Health, as defined by the World Health Organization, is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or infirmity. Are we together? That means we have come to the health segment of the show. It's that day. It's still Monday. It's still at Y-5 on Facebook, at Y-2-5-4, channel onto to hashtag is Y in the morning. Now we have a couple of very, very, very, very enlightening guests that will speak to us in a way that you are looking at at two dimensions. Now today, if you are 3D, we are going to 4D, alright? Please do stay on this. If you have any questions, again, just go to our social media platforms. I will not tire to remind you and also they will be there somewhere below on your screen. If your name is still Valentine or at ColourMeValum, please help me give them a very, very warm welcome. Good morning, guys. Good morning. Yes. We like to smile, smile. We don't have to be so serious all the time. Yes. When we communicate, they can understand, yeah? What is your good name, sir? ColourBongeles, my name. I'm a researcher, a public health researcher, passionate about public health. Much of my bias has fallen between maternal health, neonatal, and monitoring and evaluation of some of the projects over and a firm critic of everything that happens around public health. Yeah. Not a critic, you know, but a critic. Criticism can be constructed and that's the good kind. Constructive criticism. Yeah. And the queen. Hi, queen. How are you? Good morning. I'm into lecturing, specifically nutrition, epidemiology, and also into research concentrating on pre-man-health care, because when it comes to nutrition, we say it is more or less like management of the disease using food. So if you're able to manage yourself, you're able to manage your health, using food, there will be no need for you to go looking for a doctor, caribou. Now, previously, we had a short conversation between us, but I didn't tell you that you have amazing skin. How are you glowing like this? And you don't even have makeup on. What do you do?  Are you going to tell me it's water? Could I start drinking water every day, from which look like you? I'm serious. Is it water? Water. Good diet, physical exercise. Oh my goodness. Thank you. Wow. So, start off the bat. What would you like to open with? Public health is a wine field. And as I usually say it, everything about human being is health. So, meat religion is health. Witchcraft is health. Working health, thinking health, talking health. Why do I say so? Because as you define it well, public health is an interesting field that we are thinking. Before we get to the doctor, before we start developing systems for the curative purposes, for the purposes of medicine or care, our first question is, is there a possibility that we might not even get there first?  So, as our passion now drives us towards making sure that we reduce the interval or rather the interaction between the clients, you and me, and the doctor. So that we maintain higher relationship between us than us with the doctor. That's the basic. Loki, when I was on campus there was a point in my life where I was just barely trying to make it. So my people would cover the school fees but sometimes I would feel a bit bad. She would not give me, give me, give me. So I would have to go out of my way to support myself. In that supporting myself, I tell myself I cannot afford to be sick. Like I just can't. So I have to take extra care. I don't know why I don't do it all the time, all the time. But I told myself then I just can't afford to be sick. I don't have all these funds to randomly just go to the clinic or the hospital. Oh my God, cold. No. So I have to really, really watch what I eat. I have to make sure I'm warm and I'm supposed to be warm. I have to make sure I don't, you know, eat maybe with dirty hands if it affects my stomach or things like this. Is this kind of the things we're looking at today? That one and even more.  How we look at them at, if I'm having a relationship, let's say with pharise, what kind of a relationship is it? At what point does it force me to even step out of that relationship? Why? Because once my psychologist interfered with, my productivity goes down. And automatically that means I'm not able to deliver. Any moment that any issue comes in your way to your wholesome being. That's a health concern. Wow. Alex has just come from talking about the government spending millions and billions for the census or things like this. But I assume we use quite a large sum of money for health, you know, for the health sector. And this is not just once in every other blue moon. This is very constant. It's part of the budget. How can we as a people, how can you guys, you as a researcher and you as a nutritionist, how can we put these great minds together and cut the cost of health? Okay. One, we say what is health? What do you understand by the term health? As defined by the World Health Organization. Yeah, you must be physically well, you must be mentally well, and socially, of which the apocas social maybe you should define Kedogo. And it's not just being sick or the absence of homa or you just, yeah, it's not just that. That's what I understand. Good. Now, when it comes to health, we as health experts, we insist on prevention. We insist on taking measures early enough before that disease develops.  Now, when it comes to health, you need to get to understand what is health? How does it affect me as an individual? What repercussions does it have to the society? What repercussions does it have to me as an individual when my health is tampered with? We say when you are sick, that does not only affect you, but it affects the whole community. If you are sick, that will mean you're not good to work. It will also mean you'll need someone to take care of you. It will as well mean you'll need money to go to the hospital. And if you are to do your calculation, how much money you'll spend at the hospital for that treatment and compare the money that you would have needed to prevent that disease from occurring, there's no comparison. Now, when it comes to prevention, we talk of physical exercise. We also talk of good diet. What is a good diet? A good diet is a diet that is well-balanced.  When it comes to physical exercise, what kind of physical exercise are we referring to? This does not necessarily mean going to the gym, doing a lot of aerobics. Physical exercise starts with that simple move, that walking, that small running, and that way you're putting your body into good health and therefore you're able to prevent so many diseases which can result in so much money, consumption of money. I don't know if I can just address that. I want to translate it to the people at home.  What happens if I'm hungry and what happens if all I can afford, I don't know, so what am I going to do? How can I cater for all these things that are needed for my diet with the things that I can afford? When it comes to diet, we don't necessarily refer to someone buying foods that he or she cannot afford. In fact, when you visit a nutrition expert, you'll start by asking what is available, what can you easily access. Different foods have different sources of nutrients. The only thing that you need to know is that at least you need a carbohydrate. You need vegetables, you need protein, what are these sources? If you understand what is a carbohydrate, what are the sources of carbohydrate? What are the carbohydrates that are available within your locality? Like in Kenya, for a normal 19, normal youth, we have the ugali, we have the rice, we have the chapuz, we have the root tubers, the enguache, the domas, all those ones are good sources of carbohydrate. Again, we have the proteins. There are two types of proteins. We have the animal proteins and we have the plant proteins. You need to understand the kind of job that you are engaged into. Someone who is doing a lot of physical exercise or his work requires a lot of energy. His diet or her diet will not be the same as that person who just sits at the office. So you need to understand the nature of your work. Then you also need to understand if it is protein, what protein do I need most? From protein, we move on to vitamins. Where can you get the vitamins from? We have the vegetables, we have the fruits. There are so many fruits which are not available. We are very lucky, we are not very lucky country. Throughout the year, there is no time to go to the market and lack of fruits, lack of vegetables. But do you have that knowledge? Do you know the importance of these vegetables? You get shocked when you go to ordinary hotels, not even ordinary hotels, even in these big hotels in Kenya. You realize that you request for a dish, how much does it cost to buy vegetables? How much does it cost to buy vegetables? If you want to buy vegetables, you have to eat them. If you want to buy spinach, you have to eat both of them. But you go to that hotel, you have to buy vegetables for decoration purposes. Now the concern here is, do they know the importance of these vegetables in your diet? You know that these vegetables contain so much fiber that it can prevent lifestyle diseases. Again, this fiber is very important when it comes to weight management. Because what happens when you take food that is rich in fiber? One, it brings about satiety. What is satiety? It is that fullness of being full. You don't want to keep on snacking. It is the habit that most youth are engaged in. Every now and then you are just snacking. And what kind of snacks are you snacking? We call them, we don't want to use the term empty cannolis, but they have high concentration of calories. And what happens to these cannolis when you consume them? When they go into your body, what happens? Remember, if you don't use those cannolis, they are usually converted into fat. And then stored somewhere? Yes. Okay. So I see you have extensive knowledge. You've researched in various regions in Kenya. And Monapo, Northeastern, around there. And a stint maybe around the coastal region. Just based on that alone, what's the difference between these regions and Nairobi as it is? I like the diversity about Kenya. Kenya is one very rich country in terms of diversity. The funny thing about the diversity, is that quantify and say, these are characterized by these, and these are characterized by these. Why? Because there's a national element. There's a way you will know a Kenyan by just meeting a Kenyan, whether in the streets of London or within Kenya itself. The only thing that I come to realize that creates a distinction between Kenyans is whether in Nairobi, whether in Western, whether in Northeastern, Kenyans have got their own solutions to anything and everything. The only thing where I find fault is, how do we approach handling the challenges? And I'll put challenges in parenthesis. Why? Because most of the time, seated in a boardroom like this, we are thinking Mandera, they must be suffering from 1-2-3. Wajia, they must be suffering from 1-2-3. And that's why seated in a boardroom, we can decide to meet a group of a church and tell these guys, blessed people of God, we are going to reach out for the people in Mandera to take them food. One thing you need to know is that these guys have been in Mandera for the rest of their lives. They have their own solutions to their own issues.  So we are seated here. We say we are going to provide food for them. But if we took another turn and decided instead of us delivering a package, what can we work with them to know what they need most? That's very smart. Because now we want to send relief food. We want to just bring, bring, bring. And we don't really know what they need. Most of the time we are taking them what we think they need. What we think they need. Although our regions are completely different. There's a time, let me put this one on a light note because there's a time I was working with another project and we reviewed it and we realized, okay, we are doing the wrong thing. Because we are taking toilets. We are developing toilets for the people in a certain region thinking they need toilets. We deliver the package two, three months down the line. We go back to the package and it's never utilized. Wow. So they did have toilets. We've given them toilets. Now we are thinking communicable diseases like diarrhea now are being managed. We go back and the toilets are not utilized. Wow. Then we are asking ourselves, why have these not been utilized? And these are very good costs. The toilets are good. They are furnished. They are looking good. They were expensive. It's called VIP. All right. So we go check on it and we start now asking the community, where did we go wrong? That's when we are coming back to our senses and asking ourselves, where did we go wrong?  Oh wow. One thing it's in our culture that we cannot defecate where your father has already defecated. That's breach of authority. Wow. Exactly. Everybody was like, okay, but the thing is that's their culture. So did we consult? Yes, we brought an intervention. We wrote in the newspapers that we've done one, two, three, as a government, as an NGO, as a well-wisher. But the question is, do we have a success story? So the whole idea of human life and human health is taking a wrong skew, not because we don't have the right to have solutions, but because we super repose the solutions on people who've got their own needs and they know how to solve them. That's why public health now takes another tangent away from the normal tangent of care and says, we are going to start with the needs. So we do a needs assessment with you. I come to your place and you tell me, are these where I stay? So maybe I'm not comfortable with the way your toilet looks, but your biggest problem is where to cook. So you tell me, these where to cook. These where my problem is. It's for me now using that knowledge to work with you and tell you when you cook is not your problem. What if we fix this one, then we bring this one? Then help you understand why this one needs to be fixed before we fix this one in what we call a prioritization matrix. We've done the priorities. Then from there, that's when we deliver the solution. Now, the biggest challenge we are seeing with most of our government, most of our institutions, on how we approach health is that we are doing things with a desire of seeing change, but we are not realizing change. Why? Because we are delivering a package containers of healthcare to people who need water first. That's devastating. That must be quite a shock and it's expensive, guys, because you've already put out a couple of resources and then only need to come back and realize, oh my gosh, they didn't really need these ones so now you have to outsource another set of resources and oh my goodness. Okay, in the same breath, maybe, since he's traveled in different regions, if someone, and we have different cultures, if someone has a vision, if someone has a vision, if someone has a vision, if someone has a vision, so if a culture is primarily their diet, once in a while, how would you tell them to adjust their diet? One, you need to understand that culture resists change. Sana? Yes. So if you're introducing something new to the community, not even a community to you as an individual, I must involve you. I must make you understand the importance of changing whatever you're doing and start doing whatever I want to tell you. Once you get to understand the advantages, the importance, chances are very high, you'll adopt or you will embrace the change. Let me give you an example. We discuss and I advise you that when you work out, you are likely to lose weight. Maybe you came to a health facility and after cutting out a diagnosis, you unionize that you're overweight, you're obese, you need to lose weight. That is the solution. Then I advise you and tell you, you know what, Valentine? One of the ways that you can decide to lose weight is through working out. There are different ways of working out. You can walk, you can run, you can visit the gym, you can do aerobics. Then I ask you, Valentine, do you have lifts? Then you're like, yes. You walk or you use the lift. Then you're like, I use the lift. Do you think by working, you can lose weight? You are like, yes, according to what you have discussed.  Will you use the lift or will you use the stairs? Stairs. Good. Why? Because you sat down, discussed and you saw the importance of losing weight and one of the measures that can be put in place to lose weight is through working.  Actually, some of them, they feel like they are making a mistake. But you share with them, make them understand the importance of their fish. Make them understand the nutrients that you get from the fish. We have the essential omega-6 and omega-3 which are obtained from the sea fish. And if you share with them the importance of those omegas and you advise them that the good source of food that you can obtain this omega-3 and omega-6 from, it's from the fish, do you think that community can embrace fish eating? I think a little bit more, yes. And then also, I think preparation is key because now, if you throw a fish somewhere, people are not used to it. They'll just put waru, karot, nikabe, mashakura. Suddenly, it's just a disaster. So we also have to learn how to actually prepare it in order for it to give us the best. Good. Valentine. Let's take, for example, waru. You go to a community where by waru can be prepared in different ways. You can smash it to form a mukimo. You can as well boil it and then you defray it in the oil. You can make chips. You can decide to make just mashed potatoes. Then you rub it with some butter. You just do a bit of mixing. And there's that person who just decides to boil waru and serve the family. Which method do you think most people can embrace to prepare so that they can consume that waru? I think the simpler version would be more common. The simpler and the most attractive, right? So when you're introducing this change to the community you have to make sure it is attractive in such a way that even that child, even that youth will be looking forward to embracing that change. Previously, sorry, you wanted to say something. I was just speaking that breath because there's something that is coming up consistently that the biggest problem with our health system let me call it a setup, not a system. Yeah, the setup and the system. All of them. The biggest challenge that we are coming up right now as we are discussing and if you can really look at it is just so simple. The biggest challenge that we are facing right now is communication. And I quote the good book that says my people perish because of lack of knowledge. The only thing that we need right now is an enhancement of communication methodologies. And because communication goes in a way that is ascending and receiving message. What we've been doing is that we've been sending but we are not willing to receive the feedback. Why? Because one, we have fears of negative feedback and two, because we have vested interests. I'm a supplier of health equipment, for instance. So if I was to send a message of proper living and a message of a contract for supply of medical equipment what would be favorable for me? A supply of medical equipment, why? Because it has a translation into my bank account. But my biggest problem is I'm not seeing beyond the bank account because that bank account is going to grow but my family is going to get sick. So the money will channel in and channel out through health. As you receive, it's just the hand that receives gives back. Now that's the biggest challenge. So the thing is, can we enhance, like right now if I was to be at a policy place to make a decision, right now my policy perspective towards the government, towards institution would be one. When I get to a certain site, I'll merge all the NGOs so that I bring them on a common table and call them partners. Get to know what you're doing, what you're doing, what you're doing. Get to see how can I integrate the three of you so that we can achieve one thing. Because we have three NGOs within a simple county. Each NGO is delivering a simple mandate. All these mandates are running concurrently and some of them are the same. So why can't I stop the resources for this guy and pick these resources and merge them with this one to deliver just one thing, communication. Get out to the people. Sounds very smart. These guys have got solutions for their... Let me tell you something. If today the country stopped taking refugee and solutions to Turkana, this is my own opinion, they will still survive. Why? Because they have their own metal. Human beings are solution givers. Once I get myself into trouble, I know how to get out of it. So the only thing is, can I support you out of your trouble, your way? And if your way is not the right way, can I enhance your knowledge by giving you knowledge that now have acquired? Then once you start buying into my knowledge, you might not buy it using the methodology that I'm giving you. You might buy it the way you want to buy it. Then now can we start working out? And that's purely knowledge dissemination and information and communication. Why? Because any relationship is strengthened by communication. The biggest reason why we have strikes, the biggest reason why the health system is failing in terms of strikes, constant strikes, it's built just because of one thing. Communication. And even relationships in the house are failing because of communication. So when I help you today, it's not something that would have been... If somebody sat down and see, so this is a trend that is coming up in Kenya, couples are humming themselves, especially the youth. A boyfriend goes to a girlfriend's dormitory. Assumes the worst and just... So the thing is, can we enhance that level of communication? Because that's still health. That's still within our dockets. Can we enhance communication? Can we get to a place where even the church systems stop first of all delivering, going to heaven and start teaching people how to get to know themselves? Oh, I like that. I really like that because again, I feel like this is a concept that is linked to people abroad. Even if you tell someone to go see a shrink or go get some help, some counseling, if they're going through something that really needs you to talk to a professional, they'll say, I am black, I don't know if we can do these things. And on the same note, as Africa, maybe even Kenya, you would realize every very high-class area has a slum next to it. And it has a higher population than the actual high-class area. So that means the poverty line, a lot of us are living below the poverty line. So if I get sick, either I go to the clinic and I buy a paedetone, then I sleep, then I tell myself, it's just for sleep, then I wake up and be fine. Or I go to Ganga, or I go do something unconventional. Or if I go to the clinic that's free, I find, oh my gosh, all the medical practitioners are on strike. Now what do I do? What do I do there? I want to share with you. Do you know that us, and let me first of all alienate myself and say the youth? Because according to the demographics of Kenya, I'm now getting out of the youth market. We are about to push the edge. Don't worry. No, my status will be around. Now, what I'm saying is, do you know we are living a hoax, a lie? There's one thing I'm realizing that's coming up as a trend.  One thing is that we stopped communicating between me and you and now I start communicating with the world. So it's a virtual communication that I don't get feedback. And if I get feedback, it's based on a perception. So if you, your Facebook looks hype, Instagram hype, Haas looks hype, and my world is crumbling, it's me and myself. Now you're depressed. So because I can't go and tell you that this is what I'm going through, because the other day you were in a Rolls Royce, you were rolling. I can't understand it. The other day I saw you at the beach, whether it's Photoshop or real, and I like the cameras, but they come with another purifier of the skin. Hey, filters.  So my own problems, I close them in my cocoon. Then I'm wondering, now, how do I go about this? Now, do you know if we just made one thing that we had a method of reducing on social media and increasing interaction. If you had just five genuine friends that like we do, we do through a small group, we do journeys, we do hiking, mountains.  So as you're communicating and as you're talking, there is this element of just oozing out that bad energies. And a problem shared is a problem half solved. Exactly. So the biggest reason why the other health system, especially now within the youth sector, is now coming up and bringing up about something we call man-communicable diseases like the deaths, like the suicides, like the depression. The depression rates are growing high, especially among the youth. Then withdrawal symptoms. That's basically it. All right. Now just to finish up, I think we had way too much fun. The time has flown. Oh my gosh. Right from Facebook, at White 514 on Twitter. I would like to touch on something. And I know it might seem far-fetched because the youth are out here being told that they should be creative. Stop asking for job from Serical. Serical does not have job. We took a shower to Mawaskia. But there is a very close relation to being creative and taking care of yourself. Taking care of yourself in mind and body and all other things. Basically, you must be healthy. The foods you're eating are directly related to how you're thinking. How fast you can think. How far you can think. How creative you can think. Am I lying? Am I telling the truth? So, Tuambe vijana. It's po kuatu kuachamia darari. Tuwache, yes. But we should also take care of ourselves. Before you wake up and start thinking of what to do and how to get your income. Just walk like she said. Do simple exercise like she said. Just take care of your mental health like he said. Eat well. Eat right. So that you won't go fighting with your friend at all. I want this job.  Am I correct? Am I just making a noise? That's very right. They've agreed with me. So, vijana. Take care of yourself. Alright, so your last comments as we wrap this up. Just mention something. You said about vijana, you're completing your job. And then you keep on saying ah, what to do? End of argument. I don't know what to do. I don't know what to do. I don't know what to do. I don't know what to do. I don't know what to do. Now, you need to understand before that MP, before that governor, apart from your seat, he had to work hard. He works smart. What we need to do is to ask him who is the governor and who did it. But he said he convinced you to vote him in and vote here. So, he worked hard for that job. We're not like vijana. We're just doing what we're doing. We're just doing what we're doing. We're just doing what we're doing. We're just doing what we're doing. We're just doing what we're doing. And always maintain good diet because if we're happy we can't just leave it like that. We're just going to help you That's deep.  For the youth and for everyone who might be watching. My last short, solutions are within ourselves. Solutions will never be out. If I can't get a job, let me support your idea. Let me work with you. In helping you grow, you help me grow. That's the basic concept behind employment. So can you identify one of your friends, see their dreams and build their dreams? That's one. Two, and the last one, is that network that you are supporting one is also another social healthcare solution for your own depression issues. Because that close-knit friendship is where you vent. And through venting, almost 70% of your diseases are already taken care of. That's hypertension, diabetes and the common diseases. That was the area. My past statistics, I don't know what else I can tell you to make you believe. I started the segment by telling you that the definition of health by the World Health Organization is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity. So please take care of yourself. Please, at White 5 on Facebook, at White 2-5 on Twitter. Hashtag is, Don't go away. We have Man Crush Monday coming up next.


Well, you know, I posted something in a Facebook group that said, I've lived in homes all my life and it's been a long life. Every one of those homes had cabinets in the kitchen. Every one of them had drawers in those cabinets that were in the kitchen. And in all those years that I've lived in homes, I've never busted the front off of a drawer. So what I'm going to do is show you guys how I go about putting these drawers back together. Now, this is actually the third drawer that we've replaced in this one unit. So I'm not looking for it to be pretty. I'm just wanting it to be put back together and to be stable. So it's not going to be pretty because I have some chunks of wood missing on it here that have popped off of the bottom side or the inside of this thing. So but like I said, this is the third one. I got a feeling that it's going to happen again. First thing I like to do, though, is to go ahead and take the tracks off so that when I set this drawer up to do anything I need to do, everything is set straight. And it helps to have your screwdriver set and ready to go. So I'll go ahead and get a Phillips head here. Take these screws off of the side tracks. They're little screws, so you want to make sure you don't lose those. And that's one. And one of the things that I'm going to show you on this is that this is, in my book, the best proper way to do this repair. And in my experience, we haven't had any issues since I started having all my guys do this. And since I started doing this, when you're first starting out of this business, you try to do things that you think are correct. And you do them for quite a while. But over time, you tend to learn that certain things don't work, so you adapt and you try to figure out different ways. And this is the best way that I have found works for this kind of project.  Because when you put this all back together, you don't need those staples in your way. And you want to try to save as much of this wood as you can for what we're going to do. Go ahead and dig these staples out a little bit. Then you can get your needle-nose pliers and pull those staples right out. Sometimes you have to use a hammer on them. But I find that if you do that, you're destroying the meat that's inside of this drawer. And that's what you're wanting to try to save. I'll go on the other side. Got one staple left in here. Pull that one out. Now this is particle board, so it doesn't take much to mess up that meat. So then I'll take my drawer front. I'll inspect it for staples. And sure enough, I've got one left there. I want to try to keep as much of the wood on here as I can.  But it's not much you can do about that. All right, so all that's back together. I'm going to go ahead and fit this drawer. And I don't know if you can see this, but all this wood meat that I've got right here came off the bottom of this front panel for the drawer itself. When I put this together, that's all going to line up and seam back together. We're going to use well wood glue, carpenter's glue, to put all this back together. So go ahead and line this up. Make sure we don't have anything in our way to cause us to not get good adherence with that wood glue. So that's, I think, going to work out pretty good. Looks good here. Looks good there. We may have to tap down a little bit to get a little closer. But I'll go ahead and take that off. And this is what we're going to do now is go ahead and apply some wood glue on all these surfaces, on both pieces, and spread it out. Just have a good carpenter's glue. Well wood glue makes it. I mean, they've been making carpenter's glue forever. I don't need to overdo this. Just put enough on there that when I spread it out, I don't have to come back and do it again. If you get some down in here, go ahead and use your fingers on this and spread that glue around. Don't worry about being neat and clean with it right now. After you put it all together, we're going to use clamps. And we're going to clamp all this together. And then once it's clamped together, then we can come behind and clean this up with a damp rag. Clean up any glue residue that's squeezing out. But the biggest thing is to get good coverage with this glue so that when you do put it together, all surfaces are coming in contact with the glue. All right, so I think I got a good coverage there. And like I said, we're not going to worry about the cleanup until we get everything squished together. Set that aside for a second. I'm going to go ahead and that piece that popped off right here, I am going to try to get it to stick back together. So once we do that, and this is where you want to do your finger on this because if you put anything too rough on there, you're going to be taking away some of this wood that you really want to try to save in there. And this glue is going to get in there and it's going to soak into this wood and it's going to make that surface actually stronger than it was originally. And that's why you're using the glue because that glue really does a good job of helping to make sure everything goes back like it's supposed to and that it stays that way after you're done. If it breaks again, it's probably going to break somewhere else. That's the beauty part about wood glue. So I'll go ahead and wipe my hands here. It's time for any glue residue that's on the bench. Go ahead and wipe it up so it's not interfering with anything, set that aside.  Everything looks like it's lined up pretty decent. This is where you go ahead and get your clamps. This is one of the best investments that you can make. I'm going to do it from behind. This is where it gets a little tricky when you're by yourself trying to do all this. That's not one of my clamps, a good one that works. There we go.  Once it's there, go ahead and squeeze the clamp in, grab another clamp. I will show you a close up of what I got going on here as soon as I get all this done. Let me get a smaller clamp. Hopefully I can get one across here with the smaller clamp. No, I'll have to use a larger clamp. But that's all right. These are pretty cheap clamps to get. And once you get them, you'll have them forever. And then you can do little projects like this. All right, what I've done here is this is just squeezing this together right here. So I'm coming this way, squeezing everything tight. Coming across here, squeezing everything tight. That way when this glue sets up, everything will be great. Now what I want to do is try to get a clamp inside of here. If you can see that, that piece, that little flap that broke off of the inner panel, I got some glue on that. I want to try to squeeze that in to get it to glue in and set up. And it's going to take a little bit. Let's see if we can get this to work. That'll be fine. And what you can also do is get a little block of wood to go in here and then clamp around the wood that way you're getting full surface. And again, like I said, this drawer has been brought in for me to do a repair on to put back in this apartment. And this is the third drawer in this one unit. So I'm not really too concerned about the inner looks of this. If you could come back, you could actually take that little flap off, put some wood glue or wood filler in there, and fill it up. And then when it's dry, sand it flat. And do just like what we do, I have a paint that's pretty close to the original cabinet or the color, the finish. And we just paint the inside of the boxes pretty much at every time we get the apartment ready for somebody to move into. All right. So we've got that.  So what I'll need to do on that is to look at this from the bottom and squeeze down a little bit. And actually, I think it's going to be fine. We'll put some caulk in there. And that'll make that look fine. This will still glue up just fine. They don't have a whole lot of glue residue, so I don't have to worry about really wiping anything clean. And so what I'll do is leave that to dry overnight. We'll come back tomorrow, get all the clamps off of it, and put some caulk on this bottom line right here, and then repaint the inside of this box.  One thing I will tell you guys, do not use L brackets when you're trying to repair a drawer front. That's probably the worst thing you can do. This wood is made out of particle board. And when you go to put screws into this, it's just going to break that particle board up more. You're never going to get a good fit the first time that it gets kind of slammed or pulled on. That's just going to start getting more and more loose. So the only proper way to really do this in my book, other than replacing the drawer box itself, is to glue it, clamp it, and if you've got a brad nailer, you can put some brad nails through it. And that'll help to secure it as well. But I've always found here lately that the glue is really all you need to put this drawer back together. But you don't want to be putting L brackets in this. There's no other fix than gluing it and clamping it. And this is from experience. And this is just a raw video. I'm not going to do a whole lot of cuts on this to show you that in real time, basically, how I'm going to go about fixing this drawer or how I go about fixing a drawer that the fronts pop off of them. Hey, if you've ever had this issue, tell me what you did to fix it. No judgment. If you used L clamps and you didn't know, that's fine. But from now on, you know. And I just want to make sure that we're getting this stuff done correctly. And that doesn't help if you're not willing to listen and take advice. And if you know of a better way than I do, hey, I'm all game to hear your suggestions. So let me know in the comments section below. What do you do to fix something like this? There are drawer boxes that we do have in stock. But the problem that I have is we get them from HD Supply. And they just make quick boxes. They're stapled from the outside in. So they're not really mortised in or like they are here where this panel is actually stuck on the side. So it doesn't take a whole bunch for that panel to pop off. Because all they're doing is stapling when they're not using any kind of glue on the surface. So I'm not really wild about those. Any time I get one, usually what I do is take them apart, sand the edges on this board because it's some kind of polished wood. And then put a line of glue on both sides. Go ahead and put the staples back in, stick it on there. And that glue is going to give me double support and double coverage as far as holding that panel back in. So we could put another box on it, but they're usually not as good as what the originals are. So a little bit of glue, a little bit of clamp. Sometimes you put a brad nail in it, and it goes into this faceplate. That really does a good job. And it makes it even stronger than it was originally. So this is going to be ready to put back into the apartment on Monday or Tuesday. Because we're off on Monday for July 4th. And happy July 4th to all of you guys. This is a great country. And I hope you appreciate it as much as I do. And we'll see you in the next video.


I'm David Hulse, professor in landscape architecture from the University of Oregon. Here to talk with you today about an approach to planning and anticipating the design and management of the land, particularly with focus on managed landscapes, agriculturally dominated managed landscapes. The title of this talk is Designing Alternative Futures for Managed Landscapes. What is an alternative futures project? Simply put, it's a type of impact or risk assessment where two or more alternatives are considered. And importantly, the alternatives are represented spatially. They're mapped in quite precise ways. One or more things that people care about are evaluated for the effects that these alternative futures would have. Examples of these kinds of endpoints are things like the dollar value of commodity production, the effects on terrestrial or aquatic wildlife, the amounts and distribution of water use is another example. And finally, the alternative futures are compared and contrasted for the effects they have on these things people care about. What I'd like to do is spend a few moments with you using two different case studies from two different parts of the country, illustrating how this alternative futures approach works. The basic gist of the idea is that in mapped form, one gains some understanding of how a study area of interest existed in the past, at some point in the past. And the image that you're going to see now, the date is the mid-19th century, important in this particular example because that predates most Euro-American alteration of the landscape. With that understanding of how the land was in the past, a fair amount of effort is put into mapping how it is today in the present. This understanding of the trajectory of change of how we got from conditions in the past to conditions in the present is then used to define a set of assumptions about how the future will unfold. Again, in the image that you're looking at, there are three different paths to the future that are illustrated. One with an emphasis on ecological function here called the conservation 2050 scenario, where the date of 2050 is the period of time into the future that's being considered. A second, the planned trend 2050 scenario, where the assumption is that policies and practices from the present continue largely unchanged into the future. And the planned trend scenario represents conditions on the ground under that set of assumptions. The third alternative here illustrated assumes that more emphasis will be put on short-term economic gain, the title of this alternative being the development 2050 scenario. This basic approach to thinking about and anticipating the effects of future land and water use called alternative futures approaches fits very comfortably with the predominant approach used by the Natural Resource Conservation Service. The diagram of the Natural Resource Conservation planning approach begins with the same kind of need to understand conditions as they exist at the time the study begins. What here is called pre-planning. Thinking about those conditions on the ground that exist at present. Paying due attention to the concerns of the people whose lives are bound up with the land, those who make their living on and from the land. Building a sense of trust and rapport with those stakeholder groups. And particularly important building a group of interdisciplinary team members whose areas of expertise fit the nature of the land and the processes both natural and cultural that go on in the study area in question. With that prior planning done, the NRCS planning approach then outlines a series of steps that begin with delineating geographically defined study area. Often a watershed, sometimes a county, some geographically bounded area of interest and developing a vision for what the conservation goals for that geographically bounded area are. What are the processes and resources that are of significant importance to merit, conserving and protecting over time? The next step then being to inventory important resources in that study area and mapping them. Analyzing those resource data. Developing a set of alternatives for how the land and water resources in that study area will be used and managed over time. Having a specific set of evaluation criteria, here including compliance with stated goals and objectives, compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, compatibility with watershed resources and compatibility with local values. Obviously all very important issues, not only to the NRCS but to any wise and thoughtful planning of land and water uses in an area. The next steps then consisting of selecting a preferred plan, implementing it and then iteratively evaluating the effectiveness of that plan and revising the plans for the future based on that understanding of effectiveness. The point that I wanna make here is this NRCS planning approach is really highly compatible with the alternative futures approach but there are a few key differences and I'd like to direct your attention to those. Here listed as a set of four components are some key steps along the way in implementing an alternative futures approach to planning and management of land, particularly for conservation purposes. The first of these components has to do with preparing the future scenarios. There are two key ways in which people who have conducted alternative futures projects have prepared future scenarios. One relies on expert driven assumptions of scenarios where people who have defined expertise about the resources in question are the people that one looks to help define how the future will unfold. A second and not necessarily incompatible approach to preparation of the future scenarios is an approach in which the citizen stakeholders themselves define the assumptions that lead to the definition of the alternative futures. In the two case studies that I'll show you briefly in a few moments, in one an expert driven approach to defining the future scenarios is used and in the second a citizen driven approach is used. The second component of alternative future projects has to do with the choice and preparation of evaluation models. What is it that people believe are important enough about the natural and cultural processes in a study area to be used to evaluate, to compare and contrast the differences among the alternative futures. Again, prototypical examples of evaluation models have to do with the dollar value of conservation and commodity resources with the effects on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity and particularly of importance in the western United States with the effects on water use in study areas. The third component of the alternative future projects have to do with the use of these evaluation models to evaluate the alternative futures. And finally, and of particular importance, the dissemination of results. How does one decide who the relevant audience groups are for the dissemination of results and what are the appropriate formats to organize and convey the results to each of those different audiences. I'd now like to step into the first of the two case studies that I want to use to illustrate the various ways in which these alternative futures approaches can be applied and how their various types of application can be well-tuned to the local needs, concerns and landscapes that are being studied. The first case study is titled Modeling Effects of Alternative Landscape Design and Management on Water Quality and Biodiversity in Midwest Agricultural Landscapes. It focuses on an area in central Iowa in the heart of the corn and soybean country. To explain this case study in Iowa, I'd like to first tell you a little bit about the people who were involved and their areas of expertise, to explain the purpose of the project, its context and funding, to talk about the circumstances as they existed on the ground when the project began, how they went about designing the alternative futures for the Iowa project, how they then evaluated the alternative futures and briefly summarize some of the results from those evaluations and conclude the Iowa case study with a few words about the status of that project today. As with most alternative future projects, the Iowa project relied on a multi-disciplinary group of individuals with expertise ranging from animal ecology through geosciences, natural resource management, and resource economics. Project researchers hailed from Iowa State University, from the University of Minnesota, University of Michigan, and Oregon State University. The purpose of the Iowa project was to inform landowners and policy makers of the effects of land use and management choices, particularly of the effects on water quality and biodiversity in agricultural watersheds. As I said, the project context is in the heartland of the Central United States and Central Iowa. An earlier NRCS funded project that went under the acronym of master had developed detailed information sets on a variety of watersheds distributed throughout Iowa. Two of those watersheds, Buck Creek, a little less than 9,000 hectares in size, and Walnut Creek, a little more than 5,000 hectares in size, were chosen for the Alternative Futures Project. As the images show, both of these watersheds are dominated by corn and soybean agriculture. The funding for this project was secured with a grant that jointly sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Science Foundation. In my experience, the cost of these Alternative Futures projects ranges from somewhere between $750 per square mile of study area to about $1,250 per square mile of study area. In the Iowa project, the comparative small area of the two watersheds that were studied and the comparatively large amount of money actually made this one of the more well-funded Alternative Futures projects. It was about a three-year project in length. As I mentioned before, Alternative Futures projects rely heavily on accurate spatial information, good maps. In the Iowa project, a previous project titled the Midwest Agricultural Surface and Subsurface Transports and Effects Research Project, which had been conducted in the mid-1990s, left a legacy of highly detailed geographic information. These data sets had been developed in the mid-1990s, and they included information on land use and land cover, on soils, and on other important natural and cultural resources in the two watersheds. Of particular significance, and one of the most distinctive characteristics of the Iowa Alternative Futures projects was the very fine spatial grain at which this information existed. The landscape in these study areas was defined at a resolution of three meters by three meters on the ground. This is a much finer grain, much higher resolution information than most of the Alternative Futures projects that have been done to date, as you'll hear more when I talk about the second of the two case studies today. In addition to the detailed spatial grain of the information in the Iowa project, also of high detail was the list of characteristics, both natural and cultural, that were mapped. The image on the screen shows you a list, which in effect was the legend for the land use and land cover maps that described existing conditions in the Iowa project. The list ranges from a detailed description of various types of agricultural crops, including corn and soybeans, alfalfa, pasture, and others, as well as areas of native and natural vegetation, windbreaks, both herbaceous and woody, cultural features such as roads, railroads, riparian vegetation, cemeteries, and so on. With this kind of a mapped information base at their disposal, the project researchers identified a set of important natural and cultural processes that would be taken into account in developing the alternative futures and distinguishing one from the other. These relevant natural and cultural processes included crop type and location. This is one of the things that would vary among the alternatives, which crops were being grown and where. Farming practices, again, what farming practices and where they would be distributed on the ground. Agricultural policy at local, county, state, and particularly national levels were of importance in the Iowa project. The economic implications of the different alternatives, the perception of farmers to the actual conditions on the ground under the different scenarios of the future were important, and the total human population living in the study areas. Another distinguishing characteristic of the Iowa project relative to other alternative futures projects is that the Iowa project actually assumes at most the population in the future will remain constant relative to the present, with two of the three scenarios assuming the number of people will actually decline in the future relative to the present living in the study areas. There were four key natural and cultural processes that were used as evaluative yardsticks in the Iowa case study. One concerned the effects of the different alternatives on water quality in the study areas. A second concerned the effects on terrestrial biodiversity, the creatures that make their living on the land as it's affected by agriculture and other land uses in the study area. A third evaluative yardstick had to do with the perceptual preferences of farmers in the study area for the different appearances of the three scenarios in the Iowa project. And the fourth had to do with the dollar value of commodity production, agricultural commodity production under the three future scenarios articulated in the Iowa project. So with that set of descriptions of the existing conditions, the crop types, the areas of native and natural vegetation, the areas of cultural features mapped at a very detailed resolution, and that set of evaluative concerns, water quality, biodiversity, landscape perception and economics, all clearly agreed upon. Project researchers set about defining a set of assumptions for how the future would unfold in these case study watersheds. Changes were depicted regarding both agricultural and non-agricultural uses of the land. The scale was three meters by three meters, very fine grained, and the time interval between the present and the future was 25 years. This is another distinguishing characteristics of different alternative future projects. In the second of the two case studies that I'll talk about briefly in Western Oregon, 10-year time steps were used to get from the present to the penultimate future depiction. In the Iowa project, that time interval from the present, circa 1995 to the future was leaped in one time step. In the Iowa project, considerations of how these alternatives would be organized and mapped on the ground were influenced by the scale of agricultural equipment that was assumed to be used under the agricultural management practices of each scenario. The size and configuration of the agricultural fields, the suitability of the land for growing corn, and the land capability class. As I mentioned, one of the key variables in preparing and defining the alternative future scenarios has to do with who makes the assumptions about how the future will unfold. In the Iowa case study, the predominant role fell to the project researchers to define those assumptions. Project researchers were led by Joan Nassauer, professor of landscape architecture at the University of Michigan, and she and her fellow team members, along with interested parties from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the NRCS, consulted broadly with local, county, state, and other federal interested parties in defining the assumptions. All of those parties agreed that there would be some common assumptions for each of the three Iowa project alternative futures. First, each of the landscapes would embody profitable agricultural production by private landowners. Second, each of the three scenarios would embody public concerns for water quality to a greater or lesser extent. Third, each of the three scenarios would embody public concerns for biodiversity to a greater or lesser extent. Each landscape would be affected by global markets. Each would be affected by international and national agricultural policy, as well as national, state, and local environmental policy. And agriculture and environmental policy would reflect societal perceptions, values, and concerns. So, in the Iowa project, three alternative futures were created using the information that I've described briefly for you before. And the three scenarios varied in terms of the size of farms, how woodland areas were treated and assumed to be managed over time, the size and location of riparian buffers, the placement of livestock, farming practices, again, the size of the human population in each of the three alternative futures, and the presence and role of visitors in each of the three alternative futures to these landscapes. The specific design process used by Joe Nassauer and the design team who was charged with developing the mapped alternative futures relied on advice not only from the project team, but from a set of interested parties whose concerns ranged from federal agencies to the local landowners in this study areas. The information was necessarily very detailed because of the agricultural use and the very fine grain of certain natural features such as woody riparian and herbaceous riparian zones around low order streams. This necessitated the very fine grain three meter by three meter dataset. And again, the project leapt from the present circa 1995, 25 years into the future in one time step. The alternative futures that were developed in the Iowa project relied on a number of key variables to distinguish one scenario from another. The size and type of corridors, hedgerow corridors, road corridors. The size and type of the agricultural matrix within which those corridors occur. The size and type of agricultural fields. The type and location of the residences within which the people inhabiting the study areas live. And interestingly, in one of the scenarios, a mixing and matching option in which the corridors, matrices, field size types and human population types and locations were mixed and matched. As an aside, a noteworthy resource for use in planning corridors of the kind addressed in the Iowa project is this NRCS document, conservation corridor planning at the landscape level. One of the outcomes of the Iowa project had to do with lessons learned. One of those was that even with this very fine grain three meter by three meter data description of the mapped features on the land, it was still difficult for some of the evaluation models, particularly the terrestrial biodiversity model, to do its job. In many cases, the particular wildlife processes that the researchers were most interested in investigating operated at a scale even finer than the three meter by three meter data were able to capture. Another important lesson is the significance of communication with stakeholders throughout the process, particularly in the stages where the alternative future assumptions are being defined. Some of the most surprising findings from the Iowa project had to do with the ways in which those scenarios that focused most on incorporating conservation goals, conservation of water quality and biodiversity produced big changes in the landscape. The scenario which put greatest emphasis on protecting and conserving biodiversity turned out to be quite profitable from an economic commodity production perspective. The scenario which put the greatest emphasis on production of corn and soybeans resulted in the greatest loss of any of the scenarios in grassland habitat and the greatest increase in water pollution. In terms of the preferences of farmers to the appearance of the different scenarios, scenario one, which was the scenario which put the greatest emphasis on commodity production, was the least preferred by the farmers. Scenario two, which attempted to achieve a compromise position between the water quality and biodiversity goals and the commodity production was more preferable than scenario one, but less preferable still than scenario three, which was the scenario that put the greatest emphasis on water quality and biodiversity. Scenario three was the most preferred by the farmers of the three future scenarios. And particularly interestingly, the existing landscape was the least preferred. So where is the project today? As you might expect, given the academic credentials of the project investigators, there are a number of written publications which will describe the results and findings and surprises of this project. These publications focus on some of the different dimensions of the project. The design team from the project is going to be writing a book chapter on the cultural acceptance and landscape management components of the project and the findings related to those. The economics team will be publishing an article in the Journal of Ecological Economics. Joe Nassauer, the lead investigator is writing a chapter about how the ecological principles embodied in the more conservation oriented of the alternative futures will be used and the lessons learned from those. And the team that focused on the biodiversity effects of the alternatives is writing an article with their findings for the Agricultural Ecology Journal. The second of the two case studies is from Western Oregon's Willamette River Basin. This is work that was conducted by a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional team of researchers called the Pacific Northwest Ecosystem Research Consortium. It was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It was a five year, 10 million dollar project and it included investigators from the US EPA, Oregon State University, the University of Oregon, and the USDA Forest Service. As with the Iowa project, the Willamette Basin Alternative Futures Project also operated with an understanding of the past, how land use management and alteration has changed past landscapes to the landscapes we know today in the present. Use that understanding of the trajectories of change to work with stakeholder groups to define a set of assumptions about three different alternative futures. Each of those different alternative futures were then evaluated for their effects on terrestrial biodiversity, aquatic biodiversity, the condition of the large river that flows through the study area, the Willamette River, and the socioeconomic implications of how water use will change. By contrast with the Iowa Alternative Futures Project, the Willamette River Basin work put the task of defining the assumptions about how the future will unfold firmly in the hands of citizen stakeholder groups with the research experts basically implementing and mapping those assumptions as defined by the citizen stakeholder groups. As with the Iowa project, the Willamette Basin Alternative Futures Project also had a diverse multidisciplinary set of project researchers. With research expertise varying from land and water ecosystem process to resource economics, to landscape planning, this too was a diverse group of over 35 researchers. The structure of the citizen stakeholder process had two different tiers of stakeholder involvement. The first group was a group that was met with monthly for over two years to define the specific assumptions that I'll explain to you briefly in a moment of each of the Alternative Futures. The work of this group was then aired before larger governor-appointed groups at regular intervals throughout the five-year history of the project to get broader understanding and a broader buy-in to the plausibility of the assumptions of the Willamette Basin Alternative Futures. Also like the Iowa project, one of the key information sets that was developed in the Willamette Basin Alternative Futures was a map that described existing conditions. As is shown in the context map in the upper right-hand corner, the Willamette River Basin is in the western portion of Oregon. The Pacific Ocean is to the west approximately 60 miles. The western boundary of the Willamette River Basin is formed by the coastal range of mountains, relatively low in altitude. The eastern boundary of the Willamette River Basin is formed by the Cascade Mountain range of volcanic origin, significantly higher, over 10,000 feet in many places. The western slope of the Cascades, shown here in various shades of green, is dominated by coniferous forests, very high productivity agricultural soils are in the valley floor, and the major metropolitan area of Portland is at the northern end of the basin, Salem, Oregon State Capitol in the middle, Corvallis on the western edge of the valley floor, and Eugene Springfield at the southern end of the valley floor. The Willamette River itself flows out of headwaters in the Cascades and coast range, flows through the center of the valley floor, through Eugene, past Corvallis, through Salem, and joins with the Columbia River at Portland. A select set of maps from the Willamette River Basin Alternative Futures Project is available in your course notebook. There were three alternative future scenarios developed in the Willamette River Basin Project, and they varied in their focus on what people will give priority to as they make choices about land and water use over the next 50 years. Each of these three alternatives assumes the same total 2050 human population of the basin, a little less than four million people, roughly twice the present population. The planned trend 2050 scenario assumes a status quo carrying forward of today's land and water use management policies over the next 50 years. The development 2050 scenario assumes greater emphasis will be given to short-term economic gain with market forces being more influential in making land and water use decisions. The conservation 2050 scenario puts greater emphasis on long-term ecological function, in some cases at the expense of short-term economic gain. The table on the screen illustrates for several key factors how each of the alternative futures assumptions varies. For example, the planned trend 2050 scenario assumes recent trends and long-term plans for urban densities will continue into the future, achieving by 2050 an average residential density of about eight dwellings per acre throughout the urban areas of the basin by the year 2050. The development scenario, by contrast, assumes that people will build residential areas no more dense than they are today, achieving by 2050 residential densities in the urban areas of the basin of slightly over six dwellings per acre. The conservation scenario, again by contrast, assumes that efforts will be made to keep urban settlements compact for a number of conservation goals, achieving by the year 2050 average residential densities in the urban areas of the basin of approximately nine dwellings per acre. Other comparative variables of particular interest to our purpose today has to do with the amount of agricultural land that is an act of agricultural use in 1990 that by 2050 would be converted to non-agricultural uses. This varies from a low of slightly less than 39,000 acres of ag land conversion for planned trend to more than 100,000 acres of ag land conversion for the development scenario. Not only does the amount of land converted for agricultural use vary under the three alternatives, but the uses to which that former ag land is converted varies as well. In the development scenario, because of the low residential density, much of the more than 100,000 acres of 1990 agricultural land that are converted are converted to urban and rural residential uses. Contrast that with the conservation scenario where a significant amount of agricultural land, 1990 agricultural land, is converted to non-agricultural uses by the year 2050 but the purpose of that 2050 land use is to restore native and natural vegetation, particularly in the riparian dominated areas of the lowlands of the valley floor. If in conducting an alternative futures project, the decision is made to let citizen stakeholder groups play a large role in defining the assumptions of the alternatives. It's important to find ways to help them understand the implications of those assumptions. What I'd like to show you now is a video simulation illustrating a technique that we've found helpful in helping lay citizen stakeholder groups do just that, understand the implications of these assumptions as they play out on the land. The video shows the Willamette River Basin and focuses in on a portion at the southern end of the valley floor, just north of the town of Eugene and Springfield. The main stem Willamette River flows through this study area from south to north and we will follow a flight path simulating a view out the window of a low-flying airplane that begins at the north end of this focus zone, flies around the western edge and concludes with a view to the south. So here we are looking at the existing condition circa 1990 with the Willamette River flowing from right to left. We're looking east, hovering over the western edge of this portion of the Willamette Valley. You can see the characteristic quilt work pattern of agriculturally dominated lands, some areas of intact bottom land forest, the river with islands sometimes un-vegetated, sometimes vegetated and the camera pulls back slightly and shows you the view looking directly downriver to the north of the Willamette. The next segment of the video has this image of the existing condition circa 1990 present on the screen with the three alternative futures, planned trend 2050, conservation 2050 and development 2050. I'd like to direct your attention to a few of the key differences among the alternative futures. In this part of the landscape and the development scenario, notice how much more rural residential uses there are. In the conservation 2050 scenario, in certain areas along the flood plain of the Willamette River, you will notice expanded areas of flood plain forest, one of the key native habitat types. You'll also notice in the conservation scenario, some additional river channel areas where the natural braided conditions of this reach of the river have been assumed to be restored in the conservation scenario. The video repeats this segment one more time to allow you a chance to compare and contrast them in a little less hurried way. Again, notice the additional rural residential uses in this part of the development scenario, the additional flood plain forest along the flood plain of the main stem in the conservation scenario. Of course, the implications of these choices and assumptions about how the future will unfold affect many different resources. Assumptions about residential density, urban area expansion and agricultural conversion were among key concerns that the citizen stakeholder group had in the Willamette River Basin Alternative Futures Project. I'd now like to show you a series of maps, one for each of the alternative futures that focuses on the effects of different assumptions of urban and rural residential growth and expansion of each of the alternative futures. First, the 2050 conservation scenario. For each of the three maps that I'm going to show you now, the color scheme remains the same. The darkest gray represent the urban areas in the mid 1990s. The yellow represents the urban area expansion under each alternative future scenario. And the red represents where rural residential areas are under each alternative future. The conservation scenario has among the least rural residential expansion and only slightly more urban expansion than planned trend. The planned trend scenario has the least urban expansion, only slightly more rural residential expansion than the conservation scenario. Both the conservation and the planned trend scenarios have significantly less urban expansion and significantly less rural residential expansion than the development scenario. These issues of land conversion and agricultural land loss are of primary concern in this project. One of the reasons why agricultural land loss is of such great concern is that the agricultural land in the valley floor of the Willamette Valley is highly productive. This map shows soils of the Willamette River basin. The darker the green, the more agriculturally productive. Particularly in areas of the river where the land capability of the soils is high for agricultural use and there are water sources proximate to those productive soils, the agricultural value of the land is exceptionally high. This next series of maps puts together the prior series that I just showed you combining the effects of different approaches to urban and rural residential expansion with the loss or conversion of land that is now in agricultural use. Again, the color scheme for these three maps remains the same. The first of these maps shows you the conservation 2050 scenario, showing in orange those lands that the conservation 2050 scenario took out of active agricultural production and converted to some other use. In the conservation scenario, the other uses consisted primarily of conversion to a small amount of urban and rural residential expansion and primarily in the conservation scenario, 1990 agricultural lands were converted to native lowland and upland vegetative communities with the goal of increasing ecological function. The next map, again, using the same color scheme shows you the same kind of information for the planned trend 2050 scenario, showing you in orange the areas that were in agricultural use in 1990 that the planned trend scenario converts to non-agricultural uses by the year 2050. By contrast with conservation scenario, the planned trend scenario converts those 1990 agricultural lands almost exclusively to urban expansion. The third of the three maps shows you the development scenario in 2050, again, using the same color scheme with orange areas being those areas that the development scenario converted from agricultural use in 1990 to some non-agricultural use by the year 2050. In the development 2050 scenario, the entire amount of orange shown is converted from agricultural use in 1990 to urban and rural residential expansion in 2050. Beyond the loss of agricultural soils and the agricultural uses of those soils, another key concern regarding the agricultural portion of the Willamette Valley in this Alternative Futures Project had to do with the effects on terrestrial biodiversity of the different scenarios within the agriculturally dominated part of the basin. Once again, I want to show you three maps beginning with the conservation 2050 scenario. And in this case, what the maps show you are the change in native species richness of terrestrial species within the agriculturally dominated part of the valley. The color scheme in these maps again stays the same across the three futures maps showing in green the areas where there has been an increase in native species richness compared to 1990, showing in white those areas where there has been no change in native species richness compared to 1990, and showing in tan those areas where there has been a decrease in native species richness relative to 1990. So as you can see for the conservation scenario, there has been a significant increase in native species richness, particularly concentrated along the flood plain of the main stem of the Willamette River. You may remember from the video simulation those areas where there was an increase in the amount of native flood plain forests. The comparable native species richness change map for the planned trend map shows you as its name implies very little change. Current policies for protecting prime farm and forest soils in the state of Oregon would lead to very little change, very little increase, very little decrease in native species richness by the year 2050 in this part of the valley. The third of these three native species richness change maps is for the development 2050 scenario. And as you recall, the development scenario converted a great deal of agricultural land to urban and rural residential expansion purposes, but along the way also increased the amount of native vegetation along some portions of the main stem of the Willamette River. Thus you see in some areas an increase of native species richness in this development 2050 native species richness change map. The next series of maps shows you again for each of the three scenarios, first conservation 2050, the patterns of land use and the detail at which those patterns existed. The purpose in showing you these maps is to compare and contrast if you recall, the grain of detail in the maps for the Iowa project, you may recall three meter by three meter descriptions of the conditions on the ground, contrast that with in this Willamette River basin work, a spatial grain of detail 10 times coarser, areas on the ground shown being 30 meters by 30 meters in size. Which for our purposes were adequate for many of the processes which we intended to convey, but as you may recall from Iowa, they had challenges capturing narrow linear features with three meter by three meter grain, we had much the same problem exacerbated, giving a grain of data 30 meters by 30 meters in size. In working with the citizen stakeholder group in the Willamette basin alternative futures project, there were a few key ideas that emerged when it came time to define the assumptions of the conservation 2050 scenario. One of those ideas is that it's actually possible to increase ecological function in the landscape and still maintain short-term economic production from the land. Stakeholders helped us define two tiers of conservation lands, two kinds of conservation lands. The first tier of conservation lands were those in which the natural function of the landscape was preeminent. These lands would be managed with priority given to conserving, creating, and maintaining a naturally functioning landscape. These became known as the tier one conservation lands. A second type of land, also of great importance in the conservation scenario, were those landscapes that came to be referred to as the working landscape, places where farmers and foresters would still be able to manage their lands to produce short-term economic gain, but would do so in ways that increased the importance of habitat protection over time. These lands came to be known as tier two lands, the working landscape. Had an opportunity to go out on the river and look at an on-the-ground example of the tier two lands that we've been talking about. Here at the Confluence of the Long Tom and the Willamette is a good existing example of the tier two or working landscape opportunities provided in this case by Hybrid Poplar, which is a crop that has grown both for pulp or for wood product purposes, can have rotation links between seven and 15 years from time of planting to time of harvest based on whether it's pulp, the shorter rotation, or wood products, the longer rotation, but it does provide some ecological function compared to many other crops that are also suitable for these soils in these locations. From the standpoint of providing incentives to landowners, this is a good example of an opportunity where a nationally based organization like the Natural Resources Conservation Service could provide incentives through programs like the Conservation Reserve Program to encourage landowners to maintain these forests for wood production and keep them growing as trees for longer periods of time rather than the shorter rotations if the landowners are managing the trees in for pulp purposes. With these two concepts of the naturally functioning landscape tier one lands and the working landscape tier two lands in hand, we set about another innovative aspect of this project. And that was working with a group of scientific experts who had key expertise in some of the endangered habitat, vegetative habitat types in the Willamette Valley, and asked them to define for us an amount of acreage of each of four key habitat types that would be necessary to sustain and perpetuity all of the species dependent on those habitat types. The image on the screen shows you a table that compares for each of four of these endangered habitat types, bottom land forest, oak savanna, prairie, and emergent wetlands, how many acres our convened expert group thought were necessary for each habitat type to sustain and perpetuity the species dependent on those habitat types. 147,000 acres of bottom land forest, 70,000 acres of oak savanna, 70 to 75,000 acres of prairie, approximately 3000 acres of emergent wetlands. With those total acre targets for each habitat type in mind, through an iterative process of working with the stakeholder group, the research team went back time after time to the stakeholder group, asking them to help us first define places that were biophysically suited to each of those habitat types, and second then places that were politically plausible to actually convert the target number of acres to each habitat type. As the chart shows, using as an example the bottom land forest, of the 147,000 target acres for total bottom land forest within the basin, our biophysical suitability and political plausibility check translated of those 147,000 total acres, somewhere between 58 and 65,000 of them as tier one naturally functioning landscape, bottom land forest, and somewhere between 82 and 89,000 of the 147,000 acres of bottom land forest as tier two or working landscape. The same process was repeated for oak savanna, prairie, emergent wetlands, and other critical habitat types in the basin. That process produced this map, which came to be known as the conservation and restoration opportunities map. This map then locates in geographically specific location the target number of tier one and tier two acres for each of the habitat types, and actually achieves, and in some cases even slightly exceeds the target number of acres. This conservation and restoration opportunities map became the skeleton or armature around which the larger and more complete conservation 2050 scenario then was fully developed. In addition to these concerns about restoring diminished vegetation types, the conservation scenario also identified opportunities for restoring floodplain function. So we're here at a stretch of the Willamette River, which is currently an off channel alcove called Harkins Lake. Historically, this section of the river was connected to the main stem and water flowed through it at high flow events. Changes in the early part of the 20th century to increase the amount of agricultural land built revetments and road embankments on top of those revetments to disconnect Harkins Lake from the active Willamette River channel. Some relatively minor modifications creation of a culvert underneath an existing road embankment would reconnect the historic channel that is now Harkins Lake and expand and increase the amount of active river channel and off channel habitat. So this is an opportunity such as illustrated in the conservation scenario for the Willamette River basin to increase channel complexity at floodplain forest and off channel flood storage. With each of the three alternative futures, the 1990 landscape and a map of land cover conditions prior to Euro-American settlement circa mid-19th century all complete. The next phase of the Willamette basin alternative futures work turned to evaluating each of these alternatives, evaluating the effects of the past land use land cover condition on a number of key environmental resources, the present and the three alternative futures. In depicting these results existing conditions are used as a kind of reference with future conditions and the past being either better or worse relative to the conditions that we find at present. The histogram that I'd like to show you now summarizes for the set of natural resource effects that were evaluated, how 1850 conditions compared to the present and how each of the three alternative future conditions compared to the present. Let me explain a little bit about how this graph is organized so you can read it. As I mentioned before, these results are presented to show difference relative to conditions in the present. Where conditions improve relative to the present, the colored bars on the histogram occur above the zero baseline. Where conditions are worse than the present, the colored bars on the histogram occur below the zero baseline. So let's take a look at the histogram. On the left side are a series of colored bars that summarize for each of the natural resource indicators which we used as a value of yardsticks, how conditions in the middle of the 19th century would compare to the present. For each of those natural resource indicators, conditions were significantly better in the mid 19th century than they are circa 1990. Not too surprising, there's been significant change to this landscape in the last 150 years with the population ranging about 10,000 in the mid 19th century to over 2 million today. Somewhat surprisingly, the conservation scenario which is to the right of the historical scenario on the histogram shows not as high an improvement as the historical scenario showed relative to 1990 conditions, but a significant improvement. In fact, one of the important summary statements that we feel able to make at this point having concluded these evaluations is that the conservation 2050 scenario restores somewhere between 20 and 65% of the ecological function that has been lost in the Willamette River Basin since the mid 19th century. Plan trend, the set of colored bars to the right of the conservation 2050 scenario shows that for every natural resource indicator we evaluated, conditions will worsen under plan trend 2050 assumptions relative to 1990. Less old growth conifers, less woody riparian zones, poor quality native terrestrial wildlife habitat, and so on. And the third of the three future scenarios, the development 2050 scenario, makes conditions generally worse still than plan trend with slight exception to the increase in amount of main river habitat as you saw in earlier slides. I want to end my comments on the Willamette River Basin alternative futures case study, giving you an example of the kinds of conclusions that projects of this kind and scope can be expected to provide. In general, it took more than 150 years in the Willamette River Basin to reach a population of the first 2 million people. Projections show it will take less than 50 years to add the next 2 million for a total of four. So the pace of change is quickening. There has been more change and thus more environmental effects in the basin in the previous 150 years than our citizen stakeholder group thought plausible in the next 50 years, regardless of the future scenario and importantly, none of these alternative future evaluations forecast environmental doom for the basin, although there are significant differences in environmental qualities among the futures and significant local variations within the futures in terms of their environmental effects. More specifically, if the people in this part of the state wish to protect and restore native biodiversity as an important dimension of healthy watersheds, we recommend the following. Apply coordinated incentives to implement a riparian conservation and restoration network in those high priority zones shown previously on the conservation and restoration opportunities map. Minimize urban and rural residential development in 100-year flood plains and actively look for opportunities to reverse past development of buildings and structures within those same flood plains. Manage reservoirs to achieve more natural flow regimes in the regulated rivers of the basin and capitalize on the water temperature reduction potential of the Willamette River by allowing it to flow through more of the near river gravel zones. Regarding in-stream and out-of-stream uses of water, a particularly critical issue in a drought year in the Western United States, one of the things we found was that regardless of the alternative future scenario, conservation, planned trend development, future changes in crop type and distribution are likely to lead to increased water withdrawals for irrigation uses. We recommend that ways be explored for voluntarily retired irrigation water rights to convert to in-stream water rights with the original priority dates of those water rights. Regarding urban and rural residential expansion, we recommend that more use be made of the current knowledge of terrestrial and aquatic patterns of biodiversity in deciding where urban and rural residential expansions will occur. Provide sufficient financial incentives in those priority habitat areas, which you saw mapped before, to take advantage of design and planning innovations that allow for development and habitat conservation to coexist. And last, establish a Willamette River Basin Environmental Observation Network with attention focused initially on those areas destined for near-term change. These general types of recommendations resulting from this alternative futures analysis of the Willamette River Basin are relevant for many large rivers in urban and agricultural watersheds across the U.S. To conclude by comments on the use of alternative future analysis approaches in the context of the natural resource conservation service planning approach, I just want to repeat how compatible these two approaches are. There are some key things that get accentuated in alternative futures approach, such as mapping in very spatially explicit ways, changes in land and water use in the alternative futures. This kind of very careful and detailed mapping is often controversial, particularly in lands that are dominated by private ownership. In these instances, the use of citizen-driven assumptions for defining the alternative futures and how they will vary within themselves and across the set of alternative futures is one important strategy for helping implement this alternative futures approach. And finally, there are a number of resources which are available for people who wish to learn more about alternative futures approaches and how to carry them out in areas that you're interested in with the people that you know who live on those lands. A few website addresses as well as a bibliography are available in the course materials. Thanks very much.


Telemedicine has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ability to provide remote medical services to patients. In this study, researchers examined the factors influencing the uptake of telemedicine among doctors in Kenya. They found that the majority of doctors, 50%, use a mix of in-person care and telemedicine, while only 5% use it exclusively. The main barriers to telemedicine include the lack of adequate information communication technology infrastructure, cultural resistance to using technology to deliver healthcare services, and the high cost of initial setup. Additionally, doctors reported that they lacked the necessary skills to provide telemedicine services, which can be attributed to the lack of dedicated time for these services. Despite these challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the uptake of telemedicine in Kenya. This article was authored by Simon Onsongo, Charles Kamotho, Tobias F. Rinkardawit and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Out here we're practicing some explosive breaching. The Panty General came out, learned a little bit about the APOPs, it's another explosive breaching asset that we have that we can employ for our supported rifle battalion. The overall objective is for one for our Marines to get another rep at executing an explosive breach especially with the APOPs. It's not something we get to shoot very often, but it's a huge capability that we can bring to the table and then also so the commanding general can get some situational awareness on what it does, what its capabilities and limitations are, and then how we can employ in the future. This training is important because it's going to enable us to establish proficiency to provide mobility to Victor 3-2 in the event of during deployment or in a combat environment. So this system makes secondary division more lethal and capable because it's going to provide us well with 1,750 pounds of C4 to clear a 100 meter lane through an enemy obstacle group, whether that's any tank mines, any personnel mines, so that motorized and mechanized assets of the division can move through to the objective to ultimately assault the enemy. When you can do explosive breaching, it's always a good rep to get in, especially when we have a team going out the door and supporting Golf Company 2-6.


What is up guys and welcome back to the John and Q Channel. Thanks much for watching. Welcome to another quick and fast easy tutorial in Premiere Pro. Today's video is all about stabilizing your footage so it looks smooth, buttery, and uniform all throughout your video. Let's get to it. First step is to dump your footage in your sequence and you want to pick out the section where you want to stabilize. I've already done this here. I'll right-click, speed and duration. I'll go to 40%, I'll click enter and that slows it down. Already that looks a little bit better but you can still see some of the jittery movements. Next step is to right-click, go to time interpolation and go to optical flow. Essentially putting optical flow on your footage means exactly that. It'll give it more of a flow. The jitter is kind of there. You can kind of see it but it can be even better. So then what I'll do is jump into my effects. I'll go to my effects panel on the right hand side. I'll type in warp and that will bring up warp stabilizer. I'll drag that right onto the clip. Warp stabilizer and speed cannot be used on the same clip. This will happen so to get around that you do this.  Nested sequence 01 you press okay. It'll turn green and then go back into the effects panel. Go to warp stabilizer, drag and warp on your clip and it will start analyzing in the background. And then after that what I want to do is render my clip. After it's rendered we want to press play and now you have smooth, buttery, stabilized footage and you can see the warp stabilizer working and so it's a little too warped and what you can do is go over to your effects control panel, go down to smoothness and actually just fix how smooth that footage actually is so it doesn't actually seem so warped and there it is guys. How to stabilize your footage in Premiere Pro. It's that simple. It's that easy. Thanks so much for watching. Peace.