I'm Salvatore Bobona, and today's lecture is what is world systems analysis, distinguishing theory from perspective. This lecture is based on an article I recently published in the Social Theory Journal, Thesis 11. The article is available online, and of course the ideas presented in this lecture are developed in greater depth in the written version. So what is world systems analysis? World systems analysis is a heterodox Marxian approach to understanding global patterns of power and domination. It's Marxian in the sense that it's basic terminology and way of looking at the world or derived from the work of Karl Marx, but it's heterodox in the sense that it goes far beyond anything Karl Marx himself actually wrote, and is in fact at odds with most contemporary orthodox Marxian thought today. For example, world systems analysts locate the origin of the market economy in what Emmanuel Wallerstein called the long 16th century, or the period from the voyages of discovery in the late 1400s through to the consolidation of a global market in the early 1600s. This is opposed to orthodox Marxian accounts that capitalism emerged in the enclosure movements of the 18th century in England and spread from England to the rest of Europe and then to the world. World systems analysts are much more likely to locate the origins of capitalism in the sugar plantations of Brazil or in the markets of Manila in the Philippines than to find them in Europe itself. Put in a positive, in positive language, world systems analysis is a framework for interpreting and understanding the modern world of the last 500 years as a social system driven by market exchange. Like classical Marxian approaches, world systems analysts recognize that market exchange is strongly shaped by power differentials, for example, between capitalists and their workers. It focuses on the material basis of long-term social change rather than on the personalities and talents of individual leaders, and it assumes, or at least every world systems analyst I've ever met assumes that social justice is a major goal of the social sciences. World systems analysis is popular, even thriving, but it is also poorly formalized and poorly institutionalized. There's a tendency towards what the philosopher Auguste Comte called a theological approach to understanding. Something ever said by Immanuel Wallerstein and his close associates is considered canonical, and problems or debates can be resolved by reference to this canonical literature without the need to subject propositions to proper empirical analysis. The result is that no distinction is made between world systems analysis as a perspective and particular theories that have been promulgated by the founders of that perspective. Now Immanuel Wallerstein himself has always insisted that world systems analysis is a perspective and epistemological approach or what he calls a knowledge movement, but even he has perhaps been unable to distinguish his own theories from that perspective, from that way of looking at the world. As a result, world systems analysis is in desperate need of a stripped down and overhaul if it is to survive as a distinct perspective into the future. We have to take away all the layers of theory that have accreted around the perspective and start afresh with the perspective itself as a tool for developing theories into the future. We can't be stuck with the late 20th century's theories forever. We need new theories for a new century and we can only get those if we understand world systems analysis as an epistemology, not as a theory. World systems analysis has its origins in the social systems theories of the 1950s and 1960s and the three major systems as understood by sociologists at that time were cultural systems, political systems and economic systems, which together would form an entire social system. The key breakthrough of world systems analysis was to understand that those systems were not society-wide or country-wide, those systems were worldwide. Now a world in world systems analysis does not necessarily mean the entire globe. A world in world systems analysis is a system of people and societies that are interacting with each other in a way that is relatively bounded. So for example, the classic example is the Mediterranean world of Fernand Braudel, but we might also look to the East Asian world system focused around China before its contact with European sea traders and the most obvious example of a world system that is not itself global is the Mesoamerican world system of the pre-Columbian era. But before 1492, obviously there were social worlds in the Americas that were entirely distinct from the social worlds of Afro-Eurasia. A world system is usually larger than a single society and today there is only one global world system, but for most of history individual world systems have been smaller than the world as a whole. The big distinction between world systems analysis as a systems theory and other systems theories is the realization that class analysis is not limited within each particular society. Class relations span the entire world system. I ask my own students, where are your poor people? In Sydney, Australia, the local poor people are not in Australia. The poor people who do the manufacturing, who do the dirty industrial work, who do the recycling work that support life in Sydney, Australia, they live in China and in Southeast Asia and in South Asia. The class relations in which people are embedded in any particular country span international borders so that the ruling and subordinate classes of a system may not live in the same country or society. They do, however, live within the same overarching system. In 1960s systems theory, Wallerstein implicitly identified three possible dominant systems, cultural, political, and economic. A world system dominated by its cultural system would be characterized by the distribution of material benefits in society according to cultural norms. A world system governed by its political system would be one in which political forms of control, you know, imperial decision making or political rule determined who got what. You might think of a feudal system as a political type of world system. And world systems in which the dominant system was economic are characterized by market exchange. Well, if we think these are the three possible types of dominant system in a world system, we then have three different types of world system, culturally dominated world systems which Wallerstein called many systems, politically dominated world systems which Wallerstein called world empires and economic dominated world systems which Wallerstein called world economies. The first suggestion I would have for stripping down and improving this vocabulary would be to get rid of the theories implicit in these names. Call a cultural system simply a world culture. Wallerstein reasoned that a world culture could only be small scale, that only small scale units could primarily apportion economic surplus according to shared cultural norms. But other world systems analysts like my own PhD supervisor Christopher Chase Dunn say that we might in the future have a global socialist world system. Well, what is a socialist world system other than a system of normative allocation rather than economic or political allocation? The norm being from each according to his abilities and to each according to his needs. So we might imagine a global socialist system as being a very large form of world culture. Why assume that a world culture must be a mini system? Similarly, why assume that a world system dominated by its political system has to be an empire? We could imagine a democratic world polity in which people voted for who would get what in society. So we could imagine a political system in which surplus was apportioned through political means, but those means might be representative or might even be forms of direct participatory democracy. The fact that we've never seen world cultures and world polities that were not in fact mini systems and world empires doesn't mean that these aren't theoretically possible. So I think it makes sense to strip away the implicit theory and just say there are three possible types of world system, a world culture, a world polity, and a world economy. In reality, there might be other possible types, but an aspect of the perspective is to classify world systems into these three types of dominant system. In each of these systems, there are different ways in which surplus is apportioned. A world culture, we could say, is one in which the apportion of surplus is through reciprocity and norms. In a world polity, we might say that the apportion of surplus is through redistribution or rents, and in a world economy, we might say the apportionment of surplus is via exchange and profit. Now that's a theory, three separate theories, but those theories are maybe theorems that are very close to the axiomatic starting point. If a system is a cultural system, the theory that it will apportion surplus via norms is very directly drawn from that original proposition. And similarly with political and economic systems. A second feature of world systems analysis is that these social systems are understood to be hierarchical. And world systems analysis developed a language for understanding hierarchy in world systems using terms like core periphery and semi periphery. In the 1960s, there were lots of terminological systems, core periphery, but also center periphery and metropole periphery. Sociologists have also usually identified as semi periphery in between core and periphery. Others outside sociology have not usually used the term semi periphery. Whether or not there is a semi periphery is hotly debated. There are certain countries today that seem to be in the middle, Brazil, China and Russia, but there's not a consensus on the concept of the semi periphery. Theories of core periphery hierarchy are really just theories. We always know that some have more and some have less. But is that a core periphery structure? And is there a semi periphery between the core and periphery? Well, that's something open to empirical testing. Giovanni Auregi, for example, said that there were core and periphery determined by nodes and commodity chains and that semi periphery was just a mix of core and periphery nodes and commodity chains. Christopher Chaffes-Dunn and others have said there's just a continuum of low to high status with no identifiable positions in between. Empirical approaches based on social network analysis have identified four, five or seven or more levels of countries in the world system based on economic, political and military characteristics. So the proposition that there are three basic positions in the world system, a core semi periphery and periphery, and that all world systems have these three basic positions, this seems to be a theoretical proposition rather than a core epistemological approach of the perspective. Wallerstein implicitly used political criteria to distinguish core semi periphery and periphery. He said core states exhibit strong state machinery coupled with a national culture. He also said there was a semi-peripheral state in which the direct and immediate interest of the state in the control of the market is greater and he identified peripheral areas where the indigenous state is weak. We might think of archetypical examples like the United States or Germany as core states. There's a very strong state machinery and a national culture, a sense of citizenship and identity connected with it. We can see a classic semi-peripheral state as Russia or China or Brazil, places where elites use the political machinery to directly influence the economy and then are highly corrupt in doing so. So all three of those countries have, for example, state oil monopolies that are closely connected to politics and then peripheral countries where the state is very weak or non-existent. There are a whole range of countries especially in sub-Saharan Africa but also in South Asia and Central America where states are so weak that states themselves are unable to take autonomous action. I think a sensible consensus theory can be formulated out of Wallerstein's propositions. I would say that as a theory, a core state has a state machinery that is strong enough to maintain the citizen's dominant positions in the world. A semi-peripheral country has a state machinery that's strong enough to be used by local elites but is used by local elites to exploit internally, is not very useful to exploit the rest of the world and peripheral countries have state machineries that are not strong enough to exclude external elites from their countries. It's consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein but it also provides an analytical basis for these three categories. Another feature of world systems analysis is a large literature on cycles, trends and constants in global history. Wallerstein has endorsed many different cycles. There's a list of them in Christopher Chase Dunn's global formation. There are hegemonic cycles, long cycles, war cycles, trade cycles, colonial cycles, urban cycles, regulation cycles, terms of trade cycles, capital export cycles, financial cycles. There are so many cycles going on that I think it starts to become ridiculous. And there are also lots of trends that are happening. So, Hopkins and Wallerstein early on identified five dimensions of trend growth in the world, increasing mechanization, increasing contractualization, increasing commodification, increasing interdependence, and this is long before globalization became a keyword, and more controversially, increasing proletarianization. And they noted that this was the problematic of these five trends. But Chase Dunn adds a whole series of additional trends to this list. And then there are four systemic constants in the work of Christopher Chase Dunn, an interstate system, corporatory hierarchy, continuum of labor relations running from course to protected labor and commodity production. Well, that's a whole lot of cycles, trends, and constants. There are really too many to keep track of. One in particular that we might examine is hegemony, because hegemony has been the focus of theories, both of trends, hegemonic stability theory, and of cycles of hegemony. Wallerstein himself identified three periods of hegemony, so rise and fall of hegemony, such hegemony in the 1600s, British hegemony in the 1800s, and American hegemony in the 1900s. Auregi and some others add a Genoese hegemony over the world in the 1500s. But there's a high bar for this term hegemony. I'll just go over one of the definitions. Emanuel Wallstein defined hegemony as that situation in which the ongoing rivalry between the so-called great powers is so unbalanced that one power can largely impose its rules and wishes in the economic, political, military, diplomatic, and even cultural arenas. Well, by that test, there was certainly no global hegemony of Genoa over the world. And even the other hegemonies are really quite questionable as hegemony. And Wallerstein gives some very narrow dates for hegemony. So 12 to 20 years for the Dutch, 30 years for British hegemony, American hegemony, and Wallerstein's telling lasts only about 25 years. And I think even these are questionable. Even United States in the post-World War II era was only able to impose its rules and wishes on about one third of the world, maybe one half. China and the Soviet Union were clearly outside the sphere in which the United States could impose its rules and wishes. And this is not some selective quotation of Wallerstein. Wallerstein defines hegemony as situations in which the edge is so significant that allied major powers are de facto client states. Well, that's a very high bar for hegemony. I think it's very obvious that world systems analysis needs a better theory of hegemony. By Wallerstein's definitions, only today are we finally seeing a global hegemony of one country. And Wallerstein emphatically rules that out. He says that contemporary America is not a hegemon. The theory is that hegemony is tied to other cycles, so that Kondratiev, A, and B waves are associated with hegemony. In Wallerstein, each cycle of hegemony is equivalent to two Kondratiev cycles with a timing of first A phase, first B phase, second A phase, second B phase. They're just so stories that read history into the theory. It's very difficult to imagine that we can see hegemony working in such a way. It's probably better to understand hegemony as a concept from international relations theory that can be accommodated within world systems analysis, rather than to stick with the existing theories of hegemony in world systems analysis itself. So what are we left with? Well, I think we have five possible axioms that we could draw as the defining elements of world systems analysis. First, there's the logic that the incorporation of societies into macro-level world systems has important implications. The idea that the society is not the only level of analysis for sociology, but that we have to move beyond the society to larger world systems in which societies are embedded. Second, the axiom that the world system in which we live, and the world systems in which people have lived in the past, can productively be described in terms of their economic, political, and cultural systems. This is not to say that other systems are not possible, but it's just to say that, you know, these three types of social systems have historically been very important and continue to be very important today, and thus we can do sociology from the perspective of these three systems. Third, that the modern world system that arose in the long 16th century has been a world economy in which the economic system predominated because of its subsumption of multiple political and cultural systems within it. It seems very clear that, you know, from 1500 to 2000, there was a world market that was larger than any particular political or cultural system.  So even though they had very different cultural and political systems that were completely distinct, they were still inside this larger world economy. And while that may be a theory, that's such a strong theory that I think we can call it an axiom, a basic epistemological orientation for understanding the entire modern world. Fourth, the modern world economy is characterized by core periphery structures that are defined by the political and cultural aspects of the societies that are incorporated into them. And this is a kind of very neat bit of epistemology. If the system itself is economic in nature, then presumably we can use political and cultural factors to understand countries, societies, peoples, positions within this larger world economy. Again, it's not a specific theory about core semi-periphery, but rather an assertion that if we want to identify core periphery and semi-periphery, we should identify them in political and cultural terms. And those political or cultural statuses may determine their levels of income, but it's not the level of income that makes a country a core country. It's cornice that gives a country a certain level of income. And finally, other types of world systems are possible, and it seems like world polity and world culture are the obvious terms to use to describe systems that are not world economies. Such systems have existed in the past and can be studied, have been studied, and such systems may exist in the future. In addition to these five axioms, I'd also like to present a conjecture. A conjecture that in the 21st century, in the third millennium, the modern world economy has transitioned into a world polity. I say this because I think since 1991, one country has come to have the ability to endogenize the entire world economy within a single political system. And we can see aspects like not just the World Trade Organization, but especially the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, we can see the TPP and the TTIP as manifestations of the American endogenization of the economy under its own ages. In the 1990s, many people were talking about the United States creating a world culture, that the United States was leading a movement towards expanding principles of world society based on human rights, democracy, and free markets, and that this cultural system, what I would call a world culture, was becoming a global cultural system. But I think it's clear by now that there's not a world society based on broadly accepted world society principles that are promoted by the United States. Then instead the United States is actually exercising political power over the world, is coercing countries and people into joining a single system organized from Washington, New York, and its allies London and Sydney. I point out the U.S. and its closest allies effectively set the terms of global governance. Or I go further to Max Weber's definition of a state and say that the United States successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force in the world. Many other countries use force, but their use of force is by definition illegitimate, Russia invading Crimea or China seizing areas of the South China Sea. When the U.S. uses force, it's legitimated by the fact that it is the U.S. and by extension the global community that is applying force. If this use of force is global in scope, then by Weber's definition we could call the U.S. a world state or in world systems terms a world polity. And I think that this is a very productive proposition because it changes how we understand the logic of accumulation. I mean we've lived in a world economy so long that we take Marxian terms like exploitation for granted. We think we know what they are, but when you teach Marxist capital and you're talking about capitalists extracting values from factory workers, it's increasingly difficult to fit this into the contemporary world that we see around us. None of my students are factory workers, and for that matter an ordinary professional in the Anglo-American West would never give up that lifestyle to become a factory owner in Guangdong or in Bangladesh. The life of the ordinary Western professional is incredibly better than the life of the third world peripheral factory owner. I really think we need to understand that the world economy that existed in the modern world system is no longer the dominant system in the world system today. Instead we live in a world polity and this changes the answers to the two master questions of political economy. In a world economy if we ask who exploits, it's those with money, the capitalists. And how do they exploit through unequal exchange in politically structured markets? They make it so that their workers get less than the true value of their product, classical Marxism. But today who exploits, those of political power? And how do they exploit through unequal influence in economically structured polities? They're able to get laws that effectively give them sinicures, that give them money. In effect it's the consumer who is exploited.  And who are they taking advantage of? Not factory workers, they're taking advantage of us and not just them, pharmaceutical companies, defense contractors. The places where real money is made are no longer the factories of the peripheral world, the places real money is made are in consumer oriented companies. In other words global surplus is no longer apportioned through profits extracted from workers, global surplus is apportioned through rents extracted from consumers. If I'm right, that American power is not about to fade from the scene. If I'm right what we're seeing is a new world system, a very stable social system that could last for centuries. After all other world polities lasted for centuries because as a system everybody has an incentive to keep the system going. Outsiders don't want to overthrow the world polity, outsiders want to get their slice of the pie inside it. Now lately I've come to call this the American Tiansha. Tiansha is a Chinese concept, that means all under heaven or a world essentially. We could think of Tiansha as a world system. With the United States as the Zhongguo, the central state in that system. Now the interesting fact is that the Chinese word for China is capital Z, Zhongguo, that is China is the central state or as we often translate it the middle kingdom of an East Asian world system. China still has that name attached to it even though it's no longer the middle kingdom of anything. I think today the United States is a little zi, Zhongguo, of a larger Tiansha that is the entire world today. This American Tiansha is primarily a political system but it also has an ideological component. If the Chinese Tiansha was based on Confucianism, the American Tiansha is based on the concept of individual liberty. Those principles of human rights democracy and rule of law that I mentioned as part of the global society approach or the world society approach are really just tools of American domination in this new American centered world policy that I call the American Tiansha. But that's just a theory. World systems analysis as a perspective could be used to develop theories like that or could be used to disprove them. Either way I hope to see world systems analysis flourishing throughout the next world system the next 500 years and I hope you'll flourish along with it. Again I'm Salvatur Babonis, thank you for listening. You can find out more about me at salvaturbabonis.com where you can also sign up for my monthly newsletter on global affairs.


All right, thank you. My name is John Curl. It's pronounced like Curl. We do funny things with R's and L's in English, and I got both of them in my name. So it's just to mess with you a little bit. And just here we go. Lost my signal. Just now. OK, moving in. All right, so this is a talk about Miller, which you're going to find out about. It's a Swiss army chainsaw. And I want to, first of all, thank my co-worker, Dirk Edelbutel, who you may know from our fame. He's invented the term Swiss army chainsaw, and it makes me very happy. This talk is in English. Pero si me permiten. Es un sueño de toda la vida visitar a la hermosa hacía de Buenos Aires, so thank you very much for having me. I'm in love already. I am a software engineer. My day job, I work at a company called TileDB. And this link here is the project that I work on. This is joint work with CZI. Kate was in the room earlier. We probably know people in common, and we are hiring. All right, so I've got, the meat of my talk is two slides. I want to go through in some detail about an actual walk through, but I want to tell you a little bit of the story about why does this tool exist. Why, why, why one more tool? And the answer is esta herramienta se nació en una piscina de lagrimas. This tool was born in a pool of tears. So I'm not a data scientist. I'm not a data analyst. I'm a software engineer. It's what I do during my day job. And we have data files, and I kept seeing people grepping their CSV.  And so even though that's my day job, in the evenings in my spare time, trying a little bit on Laura Assion's talk, in my spare time, I came up with a tool for this. Um, so grep and cut and sort, if you're familiar with these. Anyone, yes? Ock said? Cool. If you don't, it's cool. There's two different audiences, but they're line aware. And they've been around for 50 years, and they're awesome. And you can do so many things with them. They're just everywhere. They're universal. They're really good for lines, and they're really good for integer fields. So you can pick up column seven, and you can get the ninth line. But CSV has column names. That's why they're there. And sometimes you just want the column name something. Likewise, CSV files, you can have a new line embedded inside double quotes. And grep is gonna see that as two lines for us. It's one record. So that's really what it's about. So this started off about 2015. I wanted a tool that instead of, if you grep for purple in this file, you're gonna find the lines that have the word purple. And then while they're data lines, the header's gone because the header doesn't have the word purple. Whereas using Miller with the CSV flag, if you look for purple, you're gonna find the records that have the word purple. And for CSV, they're key value pairs. The header is the same keys. And the values are the data lines. So you just get all the records. A little more detail if you switch to, so this is dashed, using CSV. You say your input is CSV, and your output is pretty printed.  That's actually looking at this color column and seeing if it is exactly equal to purple. And so that's really the high level summary of why Miller exists, is to be able to do that. And if you were to just fall asleep now, that would be the primary payload of the Y. And the rest is kind of the how. I also wanna say in case you think that I think there are not other tools out there, please don't think that because there are a lot. XSV, you can build indices on your data, which Miller doesn't, can have an index next to it. CSV is like so fast, just learned about it. There's tools that interoperate with R, tools that do SQL, which Miller does not and will not. JQ's amazing if you don't know about it. The new shell I just found out about, and drawing on Karthik Ram's talk about life cycles, I think if I were today that I was inventing Miller, maybe I would just go with new shell, because it's really cool. So you should check it out. And there's more tools, data set, friction list this morning. The, if Jenny was talking about is super cool IDE. And that's you're about to find out, Miller is. So how does Miller fit in with these, right? So how is it different? So first of all, unlike some of these, like CSV, TK that handle CSV, it's in their name, right? So Miller is multi format from the beginning. I wanted, I realized that you have these records in multiple formats. And it's really the same thing under the hood. If you can parse CSV into a list of records, do stuff to that list of records, the record stream, printed out as some other format, maybe the same format, you could reuse a lot of code. And so that's really what it's there for. It's got two parts. There's the things that are kind of the equivalent sort and cut, they're just record aware. Like I told you earlier that you can, it knows about column names and things like this. And there's also an Oc like programming language, which I won't touch on much today, but it exists. So the real, the heritage is the Unix toolkit, the Unix pipe, it runs on Windows, not to worry, and Mac, but with just basically a record aware command line tool. So in terms of barrier to entry, if you're not familiar with the command line, that's gonna take some getting used to you. But if you're familiar with the command line, then you'll just like, oh, it does that. It should be a pretty much a lateral move. You don't need cloud infrastructure. It's just a single binary that goes on your laptop. And you don't need anything else. No dependency problems. It's free and open source. And it handles bigger than RAM data, so people use it to handle hundreds of gigabytes. Miller does streaming when it can, so if you want to sort a data set, it has to load it all into memory and then sort it and write it out.  So people definitely use it for out of core processing. That's one of the reasons I invented it. I should also admit there's a saying that telling a software engineer that there exists a tool to do X is like telling a songwriter that there's, you don't have to write a love song because there's already songs about that. But like the songwriter said, I want to write that one. I want to write this one. And Miller's just a lot of fun, so I won't lie. Installation just really quickly. Basically it's been ported to a bunch of different operating systems. If you can install it on Windows or Mac using Brute Choco Yum, the things you know how to do. I did want to say one little caveat which is older distributions have older versions. So if you get like some Red Hat something from 2020, it's going to have the version of Miller from 2020. So if you click this link here, you can find out how to get the current version, which is 6.7. All right, so this slide is, thanks to my co-worker Aaron Wolin to LDB. He suggested, but you died, this is a lot of words, so don't read them all. The point is, I'm going to drill in on a couple things like cut and sort. And he said, why don't you let everybody know there's a lot of options? So basically just know that there's more than I'm telling you about. So there's the ability to reshape your data, do all sorts of bootstrap sampling and kind of pivoting and things like this. And there's a bunch of functions for data cleaning, like stripping white space and removing commas and removing dollar signs and all that kind of stuff. Just know that you have the option.  All right, cool, so yeah, so this is the meat of the talk, is this slide and the next one. And so what I wanted to do is just walk really quick through looking at a CSV file, which should be news to no one in this room. And I want to just site CSV files. At this, organizations-1million.csv is just a CSV file. And by the way, it's fake data. So what I want to do when I'm looking at data, I have a new file, what is it? So the first thing I want to do is see what it is. So at the command line, you might do head-n-2. For Miller, you can do head-n-1. That'll be just the first record. So that's gonna be the header line and the first data line. And of course it's scrolled off to the right. So it actually goes out to about here. So one of the reasons that I have multiple formats is like JSON is a file format, but the other ones that you might not recognize, like the pretty print and XTAB, which stands for Transpose Tabular. It's not my best naming ever. It's actually kind of a silly name, but now I'm stuck with it. But all it means is the format in which so. And put a CSV in output is this Transpose Tabular where you have columns going down like this and the data lines next to them. And if there were another record, you'd have a blank line and then more of those just paragraphs. So that's a really nice way to look at data. So here we have, now we know what the data looks like. So there's organization ID, the company name, again, completely fictional country, description, so on and so forth. So what can I do with that? So just a couple random things. So again, saying Miller.sv, you, there's such a thing as a .millerrc file. So if you get tired of typing .sv, you don't have to, you just put it in your home directory and say, I'm doing CSV and less otherwise specified. You don't have to type that every time. And from this, and grouped by country. So basically this is like the system unique command. I just wanna see how many countries are there? There are two and 43 countries. Or I wanna see how many there are in Argentina. It's a little more interesting. There's the thing I didn't tell you, things like filter, much as it can. There's another, it's kind of like a pipe. It's called these streams of data, but I can just use things within the same invocation. So I wanna do unique dash c. These are there in each one. So we have Argentinian alphabetical. So that tells you there isn't so many. Smallest argument in the information. So I'm gonna filter for Argentinian. Then I use a catch and I can see if there's a dash s. Because it's kind of small. I don't wanna see the index of an organization. And I also wanna move to country columns, because they're already called before. So that's the same thing, they're the same column, column, column, column, column, column, column. And then I wanna sort of numerically, but you wanna reorder the column names.  And I think this gives me the name of the number of employees on the column. So what you can do is reorder it, put the column names up front, then everything else out there. Or you can put them in there. Oh, important. And, or you can put one column out and bring up the one that's longer. So it really just stays in relation to what you're doing. Like, why can't you put it super long? And then we're gonna look at that. So there's so-called RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, RR, And then the last sort of difficult example I wanna show going from KCCSB input to baseline, all that, and I wanna do something else. So you just wanna fill in for a picture that you're doing. I've got the column name. And then I wanna put something new in there. And so this is me using the DSL, this is a small thing.  It's gonna wanna make it a map. The conference is 27, and I'll end it, run it into a file, and I do that, I get a, you know, and then I wanna look at it, and then here I'm gonna do my dash dash case on it because it's a JSON problem. I wanna look at the first two records, and you can see that there's the database in there, so if there's not, there's also new stuff in there.  And this is close to the end. So about that, thank you very much. I don't know actually if I'm supposed to go live. But we might actually be able to go live. So about to get it. So if you wanna work with people, they're the leader of things. So there's the online help, the help is interactive, it's just a thing. There's also some online docs, you can read the docs, there's a lot of docs, I like what it's been. Nicholas, did I mention you're a sophisticated glossary? No, it's been around for eight years, but it's been a glossary about a year ago. Also, you can go to, I used to think it's been about issues, and if you're this and this is the problem, I know I think we're doing that. Discussions are quite, you know, it's something more different if you have something to look at from this. So if you go to the discussions, it's talking about these slides there, that's what they're already doing, if there's any of them sort of moving to the back. So now you know how to say help on it. There's a lot of feature requests. So what happens when a lot of people ask for features, and if there are any, no it's open source, and just like, part of the time is the most precious resource that you're going to be able to run on this ad. Also, anybody that does single cell biology. And I guess that's it, and there's no problem for any question. Yes, we have time for about two to three questions. So thank you, thanks for, it's a really, it was really like that. But I have a question that you think of like, do you have plans to work with like that on the browser? Never, but. Because Unix, you know, like comment line, but I think as a JavaScript guy, it should be really great though. Oh, yeah, yeah, okay, cool. So I do have one thing that's really cool, is you can do Miller and then HTTPS colon slash slash, and the internet, which is, that's cool. So that's part of what you want. That's a part. And a really other question or suggestion. Do you have some samples where people could put their examples of some useful comments? Because I think that could be useful to use with some of these new NLP tools to generate the output. Yeah, that would be a good topic for discussions, I think. If you have anything there, and am I talking about like people just posting things that they're useful? Yes, for example, to put a column and group by some other column and then put the comments that I could review. Oh, the comment. Oh yeah, okay, cool. We should chat a little bit. I think it up discussions is the best place that I have right now. And there's probably got to be a little bit more like code sharing, like Karthik was talking about development, right?  Yes, yes, so thank you. Really great tool, thank you. More questions? For the other person, I think that it's very useful to put all useful comments on command line tool or cheat.sh, that's what I always find things like this. I went to point out that I was astonished about how well you and other people in the project answer a question I posed on Unix Stack Exchange. So I really want to point out the kindness. For example, I suggest to move the documentation to read the docs. It was me. It was me, and yeah, and you was very kind in the answer and on the questions and all the things and it was really, really a good time. It's a very difficult command I'm used to, to grab the key answer and this was tough. So I want to ask two little questions. If you are thinking to add to the attach auto-complete, it's very useful to have an auto-complete such a lot of options and common. And the other question, if there are any performance difference between, for example, using Unix or the cat here than doing with pipes in the traditional way? Yeah, yeah, so let me take those in a very low, I'm taking the order one, three, two. First of all, thank you about the community. That's always been my hope that it's a kind place and I'm really glad to hear that. I also want to point out Andrea because he's really all over Stack Overflow. So if you ran into Miller, it was probably him. And he's a contributor there. Third one is about using pipes, it's fine. I mean, you can use Miller cut, pipe to Miller sort, pipe to Miller, something else. If you want, it'll work. It just seems a little bit wasteful to be string parsing and string drying or you can use then. It's really the same and you might find it works a little fast or not. It uses coprocessing, multiprocessing either way. And then ZSH completion, yeah, that would be really cool. I should get on that. And if you know anyone that knows how to do this, I think it's something that's copy-pastable. Once you know how to do it once, it's easier to do it again. But yeah, and what the real underlying question is, there's just a lot to Miller. There's just a lot of legs and there's just a lot. And that's its weakness and this would help. All right, thank you everyone. Let's give John a round of applause.


The following political programs sponsored by citizens for Reagan committee You solemnly swear that you will support and defend the constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the state of California against all enemies For and or domestic That you will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the state of California That you take this obligation This was the night Ronald Reagan became governor of California January 2nd 1967 Governor Reagan was born and raised in Illinois I do Governor Reagan I now declare you to be duly installed as governor of the state of California As another Illinois Republican said some time back Government should be of the people by the people For the people that kind of government of the people by the people for the people Arrived that night in California. I am here with those I love the most in all the world and with friends who have come to share this moment and I am Fully cognizant of the importance of this and What it means to so many people Someone back in our history if I wasn't too good a student, but I think it was Benjamin Franklin said If ever someone could take public office and Bring to public office the teachings and the precepts of the Prince of Peace He would revolutionize the world and men would be remembering him for a thousand years. I Don't think anyone could ever take office and be so presumptuous to believe he could do that Or that he could follow those precepts completely. I can't tell you this. I'll try very hard. I Think it is needed in today's world How did Governor Reagan get to the governor? How did he do it the hard way by beating the unbeatable Pat Brown? Pat Brown like Lyndon Johnson was an organizer of power the willing tool of those who believed in tax and tax spend and spend elect and elect and Electing was something Pat Brown was an expert in In 1958 Pat Brown ran for governor against the most powerful Republican in California the minority leader of the United States Senate William Nolan and Brown won by 1 million votes. I Have sent my congratulations to Attorney General Edmund Brown He has been given the opportunity and the responsibility to be chief executive of California for the next four years In 1962 Brown ran against another Republican of national stature the former vice president of the United States Richard Nixon and Brown defeated him by almost a quarter of a million votes congratulate Governor Brown as Herb Klein has already indicated for his victory But the Republican Party under new leadership in California needs a A a new birth of spirit a new birth of unity Because Bill Nolan Dick Nixon What Republican was left? The more they thought about it the more Republicans remembered Ronald Reagan and they remembered that speech he made during the 1964 presidential election Some where a perversion has taken place Our natural unalienable rights are now considered to be a dispensation of government and Freedom has never been so fragile so close to slipping from our grasp as it is at this moment Winston Churchill said the destiny of man is not measured by material computations When great forces around the move in the world we learn we're spirits not animals And he said there's something going on in time and space and beyond time and space Which whether we like it or not spells duty you and I have a rendezvous with destiny We'll preserve for our children this the last best hope of man on earth Or we'll sentence them to take the last step into a thousand years of darkness But was there more to Ronald Reagan than one campaign speech? Yes a lot more 1964 wasn't the start of Ronald Reagan's interest in public affairs and public issues Public affairs are something Ronald Reagan has been active in for over 20 years In 1945 Ronald Reagan shed his army officers uniform and returned to Hollywood He became extremely active in labor union affairs Ronald Reagan was elected six times to be president of the Screen Actors Guild the AFL CIO union of some 15,000 actors and actresses who work in motion pictures He led his union and contract negotiations in strikes against the Hollywood studios Ronald Reagan is the only labor union president ever to be elected governor of any state in the country in 1947 Ronald Reagan traveled to Washington to testify at House on American activities committee hearings I will be frank with you that as a citizen I would hesitate or I would not like to see any political party outlawed on the basis of its political ideology because we've spent 170 years in this country on the basis that democracy is strong enough to stand up and fight for its Self against the inroads of any ideology no matter how much we may disagree with it However, if it is proven that this organization in 1954 Ronald Reagan became host of the General Electric Theater and his cross-country speaking engagements with the people of America began We were aware of course that Ron Reagan was a strong union man and That he was a strong Democrat We never noticed though that he was speaking from a political or labor partisan viewpoint. I Recall at one time. He said that He thought the party the Democratic Party that he'd been associated with had left him and Then I think in the early 60s 60s. He registered as a Republican Now For over 20 years he had been speaking out on public issues, but never as a political candidate perhaps His time had come for several years and through the 1964 election the Republican Party in California was badly divided What the party needed? Desperately needed was a man who could unite the party behind him Someone who could end party feuds and heal party wounds Someone who could carry the Republican Party to victory at the polls That someone turned out to be Ronald Reagan But Ronald Reagan was not an easy man to convince In 1948 the Democrats had asked him to run for Congress. He refused In 1962 Republicans approached him about running either for the Senate or the State House He refused but this time Too many Californians wanted him he couldn't refuse I've come to a decision that even a short time ago. I would have thought impossible for me to make And yet I make it with no lingering doubts or hesitation as of now I Am a candidate seeking the Republican nomination for governor Did the people respond They loved it California Ronnie Reagan He gave the voters the facts the administration of California's welfare is in such a snarl of red tape That it's becoming difficult For this program to fulfill its purpose Each new applicant for welfare must be greeted by the filling out of 15 separate forms This is followed then by a constant reevaluation and the submission of these reports to where counties have protested that they must average sending to Sacramento from each county office of welfare 180 reports a month Other forms must be filled out every time the recipient has a special need and this can range from a doctor's bill to a bus ride and the county welfare officials have Charged that for special claims totaling as little as one dollar to the welfare recipient the paperwork to process that claim Comes to ten dollars in the administrative budget He might even try to explain why in this last five years an 18% increase in our population has been met with a 49% increase in the number of people on welfare and a 100% increase in the cost of welfare Perhaps the time has come for institutions of higher learning to assert themselves as positive forces in the battle for men's minds And this could mean they might insist upon mature Responsible conduct and respect for the individual from their faculty members And they might even call on them to be proponents of those ethical and moral standards Demanded by the great majority in our society He gave the voters the facts the voters gave him their votes in California where Democrats outnumber Republicans three to two Ronald Reagan won by one million votes Let's remember also that we didn't achieve any narrow partisan victory this time, but we had many good friends From the other party and the independence But almost immediately the new governor met his first crisis education Governor Reagan had made a reasonable statement about tuition In higher education we have been at our providing a premium service an Education superior to most and equal to the best now prorating the university budget We're spending nearly three thousand dollars a year to educate each student at the university level and about half that much for those enrolled in the state College system so far those receiving this education have not been required to share in the cost Which makes us unique among the states We suggested that if these economies threatened either quality or numbers We might assess a reasonable tuition a little more than ten percent of the cost at the same time Students for whom this would be a hardship would have access to scholarships and loans payable after graduation When I say we suggested tuition I mean just that the governor cannot impose tuition only the regents can make this decision for the university and The legislature for the colleges, but I say to you if the colleges and the universities can cut their budgets and maintain quality without Tuition this certainly will meet with my approval, but I have no intention of asking California took this reasonable statement as a declaration of war I do not believe it constitutes political interference For the people of the state to submit to the university or the academic community Telling the people of the state How much money they must put up for the support of that school and the people Submissively giving in without having any voice with regard to the amount, but California's governor had more important work to do He had inherited a state with too much debt too much crime too big a bureaucracy as The governor had said What is needed is not more government, but better government His first move Replace the political hacks Turn government back to the people get talented young citizens to work for the people The governor had been spending like he was practicing to be president We put a freeze on the ordering of new cars and the anguished screams would have curdled your blood and Yet funny enough in a few months We were told that for the first time in the history of man's memory There was a surplus of automobiles available in the state motor pools. I Discovered there was a streak of tourists in all of our state employees. They were all over the place So we put a freeze on out-of-state travel We didn't tell them they couldn't go. We just said they had to come in and tell us where they were going and why and That reduced the budget for out-of-state travel 78% Years the number of state employees have been increasing at a rate of four to five and a half percent each year Now we didn't think it was necessary, but we had to prove it So we put a freeze on hiring replacements for those who quit or retired left the service And now a year later I can tell you that we did bring that annual increase to a halt and did a little better There are tonight two and a half percent fewer employees in the state of California than there were one year ago Not all of our savings were in the area of Millions of dollars in my office. I discovered a stack of stationary with another fella's name on it Now custom decrees it should be burned, but I didn't want to add to the smoke California I've got some with my name on it for formal correspondence, but I figured there must be some in the family stuff that We could make use of this so now the girls just X out that other name and type mine in And you know I get a certain amount of pleasure out of that We turned and this was the most inspiring and exciting thing we turned to the people as we said we would We turned first to a blue ribbon citizens committee from all over our state Not to screen the applicants for jobs, but to go out and recruit Employees to go to major business concerns and twist the arms of employers until they would give us at least for a limited period of time Write young executives to take the appointed positions in government But then we gathered in one room several hundred of the leading people in our state the most successful business and professional people and We told this group. We wanted blood their blood We wanted them to give up their businesses and their occupations for from four to six months on a voluntary basis They were chosen on the basis of their expertise and their particular skills and knowledge They were formed into task forces Under the guidance of a business management firm and they raised the money to hire the business management firm and 274 of our most successful citizens have just completed six months full time Going into every agency and department of our state government and coming back with 1,800 specific recommendations as to how modern business practices can be put to work to make government more economical and more efficient. I Believe that all over this great nation of ours There are citizens who believe that government is their business and they're waiting to be asked They'll serve if someone will give them a chance if someone in government for a change We'll have a faith in the people's ability to run their own affairs Governor Reagan's accomplishments in California were the kinds of things people all over the country ask him to come talk about and Then the inevitable happened Wherever he went all over the country people ask him where he stood on the national issues This is where he stands Not too many days ago. Our country was on fire because an assassin's bullet Took one man's life Whatever you may think of Martin Luther King Whether you approved or disapproved. I think something of America was killed also And I think the murder of that man And the death of America began with the first acceptance of compromise with the law Tolerance of those who would apply the law unequally because of race or religion and acceptance of those who advocate breaking those laws with which they are in disagreement and It includes those in government Unless and until they have the courage to say that the law will be enforced equally to all and at all times with no exceptions I've learned how our economy is not extended. It's bounty to all of our citizens I've listened to their hopes and their hopelessness and I've heard their plea Curiously enough, it's not for more welfare It's for jobs and it's for good schooling and discipline in the schools their children attend Not bussing across town to some other school And I have to ask myself why Why in all these recent years? Have we as Republicans? Let this whole Unitarian field be preempted by the opposition When their record in the entire field of welfare in their entire field of human relations is One of colossal and almost complete failure their whole big government approach as Institutionalized poverty perpetuating its degradation until welfare becomes a way of life Under the second and third generation of the recipient families They have tried this raising of people by mass movements Well, our philosophy is based on a belief in the individual in his freedom and in his rights and In this area of human relations, we're dealing with individuals Each one of these people unique each one crying out in his soul for his rightful heritage of dignity and The right to shape his own destiny But we have a chance to prove as Republicans to prove that we're more than just negative critics We have a chance to prove that ours Ours is the wave of the future Let's tell them that we will employ whatever measures are necessary to start saving human beings But we're going to stop destroying them the president's commission has accused our people of a sickness Well, many of us are sick, but not with hatred and the bigotry that they talk about I Think we're sick We're sick of a so-called leadership at home that has left the ship of state adrift without rudder or compass One who abandoned who abdicated the leadership will now treat with an enemy and Those of his party who would replace him offer only that they would not have waited even this long to give the enemy across a table The victory that he couldn't win on the field of battle And what are the young men of bleeding their lives into the rice paddies in the jungle trails of that faraway land? If their sacrifice was in vain If it was not in our national interest for them to be there in the first place Who put them there and why and if it is in our national interest for them to be there Why is it suddenly no longer so and why? Why have they been denied the victory they are so capable of winning? You and I owe those young men a question We should keep asking this question Ask if the enemy truly desires peace Then let him prove it by agreeing to a mutual ceasefire so that when the talking starts that dying stops Robert McNamara the secretary of defense has ended his woe begone demonstration of military ineptitude Others are falling away now as the palace guard struggles for power His play had a seven-year run beginning with the Bay of Pigs enclosing with the humiliating theft of one of our ships in the kidnapping of 83 young Americans In the last is in the first there was a foundering of purpose and a loss of nerve and as has become fashionable of late Clever men who preside over our military force and strategy Congratulate themselves on sidestepping another decision and avoiding action the official explanation given for the inability For our air forces in the far east to move out in support of the Pueblo is that all the fighters on alert in Korea are Equipped only for nuclear retaliation But hasn't that been the most persistent claim of this administration Hasn't there claimed been that we have moved at a cost of five hundred billion dollars over these last few years From a nuclear footing to one that would avoid the threat of the bomb and give us a flexible response And now when the response is needed we've had no response at all Our ship has been stolen our young men kidnapped and our government assures us. It is upset strong letter follows a Government's only excuse for being is to guarantee the collective strength of all of us in defense of even one among us Whenever then wherever the rights of that one are threatened We're despised abroad and divided at home our creditors hold a claim to our gold and our coins are no longer silver in truth We no longer control the very currency of this nation and we're faced with a fiscal crisis of a greater Proportion than anything known since the dark Friday of October 1929 Those in power lack the courage to take the steps called for lest they prove politically unpopular The people of this nation want a leadership that's willing to face its moment of truth To remind our people of their heritage and their greatness to give them back their courage and Our responsibility is to preserve the values that made this nation great at American dream That we should re-institute is not that every man will be level with every other man But that every man will have the freedom to be whatever God intended him to be But government exists to preserve the rights of even the least individual among us when those rights are unjustly denied and Wherever in the world that individual may be But government's function is to protect society from the lawbreaker and not the other way around. I think This country wants a leadership Once a government in its nation's capital That will offer the hand of friendship to every other nation, but not out of fear Peace is our purpose But we want a nation that will say we shall always at whatever cost Preserve the strength to keep that peace and we'll have the courage to tell the people the truth With a faith in their courage and their willingness to support us in the hard decisions that must be made and I think above all The people of this country What a nation that once again will stop trying to buy the world's affection and start earning its respect Let us as Republicans have the courage to lift such a banner One that asked the best of all of us instead of promising what seems to be the best for only some of us We can lift that kind of a banner in this election year and not a banner that's made up of the pale pastels of political Expediency not the idle promises that have been made that we've seen in the past made by our opposition Appealing to every voter block regardless of how much it divides the country turning American against American Let us instead appeal to another kind of voting block a voting block that crosses all the racial and religious and ethnic and political lines in this country a Voting block that's made up of the men and women of America who go to work Support their communities Support their churches and their charities Send their kids to school and to ask only that they be allowed to live their own lives To make their own decisions with regard to their own destiny the time has come for Americans once again to prove their greatness. I Think the Republicans have an opportunity as well as a challenge to be more than just a political party This now is a time for a crusade This is a time for someone to offer this leadership Ronald Reagan governor of the most powerful state in the union Where does he go from here people in our land want something better? And I believe they will follow our party if we have the courage to stand for principle Is there anyone among us? Do we know anyone who doesn't nurture down in a corner of his heart a desire and a belief that government can be something Deserving of our respect and worthy of our pride that we can have government of and buy as well as for the people Government reflecting our faith in God is the author of our freedom. I want that for our children I'm sure that you want it for yours Where does governor Reagan go from here? in a government of the people by the people and for the people That is up to you to decide Pre-sitting political programs sponsored by citizens for Reagan committee


It's about that time where we take you through the front pages of a national dailies that's been made available by paper vendor. And we have Tunde Kola-Willi, he's a legal practitioner, he joins us in the conversation. Tunde, it's good to have you join us this morning via phone. Good morning, thanks for having me. It's alright. We'll take a look at the punch this morning starting off with the punch, the bold headline reads, presidency, obese camp protesters, PDP dumps, zoning in bold letters, screening begins Friday. Underneath it will be injustice if Southeast is denied PDP ticket, obese spokesman is quoted on that. We're talking about Peter Obie, a former governor of a number of states, Nigeria needs a nationalist, not a regional leader, articles aid is quoted to say. We can't stop any presidential aspirant, it's unconstitutional really. And so this is what the PDP is quoted to say, I find this very, very interesting. But away from the bold caption, you also find economic crisis worsens as Forex inflow falls by $9.58 billion and clearing agent kicks as customs reintroduce e-valuation next week. That's also another caption, you find 10 banks raked in 1.5 trillion narrow interest income in 2021. This is according to reports. And just before we move away from the punch newspaper, you have several reports on banks and also telecommunication. Now Ogun governor, a bill to declare support for the vice president's presidential bid. This is also another bold caption you find here. And again, you find another header saying, Emo explosion, relatives absent as victims get Mars barrel, Lagos businessman battles or shun prints, wife over six million our diesel deal and Nigeria leads first quarter oil production short for really sorry, World Bank sides sabotage. This is what you find. Nigeria others woefully lagging in COVID-19 vaccine administration. This is what the WHO is quoted to say. And that's so much we can take this morning on the punch. Away from the punch. We're moving next to the daily independent newspaper are leading the stories for this morning. Criminal gangs planning to bomb worship centers. That's according to the DSS terrorists released new photos of abducted train passengers above the must head 2023 a burden abundance to the both throws way behind or she budget more writers are more experienced than him. I'm a key tells a burden and all this. All right. The governors ask courts to stop four hundred and eight ten million dollars Paris club debt deductions. I left the salt. You must appear before said it cold or the CCT chairman Omar has for a pure court over judgment. Russia Ukraine war AFDB air max one point five billion dollars for Nigeria. Others and the emergency food plan. Okay. Supreme Court nullifies and or boss participation in a number of give up home. Farmer herder conflicts national livestock transformation plan now in operation 22 state interested 10 already opened NLTP offices presidency. Of course, our full state have mapped out gazetted grazing reserves. That's all we can take on the daily independent newspaper. Away from the daily independent. We take a look at the leadership newspaper this morning. Five days after collapse of northern PDP consensus. Tambor was close to a meeting with president of Mohammed the Buhari raises defection rumor. So I mean, some of these issues, you know, Justin, you remember that a lot of them has become a reality. Some people will say this a conspiracy theorist, but you see them becoming reality. Tambor was close to a meeting with president Mohammed the Buhari raises defection rumor. And that's what you find. It's bipartisan democracy. I was invited by the president, so go to a governor's quoted. President wouldn't impose outsiders on APC aspirant members or culture or culture is quoted to see apparently maybe making reference to good luck, Jonathan.  These are the riders underneath the boat caption on the leadership. Now, and away from that, you also have the former governor, Bola Akhmat, unifier best candidate to succeed Buhari. I'm sure it's an editorial Yakubu Jaga others want electoral offenses commissioned before 2023. Jim or Ibrahim in trouble over 69.4 billion our debt owned old amcon. It's quite interesting how people just go about all in government agencies. And just before we move away from that, seller DSS on covers plans to bomb warship centers and orders army orders troop to crush security threats. Allege assault called orders CCT, CCT chairman to honor Senate summons. These are the headlines on the leadership this morning. And the final paper we are reviewing this morning is the Nigerian Tribune. And also leads with the DSS alleging plan to bomb warship and relaxation centers. Virtually all the papers have that one today. Just above the must head, Jonathan's posters with APC logo adorn northern cities. I will support Jonathan if APC present him. I added is quoted on that. My allegiance is to the oath I took not to anyone. Shiba Joe. Terrorists released fresh pictures of adopted train passengers. 50 corpses given mass burial after evil illegal refinery explosion. Two fiat killed in Ibadu as park managers, transporters clash. Now Bello pays 100 million Nair nomination fee, peaks APC forms tomorrow. Okay, at inauguration of two bus terminals in Ibadu. Obaseki comments Makin Day says our government should be to empower the masses. All right, it also has some writers. Why we built the bus terminals Makin Day is quoted on that. AFDB support will help Nigeria to produce 9.5 million tons of food at Deshina, Kano, Ogun or your forewathers to benefit. And those are all the stories you can find on the front page of the Nigerian Tribune newspaper. All right, so we have Tunde Kola Wili who joins the conversation this morning via phone. It's good to have you join us. Thanks once again. All right, so let's get straight to it.  But do you see this, you know, becoming a thing shortly after the primaries or maybe before the primaries for the APC? It's very difficult to predict what transpired between the president and the governor of Sokoto state because we were not there when they were holding the amnesty. For the most, the newspaper reports it's a purple leaf leaf, but the truth of the matter is that it's not impossible that Tamberwell is angry or not comfortable with the decision of the TVC, with regard to the modus operandi for selecting their presidential candidate. Furthermore, you and I will know that the Nigerian politicians, these political parties, have nearsighted who put the realization of their political ambitions. They don't know digitally any ideology. They have no loyalty to anyone. They behave like the common processes, with due respect, money for hand back for grand. So it's not impossible. But like I said earlier on, the report is purple leaf. It is difficult to rely on a three-category candidate that that is going to happen. Number two, Nikola Wale, if you look at the persons who have actually declared their interest, you know, in the presidential race under the party, I mean the APC, you would understand, of course the APC is not even, they're not trying to tell the consensus pattern. So one, I really do not have an idea what that might probably be, who knows whose interest and what interest they might really be maybe asking. So you're saying that you don't see people defecting if their interest is not met during this period. Well, the politician who has the permanent interest is only they don't have the permanent allegiance or loyalty to any individual or political party. It's just their personal interest, the realization of their ambition that is paramount to them. But the truth of the matter is that if Tambua goes back to the APC, a few weeks to the presidential, for the select of their presidential candidate, how is he going to measure up with the other juggernaut that has been campaigning for the presidency? Like Ashua Tupola, Nessie Novo, like Vice-President Shimbardo, and some of these other few weeks to have in that party. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's difficult for him. It's not impossible. And I also don't see him not sizing Tambua in his presidential ambition on the platform of the APC. All right, let's move on to other stories. Let's slide to the daily independent newspaper this morning. The governors are in the news, they are asking the courts to stop the $418 million parish club debt deduction. Baista, let's get your opinion on this particular one. Honestly, I have read a few of the papers of meetings that were filed in court with regards to that parish club penalty fund. And with due respect and humility, I have been one of the very acidic critics of that sole court parish club penalty fund. I have only said that it is a scam. And some of the papers that I have read equally reinforce my position on that penalty fund. It has been reporting some of the papers, especially premium times. The certain businessmen in alliances, politicians and some lawyers just cooked up papers and say that the repayment of money borrowed as the nobody took it from the account of the local government of the state. There were also reports that the governor and the local government gave contracts to certain businessmen which has not been paid for. And it's because of some of these things that forms have to be deducted from the local government from the state to repay back the sole court parish club penalty fund. So many things happened in this country. I remember a few years ago, a big politician whose name I'm not going to mention, from where in the United States, cooked up papers and went to the nearby local government close to his house when he was broke and then presented to the town of the local government to pay him a contract that was never awarded to him and that he never executed simply because he was broke. And through blackmail and law firms of propaganda, the local government was forced to pay this politician. So we see these things happen too many times in the immigrant political sphere. It is a conspiracy between the politician, the some lawyer and then contractors. That's some of the ways we report the country of hard-earned money and money that certainly should be plowed to the development of the country. Now we supported the governor. All right. More stories to look at this morning. Nigerian Tribune, the former president and good luck, Jonathan, is also in the news and his posters have been adorned all over northern cities. It's as though a lot of people want him to come back as president in 2023. And there's this talk about him also joining the All Progressives Congress. And just yesterday Ben Ayade, you know, when he declared said he will support Good Luck, Jonathan, if he eventually is picked by the APC. There's a Yoruba saying, very common thing in Yoruba land, that just keep on dancing. We are working your back for you. That's what they are today, to be what is about to be, what is about to happen to Dr. Goulod Jonathan. I'm not too sure that those who are coming to Dr. Goulod Jonathan I mean to contact the president in 2023. And also in the platform of the APC. That is interest at that. And the interest of the South South at that. Also, there may be some realignment of forces between the presidency and Dr. Goulod Jonathan. What is of the matter is that I am not too sure that the presidency have totally forgiven Dr. Goulod Jonathan for some of the misgivings and perceived of what we put in. Some of the things he has done against them in the realization of their political ambition in the past. I don't see that happening. Some people just think Dr. Goulod Jonathan is loaded with a lot of money and the way to upload them or some of those resources is to mislead him. So, Mr. Kallawale, are you saying that the APC may not in any way want to accept the former president, Goodluck, Jonathan, into their fold? Well, a few people who are interested in his money. Well, the pushing is candidacy. But the generalcy, the rank and file of the APC member, those who call the shots in the APC, are never likely going to be disposed to his presidency. Furthermore, there wasn't any spectacular performance by Dr. Goulod Jonathan as vice president, as local government chairman, as governor. It's because of the woeful performance of the present government that is why people are humoring or are throwing sarcasm at the present government by asking Dr. Goulod Jonathan to come back and contest. They are trying to humore the presidency. They are trying to humore the APC. They are trying to live before the APC with the complaint that Dr. Goulod Jonathan should come back and contest. Away from politics, let's take a look at some economic concerns and it has to do with the SIEM and the NIN linkage. Now, according to the headlines on the punch, it says SIEM, NIN 22 days after, telecom lose 700, I beg your pardon, I take that again, 76 billion naira and subscribers stranded. Now, this doesn't sound like a win-win situation. So you have Nigerians who are stranded and also you have the fact that telecommunications, those who are in business are also stranded and that's not also good to the economy at the end of the day. So what strategy should the government or what should the government be considering at this point in time? Honestly speaking, when you look at some of the decisions that the different government takes, the program that they roll out, you begin to wonder whether they think critically about the implication of the steps that they are about to take. The truth of the matter is that on the daily basis, more and more people will acquire SIEM cards and they will require to register them. So putting a moratorium or insisting about SIEM cards must be registered within certain periods of time and that was they are not registered, you cannot use them again, you will part them. It wouldn't work and if it works, it will have very great consequences on the economy. So the essence is that the service provider will lose money, government will also lose revenue in terms of the vast and company income tax and other factors that they get from some of these telecommunications agencies. It will have been better that immediately people acquire their SIEM, you will make sure that they register it before it is activated. You will collect that it was at the peak of the COVID-19 thing that people were compared to go to the National Identity Agency to go and start taking the NIN card just by forcing those people with lots of danger. The decision of SIEM will continue to be a continuous exercise. We don't need to put a very rigid frame on it. We should put a very rigid frame on the decision of SIEM cards. The possibilities are that you lose a lot of money. Furthermore, the policy makers won't forget that the Nigerian Telecommunications Service is not the only thing that is available for people to communicate. There are platforms like the World's Up, there is the Facebook and so many other service providers. The Surayas are there. So why put an impediment on the part of your own local company? In fact, when you do your statistics or you work there and call a major company, you will find that the most Nigerians now no longer use the local services. Most of them are on World's Up, they are on Facebook because the security agencies are making it difficult for people to be able to hold conversations and talk freely on most of these lines and on services that are provided by the Niger Telecommunications Company. Most times, we call our own policies in order to spy on ourselves. It's not well thought out. It's a program that is not well thought out at all. All right, on the daily independence tale, the CCT chairman is in the news for his failure to appear before the court, and it is captioned this way, alleged assault, you must appear before Senate, court or the CCT chairman, Omar heads for appeal court over judgment. Barista Kolaoli. Look, my brother, I feel ashamed when people are invited, whether the police are in the army chief, the Kossom director, the big people in the ministries when they are invited by the National Assembly, the Senate and the House of Rights, and the State House of Assembly to appear before them and they refuse to go there. And then when they judge for that matter, like the term of the CCT, who knows the law and who can send people to prison for contempt of court if they have not purchased to appear before them and they refuse to appear. We will not be invited by the Senate and then we will start rushing to court to prosecute his appearance before the Senate. So court say that is not a good example to lay as a judge. We must always remember and I keep shouting this, the National Assembly is the highest authority in Nigeria. They are the bosses of Mr. President and all the other political officials. So when people refuse to honor the invitation of the National Assembly, when they ridicule the National Assembly by going to court to prosecute their parents and all that, they are not set in a very good example. They undermine the authority of the National Assembly of the CETA assembly. So if in future the CCT man has the Senate president to appear before him, as the speaker of the House of Rights, to appear before him, ask any of the other assemblies to appear before them and they refuse to appear. But what will he look like? How will the chairman of the CETA do the act to prosecute him? Is he going to try them before them and send them to prison? No, no, no, no, no, no. The chairman of the CETA should go and not know his invitation and if he doesn't, the Senate should wish it eventually for the PSS or the police to arrest him and bring him before them. Or even if that is not possible, he can be pushed to remove as the chairman of the CCT, chairman of the CCT and then prosecuted because those people have the power to remove them. They can also stop the funding of the agencies. They have the power so that when the project of the CETA is presented before the Senate and the House of Rights, they can put it in a plan and see if they appear before us, we are never going to approve or discuss your process. So these are the great implications. All right, thank you very much. That the chairman of the CETA has embarked upon. All right. Well, thank you so much, for being part of the breakfast this morning and to be very specific, the newspaper review. We look forward to having more of you sharing your thoughts on the show. Thank you. We appreciate and that's the size of the paper review. Quite interesting conversations and some of these headlines will just be the crocs of our conversation. We look at the issue of zoning and whether or not who becomes the next president come 2023, as well as the security threat that's been put out by DSS. We take a break now, but when we return it will be time for that conversation. But just before then, let's let tell you what happened today in history. Stay with us.