Do you know that you can buy Bitcoin at every teller machine of the Swiss National Railway? At every train station you can buy Bitcoin. Switzerland, the land of milk chocolate, cuckoo clocks, pocket knives, exquisite handmade watches, mountains, bankers, and this. But now, Switzerland may be on the verge of becoming something more, a crypto paradise. Hi, I'm Molly Jane from Cointelegraph, and we're coming to you from Zook. It's also known as the Crypto Valley, and Switzerland has been called the Crypto Nation. So we've come here to check it out. Long before Bitcoin was a gleam in Satoshi Nakamoto's eye, the city of Zook knew how to attract money. With a 14% corporate tax rate, one of the lowest in the world, it became home to nearly 30,000 companies, almost as many as there are people in the town. Now, Zook is home to more than 400 crypto enterprises, all happily ensconced in what has become known as Switzerland's Crypto Valley. And a gorgeous valley it is, with a large lake set against the backdrop of Switzerland's ever-snowy Alpine peaks. It's almost beautiful enough to make us forget why we're here. We managed, however, to bring our eyes down from the mountains to meet with Dolphi Mueller, the mayor of Zook, who has presided over a policy of accepting Bitcoin to pay for some city services, making him, in a sense, the crypto mayor. Everybody in the world was interested what happens in Zook because we have been the first. We didn't know anything about Bitcoin. We didn't know anything about Blockchain. And so we invited a student, which explained us the difference between the things. We started it two years ago. Now we have about 50 or 55 payments, not more. And it's only Bitcoin. It's not Bitcoin Cash, it's Bitcoin. From June 25th to July 1st, 2018, Zook held Switzerland's first Blockchain-based municipal referendum. The vote, which was non-binding, used the city's new digital ID system. Here is a good place. Let's start an experiment with the so-called digital ID based on Blockchain. Every year in summertime, we have a great party at the lakeside of Zook, and there is a firework. And we ask them, do you want to have a firework again? Yes or no. And in Switzerland, a referendum, that's something holy. Has all this converted the mayor into a real crypto-hottler? I'm not interested in cryptocurrency for myself. Despite the crypto mayor's lack of personal enthusiasm, get with the program, fella. Zook's experiments with crypto are breaking new ground, and city services aren't the only things you can buy with it there. We were told that here in Zook, you can use Bitcoin to buy a Ferrari or a Maserati. We don't really have the budget for that, so let's go try to buy some wine instead. We're going to do something. Yeah, so I'm looking to buy some nice wine, practically from Switzerland, but I'd like to pay in Bitcoin. Can I do that here? Yeah, of course, yeah. Oh, great. You can just take this one that you're just, it's a very nice wine. It's a syrup. Paying with crypto was as easy as scanning a QR code. And the wine was delicious. So we left Zook and drove to Lucerne, another important city on the crypto map of Switzerland. Here, its prestigious university is offering courses on cryptocurrency and blockchain. Hey, now we're over here at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, where students can pay for everything with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Let's go talk to the dean. We have several programs that are focused on blockchain technologies and distributed ledger, which are small ones, which only last for two days. We give them short insight. And we also have a longer program, which lasts for about four months, where you really actually get deep insight into these activities. And right now, for next semester, we're also starting in the bachelor program with courses dedicated to blockchain and distributed ledger. All of which makes perfect sense, since the university president's last name is HODL. So the universities are into it, but what about Swiss officialdom? Later that day, we met Thomas Moser, an alternate member of the board of Switzerland's central bank, who has been a bit of a downer about blockchain technology, at least according to the news. That was fake news. Actually, I didn't say it that way. What I said is that I think for innovation and technology to take the next step, it has to be something else than just a copy of existing products. The innovations in money usually came from the private sector. If you think of the bank note, there was not an invention by the state, there was not an invention by the central bank that came from the private sector from the commercial banks. And then people started to complain about it because there was fraud, a lot of people lost money, and then eventually got regulated as a first step, and as a second step, it got nationalized. That's clearly something that could be also repeated with cryptocurrency. We had our conversation with Thomas Moser on the embankment of Lake Zurich, just a few steps from his office in the central bank. The next day, we were nearby at Bernhofstrasse 3, the financial center of Zurich, and its most expensive street. This is the address of Trust Square, the former home of a private Liechtenstein bank and now the largest blockchain hub in Switzerland. So Trust Square is a technology hub specialized on blockchain, and the history behind it is that several blockchain entrepreneurs wanted to have a community. So we have 40 blockchain companies here from different backgrounds. We want to focus more on working with the universities and with the corporates. All floors of the Trust Square are full of all sorts of blockchain startups, from students with some crazy spaceship ideas to more down-to-earth insurance projects. And these blockchain incubators are in high demand. Over 400 players are really in Switzerland and the government is very pro-business, very helpful. It's a very decentralized culture and it's really in line with what I think blockchain and corporate assets are. FINMA is trying to move the whole crypto asset business into a more regulated security token. FINMA, the financial regulator, categorizes the tokens based on the underlying economic function, payment tokens, utility tokens, and asset tokens. But what drives this whole process is that every ICO can send the description of its projects to FINMA and within just four to eight weeks receive a clear statement whether regulatory provisions are applicable. As a result, in 2017, 1.5 billion dollars were raised in ICOs in Switzerland, the second largest amount of money raised after the U.S. I would say that one year ago an ICO would cost you roughly 400, 500,000 Swiss francs. I think nowadays you're more and more looking towards the one million range here. Now, welcome to the Crypto Villa, a 19th century mansion that formerly housed another private bank from Liechtenstein that went bankrupt due to money laundering schemes. It is now the home of Crypto Finance AG, a case of the new money, literally replacing the old money. So is it common in Switzerland that banker is from the traditional financial industry, go crypto? Yeah, more and more. In our company we have, I would say, 80% ex-bankers from UBS, credit twists, and some other large banks. We have the whole financial market infrastructure in Switzerland. We have the financial system in Switzerland, which is very strong, we have a very strong background, and so we have the theoretical know-how. And then from a society perspective, we have a very decentralized government, we have democracy. This is matched very well with the whole crypto space. How difficult is it to open an account for a crypto or blockchain company? It's very difficult. There's only a handful of banks here in Switzerland that openly communicate that they want to have ICO clients open a bank account there. One of the problems still is that cryptocurrencies and Bitcoins still have this reputation of being used for illicit or criminal activities. And how beautiful will the ending be for cryptocurrency here? Let's just say that the signs are gorgeous. So is Switzerland a crypto nation after all? Currently I say yes, we are a crypto nation on a very early stage, but we have everything to really become a big hub for crypto offering. So there's a high probability that we will see unicorns coming out of Switzerland in the next few years because I think the foundation is in place. In the future, the blockchain technology will be a base technology that is used in a lot of applications and the people actually won't realize that they're using a blockchain. I think at that stage we still have to think about what would it mean for monetary policy? What would it mean for financial stability? The question would also be would there still be private banks? Would they still have a role in the payment system? We have to overcome some of our own hurdles and take some risks and move forward because the competition is not sleeping. We'll give the final word to our favorite crypto mayor. I will be finished my work end of this year and I always say it was a very beautiful final of my time as a mayor of ZUK. Although Switzerland has long been considered the banking capital of the world, it soon could become the global crypto capital. However, I think that cryptocurrencies and bitcoins still have a long way to go before they see widespread usage. As the sun sets tonight over ZUK, the crypto valley, bitcoin may be rising over Switzerland. Cointelegraph. Like, subscribe and hodl.


In this video, we'll discuss how to craft two kinds of writing portfolios based on their rhetorical contexts. Writers use two kinds of portfolios, learning portfolios used for self-discovery and showcase portfolios used for self-presentation. Learning portfolios are meant to capture and reflect on your own learning and growth. Showcase portfolios are meant to demonstrate the best of your abilities for others. These portfolios vary considerably by purpose, audience, format, and message. The first factor to consider is your purpose. When you create a learning portfolio for self-discovery, you're collecting and curating writing artifacts in a way that demonstrates your development as a learner. You may also be developing an authentic writer identity through a personal learning portfolio based on a specific task. Because learning portfolios are designed to reflect on your personal writing journey, they highlight how your work is part of an arc of personal progression and may include evidence from both in and out of class. For instance, you can use a Google folder to create a personal portfolio to track and reflect upon your progress towards completing a personal writing task or one assigned for a class project. Because your goal is to visualize your development at every stage in the writing process, this learning portfolio will highlight your strengths and challenges and the decisions you made to overcome these challenges. For instance, you can use this portfolio to track changes in the direction of your work, how you made these changes, and how future work might reflect these changes. Throughout the process of creating your portfolio, you'll want to reflect on your learning. This reflection should articulate the context of the work's creation, the expectations for the work, the actions you took including strengths or challenges, what you learned from the experience, and how you anticipate applying this learning in the future. Including this reflection helps readers navigate your work and see your development as a learner. In contrast, showcase portfolios are used for self-presentation. They are designed to present your writing abilities and your accomplishments to a public who's interested in your work. For instance, a job seeker can use a showcase portfolio to direct potential employers to a report or article that demonstrates their writing abilities and accomplishments. At the end of the semester, a student may present a class writing portfolio and point to specific artifacts to demonstrate their development or proficiency in an outcome or learning objective over the course of the semester. What's important to note is that a showcase portfolio allows you to curate your best work for self-presentation. Therefore, similar to the learning portfolio, the artifacts you select and present and the format you choose will depend upon how carefully you have considered your specific purpose. Another factor you'll need to consider is your audience. Who will view this portfolio, why will they view it, and what will they expect? Learning portfolios are typically inward-facing, meaning they are private or shared with only a select audience. Your audience may expect a behind-the-scenes glimpse into your invention work. Writing teachers and classmates can appreciate the messiness of brainstorming, drafting, revision, and reflection, especially if their teaching or working through similar projects themselves. In contrast, showcase portfolios are typically public or outward-facing. These kinds of portfolios might be included as part of professional websites or submitted alongside job or grad school applications. As such, the audience may include potential employers, recruiters, collaborators, your online network of friends and acquaintances, fans of your work, and other strangers. Each interested in learning about your abilities and skills and hoping to be impressed or satisfied by the quality of your work. Always try to craft a portfolio that is sympathetic to your audience's needs and knowledge. You'll also want to consider the format of your portfolio and make decisions about how it's arranged and how your audience will access it. Will your portfolio be digital or analog? Will you structure it linearly or non-linearly? When formatting a learning portfolio, you can often make decisions based on the shared expectations of your specific audience. For example, your class or other learning group may already use Google Drive to share documents. If you use a Google Folder to curate and share your portfolio with that specific group, you can be confident that your attended audience will be able to access it. In contrast, the outward-facing nature of showcase portfolios means thinking more flexibly about how to make sure it is accessible for your audience. You might avoid any individual file types that would require someone to have a login or specific software to view them. You might also choose to create a personal website or other public-facing tool to curate your portfolio as a whole. As you curate a portfolio that is digital and public, consider how it fits into the rest of your presence online. Overall, the choices you make about formatting should align with the purpose and intended audience of your portfolio and support the message you want to send. Every portfolio should convey a message to the audience, and you, the portfolio curator, gets to choose what that message is. A learning portfolio weaves a narrative of how you created something and what you learned in the process. In support of this message, you might present a series of artifacts that reveal how you created a project from beginning to end and guide your reader through each step in the journey. A showcase portfolio, however, uses final products you've created to convince others of your current abilities and skills and pose an argument, sometimes explicit, that they demonstrate your potential to contribute to other projects in the future. To make this argument effectively, you might group the best representations of a particular skill together and comment on what it says about you. When curating your portfolio, consider what message you want to deliver to your readers and organize your portfolio to deliver that message effectively. As this video has shown, portfolio curators should consider the purpose, audience, format, and message of their portfolios. By considering these four aspects of portfolio curation, you ensure that your work is showcased in the most effective manner possible.


Welcome to our science show. Today we will be discussing the Nobel Prize in what is called Physiology and Medicine and we have with us Professor Satyajit Rat to discuss what does this Nobel Prize mean. It has been given to somebody called Paavo Swante as you probably know by now or Swanto Paavo who is finished. What is he? We will ask Satyajit on this as well as the discoveries that he has made for which he has been given the prize. It is also interesting. This is a solo prize which is rather unusual in today's day and age. Satyajit, first question to you because we thought there were three prizes. One for chemistry, one for physics and one for medicine. Now this is physiology or medicine. So what does this prize really mean and what is it being given the prize for physiology or medicine or both? So you raise an interesting question and the proposition matters because it is not even physiology and medicine in amicable coexistence. It is physiology or medicine as two clearly separate entities and a straightforward interpretation for this is that the prize is intended for something that makes a difference to human health by large. So because The idea of Nobel that it should be for human benefit, the whole Nobel Prize itself. So it is in that sense that basic discoveries that matter at least can be plausibly argued to matter for some contribution to human health are treated as physiological discoveries. The more direct discoveries of medicines and penicillin and so on and so forth are obviously treated as medicine and the tension between fundamental science where mechanisms are worked out and this engineering and medicine field where interventions are worked out is very clear with that proposition of physiology or medicine. It is an interesting issue that you are talking about because in this prize it has also been mentioned that it is work on archaeogenetics identifying Neanderthal or Denisovan genes, archaic friends or relations of ours in human terms, human family terms that it might have contributions to looking how we look at health today. How seriously do you take this or is it a little bit of a stretch to make the connection that you are saying is the basis for giving such a Nobel Prize? So I was in fact going to refer to precisely that but before that if you will permit me there is another a set of the Nobel Prizes in general not just physiology or medicine in particular that I think it's useful for us to think about which is they're supposed to be given for a discovery. They are not intended as a recognition of a lifetime body of work. They are intended for a singularity. So now if we put both of those together that there is an implication for human health and that there is one discovery for which this prize is being given and we put that together with the other unusual features that you've pointed out. One, Swantepabu is a Scandinavian, not an American. Two, he's been given a solo Nobel Prize and if you now read the citation that is on the Nobel Prize's website to pretend to itself and to us that these two artificial constraints set in their context. Number one that it must be for one discovery and number two that it must have some connection to human health are in fact fulfilled by Swantepabu's work when in reality his work transcends both of those what I considered trivial constraints. Narrow boundaries. So shallow boundaries. On that background let me respond to your quick question. So the straightforward answer that is cited on the Nobel Prize committees as in support of this self-justification rationalization is that we as today's human beings who are one species, Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens, sapiens depending on how you which side of a number of arcane boundaries you sit on. Clearly in the past 50-60,000 years or less have interbred significantly with closely related but distinct humanoid lineages namely the Neanderthal and the Denisovan. Now the health connection that has been claimed is, oh look, here are two examples. The Denisovan lineage has provided at least some of us as today's human beings with a version of a gene that allows better comfortable survival at high altitudes. The Tibetan Nepalese etc. argument. The Neanderthal, oh look, many versions of genes related to as it happens my field which is the immune system have come to us from the Neanderthal lineage. Now truth to tell, all that this says to us is, oh, isn't understanding biology and history interesting but the Nobel committee is making this out to be a connection to human health and that relates much more directly to the artificial boundaries of the Nobel Prize rather than anything directly to human health or to the surface. So you know coming back to the science discussions and I think what we see here is that it seems that Swantepabu has made very significant contributions over a period of time to be able to take what would be degraded genetic material found from samples which are very old contaminated by other bacteria and able to recover from this the genetic material of interest and this has two parts to it. One part of course is that how to quote unquote purify the ancient DNA, how to create copies of it so that you can then look at how the material should be analyzed and so on. So that is one is the purification, concentration, recovery of the ancient DNA, other is of course the mathematical part of it checking out the lineage. So if we separate the second part which is not his strength, his strength is really the it seems the first, the that part seems to be his strength. What are the basic things that it did and where would you put it? I know that is going to be difficult for you because these are areas which are so rarified for most of us that we won't understand most of it anyway. Well paradoxically I think that the proper response to your question will be that what Swantepabu has done over a 30 year, 35 year period of systematic, focused, dedicated work is entirely understandable to all of us. Let me take your first question, part of it is the technicality of getting out ancient DNA from semi-fossil bones where all sorts of other DNA from people who have handled the bones, DNA from microbes, DNA from animals in which along with which those bones have lain, all of that needs to be separated. Now one component of that is there is no real way of getting a pure physical DNA sample. You will always have contamination. The really important contamination to avoid is the closest contamination, which is us. So, the really important contamination to avoid is not the bacterial, the microbial and the bear and the tiger and the wolf contamination because those can be separated during the mathematical handling of the sequences. They are so separate. They are clearly separate. What cannot be easily separated is human-like DNA because then you don't know whether purchase of reading come from that original material or from somebody who handled it as a scientist thinking about his next dinner. It's you who is reading it. Is it your contamination or is it the sample? Exactly. So, all of us will understand that what you really want is not some earth-shaking, innovative, disruptive technology. What you want is systematic, obsessive commitment to standard operating protocols that are adhered to rigorously with containment, with spacesuit handling and with what engineers will call QAQC protocols, quality assurance and quality control protocols where every step is tested and monitored for contamination. So, that's what he set up. A lot of that is actually engineering, is containment engineering. So, it's not as if he as a molecular biologist and a biochemist had any particular insights into that. What he had was this fundamental biologist's vision that if we could do that, we would have a data resource of immense significance to a whole range of fields and he committed himself to creating laboratories, protocols, systems, processes and the whole culture of scientific investigation in his institution that would allow clean sequencing from highly contamination prone and confusion prone material. This he did on the one hand. So, in a sense, it's the truly insightful visionary program director because simultaneous he saw the other half which is that when you want to sequence really small amounts of DNA, you need the sequencing technologies and sequencing technologies have three separate components to that. One is his own, which is the actual sequencing technology, the DNA biochemistry, but the other is machines, hardware and the third is the software and the software that both goes into the sequencing and even more the algorithms that in complexity achieve the status of informatics science in analyzing them. And he built seamless connections as the biochemist molecular biologist with the hardware technologies that are being generated for human genome sequencing and the informatics that computer scientists have been developing over decades. So, this is truly a Nobel Prize for a person who held the image of an extraordinary resource with major possibilities for understanding a certain way of being human and worked for 30 years in putting disparate program components together into a whole. And all his colleagues across the world who have worked in this field acknowledge this fundamental contribution and it is in this contribution that it's actually a recognition of a lifetime of dedicated focused yet multidisciplinary extraordinaire work. The leadership as well as the vision so to say and and it's also interesting because when you talk about clean rooms as we know the need for clean rooms also is there for instance in electronics when you manufacture chips. So, the technology is there across a set of disciplines and therefore it's not that it's just been created for the laboratory in which case it might have been much harder and also again similarly for the lineage calculations parsing out the various trees. So, to say all of this again is something which is comes from different fields have application over a variety of other fields as well. So, the technology or the tools to do this analysis also is there. Absolutely. So, let me for people who are listening to us thinking what is the Nobel Prize about? Let me on this background point out what the Nobel Prize is about. Yes, I think the other part which you need to point out or the part that you need to point out what the hell did he get it for? The Denisovans, Neanderthals, you mentioned them, how did you bring this together? But here's the issue. There was slow recognition in the 80s when Pablo began his work that the more and more genetic code we sequence of today's creatures, I'm not saying human beings, creatures, bacteria were being sequenced and disease causing as well as environmental bacteria were being recognized to have relationships with each other that were deeply informative in terms of how they spread, how their lineages evolved, people who are listening to us will recognize that over the past three years of the pandemic, the virus lineages, the virus variants that are emerging, how they become dominant, where they come from, what their relationships are to each other, that we do. You can now imagine that this is true of other viruses, other bacteria and of animals and of plants and of human beings. It's important for us to understand the history of Earth's living systems. What Pablo realized is that what was being done then was sequencing today's creatures, today's organisms, the genetic code of today's organisms and he realized that while that's invaluable, that's today's. It allows us to make guesses and inferences about what might have happened in the past, it does, but those remain guesses and inferences. But he said to himself, being a good Scandinavian, coming from frozen bloody cold cultures where material degrades much more, biological material degrades much more slowly than it does in places like India, particularly Peninsular India where I'm sitting. He thought to himself, what if one could sequence ancient remnants of biological material? Basically, what if one could sequence the genetic code of a frozen mammoth? That was done easily. But then he became aware that if he could do that with fossilized bones that were found in cold enough conditions that some DNA was still available, especially dry, cold conditions, which means temperate and subarctic caves, which is why both the Neanderthal and the Denisovan sequences come from subarctic caves. It would be enough DNA and if only he could fish it out with good technology, with good sequencing and with good informatic analysis, that would not be today's sequences. That would be sequences from 50,000 years ago. That would be sequences from 70,000 years ago and that put together with today's sequences would cast an entirely more granular novel and different light on both human and animal histories. And his greatest successes with the Nobel Prize's preoccupation with humans was with the Neanderthal caves where cousin lineages to humans, mainly the Neanderthal humans and in the Denisovan caves in Russia, where another cousin lineage, the Denisovan lineage, were entirely sequenced. And the thing that became completely evident as a, oh, wow, moment was that our DNA today contains both Neanderthal and Denisovan genetic contributions. And that means, number one, that over long periods of time, we have interbred extensively with Neanderthal and Denisovan lineages. This is not one pair of happy people going out there doing their thing. This is quite extensive contribution of genetic code through cross meetings over a long period of time. And that those genetic contributions of Neanderthal and Denisovan lineages were subject to evolutionary pressure leading to, as the Nobel committee has pointed out, the realization adaptation to high altitude environments was made a little easier by Denisovan versions of certain genes. Adaptation to many infections was made easier for us by Neanderthal versions of certain genes. All of this comes out of Pablo's work on ancient DNA, identification, isolation, sequencing, analysis, and understanding. And that is why the Nobel committee has identified his singular contribution as the field of paleogenomics. Thank you very much for being with us. This is all the time we have today for our discussions on Pablo, Svante, Pablo's Nobel Prize and what does it mean for us and for our knowledge. Thank you very much for watching this leak and do join us for other discussions as well.


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Samasa in Paninian Grammar and this is the first course on Samasa. We begin the lecture with the recitation of the Mangala Charana. Vishvesham Sakchidanandam Vandeham Yo Kilan Jagat Charikarthi Bari Bharati Sanjariharthi Leelaya Vishvesham Sakchidanandam Vandeham Yo Kilan Jagat Charikarthi Bari Bharati Sanjariharthi Leelaya So far, we have seen the theoretical background of the process of compounding. We have studied several related aspects right from the significance of the term Samasa and what it denotes and how it applies to the overall process of compounding up to the sequence in which the Samasa gets derived. What is the input and what is the output? It is the sentence which is the input and the pratipadika which is the output. When we say the sentence is the input, what we mean is that the pathas as part of the sentence, they are the input and what is derived is a pratipadika which becomes an input for another sentence or the same sentence. From now on, we shall be studying and we shall be focusing on the Tathpurusha Samasa and we shall be devoting this entire course from here onwards in trying to understand the features, the details, the derivation procedure of the Tathpurusha Samasa as stated in the Paninian grammar. Tathpurusha Samasa is extremely important in Sanskrit and elsewhere as well. We have already seen that in Sanskrit, there are four types of Samasas, avyayibhava, Tathpurusha, Bahuvrihi and Dhvandva. Amongst these four, we will be focusing on Tathpurusha and we shall be dealing with the other three types, namely avyayibhava, Bahuvrihi and Dhvandva in the second part of such a course in future. The Tathpurusha Samasa can be shown in the form of an equation in this particular manner where you have x and y two constituents, they are joined together and you get x, y as the newly generated compounded output, one unit. X and y are two different units, independent units, separate units marked with square brackets to each one of them, but when they are compounded by the procedure laid down in the grammar of Panini, you will get x, y as one unit, two square brackets for both of them together. So, x, y is one unit and y is highlighted, made bold primarily to indicate that in the Tathpurusha compound, by default, y, that is the second member of the compound or the Uttarapada of the compound assumes the position of the head, semantically and also otherwise. That is why this is a simple equation, x plus y and you get x, y, y is the head, this is the Tathpurusha compound equation. Now, where all the Tathpurusha Samasa is treated in the Ashtadhyayi, the core of the Paninian grammar and the grammatical tradition. So, the Samasa Vidhyayaka Sutra, namely the compound prescribing sutras for the Tathpurusha Samasa are stated in 2.1. 2.1.21 is Tathpurusha and this continues up to 2.2.22 Khutva Chha, 2.2.23 is Sesho Bahubrihi and what this means is that from 2.2.23 onwards, the Bahubrihi Samasa is explained. So, from 2.1.21 up to 2.2.22 we have the sutras prescribing the Tathpurusha Samasa. These are approximately 70 sutras omitting a few which are the technical terms. Then the Samasanta Pratyaya Vidhyayaka Sutra, the sutras which prescribe the suffix to be added at the end of the Samasa. They are stated from 5486 onwards up to 54105, almost 20 sutras. And finally the Swara Vidhyayaka Sutras, they are stated from 621 to 6204 and also from 621 to 3 up to 62137. So, this is how the Tathpurusha Samasa is stated in the Ashtadhyayi and there are some other sutras scattered here and there in the Ashtadhyayi and they will be mentioned and studied in the course of the study of these main sutras. We shall be focusing primarily on the Samasa Vidhyayaka Sutras and we shall be dealing with the selective sutras from the Samasanta section as well as the Swara section in this particular course. What are the features of the Tathpurusha Samasa? The Tathpurusha Samasa can be said to be treated in Panayana grammar with the biggest basket of sutras. The Avaibhava Samasa is treated in 21 up to 2120 starting with Avaibhavaha that is 215, almost 15 sutras for Avaibhava. For a Dhvandva there is only one sutra, Charthedvandvaha 2229 and for Pahuvrihi you have from 2223 up to 2228, 6 sutras and compare that with the Tathpurusha Samasa where you have almost 70 sutras prescribing the Tathpurusha Samasa. We can easily see that this is the biggest basket of sutras dealing with the Tathpurusha Samasa and the reason why we have this biggest basket is also because there are variety of sub-types of Tathpurusha available. We shall study them in a while. By default Uttarapada and its meaning are the head. Prayana Uttarapada Artha Pradhanaha Tathpurushaha Also by default the final vowel of the compound is accented. These are some of the features of the Tathpurusha Samasa. Here are the types of Tathpurusha Samasa. Vibhakti Tathpurusha Karma Dharaya Karma Dharaya is never mentioned as Karma Dharaya Tathpurusha. Karma Dharaya is mentioned as Karma Dharaya but it is part of Tathpurusha umbrella. In fact Panini defines Karma Dharaya as Tathpurusha Samana Dhikara Karma Dharaya. Similarly Dvigu is also never mentioned as Dvigu Tathpurusha but that is just a convention. Dvigu is mentioned in the Ashtadhyayi under the Adhikara Tathpurusha. That is how Dvigu is defined. Naya Tathpurusha Pradi Tathpurusha Gati Tathpurusha and Upapada Tathpurusha and we shall be studying Sutras which describe and prescribe all these types of Tathpurusha Samasa. First we shall focus on the Vibhakti Tathpurusha and we note that there are these types of Vibhakti Tathpurusha stated in this particular order in the Ashtadhyayi in 2.1. First comes Vitiya Vibhakti Tathpurusha then Tratiya Vibhakti Tathpurusha then Chaturthi Vibhakti Tathpurusha then Panchami Vibhakti Tathpurusha then strangely enough Saptami Vibhakti Tathpurusha comes in the Ashtadhyayi and finally it is Shasti Vibhakti Tathpurusha which is treated. So, why Shasti Vibhakti Tathpurusha is stated at the end missing the obvious order. 6 should come after 5, this is not the case, 6 comes after 7 and there is some reason which we shall study when we study these different subtypes in detail. Let us now focus on the Vibhakti Tathpurusha and the first one is the Dvitiya Vibhakti Tathpurusha. Let us study the sutras which state the Dvitiya Vibhakti Tathpurusha. There are these sutras to 1.24 to 2.29 which primarily deal with the Dvitiya Vibhakti Tathpurusha. We shall not be dealing with each and every sutra because there are a couple of sutras which are not relevant to the Dvitiya Vibhakti Tathpurusha, we shall be omitting them. First, the sutra is this. Dvitiya Shritati Ta Pthitagata Tyastha Praptapan Nahi Hi Dvitiya Shritati Ta Pthitagata Tyastha Praptapan Nahi Hi As we see there are two padas over here, first one is Dvitiya and this word Dvitiya happens to be in the Prathama Vibhakti, and therefore Prathama Nirdistam Samasopasarjanam applies and the word in the Dvitiya Vibhakti is termed as opasarjana and therefore opasarjanam Purbam applies and there is a Purvanipata of the Dvitiya and the word. This is followed by the second word in the sutra Shritati Ta Pthitagata Tyastha Praptapan Nahi Hi This is the instrumental plural 3 3 and there are these constituents of this big compound Shritati Ta Pthitagata Tyastha Praptapan Nahi Hi Words continued in the sutra are Sup from 212, Sahasupa from 214, Samarthapada Vidhi from 211 and so the meaning of the sutra is the following Dvitiya Sup Shritati Vihi Subhihi Samarthahi Samaschati This is the meaning, what it means is the Pada ending in Dvitiya Vibhakti Sup is compounded with interrelated Sups whose Pratipadika is Shrita etc. and the compound thus formed is termed Tat Purusha Repeat the Pada ending in Vidhiya, Vidhiya Sup is compounded with the interrelated Sups Samarthah and Sup, Sahasupa whose Pratipadika is Shrita, Shrita Vibhihi Shritati Ta etc. and the compound thus formed is termed Tat Purusha so the namanclature, the structure of the Tat Purusha stated by this particular sutra is the following so we have this Subhanta followed by this other Subhanta and then this has to be Dvitiya and this has to be Shrita and then obviously the Sup is dropped what you get is the Pratipadika in the first Subhanta and Shrita which is the second Pratipadika in the second Subhanta this would be the output of the derived compound so here is an example first let us look at the formation of the words Shrita, Atita etc. and what their meaning is the word Shrita is derived from the verbal root Shri to reside and Ta stands for the Kartha Atita is derived from the verbal root E with the proverb Ati and the suffix Ta now this verbal root E is put in curly brackets primarily because this E has got interrelations with both the proverb and the suffix it is Ati E which means to go beyond to a past and E and Ta is interrelated because of the internal structure so this complexity is captured because of these brackets Patita has got the verbal root Pata and the suffix Ta Gata has the verbal root Gama and the suffix Ta Atya Stha has the verbal root Asa with the proverb Ati and also the suffix Ta once again the root Asa is put in the curly brackets primarily to show the interrelation it has with Ati as well as Ta similar is the case with Prapta and Apanna Prapta is derived from prepless Aapa with the suffix Ta and Apanna is derived from the verbal root Pada with the proverb A with the suffix Ta Atita means one who decided Atita means one who went past Patita means one who fell Gata means one who went Atya Stha means one who set Prapta means one who reached Apanna means one who arrived in all these forms meanings of Ta are Kartha so meaning of the interrelated Subanta has to be such that it is related to the action denoted by these verbal roots as Karma since it is not denoted by Ta this is the structural and theoretical application of the Karaka theory now Dvitiya Vibhakti will be used to denote the Karma and so if we have this particular meaning to be conveyed one who resided in the hardship so we will have Kastam Shritah Kastam Shritah so here we have Kastam which has got Kast and Am and Shrita plus Su this is the Kastam Shritah is the Laokika Vigraha now we note that this Am indicates the interrelation of Kast with the action denoted by the verbal root Shri as Karma so Kast is related to the action denoted by Shri through this Am this is how the interrelation has taken place and then there is Samarthya and now we are going to start the process of compounding this is the Laokika Vigraha so this gets the Samasa Saudhna and after that obviously we apply Supodhatuprativadika Yoho and delete Am as well as Su and we get Kastam and Shritah and when we join them together we get Kastam Shritah so Kastashrita is one output and Kastam Shritah is the Laokika Vigraha of Kastashrita so Kastashrita is one padha whereas Kastam Shritah where two padhas Kastashrita conveys one meaning whereas Kastam Shritah where two meanings and also there will be one accent on Kastashrita whereas Kastam and Shritah will have two accents similarly we will have Kantara Matita and this will be processed and we will get the final output Kantara Tita and then there will be sub added and we get Kantara Tita similarly Narakampatita is the input and Narakapatita is the output of compounding and Narakapatita is the Prathama Ekapachana this is how it will be used in the sentence Gramam Gataha will be the input and Gramam Gataha will be the compound Gramam Gataha is the Prathama Ekapachana Tarangana Attyasthaha is the input and Tarangatyaasthha would be the output and Tarangatyaasthaha would be the Prathama Ekapachana Sukham Praptaha is the input and Sukham Praptaha is the output Sukham Praptaha would be the Prathama Ekapachana Sukham Apanna is the input and Sukhapa Na is the output compound The process of derivation of all these compounds would be the same as that of Kastam Shritah. And the semantic relation would also be the same. This is how the first sutra in the Dvitya Vibhakti Tattva Rishas generates these compound outputs. Now we proceed to the next sutra namely Khattva Kshepay. This is to 126. Here there are two paddhas, Khattva and Kshepay, Khattva means bed. Now because this is in the Prathama Vibhakti, this becomes Upasarjanam because of Prathama Nirdistam, Samasa, Upasarjanam and because of the Upasarjanasaudnya, Upasarjanam Purvam applies and this will occupy the initial position of the Samasa. So there will be Purva Nipata. Kshepay is seven, one of Kshepa that is censure in the sense of censure. Now censure is conveyed by the compound. Words continued are Sup, Sahasupa as well as Ktena from 2125, Samarthapada Vidhi is always there and so the meaning of the sutra is the following. The word Khattva when ends in Dvitiya gets compounded with interrelated Subanta word whose Prathipadika ends in Kthasafix when censure is to be conveyed by the overall compound. So here we have Khattva, the word Khattva with the Dvitiya Vibhakti. This is one Subanta followed by another Prathipadika at the end of which there is Khattva and this is followed by Su and so these Subskits get deleted and you get the form Khattva and the second Prathipadika with Khattasafix at the end will be the part of the output. So let us look at the derivation meaning is one who is stationed in the bed when one is supposed to study that means one is careless, one is lazy and so on, one is not studying. So Khattvaam Arodhaha, this is the Laukika Vigraha and we will have Khattva plus An plus Arodha plus Su, this is the Urlaukika Vigraha, this is where the compounding starts. Now this gets the term Samasa and then it gets the term Prathipadika and then we have this Su and I am getting deleted. But before that we first confirm that this word Arodhaha is Khattanta that means it has got the suffix the at the end. So we have A plus Urla plus The. So it is confirmed now that the word Arodhaha indeed is ending in the suffix The. So the conditions of the Sutra apply. So we then apply the Sutras first of all Supodhatup Prathipadika joho and delete both the Su's and now we have Khattva Arodhaha then the Sandhi Urul applies and finally we get the output Khattva Arodhaha that is the output Khattva Arodhaha, Khattva Arodhaha and Khattva Marodhaha they both convey one and the same meaning so we ensure that there is Samartha principle applying and followed over here. Now the censure that is Kshepa meaning is not conveyed by the sentence when you say Khattva Marodhaha one who is sleeping there is no censure that is available in the sentence itself. The censure is conveyed only through a compound this is the purpose of doing the compound over here and that is why this is considered as a Nityasamasa with Avigraha as the feature. So this compound output will denote anybody who is going astray not just the one who is sleeping but anybody who is doing anything else but study and obviously going astray. Vimarga Prasthanasya Upalaksharam as the traditional commentators I have put it nicely. Similarly Khattva Arodhaha will be another example where one who jumped in the bed also will denote the censure that means one who is travelling on a wrong path as the traditional commentators have rendered it this is how Kshepa is denoted by the compound or other compound is made in order to denote the Kshepa. Now we have the next sutra Kalaha so there are there is only one word in the sutra Kalaha which is one slash three of kalah kalah means time that is words denoting time words continued are sup sahasupa and ktena samar thakpada vidhi is obviously there the meaning of the sutra is that the words denoting time when end in dvitiya get compounded with interrelated subanta words whose prathipadika ends in the suffix repeat words denoting time when end in dvitiya get compounded with interrelated subanta words whose prathipadika ends in the suffix. So we have here kalah as the prathipadika followed by dvitiya plus this subanta in which there is khtha at the end of the prathipadika and the output generated would be the term denoting kalah and the prathipadika having khtha at the end. Since kalaha appears in the first case it becomes upasar jana and then it occupies the initial position of the compound. This is an example the meaning to be conveyed is mon who has started measuring the month. So masam brahmitaha chandramaha in brahmitaha the suffix th indicates one who does that means an agent or the karta and that is why it is co-referential with chandramaha who is the karta of this action of measuring. So we have the alaukika vigraha in this form masu plus am brahmitha plus su. Now we check whether this pramitha has got khtha at the end or not and we find that indeed this word and its derivation gives us the information that there is th suffix at the end because pramitha is derived from the prr plus the root ma followed by the suffix th. So this is a kthant. So now this compound process begins and we note that this becomes a samasa-saudnika and therefore prathipadika-saudnika element and so supodhatu prathipadika yoga applies and deletes both the savantas both the sup's and so we have masu plus zero plus pramitha plus zero and finally we have masu pramittha as the finally derived output. This is used in the sentence as masu pramitaha chandramaha. So masam brahmitaha chandramaha is a sentence but masu pramitaha chandramaha this is also a sentence but one word is reduced and there is a process of compounding. Also is related to the word pramittha more specifically with the action denoted by the verbal root ma with the proverb prr. The next sutra is atyanta-sanyoge-cha, 2129, atyanta-sanyoge means incontinuous association which means and. The words continued are sup sahasupa also kalaha from 2128, samarthapada vihi is continued and the meaning of the sutra is and words denoting time when end in vitiya get compounded with interrelated subant word when continuous association of the time is denoted. So we have kalha plus vitiya plus any pratyapadika plus su and the output generated is kalha plus that pratyapadika when the continuous association with time is denoted by the compound. For example happiness continued to be associated for a period of one muhurtha, if this is the meaning to be conveyed we have laukika vigraha namely muhurtha sukham and then this is converted into an alaukika vigraha where the process of compounding begins. So we have muhurtha plus am and sukha plus su supadhata pratyapadika applies and deletes the two sups. So we have muhurtha plus sukha and finally we get muhurtha sukha as the derived output here sukha and muhurtha have got a continuous association muhurtha indicates the time period and sukha is associated with this time period in a continuous manner that is what the compound indicates. To summarize vitiya vivaktita purusha takes place in specific conditions one of the necessary conditions is that there should be a verbal root with the krith suffix and this verbal root and the word in vitiya are related as karma. There are special cases where only a compound denotes specific meanings and not a sentence like sentia. Such compounds are termed nitya samasa with a vigraha as their feature rest all are such that the meaning conveyed by the samasa can also be conveyed by a sentence adhering to the basic principle of samartha padavidhi to one one. These are our references thank you for your patience.


In this presentation, we will discuss adjustments to the standard unqualified audit report. In other words, these are going to be items that aren't going to pull us away from the unqualified opinion. We still got the unqualified opinion, but there's going to be adjustments to that unqualified opinion. And therefore the report will be altered or adjusted, although not to a qualified report, still unqualified, still the highest report, the unqualified standard report, although the format of it will be adjusted for some of these items. Note that as we go through these, some of these, such as the going concern, if we're very concerned about a going concerned issue, we may have a qualification and we may qualify the report in some type of way. So it depends on the degree as to the going concern issue, as to whether we keep a unqualified report with a going concern in the language of the report, or if we add some type of qualification to it, giving it. So notice that going concern issue is a concern that the company is going to keep ongoing in the long term. If we, if we have a concern that the company is going to go out of business in the short term, then that's going to be a going concern issue, something that we want to adjust and make people aware of opinion based on part of the report of another auditor. So that could be the case that we did some audit for some of the, of the audit and then some of the audit might have been done somewhere else. For example, if we had, if we could not do an audit for part of the company that was done in another location, such as another country, because we don't have an office there, then it's possible that someone else, another auditor could do the audit of that particular component and help us out to complete the audit in that way. But by doing that, then of course we are dependent on an outside CPA firm, and that needs to be stated within the financials, within the report. Financial statements are not comparable. So if there's a comparability problem with the financial statement that should be noted where ICFR not required to be audited and auditor does not audit ICFR, that's going to be the internal control. So normally they're required to be audited. If there's some kind of issue where they're not required to be audit, then that would be a modification to the report as well. Now we're going to consider a situation for working for an opinion based in part on the report of another auditor. So we have a modification here. We didn't complete the entire audit. We had some component of the audit that needed to be done by another auditor in order for us to get that audit completed. That's going to be the modification. It is possible that parts of the audit are completed by a separate public accounting firm. Obviously if that's the case, then we can't give the full opinion on that part that wasn't done by us, and therefore we're going to have to have that modification. The auditor might express an opinion without referring to the work on the other auditors in the audit report. So we have kind of a choice here. We could say this was done by the audit of another firm. If we don't reference the other firm, in that case, the auditor accepts full responsibility for the work of the other auditor. So if we just basically say the other auditor is going to audit some component and we're not going to include them in our report, then we are accepting full responsibility. Now typically if someone other auditor was to conduct some significant component of the audit, we would typically mention that in the audit report. So that would be the other option, probably the more common option. When the principal auditor does reference the other auditors, the principal auditor is sharing responsibility for the audit report with the other auditors. And that's typically what you would think would basically happen, because you want to share responsibility for the components that you might be responsible for and limit the responsibility. However, if you take full responsibility for it, then you have more liability. Maybe you can get paid more in that way. Maybe you can bill more. But I would think typically the situation would be the situation where you would reference that. That seems to be more a given full disclosure over what exactly happened as well. So here's going to be an example, standard title and address. So we'd have the same kind of standard title and address opinion section. It's going to be the same.


The time is December 1964, the place 1,000 feet beneath the surface of the sea off San Clemente Island. The sea is no longer a fence impregnable, or man's control is now pressing beyond the shore and into the very depths of the dark blue ocean. The civilian and military implications of this nation's deep ocean research are far-reaching. Once we understand the problems of interspace, the magnificent resources of the oceanic world will become available to mankind, and the flexibility and power not now adequately possessed by any navy in the world will be realized. But before this can become a reality, we must develop the tools and techniques man will need to live and work in the deep ocean environment. One tool is the submersible, the forerunner of which is Captain Jacques Cousteau's Sucu, or diving saucer, called Denise. The Sucu, by arrangement with the Westinghouse Corporation, was one of four submersibles to participate in a two-week diving operation conducted by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station. We're going topside. Turn off starboard and photo light. Keeper at a 55-degree angle with a heading of 140 degrees. During the diving operation, the capabilities of manned and unmanned submersibles for deep ocean search and recovery and for the specialized work of submarine rescue were demonstrated. The three other submersibles involved in the diving operation were designed and developed by the Naval Ordnance Test Station. These included a two-man research vehicle called Deep Jeep, a small two-man test vehicle designated Moray, and Curve, a surface-controlled research and recovery system. At the diving site were two support craft and the Knotts Underwater Operations Vessel YFU-53, Control Center for the submersible operation. Each day's activities would begin with the arrival at the diving site of visiting personnel from the Bureau of Naval Weapons, the Navy's Special Projects Office, and other interested groups. Aboard the control vessel, these interested observers could watch all surface activities and monitor on television screens most of the underwater work. The YFU-53 is an outgrowth of the Naval Ordnance Test Station's anti-submarine weapons development work. Its prime functions are deep ocean recovery and various types of deep ocean engineering. It is an extensively instrumented work platform equipped, as this model shows, with a frame which can be lowered to depths to 6,000 feet. Specialized instrumentation mounted on the frame include television cameras, still and motion picture cameras, lights, a high-resolution scanning sonar, and a lariat or snare. The snare is used to recover ordnance lost on the ocean floor. Here at the Control Console is the frame operator monitoring the recovery on a television screen. This vessel, with its vast array of specialized equipment and instrumentation, enables knots to perform an unusual amount of useful work on the deep ocean floor. For the submersible operation, the deep operating frame was specially rigged with a mock-up of a submarine hatch bale, a simulated submarine hatch, a spear, and a dummy torpedo. The frame was then lowered to the ocean floor 1,000 feet beneath the Control Vessel. It was now to serve as a test platform for the manned submersibles, Sukup, and deep jeep. As these preparations proceeded, approximately 300 yards away, launch preparations were underway aboard the Birch Tide, the support vessel for the French diving saucer. Piloting the Sukup was Dr. André Leban, director of Captain Cousteau's scientific organization. His companion is Captain George Bond, medical officer in charge of C-LAB, another of this country's man-in-the-sea projects. The second crew member of the Sukup usually was a knotsman who acted as observer for the pilot. The man descending into the sea to explore and perform useful work requires a submersible capable of mobility and precise maneuvers. Sukup, designed specifically for undersea exploration and for only limited bottom sampling, provided useful information on underwater control when it attempted tasks demanding more complex maneuvers. In this dive, it was intended that the Sukup would demonstrate the man submersible's ability to locate an object on the ocean floor and perform a recovery even though the vehicle itself cannot lift a heavy object. To fulfill this assignment, the submersible was equipped with a knots-designed inflatable recovery device. It consists of a clamp, a gas generator, and an inflatable bag. Sukup, Sukup, this is topside, continue dive and start your search pattern. We're standing by to make visual contact with your approach to target area. Sukup, you're on your own, over. The object that the Sukup was to locate and recover was a dummy torpedo equipped with both a 9 and a 45 KC pinger. The Sukup, equipped with a pinger receiver, descended to the sea floor and slowly rotated to acoustically locate the torpedo. It took the submersible between 10 to 15 minutes to determine in which direction the torpedo lay. Within approximately five minutes, the torpedo then was visually located. The topside, we're above the torpedo and ready to attach device, over. Once the clamp is positioned on the torpedo, an eccentric dog mechanism precludes its coming off. Roger, topside, device attached, over. Roger, Sukup, looks good, disconnected. Roger, topside, disconnecting and moving away, over. As the submersible moved away, a cable attached to the vehicle's mechanical claw triggered an explosive valve releasing hydrazine into a reactor chamber, which generates the gas that inflates the bag. The torpedo, weighing 200 pounds, was lifted to the surface in approximately 10 minutes. Nuts is developing a recovery device similar to this one, but capable of a 500 pound lift. Having successfully fulfilled its first assignment, the Sukup approached the frame beneath the nuts underwater operations vessel. It was questionable that the submersible could accomplish this next task, but by careful manipulation of its two water jet controls, the vehicle was maneuvered onto the simulated submarine hatch. By just such a maneuver, some future man submersible may settle on the hatch of a disabled submarine and rescue entrapped submariners. Now the Sukup will pick up the spear with its mechanical claw, an attempt to maneuver that would be required if a downed submarine were lying at an odd angle. In such a case, a submersible probably would have to attach a line to the hatch bail and winch itself into position on the hatch. The Sukup again was able to perform this precise maneuver. During the two weeks of diving, the Sukup usually was placed in the water first. Following its lift out, the nuts submersible, Deep Jeep, then would be sent to the bottom. Deep Jeep is a two-man research vehicle capable of depths to 2,000 feet. Basically it is a five-foot steel sphere with a battery pack at its bottom and a syntactic foam float at its top. Weights held on by electromagnets encircle the bottom of the vehicle and are used for ballast variation. The chemicals used in Deep Jeep's air purification system provide the vehicle an operating time of four to six hours and up to 60 hours in an emergency. Unlike the Sukup whose passengers recline, the Deep Jeep operators sit upright. Oh, can you read me, Deck?  Power on? Instruments working satisfactory? Environmental system working satisfactory? Deep Jeep is designed as a work and research vehicle. Its potential uses include performance of manned work in deep water, geological and topographical surveys of the sea floor, and investigations of ocean phenomena such as the deep scattering layer which acts as a false bottom for sonar signals. Having watched the launch of Deep Jeep from the deck of the YFU-53, observers returned to the instrumentation room to monitor the submersibles maneuvers about the submerged frame. In this dive, Deep Jeep was to move several hundred yards away from the control vessel, then locate and home in on an acoustic pinger mounted on the frame. Communication with the surface ship is achieved with an ultrasonic telephone system which provides reliable communication at distances up to 2,000 yards. Two motors, located one on each side of the vehicle, can pivot simultaneously or separately about the vehicle's lateral axis. The submersible is maneuvered by altering the speed of these motors and the angle of each propeller. In fact, Deep Jeep's flight through liquid space is much like that of a helicopter. Affirmative, topside, this is Deep Jeep. We see the frame just below us. Moving in now, can you see us? Over. Roger Deep Jeep, I have you in sight. You're about 250 degrees from me approximately. Despite the fact the control systems of both the Sukup and Deep Jeep are considered to be somewhat primitive, the vehicles were found to be capable of the hovering and settling maneuvers required for submarine rescue work and for deep recovery operations. Ideally, man would like to do on the seafloor what he does on land, carry in some selected locale, or move rapidly to some distant area of interest. Submersibles like Deep Jeep and Sukup will enable man to familiarize himself with a particular area while submersibles like More will provide him a long range exploration capability. The concept of a small two-man submarine is not new, but the approach knots took when designing the torpedo-shaped Moray is. Instead of scaling down a submarine, knots applied the principles of torpedo design. Moray is a positively buoyant 33-foot-long vehicle with a body diameter of 64 inches. It was developed for use as a test platform for evaluating underwater techniques and devices such as sonar, underwater television cameras, navigation systems and power supplies. Encased within Moray's free-flooding fiberglass hull are two five-foot pressure-resistant spheres. One houses electronic gear, the other a crew of two. There are no viewing ports in the submersible. Instead, a high-resolution short-range sonar is used to detect and localize underwater objects. For positive close-range classification, a two-camera television system is used. One camera provides visibility at the surface through a forward viewing periscope, the other is a bottom viewing camera. A dead-reckoning navigation system provides continually updated information on the vehicle's position. The life support system was designed originally for the Mercury project. The system, modified to meet the requirements of an inner rather than an outer space capsule, provides Moray an operational endurance of 24 hours. A unique development area of the Moray program has been in buoyant materials. Within the Moray hull is a syntactic foam having a density of 41 pounds per cubic foot and a compressibility close to that of seawater. This material provides positive buoyancy to depths to 6,000 feet. Moray presently is propelled by a battery-operated torpedo motor that drives counter-rotating propellers. The vehicle's surface speed is six knots. Under water, Moray is capable of speeds to 16 knots. Its depth capability is 6,000 feet. Nice Gator 6-6, this is Nice Gator 6-5. We've leveled off at a sound rating of 15 feet. Our present course is 2-5-0. Standing by, over. Next 5, is it 6-6? Next run, 3-0-0. Feed A-1. Order depth 60 feet. Remain at depth 5 minutes or until your voltage drops. The 4th submersible to enter the sea during the two-week diving operation was the knots-developed, unmanned, cable-controlled underwater research vehicle called Curve. The sea is too vast and too deep a frontier to challenge with one system only. Both civilian and military operations within the aquatic environment will require vehicles capable of entering the ocean in all kinds of weather. Curve is such a vehicle. Powered and controlled from the surface, it effectively extends man's eyes, ears and hands into the depths of the sea. An outstanding advantage of Curve is its ability to remain continuously operative and underwater for extended periods. Curve's control cable is kept neutrally buoyant by stainless steel floats. Horizontal movements of the vehicle are controlled by port and starboard propellers. A vertical propeller controls dive and ascent. Curve's primary function is search and recovery for deep submergence operations to 2,000 feet. A secondary function is collection of data on bottom conditions. A console aboard the support vessel is the center of activity during all Curve operations. Through the use of a depthometer and altimeter, the vehicle is brought close to the bottom. In this dive, Curve was to demonstrate the search and recovery capabilities of an unmanned submersible. The object it was to locate was the dummy torpedo. At this stage of the search, Sonar provides the primary means for locating the torpedo. Curve is equipped with both an active and passive Sonar system, a television camera, lights and a camera for documentation. The Curve operator holds Curve on course until the torpedo is visible and classified on a television monitor. When Curve's hydraulic claw has been securely locked on, both the vehicle and the recovered object can be brought to the surface. Or the claw can be ejected and a hardware retrieving buoy released. In this case, the claw was disengaged from the torpedo. For Curve, an extension of man and Sukku, representing man himself, now were to attempt a rendezvous in the sunless sea depths. A cooperative operation involving two such vehicles is unique in itself. But it becomes even more significant when one remembers that lying at the bottom of the sea is more than 71% of this planet's land. Land for man to explore, to work and make productive. According to the biblical chapter Genesis, man's heritage is the sea. But to claim the riches of this great cornucopia and rest from its depths any threat to his nation's security, man must develop a technology oriented entirely to the world of liquid space beneath its surface. Sukku, Deep Jeep, More and Curve are but first experimental steps in this challenging effort. For more information on Sukku, visit www.sukku.com


Item number SCP-1475 Object Class Safe Special Containment Procedures SCP-1475 is to be kept in a Medical Quarantine Containment Cell Grade 3, equipped with a standard adjustable positioning hospital bed and remote biotelemetry monitoring. The cell is also to contain a high-definition television, easily visible from the bed. SCP-1475 is allowed to watch any pre-approved videos concerning human biology that it requests. See File 1475-V1-V37.dat for a full list of currently-approved material. SCP-1475 is to have the following medical monitoring devices attached at all times, with the data shown on a physiological monitoring display visible to it. An electrocardiograph machine, EKG, a pulse oximeter, an insertable blood pressure transducer assembly, and an electroencephalograph machine, EEG. Sustained electiform activity is considered normal for SCP-1475. Medical intervention is only necessary if brainwave activity approaches human normal. Additionally, an arterial catheter and peripheral IV line have been installed for ease in blood chemistry monitoring and nutritional supply. A medical team briefed on SCP-1475's anomalous properties is to be on-handed at all times, in order to perform testing and render medical treatment assistance as needed. Description SCP-1475 is a male human of Gujarati ethnicity. 1-██-2013 SCP-1475 and four other individuals were discovered by Campus Security of one of the chemistry labs of ████ University in London, England, following reports of a small explosion. See File 1475-H1-H4.dat for full biographical, medical, and postmortem data. All five individuals were experiencing severe generalized tonic-clonic seizures at the time of discovery, and three expired will be transported to a local hospital. Although SCP-1475 stabilized after being administered anti-convulsions, the remaining individual expired due to neurological ischemic cascade. SCP-1475 was brought to the attention of the Foundation by an embedded agent in the NHS, National Health Services, following repeated electroencephalographs showing constant and simultaneous activity in all regions of SCP-1475's brain, despite no outward indication of seizure activity. Following the acquisition of SCP-1475 by the Foundation, interviews with SCP-1475 revealed that it and its colleagues have been attempting to synthesize a compound that would allow them to, quote, use 100% of their brain power, unquote. SCP-1475 has only been able to provide limited information regarding the chemical composition or production process of this compound. All attempts to replicate the substance has resulted in non-anomalous neurotoxic materials. SCP-1475 possesses total conscious control of all its neurological functions. It has demonstrated a limited ability to modify its brain and neurological architecture, and has eliminated its need for sleep, as well as improved its metabolic rate by approximately 17%. However, its autonomic nervous control system is fully non-functional. Due to this, SCP-1475 must constantly concentrate on monitoring and maintaining its cardiovascular, pulmonary, and digestive systems, among others, or they will cease functioning. SCP-1475 has not yet demonstrated a degree of concentration or coordination necessary to utilize more than one or two voluntary muscle groups at a time, while also managing its previously autonomic systems. As such, SCP-1475 is considered a low risk for escape. SCP-1475 does not display any heightened degree of control of any biological processes that do not require neurological control, such as tissue repair, cellular activity, or automatic non-neurological organ functions such as hepatic blood filtering, or hematological oxygen-neutering exchange. SCP-1475 has displayed evidence of systemic organ damage due to erratic blood pressure variations, extreme blood glucose variations, hypo and hyperbolemia, and consistently low invariable blood oxygenation, average 93% plus minus 4%. Current research on SCP-1475 is targeted at finding methods to supplement or replace its autonomic control functions without otherwise interfering with its anomalous neurological activity. SCP-1475 is insistent that it edits partners ranging independently. But given that the neurotoxic compound displays significant similarities to materials used during the Rainbow Astra program, investigations are ongoing to determine whether this is a coincidence or the result of an unknown party attempting to replicate the program's results.