All right, I think we're live so the So YouTube tells us we do these so infrequently that they change the entire interface every time Between when we do them But hi everyone. Hello Well welcome to our live stream we we crossed the 30,000 Milestone with it was in early November. Yeah mid mid November. I think yeah mid November because we had a surprising big boost in one old video Just after Halloween and it wasn't a Halloween video, you know some of the Halloween video Oh, no, it was a Halloween video. It's true It was a different one that had a bit of a bump leading up to Halloween But the very next day, you know number first number first it stopped getting views unsurprisingly But then another one which was on magic suddenly the YouTube algorithm decided it loved that video and You know within a couple of weeks we had passed 30,000 subscribers As a result of that Which is amazing. Yeah, but then we realized we wanted to do a live stream But it was all happening so fast and it was just leading up to Christmas And we just didn't have time and then by the time we got around to it Which is now we're past 35,000. So thank you to everyone for being here and being part of the the channels Well, they've been around for the whole time or just recently joined us We really appreciate it It's been really exciting to see the numbers go up because it just means we might be able to you know reach more people and talk to more people So really this is just to celebrate that yes To give us an excuse to talk to people So why don't we start we I've got a couple other questions that people have already asked but I see one in the chat So why don't you start with that? All right It's I mean, it's not exactly a question. It's a request Do you want to read it out? Oh, right? So Paulina asked said, please do a collaboration with another channel Focuses on an emology called name explain that would be in country. Love your channel. Thank you so much Yes, I know a names claim. I know I know Patrick So that would be yeah, it is something we've talked about in the past But we haven't sort of gotten our we were so behind on one of our collaborations right now that I Heditate to take on another one because I feel it's bad We are so slow doing the videos That it's it's always a bit of a problem like Patrick is so fast with his he puts them out in such a quick turnaround Yeah, he gets out two three week now Yeah, so he keeps increasing So I feel like we would just be a weight around his neck But but maybe we'll manage to get ourselves together and get in touch. Thanks for the vote of reminder So if you have other questions or you just want to say hi, please go ahead and stick them in the chat I will try to monitor that and pass things on to Mark as we go But in the meantime I'll start with a couple that some people asked ahead of time So f oxford is the username started with what inspired you to start this channel? I Think I was writing blogs at the time and it just seemed to me to be a kind of Dying medium, I guess you know, I wasn't getting a lot of response to the to the blog posts and YouTube was right around then just starting to get big in the area of educational YouTube channels and I thought well, I could do that And I but I wanted to try and focus it a little bit I knew I want to want to talk about all kinds of you know linguistic historical linguistics kind of material and So I thought I wanted to come up with a specific hook That would be something that would be approachable and Popular and intriguing for people to learn a little more about and something that I would have no trouble coming up with You know new topics all the time And so I thought well, I can just do the etymology of words and but but I wanted to do something a little bit more In depth then just give the You know the the pure linguistic, you know more to origin I wanted to treat the history of language more broadly and You know do do a really I want to describe it I guess Think of the word I'm looking for radically a radically Historicized and radically a radical historical concept Contacts for it for the words so that it wasn't just a question of looking at a word in isolation because words don't exist in isolation words are tied to their meanings and they change over time because of lots of you know Changes In in the sort of cultural context So I wanted to sort of tell the the full story of how a word kind of evolves in its meaning over time So I You know that was that was the idea and it's it sort of kind of grew and expanded from you know these What were initially five to seven minute videos to now? hour-long, you know This very you know deep dive into the historical con you know context of The the concepts that these words refer to Yeah, I remember when we used to be really angsty about going over ten minutes and how like could we really do it? Could would that be okay if we made a video that was longer than ten minutes the last Major video you put it was an hour and seven that may have something to do with how our pace of production has slowed down You know might be that by the way, I didn't introduce myself I sort of forgot that you all know mark because mark does the channel and does the videos I'm his wife. My name is even and I help with production and work on them and we do podcast together So if anyone's here from the podcast You'll know me, but otherwise it suddenly realized that I'm just a random person in the picture That's why I say we because he's the face of the channel and the research and the script writer But I do a lot of other stuff all the stuff that isn't you know, that's fun So I'm acting is that here all right is that does that answer that question? And as I said do say hi in the chat if you want to just let us know Who's here because we can tell that there are people here, but we can't Can't see the names So same person asked which video is your favorite? My favorite is always the one I'm currently working on and it's so it it's constantly changing That's one of the things that I kind of discovered as I was working on on this channel is that I would get really obsessed with each new topic and I Why the videos get longer and longer, but I just can't stop myself from doing more and more and more and more research and so I spent a lot of time, you know kind of digging stuff up and I get as I say kind of obsessed with the topic and so that's always my favorite whenever you ask me It's gonna be which is the You know, which is the one I'm working on so right now the video that I'm Currently working on is a collaboration actually that is way overdue from When we said it was going to go out and and entirely my fault. It's not my collaborator fault whatsoever but I Don't even know how to express that clearly enough It does come out. Please. Yeah. He's been so patient with us. Yeah But the script is once again ballooning and there's a lot of neat stuff a lot of neat things in it So I'm looking forward to that. We have this dynamic where he comes out of his office to update me on what he's done That day and he tells me like when the writing is going good. He comes out. He says how many words he's hit and Part of me is you know good you've gotten the flow You're actually doing the work script is getting there and the other part of me is terrified because He always tells me how many words and I say well Have you got through the first section yet of 12 or whatever? Not quite actually and so the numbers just get so the longer it is the longer It's gonna take the post, you know, the actual production work is gonna take I look I find the long videos very very good, but I They do take a lot of time I Think my my favorite video. I'm just gonna say nobody asked me what I'm gonna tell you anyway is clue It's one of the most under Underwatched videos, I think one of our most underwatched it's about the origin of the word clue And I'm only saying that I'm saying that in spite of the fact that I have a voice cameo in it Or a couple voice cameos in it and they're not good cameos, but I really like the the connection with murder mysteries and Ancient myth and and fingerprints, which is all I'll tell you about it, but so that's one of my favorites I Would like to point out that Lisa Has just signed up for your origins of English event. Hey Welcome, so I would like you to now explain what that is. All right Let's pull up the details here so I can Give all the exact information correctly. So there's a new kind of startup company that Started was with last year sometime or earlier than that. I don't know It's yeah, it's fairly new but I don't really know what and I I found out about it So it's called speakeasy and I found out about it from a fellow youtuber Andrew Mark Henry of religion for breakfast and he's been doing these these seminars these online seminars through them And what they do is they organize all the technical stuff the ticketing all of the you know Difficult part and all the all the presenter has to do is you know, write the material and Present the course and it's interactive. They're not just lecturers. They're they're sort of you know workshops or yeah They're done on zoom. So it's it's a two-way You know kind of seminar with a fairly small class with a small class size and lots of interaction So So I thought wow that sounds like a neat thing You know, I could certainly do do come up with with topics for that so This is gonna be my first one. It's called the origins of English learning to think like an etymologist And it runs for four weeks for one-hour sessions starting on March 4th And it will take place at 4 p.m Pacific which is 7 p.m. Eastern and you will have to calculate all the others And basically each week what I'm going to do is Present an etymological puzzle. I'm gonna give you some information some some you know examples you know little clues and Kind of steer you towards solving the this sort of historical linguistic You know conundrum And by which you will then have kind of rediscovered for yourself something that famous Historical linguists have done in the past and so they'll figure out something about the way the etymology works The way that languages are connected And so each week we'll cover a different sort of divided into basically four fundamental principles that that you really need to to understand to to know how etymology works And so we will collectively collaboratively solve these puzzles each week and By the end of it, you'll be thinking a little bit more like an etymologist So yeah, this is our first time. I'm where I say we mark's doing it I'm just promo person but Where you know if it goes well and if people attend and we're able to make it work then we will Hopefully repeat it and maybe make some more courses too. That's the plan and I'm gonna be very like honest here This is these are paid they do cost money. So it's different than the videos You know, we put out the videos in the podcast for free and that will always be true but one of the reasons that It takes so long for us to put out videos is partly because mark has other another job Teaching because you know the videos don't pay for themselves Teaching in a university. Yeah, and There if he could put more time into the videos we would and but to be able to do that they have to pay better and To be able to pay better we have to have more time to put into them So, you know, not to be sordid and talk about money But we understand that not everyone's going to be able to do this these courses because they do cost money and we're sorry about that Hopefully this is just a different venue Well, they'll always be the free material and then this will be this that has to has to cost something do because otherwise It's we can't spend the time on it But we're hoping that those of you who are able to do it will enjoy it and it will give you a different kind of Interaction so yeah, you can oh Go to our website I don't want to put the link in the chat right now, but if you go to alliterative net It's right on the same right there if you're interested and it'll be a small group of people It's the 10 or 12 people. I think this 12 is the limit. So it'll be hopefully fun and I just wanted to note that a couple of other people Mentioned or Andrew said he wanted to go The I don't know if it's if you can't come because of the timing or for other reasons If this works, okay, we will do more at a different time. Yeah. Yeah, so this particular course will be Reoffered and but also new new courses, you know, I played playing around with some other ideas, too so there'll be lots more and Jacob hi Jacob. Yes long-time podcast listener, and I think we've possibly interacted on Twitter before or I've seen your name anyway What video podcast episode did you learn the most creating or took you most in the most unexpected direction as you researched it? I mean they all kind of take me in unexpected directions if they don't you don't do that topic. Yeah Bellini was kind of Surprising and interesting because you know it started off with a cocktail and took me into the world of Renaissance art patronage which you know You know who could have predicted that So that was a surprising one I'm gonna leap in for a moment and say that in some ways this seems like a cop-out, but Our bread episode of our podcast a long time ago. I Knew lots of stuff about bread and it's bread and beer I knew some of it, but there was a whole world of like what ancient beer and bread really were like and how this sort of assumptions I had about how yeast and Brewing and things like that worked were not true So preparing for that podcast I learned some stuff But I actually learned a whole bunch of stuff and conversations that came out afterwards about beer in particular about ancient beer and like thinking about How it differed from modern beer, so I think that's actually one of the ones it's a long time ago now that I learned a lot about All the color ones were good too. Yep Lots of color ones also in terms of unexpected all the the ones that I did on intellectual property So there was you know three is the series of three videos not all done together that sort of spread out in time, but You know each one Takes on a different area of intellectual property one is patents one is copyright and one is trademarks and It wasn't really planned as a series. I just you know started with a word So the first one I started with the word bug and it's very surprisingly took me to the area of You know of patents And after I you know done that one I thought well, you know, I'll keep my eye out You never know if I'll run across a word that could somehow tie into You know one of the other areas intellectual property and you know amazingly I did Yeah speaking of underwatched videos Yeah, I mean not all of them there did some of them are I think the ones actually The ones I really feel have been the least watched that I think were really fascinating where the average episodes Yes, three separate videos on probability math on a lot of math kind of history in there a lot of lots of stuff I didn't know anything about about Insurance and things but again, it's hard to make it's hard to make the word average seem really exceptional Strangely enough and I think was a mistake to divide it into three though at the time it fit our production cycle Yeah, but now it's even the three together are still shorter than many of your videos So fair number of people have seen the first of them, but not the second and third which is too bad anyway So thank you for your question Jacob Lisa also asked if We know Doug Harper from Edam online. We know of Edam online I know of of him I think I may have once or twice chatted with him on his Facebook page, but I don't I don't particularly know him It does fairly important work. Yes. Yeah, I mean, it's amazing. It's an amazing Achievement for one individual to have been able to create that because usually dictionary projects are you know, they involve They're usually time-intensive and usually involve a you know, whole team working at it what he's managed to do on you know, basically zero budget and Just within you know him as the only research is Just incredible and that's at him on line For if anybody you don't know it in terms of resources if you have us and I wonder what this word is from that's always the place to go I mean it works very it comes a lot of it comes out of the OED Which is good because the Oxford English Dictionary is you have to pay to access it if you don't have an institutional access and Whereas Edam online is free. He has a Patreon or something he doesn't which we support But it's free and it doesn't always go into as much depth, you know, I mean or whatever, but it it has an amazing amount of resources Andrew I won't read out your nice comment, but thank you very much for I'm glad you've enjoyed the podcast in the channel Very kind words And Yeah, I hope maybe we get to meet you, you know meet you every day I feel much more comfortable saying meet people when we're just gonna talk about online now now that all my interactions with family and friends are The same Hi Dan, I didn't lose out a friend of ours Okay, so Dan asked Did your plural experience on YouTube impact? How do you move to teaching online? If so, how? That's a good question. So just to give you the context I'm sure you all know this but when the pandemic hit our university like most of them pivoted to online. We were given a 12 hours notice to go online. We were told at noon Maybe 14 hours notice. We told a noon on a Thursday that we were gonna be online as a Friday morning So it was very and we had no time off. So yeah Glad yeah, I mean it certainly had it helped me to hit the ground running Absolutely, because I knew that there was already a wealth of material a Really high quality educational material online And so I knew that I could you know lean heavily on that to to kind of supplement the experience Because just hearing you know just having a talking head Lecturing on a screen at you is not great And and so you either want to make sure that you make it very interactive Or you want to if you just need to get information across then you want to have videos that have some, you know decent production values So that they're engaging and interesting so And all the technological side, you know, I was already Ready to go with I had lights Yeah lights microphones We never we've just both used our webcams.  But yeah, it did help it did help that up. Well, and I found for instance I immediately pivoted to just doing some really short lectures We only had had a few weeks of class that we had to finish out before and then we've been teaching online this year as well But I in the spring I immediately pivoted to short little tiny lectures Their versions of what I had what's going to do and then giving them a bunch of stuff And I did those and up you uploaded them to YouTube because I knew it would give them a transcript And I knew how to do that so like even very simple things like that My lot of my colleagues didn't know how to do that and why should they but but that was helpful and I for me I was teaching a course this past fall on myth that I had never taught what hadn't taught before in 15 years and I didn't have a tech didn't have a textbook chosen so I chose knowing the YouTube educational space the way I did I was able to actually use a whole bunch of really good short videos to as my Readings for this introductory myth course, which I then recorded lectures around and gave them Supplement of material etc. Etc. But I was able to use that instead of requiring them to buy a textbook Because I knew enough to be able to be confident That there was decent stuff out there and to be able to sort of tell what was decent and what wasn't quite easily And I think that made gave me a lot more comfort. It wasn't even knowing a Ten more than they did it just then my colleagues did it was feeling more comfortable with that This wasn't a scary thing to do. It was okay to let students go on the go on the YouTube and without it You know devolving into horror and if you are looking for you know other good Educational content out there. I can recommend, you know any anyone who is a part of we create edu It's a collective of educational youtubers and you know They're all very dedicated And you know produce high quality stuff. So, you know, there's there's There's channels on you know just about any topic you might be looking for you can find some of it We aren't very good at sort of having a member list of easily available But if you go to you're on Twitter for instance, you go to we create edu on on Twitter There's a list like it that the Twitter has a list of educators and that's some not all of them but a lot of them Well, and they're the playlists Yeah, if you go to the YouTube channel to create edu YouTube channel has a bunch of playlists of people. So yeah, if you're interested in all sorts of topics not just ours Um, all right, I'm I've just realized that we failed utterly to do something important for this live stream Yeah, because night doc night doc door night doc or probably Asked hi watch the videos and listen to the podcast What's been your favorite cocktail paired with the podcast is there a drink you later? That would be perfect for a topic and I've just realized we don't have a drink I think it's because it's only three here and I just quite hadn't moved on to The afternoon but that was mistake. So let's ask about cocktails and then I might run off to Get ourselves a drink Favorite podcast cocktail We've certainly had a bunch that I would never have had Except that their name was rough, you know relevant to a podcast So if you don't listen to the podcast we always if we're just having a chat anyway, if it's just us we Have a cocktail that we pair with the topic and drink that Try it at the beginning Otherwise, there's you know any of the cocktails That I you know looked at the etymology of the name I'm quite fascinated by how cocktails get named And some of those names have really interesting histories. So last year I did video about the the Manhattan cocktail and which also happened to be one of my favorite cocktails and That they made it a really interesting video and I have a bunch of material left over from the research for that And so I'm trying to figure out how to use it But I have easily enough for another, you know big episode about all the other New York boroughs So yeah, there's cocktails named after a bunch of boroughs. Yeah, mm-hmm. I Don't know. I don't know which one I'm trying to I can't remember all of the names Of them because sometimes we really do have to kind of stretch to find the names I wish I had if I had them in front of me, I'd be able to say better I will say that the Americano is was a cocktail that I didn't know before I mean, that's a very straightforward cocktail But I didn't know the Americano before we had it when you did the Manhattan episode Another at the negroni episode right and it's become quite a go-to like I really it's like just as a It's a tall drink with Removing compari and soda and it's just it's very nice. Yeah, if you want a nice refreshing drink to drink and you know Like it's great in the summer, you know, like a hot afternoon, but that isn't too boozy It's it's really good So I'm just gonna keep going because we're we're talking too much and getting very behind Lisa I'm not quite sure how the recording the classes would work I remember something like that coming up with speakeasy, but we'll have to talk to them about how that will work if people aren't able to attend one of the Sessions, but we are gonna run them at different times. So if this particular time, I know but if somebody signed up Someone's already signed up. Yeah, we'll have to find that out. We'll figure that out. Yeah. Yeah, that's a good point Thanks, Malik Sam could you do a quick summary for those of us just joining? I'm not sure what a summary of what of where we're at We're just answering questions, but maybe of the speakeasy talk, which is just a series of seminars about the history of English and etymology that's gonna be four courses and Thursdays from March 4th Onward and if you're interested go to our website alliterative.net and it's there's a splash right on the front page That will give you a link to follow up if you're interested in hanging out with Mark and talking about etymology for Thursdays and in March I've already lost. Yes Oh, hi mythology with Mike speaking of videos I used in my classes and another We create edu member. So go check out mythology from mythology Ivan skate Jorgensen Jorgensen to what extent has gene tracing or genealogy helped the linguist or do linguists to primarily use history books It's it certainly has it provided important information. In fact, that's something that I'm kind of working on right now for the this video that I'm working on is I mean, there are many ways that languages can Can spread The the sort of obvious way is my through migration and so that's where having Genetic information can be useful. So if you see a whole population migrating From one one region to another you can assume that they're you know, therefore bringing their language with them But that's not the only way that that language is move So in the case of and so here's a really good test case In Britain It's always been a huge question as to whether the the English language which you know came as a variety of dialects From northern kind of Europe Germanic dialects like the you know Different groups like the angles the Saxons the Jutes and so forth They came to Britain the island of Britain, which was at that point You know, the the main language there was a Celtic language and But it's always been a question as to is this a large-scale migration of people or is this a small Small troop of elites of Warriors who came and basically took over power but not necessarily replace the the population that was already there and Recent genetic information is suggesting and now that in fact there. There probably wasn't a huge migration Because the the genetic Population seems to have been quite stable And so in other words the people who were there the the originally Celtic speakers were absorbed Culturally even though they were not replaced You know in terms of the genetic record So the people of Britain are largely those you know earlier inhabitants But because the Anglo-Saxons Jutes so forth because they came And took over through military force and had a dominant culture the the Celtic language disappeared with very little trace but the You know and and the Germanic based You know languages that became English Kind of took over so yeah Linguists are now more and more looking at genetic information as As an addition to you know the The written you know textual information that survives, but it's useful for periods where there is you know Not a lot of you know surviving text and so if you only have things like you know genetic data to base it on You know, it's better than nothing Yeah, thank you. So this is a gin and tonic made with the metamorphosis indigo gin, so it's What is it called butterfly pea powder or butterfly pea in it? That's the flower PEA Fly pea People are in it and that's it's blue and it turns pink when you add anything with acid in it. So cheers. Cheers All right, let me catch up here Andrew yes, we send us emails and We do answer questions, but very slowly. We're very slow at answering questions on email I'm sorry I think it's partly because we both use the same that email address and therefore think the other person's gonna answer it So, yes, we do happy to get questions by email But I will admit now that it's not the fastest way to get an answer from us But send us things if you're interesting if you're just didn't ask you that stuff No, Dan, I did we did not set the camera up with the bar in the background when we were teaching our classes because I've set mines up so that you can see like just junk in my basement because I feel it's more professional than our bar We have a home bar. It's very nice, but does not feel like it sets the right tone for my classes So Nikos, thank you very much greetings to Greece and Thank you radar For the congratulations Appreciate you being here There are many cool connections just getting avian languages and I think that's one of these kind of under Not not that you never talk about it, but but we haven't done that other than rune We haven't done that many that have sort of focused on some of the Norse and because Scandinavian Connections in the interesting topic to talk more about well, and I studied old Norse as a graduate student So, you know, I love doing Norse related things And it's it's sometimes harder to for you know, unless you know old Norse already To spot the words in English that actually came from old Norse Because you know, it's they're both very closely related old English and old Norse they're both Germanic languages Which means you can find more distant connections between The you know words that go back to a common proto-Germanic root But there are some really interesting words that came into Into English either from old Norse directly or the ones that I really get excited about are the ones that come into English from Norman from from French because of the the influx of vocabulary Into French from the the Normans and then they brought it with them to England So yeah every now and then I run into some of those and I like those And St. Augustine by the way, I said hello from Turkey, which is very impressive Thank you And yes, we're happy to answer like talk about etymologies to I mean we may not be able to answer them in the moment, but you never know Thank You Leland Apparently the The stream wanted to hide the word cocktails in case it was bad. I appreciate them keeping Keeping us safe, but that is entertaining. Thank you. I mean, I am Yeah, Thoran Thurs my mythology with Mike says Thoran Thursday have connections, but that's a bit it for old Norse I mean old Norse is not one of the more commonly studied languages in general so All right. Well, here's that a logical question then all right How did court come to mean an ancient royal advising body a modern legal judgment body and a sort of old-fashioned romantic verb Along with being a zoology term for similar idea Go It's from Latin Let me put this together it probably came through French So I'm guessing there's a lot of Anglo-Norman implications for all of those things What Latin would it would it be from from the Latin word would be Because I'm not actually coming up with that immediately Whatever comes from Hortus court Not sure about that. No, it might it wouldn't come from Hortus. It might come the same thing Now we're gonna watch this in action Grab one of the mini dictionaries and Co-horus that's Yeah, the word co-horus means group of people part of an army Surroundings so a lot of those things are connected with you know Anglo-Norman customs and laws You know and that's that's also presumably the the romantic one as well courtly love Again, that would come from Anglo-Norman because you know the of the French tradition of Love poetry Connected specifically to royal court to royal court. Yeah. Yeah, so do you think that's where the word to court comes from? There's a verb Yeah, we guess so probably that connection through courtly love and then the zoological thing just comes from people the analogy to people That's I mean, I don't think that's hard to figure out the and then the judgment The legal again from from England. So English law is based very heavily on Anglo-Norman law the the existing legal system of the the during the old English period Was pretty thoroughly replaced by Norman legal Institutions So a lot of that vocabulary therefore comes from French from physically from Anglo-Norman French and the important point there is that the royal court was also the place you'd had judgment Yeah, you know when when royalty was also the judges. So that would make sense. I think Yes Consider a collaboration with Jackson Crawford that is somebody else whom we don't know and we need to reach out to at some I watch his channel If you don't know Jackson Crawford he Does he does old Norse stuff? But it has this awesome, you know Western cowboy element cowboy vibe to it, which is really cool. And I think it's it's a really good comparison To to the you know the world of Iceland yeah, he does not he does like language stuff But also sometimes about the sagas and things like that, right? Yeah. Yeah, that's somebody we should if we ever get this one collab done We keep in a list here need Patrick and Jackson Crawford for sure I mean, there's a number of other people I'd love to do collabs with we just Yeah, I think he does talk about mythology too Yes, only members of better myths is hat. Yeah, that's fair enough Why is to be a sublita verb there you go I'm going straight into the linguistics here from King Kingsley And it is in so many languages So this is you know, there's a tell them what a sublita verb So sublita verb is a is a you know an irregular verb that is irregular by virtue of the fact that It's made up of what were initially many different verbs So that you know the the present tense may be from one verb originally and the past tense Could all be forms from a completely different Unrelated verbs so that's why in English you have you know in the present tense is but in the past tense was You know, where did that W come from? Well, it's because they were two different verbs originally But it's even more than that you can have it be sublita even in one tense even in one tense So in in is that true in English is am from a different root than is no, okay? Because that is in in Latin you have that you have the sum and you have the ss and the sumus actually Are they the same? Okay, so it's only the sum is actually it there's a really complicated set of sound changes That I recently I don't know why I was looking looking up Where how that formed and but you can actually do it you can actually run through the Sumis and sunt because I always When I talk to my students s you it's three of them. I see you and then the others are yes Yeah, but it's the s. That's the that's where the root is so it's it's surprising But yeah, they're all but then the past and the the perfect Set of yeah is a different verb. Yeah, yeah, so And you have to be you have the the bear form. It's a different one, too So be yes, it's one verb. Yeah, be and the w forms and the the The vowel the valley ones and so why so why to why is to be like that in so many languages? I mean, it's always hard to answer the why but I think the These I mean we know that these were all separate verbs at one point that were used separately They had similar meanings and I think The reason why is very likely connected to the fact that they are super common words That's where you get these you don't get them with the uncommon words What happens with uncommon words is they have a tendency to regularize. So if you don't use a word very often You're it's harder to remember all the different forms And so you'll you're likely to maybe forget and then just sort of come up with Something that based on the bit that fits the normal pattern just based on what you do remember And so they tend to become more and more regular over time Whereas words that you use a lot Really stick in your memory and so they tend to change very little so You have a tendency therefore for the for the really common ones to to be unusual to be irregular and The common ones to become more and more regular over time I'm not sure you said that's right anyway the uncommon one common ones become more regular the common ones Yes, yes, yes the uncommon ones before become more regulated common ones Maintain their irregularity over time. They're they're resistant to change the podcast Lingthusiasm just recently was talking about this in part. They were really talking the most recent episode was about Imperative the imperative form but they got into a little discussion of Supply to verbs and the verb to be and its irregularities and so many languages that you might find interesting they were talking about how You see this was children in the same way that imperatives tend to be short because we use them to children all the time and so They need to stay simple because there's some of the first forms verb forms that children learn Stop being a really early verb form you use with children for instance sit down stay there Don't touch, you know, they learn those fast and that's why imperatives tend to be short and simple in terms of compared to other Verb forms in a language and then they got into a little side discussion of the verb to be anyway I'd recommend that podcast if you don't know it Lingthusiasm um, all right Let me catch up here the chat keeps getting away from me Um, what can you tell us about your own accents? I've been wondering about that Canadian I'm canada yeah, we're both from Ottawa and so our accents are Canadian just sort of middle of the road Ontario accents, but and I forget that that doesn't sound normal to American ears because American accent sounds so normal to our ears That's about cultural transmission. Yeah, we have a fair amount of Canadian raising in our Our dialect. Yeah And there's and some dialectal variants like uses of words that are either Canadian or British Dan just said that he remembers the first video he watched and Mark said something without in it and I was just like holy He is extremely Canadian. Where's this guy? Yes, Dan is also Canadian. So but It's funny because I again, I tend not to notice it and I tend not to be able to good at spotting other Canadians Did you think I'd be better at but Uh, can you tell Mike the etymology of wicked? Wicked I'm sure probably not just wick Quick look that up I'm thinking right Lisa brings up the good example of regularization that sheared has moved into the space of shorn from to shear a sheep Shorn is it's it's perfectly for fine strong verb, but it's been come regularized to The Oh, it is. Oh, that's interesting.  Yeah, so wicked is related to which That's pretty straightforward. Um, so which which like which like, yeah Which is itself related. Well, go watch the work the video on Magic no, uh, maybe you talk a bit about in that, but I feel like you talk about it in weird Don't you talk about it in weird? maybe This is the trouble with videos with lots of connections. I think I went into it in more detail in magic though Okay, I feel like maybe we talked about it in the podcast about about weird But no magic. It's in magic for sure I'll look that up.    Yeah, I think it's It's it's become a weak verb. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. No, nobody says chat anymore Uh, unless they've tried to be very intentionally funny. I think they might do that, but yeah Oh, Lisa's in Toronto. Oh, there you go We're only four hours north of you we're up in Sudbury So that won't mean anything to anyone who's not in canada, but She'll know Um, I've heard language gets simpler over time. This is uh, an elite. I am I've heard language gets simpler over time in vocab and grammar rules Does this Change its expressiveness to people 100 a thousand 2000 2000 years ago have the same amount of expressiveness as us It doesn't necessarily get simpler overall but certain Aspects of language can Have a tendency to become simpler Specifically when you have two language groups in contact Um So, you know that can especially if there's heavy influence from one to the other So for instance english, uh, the the inflectional system of english became You know has gone in this process of becoming simpler and simpler and simpler to the point where we use very few inflections in modern english Meaning the changes of changing the the forms of words now The way that you tell, you know, the grammar in modern english is all about the order you put the words But if you if you have a language in which The the grammar works through changing the forms of the words rather rather than the order of the words You know that requires, uh, a speaker to know all those different forms And so specifically as a result of english coming into heavy contact with old norse because of the scandinavian Settlement in the northern part of england The two languages their roots were very similar because they're closely related germanic languages So you could always kind of tell what the other person was saying, uh, you know in the stem of the word But the endings were all wrong, you know, if they if they spoke the other one Um, and so they just dropped the endings. Um, and started to rely on word order And started to rely more on word order to tell what was going on So there are certain things that do simplify in certain contexts over time now Does that make modern english less expressive than old english? I don't think so, but we have to, uh, express ourselves in different ways yeah, I mean it's an ongoing complicated question and one that's open to I think a lot of, um, sort of, uh Impressionistically good, but not necessarily very rigorous answers where you can sort of feel like Oh, this is more true or that true, you know Um, languages that don't mark for tense does that mean they can't talk about time? Well, no, it doesn't mean that Does it mean it changes the degree to which they do maybe but this is an ongoing like discussion but uh, one of the things I think That I think is interesting is I think it might be a little bit like that study that they've done on language speed So I can't I don't remember the details of that like I can't refer you to the study right now but they've studied a number of different languages where You know some languages the words are really long some white languages the words are really short Some languages you have to say there's a lot of grammatical particles So you have to stick a lot of extra words in to get your grammatical intent across others you don't and therefore you might think that they are Take, you know some some words take longer to say so if you have the same amount of Information to impart it might take longer to get Look like it would take longer to get but they've done studies and said basically the amount of information If you counted it in bits the amount of information you get across In the certain amount of time in most languages is pretty much the same regardless of how different the languages look at If you look if you look at them and in terms of word length or speed of speech or phonemes or any of that Basically the same amount of information is conveyed By a language by its speaker speaking at a normal rate in every language, you know Within some variants. So I suspect that the same sort of thing is true of what we talk about like languages simplify sure but certain elements simplify others will you know our English grammar is much more simple than old English grammar in some ways our range of vocabulary is huge The English language has a vocabulary that an old English speaker couldn't dream of having Now do we need to use every single one of those words? No, but we have a whole bunch of options So, you know, one thing may become simpler another thing may become more complex So I don't I don't know how you quantify it in such a way that you could really do a study the same way but My guess might be that it goes that way Um Oh, here's a question from professor Newman. What do you think about the internet practice of intentional misspelling for humor? Like for example stonks or the weaving numbers into things like le I can't you can't read these things out leet l 3 3 t right or is this the downfall of english as we know it Or is this the downfall of english as we know it or find evolution? This has been going on forever. I mean, uh The word okay comes from a deliberate A joke a deliberate misspelling of the word of the words all correct But spelling it with spelling it as o l and correct starting with a k This happened in the 19th century And it is now become the probably the most widely spread word in the world being borrowed into so many different languages And you know, if you look at Medieval manuscripts the way that they do abbreviations, you know, they do all kinds of things to you know, play with the way that the The word looks on the page often to you know, kind of save space because parchment is expensive So we're we're people are really good at playing with language either for Efficiency or for humor And that will never change Yeah, I personally think that all of those things are just Uh, we always we always I think probably all languages have always done a lot of humorous things And playful things and silly things and in-group things because a lot of this is about expressing in groups So slang develops in part two, you know, so that you can have a commonality with somebody else who has the same interests or Are excluded from the same groups or whatever We've done that orally Forever and ever and ever and the reason And that caused panics and people even at the time you can go back and look at people You know complaining about how everyone's speaking now and how they're ruining the language of things, but I think When it now that our culture the on the internet is such a written culture And there's so much exchange of information and development of identity and development of in-groups and out-groups all of it through the written Language we're using the same instead of treating written speech as this formal Separate language that we have to all learn and do the same way because that's we only use it for really a very restricted number of things Now we're doing we're using written language for everything everything we used to do in We still do it in person too, but that we used to do in an oral speech And so all the same playfulness is happening there But because it's in writing which has always had this sort of important prestige it is Getting up people's noses a lot like it's and it's there you can see it you can point to and say they spelled that wrong They're doing this or whatever And and it's therefore scary or can be seen as as as ruining the language, but I don't think it's I mean if it's ruining the language It's ruining the language in the same way that people stopping speaking Proto-Indo-European and starting to speak a descendant language ruined the language I mean English is a ruined form of proto-Indo-European by that measure People will always complain. I mean that's the thing, you know in the 16th and 17th century People complained about what were called incorn words These are you know kind of learned borrowings from latin and greek that were really they were thought to be needlessly Complex and obscure that perfectly good english word for this. Why would you need a latin word for it? Yeah, yeah And now these are words that are high prestige words And if you use the try to make the if you tried to coin the original english word, which might have been a compound word You'd be treated as as sort of dumbing things down The the really good resource for the internet stuff in particular would be of course Gretchen McCullough's book because internet. So if you're interested in that topic She's written the book a book about internet language called because internet and she does a very good linguistic approach To what's changing and how how it changes and how the changes that are themselves rule-based because languages are always always rule-based That's not a phrase I can say But I would and it's also fun and funny and entertaining and if you're of our age quite nostalgic that the early days of the internet Really brought me back there for a while Right there has some points about swedish grammar that are interesting and we'll catch up with Well, thank you heavy D 6 6 0 0 Reading out user names is always a bit silly. But anyway, thank you. I appreciate it Exactly The stuff about jim says that like seemed people complain about somethings thousands of years ago that we still complain about I mean, yeah, that is such a feature if this is one of the reasons that I like studying the ancient world and the medieval world Is because you see the same cycles go on every time and it gives you a lot more Chill basically when you see them happening now like we've been through this before And yeah, sometimes there are things that happen that are really genuinely bad But a lot of the time it's just people getting upset because it changes and I get that I'm old enough now to find Change upsetting but I try to remember that it isn't necessarily did you want to come say hello? Our son wants to come say hello A bow chat, which I could probably comment in yes, you could. This is our son He also does internet youtube videos sometimes. Yeah, and it's uh, I'm not gonna say his name, but He says hello All right, you're gonna go you can go watch us on the on the live stream. Okay Oh, I'm gonna see myself. Yes, you can and see how terrible my voice is Uh-huh um English has changed my Shakespeare. Yes exactly and you know every by every author who's written in me and um Anything that becomes canonical changes the language even stuff that doesn't has its own effect Like think about how much science fiction has changed language in general But yeah between Shakespeare and the king james uh version of the bible Coming right around the same time. They introduced so many um idioms and words into the popular consciousness whether or not they were You know whether or not Shakespeare invented those words himself or just used a word that was kind of obscure before but he made it famous So, you know between those two sources Shakespeare and you know, you can trace so much to to those two things The king james bible and in Shakespeare though it's as you've said it's a lot of the time It said that he invented a ton of stuff and he did probably no But but a lot of the time it's that that's where it's recorded and that's always a problem We have with knowing where words come from is how much how long they spend in people's mouths before they get written down Uh much less of a problem now because somebody comes up with it and in five seconds. It's on twitter Now, you know So tracking stuff, uh, what was it doom scrolling that like you can track down to almost exactly who said it within You know three weeks of the pandemic starting Uh, oh, here's one. Why is the plural of mouse mice when the plural of houses houses? This is from king king's life Uh, so there are a bunch of what are called a thematic nouns In in english that the uh preserve an older Kind of way of doing plurals, I guess You know tooth teeth Mouse mice and so forth Most of these, you know, there were more of them, uh, though even by old english there weren't a huge number of them Most of them get replaced they get become regularized because of that, you know that pattern of regularization Um, but essentially what's going on there is it's a particular kind of sound change called eye mutation In which we can presume although it is no longer evident in the in the form of the word anymore that at some point In the earlier form of the language there was an eye in the syllable following that vowel that changes And the eye causes uh sounds to either like vowel sounds to either come forward in the mouth or higher in the mouth Um, and so that's the case with mouse mice Uh, tooth teeth they they tend to move from these back vowels these vowels that you pronounce at the back of your mouth To these, you know, ones that are high in front like e I all these these high sounds So does that mean that it was mousey before that the reconstructive form would be mousey or mouse eye something like that Yeah, there would have been an ending there. That makes me happy. Thank you for asking that question because that entertains me Except it would have been moose Details details, you know, old english moosey moosey something like that still pretty darn good And moose is not pluralized as mice Because or moose says meese or anything like that because of course it's not an english word Um So oops things, uh, we'll ask what do you say of hell? I'm not sure You'll have to tell us more what you mean or fate um I'm because i'm catching up with this late if you're commenting on things we said that i've already forgotten them, which is unfortunate, but thank you, danie Thank you for saying hello to our son um, he was Are the only cool cache we ever get with him is because we know some other youtubers that he watches So we have to sort of you know play that for what we can Sarrowly it's our only moment of coolness um Do you think english will ever settle on a word for that strange weird funny feeling one can't quite put a finger on it I don't know you make a make an attempt to make it spread on on twitter make fetch happen Um, how many languages do we speak? Speak is a strong word for languages that have been dead for hundreds of years. So how many languages do you speak? Uh, well, I really I really mainly speak just english Uh, though, you know, I have learned some french Yeah, I would say to speak a tiny amount of japanese I speak english and french. I'm I'm Not bilingual exactly, but I'm pretty fluent in french But read is the question really read it slash can teach Uh, you old english middle english old morris latin Um, and I can fake my way through a few others if I need to Yeah, yeah, I'm not going to count the fake my way throughs because that's just me guessing at romance languages. Um, so I can I can read and teach in latin and greek are the only Other languages that I know Yeah, I mean I can fake my way through some italian if I desperately need to know what it is But only if it's written I can't the you know sound is too hard But I can kind of and you can probably fake your way through some scandinavian if you Various scandinavian languages if you've got them in writing and and a In some time Yeah, I mean I was at the point where I could you know with the dictionary read modern icelandic fairly Comfortably, um You know because all the editions were written in modern icelandic. So the footnotes were modern icelandic right so to understand You really needed the footnotes, you know, if you're like for instance reading skull that poetry Reading skull that poetry unaided is often quite difficult. Um, so the the footnotes are often necessary So I you know got reasonably comfortable reading reading the footnotes Whereas in my field, uh classical texts until very recently were edit that were in latin or greek were edited in Latin Which on the one hand was good because if you were learning latin it was also in latin on the other hand if you're learning latin and the Explanations for things are in latin It can be a little annoying. Um Any idea why the a form of the simple past is disappearing asks noelle Noelle, sorry. Sorry. Noelle. Sorry if I'm getting that wrong Uh sink sank sunk people will just use sunk when we used to say sank Yeah, so that I have to go for a moment. I'll be back. And again, I think it's it's just that um the question of regularization over time I mean a lot of words that that have the the so-called irregular past tenses Lost them completely and and just do their uh past tense with um ed But there's this sort of in between stages where the uh the the past tense and the past participle Kind of one replaces the other and I don't know that there's any specific pattern to to which one gets Gets the uh, you know wins out. Um, yeah, so in that case those sink sank sunk sunk The the past participle has taken over the the role of the um the past tense And there are other words that have done, you know done that too It's it's probably a sign that they're on their way to becoming um, you know, uh a so-called regular Past, you know regular verb with their past tense in ed so maybe in the future we'll be saying synced I don't know hard to say those synced So maybe not but yeah, so that that's that's what happens is you do see the uh the past tense and the past participle Just sort of falling together and one of them will stick and the other one won't And yes, thank you Our son is very nice Uh, whoops, I just scrolled down too far. Um, okay, where are we next? Oh, did I leave you too long? You had to actually do the scrolling yourself Um Okay, uh, Jim I found language isolates fascinating It would be great if you could make some videos about more obscure ones. Yeah, everyone knows about bass, but there were others Make one about korean and see how many comments Yeah, well, we get a lot of comments on our videos telling it and a lot A number of comments on our videos telling us that we're wrong about everything because the origin of all the world's languages is korean It seems to be one of the things out there and I don't want to weigh into you know, what the Whether or not korean is a language isolate, uh or not and the various theories about trying to build a family because I don't know nearly enough about that stuff, but um I'm always fascinated by Sumerian. I know nothing about it, but uh Well, we'll keep that in mind as a as a topic. Um, it's true. There's a bunch of isolated either isolates or Potentially isolates like talking about why people think they are or aren't yeah Like even if you don't get into the specifics of some of the more disputed ones Talking about what that means or what how that could come about where those could how that could work That'd be something interesting Okay, so, uh Have we seen blade have you seen blade runner? Oops, I'm missing um and or the great news as a series the expanse You have have you reflected on their futuristic english influence by spanish and other major languages? I have seen blade runner uh a long time ago. I haven't watched it recently And that was the original and obviously uh, not the the sequel that came out Yeah, um, we haven't watched the expanse. Um, though. I've heard nothing but good things about it. Um The other one that does that a little bit is um, it doesn't do quite the same way But uh firefly did a little bit of that sort of trying to envision a world with Chinese in it except that it did it but without really any input from natural Mandarin speakers Is my understanding so it's a bit of a problem. But anyway, um, I mean So we can't really speak to the specifics. Yeah, I don't remember it well enough blade runner Have to watch it again But I mean the the basic idea that english would continue to be affected by the large, you know, the large populations and that especially if you get mixing Of you know isolated populations Well, and that's that's something that david crystal always says is if you want to look at what the future of english is going to be like Look at the the sort of world english dialects rather than the the hyper local ones Because uh That is going to be become more and more important and You know, therefore more and more influential Thank you. Nuala for giving me your pronunciation guide um Okay, so Just sorry going to Just give over some stuff here Because they sink to like synchronize that's true um Meg you're in welsh. I don't the welsh is always. Yeah, I don't think May I don't I don't know what that tom is saying talking about meg you're in welsh. Sorry. I don't think I followed that Uh, can you do more root words for indo european languages? Well, we'll certainly continue with that But we don't I mean you don't generally Work with like words that are your starting points are always english for english word. Yeah, now that often takes Uh takes us to uh other languages because english loves to borrow other people's words But is it really borrowing if they don't give it back? Um, I will take mike when I'm not going to talk about health As the comments want us to but I will mention mark Why don't you tell us about the pentagram and the the endless knot and where that comes from because that's one of those things That we use and we forget to tell anyone about It it was inspired by a thing in uh cognitive, uh, science called the There's a different versions of it a hexagram or or heptagram depending on how many Uh Things you pointed out to you know, how many points you have in the in the star um that shows related, uh The way that cognitive science is a very interdisciplinary, uh subject and has many related fields That it encompasses So I kind of put together my own, uh five pointed star was also Partly inspired by a 14th century english poem called sir gawain in the green night In which he has in the in in the poem. It's called the pentangle Or the sign of solomon and it was the sort of sign of the his his commitment to Truth in that broader sense of the word truth, uh, you know, like superman's truth justice in the american way That he they were his virtues his five virtues Basically, it was a symbol of that in the poem And so, uh, inspired by that five pointed, uh star. I I put together this, you know, the way that I was looking at linguistics in a very, um contextualized way, uh, so for me it included, um Language or linguistics, um history anthropology And literature is that five did I get all five? Yeah Linguistics, uh, oh and caught well cognitive science um history anthropology Uh in literature that is five And our cat says hello, obviously She wants you know, it doesn't like doesn't like things happening that she's not part of um So, uh afroasiatic languages. Yeah, I mean again, it's not that they aren't fascinating, but they aren't what you know most about Yeah, I don't have a lot of experience with afroasiatic languages. So, um I don't know that I can I can do a whole lot there unless it's a word that Uh, that does make it into english eventually. Yeah, so it's not that we don't think all the other, uh Language groups are interesting. They're fascinating, but we don't have the Knowledge is basically we just don't have the um other than sort of dipping our toe in from time to time if something turns up But you know, we speak english and we know english history the best and so that's what our channel is about unfortunately um Hello child shesh um Now professor new one wanted to ask how you settled on your video style the sort of adhd and web thing But I think yes, you did just kind of answer that though There's one other important influence that I don't think you talked about at the beginning when you talked about the channel Oh, james burk Yeah, so i'm You know if you're old enough to remember i've seen your reruns of uh, james burk You know science historian who did the connection series and uh, and so forth uh, I really Love those and Watched the shows and read all of his books And I like this idea about the interconnectedness of things And it occurred to me that language kind of is a very interconnected Sort of thing too, especially the english language because it has you know Heavy influence not only from its its own germanic base but also from um from latin and and french Because of the norman conquest and so there are lots of words that don't seem like they're related But if you trace them back you can find their common You know their common root and then the basic premise that because language is a product of people It is always a product of culture and history and literature and everything else So you'll always be able to find a connection to the rest of the world through language because it's always connected So yeah, I mean the other premise, you know cultural Cultural creations never exist in a vacuum So they're always going to be influenced by something else and sometimes in quite unexpected ways So, uh, you know a really good example of this is when I talked about in the video sublime You know talking about a literary movement In isolation like, you know the literary ideals of romanticism And and and so forth, you know, they're they're drawing on Uh, you know developments in other uh areas like The arts the visual arts uh or um From architecture and so I made this, you know this connection between uh the uh the The gothic and the romantic uh and and talked about gothic and and um Romanesque uh neoclassical uh architecture Um philosophy as well, right? It you know ideas are being picked up from from all over the place and influencing Uh in unexpected ways.  Um So that was an important that was a question. I'm not just bringing that out. That was an important question um Prison slang is it's an interesting that would be interesting prison slang and and thieves, uh Thieves can't well these are yeah all of these specialized sort of groups outgrouped um This shirt by the way was a gift from a friend long ago And we've had many people ask us if we can sell them and we have unfortunately because it was a gift from Uh an internet acquaintance We we can't really because we've never been able to find a t-shirt company that would do the gold printing and And we're not good enough with figuring out the graphics to recreate it. Uh, so what lives on is one solo Lovely t-shirt. Maybe someday we'll be able to figure it out um Lisa asks, how do you how much do you study morphology like in orthographic morphology? Uh, I fair amount. Uh, I did a video on um Spelling So that gets into to some of that um And of course, you know, I studied uh all that stuff in in graduate school. So old english morphology and Um and so forth I need to key type things Oh, well, actually, I can say it and I can interrupt you to say if they haven't already left. Goodbye radar And thank you so much for dropping by and for all your kind words really appreciate that. I was also Arcanics Arcanics, uh, 1971. Thanks for dropping in. Sorry. We can't you can't stay but uh, really appreciate you dropping by Yeah, thanks for coming And air if um, I mean, these are all good good suggestions But what I would really suggest is that you look into some of the other stuff that's out there too because we sort of On the one hand, we cover a lot of topics, but from one very particular perspective and just don't have the Uh The knowledge and the specialization to do things So like there are people who talk about accents out there and people who are much better at phonetics and on history of dialects and things Like that, but that's not really, you know mark does the history of the language um and particular You know historical linguistics and that's what we're good at um african-american Slaying for instance, like all of those things do work their way in But it's not your specialty subject. And so there are other people who do Do who do work on those things? Um And we try to sometimes link to them, but maybe we can do some more On the community tab or on twitter or something do some more pointing out of other places that people can go we tend to sort of stick to the etymology stuff because we know that's what people are interested in but there is a real world of um linguistics videos out there and also of linguistics podcast if you are interested in podcasts, there's a really if you in fact find Lingthusiasm they have a webpage devoted to So if you find lingthusiasm.com, I think it is there's a website on there or a webpage on there that has lists of linguistics podcasts and there's like, I don't know 30 podcasts on there That cover a whole range of different approaches and I would definitely recommend that to you Oh, there you go. Diane has given us a simon roper for accent videos in england uh, and I will be uh doing um Uh, I do have a video coming out on rock and roll, uh, which does have connections to african-american slang So so there'll be some of that cool Well, I mean the funny thing is we think of ourselves as language and history, but I think that um, most of our audience thinks of us as language But it's just totally fine, but it's just funny because we we yeah They're all they're all together, but um, you know, both of us are also very much people who studied history as a as a field or History through literature. We're both really literature people, but you can't do literature without history too. So Cool, um, I think we might be getting to the point when we need to draw to a close Do you want to just mention? Sorry Shameless plug now Just mention the course that's coming up. Do we do? Oh, we didn't um all the Well, I think I think we we touched on most of them. Yeah. Um, Educate other educational youtube channels. I mean again don't go to w go to we create edu Um youtube slash we create edu and look at the playlists there We would recommend any of the channels that are in the we create edu channels. Um, we have Friends who do lots of we're part of that community and they're a very supportive community and the people who do every kind of science and every kind of Humanities things. There's really good videos there. So Oh, Kevin Stroud from history of english is awesome Kevin is great. We've had the good fortune of of going to a couple of podcast conferences and meeting him Is it really only that one time that we just only the one time that we we actually met and we have a we have We have an interview with him. In fact, um from two years ago When we were at a podcast conference together, we did a we sat down with him and talked um, so that's the history of english, which is a very Detailed going through of the entire history of the english language. He's like Finally hit middle english after four years or something and um, he's wonderful And yeah, so we have an interview with him on our in our podcast if he'd be interested in that and he's great I really like him. Yeah So yes, so um before we leave you we'll just tell you about uh, something that's upcoming And in case anyone else is interested in it So this is a course that I will be offering through speak easy Called the origins of english learning to think like an etymologist. Uh, it will be four one hour sessions starting on march Fourth, uh, so every thursday Um at 4 p.m. Pacific or 7 p.m. Eastern And you can sign up for this course If you go to our webpage alliterative.net, uh, there is a link right at the top there to You know to go and and sign up for that. It's limited to only 12 participants Uh, but they will be running a awaiting list. So, uh, if you don't manage to Get signed up this time around I will be offering it again and You know, so you will you will have another chance and I am going to put the URL for the event in the chat now because there we go. There's the direct link. I feel like I should And so yeah, so if anyone's a trust and joining mark for that And you know, maybe we'll do every time we do one of these we say we'll do another one soon and then it's a year and a half You know, if we hit 40,000, we'll do another one then it's not before Because it's always really fun to hang out. So thank you to everybody who's dropped by and I you know If you have any more questions, we we can answer more things but otherwise we'll We'll say thank you so much and promise that mark will have some sort of video soon I think we're gonna do a really short one. There's another really short one this week Just to tide people over But the one you're working on is the colab I'm hoping it will be out in March Feel free to put pressure on them to do so We hope we hope it'll be coming that soon So thanks so much, uh professor Newman. We appreciate all of the questions. It's great Oh, thank you. Um, I can't say your username out rjr wlco I don't know how to pronounce that but it was great to talk to everybody Um, I'm sorry. It's almost one way, but we really appreciate it and thank you so much All right, you can come say goodbye to them if you want There you go wave. Goodbye. Oh roger. Wilco. Of course. That's what it is. I should have known that who needs vowels Silly of me. Uh, okay. So say goodbye. Yes. She knows. All right See you


Hi, we would like to share with you an amazing demo here at Embedded World. As the central part, we have the STM32-87SA DK board, powered by the newly launched STM32-87RS, a 600MHz Cortex M7 microcontroller capable of running multiple applications in one MCU. That's right, Seren. To showcase what this new STM32-87RS can do, check out this smart gateway demo. It features everything you would need to address the future challenges of Embedded product. State-of-the-art secure environment targeting SEZIP level 3 certification, secure boot, secure firmware update, and secure execution with an easy and simple key provisioning mechanism. It also has a great graphical user interface powered by TouchCFX and the Embedded NeoChrome GPU. There is cloud connectivity with secure communication using Embed TLS over Ethernet, but it could also be extended to Wi-Fi if needed. And there is a lot of CPU power and resources to perform all that's required by demanding application. For this demo, we opt for a home automation use case, and for instance, we've added some wireless and wired local connectivity. We went for ZigBee and OneWire protocol, but it could have been other like Matter or OpenThread, just to name two. We are pushing the data to the cloud back end, and we can also process cloud notification and request, and we could also be doing some sensor fusion and edge computing on the data coming from the sensor and actuators. And of course, everything is executed in a secured and encrypted environment from external RAM and Flash. That's really impressive. But how did ST achieve this? These types of applications are usually handled by MPU systems requiring external DDR, a PMIC, a Linux environment, and all the cumbersome complexity of such environment. Well, actually, using this scalable STM32-87RS, developers are now able to run an MPU-like application on a microcontroller with this 600 MHz STM32 MCU, coupled with a large internal SRAM, a 200 MHz external memory interface and secure features. You are now able to do real-time and secure execution with best-in-class performances. And most important, this STM32-87RS is the cheapest of the series today giving developers the freedom to choose just the right external memory needed to run their most demanding application. We are really excited about this and we can't wait to see what products you will develop based on this powerful MCU. Bye for now.


Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species, ROS, and the body's ability to detoxify them. Probiotics have been found to reduce oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant activity and decreasing ROS levels. Inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, cancer, and liver-related diseases are all linked to oxidative stress, and probiotics may be able to help alleviate these conditions. Studies show that probiotics can decrease inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation while increasing apoptosis. Additionally, probiotics activate the NRF2, NF, Kappa B, and MAPK signaling pathways, which are involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. More research is needed to better understand how probiotics work and how they can be used to treat these diseases. This article was authored by Tingting Zhao, Haoran Wang, Zhenzhuang Liu, and others.


How's it going everyone? Caleb here with Leighton Sports Cards. Next tonight we have a full case of 2022 Panini Select Baseball. This is case break number 11, random division style. Thank you again for joining. The results are right here for you, as well as in the chat. Sorry. Show you for an additional seconds. Also linked in the chat. Let's get to it. Full 12 box keys. Should be good. Thanks everyone. Good luck here. Random division. Yeah, that's true. That's true. That is correct. Tri-Color, Vladigroup, Jr. AL East. Moonshots, Judge, also AL East. Jeff McNeil there on the Tri-Color, and AL East. And Fuego as well for you. Shake of the drop. Dinsby Swanson that time for the AL East. Number to 199. Silver, Jorge Palanco. AL Central. Bactice going once again to the AL East. Max Fried. Cracked Ice there to 25. Two of 25. Nice. Next up here, Luke Williams for the AL East. On the rookie patch there. In Fuego, and at West, Mookie Betts. Got Kyle Mueller there, and at least the patch. And at West, Select Star, Silver, Manny with Shadow. Silver, Diamond level. Andrew Vaughn. You go AL Central. Lime Green is a Mad Brash for the AL West. Number to 299. Randy Arrozarena. There you go, AL East. Nice. AL East on the auto there. Randy Arrozarena. Nice it. Nolan Ryan by the numbers. Silver, Dansby. Auto this time for the AL Central. Tri-Color, Auto, Jake Berger. You go. Central there, AL Central. Right of Bruhan, Select Stars. Next box here, guys. The next break that we do need to sell out this evening is Novor Basketball. Novor Basketball has only the Hornets left in it. It is linked in the chat. If you want to give it a look, they are $300. It is a full case break. Just the Hornets remaining. Sweet, that is well quick here while I've got the link. Believe it or not, we are breaking stuff other than Select Baseball tonight. Tri-Color, Kyle Hendricks. This is the only baseball we're breaking tonight, though, actually. And then after that we are on to Basketball and then Football. Eddie Mathews there, Tri-Color. Fernando Tates Jr. Appreciate it. Looks like some flawless and some NT spots have been moving as well. Thank you very much for that. Do appreciate it very much. Roll this Chapman there. Excuse me, AL East to 199. NL Central, Silver, Hunter Renfrow. Auto this time is a Hyeong Jin Yang to 299 there. The Hyeong Jin Yang.  Number to 299, Gavin Sheets. Rookie Patch, Auto, AL Central. Fuego, Kyle Lewis. And we've got for the AL East, Josh Low, Rookie Jersey there. Garrett Cole selects stars. Riley Adams to 250. And a Silver Patch there. 250 on that one. In Fuego, Ken Griffey Jr. What's up, Patrick? Thanks for the sub, man. AL West on the Ken Griffey Jr. It's looking like a Bruton out of sports. John Haysley, Silver. This is looking a little bit rough. Go Central. That was Silver for you there. Chris Taylor, NL West. Chris Taylor to 149. Andrew McCutcheon, Silver. NL East. And we've got a White there for the AL West. Adam Frazier. Nice. Took 50. There you go. Next box up. Tricolor Reed Devmers. Anthony Rizzo selects stars. Tricolor JT Real Muto. George Bretts. Red that time, Kyle Tucker. On the red, AL West. Silver Brooks Robinson, AL East. Autograph Brent Honeywell to 99. Silver Auto there. There you go, AL West again. In Fuego, Josh Donaldson. Silver Brandon Belts, NL West. Ronzie Contreras that time. Number to 199. Rookie Patch, Auto, NL Central. There you go. Spark Secunia Jr. And Redulfo Castro this time to 250. NL Central. Silver Patch. Moonshots, babe. Ozzy Smith that is a light blue to 35. Nice one, NL Central. Nice Ozzy. No wizard. There's the base here. 20 Centillion that time. Silver Patch, NL Central. And AL West with the Spark Shohei. You want the Spark Shohei, AL West. Silver Mike Yastremski, NL West. Personals ripped tonight after the group breaks with Sam. Feel free to grab one if you are interested. And there is still some space to get it in to get it ripped this evening. NL Central, Johnny Bench. Plenty of room. Plenty of room. Then up. I know Rich recently did an update of pricing across the entire site. So check it out. Find yourself something for this evening. Silver Shohei. Nice start there. AL West. Nice. Diamond level on that one. To 199. Tyler Glasnow. To 199. AL East. And that is a light blue to 35. Zach Wheeler this time. NL East. Cal Raleigh to 250. Silver Patch, AL West. Harmon Kilibrew Moonshots. Auto to 25. Peter Lanzo. Cracked Ice Auto. Nice one there. Congrats NL East. PD the Polar Bear. Nice Moonshots. Cracked Ice Auto. Kunya Junior select stars. You think Carson Wentz is going to be any good on the football team? Cedric Mullins. Silver. AL East. I don't know. Weird. Tyler Mill. Tri-Color. NL Central. It is weird. It's going to be weird seeing all these quarterbacks and new jerseys. Yeah, facts. Youth Explosion. Edwin Nunez there. NL Central. NL Central. AL East there. And judged by the numbers. To 199. Excuse me, to 149. Tony Santillian NL Central. I mean, don't we all? Good luck. Good luck. Don't we all. Camilo Duvall to 25 on the cracked ice. NL West hits. Rookie there. Only thing he's taken over with that offensive line is maybe a hospital room. Oh no. Eli Morgan on the patch. Guardians. There you go, Guardians. AL Central. Salvador Perez, Silver Moon shots. Shootin' for the stars, I guess. Dude, how many times are they going to show this fight in the Mariners and the Angels game? I know, honestly. Silver Mike Trout. There he is. AL West. What do you think ESPN is milking more this fight or the Kyrie Irving drama? There's Kyrie Irving drama again? Oh my God. That's all that I've been seeing on Twitter and stuff. I saw it on Twitter. Yeah, I didn't see it at all. I'm surprised, honestly. Next time NBA goes across. Oh yeah, it will be up there.  Up he's committing Kyrie staying with the Nets, so. He's going to retire. Literally as I spoke though. That's wild. Wow. Yeah, no, they're really milking this fight. Oh yeah. That is the 199 Christian Javier there. Patch Auto Silver Patch Auto. What's up, Jack? Thanks for the sub. Nice one, AL West in Fuego, Meadowsen. They are really, really talking about that fight. To 199, Aaron Ashby there. Rookie Patch Auto, NL Central. There you go. Sparks, Harper. My buddy tax man goes, Kyrie opted in. Like he was ever going to leave 37 million on the table. To 199, Shay Cronin worked. Yeah. Kind of hard to leave 37 million dollars on the table. To play some basketball. Tri-Color, Connor Wong, Xander Bogart select stars. Maybe that hit him. Yeah. Or maybe he was planning to sign anyways. Yeah. Joe Anadon that time. That's number to 250 there. Joe Anadon. You go NL East. And a Fernando Tatis, Junior. By the numbers, Silver. That one goes to the NL West. Silver, Chris Bassett. NL West. Silver, Greg Deekman, NL Central. There's a Kuwaitan Kershaw to 35. Nice one on the light blue. You go NL West. Beautiful. Nice Kershaw. Silver, Wander. Nice one. There you go, NL East. Nice hit. There's the Premier level. John Haysley to 25 here. Cracked Ice Patch. Nice one. Cracked Ice Patch, A.L. Central. Harman Killabrew. Tri-Color, Rhys Hoskins, NL East. Infuego, A.L. East. Vladdy, Junior. And a 149 for the NL Central, Kyle Hendricks. There you go, NL Central. Hope everyone's having a good Monday. Thank you all for tuning in. Oh, yeah. U.S. Women's National Team versus Columbia soon? Nice. Tuesday? Tomorrow, 10 o'clock. Interesting. Coming up on the World Cup here, pretty dang soon. We've got Rhys McGuire to 299. Patch Auto. A.L. East. That's a new one. Sparks, Ryan Sandberg. Number to 199, Colton Welker. Rookie Patch Auto there, Rockies. Nice one, NL West. Infuego, Mookie. The abs took it down as we were kind of all thinking. I think a lot of us were thinking at least. To 199, NL Central, Brandon Woodruff. Tri-Color, Tony Santillian. Infuego, Joey Baio. Couple more for the NL Central. Drew Ellis that time, NL West Patch. By the numbers, Silver, Brandon Low, A.L. East. Silver, Frankie Montos. A.L. West. Patch Hater on the light blue to 35. NL Central, nice.  Nice Hater. Silver, Nate Pearson, A.L. East. Juan, Yipez, number to 250 there, NL Central. Silver Patch, NL Central. There you go. Goldschmidt Moonshots. Tri-Color, Miguel Rojas. NL East. Tatis, NL West. Phenomenon. And we've got a sunny grade of 149, NL Central. When we're back here, guys, I'm going to check some spots after that. NL Central, Silver, Hunter Renfrew. Alright, let me check some spots quick. Let's see where we're at, guys. Hold on. Let's see, let's see. Half the break remaining still here. Nice, looks like NT is moving. Prism is moving. Two and five left. And guys, just the Hornets left still. Just the Hornets. And then we just got to move some of these football breaks tonight. I'm going to link the break schedule here one more time in the chat. Check out the football breaks later tonight. Keep in mind, at about 3.30 or so today, some teams were reduced in price. So if you have not checked the website since then, be sure to do so. And find yourself a nice deal on a team for one of those remaining spots this evening. Take a look. There's Prism, that is NT. And that's a couple of the breaks that have already sold out now. Let's get the Hornets sold as well in the war. See here. Good luck. Let's see it. Number 199, starting out NL West. Luis Gonzalez, patch auto. Corbin Burns, NL Central. 199, Luis Heeler. Rookie patch auto, AL East. Sparks, Tim Anderson. Nicky Lopez on the red that time. So 199. Nicky Lopez red. Guys, Brad's live over on Layton Gaming as well right now. Check that out if you are interested in some gaming rips. Pokemon, Metazoo, Magic, and Flesh and Bloods. That's where Brad is at. Mike Bauman, AL East, and Katel Marte. NL West. He breaks over there on Saturday nights. Monday nights and Tuesday nights. Drew Ellis, this time. Another one for the NL West. Diamondbacks patch. Jim Tomey, Silver. Guardians, Moonshot, Silver. Gold is Billy Williams. Nice one, Cubs. Two of 10. NL Central, nice hit there. Billy Williams. To 10. Solid card. Silver, Teosca, Hernandez. NL, excuse me, AL East. Spencer Strider that time. Patch, NL East. Wants Soto Moonshots. Jose Ciri there. Tri-Color. Mike Trout Phenomenons. Lime Green to 99 this time. NL West. Evan Lankoria. Nice one there. Silver, Max Freed. Silver, I say, kinder Falefa. Good one, guys. Five boxes remaining here. Pepperidge Farms, remember, is Phoenix. I mean, Pereira there. That's AL West on the patch, Otto. Judge, I do remember. I do too. He used to be at the top, man. Select stars. That was a four card pack. Especially being a fan of a team of the AL East. Yeah, he was up there, man. Ichiro there. Red to 199. Nice. Ichiro, AL West. He is legit. He was legit, I should say. Not quite as good anymore. Tri-Color to Oscar. Freddie Freeman. Freddie Freeman, hiccup start. He's still playing. I don't know if he still plays regularly. I'm not too sure. He might just pinch it every now and then. Glenn Otto in the rookie patch. Brandon Marsh, Silver Select stars. AL West. He's the only thing keeping the razor float. That's so true. Yeah, like my whole childhood, pretty much. Ozzy Elby's there. Cracked ice for the NLEs. Nice. Ozzy. So true. Unfortunate. That's NL West Brandon Belt, Silver. I really don't feel bad for the rays. Got to be honest with you. Shane Boz that time to 250. Nice one on the AL East hit. And Fuego, Mike Trout. Yeah, they seem to have a fine in the farm system nowadays. Yeah. Perfectly fine. Spit and out prospects left and right. Tri-Color, Miggy. Trevor Story. NL West. Number 299, Nadia Valde. Lime Green. AL East. And a Silver Diamond level, John Hasely. AL Central. And a Silver, Babe Ruth. There you go, AL East. Nice. Prism card, Funko Pop, Conloser at least this morning. I didn't see them released necessarily. I heard about them a few days ago though, Jeremiah. Well, I did not hear about them. Yeah. Interesting collaboration for sure. I think a lot of people, not a lot, but there are some card collectors that do the Funko's and vice versa. So probably a cool item for them. 35 or 38 games. Yeah, not great by any means. That is an Edward Cabrera at a 50 that time. 44 at a 50. Nice one. NL East. Probably be like a stud a few years from now, just like every other Marlin's rookie pitcher. That comes up like average or so. Jose Pereiro to 99. I think I pulled like seven of these so far, so we're making great progress on the Tri-Color Jose Pereiro. That's NL Central. Cedric Mullins. I'll pull all of them. Connor Siebold for the AL East. Spark Signature. AL East. Fuego Jazz. Nice, man. Harrison Bader to 199. Yeah, definitely have seen some collectors in the past that do both the Funko's and the cards. That is an Ichiro Tri-Color, and that's kind of a great release for those people interested in that. You go AL West on the Ichiro. Yeah, that's kind of what you used to expect from Longoria as well. Longo was the man. That one goes to the AL Central there on the Nick Gordon patch to 250. In Fuego for the AL West. Ken Griffey Jr. Benabit. Silver Diamond level. Andrew Vaughn. Silver Diamond level. You go AL Central again. Silver Corbin Burns, NL Central. I know Bruhan that time on the patch. AL East. St. Kofak selects stars. Tri-Color Billy Williams. NL Central. Durand Phenomenons. Nadia Valdi again, that's to 149. AL East. Silver Jared Walsh. You go AL West. All right, here we go. It does stink though to see some of the really big name guys from like Sam and I's childhood kind of start to fade away. Longoria, Miggy. Yeah, Pujol. Yeah, Pujol's people like that used to hold it down. Yeah. Here we go, empty. Let's get to it. Well, I'm green, Michael Brandon. Bless you. AL West. There you go. To 299, Urban Mercedes patch auto. AL Central. In Fuego, Rendon. Number to 199, Colton Welker patch auto. You go NL West. Spark, Sotani. That's Roman Gonzalez to 199. AL Central. Tri-Color Wander. Nice one, AL East. There you go. Nice hit, AL East. And Manny Machado select stars. Great hit for you, AL East. Congrats on the Wander. Tri-Color. Silver Andrew McCutcheon, NL East. Ryan McMahon, Tri-Color. NL West. And Ken Griffey Jr. AL West. In Fuego. Shane Boz to 250, AL East patch. Tommy Moonshots. Yeah, that's true, Phoenix. Verlander, CC, Cliff Lee. Yeah, Roy Holliday. Trevor's story to 149 there. Another one for the NL West. Brewer's Legend, CC's about that. He was a Brewer's Legend, like actually. Even in his short time. TJ Freidel, that's NL Central. Can't believe him and Fielder got to play on the same team. I know. Brian Reynolds, Silver NL Central. Yeah, that's what I mean, man. Some great, great players. Silver Josh Hader. NL Central. He said that Jim Tomey card. Todd Helton. Had me thinking of some other Spaceman. Lady Walker. Wow. How about that? Jeez. Jeez. That's wild. That was weird. Two to go? I don't like that. That was a bit strange. Two boxes to go. Yohan Santana. Yeah. Yeah, there we go. Remember that guy. These guys were the top selections in the fantasy draft MLB to show franchises. Top selections. Tri-color, Adam Wainwright. Mike Trout. Phenomenons. Barry Zito. Nice to see some of those players still make their way into sets like this, though. Luis Heel. You go A.L. East. Patch. Man, the silver moon shots is well-judged. You know who I wanted in a set at some point? I want some Eric Gagnier. That's who I want. I want some Vulcan Change Eric Gagnier. Nice nasty closer for the Dodgers. Oh yeah, Psy Young winner. I did not know you wanted Psy Young. Psy Young. That's crazy. I'm going to fact check myself. I think he did. Silver, Tyler Stephenson. I feel like that's one of those things. If you say something like that, you probably just cemented in your brain there. Yep, Psy Young in all three. 1099. Brandon Nimel there. At least. Crazy. Tim Lincecum. That's, yeah, he's still. Oh yeah, the freak. Man, his pitching motion. Silver, Edward Cabrera, at least. Like prime Tim Lincecum pitching motion. Where he was really winding it way back. He was like not even looking for it. Nah, he'd be winding it way back. No, or excuse me, A.L. West. Matt Brash. Orban Burns. Patch on the Matt Brash. That's true. Barry Zeta, Tim Hudson, Mark Mulder. They would have been the...   And there is a Brave right there. Spencer Strider, RPA. Nice one. 10199. Solid little hit there, and at least. One Soto Moonshots. And some, some absolute legends of their time. Big time legends. 10199, Max Scherzer there, and at least. Yeah, that was... Even Johnny Cueto, like a couple years later, started a kind of a ridiculous wind-up. NL Central, Tommy Edmunds, Sparks, Tim Anderson. Where he was doing a bunch of funky stuff. Johnny Cueto pitches really weird though. That changes his motion a ton. Romy Gonzalez, A.L. Central. 10149. On the Romy. Silver Casey Meis. A.L. Central. We've got Curtis Terry that time. Rookie Patshotto, 10199. A.L. West. Fuego Kitel Marte for the NL West. In one box to go here. Guess how old I'm going to be? 37 or 38 probably. Empty. 32. What? Right? It just doesn't seem right, but I guess. That's what Forrest said. Forrest was like, yeah, I looked it up and... That's wild. Jake Meyers. Rookie Patshotto there. You're going to Jake Meyers. A.L. West. That's wild. I don't know why I thought he was so much older. I thought that too. I would have said like, yeah, 36, 37. That's weird. But 32. You're in Mercedes. To 10. Patch. Nice one there, White Sox. What's up, Jonathan? What's up, Jonathan? Solid. A.L. Central to 10. Bob as well. A.L. Central. Phenomena. How's your night, Ben, Jonathan? What's happening, man? White to 50 for the Guardian. Shane Bieber. 34 or 50. A.L. Central again. Another one. Silver, Adam, Wainwright. A.L. Central. Tricolor on the Harrison Bader. A.L. Central. In Fuego, Manny Machado. That's A.L. West. Yeah, Jonathan can't complain then. He cannot complain at all. And a fun night so far. Closing out all of our baseball breaks here. Cabrion Hayes to 149. A.L. Central. The next, like, Superstar. I don't know, man. That's Freddie Peralta. A.L. Central. Maybe J-Rob. Yeah, Whit could be a good one. Maybe J-Rob could get into that tier. Julio Rodriguez. Silver, Boston there. Kyle Schwab. A.L. East. Not too sure, though. Drew Ellis to 199 there. Rookie Patch Auto. And Al West. Selects Stars, Kershaw. Yeah, I would say that Shohei's probably already in that level. Yeah, oh yeah. I think they go even younger. Yeah, if you're going even younger, maybe like J-Rob. J-Rob's a good one. He's got some pop. Silver, Chris Stopflexen. There he is. I would say Al West. I don't think Wander would be a good one there, too. Yeah. I tend to lean J-Rob over Wander, I guess. I don't know why. To 250 there, Mariners. Matt Brash. Al West. And Fuego, Rafi Devers. Not that Wander is someone that you want to go up to the plate and face, but J-Rob really just seems like one of those guys that, like, don't want to face. J-Rob Nashes. Yeah. So I don't know. That's my guess. And a Sparx, Brandon Marsh. All right, guys, recap time. Thanks again for joining everyone. We have a recap here of all of the patch cards and the RPOs. Yeah. Akunya and Soto, I think are like two that you kind of think of, too. Yeah, definitely. I think so, too, Matt. I don't know why. Just something interesting with him. All right, guys, patch cards. Matt Brash. German Mercedes. Gold. Matt Brash. Louis Heel. TJ Freidel. Shane Boz. Nick Gordon. D Gordon, man. Just thought of him. Vital Bruhan. Shane Boz. Glenn Otto. Spencer Strider. Drew Ellis. Juan Lopez. Drew Ellis. John Hasely. Yonadon. Eli Morgan. Cal Raleigh. Tony Santillian. That's Rodolfo Castro. Riley Adams. Josh Lowe. Kyle Mueller. And Luke Williams. Here we go. Thanks for the follow. I appreciate that. Autos here and Rookie Patch Autos. Drew Ellis. Jake Myers. Curtis Terry. Spencer Strider. German Mercedes. Colton Welker. Connor Siebel. Jose Barrero. Jaime Berea. Luis Heel. Luis Gonzalez. Colton Welker. Reese McGuire. Christian Javier. Aaron Ashby. Edwin Nunez. Peter Lonzo. The Polar Bear. Ronzi Contreras. Brent Honeywell. Gavin Sheetz. Young Jin Yang. Jake Berger. And Randy Rosarino. Thank you again, everyone. Really do hope you enjoyed the break. We will have all of these well protected and right out to you.


So transitional epithelium is a special type of epithelium that's found in the urinary bladder and the urethra. Of course the urinary bladder stores urine and as the urine fills up the bladder, the bladder has to be able to expand. When the bladder is empty, transitional epithelium appears to have many different layers. But as the bladder stores more and more urine, the number of layers in transitional epithelium appears to decrease. So this tissue is called transitional epithelium because it's able to undergo transitions as the bladder fills and empties.