Dorado Gold trading above its daily profile, that's 8.50 or at 8.76, it's well above its weekly, which is only at 4.86, and it's above its quarterly profile out there as well, 7.43, so since you've been in this for a while, and I understand you're really trying to recover some of your capital out here, I don't see that in taking a look at these charts out there. I don't see a failure of support out here, and you'd really want to see that. So a failure of support inside El Dorado Gold on as of today's date, which is August 14th, you'd need to see a close blow of 7.51, see how the bottom of these profiles out here per deep have held as support. So you at least need to see some type of change in trend signal, we don't see that here. But look at the daily timeframe, other set of charts to look for some type of reversal pattern. There is a road momentum indicator signal, and you did get the bearish and golfing candle yesterday, but that bearish and golfing candle didn't have any follow-through today. So it's kind of lackluster, and you like to see follow-through on any type of up move or down move out here, and certainly a bust of support, 7.51. So we've got to still stick with the, you need to see a break of support before you, before you would take that type of action. The weekly timeframe chart, I don't have a bottom signal, let's take a look at wave counts from the low out here, only in wave number four most likely, the other potential wave count would be two. So that's not generating anything for you on a weekly basis. So I don't have a signal out here per deep to suggest that you would go ahead and do just that. But that's what I see. You've got to do what is certainly right for you. So I hope that information helps out. Let's go to James. James writes in and says, hey, Steve, appreciate your show. Well, I appreciate your listening and answering our questions. That's what I'm here for. Do you think tomorrow will be another bad day in the markets? Okay, I have some cash I'd like to buy the S&P ETF and maybe Walmart and so forth. So do I think tomorrow will be another bad day in the market? What I really need to know James is what does the four o'clock close look like? And at 1.45, I don't know what that is. But you can just kind of go through the checklist in essence of things that we looked at earlier. Does a spot follow up till the next finish higher by more than plus 10%? Believe it or not, if the market backs off and we don't see some other type of bullish reversal out here and you've got less than 10%, well, then the market could continue to move lower tomorrow. I mean, it's just out the top of my head without looking at something else. It increases the odds of a bounce tomorrow out here. And I don't know if I'd want you to necessarily put cash to work it. You didn't say for what time period, but when you start talking about buying the S&P and the Walmart and so forth, I'm thinking you're not talking about like a day trade or intraday trade or something like that. And therefore I think you've got to wait for a while. If you're looking to put that longer term, those longer term funds together, remember it's always the middle of October that is the ideal timeframe. So I would just continue to build up your cash if it's more intermediate term type of timeframe out there. At least that's our call right now on Wednesday, August 14th at 1.46 in the afternoon. But right now this is suggesting this being the spot volatility index that we could see a bounce. We took a look at those volumes, take a look at the IWM. So far rejecting the swing point that was established on August 5th that had volume of 39 million or 17 million. So it's a test on light volume. Price is also traded back into the swing point on May 31st with light volume. Now that volume might be the same or similar, but if price rejects that level, meaning at the end of the day close above 1.4684, the weak link out here or one of the weak links will have said, I'm not ready to go down anymore. You know, if you can't bust them down or you're going to go bust them up, you got to know where the bust them up is to though. So that you've got the spy that we had talked about if we just kind of update the volume out here and the cues volume to spy 69 million versus substantially more than I think it was 176. And if you take a look at the QQQ series ETF, we don't do this often, but right now price is rejecting the August 5th swing point. That's at 18351, you're at 18362. And that's substantially lighter volume or 30 million versus 75. So those are all suggesting and answering James question, you know, I think tomorrow will be a bad day. At this stage here, that's not what the indication is. So I, you know, but I really need to see what the readings are at 4 p.m. versus what we're looking at at 2 p.m. And then of course you heard the conversation that John and Philly and I had and we were talking about this 120 minute timeframe chart. Now look, if we break below these, not break, but close below these levels out here, 28, 31, 50 in the ES mini 79, I'm sorry, 73, 93, 75 in the NQ and 25, 527 in the Dow. Well, then that says a real key level of support has been broken. And then Stevie's got to go take a look at other areas out here and other things that are going on inside the marketplace. So we're in a real traders marketplace. The last several days have been a, well, for the last two weeks, have been real proof of that out there. So that's my answer. That's my answer to your question. And then we've also got prices here, like in the ES mini, as we talked about price coming down to levels of support, the daily horizontal trading range, those are the blue numbers, 38 closes around 28, 53. We're 28, 58 right now, key level of support. And just below that is the 28, 36 area. You close below 28, 36, that opens up the Kimona down to the 27, 71 level out there. So I hope that answers my question for you. And I just summarized like this, at this stage at 149, everything that we're looking at is indicating that the market is going to not have a bad day tomorrow. But let's just, if you, subscribers will know this evening when I do my end of day reports exactly what's taking place as a four o'clock and what the message of the markets is at that stage. So thanks for writing in as always. Okay, no other questions. So let's see what we didn't really go through that we should take a look out here. And I don't know that it's much because it was, I really wanted to get that gold and silver now. Someone had said, Bruce said to Tiger's Den as we're going into the end of that session here when I was showing this chart that my Skype was breaking out. Cause we're, it's raining cats and dogs out my window out here right now in Delray Beach.  Okay. I was going to go someplace else. I'll just go there anyways, which is, which is great for the pool. It just means I don't have to fill it up as much. You know, I take a look at my backyard. Well, if you were to look at my backyard, you'll see that I'm the, where my backyard ends is three feet from the intercoastal.  And there's no leak or anything. I've had leak detectors out here for the last, but it's like about every three days out there. You know, they talk about, you know, the, the ice is melting and eventually I'm going to, the house is going to be under water out here. Why does anybody ever talk about evaporation? I'm sitting right here in 500 yards in front of me is the ocean. There's evaporation that goes on all over the place out here. Anyways, shoot, back to the silver chart. Silver is telling us to be careful not get sucked into the gold vortex out here. The real breakouts occur when they're both breaking out and silver's not. Since 1984, Basil Chapman has been using the Chapman wave methodology to advise traders of his expert market opinion. While originally hand drawing charts from the late 1970s into the 1980s, Basil noticed that prices under most circumstances virtually always had a certain number of legs to the upside before declining sharply. Later, Basil found that computer software which included the standard market technical indicators enhanced the degree of accuracy in calling price turns as well as market trend calls. Thus was born the Chapman wave sequence. 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But today our food sources no longer contain the vitamins, minerals and nutrients our bodies need to stay healthy and strong. That's why we need primal edge daily nutrition. It includes a special blend of ionic, soil-based vitamins, minerals, fatty and amino acids in an easy to use liquid form. Primal edge is powered by highly concentrated folic and humic acids. Nature's preferred delivery system. They've been called miracle molecules because like sunlight, air and water, life cannot exist without them. That's right Paige. They ensure we receive all the nutrition we need to be healthy and thrive. We take it every morning. Primal edge formulated and approved by Niko and Paige of living a primal lifestyle. Buy it today for just $89. Click on the primal edge banner on the front page of TFNN.com. This is David White.  Welcome back folks. Quick check here. See if there's any other questions that have come in. Nothing that I see. So right now we've got the Dow.  NASDAQ off a couple hundred points. Let's just take a look at short term timeframe charts out here. Let's take a look at the 30 minute timeframe. You've got a, I don't have a bottoming pattern or signal out here, but you know, we took a look at those two hour time frames. We know at two o'clock we're going to get bar number nine. That's gonna form on that two hour timeframe chart forming bar number nine above support. The breakout level that is a, that's a bullish message. Now that bullish message turns into, that doesn't mean, it doesn't mean, well, let's go with what it, it can still be a lower low coming into four o'clock on the two hour timeframe. Cause the nine count can identify a bottom on bars eight, nine or the bar following nine. So two hour timeframe, the bar we were looking at here, I'll just pull over the right timeframe.  So you can see that. And by the way, we don't have bar number nine counts in the NQ or the, or the Dow out here. So there can be a lower close coming into the four PM timeframe on the two hour chart for the ES mini and still generate that bottom signal. 2831 50 is going to be the key level. Now let's say that it starts earlier, what's going to be a signal that it's starting earlier and that we're just not seeing a little bit of an oversold relief here, you know, during the next hour. So well, you've got a new daily profile out here inside the ES mini and that says you'll be watching the level of 2870. If price were to close above 2870, it opens up the Kimona for 2907 where price on a 30 minute basis most recently broke down. So that's a level to be watching 2870. I'm not saying the ES mini is going to close above that. I don't have really a bottoming signal on a 30 minute timeframe. For the NQ out here, what do we know? It too has a bullish structured new profile, 30 minute profile. And here price would need to close above 7619. That'd be quite a rally out there. Just getting up to 7619 would be nothing more than a bit of a countertrend rally working off some of this oversold stuff. So there you go, folks. It's been a great hour. I've enjoyed it. I hope you've enjoyed it as well. Join me again tomorrow, 1 p.m. sharp. Well, really, I think it's about 106, 107, something like that. But stay tuned. Two hours or three hours of great programming. David White, your favorite polar bear. Tell him of Brian after that and I'll be back with you tomorrow. Take care.