When, that April, with his sure sote, The draught of marsh hath perced toe the rote, And bathed every vein in switchly-core Of which vertu engendered is the floor, When Zafiru's ache, with his sway to breath, Inspired hath in every halt and haith the tender croppers, And the youngest son hath in the ram his half-a-coursirone, And small-a-foolers mark in melodia, That slaypin' all the nigt with open ear, So pricketh him natur in hir corages, Then longen folk to go on pilgrimages, And palmeres for to sake in strongest strondes, To ferne haues cooth in sundry londes. And specially from every she-resende of Engelon To contibry they wende, The holy, blissful marcher for to sake, That him hath hopin' when that they were saken. That's the opening to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, Read to us by Anaïna Joakinen. And that is Middle English. It may not sound like something that's closer to our English. It certainly sounds more familiar than Beowulf, probably. Beowulf, remember, is Old English. When we get to Shakespeare, we'll be in Modern English, as old as that sounds. It's Modern English. This is what's in the middle. This is Middle English. You may recognize a few of the words. Some words may seem unusual, like in this page on the fourth line of Engelon To contibry they wende. That word, wind, we don't use that word in the present tense. We use the word go. But we still use the past tense of that word, wind, which is wint. So if you ever wondered why the past tense of run is ran or the past tense of jump is jumped, we understand those rules. But why is the past tense of go, wint? They don't sound anything alike. Well, they come from two different words.  But I assigned this reading in the translation. I gave you a few choices of translations here. So hopefully that was a little bit easier than trying to read it this way. But I encourage you if you're interested in this kind of thing to go back and try to read the entire prologue or any part that you're interested in, in the Middle English. So how did English go from what we saw in Beowulf, this old English Germanic language, to something we can kind of sort of recognize? To understand that, we've got to understand what has happened since the Beowulf manuscript was written. I remember the Beowulf manuscript was written sometime in the first decade of the 11th century. And after that, just about 66 years after that, we have an invasion coming from Normandy. This is when William the Duke of Normandy invades England and defeats the English king, Harold, and introduces, well, brings all of his nobles with him and all these nobles speak French. Now, I've mentioned Normandy in the past. This is a Viking kingdom originally, just two or three centuries before this, when Rolo or Rolf the Ganger, and the Rolf the Walker, who was too large to ride a horse, so he had to walk everywhere. He had taken this province on. He had been basically hired to defend this area from other Vikings. And because he and his Vikings were there on the side of the French crown, this area was called Normandy, place of the Northmen. Well, they still, through intermarriage, through family ties, they have connections to the English royalty. And this becomes especially tight when the king of Denmark also becomes king of England. But anyway, there's a dispute over who should inherit the throne of England. King Harold claims it, but William decides to pursue his claim to the throne. He comes from France to England to claim it by force. This is something we're going to see happen in the opposite direction in just a few centuries. But introducing French means that French now becomes the language of the aristocracy. The king speaks French, the nobility speak French, but the commoners, the people who don't have ties to the throne or people that may have been nobility under King Harold and the English kings, are no longer nobility. Now they're commoners, so the language of the street, the language of the countryside, the language of the common people is that old English. The language of the aristocracy is French. And there's a third language, which is Latin. And Latin is spoken not only by the church, because keep in mind the Catholic liturgy was maintained in Latin for centuries before this, and of course it would remain Latin for centuries after this. But it also becomes the language of office work. If you needed to write something in a language that was official, that was in legal terms, or that was a catalog of an inventory for a business interaction that you're conducting with somebody in other countries across Europe. Everybody across Europe speaks different languages, but everybody, at least the educated people, all speak Latin. So Latin becomes the language of business, it becomes the language of economics, as well as the language of religion and law. And these languages, as they're spoken over a few generations, what happens is the same thing that happens anytime you have a multilingual population, people start to blend all three, all three together. And this is why modern English has a significant French component to it. Just as we don't recognize the old English as being too German, we also don't recognize French because it seems different, but when we put the two together, we start to recognize the language that we speak today. As that language is evolving, another important event that takes place just about a hundred years later is the murder of Thomas Becket. Thomas Becket was the Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of King Henry II. Henry II is probably best known because of his sons, Richard the Lionheart and King John, the villain in the Robin Hood movies and stories. But the King Henry had a dispute with Thomas Becket over how much power the church had. Now the Archbishop of Canterbury was the most powerful clerical official, church official, in England, but the King tried to limit the ability of the church to influence political affairs. And because of this disagreement, there was a lot of bad blood between the King and Thomas, and it's not clear that the King had anything directly to do with this, but some of the King's men went to Canterbury and murdered Thomas Becket, and of course there was a lot of suspicion that King Henry either gave the order or implied it or something to that effect. But the fact that a political official kills an official of the church makes that church official by definition a martyr, especially because that church official was standing for religious power and autonomy in the face of political power. So due to that, Canterbury was already a very, probably the most important religious site in England because it had been one of the first or the first bishopric, the first sort of central church in all of England since the conversion of Anglo-Saxon England. But it became even more sacred now because now there's a shrine to someone who becomes a saint, so he becomes a saint and because he's a martyred saint, his shrine is considered especially holy, and this is why it becomes the destination for pilgrimages like the one described in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. A little over a century or about a couple of centuries later, we have the beginning of what will be called the Hundred Years War. Now to start at about 1200, about shortly after the time of Thomas Becket's murder, England actually occupied a lot of France. It had done so consistently since the Norman conquest because that area of Normandy, seen here in blue on the map, that had been already in the possession of the kings like William the Conqueror, and so he maintained his dukedom over this territory on the continent. And even beyond Normandy, the English crown threw marriage mostly, and sometimes political negotiations, sometimes purchases. But rarely through warfare, mostly through peaceful means, especially marriage, the English crown was able to obtain large regions in continental France. Places like Normandy were dukedoms, they were still subject to the French crown, but they were possessions of the English king. The English king was sovereign ruler over England, but was only a duke who was a subordinate to the king of France in regard to those particular territories.  So the possession of these regions becomes really ambiguous, and the British start to maintain larger and larger territories, and eventually they take over this entire area. I know it's hard to see on the map, but this area here is all purple. This remains strictly ruled by the French crown. But this area over here is sort of pink and red, and as well as the blue areas here, this is all English territory, or English-held territory, that is most of the time, strictly speaking, subject to the authority of the French crown, but that doesn't always hold out like that. But starting about 1200, England starts to lose a lot of this territory. One of the reasons they lose it is because, as the English crown specifically under King John, the robinhood villain, King John runs the country into debt, and to be fair, his brother Richard the Lionheart, when he'd gone on crusade, it's been a lot of the crown's wealth. So to get back some of that wealth, they had to sell off some of these territories. So they start to lose a lot of land over the next century, and this English territory goes from having been at this line, this red line through the middle of France, all of this had been English possessions. It goes from that to down to just this area of Gascany right here. They lose all of this, and so all they're left with on the continent is this area. So in order to take back some of that area, the English try to pursue their claim to these territories, but also there's a dispute about whether or not the King of England actually should be the heir to the French crown. And this argument, and you know, putting that argument into practice in warfare, this starts the Hundred Years War in 1337, which will last actually longer than a hundred years. It's going to last until 1453. But during that time, England is going to go from just having this area of Gascany here. They're going to retake a lot of this portion of lower France, but they never do take back places like Normandy. They do win a lot of victories, like the victories at Agincourt that's recorded in Shakespeare's Henry V play. But this conflict will be ongoing throughout Chaucer's lifetime, and it's specifically relevant to Chaucer because he's going to end up fighting in these wars, or at least one of them, one battle during this war. During that time, also we have a major outbreak of the bubonic plague, which is also referred to as the Black Death. The plague kills about a quarter of the population of Europe. That is an enormous number of people. It kills the commoners more than the nobility, which you might expect because the nobility can sort of sequester themselves, and quarantine themselves, and be a little bit less vulnerable to it. Also, the fact that the plague was spread by rats, specifically the fleas on one species of rat, the rats were more able to get into lower-lying houses. They would actually climb up into the thatched roofs of these houses, and the fleas would fall off of them down into the places where people were sleeping, and they would bite the people and spread this disease. But if you lived in a castle, if you lived in an upper floor of a stone residence, you're less likely to get this. But what this means is, there's a lot of people, the commoners, that the nobility can sort of dismiss, and they can sort of look down on. But these are actually the people that are the infrastructure of this society. And they're the people that grow the wheat that bread is made from. They mill the bread. They raise the cattle and sheep that goes not just toward the production of meat, but also the use of leather. And leather is one of the only things you can make a lot of substances with at that time, where leather is a luxury today, but it was an absolute necessity for all sorts of things, from clothing to saddles to all sorts of tools, and also the people who were blacksmiths. So all of these people who have specialized labor, they usually get overlooked. They usually are things that the nobility just presumed that they're entitled to, that these people just need to work and not complain about it. These people start to die off, so that there's shortages, shortages of grain, shortages of food, shortages of leather, shortages of metal. And because of these shortages, the demand for these specialized laborers goes up. The nobility are not really in demand anymore. They need the laborers just as much or more than the laborers ever needed them. And because of this, this makes the people who survived the plague and have a skill, are able to plow the fields, are able to raise oxen and sheep and that sort of thing. They are in a much better bargaining position when it comes to how much they get paid and what sort of treatment they get at this time. And that over the next few decades is going to lead to a great upheaval in the social class system of all of Europe, but especially England. During this time, England is still in the Middle Ages, very much in what we call the High Middle Ages. But Italy is now moving into the Renaissance. Italy is now starting to rediscover classical Latin and Greek writings, philosophers, artists and that sort of thing. These sorts of arts and sciences and philosophies are starting to make a comeback. And one of the people who is reviving a lot of ancient literary art is Giovanni Boccaccio, a Florentine, someone from the city of Florence in the northern part of the peninsula of Italy. And Boccaccio was very well written. He wrote a lot that we don't ordinarily pay attention to in at least in English literature. But one thing we do remember him for is the Decamerant. The Decamerant is an anthology, a collection of different stories that Boccaccio wrote. But what makes it interesting, well it's interesting to us for a couple of reasons. One is some of the stories within the Decamerant will be adapted by Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales. But even more important than that is the frame narrative that Boccaccio creates for this work. Boccaccio doesn't just throw a bunch of stories together as if they were chapters or something within the same book. He unifies these stories by creating a frame narrative. And the particular frame narrative that Boccaccio uses uses the events of the plague. The fact that the nobility were now sort of quarantined and trying to avoid the plague. They would sort of wall themselves off, not literally, but they would go somewhere where they were together but not going out much, not mixing with the common people. And while they were sort of quarantined like this there was probably very boring. So one of the ways they would entertain each other is to tell each other stories. And that is the narrative that creates the narrative frame that Boccaccio uses in order to have a reason to tell the stories that these people tell. And another artistic decision that Boccaccio makes that's going to be very influential on Chaucer is he's actually writing the Florentine vernacular. Vernacular means just the common tongue, the way normal people talk. Not in Latin which is what most people, educated people would write in. Again remember the language of the clergy, not just in England but everywhere in Europe. Language of the clergy but also the language of the court. That is the king's court that's also the law court. So laws are going to be written in Latin and because they're imitating these ancient Latin writers like Virgil they're usually writing fictional literature in Latin as well and poetry in Latin. But Boccaccio decides to not do this. He decides to write in his, the vernacular, the city he lives in. Another event that happens just a couple of decades later that's going to be very influential on Chaucer's life and Chaucer's literature is what's called the Great Schism. This is when the Pope had been since the days of Pope Leo, the first official pope, the first pope with the power of the modern papacy, had moved, it had been in Rome for centuries and then it was moved to Avignon France. And there was a pope in Avignon France but when a new pope was selected the Romans insisted that the new pope had to come from Rome and the papacy should move back to Rome. Well this actually created two papacies. There was all of a sudden a pope in Avignon and there was a pope in Rome. And different countries would divide up as to which ones they were going to side with. Obviously France is going to side with Avignon because Avignon is in France. But the English side with the Roman pope but then that means that the Scots are going to side with whoever the English don't side with. It's more complicated than that. But we have this division where some people side with, they recognize the Avignon pope as the real pope and others decide that the Roman pope is the real pope. And in the Holy Roman Empire they don't really have an official position. Some go one way, some go the other. Well it seems, it might seem kind of silly to us now but if you're alive at that time and you believe the pope is chosen by God as God's infallible voice on earth and all of a sudden you have two of them, what happens when they disagree? And they did disagree. Most of all they would disagree about which one of them was the actual pope. So this becomes not just a political issue, it becomes a religious issue. And this leads people to become a little bit more skeptical of the clergy than they had been. If they see these two clerical officials who they presume to be always the morally upright examples and leaders and they see them sort of fighting just the same way that backstabbing nobles would, like the carillon nobles in El Cid. This leads to people losing a lot of faith not necessarily in their religion but a lot of faith in the clergy themselves, the people who were the representatives of their religion. And that's something we're going to see influence Chaucer's portrayal of the clergy at this time. And so remember I said that during the bubonic plague a lot of the commoners who were specialized in the different labor practices, they were depended upon by the rest of the population. The nobility depended on the plowmen and the millers and the textile industry, the people who'd raised sheep and spun the wool. They depended on those people a lot more than they thought they did. A lot more than they would pretend to. But now that that labor is in more demand, the peasants are asking for more money, they're asking to be treated like not peasants, asking to be treated as labor professionals, which is what they were. They recognize, they realize that the nobility needs them. They don't necessarily need the nobility. Does it matter that you have an English lord ruling over you and treating you like a peasant instead of a French lord ruling over you and treating you like a peasant? Not really. But it definitely matters if you're a noble and you need to eat and you need clothes and you need weapons and you need tools and you need a house to live in. And these peasants, despite the fact that they would spend most of their lives farming or working in textile mills or spinning wool into yarn or whatever, they were not unfamiliar with conflict. It wasn't like the nobles were the only ones who would ever go to war during the Hundred Years War. In fact, one of the reasons England was so successful in the Hundred Years War against the French is because while the French put all their military strategic emphasis on heavily mounted nobles, heavily armored mounted nobles, writing around on horseback, the horses were covered with plate armor and the French nobles were covered with plate armor and they had these big lances, but that meant all of their emphasis was on cavalry and a lot of Francis is very muddy and it's not really easy to ride a horse through a lot of battlefields because of the mud, especially if you're bogged down with all this armor. Well, the English put a lot of their emphasis on archery and the people who were the best archers were not the nobles themselves. They were the peasants that were brought to the war. And so the peasants become really, really good at archery. It becomes a law that all male peasants have to practice archery and it probably didn't take a lot of guys, a lot of convincing to spend a lot of time instead of working in the field. You can go shoot at a target. So because of the proficiency of these archers, they're very good at combat and these are the very same people who are going to turn against the nobles or at least stand up and argue for better treatment by the nobility. The peasants then stage their own revolt. A guy named Watt Tyler leads this rebellion. Sometimes it's called Watt Tyler's Rebellion. Sometimes it's called the English Rising or the Peasants Revolt. And that Peasants Revolt gets pretty far for this kind of movement, more so than we've seen in the Middle Ages. But it's only successful up to a point, eventually Watt Tyler's killed in a sort of underhanded way. He goes to meet with King Richard II and say that, you know, give their terms and, you know, they've actually invaded London. The peasants have come into the walls of London as an army. They come right through the gate where Geoffrey Chaucer was living. So Chaucer, if he hadn't fled, could have literally looked out his window and seen Watt Tyler's army coming into London. But when Watt Tyler goes to meet with Richard II to discuss terms for their leaving London and putting down their arms, one of Richard II's men, and it's not clear that this was just the plan, it just ends up a scuffle happens and the king's man kills Watt Tyler. And then without their leader, the peasants disperse. And a lot of them are really abused after that. A lot of the nobility want to really punish their peasants for rebelling. Okay, so that leads us to Geoffrey Chaucer. I'm going to back up a little bit and go through some of these same things I just mentioned in this timeline insofar as they relate to Chaucer himself. Chaucer is born a commoner. He is a wealthy commoner. His father was a wine merchant. And his father had, well, it was part of a trade network that had him traveling in France and Italy and other places where obviously you have to go to a really good wine country for your supply of wine. And he was really wealthy because everybody drank at this time. This wasn't just because they loved to get drunk. It was because water in medieval England was frequently bad. We have a little bit of experience with unhealthy water here in Corpus Christi. Every few months we have another water bowl warning. Well, if you can't just throw water on the stove to boil it, to purify it, you need a source of liquid that is not going to be easily infected with pathogens. And the easiest thing to do was just to brew some beer and brew some wine and that's where your liquid came from. So everybody drank that meant Chaucer's father was very wealthy and Chaucer himself was raised very wealthy, but he's still a commoner. And the distinction between the aristocracy and the nobility and the commoners is just as obvious, just as abrasive in England and Chaucer's time as it was in Spain during El Cid's time. Just like El Cid had the carrione nobles looking down their nose at him even though he was so successful in the battlefield, they still just thought they were better than him for no other reason than because they were nobility. Chaucer has that same sort of issue going for him. He's very successful. He's very close to the nobility, but he is still a commoner. He becomes a page to the Earl of Ulster at a young age. He then becomes a soldier at the rank of Yeoman and he goes to war alongside or in the army of John of Gaunt who was the son of the king, King Edward III. And that meant he's really well, very highly placed. And what shows how highly placed he was was the fact that when he was captured, he wasn't killed by the French. He wasn't sort of thrown into prison or put to work with their commoners. He was treated as gentry, which is basically almost a noble. In fact, he was put up for ransom, which is something that usually only nobles could depend on. If you went into battle and all your men lost, all of your commoners who were your soldiers, they would probably be killed. But you could, if you were a noble, depend on being captured and getting sort of a cushy like a room to stay in while you waited for the folks back home to send a lot of gold to buy your ransom. Well actually, Chaucer gets ransomed. He gets taken prisoner. He gets the French offer to ransom him. And it's actually King Edward III himself. It is the king of England who pays Chaucer's ransom. So Chaucer was highly respected in the royal court clearly. He then later becomes a squire in the king's court.  He's later chosen to travel to Italy twice as an ambassador during the reign of Edward III. And it's during this time that he probably comes into contact with Boccaccio. He may have even met Boccaccio. But of course, clearly came into contact with the Cameron. And he also came into contact with the Italian Renaissance authors. And again, Italy is in the Renaissance at this time. England is still in the Middle Ages. But he is influenced by other famous Italian authors like Dante and Petrarch. Shortly after that, he's appointed the chief customs clerk for the Port of London. And the customs clerk primarily dealt with the wool and textile industry because this is something that England made a lot of money on. So France and Italy, they make a lot of wine and England buys that. But everybody else in Europe, nobody raises as many sheep and spends as much wool as the British. And this is relevant also because the wife of Bath, this is where her wealth comes from. But Chaucer sort of learns everything there is to know about the wool industry because he's the chief customs clerk for the Port of London. Now in 1380, he's accused of raping Baker's daughter. I'm gonna come back to that. Just wanna put that in the timeline right here. In 1386, he becomes a member of parliament. And of course, this is the House of Commons. The English parliament is divided between the House of Lords where you can only be part of the House of Lords if you're part of the nobility. But the House of Commons is becoming increasingly powerful. And Chaucer is a member of it at that time. Unfortunately for a lot of members of parliament at that time, this is when the merciless parliament as it's called takes over, accuses a lot of people of being traitors. They basically try to take power away from the young king at this point who is Richard II, who was the son or actually grandson of Edward III. I don't think it would be too much of an exaggeration to compare this time period, especially with the death of Edward III, followed by his young grandson, Richard II, coming to the throne and other people using that vacuum to try to create a power grab because Richard II was very young and very weak. A lot of the nobility started fighting each other. And I don't think it's an exaggeration to compare this time period with the sort of thing you see in like Game of Thrones. Now there's no isombies, no dragons, but if you wanted to take power, it wasn't enough that you just sort of got ahead of somebody else.  So if you just get on the wrong person's bad side and that person finds themselves in a position of power, you could have to worry about yourself and your family and all your friends and your allies being executed on trumped-up charges, even if everybody knew they were trumped-up charges. And that's what's happening right now during the merciless parliament time period. But for whatever reason, Chaucer seems to have not gotten on anybody's bad side. He seems to have had that social intelligence that led him to make allies without making a lot of enemies. At least, he had the right allies during this time because he managed to survive when a lot of his friends were put to death. After that, he becomes Clerk of the King's Works, which means he was sort of one of the top managers of the Crown's wealth. And the Crown had a lot of wealth and Chaucer was the one keeping the books. And other clerks of the King's Works in the past had been executed because they had been skimming a little off the top. They had been embezzling money, or they were just accused of embezzling money. But Chaucer had the reputation clearly for being honest and he managed to be Clerk of the King's Works for a couple years without having anybody accuse him of theft and executed. And eventually, he gets a semi-retirement when he becomes the deputy forester of the King's Royal Forest in Somerset. Now, that doesn't mean that he was, you know, grabbing his bow and arrow and hopping on a horse and riding around and chasing off poachers who were hunting the King's deer or anything like that. He was still sort of sitting in an office somewhere rather than really being out in the forest. But this is, you'll notice that I put Forester in blue just like I put Clerk and Member of Parliament, diplomat and squire and soldier. Because all of these jobs that he works lead him to have expertise or experience with the people, the task, the jobs, the requirements of different levels of society, different specializations, different parts of the social economic infrastructure that we're not used to hearing. Most of what we hear writers write about is the nobility. Everybody knows what the nobility did. They courted each other and they went off and fought each other and that's about it. You never find out who made their clothes or who provided their food. Where Chaucer is different is the fact that he also knows the commoners, not just commoners as one group as if that was all, like as if every commoner sort of thought the same way. But he understands, he knows the doctors. He knows the legal specialists. He knows the millers. He knows the masons, the architects. He knows the merchants, the sailors that are the ones that shipping cargo back and forth. He has to interact with them. He knows the plowmen, the people who are out there in the fields. He knows the people who are milling that wheat that the plowmen are planting. He knows the shepherds who are raising the sheep and he knows the spinners who are spinning that wool into the number one cash crop in England at the time. And he knows these individual jobs better than most other people would. And he's not one of these specialists, although he has sort of gone from job to job. Been there just enough to get to know a few people there, but then broaden his knowledge, broaden his social expertise, his social intelligence, his social experience, at the same time as his economic experience, at the same time as his political experience, by interacting where all of these different people come together to communicate, to negotiate, to compete with each other. And because of this, he doesn't just interact with stereotypes. He doesn't just interact with job types or nobility or commoner or Englishman or Frenchman. He interacts with individual minds in all of these. He understands that there's not just a sort of a commoner way of thinking or a nobility way of thinking or the church way of thinking. He knows that each of these larger groups is composed of lots of different types of minds and he's had experience dealing, negotiating, or just observing each of these individual minds. This is why he's able to give us something that nobody else at this time was able to give us, which is the sort of representation of interesting characters that we see in the Canterbury Tales.


I think a lot of the time people expect less of me or don't expect me to be intelligent or capable in a lot of situations. The Division of Equity and Inclusion reports that, since the passage of Prop 209 in 1996, the number of black students at UC Berkeley is dwindling. Black and African-American students make up 3.1 percent of campus, some of the lowest in the state. I definitely did not expect that enrollment to be as low as it is and I think that's something that blinds sides a lot of students and also keeps a lot of black students from coming to Cal, which is disappointing. Even when offered admission, black students opt not to enroll, noting that Berkeley is unwelcoming. Some say that it is not a place for black students to thrive. I like to take time to like validate myself and remind myself that there's a reason why I'm here in the first place and also just sharing experiences with other people. It's nice to know that I'm not alone. ASUC Senator Sarkadeya Dooh says she and other senators are working with the chancellor to make Berkeley more diverse. I think we should be more diverse in our undergraduate student body, our graduate student body, our faculty and our staff, so that will be a really important priority for me. Seeing some tangible items there, which is good because for a long time we haven't. We're seeing things like the chancellor's diversity project. We're seeing things like the school's commitment to becoming a Hispanic serving institution in 10 years. While some change has happened, there is still a lot more to be done. There's a lot of buzzwords that get thrown out and not necessarily as much action and tangible support as I personally would like to see, so I think we all have to be holding our administrators accountable. With debate reignited over the merits of Prop 209, the face of diversity on campus has yet to be seen. Laili Ipsa for CalTV News.


The degree to which wildfire activity in Australia is affected by climate change is not well quantified. Here the authors show that the frequency of forest fires and the area burned have increased significantly over recent decades mainly due to an increase in dangerous fire weather conditions through warmer temperature and circulation changes. This article was authored by J.Sep G. Cannadale, C.P., Mick, Maya, Gary D. Cook and others.


Course Editing To edit the course main page and add content, we first enable edit mode by toggling the icon top right. We can quickly rename our sections from, for example, topic 1 to a name that's relevant to us by clicking the pencil icon, typing in a new name, and pressing enter. Clicking the three dots on the right allows us to add or modify the summary of this section. Then after saving the changes, you can see the summary on the course page and note how the name change is reflected in the course index on the left. We can move sections by drag and drop, so we could move topic 2, which is not yet renamed, up above topic 1, which has been renamed to reading. To highlight duplicate, hide or delete a section, we go to the three dots on the right. Remember, deleting a section also deletes any content in that section, but you can get that back again from course navigation, more, the recycle bin. The recycle bin usually only appears once you've deleted something, depending on your administrator's settings. This course has three topic sections. We can add a new section by clicking add topic in the area we want the section or at the bottom. Note that if we're using weekly format, we can only add a week at the bottom. Items in our course also have those three dots, giving access to useful actions, for example indenting or duplicating. That's useful if you want several copies, which you'll then edit each with different content. Course activities and resources may also be moved by drag and drop, either up and down the course page, up and down the course index, or from one to the other. If you prefer, you can click the three dots and move from there. If we hide an item, for example, announcements, we see the note hidden from students. To view your course as a student would, click the arrow next to your profile top right and click switch role to selecting student, and note how the announcements have disappeared. Go back to your user profile, click return to my normal role, and you'll see the announcements again. Enable editing again if needed, but if you want to edit the settings or content of an item, you can do this by clicking the item, such as our course rules, and editing there. No need to enable editing for this. Click the short name of the course to return to the main page. If we click bulk edit near the top right, check boxes then appear against individual items and sections, allowing us to perform actions in bulk from the footer, such as changing their visibility, moving, and more. Finally, to add content such as pages, files, assignments, with edit mode enabled, we click anywhere on the course page between existing items, or we click add an activity or resource at the bottom of a section.


We actually involved in this very exciting project. It's looking at micro-firm data within South Africa, and it's a particularly, it's an interesting database that links firm income tax data with employment data and trade data. And our particular interest in this data is to try and understand how South African firms, manufacturing firms in particular, integrate with the global environment. Now our angle is to try and understand how these firms draw on imports and our imports are closely associated with their firm performance and their outcomes. So commonly in this area within South Africa, imports are regarded as a competitive force that drive unemployment and drive jobs out. We're taking the angle, we're trying to look at how imports actually complement domestic production. They're a rich source of inputs, they're a rich source of technology embodied in inputs. They change the way firms behave, and we want to try and understand this relationship from a complementarity perspective and try and see it how it enforces or influences firm outcomes. Well it's not new globally, but within South Africa the lack of firm data has meant that most analysis, most assessment of policies, most assessment of industries are based on very aggregated industry level data. And that means that the story is really around the big firms. And when we know about international literature nowadays, these firms are very heterogeneous. There's lots of variation. Firms differ enormously with in-sectors as well as between sectors. So trying to get an understanding of the firm insight I think adds a particular nuance and understanding that the industry level analysis hasn't been conducted. So it's going to generate new insights on South Africa. I think another reason why it's particularly interesting for us in within South Africa is the way that firms are producing this global fragmentation of production, the emergence of global value chains means that the firm's engagement with the international environment has changed. So nowadays from an industry perspective we don't need to build the whole industrial structure, the whole value added chain, but firms can slot into different compartments, which really means they're slotting into buying imports from some source and they're locking into a downstream production chain through exports as well. So we wanted to look at that new role that the South African firms may be playing within that. I mean, there are other reasons as well. I mean, within our particular focus is we're looking at our imports influence firm productivity. And firm productivity is a key contribution to economic growth. But we're also actually interested in how imports complement the type of workers. So one of the key constraints we face in South Africa is a very high unemployment rate. Also there's strong concerns about the high degree of the skill bias within the employment structure. So one question we're thinking a little bit about is how does access to imports complement workers? Which workers does it complement? Does it complement skilled workers? In which case it could pose particular challenges to our employment problem. Are we seeing the unskilled workers being outsourced offshore to foreign production? So this element we haven't yet focused on but it's a key aspect that we're trying to think through. Again, what's the relationship between input and sources of inputs and the type of workers that you use within the manufacturing process? Well, we've got some provisional results. What we do find is that firms and trading firms are very different from non-trading firms. And more interestingly, within trading firms you've got large variation. So if we look at firms that just export, these are very different to firms that export and import. So if we think about the exporter and import of the firm that does both, these tend to be larger, they tend to have higher productivity, they pay higher wages and they have much higher levels in employment. So that's one interesting dimension that we've already picked up. The second key interesting result is we start looking at export performance. And one of the key objectives obviously in the South African government and I think globally is to enhance export performance. And what we're finding is that exporters, manufacturing exporters, the success of exporting, the success of exporting increased value, the success in exporting new products and the success of exporting to new destinations is actually very closely associated with the ability to access foreign inputs. So there's complementarity between access to imported inputs and the kind of products and the growth in exports of the South African manufacturing firms. So that's another interesting insight we've been picking out. What we haven't seen yet is the, and we haven't yet studied, is the relationship to employment. And my hunch there is that it's not as positive as we'd like. I think exporters tend to be skilled, relatively skilled. I think the way manufacturing firms are orientating into the global environment is they're moving up the skill scale that's been complemented through the access and the quality of the inputs. I think the technology embodied in the intermediate inputs that the firms are importing complement skilled labor rather than unskilled, that's a hunch. But that poses, it suggests, that the growth in the exports within South Africa and encouraging export growth is not necessarily going to deal with the key unemployment constraint that we face, in particular that of the unskilled work within South Africa. I think UNU Ida's brought a strong force and influence in this particular project. I mean, given it's an international institution that's well respected, what they seem to be very successful in doing is unlocking this data. And I think purely by opening up access to this data, they're going to initiate a lot of academic research and new research. I think that's a very positive contribution from UNU Ida. A second key contribution within this frame is the UNU Ida's obviously got lots of contacts with excellent academics across the globe. So what we've seen in this project is some very strong foreign academics with strong international skills have been brought in and they're playing a strong role in leadership within the assembly of the data and the preparation of the data for our own analytical purposes. So that's I think another very important contribution. I think as we go down once we produce the reports and the papers, obviously the dissemination network will be very important. But I think for us another important avenue and an element is the access into the policy arena. And my view is if you have international organizations that are able to come in and bring in an independent external assessment of the research, both the research they've conducted as well as the research that has been conducted by local academics, it makes the work more tangible, more credible and is therefore able to influence the policy arena much more strongly than if it was just emerged through a domestic source. So I think this complementarity between foreign institutions, foreign academics and domestic researchers, I think brings together a good combination will produce good research that hopefully will have an influence on policy as well.


Hi everybody. So let's talk about common mistakes to avoid when you're performing the teeth wining procedure. So I'm going to go over a couple little things and then make sure to watch the updated video inside the course in a couple days inside the whitening pro academy.  Don't be like, oh my gosh, I forgot this again.  You know, don't do that.  I think I forgot to lay that out on the table. I have to go back into my bag and get it. Don't go, oh my gosh, I'm so sorry. I forgot something. Let me go over there to get it for you. One of the things you could do is maybe say like, you know what, I'm going to get a different peroxide because I want to mix it a little bit differently to really make those teeth pop. You know, or, oh, you know what, I want to get a different tool here because I thought I was going to use this one, but I'm actually going to use another one. Doesn't that sound better than being like, oh gosh, darn it, I forgot this. It just doesn't make you look professional, does it? Your client always wants to see you as the expert. You're allowed to make mistakes, you're allowed to not be perfect, but don't let the client know that, right? I tell all of my teeth whitening technicians, students, you know, it might be your first time or your second time, but the client doesn't need to know that. You don't have to say things like, oh, this is my first time or, oh, I've never seen stain like that before or, oh, I don't know why this is taking so long. Normally it only takes an hour, but your stain isn't lifting. I don't know what the big deal is. So just be careful what you say. Another thing, another common mistake that people make during the teeth whitening procedure is, if a client says to you, you know what, my teeth are getting really sensitive, I don't want to continue or they're not comfortable, something isn't working, the light's too hot for them or something. Do not stop the procedure. I mean, you absolutely can if the client wants you to, but don't automatically go, okay, well, you're not comfortable, we can't get you comfortable, the light is too hot, I don't know why we're just going to stop. Well don't do that. Always come up with solutions. Clients will often say to you or be a little concerned that maybe their teeth are getting sensitive during the teeth whitening procedure. Don't just stop and give up, so never give up. Say something to them like, you know what, it's normal to be a little bit sensitive. How about I remove this layer, you know, take a break, you can even rinse with some warm water if you want. I can try a lesser strength peroxide after this. See what you think. How about that? Because we've only been doing this for 20 minutes. The teeth whitening session was for one hour. You've maybe gone a shade lighter, which is fantastic, but I wanted to get you five shades lighter today. So it's all in how you talk and communicate. Of course though, if the patient wants you to stop because they're uncomfortable, they should be in control and they do have that right. Just make sure to let them know. We can keep going if you want to or do you want to book a different day. You have paid for 60 minutes, but we've only done 20 minutes. It's up to you if you want to give them the money back or save it for another day. I suggest if that does happen and it took 20 minutes and they paid for a 60-minute session, do not give them the money back. That's not an option because it's too easy for people to just give up. I would say, well, you still have this much time left. Come back tomorrow the next day or let's book you in for the week afterwards to finish up. This happens. Don't even worry about it. So another common mistake that people make is making the patient feel like you've never seen this before. They're the only one that has never happened before. That's the worst part of customer service and I see it all the time. If the patient says they're uncomfortable or they're sensitive, don't say things to them like, well, all my other clients are perfectly fine. I don't know what the big deal is. Not that you would say it in that rude way, but you might say something like, oh, I'm sorry. Like I don't know why I've never had a client complain before or a client has never been sensitive before. You want to make them feel good. So say things like, you know what? This is completely normal, especially if you haven't had teeth whitening before. You might feel sensitive just because the peroxides are working. They're working to work its magic to make those teeth whiter. But you are in full control. We can stop anytime, but you did pay for the 16 minute session today. I suggest letting me continue on, but if you like, I can use a lesser strength peroxide. So always be in control, show your expertise, and be the best teeth whitening technician out there. So I have more tips and tricks for you inside the course, you guys. Definitely check this out. I hope this helps. Just kind of give you guys an idea. Let me know if there's any questions. I am very happy to help and I'll see you guys in the next video.


In a math class, you may have learned about parallel lines. Parallel lines are equally distant, side by side, and aligned. In a literature or history class, you may have heard the term parallel when comparing similar situations or people. In that context, parallel means similar or analogous, as in, her leadership style parallels the prime ministers. In other words, their leadership styles are aligned. When we talk about parallelism in writing and grammar, we also mean alignment. This time in the syntax of a sentence. Parallel structure means that phrases that have similar weight should also have the same grammatical structure. In other words, if the phrases are being used similarly in your sentence, then they should have the same grammatical form. Sentences that lack parallel structure have what English teachers call faulty parallelism, and they can be confusing or awkward. Here's an example.  How would you correct the parallelism in this sentence to help it flow better? There are two ways to pull the phrases into alignment. You can either write, she likes hiking, dancing, and swimming, or she likes to hike, dance, and swim. Both are parallel. Using parallel sentence structure can give your writing balance and rhythm to help deliver your meaning clearly. Faulty parallelism, on the other hand, can be hard for readers to understand. Parallelism comes up a lot in technical and business writing, because faulty parallelism is especially noticeable in bulleted lists. Ideally, all items on a list should start with the same kind of word to be parallel, whether it's on a slide presentation, in a report, or on a resume. Parallel structure helps the reader to see connections more clearly, and in a resume, it helps a hiring manager to take in your accomplishments at a glance. Here's an example of faulty parallelism that you might see on a resume. Balanced nightly till, managing inventory, customer satisfaction. You can see how this is awkward and a little confusing. How would you revise it? In this case, if the job was in the past, then all the items should start with a past tense verb. Balanced nightly till, managed inventory, insured customer satisfaction. So far, we've focused on lists as a place to check for parallel structure. But any phrase that presents two or more items as equally important should also be parallel. This includes either or and neither nor phrases, among others. For example, you know that people either love it or they're hating it sounds awkward. People either love it or hate it is much smoother. Bringing the two halves of the sentence into alignment improves the flow of the sentence and makes it easier to understand. Parallel structure allows your readers to focus on what your words mean rather than how they're structured.


But I voted, when I found out that ol' I was now going to veto the federal pay raise, I voted against it and I voted sustainably to it. But I'm not going to sacrifice for seven meters, when the president don't sign the bill. Well now, are you ready to vote against this military, civilian, pay-by-vote bill? Yes, sir. If you do it, we're both up. What about health education bills? Five hundred million in that. I just didn't pound that. I voted against it, but that's about it. You don't realize how you've got this president down there. If you just didn't pound that and say, well, we can... What about the impacted school bill? I'd leave that alone. I wouldn't fool with that. That's part of the school system in this country that's been 15 years old. Yes, but a third of it goes to the rich people. It goes, it's not to the poor districts. It's out to these goddamn districts where they got... Well, the districts where the people had the house but kept it and come... Alexander and Arlington, get a third of it. That's right. That's just out of it. Well, if you just didn't pound a third of it, you'd get away with it. And then you won't let a school district and you won't lose more than 15,000, 20,000 votes through the country. And what about agriculture? You've got $500 million in the house bill over there. Instead of that capital, I don't know what did. That's too much a program. You can't get away with that. You're going to have to keep that going like it is now. You know, the thing that caused our trouble over... REA's got $150 million. Are you going to go with REA and the power company? I'm not going to either one. Well, we've got an REA bill up there. It creates a bank. I'm going to make some quit this 2%. I don't support that. Make some quit this. No, hell, you ain't got that 2% in there. No, I got 2% just for the poor ones that till the transition period. No, that's too low. I didn't know that. I thought there was REA bill at the 2% in there. Well, I'd say there. REA's got to... We've both got 2%, but one of them wanted longer in mind. Mine cuts it off in mind. I vote for the administration bill, but I don't think you ought to have 2% at all. I think it's ridiculous. That's just for the poor co-ops. These are co-ops that are making more money than anybody now. By my state, they're paying the managers from 27,000 to 5,000 a year. All of them can do it. They pay the regular rate. Everybody, only the insolent ones, they get the low rate. Only the poor. All I'm interested in, though, if there are not many, but all of them are few in the United States. But all I'm interested in is you view whether it's public power or whether you're for the REA. Power companies are fighting us now. I'm not feeding one up. Well, I'm in the middle. I think REA is going too far on that side, and I know the power companies are going too far on that side. That's what I'm talking about. All right. But power companies have come up there. That's what I've got. That's what I've got. And power companies won't do it, though. We can make them do it. We can make them do it. They won't have the choice.  How about the power companies? Yeah, that's what we've got to do. But I wouldn't give the REA too much, because they're in good shape, Mr. President. I'm not giving them much. I understand. I'm not ridden. They're opposing me. They're opposing me, you see. I fought for the REA when they invented it. Oh. I was crazy. I used to go and get you to put in $200 million at a time when I was in the house. You forgot me. I still fought, but they're all flourishing now. They're doing well. Didn't everybody do well? Yeah, I think so, yeah. Are you scared about inflation? Well, yes. I think all of us have something concerned about it, don't you? Every economist I've got to tell me we've got to have a tax bill. Well, I don't agree with that. I don't either. Unemployment's going up to about... I must say I'm concerned about inflation. Unemployment's going up to three, nine, four percent now. But I wouldn't... Well, they say that's the only way to drain it all. If they say that we can't cut the expenditure. I thought you and Dirksen would have an agreement and you'd deliver the southerners. He'd deliver the Republicans. And I told Henry Fowler we'll talk to both of you. And that you would keep the budget down, keep the Senate bills down to what the budget's called for and take it out. You may have to take some of it out in poverty. You may have to foreign aid. You may have to take it, but just don't put anything in unless you take it out some other place. The budget's a hundred and twelve billion. That's a hell of a lot of money. But don't tell me that we ought to cut. We can't have control. So we've got to cut expenditures or put a tax bill in to take off this surplus because we overheat. Well, yeah, eventually I don't know about right now. But I'm hoping that I can do it. I think you are eventually going to have to do it. I'm hoping that I can do it until January. But I was hoping you all could kind of hold things until then. Well, I'm going to vote to cut a lot of it. And then if you can get any organized opposition or do this pay raise on me and you can't get it. But if you're going to raise spending, you've got to raise it on me. That's right. And you can't do it. You can't get any opposition. Even you can't get into health education. I can cut out. Well, there's too much money in that health education bill. I agree with you. But it's, you know, what it is, two hundred million. I was impacted at school. That's the first. It's cut four hundred dollars a million. Then it's two hundred. I was impacted at school. Well, they put too much in there. Well, Lisa, go into it and send it. I don't know what to do with House Bill. I haven't checked it. But they're going to put too much in there after this medical research. Yes, ma'am. They haven't got the people to do the work. They've got too much for nearly everything. We're spending, we're appropriating about ten billion more health in education than we did when I became president. And that's going fast. That's too fast. Too fast. You've got to get the scientists to have this community action program. It's a wasteful thing. They ought to cut it out. It's a dangerous thing, too. These folks are liable to get it. The way they handle it, it's just like they've got to get them on high and then there's no accounting for it. What do you think about the election? How many seats you think I'm going to lose now? A house? About twenty-eight. High boys say that we're going to pick up eight or ten. We're going to lose ten or twelve. Well, I think you'll lose about twenty-seven, eight seats in an house. And I don't think you'll lose anything in the Senate. Won't we gain a little? Yeah, you may gain one or two in the Senate. You've got too big of a majority in the house. My poll is dropping like hell, though. I've got to... I had the last gallop. I had exactly what Eisenhower had when he beat streets in fifty-two in the election. He won by fifty-five percent. I had fifty-five. That's high. Everybody said you get fifty-five. It's terrible. I dropped from fifty-five to forty-seven. That's eight points since the last poll, just the last three or four weeks. On what? On how I'm doing my job. You're doing a good job? Yeah. Thirty-thirty... I believe there's forty-somebody that disapproves. No, there's thirty-six or seven that disapprove of the job I'm doing. Only forty-five, only forty-seven approve. Well, half of that is part of your poverty program. These camps are causing you. They're creating you like hell. They talk about them everywhere. And the other half is beating them. There's nothing you can do about that. We've got to see it through, and you're going to see it through, and when it comes down to election, the American people don't see it through. What's poverty like? What's poverty giving us much trouble about? Poverty is not giving you too much. All of it isn't. The Head Start program is pretty popular. They go to court camps. Job court, job court camps like that, and that down in St. Petersburg, and one out here somewhere in Kentucky, Indiana. Well, I get no letters about those. They pick up a little piece out of the paper. Well, they get Austin six, seven, seven thousand dollars, and they've all got in town some night, and had eighteen of them rested, getting drunk, and they just raise hell about that. Well, that's right, but you get to keep them boys getting drunk. Well, I'm not trying to keep them getting drunk. I'm just telling you about that. It's about starting to leave. Well, I'm there once for the camps. I thought the CCC camps were outdated. I think they're outmoded. I don't think it did. Well, if you want me to go to the side. I'm going to tell Michael Marr tomorrow. He's got a plan for taking something anyway, but I'm going to tell him he's got a rep for all nine. You said every man's got a hard pecker, and a strong back, and a weak mind. As far as you're concerned, he can get him up to death. I'm working for that. He got you. Well, I don't want to go home. I'll see you when I get back, and I just want to kind of get my marching order. Oh, yes, I understand. I'm going to always be the downgradest pro-boy that the world's ever seen. I always enjoy talking to you. You just go around and say, I'm not getting out.  That's right. I do. I'm picking a good one now. No, no, no. Stuck up. I don't want out. I've been benefiting by your wisdom for many, many years, Mr. Russell. I don't want out, Mr. President. Don't depend on it, though. Thank you, my friend. I'll call you. Have a nice time. I'll call you and get back on it. Just go down on the boat some night. You can go out of the boat now when it gets warm. Can't you? Yes, sir. Be happy, too. All right.


What is good, Bolo Squad? And welcome back to our channel, Ignore. I don't have any lipstick on right now.  But, guys, then you click in this video because of my lips, okay? You clicked in this video because you read today's title and I feel like I haven't sat down and talked to you guys like this or done a prank in such a long time. Like, when was the last time I've done a prank? I like really gotta think about that because I don't even know. I feel like we've been doing like more vlogs and challenges and I feel like Bill has been pranking me more but Team Mariah is coming back today. Also, my contacts are really bugging me right now so if I'm blinking a lot, that's why. But, today I'm gonna be telling Bill that I got a job as a bottled service girl. Pretty much a bottled service girl is when like, I think when you like dress really cute and you just like give people bottles of like champagne, wine, whatever they order and it's pretty much just like kinda like Hooters. I don't know if you guys remember but I actually pranked Bill back when we first moved here that I got a job at Hooters. He was like, what the heck? Like just a bunch of different things. So, pretty much I'm just gonna tell him I got a job as a bottled service girl and we're gonna see how he reacts. I have no idea his reaction. I have a feeling he's not gonna like it as much. It's not even that he's not gonna like it. I just feel like he's gonna be upset because of like, I didn't tell him. I think that's what's gonna upset him because like, he doesn't care what I do or what I, if I choose to do something like that but I think it's just the fact that I'm gonna be dressing like really sexy and like, I'm gonna be like, baby, listen. Listen up, I'm gonna get us some tips. Like, I'm just gonna pop my boobs out. Pop my booty out that I've been working out on. Might not have big old boobies but I'll pop out that butt. We're gonna see. I'm really nervous to tell him but you know what? Team Araya has not pranked him in such a long time and I have to come back and I feel like this is gonna be so perfect. But make sure you guys give this video a big thumbs up. If you guys haven't subscribed make sure you guys go subscribe. This is gonna be insane. Also, comment down below any other videos you guys would like to see on our channel. We've been really enjoying the challenges and the vlogs and I feel like you guys have been too but here and there we gotta add in pranks. So if you guys don't follow us on Instagram make sure you guys DM me prank ideas because this, this is about to be lit. I'm excited to get his little butt. So I got these really sparkly tights. I don't know if you guys can tell. And then I got this like one piece. I feel like Pytosaurus curls pretty much dress in all black, I think. So I got like an all black outfit. This is like a one piece and then these sparkly leggings and I'll probably put on, I think I have black heels in my closet that I'll throw on really quick. And I'm pretty much gonna say, hey babe, I'm working tonight. My first day is tonight and I'm shadowing somebody and I gotta leave here a little bit. So, and I'm just gonna pretty much just like start practicing like walking on the house. Like, oh, here's your bottle. Like, this is about to be hilarious. Let me get dressed and show you guys my outfit and I'll be right back. All right, you guys, here is the fit. I feel like this is super cute and like bottle service-y I feel like. I wish you guys could see. Let me show the leggings like this. How sparkly these are. Like, ooh, I love it. I love sparkly. You guys know that. So let's go tell him that I am the new bottle service girl and I have my first day today. I feel like I'm looking sexy. I feel like I'm looking good. Like, oh yeah, oh yeah. Slay mama slay. I might have taken an Instagram photo in this, you guys. This is actually really freaking cute. Like, I'm obsessed. Wow. Okay. Okay, sorry. I'm really feeling myself right now but let's go prank it. Let's go. Then Southwest Florida. What? Yes. Are you role playing? I'm role playing. Show me what your skill is like. I had an interview with you. We would tell you. But when you were away this weekend, I was like, you know what? I'm gonna have to live a little bit more because like, you know, I enjoy our job a lot of good books. Okay? This is like a role time. This weekend and he told me I got the job. What do you mean you got another job? Why are you- I got another job. I see that you're filming though. I see that you're filming. Yeah, but I wanted to tell you. This is a joke? No, this is a joke. You did not get a job as a bottle service girl. Yes, I did. You did not. All right, let's show me your skills. Show me your skills.  I want to see you walk around. Because I want to see if I would buy a bottle of beer. Okay, I'll show you what the thing is. Today's my first day. Like, I'm shadowing somebody and they're gonna be teaching me the actual thing. You're going into work today. Pretty much they said we're all black, sparkly, tights, and black boots. I got to wear all black. So I'm like, you know what? This is perfect.  You did not get a job? Yes, I did. Then why are you filming?  Yeah, so I like interview you. They're like, let's see you walk. Let's see you walk.  You did not get a job? Yes, you did. Why? Today's my first day. Tonight's? Why though? You know, I've been really stressed out and I feel like I need to get out of the house a little bit and get a job. Not as a bottle service girl.  When does that ever bother you? Babe, you are literally going, it's like working at like Hooters or something. That's just like the environment. But I know, you know what? I'm gonna come home and rap. Like- Oh my god. Like, this is our- This is a joke, right? This is obviously a joke.  It's fine, show me. Go around, I wanna show me. Okay, say I'm the one that buys a bottle.  Don't get me a bottle. I'm going in for my first day. Go get me a bottle. Why do I feel like you're messing with me? So Bill Ritter, so they call me Bill Ritter, got your bottle, okay? Yeah. So, you know, there's flames and smoke and like they each have a sign and stuff and it's like sparkly and it's like, what? Your bottle. I would have bought it. That was terrible. You're not a farmer. You're not a farmer. Yes, I am. You're lying. Off camera, stop. You're probably gonna have to get all the stuff. Is this, are you actually being- Why would I get all the stuff? Why would you get another job? Don't you like filming and doing stuff? Well, yeah, I know what I'm doing. I understand you're making this into a video, but like I don't- I want it to surprise you and then you can come visit me tonight, my first day.  No, I just want to distract my mind. What about me? I should be able to distract my mind. Let's watch our show. Let's go swimming. Let's go get sushi. Let's go out to a beach. It's not boring. No, I want to get a job and like- We're getting married. Like, we do stuff to get there. What do you mean? Like, you just want to go spend nights at a club? Why not? I'm gonna make money. Are you actually being, like, this is what you want to do? Babe, yes, I got the job. This is what you want to do. I understand you have a job now. For right now, it's probably a month or so, just to kind of like, spare time. You only live once. I'm only gonna be this young once. I'm only gonna have this body once. Before we start having kids, I'm gonna be rags. Why are you doing this? Because like- I'm not going to do anything. They don't guys follow you. How does this feel? No, you're not. I'm literally not a babe.  I feel wow. I'm tall right now. I'm not tall. I love it. I don't want to be filmed because I'm confused. You're literally telling me that you want- You don't want to hang out. Like, if you always are the one that's saying, like, you want our nights to be together and like, hang out and do stuff together. But now you want to go get another job. And it's like, that just contradicts everything that you say.  The bald girls, I understand you'll make good money, but is it worth flaunting yourself for a job deal? I'm still- Let me talk. I know, we do not need another job and know that, but I wanted to for my- No, but- You want to be- You can't- You couldn't have took it, like, knitting or something? You're trying to be- Knitting? You're trying to- Knit it. Flaw yourself. When have I ever knitted? Can you just let me know?  A group of drunk people that are looking at you because you look like hot and stuff. Why couldn't you have chosen any other extracurricular activity other than being vulnerable? I got a email. I got a email and said, you know what? Maybe the perfect fit. I see on your TikTok. Why? Why did you pick a bottle chick? Because they said it'll help promote their business. Oh my God. I feel like the supporters and stuff there and then get the bottle for me. I don't want you to be a bottle service girl, though. Like, I want you to do stuff if you weren't, but like, why do you have to do a bottle girl? Like, that's like- You're gonna be at an icky club every day with alcohol and like, smoke and like- I like it. Why are you- Bill, you don't know me back then.  That was my- You literally said you're a sh** body to me. Okay, I don't want to talk about this on camera. No. Bill, stop. I don't want to talk about this on camera. Well, luckily it's- You got it from me all the way. Right, I literally told you- It's not real anyway.   I'm just gonna go and cancel the bottle.  Like I said, you can do whatever you want. I don't want to be controlling, but I just don't know why you didn't talk to me about this. I'll just tell the bottle service people that I have a controlling fiance and will let me do that. No, I'm not, no. You can do it if you want. I'm just trying to like, I don't understand. Are you going through some fights? Please tell me it's a joke. Please tell me it's a prank. This is what, what am I doing? Please tell me it's a prank. This is my- Can you just say it? Like I'm so confused right now. Can you just tell me it's a prank? That just blows my team a riot in it. Oh my God. Oh, what is this?  Oh yeah. Team, everybody came back. Stop. Yeah. No, you did not. I'm big. Yeah. Yeah. You know what, babe?  And guess what, baby? Team Mariah came back and got your little booty butt. No, I don't want to be a bottle service girl. I'm content with her life. I don't need that job. I was like a hundred percent. I did not want to, I was like, I like wanted you to be able to do stuff if you're bored or something, but like I just didn't able to understand why you- Honey. I don't have, I do not have the confidence to be a bottle service girl. A hundred percent Mariah, you could be a bottle service girl because I'm so glad this is a prank though because like- I just don't think I'm gonna know. I don't, I don't understand where I'm coming from. Like these girls, like bottle service girls, they literally- Oh my God, I'm so glad this is a prank now. I'm like, so glad you're good. These bottle service girls, like I've seen them, I've been at clubs.  I understand you'd be collected a bag, but like I was just like trying to understand what's going on in my head.  I probably would. Oh my God. It would boost my confidence up. You know what? I just want everyone to know for the record I would not mind Mariah being a bottle service. That's what she really wanted to do it. That was your calling. I just wanted to make sure that you weren't going anything that you- Going into anything I didn't want to do.  I just was trying to get in your head like and understand you. I get it. But oh my God, I'm so happy to see you. See Mariah in the comments you guys. I have, I seriously was telling them earlier.  I don't even remember the last time I did a prank on you. Like that's been that long. Yeah, because you're slagged. Yeah, that's why I didn't think it was- I slagged, you slagged. Don't come from here. Okay, whatever. Whatever. No, you can say whatever she wants. I hope you enjoy this video. No, I will not be a bottle service girl. But if I ever do, I will let you guys know and you guys can come visit us. You can be my personal bottle service girl. Sounds good. Order a bottle. Ew. So that means you'll bring me like a drink anytime I want, no? Yeah. Really? No. All right, you guys. We will see you guys in the next video. But until then, peace and love you guys.