Book 5, Chapter 1, Part 1 of the Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Ann Boulet. The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Wiston, Book 5, Chapter 1, Part 1. Book 5, containing the interval of 476 years, from the death of Moses to the death of Eli. Chapter 1, how Joshua, the commander of the Hebrews, made war with the Canaanites and overcame them and destroyed them, and divided their land by lot to the tribes of Israel. When Moses was taken away from among men, in the manner already described, and when all the solemnities belonging to the morning for him were finished and the sorrow for him was over, Joshua commanded the multitude to get themselves ready for an expedition. He also sent spies to Jericho to discover what forces they had and what were their intentions. But he put his camp in order, as intending soon to pass over Jordan at a proper season. And calling to him the rulers of the tribe of Reuben, and the governors of the tribe of Gad, and the half-tribe of Manessa. For half of this tribe had been permitted to have their habitation in the country of the Amorites, which was the seventh part of the land of Canaan. He put them in mind what they had promised Moses, and he exhorted them that, for the sake of the care that Moses had taken of them, who had never been weary of taking pains for no, not when he was dying, and for the sake of the public welfare, they would prepare themselves and readily perform what they had promised. So he took fifty-thousand of them who followed him, and he marched from Abila to Jordan sixty furlongs. Now when he had pitched his camp, the spies came to him immediately, well acquainted with the whole state of the Canaanites. For at first, before they were at all discovered, they took a full view of the city of Jericho without disturbance, and saw which parts of the walls were strong and which parts were otherwise, and indeed insecure, and which of the gates were so weak as might afford an entrance to their army. Now those that met them took no notice of them when they saw them, and suppose they were only strangers, who used to be very curious in observing everything in the city, and did not take them for enemies. But at even they retired to a certain inn that was near to the wall, whether they went to eat their supper, which supper when they had done, and were considering how to get away. Information was given to the king as he was at supper, that there were some persons come from the Hebrews camp to view the city as spies, and that they were in the inn kept by Rahub, and were very solicitous that they might not be discovered. So he sent immediately some to them, and commanded to catch them, and bring them to him, that he might examine them by torture, and learn what their business was there. As soon as Rahub understood that these messengers were coming, she hid the spies under stalks of flax, which were laid to dry on the top of her house, and said to the messengers that were sent by the king, that certain unknown strangers had sucked with her a little before sunsetting, and were gone away, who might easily be taken, if they were any terror to the city, or likely to bring any danger to the king. So these messengers being thus deluded by the woman, and suspecting no imposition, went their ways, without so much as searching the inn. But they immediately pursued them along those roads, which they most probably supposed them to have gone, and those particularly which led to the river, but could hear no tidings of them, so they left off the pains of any further pursuit. But when the tumult was over, Rahub brought the men down, and desired them as soon as they should have obtained possession of the land of Canaan, when it would be in their power to make her amends for her preservation of them, to remember what danger she had undergone for their sakes, for that if she had been caught concealing them, she could not have escaped a terrible destruction, she and all her family with her, and so bid them go home, and desired them to swear to her to preserve her and her family when they should take the city and destroy all its inhabitants, as they had decreed to do. For so far she said she had been assured by those divine miracles of which she had been informed. So these spies acknowledged that they owed her thanks for what she had done already, and with all swore to re-quite her kindness, not only in words, but in deeds. But they gave her this advice, that when she should perceive that the city was about to be taken, she should put her goods, and all her family, by way of security, in her inn. And to hang out scarlet threads before her doors or windows, that the commander of the Hebrews might know her house, and take care to do her no harm. For they said, we will inform him of this matter, because of the concern thou hast had to preserve us. But if any one of thy family fall in the battle, do not thou blame us, and we beseech that God, by whom we have sworn, not then to be displeased with us, as though we had broken our oaths. So these men, when they had made this agreement, went away, letting themselves down by a rope from the wall, and escaped, and came and told their own people whatsoever they had done in their journey to this city. Joshua also told Eleazar the High Priest and the Senate what the spies had sworn to Rahab, who continued what had been sworn. Now while Joshua, the commander, was in fear about their passing over Jordan, for the river ran with a strong current, and could not be passed over with bridges, for there never had been bridges laid over it hither too. And while he suspected that if he should attempt to make a bridge, that their enemies would not afford him time to perfect it. And for fairy boats they had none, God promised so to dispose of the river that they might pass over it, and that by taking away the main part of its waters. So Joshua, after two days, caused the army and the whole multitude to pass over in the following manner. The priests went, first of all, having the ark with them. Then went the Levi's bearing the tabernacle and the vessels which belonged to the sacrifices, after which the entire multitude followed, according to their tribes, having their children and their wives in the midst of them, as being afraid for them, lest they should be born away by the stream. But as soon as the priests had entered the river first, it appeared affordable, the depth of the water being restrained and the sand appearing at the bottom, because the current was neither so strong nor so swift as to carry it away by its force. So they all passed over the river without fear, finding it to be in the very same state as God had foretold he would put it in. But the priests stood still in the midst of the river, till the multitude should be passed over, and should get to the shore in safety. And when all were gone, the priests came out also and permitted the current to run freely as it used to do before. Accordingly, the river, as soon as the Hebrews were come out of it, arose again presently and came to its own proper magnitude as before. So the Hebrews went on further 50 furlongs and pitched their camp at the distance of 10 furlongs from Jericho. But Joshua built an altar of those stones which all the heads of the tribes, at the command of the prophets, had taken out of the deep to be afterwards a memorial of the division of the stream of this river, and upon it offered a sacrifice to God. And in that place celebrated the Passover and had great plenty of all the things which they wanted hitherto. For they reaped the corn of the Canaanites, which was now ripe, and took other things as prey. For then it was that their former food, which was manna, and of which they had eaten 40 years, failed them. Now while the Israelites did this, and the Canaanites did not attack them, but kept themselves quiet within their walls, Joshua resolved to besiege them. So on the first day of the feast of the Passover, the priests carried the ark round about with some part of the armed men to be a guard to it. These priests went forward, blowing their seven trumpets, and exhorting the army to be of good courage, and went round about the city with the Senate following them. And when the priests had only blown with the trumpets, for they did nothing more at all, they returned to the camp. And when they had done this for six days, on the seventh, Joshua gathered the armed men and all the people together, and told them these good tidings, that the city should now be taken, since God would, on that day, give it to them, by the falling down of the walls, and this of their own accord, and without their labor. However, he charged them to kill every one they should take, and not to abstain from the slaughter of their enemies, either for weariness or for pity, and not to fall on the spoil, and be thereby diverted from pursuing their enemies as they ran away, but to destroy all the animals, and to take nothing for their own peculiar advantage. He commanded them also to bring together all the silver and gold, that it might be set apart as first fruits unto God, out of this glorious exploit, as having gotten them from the city they first took, only that they should save Rahab and her kindred alive, because of the oath which the spies had sworn to her. When he had said this, and had set his army in order, he brought it against the city, so they went round the city again, the ark going before them, and the priests encouraging the people to be zealous in the work, and when they had gone round it seven times, and had stood still a little, the wall fell down, while no instruments of war, nor any other force, was applied to it by the Hebrews. So they entered into Jericho, and slew all the men that were therein, while they were affrighted at the surprising overthrow of the walls, and their courage was become useless, and they were not able to defend themselves, so they were slain, and their throats cut, some in the ways, and others as caught in their houses, nothing afforded them assistance, but they all perished, even to the women and the children, and the city was filled with dead bodies, and not one person escaped. They also burnt the whole city, and the country about it, but they saved a live Rahab with her family, who had fled to her inn. And when she was brought to him, Joshua owned to her that they owed her thanks for her preservation of the spies, so he said he would not appear to be behind her in his benefaction to her, whereupon he gave her certain lands immediately, and had her in great esteem ever afterwards. And if any part of the city escaped the fire, he overthrew it from the foundation, and he denounced a curse against its inhabitants, if any should desire to rebuild it.  But what happened hereupon we shall speak of hereafter. Now there was an immense quantity of gold and silver, and besides those of brass also, that was heaped together out of the city when it was taken. No one transgressing the decree, nor perloining for their own peculiar advantage. Which spoils Joshua delivered to the priests, to be laid up among their treasures, and thus did Jericho perish. But there was one Akkar, the son of Charmy, the son of Zabadiahs, of the tribe of Judah, who, finding a royal garment woven entirely of gold, and a piece of gold that weighed 200 shekels, and thinking in a very hard case, that what spoils he, by running some hazard, had found, he must give away, and offer it to God, who stood in no need of it, while he, that wanting it, must go without it, made a deep ditch in his own tent, and laid them up therein, as supposing he should not only be concealed from his fellow soldiers, but from God himself also. Now the place where Joshua pitched his camp is called Gilgal, which denotes liberty, for since now they had passed over Jordan, they looked on themselves as freed from the miseries which they had undergone from the Egyptians, and in the wilderness. Now, a few days after the calamity that befell Jericho, Joshua sent 3,000 armed men to take I.E., a city situated above Jericho, but upon the side of the people of I.E., with them they were driven back, and lost 36 of their men. When this was told the Israelites, it made them very sad, and exceedingly disconsoleate, not so much because of the relation the men that were destroyed bear to them, though those that were destroyed were all good men, and deserved their esteem, as by the disparate occasioned, for while they believed that they were already, in effect, in possession of the land, and should bring back the army out of the battles without loss, as God had promised beforehand. They now saw unexpectedly their enemies bold with success, so they put sackcloth over their garments and continued in tears and lamentation all the day, without the least inquiry after food, but laid what had happened greatly to heart. When Joshua saw the army so much afflicted, and possess with forebodings of evil as to their whole expedition, he used freedom with God, and said, we are not come thus far out of any rashness of our own, as though we thought ourselves able to subdue this land with our own weapons, but at the instigation of Moses thy servant for this purpose, because thou hast promised us, by many signs, that thou wouldst give us this land for a possession, and thou wouldst make our army always superior in war to our enemies, and accordingly some success has already attended upon us agreeably to thy promises, but because we have now unexpectedly been foiled, and have lost some men out of our army, we are grieved at it, as fearing what thou hast promised us, and what Moses foretold us, cannot be depended on by us, and our future expectation troubles us the more, because we have met with such a disaster in this our first attempt, but do thou, O Lord, free us from these suspicions, for thou art able to find a cure for these disorders by giving us a victory, which will both take away the grief we are in at present, and prevent our distress as to what is to come. These intercessions Joshua put up to God, as he laid prostrate on his face, where upon God answered him that he should rise up and purify his host from the pollution that had gotten into it, that things consecrated to me have been imputantly stolen from me, and that this has been the occasion why this defeat had happened to them, and that when they should search out and punish the offender, he would ever take care they should have the victory over their enemies. This Joshua told the people, and calling for Eleazar the high priest, and the men in authority, he cast lots, tribe by tribe, and when the lot showed that this wicked action was done by one of the tribe of Judah, he then again proposed a lot to the several families there too belonging, so the truth of this wicked action was found to belong to the family of Zachar, and when the inquiry was made man by man, they took Akhar, who, upon God's reducing him to a terrible extremity, could not deny the fact, so he confessed the theft, and produced what he had taken in the midst of them, where upon he was immediately put to death, and attained no more than to be buried in the night in a disgraceful manner, and such as was suitable to a condemned malefactor. When Joshua had thus purified the host, he led them against I.E., and having by night laid an ambush round about the city, he attacked the enemies as soon as it was day, but as they advanced boldly against the Israelites, because of their former victory, he made them believe he retired, and by that means drew them a great way from the city. They still supposing that they were pursuing their enemies, and despise them, as though the case had been the same with that in the former battle, after which Joshua ordered his forces to turn about, and place them against their front. He then made the signals agreed upon to those that lay in ambush, and so excited them to fight, so they ran suddenly into the city, the inhabitants being upon the walls, nay, others of them being in perplexity, and coming to see those that were without the gates. Accordingly, these men took the city and slew all that they met with, but Joshua forced those that came against him to come to a close fight, and discomfited them, and made them run away, and when they were driven towards the city, and thought it had not been touched, as soon as they saw it was taken, and perceived it was burnt, with their wives and children, they wandered about in the fields in a scattered condition, and were no way able to defend themselves, because they had none to support them. Now when this calamity came upon the men of I.E., there were a great number of children, and women, and servants, and an immense quantity of other furniture. The Hebrews also took herds of cattle, and a great deal of money, for this was a rich country. So when Joshua came to Gilgal, he divided all these spoils among the soldiers, but the Givian knights, who inhabited near to Jerusalem, when they saw what miseries had happened to the inhabitants of Jericho, and to those of I.E., and suspected that the like-sword calamity would come as far as themselves. They did not think fit to ask for mercy of Joshua, for they supposed they should find little mercy from him, who made war that he might entirely destroy the nation of Canaanites, but they invited the people of Kephira, and Kyriath Gerim, who were their neighbors, to join in league with them, and told them that neither could they themselves avoid the danger they were all in, if the Israelites should prevent them, and seize upon them. So when they had persuaded them, they resolved to endeavor to escape the forces of the Israelites. Accordingly, upon their agreement to what they proposed, they sent ambassadors to Joshua to make a league of friendship with him, and those such of the citizens as were best approved of, and most capable of doing what was most advantageous to the multitude. Now these ambassadors thought it dangerous to confess themselves to be Canaanites, but thought they might by this contrivance avoid the danger, namely by saying that they bear no relation to the Canaanites at all, but dwelt at a very great distance from them, and they said further that they came a long way, on account of the reputation he had gained for his virtue, and as a mark of the truth of what they said, they showed him the habit they were in, for that their clothes were new when they came out, but were greatly worn by the length of time they had been on their journey. For indeed they took torn garments, on purpose that they might make him believe so, so they stood in the midst of the people, and said they were sent by the people of Gibeon, and of the circumjacent cities, which were very remote from the land where they were now, to make such a league of friendship with them, and this on such conditions as were customary among their forefathers, for when they understood that, by the favor of God, and his gift to them, they were to have possession of the land of Canaan bestowed upon them. They said that they were very glad to hear it, and desired to be admitted into the number of their citizens. Thus did the ambassadors speak, and showing them the marks of their long journey, they entreated the Hebrews to make a league of friendship with them. Accordingly, Joshua, believing what they said, that they were not of the nation of the Canaanites, entered into friendship with them, and Eleazar the High Priest, with the Senate, swore to them that they would esteem them their friends and associates, and would attempt nothing that should be unfair against them. The multitude also ascending to the oaths that were made to them. So these men, having obtained what they desired, by deceiving the Israelites, went home. But when Joshua led his army to the country at the bottom of the mountains of this part of Canaan, he understood that the Gibeonites dwelt not far from Jerusalem, and that they were of the stock of the Canaanites. So he sent for their governors, and reproached them with the cheat they put upon him. But they alleged, on their own behalf, that they had no other way to save themselves but that, and were therefore forced to have recourse to it. So he called for Eleazar the High Priest, and for the Senate, who thought it right to make them public servants, that they might not break the oath they had made to them, and they ordained them to be so. And this was the method by which these men found safety and security, under the calamity that was ready to overtake them. But the King of Jerusalem took it to heart that the Gibeonites had gone over to Joshua, so he called upon the kings of the neighboring nations to join together and make war against them. Now when the Gibeonites saw these kings, which were four, besides the King of Jerusalem, and perceived that they had pitched their camp at a certain fountain not far from their city, and were getting ready for a siege of it, they called upon Joshua to assist them. For such was their case, as to expect to be destroyed by these Canaanites, but to suppose they should be saved by those that came for the destruction of the Canaanites, because of the league of friendship that was between them. Accordingly, Joshua made haste with his whole army to assist them, and marching day and night, in the morning he fell upon the enemies as they were going up to the siege, and when he had disconfited them, he followed them, and pursued them down the descent of the hills. The place is called Beth Horan, where he also understood that God assisted him, which he declared by thunder and thunderbolts, as also by the falling of hail larger than usual. Moreover, it happened that the day was lengthened that the night might not come on too soon, and be an obstruction to the zeal of the Hebrews in pursuing their enemies, in so much that Joshua took the kings, who were hidden in a certain cave at Makita, and put them to death. Now that the day was lengthened at this time, and was longer than ordinary, is expressed in the books laid up in the temple. End of Book 5, Chapter 1, Part 1 Book 5, Chapter 1, Part 2 of the Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Ann Boulais The Antiquities of the Jews, Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus translated by William Whiston Book 5, Chapter 1, Part 2 These kings which made war with, and were ready to fight the Givianites, being thus overthrown, Joshua returned again to the mountainous parts of Canaan, and when he had made a great slaughter of the people there, and took their prey, he came to the camp at Gilgal, and now there went a great fame abroad among the neighboring people of the courage of the Hebrews. And those that heard what a number of men were destroyed, were greatly affrighted at it. So the kings that lived about Mount Libanus, who were Canaanites, and those Canaanites that dwelt in the plain country, with auxiliaries out of the land of the Philistines, pitched their camp at Berthof, a city of Upper Galilee, not far from Kadesh, which is itself also a place in Galilee. Now the number of the whole of the army was 300,000 armed footmen, and 10,000 horsemen, and 20,000 chariots, so that the multitude of the enemies affrighted both Joshua himself and the Israelites, and they, instead of being full of hopes of good success, were superstitiously Timurus, with the great terror with which they were stricken, where upon God abraded them with the fear they were in, and asked them whether they desired a greater help than he could afford them, and promised them that they should overcome their enemies, and with all charged them to make their enemies horses useless, and to burn their chariots. So Joshua became full of courage upon these promises of God, and went out suddenly against the enemies. And after five days March he came upon them, and joined battle with them, and there was a terrible fight, and such a number were slain as could not be believed by those that hurt it. He also went on in the pursuit a great way, and destroyed the entire army of the enemies, few only accepted, and all the kings fell in the battle. In so much that when there wanted men to be killed, Joshua slew their horses, and burnt their chariots, and passed over all their country without opposition, no one daring to meet him in battle.  The fifth year was now past, and there was not one of the Canaanites remained any longer, excepting some that had retired to places of great strength. So Joshua removed his camp to the mountainous country, and placed the tavernacle in the city of Shiloh, for that seemed a fit place for it, because of the beauty of its situation. Until such time as their affairs would permit them to build a temple. And from thence he went to Shechem, together with all the people, and raised an altar where Moses had beforehand directed. Then did he divide the army, and place one half of them on Mount Girizm, and the other half on Mount Ebal, on which mountain the altar was. He also placed there the tribal Levi and the priests, when they had sacrificed, and denounced the blessings and the curses, and had left them engraven upon the altar. They returned to Shiloh. And now Joshua was old, and saw that the cities of the Canaanites were not easily to be taken, not only because they were situated in such strong places, but because of the strength of the walls themselves, which being built round about, the natural strength of the places on which the city stood, seemed capable of repelling their enemies from besieging them, and of making those enemies despair of taking them. For when the Canaanites had learned that the Israelites came out of Egypt in order to destroy them, they were busy all that time in making their city strong. So he gathered the people together to a congregation at Shiloh, and when they, with great zeal and haste, were come thither, he observed to them what prosperous successes they had already had, and what glorious things had been done. And those such as were worthy of that God who enabled them to do those things, and worthy of the virtue of those laws which they followed. He took notice also that thirty-one of those kings that ventured to give them battle were overcome, and every army, how great so ever it were, that confined it in their own power, and fought with them, were utterly destroyed, so that not so much as any of their posterity remained. And as for the cities, since some of them were taken, but the others must be taken in length of time, by long sieges, on account of the strength of their walls, and of the confidence the inhabitants had in them thereby. He thought it reasonable that those tribes that came along with them from beyond Jordan, and had partaken of the dangers they had undergone. Being their own kindred, should now be dismissed and sent home, and should have thanks for the pains they had taken together with them. As also, he thought it reasonable that they should send one man out of every tribe, and he such as had the testimony of extraordinary virtue, who should measure the land faithfully, and without any fallacy or deceit should inform them of its great magnitude. Now Joshua, when he had thus spoken to them, found that the multitude approved of his proposal. So he sent men to measure their country, and sent with them some geometricians, who could not easily fail of knowing the truth, on account of their skill in that art. He also gave them a charge to estimate the measure of that part of the land that was most fruitful, and what was not so good, for such is the nature of the land of Canaan, that one may see large plains, and such is our exceeding fit to produce fruit, which yet, if they were compared to other parts of the country, might be reckoned exceedingly fruitful. Yet, if it be compared with the fields about Jericho, and to those that belong to Jerusalem, will appear to be of no account at all. And although it so falls out, that these people have but a very little of this sort of land, and that it is, for the main, mountainous also. Yet does it not come behind other parts, on account of its exceeding goodness and beauty? For which reason Joshua thought the land for the tribes should be divided by estimation of its goodness, rather than the largeness of its measure? It often happening that one acre of some sort of land was equivalent to a thousand other acres. Now the men that were sent, which were in number ten, traveled all about, and made an estimation of the land. And in the seventh month came to him to the city of Shiloh, where they had set up the tabernacle. So Joshua took both Eleazar and the Senate, and with them the heads of the tribes, and distributed the land to the nine tribes, and to the half-tribe of Manessa, appointing the dimensions to be according to the largeness of each tribe. So when he had cast lots, Judah had assigned him by lot the upper part of Judea, reaching as far as Jerusalem, and its breadth extended to the lake of Sodom. Now in the lot of this tribe, there were the cities of Escalon and Gaza. The lot of Simeon, which was the second, included that part of Itamiah, which bordered upon Egypt and Arabia. As to the Benjamites, their lot fell so, that its length reached from the river Jordan to the sea, but in breadth it was bounded by Jerusalem and Bethel, and this lot was the narrowest of all, by reason of the goodness of the land, for it included Jericho and the city of Jerusalem. The tribe of Ephraim had by lot the land that extended in length from the river Jordan to Gezer. But in breadth as far as from Bethel, till it ended at the Great Plain. The half-tribe of Manessa had the land from Jordan to the city of Dora, but its breadth was at Besham, which is now called Scythophilus. After these was Isacar, which had its limits in length, Mount Carmel and the river, but its limit in breadth was Mount Tabor. The tribe of Zebulon's lot included the land which lay as far as the lake of Genesereth, and that which belonged to Carmel and the sea. The tribe of Assar had that part which is called the valley, for such it was, and all that part which lay over against Siden. The city Acre belonged to their share, which is also called Actopus. The Nephilites received the Eastern parts as far as the city of Damascus and the Upper Galilee, unto Mount Libanus and the fountains of Jordan, which rise out of that mountain, that is out of that part of it whose limits belonged to the neighboring city of Acre. The Danites lot included all that part of the valley which respects the sun setting, and were bounded by Asetus and Dora, as also they had Jamnia and Goth, from Ekron to that mountain where the tribe of Judah begins. After this manner did Joshua divide the six nations that bear the name of the sons of Canaan, with their land, to be possessed by the nine tribes and a half, for Moses had prevented him and had already distributed to the land of the Amorites, which itself was so called, also from one part of the Sons of Canaan, to the two tribes and a half, as we have shown already, but the parts about Sidon, as also those that belong to the Archaites, and the Amathites, and the Arabians, were not yet regularly disposed of. But now was Joshua hindered by his age from executing what he intended to do, as did those that succeeded him in the government, take little care of what was for the advantage of the public, so he gave it in charge to every tribe, to leave no remainder of the race of the Canaanites in the land that had been divided to them by lot, that Moses had assured them beforehand, and they might rest fully satisfied about it, that their own security and their observation of their own laws depended wholly upon it. Moreover, he enjoined them to give 38 cities to the Levites, for they had already received 10 in the country of the Amorites, and three of these he assigned to those that fled from the Manslayers, who were to inhabit there, for he was very solicitous that nothing should be neglected which Moses had ordained. These cities were of the tribe of Judah, Hebron, of that of Ephraim, Shechem, of that of Nepheli, Kadesh, which is a place of the upper Galilee. He also distributed among them the rest of the prey not yet distributed, which was very great, whereby they had an affluence of great riches, both all in general, and everyone in particular, and this of gold and of vestments, and of other furniture, besides a multitude of cattle, whose number could not be told. After this was over, he gathered the army together to a congregation, and spake thus to those tribes that had their settlement in the land of the Amorites beyond Jordan, for 50,000 of them had armed themselves and had gone to war along with them. Since that God, who is the Father and Lord of the Hebrew nation, has now given us this land for a possession, and promised to preserve us in the enjoyment of it as our own forever. And since you have with alacrity offered yourselves to assist us when we wanted that assistance on all occasions, according to his command, it is but just, now all our difficulties are over, that you should be permitted to enjoy rest, and that we should trespass on your alacrity to help us no longer. That so, if we should again stand in need of it, we may readily have it on any future emergency. And not tire you out so much now as may make you slower in assisting us another time. We, therefore, return our thanks for the dangers you have undergone with us, and we do it not at all this time only. But we shall always be thus disposed, and be so good as to remember our friends, and to preserve in mind what advantages we have had from them, and how you have put off the enjoyments of your own happiness for our sakes, and have labored for what we now have, by the good will of God, obtained and resolved not to enjoy your own prosperity till you have afforded us that assistance. However you have by joining your labor with ours, gotten great plenty of riches, and will carry home with you much prey, with gold and silver, and what is more than all these, our good will towards you, and a mind willingly disposed to make a requital of your kindness to us. In what case, soever you shall desire it, for you have not omitted anything which Moses beforehand required of you, nor have you despised him because he was dead and gone from you, so that there is nothing to diminish that gratitude which we owe to you. We therefore dismiss you joyfully to your own inheritances, and we entreat you to suppose that there is no limit to be set to the intimate relation that is between us, and that you will not imagine because this river is interposed between us, that you are of a different race from us, and not Hebrews, for we are all the posterity of Abraham, both we that inhabit here, and you that inhabit there. And it is the same God that brought our forefathers and yours into the world, whose worship and form of government we are to take care of, which he has ordained, and are most carefully to observe, because while you continue in those laws, God will also show himself merciful and assisting to you, but if you imitate the other nations and forsake those laws, he will reject your nation. When Joshua had spoken thus, and saluted them all, both those in authority one by one, and the whole multitude in common, he himself stayed there where he was, but the people conducted those tribes on their journey, and that not without tears in their eyes, and indeed they hardly knew how to part one from the other. Now in the tribe of Reuben, and that of Gad, and as many of the menassas as followed them were passed over the river, they built an altar on the banks of Jordan, as a monument to posterity, and a sign of their relation to those that should inhabit on the other side. But when those on the other side heard that those who had been dismissed had built an altar, but did not hear with what intention they built it, but supposed it to be by way of innovation, and for the introduction of strange gods, they did not incline to disbelieve it. But thinking this defamatory report, as if it were built for divine worship, was credible. They appeared in arms, as though they would avenge themselves on those that built the altar, and they were about to pass over the river, and to punish them for their subversion of the laws of their country. For they did not think it fit to regard them on account of their kindred, or the dignity of those that had given the occasion. But to regard the will of God, and the manner wherein he desired to be worshiped, so these men put themselves in array for war. But Joshua and Eleazar, the High Priest, and the Senate, restrained them, and persuaded them first to make trial by words of their intention, and afterwards, if they found that their intention was evil, then only to proceed to make war upon them. Accordingly, they sent as ambassadors to them, Finneas the son of Eleazar, and ten more persons that were in esteem among the Hebrews, to learn of them what was in their mind. When upon passing over the river, they had built an altar upon its banks. And as soon as these ambassadors were passed over, and were come to them, and a congregation was assembled, Finneas stood up and said, that the offense they had been guilty of was of too heinous in nature to be punished by words alone, or by them only to be amended for the future. Yet that they did not so look at the heinousness of their transgressions as they have recourse to arms, and to a battle for their punishment immediately, but that, on account of their kindred, and the probability there was that they might be reclaimed, they took this method of sending an embassage to them. That when we have learned the true reasons by which you have been moved to build this altar, we may neither seem to have been too rash in assaulting you by our weapons of war, if it proved that you made the altar for justifiable reasons, and made then justly punish you if the accusation proved true. For we can hardly suppose that you, having been acquainted with the will of God, and have been hearers of those laws which he himself hath given us, now you are separated from us, and gone to that patrimony of yours, which you, through the grace of God, and that providence which he exercises over you, have obtained by lot, can forget him, and can leave that ark, and that altar which is peculiar to us, and can introduce strange gods, and imitate the wicked practices of the Canaanites. Now this will appear to have been a small crime if you repent now, and proceed no further in your madness. But pay a due reverence, too, and keep in mind the laws of your country.  For do not you imagine that, because you are got over the river, you are got out of the reach of God's power, you are everywhere in places that belong to him, and impossible it is to overrun his power, and the punishment he will bring on men thereby. But if you think that your settlement here will be any obstruction to your conversion to what is good, nothing need hinder us from dividing the land anew, and leaving this old land to be for the feeding of sheep. But you will do well to return to your duty, and to leave off these new crimes, and we beseech you by your children and wives, not to force us to punish you. Take therefore such measures in this assembly as supposing that your own safety and the safety of those that are dearest to you is therein concerned, and believe that it is better for you to be conquered by words, than to continue in your purpose and to experience deeds and war therefore. When Phineas had discourse thus, the governors of the assembly and the whole multitude began to make an apology for themselves, concerning what they were accused of, and they said that they neither would depart from the relation they bear to them, nor had they built the altar by way of innovation, that they own one in the same common God with all the Hebrews, and that the brazen altar which was before the tabernacle, on which they would offer their sacrifices, that as to the altar they had raised, on account of which they were thus suspected, was not built for worship, but that it might be a sign and a monument of our relation to you forever, and a necessary caution to us to act wisely and to continue in the laws of our country, but not a handle for transgressing them as you suspect, and let God be our authentic witness that this was the occasion of our building this altar. Once we beg you we'll have a better opinion of us and do not impute such a thing to us as would render any of the posterity of Abraham well worthy of perdition, in case they attempt to bring in new rights, and such as are different from our usual practices. When they had made this answer and Phineas had commended them for it, he came to Joshua and explained before the people what answer they had received. Now, Joshua was glad that he was under no necessity of setting them in array or of leading them to shed blood and make war against men of their own kindred, and accordingly he offered sacrifices of thanksgiving to God for the same. So Joshua after that dissolved this great assembly of the people and sent them to their own inheritances while he himself lived in Shechem. But in the 20th year after this when he was very old he sent for those of the greatest dignity of the several cities with those in authority and the senate and as many of the common people as could be present. And when they were come he put them in mind of all the benefits God had bestowed on them which could not be but a great many. Since from a low estate they were advanced to so great a degree of glory and plenty and exhorted them to take notice of the intentions of God which had been so gracious towards them and told them that the deity would continue their friend by nothing else but their piety and that it was proper for him now that he was about to depart out of this life to leave such an admonition to them and he desired that they would keep in memory this his exhortation to them. So Joshua when he had thus discourse to them died having lived 110 years 40 of which he lived with Moses in order to learn what might be for his advantage afterwards. He also became their commander after his death for 25 years. He was a man that wanted not wisdom nor eloquence to declare his intentions to the people but very eminent on both accounts. He was of great courage and magnanimity in action and in dangers and very sagacious in procuring the peace of the people and of great virtue at all proper seasons. He was buried in the city of Timnab of the tribe of Ephraim. About the same time died Eleazar the High Priest leaving the High Priesthood to his son Phineas. His monument also and Sepulchre are in the city of Gabbatha. End of Book 5 Chapter 1 Part 2 Book 5 Chapter 2 of the Antiquities of the Jews Volume 1 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Recording by Ann Boulet The Antiquities of the Jews Volume 1 by Flavius Josephus translated by William Whiston Book 5 Chapter 2 Chapter 2 How after the death of Joshua their commander the Israelites transgressed the laws of their country and experienced great afflictions. And when there was a sedition arisen the tribe of Benjamin was destroyed accepting only 600 men. After the death of Joshua and Eleazar Phineas prophesied that according to God's will they should commit the government to the tribe of Judah and that this tribe should destroy the race of the Canaanites for then the people were concerned to learn what was the will of God. They also took to their assistance the tribe of Simeon. But upon this condition that when those that had been tributary to the tribe of Judah should be slain they should do the like for the tribe of Simeon. But the affairs of the Canaanites were at this time in a flourishing condition. And they expected the Israelites with a great army at the city of Bezek having put the government into the hands of Adoni Bezek which name denotes the Lord of Bezek. For Adoni in the Hebrew language signifies Lord. Now they hoped to have been too hard for the Israelites because Joshua was dead. But when the Israelites had joined battle with them I mean the two tribes before mentioned they fought gloriously and slew above 10,000 of them and put the rest to flight. And in the pursuit they took Adoni Bezek who when his fingers and toes were cut off by them said nay indeed I was not always to lie concealed from God as I find by what I now endure while I have not been ashamed to do the same to 72 kings. So they carried him alive as far as Jerusalem and when he was dead they buried him in the earth and went on still in taking the cities. And when they had taken the greatest part of them they besieged Jerusalem and when they had taken the lower city which was not under a considerable time they slew all the inhabitants. But the upper city was not to be taken without great difficulty through the strength of its walls and the nature of the place. For which reason they removed their camp to Hebron and when they had taken it they slew all the inhabitants. There were till then left the race of giants who had bodies so large and countenances so entirely different from other men that they were surprising to the sight and terrible to the hearing. The bones of these men are still shown to this very day unlike to any credible relations of other men. Now they gave the city to the Levites as an extraordinary reward with the suburbs of two thousand cities but the land there too belonging they gave as a free gift to Caleb according to the injunctions of Moses. This Caleb was one of the spies which Moses sent into the land of Canaan. They also gave land for habitation to the posterity of Jericho the Mendianite who was the father-in-law to Moses for they had left their own country and followed them and accompanied them in the wilderness. Now the tribes of Judah and Simeon took the cities which were in the mountainous part of Canaan as also Escalon and Ashdod of those that lie near the sea but Gaza and Ekron escaped them for they living in a flat country and having a great number of chariots sorely galled those that attacked them. So these tribes when they had grown very rich by this war retired to their own cities and laid aside their weapons of war. But the Benjaminites to whom belonged Jerusalem permitted its inhabitants to pay tribute so they all left off the one to kill and the other to expose themselves to danger and had time to cultivate the ground. The rest of the tribes imitated that of Benjamin and did the same and contenting themselves with the tributes that were paid them permitted the Canaanites to live in peace. However the tribe of Ephraim when they besieged Bethel made no advance nor performed anything worthy of the time they spent and of the pains they took about that siege yet did they persist in it still sitting down before the city though they endured great trouble thereby. But after some time they caught one of the citizens that came to them to get necessaries and they gave him some assurances that if he would deliver up the city to them they would preserve him and his kindred. So he aware that upon those terms he would put the city into their hands. Accordingly he that thus betrayed the city was preserved with his family and the Israelites slew all the inhabitants and retained the city for themselves. After this the Israelites grew effeminate as to fighting any more against their enemies but applied themselves to the cultivation of the land which producing them great plenty and riches they neglected the regular disposition of their settlement and indulged themselves in luxury and pleasures. Nor were they any longer careful to hear the laws that belong to their political government where upon God was provoked to anger and put them in mind first how contrary to his directions they had spared the Canaanites and after that how those Canaanites as opportunity served used them very barbarously. But the Israelites though they were in heaviness at these admonitions from God yet were they still very unwilling to go to war and since they got large tributes from the Canaanites and were indisposed for taking pains by their luxury they suffered their aristocracy to be corrupt also and did not ordain themselves a senate nor any other magistrates as their laws had formerly required but they were very much given to cultivating their fields in order to get wealth which great indolence of theirs brought a terrible sedition upon them and they proceeded so far as to fight one against another from the following occasion there was a Levite a man of a vulgar family that belonged to the tribe of Ephraim and dwelled therein this man married a wife from Bethlehem which is a place belonging to the tribe of Judah now he was very fond of his wife and overcome with her beauty but he was unhappy in this that he did not meet with the like return of affection from her for she was averse to him which did more inflame his passion for her so that they quarreled one with another perpetually and at last the woman was so disgusted at these quarrels that she left her husband and went to her parents in the fourth month the husband being very uneasy at this her departure and that out of his fondness for her came to his father and mother-in-law and made up their quarrels and was reconciled to her and lived with them there four days as being kindly treated by her parents on the fifth day he resolved to go home and went away in the evening for his wife's parents were loved to part with their daughter and delay the time till the day was gone now they had one servant that followed them and an ass on which the woman rode and when they were near Jerusalem having gone already 30 furlongs the servant advised them to take up their lodging somewhere lest some misfortune should befall them if they traveled in the night especially since they were not far off enemies that season often giving reason for suspicion of dangers from even such as our friends but the husband was not pleased with this advice nor was he willing to take up his lodging among strangers for the city belonged to the Canaanites but desired rather to go 20 furlongs farther and so to take their lodgings in some Israelite city accordingly he obtained his purpose and came to Gebeah a city of the tribe of Benjamin when it was just dark and while no one that lived in the marketplace invited him to lodge with him there came an old man out of the field one that was indeed of the tribe of Ephraim but resided in Gebeah and met him and asked him who he was and for what reason he came thither so late and why he was looking out for provisions for supper when it was dark to which he replied that he was a Levite and was bringing his wife from her parents and was going home but he told him his habitation was in the tribe of Ephraim so the old man as well because of their kindred as because they lived in the same tribe and also because they had thus accidentally met together took him in to lodge with him now certain young men of the inhabitants of Gebeah having seen the woman in the marketplace and admiring her beauty when they understood that she lodged with the old man came to the doors as condemning the weakness and fewness of the old man's family and when the old man desired them to go away and not to offer any violence or abuse there they desired him to yield them up the strange woman and then he should have no harm done to him and when the old man alleged that the Levite was of his kindred and that they would be guilty of horrid wickedness if they suffered themselves to be overcome by their pleasures and so offend against their laws they despised his righteous admonition and lacked him to scorn they also threatened to kill him if he became an obstacle to their inclinations whereupon when he found himself in great distress and yet was not willing to overlook his guests and see them abused he produced his own daughter to them and told them that it was a smaller breach of the law to satisfy their lust upon her than to abuse his guests supposing that he himself should by this means prevent any injury to be done to those guests when they no way abated of their eagerness for the strange woman but insisted absolutely on their desires to have her he entreated them not to perpetrate any such act of injustice but they proceeded to take her away by force and indulging still more the violence of their inclinations they took the woman away to their house and when they had satisfied their lust upon her the whole night they let her go about daybreak so she came to the place where she had been entertained under great affliction at what had happened and was very sorrowful upon occasion of what she had suffered and just not look at her husband in the face for shame for she concluded that he would never forgive her for what she had done so she fell down and gave up the ghost but her husband supposed that his wife was only fast asleep and thinking nothing of a more melancholy nature had happened endeavored to raise her up resolving to speak comfortably to her since she did not voluntarily expose herself to these men's lusts but was forced away to their house but as soon as he perceived she was dead he acted as prudently as the greatness of his misfortunes would admit and laid his dead wife upon the beast and carried her home and cutting her limb by limb into 12 pieces he sent them to every tribe and gave it in charge to those that carried them to inform the tribes of those that were the causes of his wife's death and of the violence they had offered to her upon this the people were greatly disturbed at what they saw and at what they heard as never having had the experience of such a thing before so they gathered themselves to Shiloh out of a prodigious and a just anger and assembling in a great congregation before the tabernacle they immediately resolved to take arms and to treat the inhabitants of Gebea as enemies but the senate restrained them from doing so and persuaded them that they ought not so hastily to make war upon people of the same nation with them before they discourse them by words concerning the accusation laid against them it being part of their law that they should not bring an army against foreigners themselves when they appeared to have been injurious without sending an ambassador first and trying thereby whether they will repent or not and accordingly they exhorted them to do what they ought to do in obedience to their laws that is to send to the inhabitants of Gebea to know whether they would deliver up the offenders to them and if they deliver them up to rest satisfied with the punishments of those offenders but if they despise the message that was sent them to punish them by taking up arms against them accordingly they sent to the inhabitants of Gebea and accused the young men of the crimes committed in the affair of the Levites wife and required of them those that had done what was contrary to the law that they might be punished as having justly deserved to die for what they had done but the inhabitants of Gebea would not deliver up the young men and thought it too reproachful to them out of fear of war to submit to other men's demands upon them vaunting themselves to be no way inferior to any in war neither in their number nor in courage the rest of the tribe were also making great preparation for war for they were so insolently mad as also to resolve to repel force by force when it was related to the Israelites what the inhabitants of Gebea had resolved upon they took their oath that no one of them would give his daughter in marriage to a Benjamite but make war with greater fury against them than we have learned our forefathers made war against the Canaanites and sent out presently an army of 400,000 against them while the Benjamites army was 25,600 500 of whom were excellent at slinging stones with their left hands in so much that when the battle was joined at Gebea the Benjamites beat the Israelites and of them fell 2,000 men and probably more had been destroyed had not the night come on and prevented it and broken off the fight so the Benjamites returned to the city with joy and the Israelites returned to their camp in a great fright at what had happened on the next day when they fought again the Benjamites beat them and 18,000 of the Israelites were slain and the rest deserted their camp out of fear of a greater slaughter so they came to Bethel a city that was near their camp and fasted on the next day and besought God by Phineas the High Priest that his wrath against them might cease and that he would be satisfied with these two defeats and give them the victory and power over their enemies accordingly God promised them so to do by the prophesying of Phineas when therefore they had divided the army into two parts they laid the one half of them in ambush about the city of Gebea by night while the other half attacked the Benjamites who retiring upon the assault the Benjamites pursued them while the Hebrews retired by slow degrees as very desires to draw them entirely from the city and the other followed them as they retired till both the old men and the young men that were left in the city as too weak to fight came running out together with them as willing to bring their enemies under however when they were a great way from the city the Hebrews ran away no longer but turned back to fight them and lifted up the signal they had agreed on to those that laid in ambush who rose up and with a great noise fell upon the enemy now as soon as ever they perceived themselves to be deceived they knew not what to do and when they were driven into a certain hollow place which was in a valley they were shot at by those that encompassed them till they were all destroyed accepting 600 which formed themselves into a close body of men and forced their passage through the midst of their enemies and fled to the neighboring mountains and seizing upon them remain there but the rest of them being about 25,000 were slain then did the Israelites burn Gebea and slew the women and the males that were under age and did the same also to the other cities of the Benjamites and indeed they were enraged to that degree that they sent 12,000 men out of the army and gave them orders to destroy Gebesh Gilead because it did not join with them in fighting against the Benjamites accordingly those that were sent slew the men of war with their children and wives accepting 400 virgins to such a degree had they proceeded in their anger because they not only had the suffering of the Levites wife to avenge but the slaughter of their own soldiers however they afterwards were sorry for the calamity they brought upon the Benjamites and appointed a fast on that account although they suppose those men had suffered justly for their offense against the laws so they recalled by their ambassadors those 600 which had escaped these had seated themselves on a certain rock called Rimen which was in the wilderness so that ambassadors lamented not only the disaster that had befallen the Benjamites but themselves also by this destruction of their kindred and persuaded them to take it patiently and to come and unite with them and not so far as in them lay to give their sufferers to the utter destruction of the tribe of Benjamin and said to them we give you leave to take the whole land of Benjamin to yourselves and as much pray as you are able to carry away with you so these men was sorrow confessed that what had been done was according to the decree of God and had happened for their own wickedness and ascended to those that invited them and came down to their own tribe the Israelites also gave them the 400 virgins of Debesh Gilead for wives but as to the remaining 200 they deliberated about how they might compass wives enough for them and that they might have children by them and whereas they had before the war began taken an oath that no one would give his daughter to wife to a Benjamite some advised them to have no regard to what they had sworn because the oath had not been taken advisedly or judiciously but in a passion and thought that they should do nothing against God if they were able to save a whole tribe which was in danger of perishing and that perjury was then a sad and dangerous thing not when it is done out of necessity but when it is done with a wicked intention but when the senate was affrighted at the very name of perjury a certain person told them that he could show them away whereby they might procure the benjamites wives enough and yet keep their oath they asked him what his proposal was he said that three times in a year when we meet in Shiloh our wives and our daughters accompany us let them the benjamites be allowed to steal away and marry such women as they can catch while we will neither incite them nor forbid them and when their parents take it ill and desire us to inflict punishment upon them we will tell them that they were themselves the cause of what had happened by neglecting to guard their daughters and that they ought not to be over angry at the benjamites since that anger was permitted to rise too high already so the israelites were persuaded to follow this advice and decreed that the benjamites should be allowed thus to steal themselves wives so when the festival was coming on these 200 benjamites lay in ambush before the city by two and three together and waiting for the coming of the virgins in the vineyards and other places where they could lie concealed accordingly the virgins came along playing and suspected nothing of what was coming upon them and walked after in an unguarded manner so those that lay scattered in the road rose up and caught hold of them by this means these benjamites got them wives and fell to agriculture and took good care to recover their former happy state and thus was the tribe of the benjamites after they had been in danger of entirely perishing saved in the manner forementioned by the wisdom of the israelites and accordingly it presently flourished and soon increased to be a multitude and came to enjoy all other degrees of happiness and such was the conclusion of this war end of book five chapter two book five chapters three through five of the antiquities of the jews volume one this is a liber box recording all liber box recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit liberbox.org recording by Anne Boulet the antiquities of the jews volume one by Flavius Josephus translated by William Wiston book five chapters three through five chapter three how the israelites after this misfortune grew wicked and served the assyrians and how god delivered them by Othniel who ruled over the 40 years now it happened that the tribe of dan suffered in like manner with the tribe of benjamin and it came to do so on the following occasion when the israelites had already left off the exercise of their arms for war and were intent upon their husbandry the canaanites despised them and brought together an army not because they expected to suffer by them but because they had a mind to have a sure prospect of treating the Hebrews ill when they pleased and might thereby for the time to come dwell in their own cities the more securely they prepared therefore their chariots and gathered their soldierry together their cities also combined together and drew over to them ascalon and ekron which were within the tribe of juda and many more of those that lay in the plain they also forced the danites to fly into the mountainous country and left them not the least portion of the plain countries to set their foot on since then these danites were not able to fight them and had not land enough to sustain them they sent five of their men into the midland country to seek for a land to which they might remove their habitation so these men went as far as the neighborhood of mount libanus and the fountains of the lesser jordan at the great plain of syden a day's journey from the city when they had taken a view of the land and found it to be good and exceedingly fruitful they acquainted their tribe with it whereupon they made an expedition with the army and built there the city of dan of the same name with the son of jacob and of the same name with their own tribe the israelites grew so indolent and unready of taking pains that misfortunes came heavier upon them which also proceeded in part from their contempt of the divine worship for when they had once fallen off from the regularity of their political government they indulged themselves further in living according to their own pleasure and according to their own will till they were full of the evil doings that were common among the canaanites god therefore was angry with them and they lost that their happy state which they had obtained by innumerable labors by their luxury for when kushan king of the assyrians had made war against them they lost many of their soldiers in the battle and when they were besieged they were taken by force nay there were some who out of fear voluntarily submitted to him and though the tribute laid upon them was more than they could bear yet did they pay it and underwent all sort of oppression for eight years after which time they were freed from them in the following manner there was one whose name was othnil the son of kenaz of the tribe of juda an active man and of great courage he had an admonition from god not to overlook the israelites in such a distress as they were now in but to endeavor boldly to gain their liberty so when he had procured some to assist him in this dangerous undertaking and few they were who either out of shame at their present circumstances or out of a desire of changing them could be prevailed on to assist him he first of all destroyed that garrison which kushan had set over them but when it was perceived that he had not failed in his first attempt more of the people came to his assistance so they joined battle with the assyrians and drove them entirely before them and compelled them to pass over euphrates here upon othnil who had given such proofs of his valor received from the multitude authority to judge the people and when he had ruled over them forty years he died chapter four how our people served the moab bites eighteen years and were then delivered from slavery by one ihud who retained the dominion eighty years when othnil was dead the affairs of the israelites fell again into disorder and while they neither paid to god the honor due to him nor were obedient to the laws their afflictions increased till iglan king of the moab bites did so greatly despise them on account of the disorders of their political government that he made war upon them and overcame them in several battles and made them most courageous to submit and entirely subdue their army and ordered them to pay him tribute when he had built him a royal palace at jericho he omitted no method whereby he might distress them and indeed he reduced them to poverty for eighteen years but when god had once taken pity of the israelites on account of their afflictions and was moved to compassion by their supplications put up to him he freed them from the hard usage they had met with under the moab bites this liberty he procured for them in the following manner there was a young man of the tribe of benjamin whose name was ihud the son of gira a man of very great courage in bold undertakings and a very strong body fit for hard labor but best skilled in using his left hand in which was his whole strength and he also dwelled at jericho now this man became familiar with iglan and that by means of presence with which he obtained his favor and insinuated himself into his good opinion whereby he was also beloved of those that were about the king now when on a time he was bringing presence to the king and had two servants with him he put a dagger on his right thigh secretly and went into him it was then summertime and the middle of the day when the guards were not strictly on their watch both because of the heat and because they had gone to dinner so the young man when he had offered his presence to the king who then resided in a small parlor that stood conveniently to avoid the heat fell into discourse with him for they were now alone the king having bid his servants that attended him to go their ways because he had a mind to talk with ihud he was now sitting on his throne and fear seized upon ihud lest he should miss his stroke and not give him a deadly wound so he raised himself up and said he had a dream to impart to him by the command of god upon which the king leaped up out of his throne for joy of the dream so ihud smote him to the heart and leaving his dagger in his body he went out and shut the door after him now the king's servants were very still as supposing that the king had composed himself to sleep hereupon ihud informed the people of jericho privately of what he had done and exhorted them to recover their liberty who heard him gladly and went to their arms and sent messengers over the country that should sound trumpets of rams horns for it was our custom to call the people together by them now the attendance of iglan were ignorant of what misfortune had be fallen him for a great while but towards the evening fearing some uncommon accident had happened they entered into his parlor and when they found him dead they were in great disorder and knew not what to do and before the guards could be got together the multitude of the israelites came upon them so that some of them were slain immediately and some were put to flight and ran away toward the country of moab in order to save themselves their number was above 10 000 the israelites seized upon the ford of jordan and pursued them and slew them and many of them they killed at the ford nor did one of them escape out of their hands and by this means it was that the Hebrews freed themselves from slavery under the moabites ihud also was on this account dignified with the government over all the multitude and died after he had held the government 80 years he was a man worthy of commendation even besides what he deserved for the forementioned act of his after him sham got the son of anath was elected their governor but died in the first year of his government chapter five how the canaanites brought the israelites under slavery for 20 years after which they were delivered by barak and debra who ruled over them for 40 years and now it was that the israelites taking no warning by their former misfortunes to amend their manners and neither worshiping god nor submitting to the laws were brought under slavery by jabin the king of the canaanites and that before they had a short breathing time after the slavery under the moabites for this jabin out of hazor a city that was situated over the semeconitus and had in pay 300 footmen and 10 000 horsemen with fewer than 3000 chariots cesaro was commander of all his army and was the principal person in the king's favor he so sorely beat the israelites when they fought with him that he ordered them to pay tribute so they continued to that hardship for 20 years as not good enough of themselves to grow wise by their misfortunes god was willing also hereby the more to subdue their obscenity and ingratitude towards himself so when at length they were become penitent and were so wise as to learn that their calamities arose from their contempt of the laws they besought debra a certain prophetess among them which name in the Hebrew tongue signifies a be to pray to god to take pity on them and not to overlook them now they were ruined by the canaanites so god granted them deliverance and chose them a general barak one that was of the tribe of naftali now barak in the Hebrew tongue signifies lightning so debra sent for barak and made him choose out 10,000 young men to go against the enemy because god had said that that number was sufficient and promised them victory but when barak said that he would not be the general unless she would also go as a general with him she had indignation at what he said thou, oh barak, deliver us up meanly that authority which god hath given thee into the hands of a woman and i do not reject it so they collected 10,000 men and pitched their camp at mount tabor where at the king's command sissara met them and pitched his camp not far from the enemy where upon the israelites and barak himself were so affrighted at the multitude of those enemies that they were resolved to march off had not debra retained them and commanded them to fight the enemy that very day for that they should conquer them and god would be their assistance so the battle began and when they were come close to a fight there came down from heaven a great storm with a vast quantity of rain and hail and the wind blew the rain in the face of the canaanites and so darkened their eyes that their arrows and slings were of no advantage to them nor would the coldness of the air permit the soldiers to make use of their swords while the storm did not so much incommode the israelites because it came in their backs they also took such courage upon the apprehension that god was assisting them that they fell upon the very midst of their enemies and slew a great number of them so that some of them fell by the israelites some fell by their own horses which were put into disorder and not a few were killed by their own chariots at last sissara as soon as he saw himself beaten fled away and came to a woman whose name was jail a kenite who received him when he desired to be concealed and when he asked for something to drink she gave him sour milk of which he drank so unmeasurably that he fell asleep and when he was asleep jael took an iron nail and with a hammer drove it through his temples into the floor and when barok came a little afterward she showed sissara nailed to the ground and thus was this victory gained by a woman as debra had foretold barok also fought with javin at hazor and when he met with him he slew him and when the general was fallen barok overthrew the city to the foundation and was the commander of the israelites for 40 years end of book five chapters three through five book five chapters six and seven of the antiquities of the jews volume one this is a liber vox recording all liber vox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit libervox.org recording by ann boulet the antiquities of the jews volume one by flavius josephus translated by william wiston book five chapter six and seven chapter six how the midianites and other nations fought against the israelites and beat them and afflicted their country for seven years how they were delivered by gideon who ruled over the multitude for 40 years now when barok and debra were dead whose deaths happened about the same time afterwards the midianites called the amilokites and arabians to their assistance and made war against the israelites and were too hard for those that fought against them and when they had burnt the fruits of the earth they carried off the pray now when they had done this for three years the multitude of the israelites retired to the mountains and forsook the playing country they also made themselves hollows underground and caverns and preserved their in whatsoever had escaped their enemies for the midianites made expeditions in harvest time but permitted them to plow the land in winter that's so when the others had taken the pains they might have fruits for them to carry away indeed they're ensued a famine and a scarcity of food upon which they betook themselves to their supplications to god and beside him to save them gideon also the son of joosh one of the principal persons of the tribe of menesa brought his sheaves of corn privately and thrashed them at the wine press for he was too fearful of their enemies to thrash them openly in the thrashing floor at this time somewhat appeared to him in the shape of a young man and told him that he was a happy man and beloved of god to which he immediately replied a mighty indication of god's favor to me that i am forced to use this wine press instead of a thrashing floor but the appearance exhorted him to be of good courage and to make an attempt for the recovery of their liberty he answered that it was impossible for him to recover it because the tribe to which he belonged was by no means numerous and because he was but young himself and too inconsiderable to think of such great actions but the other promised him that god would supply what he was defective in and would afford the israelites victory under his conduct now therefore as gideon was relating this to some young men they believed him and immediately there was an army of 10,000 men got ready for fighting but god stood by gideon in his sleep and told him that mankind were too fond of themselves and were enemies to such as excelled in virtue now that they might not pass god over but ascribe the victory to him and might not fancy it obtained by their own power because they were a great many and able of themselves to fight their enemies but might confess that it was owing to his assistance he advised him to bring his army about noon in the violence of the heat to the river and to esteem those that bent down on their knees and so drank to be men of courage but for all those that drank tumultuously that he should esteem them to do it out of fear and as in dread of their enemies and when gideon had done as god had suggested to him there were found 300 men that took water with their hands tumultuously so god bid him take these men and attack the enemy accordingly they pitched their camp at the river jordan as ready the next day to pass over it but gideon was in great fear for god had told him beforehand that he should set upon his enemies in the night time but god being willing to free him from his fear bid him take one of his soldiers and go near to the midianites tents for that he should from that very place have his courage raised and grow bold so he obeyed and went and took his servant furah with him and as he came near to one of the tents he discovered that those that were in it were awake and that one of them was telling his fellow soldier a dream of his own and that so plainly that gideon could hear him the dream was this he thought he saw a barley cake such a one as could hardly be eaten by men it was so vile rolling through the camp and overthrowing the royal tent and the tents of all the soldiers now the other soldier explained this vision to mean the destruction of the army and told them what his reason was which made him so conjecture these that the seed called barley was all of it allowed to be the vilest sort of seed and that the israelites were known to be the vilest of all the people of asia agreeably to the seed of barley and that what seemed to look big among the israelites was this gideon and the army that was with him and since thou sayest thou didst see the cake overturning our tents I am afraid lest god hath granted the victory over us to gideon when gideon had heard this dream good hope and courage came upon him and he commanded his soldiers to arm themselves and told them of this vision of their enemies they also took courage at what was told them and were ready to perform what he should enjoy them so gideon divided his army into three parts and brought it out about the fourth watch of the night each part containing a hundred men they all bear empty pictures and lighted lamps in their hands that their onset might not be discovered by their enemies they had also each of them a ram's horn in his right hand which he used instead of a trumpet the enemy's camp took up a large space of ground for it happened that they had a great many camels and as they were divided into different nations so they were all contained in one circle now when the heavers did as they were ordered beforehand upon their approach to their enemies and on the signal given sounded the ram's horns and break their pictures and set upon their enemies with their lamps and a great shout and cried victory to gideon by god's assistance a disorder and fright seized upon the other men while they were half asleep for it was night time as god would have it so that a few of them were slain by their enemies but the greatest part by their own soldiers on account of the diversity of their language and when they were once put into disorder they killed all that they met with as thinking them to be enemies also thus there was a great slaughter made and as the report of Gideon's victory came to the israelites they took their weapons and pursued their enemies and overtook them in a certain valley encompassed with torrents a place which these could not get over so they encompassed them and slew them all with their kings oreb and zeb but the remaining captains led those soldiers that were left which were about 18 000 and pitched their camp a great way off the israelites however gideon did not grudge his pains but pursued them with all his army and joining battle with them cut off the whole enemy's army and took the other leaders zeba and zalmuna and made them captives now there were slain in this battle of the minyanites and of their auxiliaries the arabians about 120 000 and the hebrus took a great prey gold and silver and garments and camels and asses and when gideon was come to his own country of ophra he slew the kings of the midianites however the tribe of Ephraim was so displeased at the good success of gideon that they resolved to make war against him accusing him because he did not tell them of his expedition against their enemies but gideon as a man of temper and that excelled in every virtue pleaded that it was not the result of his own authority or reasoning that made him attack the enemy without them but that it was the command of god and still the victory belonged to them as well as those in the army and by this method of cooling their passions he brought more advantage to the hebrus than by the success he had against these enemies for he thereby delivered them from a sedition which was arising among them yet did this tribe afterwards suffer the punishment of this their injurious treatment of gideon of which we will give an account in due time here upon gideon would have laid down the government but was over persuaded to take it which he enjoyed 40 years and distributed justice to them as the people came to him in their differences and what he determined was esteemed valid by all and when he died he was buried in his own country of ophra chapter seven that the judges who succeeded gideon made war with the adjoining nations for a long time now gideon had 70 sons that were legitimate for he had many wives but he had also one that was spurious by his concubine druma whose name was abamelec who after his father's death retired to shake him to his mother's relations for they were of that place and when he had got money of such of them as were eminent for many instances of injustice he came with them to his father's house and slew all his brethren except jotham for he had the good fortune to escape and be preserved but abamelec made the government tyrannical and constituted himself a lord to do what he pleased instead of obeying the laws and he acted most rigidly against those that were patrons of justice now when on a certain time there was a public festival at shechem and all the multitude was there gathered together jotham his brother whose escape we before related went up to mount gurism which hangs over the city of shechem and cried out so as to be heard by the multitude who were attentive to him he desired they would consider what he was going to say to them so when silence was made he said that when the trees had a human voice and there was an assembly of them gathered together they desired that the fig tree would rule over them but when that tree refused to do so because it was contented to enjoy that honor which belonged peculiarly to the fruit it bear and not that which should be derived to it from abroad the trees did not leave off their intentions to have a ruler so they thought proper to make the offer of that honor to the vine but when the vine was chosen it made use of the same words which the fig tree had used before and excused itself from accepting the government and when the olive tree had done the same the briar whom the trees had desired to take the kingdom it is a sort of good wood for firing it promised to take the government and to be zealous in the exercise of it but that then they must sit down under its shadow and if they should plot against it to destroy it the principle of fire that was in it should destroy them he told them that what he had said was no laughing matter for that when they had experienced many blessings from Gideon they overlooked Abamelech when he overruled all and had joined with him in slaying his brethren and that he was no better than a fire himself so when he had said this he went away and lived privately in the mountains for three years out of fear of Abamelech a little while after this festival the Shechemites who had now repented themselves of having slain the sons of Gideon drove Abamelech away both from their city and their tribe whereupon he contrived how he might distress their city now at the season of vintage the people were afraid to go out and gather their fruits for fear Abamelech should do them some mischief now it happened that there had come to them a man of authority one Ga'al that sojourned with them having his armed men and his kinsmen with him so the Shechemites desired that he would allow them a guard during their vintage whereupon he accepted of their desires and so the people went out and Ga'al with them at the head of his soldiery so they gathered their fruit with safety and when they were at supper in several companies they then ventured to curse Abamelech openly and the magistrates laid ambushes in places about the city and caught many of Abamelech's followers and destroyed them now there was one Zabul a magistrate of the Shechemites that had entertained Abamelech he sent messengers and informed him how much Ga'al had irritated the people against him and excited him to lay ambushes before the city for that he would persuade Ga'al to go out against him which would leave it in his power to be revenged on him and when that was done he would bring him to be reconciled to the city so Abamelech laid ambushes and himself lay with them now Ga'al abode in the suburbs taking little care of himself and Zabul was with him now as Ga'al saw the armed men coming on he said to Zabul that some armed men were coming but the other replied they were only shadows of huge stones and when they were come nearer Ga'al perceived what was the reality and said they were not shadows but men lying in ambush then said Zabul does not thou reproach Abamelech for cowardice why does thou not then show how very courageous thou art thyself and go and fight him so Ga'al being in disorder joined battle with Abamelech and some of his men fell whereupon he fled into the city and took his men with him but Zabul managed his matters so in the city that he procured them to expel Ga'al out of the city and this by accusing him of cowardice in this action with the soldiers of Abamelech but Abamelech when he had learned that the Shechemites were again coming out to gather their grapes placed ambushes before the city and when they were coming out the third part of his army took possession of the gates to hinder the citizens from returning in again while the rest pursued those that were scattered abroad and so there was slaughter everywhere and when he had overthrown the city to the very foundations for he was not able to bear a siege and had sown its ruins with salt he proceeded on with his army till all the Shechemites were slain as for those that were scattered about the country and so escaped the danger they were gathered together unto a certain strong rock and settled themselves upon it and prepared to build a wall about it and when Abamelech knew their intentions he prevented them and came upon them with his forces and laid faggots of dry wood round the place he himself bringing some of them and by his example encouraging the soldiers to do the same and when the rock was encompassed round about with these faggots they set them on fire and threw in whatsoever by nature caught fire the most easily so a mighty flame was raised and nobody could fly away from the rock but every man perished with their wives and children in all about 1500 men and the rest were a great number also and such was the calamity which fell upon the Shechemites and men's grief on their account had been greater than it was had they not brought so much mischief on a person who had so well deserved of them and had they not themselves esteemed this as a punishment for the same now Abamelech when he had affrighted the Israelites with the miseries he had brought upon the Shechemites seemed openly to affect greater authority than he now had and appeared to set no bounds to his violence unless it were with the destruction of all accordingly he marched to Thebes and took the city on the sudden and there being a great tower therein where unto the whole multitude fled he made preparation to besiege it now as he was rushing with violence near the gates a woman threw a piece of a millstone upon his head upon which Abamelech fell down and desired his armor-bearer to kill him lest his death should be thought to be the work of a woman who did what he was bid to do so he underwent this death as a punishment for the wickedness he had perpetrated against his brethren and his insolent barbarity to the Shechemites now the calamity that happened to those Shechemites was according to the prediction of Jotham the army that was with Abamelech upon his fall was scattered abroad and went to their own homes now it was Jair the Galadite of the tribe of Manessa took the government he was a man happy in other respects also but particularly in his children who were of a good character they were thirty in number and very skillful in riding on horses and were interested with the government of the cities of Galad he kept the government twenty-two years and died an old man he was buried in Khamon, a city of Gilad and now all the affairs of the Hebrews were managed uncertainly and tended to disorder and to the contempt of God and of the laws so the Ammonites and the Philistines had them in contempt and laid waste the country with a great army and when they had taken all Piraea they were so insolent as to attempt to gain the possession of all the rest but the Hebrews being now amended by the calamities they had undergone they took themselves to supplications to God and brought sacrifices to him beseeching him not to be too severe upon them but to be moved by their prayers to leave off his anger against them so God became more merciful to them and was ready to assist them when the Ammonites had made an expedition into the land of Gilad the inhabitants of the country met them at a certain mountain but wanted a commander now there was one whose name was Japheth who both on account of his father's virtue and on account of that army which he maintained at his own expense was a potent man the Israelites therefore sent to him and entreated him to come to their assistance and promised him the dominion over them all his lifetime but he did not admit of their entreaty and accused them that they did not come to his assistance when he was unjustly treated and this in an open manner by his brethren for they cast him off as not having the same mother with the rest but born of a strange mother that was introduced among them by his father's fondness and this they did out of a contempt of his inability to vindicate himself so he dwelt in the country of Gilad as it is called and received all that came to him let them come from what place so ever and paid them wages however when they pressed him to accept the dominion and swear they would grant him the government over them all his life he led them to war and when Japheth had taken immediate care of their affairs he placed his army at the city of Mizpa and sent a message to the Ammonite king complaining of his unjust possession of their land but that king sent a contrary message and complained of the exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and desired him to go out of the land of the Amorites and yielded up to him as at first his paternal inheritance but Japheth returned this answer that he did not justly complain of his ancestors about the land of the Amorites and ought rather to thank them that they left the land of the Ammonites to them since Moses could have taken it also and that neither would he recede from that land of their own which God had obtained for them and they had now inhabited above 300 years but would fight with them about it when he had given them this answer he sent the ambassadors away and when he had prayed for victory and had vowed to perform sacred offices and if he came home in safety to offer in sacrifice what living creatures so ever should first meet him he joined battle with the enemy and gained a great victory and in his pursuit slew the enemies all along as far as the city of Minith he then passed over the land of the Ammonites and overthrew many of their cities and took their prey and freed his own people from that slavery which they had undergone for 18 years but as he came back he fell into a calamity no way corresponded to the great actions he had done for it was his daughter that came to meet him she was also an only child and a virgin upon this Japheth heavily lamented the greatness of his affliction and blamed his daughter for being so forward in meeting him for he had vowed to sacrifice her to God however this action that was to befall her was not ungrateful to her since she should die upon occasion of her father's victory and the liberty of her fellow citizens she only desired her father to give her leave for two months to bewail her youth with her fellow citizens and then she agreed that at the forementioned time he might do with her according to his vow accordingly when that time was over he sacrificed his daughter as a burnt offering offering such an oblation as was neither conformable to the law nor acceptable to God not weighing with himself what opinion the hearers would have of such a practice now the tribe of Ephraim fought against him because he did not take them along with him in his expedition against the Ammonites but because he alone had the prey and the glory of what was done to himself as to which he said first that they were not ignorant how his kindred had fought against him and that when they were invited they did not come to his assistance whereas they ought to have come quickly even before they were invited in the next place that they were going to act unjustly for while they had not courage enough to fight their enemies they came hastily against their own kindred and he threatened them that with God's assistance he would afflict a punishment upon them unless they would grow wiser but when he could not persuade them he fought with them with those forces which he sent for out of Gilad and he made a great slaughter among them and when they were beaten he pursued them and seized on the passages of Jordan by a part of his army which he had sent before and slew about 42,000 of them so when Jephtha had ruled six years he died and was buried in his own country Sabi which is a place in the land of Gilad now when Jephtha was dead Ibn Zahn took the government being of the tribe of Judah and of the city of Bethlehem he had 60 children 30 of them sons and the rest daughters all of whom he left alive behind him giving the daughters in marriage to husbands and taking wives for his sons he did nothing in the seven years of his administration that was worth recording or deserved a memorial so he died an old man and was buried in his own country when Ibn Zahn was dead after this manner neither did Helan who succeeded him in the government and kept it 10 years do anything remarkable he was of the tribe of Zabulan Abdon also the son of Hillel of the tribe of Ephraim and born at the city of Pyrethon was ordained their supreme governor after Helan he is only recorded to have been happy in his children for the public affairs were then so peaceable and in such security that neither did he perform any glorious action he had 40 sons and by them left 30 grandchildren and he marched in state with these 70 who were all very skillful in riding horses and he left them all alive after him he died an old man and obtained a magnificent burial in Pyrethon End of Book 5, Chapter 6 and 7