I used to tell my guys all the time, I said, man, it's a big difference between somebody that works hard and a hard worker. I said, if you somebody that works hard, you get what you want, you might be great.  If you're somebody that works hard, if they tell you what you want to hear, they give you a certain level of validation, like you might operate in excellence if you're somebody that works hard. I said, but brother, a hard worker, you can take it to the bank. I said, regardless of the situation, regardless of the circumstance, regardless of the challenge, they're wired a certain way and they show up and operate a certain way because they're being driven by something totally different. They got a certain level of integrity and character that's attached to their work level. Got a certain level of, I gotta do this because depending upon the people that saw something in me and invested in me when I couldn't see it in myself, and so I gotta hold true to that. Like they got a certain level of staying power, right? And so I got an injury September 9th, 2006, right? And I was telling people, it hit me not in terms of the specifics of the situation because I would never compare it to Corona. But the way it showed up in my life, it showed up very similar to the pandemic, right? The way it showed up, right? The way my life changed. The way one day I was on top of the world and I woke up the next day and the world was on top of me and my life changed forever and it never went back to being the same, right? I love football, man. Like I loved everything about it, right? I never played a hard day of football in my life. It was recreation of me, right? Like I would walk out on the field, guys would be like, you see that girl on the third row? I'm like, bro, I love the way the grass smells. Like who cut the grass? Like I love the way the grass smells, right? I love the spray paint they put on the field, right? I love to be able to compete, right? Because I started playing in the street, light pole to light pole tackle football. And so once I got on the grass, I was like, that's gravy train, right? I was battle tested already. But I started playing when I was seven years old and my mother had me at 16 years old in Southeast Atlanta and she took me back to 125 Warn. And at 125 Warn, it was a two bedroom home and there was 14 of us living there. And I slept on pallets every single day from the time I was a kid until the time I went to college. And my mother worked a double shift at Wendy's. And the first time I mentioned this dream of NFL, I followed it up with to my cousin. I said, man, maybe we can get our own beds one day. I just wanted my own bed, right? And so my work ethic was predicated upon something different. I just wanted to pull my mother off the double shift at Wendy's. And so when I got my scholarship and I got to the University of Tennessee, to be honest, this gravy train for me, right? You got guys up there, man. Like you're getting five pair of cleats. You got guys giving you a smoothie in your air conditioning locker. Somebody picking up your jockstrap, washing it for you. I'm like, bro, this gravy train. But people will still find it in their mind somewhere to complain. And I would say to them, let's make a rule. Let's never complain about something that we're not willing to change, right? I said, it's cool to complain about it, but let's never complain about something that we're not willing to change.   Like you're still on that? You haven't done anything about it yet? And I got into my junior year at Tennessee and I was a projected first round draft pick as a cornerback. I was watching film one day on two big projector screens just like that. And my coach comes into the room and he says to me, Inky, I got some great news for you. And he hands me the first sheet of paper and he says, you're on track to graduate in three years. I said, awesome. He hands me the second sheet. He said, son, you're a projected first round draft pick. He said, all you gotta do is come out and do what you've been doing, play ball, ink, automatic, multi-millionaire. I run out of the room. I called my mother and my grandmother on the three way. They pick up. I said, listen, after the season we'll never struggle again. I said, we'll never miss another meal. And I go out the first football game. We execute, get the victory, get nominated, SEC defensive player of the week. Everything's off to a great start. Second game we're playing against Air Force, tough group, discipline group of guys. Fourth quarter rose around a little bit over two minutes left in the game. Game is basically over. We break the huddle and I say to my guys, man, I hope they throw it my way. I can make the tackle. We can end this thing. We can get ready for Florida the next week. And I play the fold and I'm backpelling in my position. And I see the quarterback release the ball. God catches it on Air Force. I'm going to make the tackle, a tackle I've made over a thousand times. But as soon as I hit him, something different happened to me that had never happened to me before in my life. When I hit him, it seemed as if my soul left my body. Right? It seemed as if everything in me just left. My body went completely limp. I fell to the ground. I blacked out. Had never experienced that before. I hit the ground. I blacked out. When I came to, my teammates were running over to me. They said, Inc, get up. Let's rock. I pulled it out. I said, I can't. They said, what do you mean you can't? You always get up, man. Y'all got, we need you. I said, I know, man, but I can't move. I said, there's a shock going from the crown of my head to the bottom of my feet. I can't feel anything.  The shock eventually left, but it stayed in my right arm and hand. They brought the spine board out, put me on the spine board. They willed me off the field. We get to the ambulance. My father's standing there. And I say to my father, the pops, I got him, right? Put it on him, right? He said, yeah, Inc, but I think you got the worst part of this one. They said, Inc, we'll get you over, run a couple of tests, put you in the room, and we'll figure things out. They get me over. They run their tests. They put me in a room. My mother comes in. She kisses me on my forehead, says, Inc, it'll be good. It's football. She cracks a joke, walks out of the room, I'm watching my mother exit the room.   And he's screaming. And he's saying, guys, guys, get in here. We got to rush this kid back to emergency surgery.  And I remember looking at him and I was like, like, die, die?  I was like, wait for me or die.  I was like, what happened? I said, man, everything was so cool. Like, Inc, what happened? I thought he was just trying to make the situation more intense. And he said to me, when we ran the test, we noticed you had ruptured your subclavian artery and you're bleeding internally. He said, we got to rush you back, take the main vein out of your left leg, plug it into your chest in order to save your life. Well, I guarantee you, you won't be here in the morning. I said, let's go. And the next morning I woke up, I had six on my left eye, one incision across the left side of my neck, one across the right side of my neck, twice through my right ribs, cut out my right pec, bottom of my armpit to the bottom of my hand, 350 staples in my body had bandaged me from my neck to my knees. This ain't lip service. And he said to me, when we went in to repair the artery, we noticed you had torn the nerves and you break your plexus. I said, what's that?  He said, so Inc, I hate to tell you but your arm will probably never be the same again. Your hand will probably never be the same again. You probably can never play the game of football again. And I'm sitting there thinking, like man, no way. Like I put in too much work. Like I sacrificed for this. I've been working from seven to 20.  I never cheated. Like my conscience won't let me cheat. Like my conscience won't allow me to run to a line and not touch the line. My conscience won't let me cheat. My conscience won't let me do something and not give everything I got to it and look myself in the mirror and expect results from something knowing that I didn't put in the work for it. My conscience won't allow me to do that.  Like my conscience won't allow me to cheat. I said, man, surely my career can't be over. And they were telling me the analysis of the situation and they were like, Inc, if we can just get you to assisted daily living, that'll be a win for us. I said, what's that? They said, one day if you go to the grocery store, if you could just squeeze a grocery bag with your right arm, that'll be a win for us. One day if you could grab a pen and you can semi-write with your right hand. Now I was right hand dominant at the time. If you could semi-write with your right hand, that'll be a win for us.  We just wanna get you to assisted daily living. They said, but here's the deal. We gotta put you in a two-year process from Knoxville, Tennessee to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and we'll order you the best pieces of equipment on the face of the planet, best doctors, do everything you need. I said, okay, cool. What's the catch? They said, the catch is we can't guarantee you nothing.  We can't guarantee you if you go to the stain five days a week that one day you'll get your feeling back.  They said, go to 10 people you love and you respect, tell them the situation and see what they think. I went to 10 people that I knew love me, told them the situation, all 10 said to me, ink, don't do it. I said, why?  I said, man, I thought a warrior was somebody that can start something that didn't need you to guarantee them anything. I said, I thought this was what a champion was. All right, like you could just give it to them. They said, bro, let's go, let's do it. How many calls I gotta make? How many people I gotta go see? Right, what I gotta do is some people that are staying in the office, right, and I told my little team a couple of weeks ago, I said, the cheapest thing you possess is your talent. That's the cheapest thing you possess.  Like I'm sure some people in this room right now that say, man, I worked hard, man. Right, I worked hard and I crushed it. And it's some people that's a part of the 92% that said, man, I worked hard and it didn't happen for me. Why? Because talent wasn't enough. And I went back to the doctor and said, what do you think? I said, let's do it. They said, you sure? I said, yeah, let's do it. And I went every single day and one day they would have an arm skateboard. They would strap my arm to it. I would do it, I would get up off the table, I would go to the PT, and I would say, man, are you seeing anything? They said, come back tomorrow. One day I would go in and they would attach something to my ribs and run it up through my chest and they would have me breathing a certain way. I would get up off the table, man, are you seeing anything? Ain't come back tomorrow.   And this is my guy. And I jog over to him and I grab his shoulder and I slowly turn him around and he was crying. And I'll never forget he said to me, ain't come sorry, man. He said, we want it to work. I said, I'll do too, brother. He said, I'm sorry, man, but you'll probably never be able to use that arm in a hand. Another day for the rest of your life. I said, physically. He said, what do you mean physically? I said, physically, JD, my right hook is out of commission, baby. I said, I can't catch any intercept. Like physically, I'm out of commission. I said, use this arm in his hand every day of my life for the rest of my life by the way that I live my life because I would never allow a situation or circumstance to define my life. All right, all right.  Opposition, come see me. Challenges, come see me. But when it shows up, I'm like, man, I can't wait till I get through this because I'm gonna be a better father as a result of it. Man, I can't wait until I get on the other side of it. I'm gonna be a better leader because of it. Man, I can't wait until I get through it. I'm gonna be a better servant because of it. There's this quote that says, you go through the storm and you're not supposed to be the same person on the other side of the storm because that's the purpose of the storm. Like when I go through it, I'm like, man, I'm gonna be a better servant, better leader, better team member as a result of it. I'm not gonna resist the opposition. I'm not gonna resist the adversity. I'm not gonna resist the challenge. My favorite quote is the quote by Dr. King that says you judge the character and caliber of a person not by what they stand in times of comfort and convenience. You judge the character and caliber of a person by what they stand in times of challenge and opposition. Everybody can smile when the sun out. Everybody can be happy when they're making money. Everybody can be like, let's go when they're closing deals. But as certain people in that opposition and adversity happen, it's like in football, when the game will get tight in the fourth quarter, you'll see some of the most talented guys tap their helmet. Coach, I need to come out. I need a break. And then you're seeing guys that they feed it on it. Like you're seeing people like in the midst of opposition, they're like, this is why I played a game. This is why I wanted to do it. I've been waiting on the opposition. Where you been? This is why I signed up to do it. I was waiting on it. So I can see what I'm made out of. One of my best friends, Eric Berry, was top pay safety in the NFL twice, right? Great person, man. I would never forget I was watching a Thursday night game and they were playing against the Oakland Raiders at the time. A few years back, I'm watching the game. He fills a gap. He makes a tackle. And when he makes the tackle, I'll never forget he hits the guy, gets up, jogs over to the sideline, and he never comes back into the game. And he touched me after the game and he says, big bro, did you see the game? I said, absolutely not. But what I didn't notice, you didn't go back into the game, man, what happened? He said, yeah, Inc. When I hit that guy, I felt as if something was in my chest. He said, so they're gonna send me back to Kansas City, get some test ran, man. We're gonna see what's up. They run the test, long story short. They found a mass in his chest, the size of a softball. They said, we're gonna send you to a cancer, whatever the case may be, send him to Atlanta, diagnose him with cancer, lymphoma. He asked to start chemo. I never forget we were in church one day. And he comes to me in church and he says to me, hey, Inc., can you find somebody with a hat? They said, man, I'm scratching, starting to come out. Scratching my eyebrows, man, my eyebrows starting to come out. Like, I'm gonna stand here, can you find somebody with a hat? Just bring me a hat real quick so I could put it on my head. I'm watching him, right? He's doing chemo and I'll never forget the day he was leaving chemo and he was in a van and the guy said, all right, man, you want me to take you to the house? He said, no, take me to the track. And the guy said, man, you just left chemo. He said, yeah, take me to the track, man, I gotta do my routine. He said, bro, you just left chemo. You need to go home and rest up, man. You was just puking like you need to chill out. He said, no, man, take me to the track. He said, I need to run my 400s. And he got to the track and he was running his 400s. And as he's running his 400s, he's crying. And he said, I'm crying not because I'm in so much pain. I'm crying because I'm not who I used to be, but I know one day I'm gonna come back stronger than I used to be. And he came back that year, NFL comeback player of the year, NFL defensive player of the year. And I asked a young athlete, I said, do you think that had anything to do with his talent? He said, yeah, that was all talent. I said, he talented. I said, but that was essence. That was who he was. Like, it's some people, they're just fighters, man.  Like them people, no matter how tough it gets, they're gonna be there and they're gonna scrap. Them people, no matter how tough it gets, they're gonna show up every single day and be positive. Those people, no matter the opposition and adversity, they're gonna keep showing up day by day, pressing the opposition, pressing the opposition, because the thing about it is, we can't calm the storm. We might as well stop, but we can calm our spirit and the storm will stop. Because every storm has an expiration date. And the beauty of it, when we look back on this COVID period, it's gonna be people that's gonna look back on it and say, man, because of Corona, because of COVID, I couldn't produce on a level that I was capable of producing that. I couldn't do this. It prevented me from doing this. And then you're gonna see people on the other side of it, the 8% that's gonna look back at it and say, because of COVID, I tapped into an element of myself that I didn't even know I possessed. You're gonna see people that look back at it and say, man, because of COVID, man, it made me more present with my children.  Because of COVID, I got to structure my family in the right way. Because of COVID, it made me a better leader in the midst of the opposition and the challenges. Because of COVID, it made me more thoughtful. It gave me a level of compassion that I didn't know I possessed. Because of COVID, I always ask people, they say to me, inky man, how can you be thankful for what happened to you? And I say, the only thing you see is what I lost, right? Because for most people with their mentality, when they look at opposition, they always think about it in terms of, but what did they lose? You see sports, you see it on TV. Oh, this person's gonna have 107 million deficit, right?   Right, it sucks, man. Right, acknowledge it for what it is. See it as it is, but never worse than it is.  Right, but how about looking at it and saying, well, what did you gain? Right, people look at me, million dollar question. How can you be grateful for what happened to you? It's about what did I gain? It's about the man that I was able to become. It's about the leader I was able to become in the midst of the opposition and adversity. It was about the perspective I was able to acquire. Right, it was view that I looked at life with. It was about getting up every single day now and I don't take life for granted because I realized that one day you could be on top of the world and you can wake up tomorrow and the world can be on top of you. Just prior to that moment, I wasn't aware of that. Like it was some people in the world that probably was crushing it in business, doing it the right way and they didn't think a corona could happen. None of us did. And when it happened, it shifted their perspective and now they view everything differently. Right, they're gonna be different people as a result of this. Right, because I'm a firm believer. Like a lot of people say to me, man, Inky, he's a motivational guy. I understand the third. Like I've never planned to be a motivational. I'm just passionate about what I do. Right, but I do understand this about life. A lot of times like we're adults. People don't need to be motivated. People need to be reminded of what's important.  People burn out because life makes them forget what they do it. I'm gonna say it again. People don't burn out because of what they do. People burn out because life makes them forget why they do it. Like the passion, the energy, and the purpose, the fire. That when they first start something, then they crush it. Right, it makes me revert back to when I thought about, one time I was studying the Navy's sails and they were talking about Hell Week and it's literally Hell, right? And one of my buddies went into service and he was talking about it. And I wanted to understand what was the difference. Right, between the guys that made it through Hell Week and the guys that didn't. I just wanted to know what was the difference because I'm sure when everybody started, like the purpose was the same. We want to serve, man. Like we want to do it. We want to do it for the right reason. I get it. It's just like some guys, they want to be college football players. You get in the summer camp. Some guys are like, bro, this is not for me. I'm out of here. Right, I'm not having a 60 year old coach yelling my face all day in 100 degree weather. I'm out, right? And I wanted to understand what was the difference. And he said to me, they all went through the same thing, right? He said they showed up the same way. They went through the same drills, right? They didn't say, hey, you guys are gonna be in this water.   You guys are gonna, everybody went through the same thing. And I'm like, well, what was the difference? He said, when they started to trace it back to the different groups, when they traced it back, the guys that was in the group that said, man, I want to do this, I'm gonna crush it. This, that, and the third, then got in the midst of hell week, got in the midst of the process, and they started finding excuses. Everybody in a group found excuses. The guys that got into the midst of it and said, man, I'm gonna do it, let's go. And then they got into the midst of it and said, man, if I gotta pass out, if I gotta push myself to that point, if I gotta push myself to that limit, it's not for me, I'm out. And that doesn't make them bad people, great people. But they said to guys that made it the 8%, they said before they even started it.  We know that. It's coronavirus, it's COVID-19, right? Life has changed, life as we know it. Sometimes you gotta forget what you thought should have happened and live in what's happening.  It is what it is, the opposition, the adversity, we gotta get up and we gotta face it, right? They said, but in the midst of it, when we start doing it, the code is going to be when it gets hard, when it gets tough, when it gets to a point that you wanna break and you wanna quit, the guy said, I'mma just look at you. He said, we don't have to say a thing, but the amount of work that we've put in, the sacrifice that we've put in, the commitment that we've put in, the dedication that we've put in, and the purpose that we're working for, when I look at you, I don't have to say a thing. The respect level says, keep going. The respect level says, press on. The respect level says, this too shall pass. The respect level says, there's nothing that we come up against that's stronger than anything that we possess internally. The respect level says, if we start it, we gonna finish it, the eight percent. The respect level says it. The respect level says, if I start pressing for it, the greatest lesson my mother ever gave me as a kid, and my mother didn't have much education, but the greatest lesson my mother ever gave me was, Inc, if you start something, boy, you gonna finish it.  She said, you're not gonna come home and say, it's not what I thought it was, and you're gonna quit something. She said, God dog, make a way. Figure it out, adjust, pivot, have a certain level of mental agility, and get it done. Because in this day and time, it's not just about us. It's about the people that we work with every single day. It's about our families, it's about our children, and it's about the people that's watching us navigate through opposition, right? I wanna leave you with something. It's a story that happened with me and my son, right? And it's like a Christmas ago, and me and my wife was out Christmas shopping, and I'm just walking, right? I'm just walking through the store. My wife is really doing the shopping. I'm praying, really, she don't spend too much money, right, doing what men do, right? And I'm walking doing my thing, and I walk up on two little four-wheelers, right? ATV deals, right? And I see him, and I get hype, right? And my wife, a couple yards away from me, and I'm like, hey babe, four-wheelers. And she was like, no, you're dangerous. I was like, man, I gotta walk around the store, get a purse or something, maybe she'll give in, right? I walked around, I got her a purse, she gave in, I got her, right? Christmas day, we wake up, the girl's all in the room, my mother, my wife, my daughter, my sister, and I go out early, and I turn on the little four-wheelers, I crank them up, let them out, and me and my son was in the room, but the room that we walked by, we can look out of the window and you can see the four-wheelers, right? And we're walking, and we're going to the room where the presents are, and my son taps me, he used to say, dad, I want to go out with the four-wheelers, right, I want to go out with the little bike things as he called them. I was like, bro, you don't want to go with the girls? He's like, no, I want to go out to the, I was like, all right, let's go.  I got one arm, you know what I'm saying? So I got the first aid kit, I got the Vaseline, I got the knee pads, elbow pads, the helmet, I know it can possibly get real, right? And so we go out, we strap it up, and my wife comes out, right? And she's really not feeling it, but she got to act like she's feeling it. And I'm like, babe, let's check your boys out.  She takes the picture, right? And I start teaching my son, right? And I'm like, Inc, we're going to get on this. And I said, the way I teach my children, I teach them in cold words, right? And the reason I teach them in cold words is because if we're out, and I give them a cold word, and the situation gets intense really quick, I can say the cold word, they can associate it with what I'm talking about, and we can adjust the pivot. And so we're on, and I say, Inc, you're gonna sit on the seat, I'm gonna sit on the back rat, and I said, the first two cold words are light and heavy.   We scream, we fist pump, we sing, we do our thing, right? Got it, got it, dad. We start riding, light and heavy, he's getting it. I said, now, the next two cold words are skinny and wide. This is how we're gonna turn. I said, son, when you're on here by yourself, you can turn skinny, you're all good, you can do your thing, you'll be safe, you'll be in the clear.  Got it, got it, dad. We started riding, and he's getting it, right? Light, heavy, skinny, wide, right?  So he thinks he's mastered it in 30 minutes, and they turn on music, and we start riding, and we go over a hump, and I say to him, hey, Inc, why? And somehow he heard skinny, and he whips it. And sure enough, when he whips it, I come off the back. And in midair, I'm looking under my armpit because I'm looking for my wife, right? And I hit the ground and I roll, right? And we're on a big plot of land at the time, and when I roll, I look up, and my son has hit the ground. Four will have flipped over, right? I look for my wife, at this point, she's full stride. Coming, perfect form, jaw shaking, right? I get up, I was like, Inc, think quick. I'm like, man, you gotta get your son up before your wife makes it to him. I said, because if she makes it to him, she gonna make him think he got shot 15 times, right? So I get up, I go to my son, right? He has a scar on his head, right? Has a little blood coming down, a little drip, right? And my man is looking in the sky, like he's looking for God, you know? He's never experienced this, right? He shook up, he looking like, oh, man.   I said, Inc, go! He said, daddy, you want me to leave, mommy? I said, son, you don't know what mommy's about to do when she get here. I said, go heavy! And he mashes it, right? And we speed off, and he makes a little perfect turn, and I said, now go back up with mommy and grandma, and we're gonna stop it, right? We pull in, and he stops it, and they start giving it to me, right? Why didn't you stop? You always on this, you get knocked down, you get up, like they giving it to me. It's reverse motivation, right? And how does fish grease, right? You should have stopped.  Look at his head, why didn't you stop? And I said, the reason I didn't stop is because it wasn't about the forward, it wasn't about my wife. The reason I didn't stop, I said, because if I stopped in the midst of the opposition, if I stopped in the midst of the adversity, if I stopped in the midst of the challenge, it would have paralyzed him for the rest of his life, not physically, from a perspective standpoint. Every time he felt pain, he would have retreated. Every time a situation gave him a little bit of blood, not physically, every time he got smacked by life, he would have retreated. I said, it was never about the forward, it was never about my wife.    I just want one thing from you today. Every single day, in the midst of the opposition, in the midst of the challenge, in the midst of the adversity, to first and foremost, never forget that we don't burn out in life because of what we do. We burn out in life because life makes us forget why we do it. Second, I want you to get up and I want you to go heavy on it. Many are called fewer chosen. You're the 8%, right? We are more than chosen for you. Go get it. God bless you. Thank you. You got fired up, man. Thank you so much. Thank you, buddy. How about that to kick it off? Inky, Inky, Inky, man. I've wanted him here for a couple of years now and I'm sitting back here thinking, freaking Inky Johnson's here. And nobody knew it. That's even better. I loved, you know, the coolest, he's had a lot of amazing things, man. But I remember, ain't about something that we aren't willing to change. Is that good or is it good? Inky, unfreakin' believable, dude. Thank you very much for being here, buddy. Awesome job. Hey, if you enjoyed this, I got another one. You're gonna love it. It's right there. Click on it. See you in there. I would develop whatever metric makes sense for the type of insurance that you're selling, whatever leads to us that you're giving them is I would have to get them in the habit of dialing or out. It's gotta be top of the funnel.


What was that? That was an evening greeting in my people's traditional Lakota language. I am absolutely delighted to be here and talk about a subject that I really care a lot about, and I really appreciate this invitation. And John, thank you also for that kind introduction. So what I'm going to talk about basically is this. The general outline is going to be, I'll start by talking about the relationship between mathematics and culture, because there is a theory out there that if there's one topic that you can think of that is totally culture free, it's got to be mathematics. That's not entirely true, and I want to convince you that there's evidence in native societies of that. Then the central part of my talk is going to be about indigenous western hemisphere mathematics, and that's going to be almost exclusively Mayan mathematics, but I'm going to mention that this PowerPoint slide or this PowerPoint presentation I have is actually, it has a lot more slides than I'm going to go through. There are points where you're going to see the little thing on the screen that says Skip. I'll click it and I'll go past those, but I also want it to be a document for people who might be interested in seeing some more about it, like what Aztec mathematics was all about, for example. So that'll be in there, and I will leave that here and anybody who wants to check with some of these people, they should be able to get it to you. I also want to mention in the central part of this in particular, there's going to be some number theory in there. I also understand that there are, for example, students here who are from courses that just want to hear about the cultural part of it. Don't worry too much about that because really what I want you to notice is that the mathematics itself that is being done there actually is quite impressive, even if you, and maybe sometimes I, don't understand everything that's going on there. The point is that this is mathematics that really was being done in the western hemisphere before European contact. I'm going to end the thing by showing why some people believe that the world was going to end four years ago because of some Mayan numerology that actually the Maya thought were nonsense, even if the people that were trying to purvey it did not. So that's quite a bit. Let's get on with it here. Why do I care about Native American mathematics? Again, it's this issue about the fact that mathematics can sometimes carry some culture in both directions. So does culture influence mathematics and conversely? I want to start with a couple of quick stories that perhaps might convince you that maybe Native people didn't really care much about mathematics, but then I'm going to try to counter that argument. So this one is from Copper, Inuit, Oral Tradition. And it goes like this. This may be a not so positive culture of reflection on pure mathematics, and right away I will apologize to any number theorists in the audience because they're going to think that you're talking about them, about you. So two hunters return, one with a wolf, the other with a caribou. They begin arguing as to which hide has the most hairs and in order to settle the argument, decide to have a contest, each pulling the hairs out one at a time. They count and count and become so engrossed in what they are doing that days pass and they die of hunger. This sort of reminds me of Andrew Wiles locking himself in his attic to prove for a month's last theorem. He didn't quite die of hunger, but the Inuit story teller added at the end, that is what happens when one starts to do useless and idle things that can never lead to anything. Well, there goes the interest in my geometry of bonnock spaces, what the heck. All right, another story, actually another fact. According to early 20th century accounts among many crew of that time, it was bad to try to count above a thousand since honest people have no use for higher numbers. So this book that I, from which I took these stories, really is an excellent read if you're interested in this kind of stuff. But actually native people did have a very close cultural involvement. Many native peoples had a very close cultural involvement in mathematics and since I am a Lakota guy who is standing on three fires ground, Anishinaabe ground in particular, Ojibwe being one of those peoples. I'm going to point out some stuff about a wonderful attitude that they had. I believe it's a very rich attitude that they had just toward number. Here was the idea and I actually heard other Algonquian language people, particularly Blackfoot elders in Canada tell me the same thing, that counting is okay but the thing is that numbers, if you tell somebody, I have 16 of these objects and they've never seen those objects, that raw count conveys something very sterile. They're these 16 things but you have no idea of what they are or what they're like. So their number words actually have a joint to them, suffixes that indicate all this rich other stuff about the things that you're describing. So the number words, the suffixes can also indicate dimensionality, manipulability, whether or not the things are organic. So if you have 10 hard inorganic stones and you see the word, that's the word for 10 in the Ojibwe language. Okay but you don't just say you have Midaswa Asinine, you have 10 stones. You say I have Midaswa Abih Asinine to also tell the person with that number word that you have 10 hard inorganic objects that you're calling stones. And then you get a better idea than just this raw naked count of what it is you're talking about. You have other suffixes, Minak, you can use for 3D organic solids. Well, blueberries certainly satisfy that. So if you want to talk about two blueberries, you say Nizho, two Minak, 3D organic Minan blueberries. And similarly you can describe four two-dimensional organic muskrat skins by saying you have four muskrat skins and the things that you're talking about are two-dimensional and they are organic. So all of that gets contained in the number words because culturally it just does not seem right to convey only the count. Now I very much appreciate the advance but I've got a point now to be able to skip because I have a number of other examples of Ojibwe words in there that anybody who's interested can look at the PowerPoint slide to see or PowerPoint file to see. This is not unique to western hemisphere, you know, native people to American Indians in both North and South America and Central America. The Maori also have this attitude which actually has been born out in their educational system about the importance of understanding a relationship between culture and mathematics. One of these authors of this statement, I know, Tony Trenick, he is a Maori fellow. I spent some very interesting time with him in New Zealand talking about this. That he worked on a project also with mathematicians at the University of Auckland and several other Maori elders and several other people interested in this to try to reconstruct a mathematical linguistic in Maori that made sense culturally for them. Now normally what happens, you know, particularly in portions of the world that have been subject to European contact where the people spoke an indigenous language, the words in English or French or Spanish just get ported into that language, basically verbatim with no understanding that there may be some cultural stuff that they carry with them that really doesn't work for that particular culture. Seems hard to believe, but here's the evidence that happens that way. First of all, this is Tony's statement about it. Cultural practices including ethnomathematical ones cannot be separated from the language in which they were developed. Changing the language or the linguistic register in which the practices are discussed will have an impact on how the practices are perceived by students. In particular, what you're doing is you're porting words into the language that really didn't originate there. This could result in a loss in the fundamental values that would normally accompany the practices, such as for the Ojibwe. The fundamental values that all that other information is supposed to carry in numbers. So what they did was they worked with elders to actually reconstruct if there ever had been one before, who knows, but to construct a mathematical linguistic that the elders and others said made sense within the culture of the Maori language. Now in the early grades of students in New Zealand, the Maori students in New Zealand get their education in Maori at a certain point and they shift to English. What happened was by using this reconstructed linguistic, they noticed a rather dramatic increase in the interest the students had in mathematics when they were taking those Maori courses and their performance later on when they got into the English language courses. So there is something there about the relationship between culture and mathematics. I always have to mention this in case any of you have ever heard of this because this is nonsense, but there are people a day that still believe it. There's a long-standing piece of folklore. I could have a stronger language to describe that claiming that there's something inherent in us or our cultures that makes us naturally bad at mathematics and the worst manifestation of this happened in the 1980s when there was a collection of articles that appeared in reputable neuroscience journals that said there was something genetically about us that made us bad at mathematics. This got all tangled up with what are called hemispheric dominance theories, the left and right brain stuff and the theory of the right brain to Indian. All of these results were either never replicable or they were actually genuinely proven to be wrong, but meanwhile we had to put up with some of the skull measures. You thought the phrenology went out in the 19th century. Well, what harm did this ultimately do? There's a generation of counselors in Indian schools that heard this and believed it. Some of them are still there and some of them are still counseling their students not to go into mathematics because they're doomed to be bad at it. Okay, so that's just demonstrable nonsense. So could we do mathematics? Okay. Now, whenever you start talking about genetics in American Indians, I and anybody else who does that is on kind of treacherous ground. I will say that the evidence is that genetically there is a lot of similarity between the people who came across the land bridge into this country in several ways, into this hemisphere in several ways. Enough so that if something genetically is making some of us bad at mathematics, some tribes are bad at mathematics, it really ought to be sort of universally affecting us and that sure is not the case as the Maya demonstrate.  I didn't say were because they're still there. Okay, the area around the Yucatan Peninsula is where many Maya people still live. And many of you will, I suspect, have seen the basic Mayan barn dot system, which is really kind of interesting. It's a base 20 system with numerals, well, from 1 to 19, and another one we're going to talk about, that are formed this way. If you want to write the number one, there it is. Just one dot. Two dots would be the number two, four dots would be the number four. Now at this point in time, if you start building on that, you're going to end up having things disappear into a sea of dots. So what you do when you get to five, I'm going to replace five by a bar by smearing those five dots together. And then if I want to represent 13, five, ten, there's three dots for three more, there's 13. That's the numeral that would indicate 13. And to do that up to 19, and once you get past that, well, you have the Mayan system is a place value base 20 system. So if this were a Mayan number, let's say, I'm about to put something over on you, but I'm going to end up clarifying in a second, okay? So here's the unit's position, right? Okay, so you have 12 units. And then in the 10's position, oops, 20's position, right? Base 20. So in the 20's position, you have three 20's, that accounts for 60. And then the next position over, you go up by another factor of 20. This is the 400's position. So here you have 15, 400's. One more over by another factor of 20. That's 8,000's and there are six of those. You put that all together and that would be the way that the Maya would represent the number that we call 54,072. Except what I'm putting over on you, it's not the way that they represent them, because this is the way we do numbers in our Arabic system. Right to left with units on the right, the Maya tended to stack these things instead. Or put them on their side. There are several different versions that we see in stellies in these monuments that appear in Central America. But we can think of it this way. There's no harm in sort of thinking of it that way. But now here's the thing. You have a place value system here, numbering system. What do you have to have to make a place valuing numbering system work? This is audience participation. I saw this and I saw this. You've got to have a zero, right? The Maya did and here it is. And there's an interesting, totally false apocryphal story about this I'm going to tell you. Nowadays, not everything I'm saying is going to be a lie, I promise. I'll warn you when it is. Okay. That's clearly a picture of something, right? It's a pictograph. So what is it? Almost universally, and I agree I've seen the evidence, I believe, and ethnomathematicians, which I am not one, but they seem to be fairly universally agreed that that is a picture of a shell. A seashell or something like that. Reasonable, right? There's another thing that back in the middle, part of the 20th century, ethnomathematicians believed it could be instead. And wow, I would sure like to know if there's any chance that they're right. Okay, and so here's how this, here's how, but they're not, okay? It really is a shell. But let's suppose we project ourselves back to 1940 and we have two ethnomathematicians who are sitting here quarreling with each other about what that picture is. And one of them says, that's a shell. And the other one says, the Maya did not live on the shore. It's a leaf, shell, leaf, shell, leaf, right? And then it occurs to one of this flash of true genius and insight. How can we settle this? And in a moment of wonderful revelation in his head, he says, why don't we ask a Mayan? Okay, so they get on a boat and they go down to Yucatan Peninsula and they find a Mayan elder. By the way, this story is totally apocryphal. I've heard it, but it is, it just has all the ear marks of apocryphal, all right? So it is. But it's just still too good not to tell. So they go down and they find a Mayan elder who is totally versed in the number system and they say to him, we need to know what this is. And the one says, yeah, because it's obviously a shell. And the other one yells, leaf, shell, leaf. And the Mayan elder is sitting there thinking, you know what they say about these academics is right. The arguments are so fierce because the stakes are so small. All right, so he says, stop, stop, stop, stop. Isn't it obvious? Well, yeah, it's obvious. It's leaf, shell, leaf, shell, no, no, no. He says, okay, now this again is audience participation. I need you all to sort of speak up on this. How many? Five. Five, right? How many? Four. How many? How many? Five. How many? One. How many? Five. Do you see it? Okay. I would like that to be true. What difference does it make? It's a big one. Look, if you're doing sand reckoning on the shore with a stick and you're, you know, writing down a number and you say, wait a minute. I'm not going to put anything there and I've got to put something there. And you look around, you see a shell and you just grab it and shove it in there. That's one thing. But having something that represents a number that means one less than this, that means nothing at all, that is a much deeper thought. Okay. And I really wish that we could show that's true. You can't because there was way too much it was lost in the conquest. Okay. So we won't know. And yeah, the evidence is very strong that it really is a shell. But I could wish, can't I? Okay. So my point was showing you Yucatec words in a tone language. If there are any Ojibwe people in the audience, you know that I better apologize for my pronunciation of your words. Well, this would go a whole lot worse. It's a tone language and I can't do that. But I can at least sort of get the pronunciation right because I had a Mayan walk me through this once going like this. Okay. And there's a point to this because actually there is something here that also talks about how number and mathematics can convey culture. So just go through these, let me just quickly go through these words.  Well, you see some kind of relationship between this number for 12 and the word two. But there doesn't seem to be any between 11 and one. Basically you have 12 unique numbers here. The way that the 12 unique names for numbers, okay, which apparently they had enough use for that they gave them unique names. So once you hit 13, look what happens. It gets real mechanical now.  You're just 13 through 19. All you do is you go over here, 19. Balon, la hun, you take the number, okay, 10 and you append to whatever the front of it is whatever you have to do to bring it up to that number. Then finally you get to ka, which is a different number. Okay, but somehow they saw a special need for numbers one through 12. Okay, and that might indicate, if we didn't already know it's true, that maybe the, my had a lot of interest in trade in merchandising because when you have unique numbers like that for one through 12, frequently that means that you're interested in selling things in batches of 12. Okay, or having that as your standard lot size and there's a real good reason for that that has to do with divisibility. Okay, my father-in-law was an egg farmer and he always sold eggs by the dozen, which is handy because if you have one standard batch of eggs you could sell people either the whole batch or half of it or a third of it or a fourth of it or a sixth of it or of course single eggs too. Okay, that's fine, that's handy. But on the other hand if your standard lot size is 10 and somebody wants a third of that you're going to have a real mess on your hands, won't you? So that could indicate that maybe there was some interest in trade and batch sizes. Okay, so there's an example where culture can convey something or well mathematics can convey something about a culture. Okay, if you've ever seen 18 rabbits granola it's some real high-class coffee shops carry that stuff. Actually if you look on the, if you look on the box frequently they'll have this little story about it that contains that number that we just saw for 18. That's a little bit different spelling but here's the Wikipedia explanation which is pretty close to what they tell you on the box. 18 rabbits was actually, 18 rabbit actually was a Mayan ruler. Okay, and this stuff is named after him for some reason. Okay, so that's just a barely outside chance you've seen that word before. The Maya had two calendrical systems that they ran simultaneously and that had a lot of interesting mathematical consequences. So they, now do you all have a copy of that sheet that I handed out? Okay, could you turn? I wasn't quite planning on doing it this way. Turn to the side, I'm going to. The side that says parsing Mayan dates. Okay, and at the top of that I have an example of something called a calendar round date. I won't define that quite yet but you see it says, for a hau eikum ku. Now, the Maya had a vague year okay that consisted, or hop in their language, in Yucatec they consisted of 18 months of, I'm putting months in quotes, it doesn't have anything to do with the moon, okay? But 18 months of 20 days each, that accounts for 360 days and then there was this little residual period of five days at the end of the year. It was called the vague year because of the lack of a leap year so it did not sink completely with the solar year. They had that little deficit there. The little deficit in the 365 days it has to be made up by a leap year. The Maya knew that. They knew that this didn't stay in perfect sync with the actual solar year but they didn't really care very much because over the course of one person's lifetime it wasn't going to get that far out of sync and besides getting out of sync with the seasons in Central America wasn't such a big deal when the seasons really aren't that much of a big deal themselves. By the way, occasionally you'll see claims that the Maya had computed the solar year to be 365.2422 days which is the correct number. That's generally considered to be nonsense. You see it, ignore it. That's one of the two calendars. There was also the second calendar called the Sacred Rounded Solcane Sequence of Days that that consisted of two cycles running simultaneously one of which was the whole thing ran simultaneously with the vague year cycle of 365 days and one of those two cycles in the Sacred Round had repeated every 13 days had a cycle length of 13 days and the other cycle repeated every 20 days. Now, but for the moment let's go back and take a look at this vague year. That's the one that's easier to think about because it kind of works a lot like our calendar does. So, here are the vague year month names. Remember I had 18 of, okay, so first I should point out on this sheet that says parsing Mayan dates. Ignore the calendar round part and just look at that date for Ahau 8 Kum Koo. And there the vague year date is the 8 Kum Koo part. Now, we have these 20, excuse me, we have these 18 months of 20 days each to account for 360 days and at the end we have this little five day stubby month that you call Y HIP, it only had five days in it. Okay, now you see the 8 Kum Koo just means that in the month of Kum Koo the 18th month, 18th, 20 day a month of a year okay, that was just the 8th day of that month. Okay, just like we would say the 8th day of March. No difference at all. So, yep, the vague year dates were named just as you would expect. So, pop was the first month of the year. So, you started with one pop, two pop, you went up to the 20th day of the year, was 20 pop, and then you started with the second month. And it was one whole, two whole, all the way up through 20 whole and so forth until you got to the end and those five days were one Hawaii, two Hawaii, three Hawaii, four Hawaii, five Hawaii. There were variations for the last day of the month that for a time might have excited some people into thinking that maybe the Maya had the meaning, had a different meaning for zero just besides a placeholder but it's kind of doubted that they really did. So, the last day of the month might be called 20 pop but you could also leave a number out and just say end of pop and mean the same thing or you could say seeding of wool. And if you said that this when some people got excited and said, whoa, they're talking about the 0th day of wool, they would not have thought of it that way. They just meant that it's coming right there next day. All right, now, here on the first slide you saw that little funny thing down here on the lower left corner. Remember that? Of course, remember everything was on every slide I've shown, right? Okay, I would go back and show it to you except it'd take me a long time to get back here. In the lower left corner, this was there and that actually is a vague year date. So, that fourth month in that list was called sots. And what this represents is och le hon, 13, the 13th day of the month of sots. This little head variant thing is what it's called. That little image indicates the month of sots. So, that's how they would likely represent that but that's how they would represent that. Now, that takes care of the kum ku part. The first part, the four a hao, is from the sacred cycle and that works a little bit differently. The sacred cycle has 20 day names that are listed like this, imikik and so forth, all the way up through koak and a hao. A hao will appear again. So, you might want to remember that is the 20th day name. Those were kind of like weekdays in the sense we might say, well, how do the days go when you're thinking about weekdays? Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Repeating cycle of size seven. This is the same thing except their week was 20 days long. So, they would say if today is imik, tomorrow be ik, the day after will be aakbao and 19 days from now will be a hao and then the 20th day from now would be imik again. So, that was a 20 cycle and running in parallel with that, we had day numbers sometimes called this kind of getting overwhelming. There's a way to fix this to make it less overwhelming and that's what we're going to do as soon as we get all of this stuff out of the way, respecting the fact that we should say the way that the Maya did it. We had this other cycle running in parallel, numbering the consecutive days except that repeated at 13. So, you had one imik, okay, if you started with one imik, you had the first day, the first number, the first day name. Then you went to the, all the way up to the 13th number, the 13th day name and the next day still had the 14th day name and continue on down to the 20th except now you've got to start this cycle over again at one. Okay, two cycles running in parallel. Who, we put all this together and you have calendar round dates now which is what I claim that you had on that sheet that I handed out and this is really the way that the Maya always did this. They would have not just one or the other but whenever they talked about a date they would talk about both the sacred date that 13 cycle and 20 cycle are running together and they would also talk about the day in the 365 day a year and they would write them side by side.  Okay, now the whole thing seems to have disappeared into a collection of Mayan words with some numbers intermingled. So how about if we do this instead and this is what the modern convention is. Okay, down at the bottom of the page you see that ordered triple, four comma 20 comma 348. So what you can do is take this four ahau and eight kumku and say, okay, the sacred round date is four ahau. That means the fourth day in the 13 day cycle and ahau is the 20th day name. That's the 20th day in the 20 day cycle. So you represent that is just four comma 20, whole lot simpler. And it turns out that eight kumku, computation is done here for you, eight kumku is a 348th day of the year. So you just say, okay, we'll write 348 for that. We have a nice ordered triple that contains all that information and all of that Yucatec language and makes it a lot easier to think about. But that is a modern convention. The Maya just reveled in doing it the other way. So this is just what was on that slide, okay, that I just gave you. So problem one. Now I'm going to do, now I'm going to do a little bit of number theory here and I'm just going to ask you to believe the results. Okay, the mathematicians will know how I'm computing it. So the first question is this. What you really have here are three cycles running simultaneously. A 13 cycle, okay, a 20 cycle and a 365 cycle. So the question is, if you're at position, when you put all that together, the calendar round position, the position you are in those two calendars on a particular date, 420, 348, how long is it going to be before that date appears again? Which will be the same as asking how many different calendar round dates can there be? Okay, and it turns out that what you do is you just compute the least common multiple, the number that is the smallest positive multiple of those three different cycle lengths. And that is 18,980, which for some reason I wrote here as 52 times 365, which it is, right? That's 52 times 365 days. Now imagine this. Somebody is born on the date 4 Ahau, 8 Kumku, which we've just written as 4, 20, 348. What would that person consider to be their really significant birthday? It's going to be the day that 4 Ahau, 8 Kumku happens again. Right? So with that sort of leading introduction, what did the classical Maya consider to be the natural human lifespan? Let's see. That's how many different dates there are. 52 times 365. 52 years, right? And if somebody actually managed to hit their second birthday, there was just, which people did, there could be a whale of a celebration. I doubt if anybody ever made three of them. Okay, but people did live to be 104 years old, even considering that those years aren't exactly the years that we would think of. Now, distance numbers. We're actually closing in now on the end of the world. So, distance numbers. Okay, turn to the back of that sheet and you'll see there's distance numbers in the long count. Just go over the distance number part of it. The Maya loved to compute the difference between, in days, between two given dates. Every time they talked about this date and this date seemed like they always had on a stele that talked about this, on a monument that talked about this, they would have to tell you how many days are between those things and their computations, as far as we know, are always right, which is significant. So, for distance numbers, we're going to talk about the number of days between two dates. And one way we could talk about that, oh, we could write some notation down like this and say, well, there's days, there's 20-day units, 400-day units, 8,000-day units, and so forth. We do that, you know, just sort of like their base 20 numbering system. And to do that, that is what they did with one small modification. Okay, this is days. This is 20-day units. They call these kins. Okay. These are 20-day units, which they call winals. And these, well, are they 400-day units? That's awfully close to what they considered to be a year. So how about instead going from here to here, instead of multiplying by 20, just for that one case, multiply by 18 instead. You get 360. And that pseudo year is what they actually put in there. It turns out that there's mathematical reasons that that makes some computations really, really easy if you do that. Okay, if you think about adding two things about this, just think that you just carry, you know, you carry an addition. Instead of carrying 20s, at that one place, you carry 18 instead. Okay, it really makes it really slick and easy to add these things. And they no doubt took advantage of that. So if the Maya wanted to talk about the difference between two dates, they could say, well, it's, okay, 13 kins, 8 winals, 11 tunes, 3 katoons. Okay, so these are like days, months, 360-day pseudo years. Okay, these are 20-year pseudo-year periods. And these things over here are 400 pseudo-year periods. Okay? Now, by the way, they're called, so this is called a katun. This thing is called a boktun, except that that word is the one word here that really is just a modern invention.  That's 144,000 days. Now, so here's an example from a Mayan inscription. And now, look, having sat through all of this, we can all actually read Mayans. So let's take a look at this. Well, actually, you can. You can at least see which pieces of this go with what's actually on this steli. This is a sketch of a real steli. Okay? On 8 ok, you see the 8. There's 8 ok. 13 yak. You see the 13. And that's the yak. It was born bird jaguar, lord of Yaxchilan. Now, they could have just said on then, at a later date, on 11 Ahau 8 sec, he was seated in his rulership of Yaxchilan. Except they don't do that. They also have got to tell you how many days apart those things are. It's just like a compulsion. Okay? So they said the distance number was then ten kins, five wieners, three tuns, and two katuns, which you can represent this way. Okay? After which on 11 Ahau 8 sec, he was seated in this rulership. At least these were a bunch of primitive people in Central America. Would they get this right? Always, as nearly as we can tell. And that kind of indicates maybe something was going on behind the scenes about the way they were doing these computations. And again, I stress that too much was lost during the conquest to be sure. But particularly for the folks who know how to do this computation, okay, I'm not inviting you to do it on the fly here. Okay? And for those who don't, I just like you to take a look and think about the fact that the mathematics is happening. It looks pretty impressive. Okay, so here's what you can do.  Start with that. And later you arrive at a later date. So start at T0, V0, Y0. Starting date, you arrive at a later date after a distance number that you can write like this. Okay? N5, N4, N3, N2, N1. Okay? So that happens. So what you would like to do, if you know these two things, okay, if you want to check this computation, you know the beginning date represented that way. You can figure that out from the language, and you know the distance number that's given to you also. So you might want to check to see if you really do arrive at that ending date that they claim. Here's what you have to do. Some number theory. For those who are familiar with clock arithmetic or modular arithmetic, that's what we're going to do. So one Bakhtun, that's 400 pseudo years, as I mentioned already, that's 144,000 days. Well, it turns out that that's equal mod 13 to negative 1, and it's equal mod 20 to 0. 20 clearly divides that number. Okay? And it's equal to 190 mod 365. So first, you've got to know that. Then you do the same thing for cartoons. Okay? Those 20 pseudo-year periods. That's 7,200 days. That's equal to negative 2 mod 13, 0 mod 20, and negative 100 mod 365. You do the same thing for tunes, those pseudo-years, and the winals, and the canes, and you get that whole collection of, you know, modular equivalences there. And now you have these formulas. Just take a look at these formulas. Okay? If you start at this date, T0, V0, Y0, so in particular, if you start at this starting position in the 13th cycle, and you want to know what the ending position is in the 13th cycle, here's what it is.  Where did the minus 1, minus 2, minus 4, 7, and 1 come from? Well, right here. There's the minus 1, minus 2, minus 4, 7, and 1. They came from those modular equivalences. And then your position in the 20th cycle, okay, is given by that formula. You can find your ending position in the vague year this way, and that's given by that formula. But you're interpreting mod 13 here by mod 20, and here you're interpreting that mod 365. Okay, so, you need to haul out your favorite junior-senior level number theory book, like, you know, Niven-Zuckerman and Montgomery or something. And you dig through it, you know, and you think, well, yeah, I guess I see why that's true. Would the Maya have known how to have read a book like that that we used in junior-senior mathematics? As some ethnomathematicians, I think many, including Michael Kloss, believes that they did these computations for, you know, it may have looked different the way that they did it, the process they went through, but they actually did them just exactly the way that we did them. That they knew how to do that number theory that I just put up there. Because they had brilliant people. They valued people in their societies. Okay, who were doing this kind of things for hundreds of years. They would have figured it out. Okay, rather than just sit there and say, I think I'll figure out what the distance number is here and I'm gonna sit down and scratch out 146,000 lines and hope I don't forget one of them. Okay, yeah, no, they would have, they almost certainly would have just known how to do this. But again, too much is lost to be sure. So let's check the computation and say that if you actually do the computation, Bert Jaguar was done on the sacred date, eight position in the 13th cycle. Okay, 20th day in the 20th cycle. 13 yacht, well anyway, 810 I guess that is actually. And then that's a 193rd day of the year. And that's the distance number. Here's where you arrive at the end. And the ending date is 11 Ahau'i, just exactly as claimed on that study. They got it right. Another, I'm just gonna leave this for any number theorists out there who'd like to do this old problem. So here's another one, P'Kal, perhaps the greatest of all Mayan kings, certainly the greatest known one, the best known one, Lord of Palenque. There's this problem on his, there's this thing that's written on his sarcophagus that sounds suspiciously like an algebra problem that he's inviting somebody to solve. Okay, on this date he was born, on this date he died, and he lived through parts of four cartoons. Parts of four of those 20 year periods, right? King P'Kal, Lord of Palenque. So the problem is, it's not stated, but you know, somebody can scratch your head and say, well how old was he when he died? The interesting part is without actually giving you the distance number, they've given you just exactly the clue that you need to solve this uniquely. That part they lived through four parts of, parts of four cartoons. So almost as they were inviting mathematicians of the future to figure out how old he was. Okay, anyway. So, the long count and the end of the world. So now you know everything about distance numbers, which is what you need to know to decide whether or not the world ended four years ago. You remember that other thing that was on the opening slide, that little list of numbers separated by dots? That was today's date, in the Mayan long count system. Did you notice that everything I've talked about concerning dates doesn't actually give you an absolute date because if today is for a hao e kum koo, that doesn't tell you exactly when something happened because for a hao e kum koo is going to occur again 52 years in the future. But they did have an absolute numbering system. And rather than look at this, let's take a look at the back of this sheet where it says the long count. Okay, these were the days computed as distance numbers, which we just talked about, from a starting date, way in the past, a particular starting date, way in the past. And here is the story, the Mayan creation story that leads to this. In their cosmology, they believed that it took the gods 13 bhaktuns, they didn't actually have that word, but 13 of those units, 13 bhaktuns, 13, 144,000 day periods to create a world that people could actually live in. And on the final day of that period, okay, so from the very start of time, 13 bhaktuns have passed. And they said, what happened is on that day actually the darkness lifted, does this sound like other stories you might have heard? Okay, let there be light. Okay, the darkness lifted and at that point the world was ready for habitation by humans. Okay, so that was the end of that period and 13 bhaktuns had passed. So the next day, you would say, see this thing, sort of every day of the past, this would have been one bigger until it reached 13 bhaktuns like this. So maybe you would say, well the next day should be called 13,0001, but they said no. A whole new era has started. So we're going to reset the odometer back to 0001. Okay, that'll be the first day of the new universe in which humans can be. So what turns out that if you know where they got this and you take a look at long count dates on Mayan monuments, you actually have enough information to nail down what their starting date would have been. So they run from about, you know, 8.12, 8 bhaktuns, 12 bhaktuns after the first day humans could be there. That was about 300 AD common era and it goes up to about 10,400 in 900 AD, 900 common era and there's enough information that actually ethnomathematicians are fairly confident that the Mayan base date was August 11, 3114 BC. You have to be careful about what calendar you're talking about. So we're talking about the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. Remember that funny thing about Julian and Gregorian calendars that happened a few centuries back where they had to correct the old calendar? Well, the Proleptic Gregorian calendar is the one in which you take the calendar that exists now assume it's always been there and project backward. Okay, so it's a Gregorian calendar projected backward into time. So please, is the Mayan base date there? And what happens when the odometer flips again? Okay, well, the gods had no use for a date in creation past 13,000. So once the odometer started rolling again we shouldn't expect them to have any use for a date past 13,000. And supposedly the wise maya completely understood the workings of the universe and knew that the modern world could not last longer than its creation. Thus, when the calendar would get to that number again on that day or the next, it's over. So when did that happen? Okay, here, you know, this is like using this system this is like 99999, right, with the calendar ready to flip. 12, 1919, 17, 19, which by the way incidentally hence be three co-opted conkin as the calendar round date. That was December 20th, 2012. The next day was 13,000. Okay, that's December 21st, 2012. So lots of people, you know, gave away everything they had went outside and waited for, you know, what's it called? The rapture, yes, that's it, thank you. Waited for the rapture. And there is evidence that it didn't happen. Now, by the way, today, assuming you can let this calendar keep going today would be 1304519, which is what that date was on the first page. Okay, I'm not making fun of the Mayan because the Mayans say when all this is going on they say, we never believed this. Okay, and you know the response is, yes, you did. All right, well, I'm not going to say much about the Aztecs because I'm within a few minutes of getting my hour through my hour. I would kind of like not to hold you longer than that. I do want to say something, though, about the Mexica people. Mistakenly called the Aztec. That was a misunderstanding and a conversation that occurred between one of the Spaniards and an Aztec and a Mexica person. Okay, the Mexica also had a really, really fine numbering system, which is described on the next 46 slides or something in great detail. But look, if you're interested in that, you can go look at it, okay, because it's on there. But you see that little thing there that says skip? We're going to click it. And I'll go down if I can get pointed to it, looking at this thing from an angle of about 30 degrees. Let's see. And we're going to go to the last few, very few slides. Ah, there we go. So all I'm going to say about the calendrical system of the Mexica people is, by the way, they're still there too. There's still five million people down there who speak Nahua, the traditional Aztec language as their first language. So the Aztec have not gone anywhere either. Okay, their calendrical system is similar to the Maya. It had, in fact, they got it from the Maya. Okay, it has a 13 cycle and a 20 cycle together, gives you the sacred cycle, and it has the 365-day vague year, but it has a special feature. A year is known by the sacred, they actually give the year's names. The year's meaning the vague year's names. They're known by the sacred day name of the 360th day of the year. The last day before that little stubby five-day month starts, a year is known by that date. So, and it turns out, of the 260 possible sacred day names, exactly 52 are used, and they occur in a cycle of 52. Okay, again, one person's lifetime, sort of. Now, here is a legend of Keakata Piltson that sometimes is conflated with a Mexica deity, Quezalcoatl of Feathered Serpent. They are actually different. Okay, but they're sometimes conflated. Okay, here is a legend. This was a legendary ruler of the Toltecs, the old ones, the builders of Teotihuacan, this amazing city, precursors the Mexica, the city was already ruined by the time the Mexica people got there. Okay, well, those were the Toltecs. Now, I'll mention that this all is disputed, it's controversial, but supposedly the legend was that Keakata Piltson, you know, the Arthurian legend, the once and future king, that Keakata Piltson would return to resume his rule in a year that was named Keakata. Hence his name, Keakata Piltson. He would return in such a year. One read. Akata is a 13 sacred day name. When does Cortez have to show up? Okay, now the thing was that this was considered to be a white god. And now, look, the Europeans who arrived there under Cortez, they had guns, and they had horses, but the Mexica empire was mighty. It really was. It was a very strong, very, very strong empire. And given the numbers of the Europeans, the Mexica could have shoved them just right back into the sea, that's the problem. Here's Cortez. It's Keakata. Cortez is a white guy. Am I about to try to kill Keakata Piltson?  And so this actually paralyzed the emperor, Moktatsuma, paralyzed Moktatsuma, and he just could not do anything. Now, by the time that actually one of his generals put him back into shape and convinced him that something was seriously wrong, that gave Cortez the opportunity to go around and recruit the neighboring tribes, and the Mexica people were not very kind to them. They were, you know, taxing the daylights out of them and taking their people for sacrifices and everything. So he made alliances with them, and you couple that with the disease that was brought and sort of decimated the Mexica people, and the debt is what led to the conquest. So in one funny way, you might almost say, and I don't want this to be discouraged any of you from taking a number theory course, okay? But the conquest happened because you could argue that the Central American people knew too much number theory. Okay? I don't know if there's a moral in there. But if you're interested in this story, here's where I can point you to where you can learn more about it. For more on that story in the Mexica mathematics, including the symbol that's actually there for a cobbled reed, take a look at this poster, Math of the Aztecs, that you're going to find on the wall outside A2155 Mackinac Hall. Okay, it's all there. And in fact, it even extends on this, even expands on this a little bit. I will warn you, there's a couple of things I quarrel with. I think that they do make the equation, they try to equate Keapato-Pilson with Kessler-Quaddle, and that is not quite right. And also they don't point out that some of this is disputed. However, it has a ring of truth. It really does. And I do believe that there's a good chance that at least most of it is true. And it's laid out very nicely with a lot of nice pictographs on that particular poster. While you're at it, please also take a look at the other posters that are up there that talk to you, that tell you all about how mathematics and other cultures and what the cultural importance of all of that is. It's really a very nice display. And I'm going to actually finish with one last thing which is sort of bang, bang, hit that skip thing. Here. Okay, you probably figured out that stories about clondical systems have lots of apocryphal things and things that aren't sure about them. It's a way of having stories that are really sound, interesting and maybe aren't quite as true as you might think that they would be. How many people know that our months, September, October, November and December, which obviously got named after the Latin, September, October, and November because they're the 7th, 8th and 9th, 10th months. But wait a minute, they're not. They're the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th. I won't ask you to raise your hand. But almost everybody knows that's because the Caesar shoved those two months right into the middle of the calendar that pushed things two months farther into the future, which for you, the future's that way, right? Okay, pushed it two months farther into the future. Okay. That is not the reason. Now, I'm going to let you do the research to see what the real reason was. And you can do it by answering this research problem, which just requires just a tiny amount of web research. Okay. George Washington was born February 11th, 1731, but that was by the Julian calendar, which the colonies were still using that. Now, the Julian calendar had fallen behind the Gregorian calendar at that point by 11 days due to the lack of leap years. Most of the rest of the world had already converted the Gregorian calendar, and the colonies finally did too. It actually took the colonies longer to do it than it took Britain to do it. But, so it was corrected to February 22nd, 1732. Well, there's the 11 days, but why did the year jump from 1731 to 1732? Once you know that, you'll know the real story about why those months are called September, October, November, and December. And with that, thank you for listening to me. And I hope the next time somebody tells you that mathematics is culture-free, you can stick out your tongue. I know better. Thank you.


Hello everybody! E here. Welcome back to Thursday Theorist. Today we are talking about the first novella in If It Bleeds Mr. Harrigan's Phone. This one is going to be a very short video I plan to because my internet has been so slow. What I plan to do is that after I get all these done, once the internet speeds back up, I'm going to be putting all these together into one episode, but right now I wanted to go ahead and get these out of the way. So all these videos, except for If It Bleeds, I'm sure that will be a very, very long episode. All these videos will be rather short, the three out of the four anyways. For Mr. Harrigan's Phone, the connections are very, very simple. If you have been a longtime fan of the show, or if you know about the Thursday Theorist series that I do, or if you don't, this message is for you. I have over 50 episodes so far in this series where I connect every single book that Stephen King has ever written, even the short stories, novellas, everything, to the Dark Tower universe. I'm very behind on that. I'm working on Storm of the Century right now. That one's a little, it's a little harder to do because it is a script, and I don't like reading scripts. I've thought about just doing the movie, but there's some stuff that I remember in the script that didn't actually make it into the movie, so I need to reread the story itself. On to Mr. Harrigan's Phone and how it connects to the Dark Tower universe. In my episode for Revival, I connected Revival to the Dark Tower universe. I will link to that video down there in the doobly-doo, but this story occurs in Harlow, which is the same town in which Revival begins. So there's your hard connect because Revival has a hard connect to the Dark Tower universe, and things like the Black House, the Talisman, that kind of thing. In this one also there are numerous mentions of Castle Rock and the things that happened in Castle Rock, and I've of course connected Castle Rock to the Dark Tower universe also. Some spoilers for the book. If you do not want spoilers, now is the time to click away. I was going to do separate spoiler reviews, but because these videos are going to be so short, I figure I go ahead and tack these on. This story was fantastic. There's nothing really new here, but I did love the writing and I love the story. It's a bit of Harvey's phone call, or whatever it's called from just after sunset, I think is the collection that's in. That one mixed with a bit of Wendy's Button Box. It's a story about a boy who, and Anne Hearts in Atlantis, there's a bit of that also because it's about a young man named Craig who reads to Mr. Harrigan, who's an elderly rich man who you can't see. Well, I think that's the reasoning for the reading. I can't actually remember, but the plot is built on the chassis that the phone that Mr. Harrigan is buried with, the technology he's buried with, Craig uses it to enact revenge on people. He keeps calling Mr. Harrigan, telling him about his problems, and even though Craig, it's a passive thing. Well, there is a one point where he brings up specifically that he wants something bad to happen to somebody, and Mr. Harrigan, or whatever is lurking in place of Mr. Harrigan through this phone, is enacting revenge on Craig's behalf. I think one of the most striking points of this story is the relationship between the main character Craig and Mr. Harrigan, because these two characters are so vastly different, and all the books that Craig reads to Mr. Harrigan are about greed, are about corruption. On top of that, their authors are problematic. This is from no information of mine, my buddy Scott Kemper. He's the one who told me about this. I have not read the books by those authors because I did know that they were problematic, and I just don't care to read that. Also, it's just not my genre of choice, but I find the character development without actually talking about the characters using the fiction that Mr. Harrigan consumes and prefers to consume balanced with how Craig reacts to it. I think that's the most striking part of this book, and while he does reuse concepts, the theme is wholly original, I feel, especially the delivery.  It's all built in the subtext, and that's why I love this book so much. Of course, I've been hearing a lot of people going, man, it was okay, or it was overdone, or whatever, and that's completely valid, completely valid points, but I loved it. I really enjoyed it, and the way it connected to Revival, being in the same town of Harlow, I appreciated that also. So, did I miss anything? I know I didn't go down, I actually wrote down all of the connections to Castle Rock on the back of an envelope, and then I lost the envelope, but I know that there were numerous things in Castle Rock, so if somebody wants to put down there in the comments telling people exactly which things that they found specifically in Castle Rock, please feel free to. I'll pin whoever has the most concise comment down there in the doobly-doo. Anyways, so like I said, if I missed anything, please let me know. If you would like to talk about spoilers, you can fully talk about spoilers down there in the doobly-doo. Anybody who comes across this video and is upset about the spoilers, it's going to happen on these Thursday theorist videos, because I have to talk about the content of the book, so be wary down there in the comment section. I'll probably put a disclaimer at the beginning of the video too, but let me know what you thought about certain scenes. I know we talked about whether or not people liked it in the actual review of the book. Now I want to know the scenes that you liked the most, or the scenes that you didn't like the most. I would love to hear those things, because I thought this story was fantastic, and I would love to hear your opinions on why you think it wasn't. So until next time, I have been E, you have been U, this has been another Thursday theorist review. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye-bye!


A lot of people think meat is expensive. And if you take a look at Sean Baker, a popular carnivore dieter's Instagram, and you see that he spends $50, $70 a day on steaks, you'll be like, wow, this is completely crazy. And that really is completely crazy. There's many ways to source decent quality foods at very affordable prices, way less than what most people spend on food on the carnivore diet. So just to throw some statistics out there, people spend an average of 70 to 80 per week on groceries, but 100 to 140 on food in general. That includes eating out, coffee in the morning, really adds up. So people spend approximately 300 per month purely on groceries, and 500 to 600 per month, all food bills included. So keep that in mind when we start throwing numbers out there. I went to Restaurant Depot and the pricing is similar to Costco, it's just a bit different of a selection. And this five pound tube of Halal 7327 Ground Beef was $1.89 a pound, so it was about 9.50 for this five pound tube. And this 15 dozen egg box was 17.72, so just over $1 per dozen eggs. And I didn't buy butter today, but butter is around $3.50 to $4 a pound commercially, so that would be about $1 per stick of butter. And if we could figure, okay, how much would you really eat per day max? Two pounds of ground beef, a dozen eggs, a stick of butter. That's going to be about $3.80 for the ground beef, about $1.20 for the eggs, so that's going to be about $5.00. And then another dollar for the stick of butter, maybe a little cheaper. So at the most, for what people would eat, you're spending $5.50 to $6.50 per day on food. That's very affordable. That's probably half of what most people spend on groceries per month, if that is all you're eating. And, you know, is this optimal? I mean, it's better than eating pork and chicken, and I don't really want to touch too much on those animal foods. They are high omega-6 and people do tend to find themselves feeling better on beef. So for me to say, all right, save a couple of bucks and go chicken and pork, I really can't recommend doing that. But what's funny is people will say they feel better eating beef because the omega-6 to omega-3 ratios are better in beef than pork and chicken, but then they won't try grass-fed beef, which has even better omega-3 to omega-6 ratios. But that's a whole different story in itself. So hypothetically speaking, we're around $6.50 per day eating, very, very affordable. And now you can say, all right, Frank, well, what would you add to this at a minimum? I mean, it's safe to say we want to get probably $50 to $100 in organ meats and fish and supplements. So I guess on a budget, you could probably get away with $50 on cod liver, cod liver oil pills, whatever supplements you want. And then your whole monthly budget would be around $250. And if you can't afford $250 per month on food, I really don't know what to tell you. That's at the high end. Let's say you didn't eat a lot. Let's say you had half a dozen eggs, 60 cents, one pound of ground beef, $1.80. You're up to $2.40. Let's say you had half a stick of butter, $3 per day on food. And then let's say you cut the supplements in half, 20 bucks. $110 a month. Food stamps are like $170. You could literally live on food stamps on this diet if you bought food from certain sources and especially if you got stuff on sale. This wasn't even on sale. So pricing can be incredibly low for the carnivore diet from $3 to $7 a day depending on whether you're maybe a small woman, don't eat that much or you're a much larger active person. So that leg of lamb over there, if you guys are just wondering, I got that on sale at my local supermarket for $4 a pound and that's high quality grass fed Australian stuff. So we pretty much went over a super duper cheap budget and that would be going to Costco, Sam's Club, restaurant supply store and buying in bulk, spending $150, $200 at once. This here is what I got from my local supermarket. This is some lamb fat and I paid $1.50 per pound for this lamb trim fat, grass fed Australian lamb trim fat, $1.50 per pound, amazing source of calories, super nutritious. The difference between this and the butter for calories would be this is of course less inflammatory because it's not conventional pasteurized butter and it has a higher vitamin content because it's grass fed. Before I show you guys this, this is incredibly unusual. I had to pick up these steaks at the zoom mark because of how good they looked. Look at the marbling on these Australian New York strip steaks. It is completely insane.  I was like, oh my God, I got to buy this and I got those New York strip steaks for $8 a pound. The point isn't for me to get you guys jealous that that's never happened before. That's the only time that's ever happened to me in my life. I had that super marbled grass fed Australian New York strip, but what I'm getting at is I pay about $7 to $8 a pound for high quality grass fed meat in my local supermarket. So how does that affect the budget? Well, if I eat a pound and a half to two pounds of meat per day, I'm spending about $15 on meat and the fat source and the organ meat source. Let's do a month. My monthly budget is probably $500 to $700 per month because if I spend $15 a day on food, on just the muscle meat, that's $450. If I spend an additional $50 on fat, that's $500. Then I usually spend $100, $150 on organ meats going up to $600, $650, but I usually fast a lot. So if I fast a quarter of the time, then my budget goes down to $400. And what's the difference between you spending $200 and me spending $400 is I fast a little bit, I buy much higher quality food, and I put a lot more effort into my sourcing. So my diet versus this diet is going to be a lot less inflammatory. There's no negative antibiotics in the eggs and the ground beef. The nutrient content overall is higher. I have some pastured eggs over there that I buy for my family that are $6 a dozen. My question to you is, would you rather spend maybe $150 per month on food, save $200, $300 and sacrifice your health in the long run? The way I look at it for me unfortunately is I have to market myself and a big part of my life is my appearance, how I look, how I perform. So if I know I feel better and perform better and do way better on the grass fed, spending a little more money, and I still think that's a very, very affordable thing to do if I could spend $400 or $500 a month on food. That's to me very affordable and that doesn't include sometimes I go by fish row. But yes guys, I do have meat pervaries in New York City. I go down to the new fallen fish market. I get fish row for $2 a pound. I buy breasted rib eye and bulk for $7 a pound. I get a lot of stuff for cheaper prices than most people can afford to do. The way I did that was I explored all my local options for wholesalers, for meat pervaries. I spend a lot of money at once guys. I have an invoice upstairs for my meat perveyor. I spent $350 this week and I spent $350 two weeks ago on meat. And Frank, whoa, haven't you spent like $1,000 on food this month? Yes, but I am dry aging steaks for the future. If I invest $300, $700 whatever this month in food, I will have food in the long run for further periods of time. And although unfortunately I have wasted quite a bit of money in my life on food in the past. Sometimes I've bought organs that haven't been good. Sometimes I've bought dry, I've tried to dry age meat and flies got to it. I remember one time I lost two legs of prosciutto because maggots laid, flies laid eggs in it and there were maggots in it. I remember I've bought in a case of fish before and I've had to give it away to neighbors and stuff because it was farm raised and the guy lied to me. There are downsides to dealing with these perveyors and these wholesale fish sellers. Although in the long run, I still save more money than people do. There is definitely and are definitely cons to buying in wholesale in bulk. Generally speaking, I'm not buying an actual large amount of food compared to who they sell to. You know, it might be a lot for me, it might be a lot of money for an average person, but compared to a restaurant, most restaurants spend more money in one day than I spend in two months of buying meat. So keep in mind, even though you're going to a wholesaler and you're spending a lot of money, they're not necessarily going to give you the good stuff or give you a good deal or anything like that. So hopefully in the future, I mean, I would love to open up my own kind of, I know which, I know which producers sell what meat, I know how to get stuff. So I would love to open up my own kind of butcher box thing in the future where I just, I get fresh meat, I dry age it myself, I sell it to people. I ship it out at very affordable prices, very fresh, especially sourcing organ meats and fish roe.  I would literally be shipping you guys, like I could make tuna in macadamia nut oil, can it, I could make fish roe, canned fish roe that I could sell to you guys as a health food. I could buy these primals and I could sell them to you at better prices than butcher box does. You know, I know what pricing you can get on meat and I know what people are willing to pay for stuff. So maybe sometime in the future, but I think we've kind of gone over the budget and I'm so, I can't tell you how excited I am for those New York strip steaks, I can't. I know it's not going to be that good because it's not rabbi, it's New York strip, but again, guys, that never happens. I'm going to take pictures on my Instagram for that too. So I guess just to touch briefly on, all right, we're frank, well, if you're doing this diet, what do you need? You know, your DHA, your Omega 3 intake might be low. So you're probably going to want to spend $20 to $50 either on Omega 3 supplements or canned fish and maybe even liver to just get some extra vitamin A. Possibly, I mean, you're getting eggs for vitamin K2. Everything should be fine except for the Omega 3 and the vitamin A content. In the case of this stuff though, you don't need to really supplement or add any foods to your diet. Just keep in mind the main vitamins you want to get are Omega 3, vitamin K2 and vitamin A. The other vitamins will come inherently. And also, one thing I'm glad I didn't forget is the food safety aspect of this is way different. I would literally eat all of these raw if I wanted to. This stuff, I would cook it completely through. That's another big difference. Like, I'll leave a leg of lamb on my counter overnight, but I would never serve my family undercooked hamburgers from a grain fed cow like this or these eggs. You have to cook them through. I wouldn't eat a ton of them raw. Well, maybe some people still would. The good thing is, I mean, this is halal ground beef, so the cleanliness is a little bit better than regular stuff. But outside of that, just keep that in mind, guys.  I watch people devour steaks and if we go through a thousand steaks a night, that means I did the math one time. It was like several hundred cows worth of steaks and that's all we're serving. So by no means am I, you know, have I always been all for sustainability, although I do personally support it myself. I just know a lot of people can't necessarily afford to do that or really care enough to do that. So thank you guys for watching. If you guys would like to support me, I do have a bunch of stuff in my Amazon shop below that can help you. You could buy the cod liver on there. You could buy the supplements on there that will help you with that. Maybe I'll even put some canned fish on there. If you guys want to check out my website, frank-dash-to-final.com, check out the principles that I follow and maybe if you guys are interested in a consultation. I think this is a big thing that I can really help a lot of people out with and I've done it in the past, sourcing food. People usually tell me where they are and I guide them through how to do these things that I do. Whether it's going to local's farmers markets and getting good deals or going to local wholesalers, buying a lot of meat at once. I've done everything from purchasing whole animals to going to meat purveyors, to even the supermarkets. You know, half the time I go to this supermarket, really, really good prices on an aggressive meat for some reason, but I'll go figure. As always, thank you guys for watching. Let me know if you guys want to see anything else like this. I was thinking about doing maybe a zero-carb carnivore on the go video. I don't know if I could really film in a supermarket and show you guys what I'd get, but maybe I could just buy some stuff and then bring it home and show it to you guys.


But the biggest difference between a living thing going extinct and a game going extinct is that there are two different kinds of extinction for games. There are games that I want to play, and you want to play, and it is impossible to play. And there are games that you could technically play, but nobody wants to play it with you. Yeah, there are two ingredients for an animal. There's one ingredient, the animal, right? That's it. That's all you need. You have the animal, there it is, right? But for a game, you need people to play it, and you need the game. And sometimes the game cannot be obtained, and sometimes the people cannot be obtained.