Welcome back to animation blocking. This is part two and today I'm gonna talk about the checklist for your animation blocking or to stay within the clickbait title your animation blocking cheat sheet Okay, so today it's going to be an outline of that cheat sheets sounds weird cheat sheet checklist and then next week I'm gonna look at each item on that checklist and explain that in more detail But I'm gonna do this whole thing now because this would be a two hour three hour long clip that no one wants to watch It'd be way too long. So I'm gonna give you a brief outline of each item so that if you are already familiar with it You can always come back to this clip and you have your list But if you need for the details, then you will have separate clips I will explain each item in detail with examples and demos and you can just kind of cross-reference a thing That will be in the upcoming weeks. So let's get to the master cheat sheet. This sounds kind of weird All right checklist. I broke up the checklist into separate elements. So first we have prep Then we have quick check which is kind of the two favorite things that I tell my students and it's super important No one ever does it, but it's super helpful Then we have workflow tips a kind of a list of things to check for more technical tips and then at the end a bonus step All right, now it's prep time. So what's the first thing you need to do?   We talked about this for a long time I did Q&A's about this the better, you know what you're going to do the faster your workflow is going to be so know your animation Then test your rig either manually or by watching other people shots You can see what the rig can do because you don't want to get into a situation where you're halfway through Then you want to start with facial stuff and go like this rig is really bad This won't work. So know what you're getting into with your rig post library You gotta have a post library for your hands for your face Maybe some body stuff, but that's gonna help you a ton in terms of saving time That's the prep before you do anything. This has to be solid now quick check There are two things that I keep telling my students and they don't really do it because it's a quick thing that you can Tell if they do it or not one act out your play blast and I don't mean act out your animation But I mean your play blast you look at it and then you act out exactly what you see It's a quick check just for timing issues It doesn't feel right the balance and it's a big time saver But the bigger one is make sounds either manually or like Make sounds and kind of cross-reference that with your shot or you record your sounds put that in Maya And then use that as a guide these two are huge especially the sound thing may sound silly no pun intended But it's a huge time saver in a really really good quick check. All right workflow. There are a lot of items there that have listed I'm gonna go through these one by one and like I said before next week I'm gonna start doing demos and show examples and really explain these in detail But for now the biggest time suck when you work on things That's gonna slow it on your workflow is that you look at a problem You dress this a couple hours for like one finger animation and then they get lost in that do it top 10 list of play Blast notes so you watch your play blast every time you cringe you go Ah, this is not good fix that first of big elements first which can be tricky So you might need help ask your co-animators co-workers where we have quick impressions And because you have that list you can attack this big chunk and then move on and one and so on you Don't get lost in little details do basic technical and visual proof Watch kind of proof read when I'm called this proof watch now There's subsections for that check your pops and arcs you don't anything distracting like a weird pop or some crappy arc There are quick ways to fix that check your body mechanics You can't have arm move without Involving that shoulder the chest hips the head and so on are my mechanics solid check for your silhouette either hit seven in Maya It's black and white you can have your clear silhouette or squint your eyes and check what's visible But you make sure things are clean and clear if you get lost in all your notes and everything flip your shot Mirror the shots. It looks totally different, but it's a quick way Just gonna get a new fresh look work in chunks meaning that you have a really long shop for whatever reason you might get lost And there's too much to do go every 50 frames or every hundred frames go in those chunks Now if that chunk cuts into a beat then just go beat by beat Is this someone two steps to a chair and then a sit down then the reaction you can go beat by beat or by Framed chunks that way don't get overwhelmed and you can attack things in a more organized fashion Don't watch your clip on a loop put your shot in between other shots So you know exactly how it feels when you get into your shot and out of the shot Because otherwise you linger on the first and last frame and you don't quite get what other people see when they see your Shop for your first time you get used to things so quickly if you keep looping and looping that being said Loop your shot when you do your technical revisions for art and stuff like that two different things And don't repeat yourself pose wise and timing wise don't go a to be back to a if you grab something Go from a to be to somewhere else That's a c pose and don't repeat your frames if I grab my phone and then bring it back here that's not 15 frames and 15 frames this could be 15 and 20 or 25 and 50 whatever it is right don't repeat yourself a In posing where you start and go somewhere and end up in the same place or timing wise It's too generic to robotic 2cg. It's just it's not it's not organic enough. It's not messy It just feels too clean and 2cg and it's just back. So that's your chunk of work flow So as you have your planning and your prep and everything these are the things you got to go through so that it's Visually presentable without being distracting to the first audience or wherever it's going to look at this In terms of all that was a weird pop or I don't understand this silhouette So besides all your clean planning of these are the clear emotional beats and story beats You got to make sure that technically it's clean so you can present it So that's not distracting from the intention terms of story or acting and so on and so on bonus controversial tip roto your reference I know I don't know Mind blown heresy how dare I say this but this is in terms of workflow for saving time Don't worry about your ego. This is not about this. I'm cheating This is just for you working fast and checking your ideas quickly and that's the cheat sheet. I'm sure I forgot some things I'm not going to go into facial details with that to me is then blocking plus and polish But this is to me the beginning aspect of I'm starting my shot I got to have a plan I got to implement what I did and I got to work through that it looks presentable And here we go. So this is for me my cheat sheet for your initial blocking These are the things that if you check all of this your animation is going to look smooth enough So it's not distracting or confusing and it's going to get you into habit of working faster So that you don't do all those steps and you know in like 10 hours You can combine a couple steps into a faster workflow So you might be aware of all those things and you might have tools you might have done this already So this clip might just be your checklist that you can go and I can write these down in the description And you can see all right that I do this. Okay, you're done But still there's a lot to unpack. So starting next week There's going to be a separate clip for each single thing with demos and examples And just a more detailed approach again Because I don't want to do a three hour clip that you're going to be massively bored going through So I'm going to chunk this out. So it's a bit more palatable and you can just you know Have your own playlist of I like this. I don't care about this. I like this So that's the plan now, of course if you have other things comment Let me know I can maybe add that later or you can just have it listed in the comments Other people can see and that's the extraditional help and that's it As always if this was helpful give me a like subscribe You know this whole thing, you know what I'm always going to say, but that's it That's the list starting next week more explanation demo time example time Let's get into this nitty gritty so that we have a clear understanding of what I mean But hopefully a good step by step instruction of this is how I attack a shot This is how I can save time This is how I can pump out blocking passes quickly so I can show ideas quickly and get feedback quickly Boom. All right. That's it. Thanks for watching. I will see you next week


In early September 1856, Colonel Jose Dolores Estrada was leading a band of 157 men to the San Jacinto Ranch, 20 miles north of Tippi Tapa, where he knew that William Walker had a filibuster garrison. The majority of the men in Estrada's company were indigenous Madagalpa Indians, extremely tough but untrained with firearms. He stopped his men at San Jacinto to rest and prepare fortifications around the property. Maybe a week ago before this, Estrada's scouts had spotted one of Walker's loyal Nicaraguan officers, Captain Ubaldo Herrera. They shot him off his horse while he was hurting cattle, killing him. When Walker received word of this, he was very upset by the loss of one of his most loyal locals, so he sent an attachment out to find those responsible, and Estrada suspected this much when he ordered his men to build fortifications around San Jacinto. It was a wise man to make these preparations, because Lieutenant Colonel McDonald, I don't know his first name, was marching his company, a filibuster south from his post at Tippi Tapa, in search of a rarest killers. He had 40 men with him, including his second in command, Captain Jarvis, but they figured that the group of enemies they were looking for probably consisted of only a dozen or so soldiers. They came upon the San Jacinto Ranch on the morning of September 5th, only to find that their expectations of the enemy numbers were grossly underestimated when a volley of musket balls was fired at them. But although they had the advantage of numbers, the untrained Montagalpa Indians couldn't hit a single target, so the volley served only to alert McDonald's company of the force they were up against. The filibusters halted their charge after the volley was launched at them, but Captain Jarvis ran ahead of them and urged them forward. Four of Estrada's men appeared and started firing as well. One of them, a private named Exacto Rocho, drew a pistol on Captain Jarvis. They aimed at each other and fired at the same time. Both went down. Rocho was killed instantly, and Jarvis would die within the hour, though he would be the only American fatality in the skirmish. The Americans retreated back to Tippi Tapa. Nine days later, on September 14th, Estrada's scout rode his horse back to the San Jacinto Ranch and cried, the enemy are coming! The filibusters had sent a large company this time. And the scout informed Estrada that 300 Yankees were quickly advancing toward Estrada's men. He quickly organized his men for their defense. The filibusters from Tippi Tapa were this time led by Lieutenant Colonel Byron Cole. There were actually only about 70 filibusters. Estrada's scout had grossly overestimated their numbers. With them was their adopted mascot, a shaggy dog the Americans had named Warrior. I'll admit when I was first reading this story, the only thing I cared about was whether or not Warrior was harmed, and I'll go ahead and let you know that the dog would survive the battle unharmed.  I just like dogs too much. Shortly before reaching the ranch, Cole and the other men, lucky enough to have horses, dismounted. The horses and the dog were led to the rear of the company to sit the battle out. The Americans knew they were outnumbered, so Cole told his officers that the goal was to take the enemy out quickly in hand-to-hand combat. They formed into three lines and then started a frontal assault. Once the enemy was in sight, the filibusters started jogging towards them. One line continued the frontal assault while the other two lines broke to either side to attack the flanks. Estrada waited until the filibusters were about 100 yards away before ordering his men to fire. This time, his men seemed to have better aim. Several Americans went down and the charge slowed as the uninjured Americans started to lose their nerves. With the urging of the officers, the filibusters charged again.  They tried a third charge and now they were close enough to fight back. The Americans emptied their pistols on the enemy, but they also took musket balls in return. One Nicaraguan ran out of ammunition, so he grabbed a heavy stone as he faced a charge from a sword-wielding American. He slammed the stone against the Yankees' head and killed him. Then he received a bullet to the leg from another American and hit the ground himself. But the filibusters were driven back. They regrouped. They probably should have cut their losses at this point, but they wanted to show that they were braver than McDonald's men had been nine days earlier, so they made another charge yelling, Hurrah Walker! But the enemy held bravely, faithfully obeying their orders to die rather than give up their positions. The filibuster charge was successful but costly. They broke through the Nicaraguan fortifications but lost a handful of men in the process, and Cole himself took a bullet to the torso, though it didn't kill him. In response, Estrada ordered one of the officers serving under him to organize some of his men to sneak around the rear of the ranch as Hacienda and conduct a bayonet charge from behind the Yankees. They were able to sneak around the Americans successfully and charged at them yelling, Viva Nicaragua! The Americans were taken completely by surprise and they scattered. It's time they fled to their horses, taking whatever wounded they could drag with them and fled the battle, with warrior following behind them, his tail between his legs. Twenty of their horses were left abandoned as the survivors raced back to Tipitapa. Estrada allowed his men to follow after them, using some of their abandoned horses to give chase. They were able to catch nine more filibusters on the way back to Tipitapa, and they killed each of them. They called another 18 at San Ida Fonso Ranch, including the injured Byron Cole, who was found sitting on the ground armed with a pair of pistols and a rifle, but too injured to fight. The Nicaraguans took his weapons and made him their prisoners, along with 17 others they cornered at the ranch. The filibusters were taken back to San Jacinto, where there were already 18 dead Americans, making 27 total dead filibusters if we include the nine killed during the retreat. Now there were 18 taken prisoner as well. The prisoners were locked inside a building while Estrada sent word to his commanding officer to ask what to do with them. Back in Tipitapa, the filibusters, who managed to escape, returned to the garrison. One died shortly after making it back, making him the 28th American killed by Estrada's men. Another, Charles Callahan, had escaped, but was picked up by local Indians who were not in Estrada's company, but the Indians were even more vicious.  Back at San Jacinto, Estrada received orders to execute the 18 prisoners. To save bullets, he had his men fashion ropes and he strung each of them up by a tree, leaving them hanging like Christmas ornaments. 48 of the original 70 had now been killed. Walker received word of this defeat back at Granada and he ordered the survivors to withdraw from Tipitapa. His new war was not looking good. It was now a little more than a week before he issued his degree in stating slavery in Nicaragua, hoping to bind the southern states to his new republic. He was hoping for new recruits. I'm Chris Calton and this is the Mises Institute podcast, Historical Controversies. This is the fifth episode on William Walker's filibustering exploits in Nicaragua, and when we left off, he had recently dissolved his republic of Nicaragua, only to replace it with the new independent republic of Nicaragua, with himself as president. Desperate to attract Americans into the country, he issued his decree allowing slavery in the country for the first time since 1826, in the hopes that Southerners would support his war against Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and the rival Nicaraguan government, the five countries referring to themselves as the allies and enjoying funding by Cornelius Vanderbilt to help overthrow William Walker. Walker had representatives in various parts of the United States with orders to find recruits, raise money, and secure weapons. One of these men was named Domingo de Goecuria, a Cuban who had found trouble selling Walker's bonds in the U.S. Walker had more moral supporters in the United States than he did people actually willing to put money on the line. There weren't many people willing to invest in his Nicaraguan bonds while the country was engaged in a war that Walker could very possibly lose rendering the bonds worthless. But Goecuria was determined to make his mission a success, so he sought an audience with one of the country's wealthiest businessmen, Cornelius Vanderbilt. Goecuria, of course, had no idea that Vanderbilt was already working to see Walker overthrown after Walker confiscated his Nicaraguan property. Walker, by this time, had found out that Vanderbilt was funding the Central American allies, but he learned this after Goecuria had already left for the U.S. So there was a great deal of asymmetrical information going on. So Goecuria made a proposal to Vanderbilt. If he could provide a loan of $250,000, other investors would probably view Vanderbilt's investment as evidence that the bonds were sound and they'd follow his lead. In return, Walker would restore Vanderbilt's government-granted monopoly to the transit company's roads through Nicaragua. This was actually a good business proposal for Vanderbilt who had no real moral objection to Walker's attempt to conquer Nicaragua, but at this point his vendetta against the filibuster was at least as much personal as it was business. Walker was an enemy, and Vanderbilt wanted to see him defeated. But he figured Goecuria could unwittingly help him defeat Walker. Vanderbilt had already been sending rifles to the Central Americans, one of the primary reasons they were able to effectively fight back against the Americans who had previously enjoyed a strong technological advantage against the musket-bearing Nicaraguans. But one of Vanderbilt's competitors, George Law, had recently been purchasing muskets from the U.S. Army cheaply as the Army was replacing them with rifles. Law was then taking the obsolete muskets and employing a British arms expert named Charles Henningson to convert them into rifles capable of shooting the new miniball. Vanderbilt told Goecuria that he would agree to his proposal to fund Walker if he went to George Law and purchased the rifles. Vanderbilt was willing to pay for the rifles, but he instructed Goecuria not to mention his name. The plan was to purchase the rifles from his competitor, and then instead of sending them to Walker, he'd send them to the Central American allies. Now this was a clever plan, but Vanderbilt ended up shooting himself in the foot, so to speak. Instead of undermining Walker, he ended up encouraging George Law to become a financial backer instead. When Goecuria approached George Law with his proposal, Law agreed, and it seemed like Vanderbilt's plan was going to come to fruition. But at the last minute, Law discovered that Vanderbilt was the one supplying the funds, and he knew Vanderbilt was his competitor, so he figured out the ruse. When the plan was discovered, George Law stopped the sell of the arms, and instead shipped a bunch of his newly repurposed rifles to William Walker free of charge. So Walker lucked into a great new supply of weapons, but he was dealing with recruitment problems. The guns would be of no use if he didn't have men to fight with them, and his recruits had previously dried up after Vanderbilt cut off steamer transports to Nicaragua and Panama. His transit company, Stock, had plummeted as a result of this, but he was secretly supporting this financially by making a non-compete agreement with another competitor who shuttle people to Panama. But the payment for this non-compete went directly to Vanderbilt rather than to the transit company, so the stockholders didn't know why Vanderbilt was letting his steamers sit idle as the stock dropped to only three dollars a share. But Vanderbilt's competitors, Charles Morgan and William Garrison, who were working with Walker, had finally managed to get their hands on some new steamers and trips from the US to Nicaragua were up and running once more. But by the time this happened, Walker suffered his first wave of mass desertions. In July, 23 filibusters from New Orleans abandoned Walker and became bandits raiding gold mines. On August 8th, they were caught by a company of ally soldiers and killed. Even more costly were the 200 German recruits who'd come from New York. Two weeks after they joined Walker, nearly all of them deserted. So by the time Morgan and Garrison were able to start bringing more recruits to Walker, he only had about 1200 men capable of fighting against a much larger force. I don't know the total number of allied troops in Nicaragua at this point, but there were at least 2,300 stationed in Messiah, a town not far northwest of Granada by early October. So Walker was trying to find anybody who could help him fight this war. Many of his recruits were very young as well. One anecdote which I just find amusing is of a filibuster who was probably only in his early tweens, and he was carrying a rifle that was clearly too big for him to even use very well. So Walker asked him if he would prefer to be a drummer boy. The teenager answered, quote, no thanks, general. I've never seen a picture of a battle yet that the first thing in it wasn't a dead drummer boy with a busted drum, end quote. But George Law was now willing to back Walker with more than just some free rifle, so he gave $25,000 to his arms expert, Charles Henningsen, to purchase some heavy artillery with the instructions to take them to Nicaragua and volunteer. Henningsen would end up becoming one of Walker's most capable officers. He arrived in Nicaragua with a pair of howitzers which had to be brought without carriages to avoid being detected by US customs officials. So after having carriages built for them, Walker prepared to attack the allies hovering nearby in Messiah. Two-thirds of Walker's total troops were sent to Messiah, dragging the howitzers uphill as they marched. When they reached the town, they found that it had been fortified by Adobe barricades, but the artillery would prove useful against them. But to conduct the assault, Walker was forced to leave only 200 men in Granada and another 200 in Rivas. On the morning of October 11th, Captain James Jamison, officer who'd escaped on a pony after taking a bullet to the knee in the second battle of Rivas, ordered two companies of light infantry to prepare the howitzers. Captain Schwartz served as the artillery commander and he ordered the men to fire. Two 12 pound balls flew through the air and exploded in the San Sebastian Plaza on the eastern part of town. The allied troops nearby were caught by surprise and they scattered. The howitzers fired off more shots and then Captain Thomas Dolan let a company of 50 men to charge the closest barricade. On the other side of the barricade, white shirted allied troops were already running away. The Americans made it over the first barricade and started for the San Sebastian Plaza. It had been abandoned by the allies fleeing the cannonballs and the Americans found the breakfast the allies had left behind which they gratefully finished themselves. The troops in Messiah were serving under the command of General Raymond Bayoso and he pulled his forces back to the main plaza in the center of the city. Barricades blocked every street leading to it but another of Walker's officers, Captain Hesse, another guy whose first name I don't know, let a unit of men employed as sappers. Most likely this plan was taken from General Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War. Hesse or one of Walker's other officers probably served under Taylor judging by the similarity of the plan but I can't confirm this. The job of the sappers was to hack at the adobe walls of the buildings on either side of the road and when they got through the walls riflemen would rush in to occupy the buildings while the sappers moved on to the next wall. So slowly the army moved toward the plaza this way using the buildings to cover them. All the while Schwartz kept his howitzers lobbing shells now aimed at the central plaza where the enemy was garrisoned. After a while he was reduced to only one howitzer after the carriage of the other collapsed. Jameson led his infantry into the city and was carefully positioning them as snipers as the army worked its way through the buildings. At one point he'd moved too far forward and Captain Markham ordered him to pull his men back before they were hit by enemy fire. Jameson called out the order but one of his men apparently didn't hear him so he went to get the soldier's attention by tapping him on the soldier. The soldier was kneeling and resting his rifle on the railing of the portico of the building taking aim down the site oblivious to Jameson's orders. When Jameson got closer to the soldier he noticed why. The man had taken a bullet to the forehead killing him so cleanly that he was left frozen in his firing position. This continued throughout the entire day. Finally as the sun set Walker's men had made their way to the last line of buildings in front of the plaza. These buildings were occupied by enemy soldiers roughly 1400 a mixture of Salvadorians and Nicaraguans. About this time a courier brought an upsetting message to General Walker. While he was busy attacking messiah another attack was being levied against Granada while it was weakly garrisoned by only 200 troops under the command of General Burkett Frye. Walker sent a company of mountain rangers back to the capital to reinforce him. They made it back to Granada but they never got inside the city. They ran into a small party of enemy soldiers and decided to fight through them. There should have been an easy victory the rangers were equipped with sharps breach loading rifles. The same ones used in Kansas referred to as Beecher's Bibles. This was the first time that the new rifle was used in Nicaragua though. The previous rifles were still muzzle loaders firing mini balls but the sharps rifles with the easier breach loading design used a powder cartridge made of paper. This meant they were far superior weapons than what the Central Americans had but this was a new technology for the rangers and they were not aware that you had to keep the cartridges dry or they would be rendered useless so they'd let their cartridges become damp from the dew that had wet the ground the night before. They were useless and the soldiers didn't know it. When the rangers went to fire on the enemy the hammers of their rifles clicked uselessly. Realizing that they were about to be massacred the rangers scattered. Most of them escaped but one a Cuban who stood out by wearing the flashy uniform of the Cuban guards was swarmed upon by the enemy and torn off his horse. Walker would later find out that he'd been executed by a firing squad. Worried about his capital Walker ordered the rest of his men to withdraw from Messiah and make their way back to Granada behind the rangers who had the advantage of being on horseback. By the time they would get back to the capital it would be too late to save it. While Walker was leading the attack on Messiah Colonel Jose Zavala was leading 900 allied soldiers to take back Walker's capital. His orders had actually been to block the road between Messiah and Granada to catch Walker's army in the event of their retreat but Zavala was more ambitious so he made a move on the capital. He made this decision at the urging of an American scout who joined the allies after William Walker rejected him. Walker apparently knew the man from California and the guy had a criminal record so Walker wouldn't let him join so he'd affected to Zavala and brought with him information about Granada's weak defenses. So Zavala led his army around the other side of the city to attack from the south since that was the side that Birkitt Fries Garrison would not be expecting an attack from. They attacked as the Garrison was eating lunch but they quickly jumped into action to defend the city. As Zavala's troops moved in most civilians ran for safety but one John Lawless didn't bother. He had been there since before Walker's entrance into the Civil War and he'd been friendly with the Legitimistas. He was a businessman and a neutral and he was confident that he'd be left alone by the allied soldiers so he was surprised when the soldiers grabbed him, took him inside a church and executed him by firing squad and made sure that he was dead by repeatedly stabbing his corpse with bayonets. Two other American non-combatants would share his fate and then the soldiers took the corpses of the three civilians, stripped them naked and tossed them into the Jalteva Plaza to make clear to everybody in the city that they would not be showing any mercy. The soldiers also stuck their muskets into the windows of homes and fired at whoever was occupying the inside. They only seem to have been targeting adult men but one of their victims was the six-year-old son of an Englishman who was accidentally shot while the invaders were aiming for his father. Friesman took arms to defend the main plaza taking defensive positions in the surrounding buildings. There they held the invaders at bay while Walker raced his troops back to the capital. Walker's troops marched all night and arrived at Granada at around nine in the morning, exhausted. From outside the city they could still see William Walker's flag flying from the top of the parochial church in the center plaza. Captain Schwartz still had one hoitzer with him and he set it up to fire at the enemies inside Granada. The first shell landed perfectly creating an orange explosion in the middle of a group of allied soldiers sending shrapnel flying and killing several enemy soldiers who were manning an artillery gun of their own. The filibusters cheered and Captain Markham ordered a charge. They easily captured the position when the enemy had set up the cannon. Walker sent the rest of the army to reinforce Frye and Jameson's infantry company were ordered to move to the north side of the plaza to secure the San Francisco church which had been taken by Guatemalan soldiers. Jameson's men burst inside surprising the enemy and killed 30 of them as they tried to escape. The rest surrendered including several high-ranking officers. Other Guatemalan and Nicaraguan soldiers exited buildings they were occupying raising their hands and surrender only to be gunned down by Walker's men. With Walker having brought the bulk of his filibuster army back to the capital, Zavala ordered the rest of his men to retreat back to messiah. They had lost about 200 men who had either been killed or taken prisoner. With the capital secured once again the two officers that had surrendered to Jameson had been treated as honored guests. They actually joined the Americans during meals and had made friends with the filibusters. The enemy officers had become well liked but after their week of friendly imprisonment inside the city, Walker learned about the execution of the Cuban who'd accompanied the Rangers to reinforce the city ahead of the army, the one who'd been dragged from his horse and executed by a firing squad. In retaliation, Walker had the two officers executed in the plaza as he'd done with many enemies since he'd taken the city. This time though the execution was not greeted with approval. The two Guatemalan officers had endeared themselves to Walker's men. After they were shot there were no cheers. In his personal memoirs of Nicaragua, Jameson said quote, and all my life I recall nothing that impressed upon me more vividly than did this incident, the sorrow and bitterness of war. End quote. This is where his memoirs of Nicaragua ended. We don't actually know if Jameson deserted or not but it's likely that he did having grown disgusted by the war. But although Walker had failed to capture Messiah, he'd taken out more enemy soldiers than he'd lost himself and he was receiving new recruits by the hundreds. But in early November, Walker decided he needed to try to take Messiah once more. At this point, a new force of allied soldiers had been brought into Nicaragua, taken San Juan del Sur and caught off Walker's connection to the transit road, leaving him sandwiched between two enemy armies. So the enemy was fortified not far from the halfway house between San Juan del Sur and Lavier Hinn. On November 10th Charles Hornsby led 250 filibusters to attack the force barricading the transit road. But he'd been repelled and Walker was angry enough at Hornsby's poor performance that he sent him back to the United States. The next day Walker sent another company of 250 men to add to Hornsby's force under the command of Charles Henningsen. Henningsen, the arms expert sent by George Law, had taken over training Walker's troops and they were improving rapidly in their ability to use their weapons. Walker made him a Brigadier General. He had substantial military experience and he spoke Spanish fluently, so he was a valuable addition to Walker's army. Henningsen had a group of his men move a holwitzer to within musket range of the enemy and then he let loose a flurry of artillery and rifle fire at the enemy occupying transit road. The enemy was able to drive the holwitzer back but Henningsen was only using this to distract the enemy while he sent another company of soldiers to attack from the opposite side. The maneuver worked and the enemy forces were ordered to retreat. Henningsen ordered his mounted forces to chase the retreating soldiers which successfully caused the enemy to scatter. Now they were disorganized and fleeing in different directions. Some fled south to Costa Rica and the rest fled north to regroup. But the skirmish was successful in taking back control of the transit road and now Walker was ready to make another attempt at Messiah. Four days after Henningsen drove the enemies away from the transit road General Edward Sanders led another attack on Messiah only to run into 800 enemy soldiers waiting for them. Apparently there was a spy among the filibusters who was able to inform General Bioso of the plan to take Messiah so these soldiers were prepared for the attack. The only thing that saved his men was the heavy artillery they had with them which was able to fire at close range driving the enemy away. But the initial attack failed and the element of surprise was gone. Sanders' men made camp and Walker arrived with more troops only to find his troops completely unmotivated to fight another battle. During the skirmish one of Sanders' men had been taken prisoner a young man named Jack Harris. The day after the failed attack Sanders was marched to the city plaza and lined up in front of a firing squad. As the executioners readied their weapons a house not far from the plaza exploded. Only seconds later another building was destroyed on the other side of town. Harris' execution was interrupted by the artillery signaling the start of the second attempt to capture Messiah. The soldiers panicked the firing squad immediately forgot about Jack Harris as they ran for cover along with the rest of their comrades. Just as they did in the first invasion they set up defensive positions around the center plaza. Hundreds of filibusters stormed into the plaza and Harris could see General Walker leading his horse into the square. Harris was saved seconds from execution and would actually live a long life after eventually leaving Nicaragua. An army of 800 filibusters were setting fire to buildings and digging their way through walls to the plaza just as before. The siege would last for three days before Walker would eventually withdraw once again. We don't have the same details we do from the first attack on Messiah because so many of those details were provided by Jamison's personal account so unfortunately we're not able to reconstruct the exciting play-by-play but we do have a good idea of the casualty count now allies had about 43 dead and nearly double that number injured. Walker lost about a hundred men. Only a few days after Walker's retreat from Messiah Lieutenant Faisu brought a ship named after Walker's capital the Granada off the coast of San Juan del Sur. Faisu had been made a captain of the ship and had it armed with cannons. This single ship was essentially Walker's entire navy. Faisu's goal was to block any Costa Rican reinforcements from being unloaded in the city. He was moving toward an enemy ship that had been named after the Second Battle of Rivas. It was once called Onse de Abril, the April 11th, the date that the Second Battle of Rivas had been fought in one by the Costa Ricans right before being decimated by cholera. The Costa Rican ship was armed to the four pound cannon and when Faisu was in range the Costa Ricans started fire. Faisu anchored the Granada about a hundred yards from the enemy ship and started returning fire with his two six pound cannons. Both ships took a beating, but the Granada had the better artillery. It withstood a few hits from the Costa Rican ship and took out several enemy soldiers with its return fire. But about two hours after the naval battle started the Granada got a perfect hit. The cannonball pierced to the coast of ship's magazine. This is where their ammunition was stored and the gun powder inside exploded. The ship burst into flames and started to sink. Most of the crew were killed in the explosion, a total of 66. Survivors took to the water, many of them sustaining severe burns themselves. Faisu lowered the small boats on the side of the ship and picked up 48 surviving coasters. 12 of them would die from their burns shortly after and Faisu let the others go home where they spread the legend of the Granada's secret rocket powered weapon. Apparently they didn't know that the explosion was caused by their own supply of gun powder. During the battle Faisu's crew only lost one man with eight more injured. Walker rewarded him with a promotion and a piece of property that had been confiscated from the enemy. This victory along with Henningson's victory near the halfway house that reclaimed Transit Road was important. Over the coming weeks Walker received several ships bringing him hundreds of new recruits. Had Faisu and Henningson not managed their victories these reinforcements would not have been able to make a do Granada. But these recruits would arrive just in time to participate in Walker's downfall which will be the topic of the next episode. For more content like this visit mesus.org


And now the Mole Mystery Theater, presented by M-O-L-L-E. Mole, the heavier brush with shaving cream for tender skin. Good evening. This is Jeffrey Barnes, welcoming you to the Mole Mystery Theater, the program that presents the best in mystery and detective fiction. Tonight's story, St. Louis Lady by Irene Winston, is about three things.  What is there about some women that makes men want to kill for them? And what kind of a man lives methodically in a little black book? His victims, his expenses, and his net profits from their debts. Add to this the kind of heat that pushes people into things they never meant to do. You have St. Louis Lady by Irene Winston. Well, Mr. Barnes, I guess I can't add much to that, but give me a subject like shaving and I'd add a few quick words like this. Men, if your morning shave is worse than a hundred nightmares, chances are you have wiry whiskers or a tender skin. So try Mole. Yes, sir, with Mole, it's smooth. So smooth. It's slick. So slick. It's a smooth, smooth, slick, slick shave you get with M-O-L-L-E. Mole, the heavier brushless shaving cream for tender skin. That's right, Mole is the cream you need if you have tough whiskers or a tender skin.  So you shave faster, closer, easier, and you shave painlessly with Mole. The heavier brushless shaving cream for tender skin. And now for tonight's Mole mystery, St. Louis Lady. Day to see that evening sun go down. Honest, it's so hot a person be better off dead. For a price, I'd accommodate you, lady. Our scene, St. Louis. Summer heat and tempers at the boiling point. Somewhere in the slums of baby cries. Somewhere a fight breaks out, a forerunner to a summons of the plea. Honest, it was so hot I kinda lost my temper. Only fools walk in this summer heat. Fools and men like Joe Higgins who have trains to catch. To women they love. Got half an hour before my train. Well, might as well get a beer. Well, will you wait here? I've got an extra. Here, take this table. Here you are. Anything else? Oh, yeah, ham sandwich. Ham sandwich. Hi. You alone too, Mr. Higgins? Oh, yeah, yeah. Mind if I sit with you? Uh, no. Want a drink, Smitty? Got one, thanks. That sounds good. What does? My name, Smitty. The way they treat me around this town you'd think I was a leper or something. That guy shouldn't drink in this heat. Why do you? I drink so I can take it when they call me Stooley. Oh, yeah, yeah. After that I drink so I can remember when I was a big shot instead of broken down stool pigeon. We'll sing it ten bucks the song. Oh, forget it. Somebody's got to do it. Sure, sure. And it's better than solitary. I tell myself, what's my life now? Still solitary, except my cell takes in the whole town. Yeah, Collins is dead. We don't know about it. We don't know about it. We used to be partners back in the 20s. Hey, what's your right, Mr. Higgins? Oh, writing down my expenses. I like to know where my money goes. I'm one guy who's not going to wind up broke. The killer keeping the budget. That's a hot one. Don't call me that. Okay, okay, don't get sore. Yeah, yeah, maybe I ought to keep one too. Item, ten bucks for putting a finger on big Al Connors. Say, what'd you get for knocking him off? Let's see that book. Give it back. Okay, no business. One hundred and fifty. And I only got ten bucks for the tip. Lawyer voice. That included his wife. You get her too? Yeah, yeah. I didn't like the idea of working on a woman. If you didn't do it, they'd get someone else for the job. There's always someone else. Yeah, sure. What are you going to do with the money? Well, less fifteen dollars expenses for two days. I've exactly one thirty-five left. My girl saw a wrist watch. Well, well, well, if it isn't the little man. Hello, killer Joe. Feed it to me. I want to talk to Joe. Okay, okay. Goodbye, Mr. Higgins. The Joe has nice talking to you. He'll recognize me. Don't you, killer Joe? Don't call me that. I got nothing to say to you. Maybe I ought to introduce myself anyhow. Seeing as how you subbed for me for a while. George Larson at your service. Oh, waiter. My check. How's Jesse? He's one of this. Think I bothered talking to you if it wasn't for Jesse? She's going to be my wife. You could kind of say that she was my girl for a while. Boy, you're good for... Here's your check. A dollar fifty. This is on me. There you are, waiter. Keep the change. Oh, thanks. That's the least I could do for you, Joe. After you looking out for Jesse, for me. Are you going to catch the milk train? What? No answer, none. Well, I'll walk to the station with you. Oh, boy. I thought it was hot in there, but it's worse out here on the street. Stop whistling that. It gets on my nerves. Well, that's Jesse's favorite song, isn't it? Take your time. The train isn't due for five minutes. We won't miss it. We? Joe, I'm going into your one horse town just long enough to pick Jesse up.  You're just the guy who can do it too, killer Joe. I thought I had it bad. She sure got you tied to her apron strings. Well, there she comes. As soon as we get there, I'll check into a hotel, get a shave and a shower, and then I'll pick Jesse up. Jesse wants to, I'll marry him. How would you support her? You never did a day's work in your life. So what? See this role? I got plenty of money. Yeah? The evening papers say that a gas station was held up. Yeah, yeah, there's been a terrific crime waiver on this town. Listen, killer Joe, if you're thinking of singing, remember with the police you got to have proof with Jesse. It's your word against mine. Besides, I got a hunch she don't know what you've been up to. Look, Larson, to me one killing's just like another.  I swear it. As the curtain falls on Act One of tonight's mole mystery, it looks as though Mr. Larson is going to have trouble on his hands. Serious trouble, eh Dan? Yeah, Mr. Barnes, but you know, some fellow might say he was in clover compared to them. For instance, the fellow who's got double trouble from shaving tough whiskers or a tender skin. He can be pretty bad off unless he learns about mole, the heavier brushless shaving cream. That's right, man, shaving hard to cut whiskers or a tender skin needn't be painful. Not when you shave with mole.  With mole, you shave faster, closer, easier, and you shave painlessly. Try it. See if you don't say, it's smooth, so smooth. It's slick, so slick. It's a smooth, smooth, slick, slick shave you get with M-O-L-L-E. Mole, the heavier brushless shaving cream for tender skin. This is Jeffrey Barnes again returning you to Act Two of St. Louis Lady. Uh-huh. That's $130 including the tax, but it's a beauty. I'll take it. Wrap it up. Jesse'll love it. By the way, how does she like at the boarding house? Oh, fine, fine. Wrap it up special-like, will you? I'll tie it up with white ribbon. Oh, on a day like this, the person should live in the bathtub. Hey, Mr. Higgins, I know your girl's going to be surprised. I'll be with you in a minute, sir. I'll take your time. Well, hello again, killer Joe, buying Jesse going away presently. Nonny, your... Here's the money, miss. Hi. Jeff? Well, he's still sore at me, I guess. I never saw Mr. Higgins lose his temper before. You know him well? Sure, I know him. He's, uh, well, sort of a cousin, you might say. Oh, well, a family fight. I guess everybody has them. Uh, what can I show you? Something that'll knock a lady's eyes out. Do you miss me? Of course, darling. It's been two days, Jesse. What did you do when I was gone? Don't laugh at me. No. I stayed in the bathtub. It was so hot. For two days? Well, I got out to eat. Honest, Joe, this town was like a furnace. Must have been awful upstate. I was to tell you the truth, Jesse. I was so busy, I didn't even notice the weather. Well, anyhow, it's a shame you had to work in this heat. Well, close your eyes, Jesse. Oh, darling, not another present. Close your eyes and open your hand. There. What is it? Open it and see. All tied up with white ribbons. Yeah.  That's for nothing. Oh, it's so pretty. I hate to untie it. Go ahead. Shall I answer it, Jesse? No. No, let it ring. I don't want to talk to anybody else now that you're home. Honest, Jesse. Do you really miss me? Of course I did. Look how pretty the watch looks, Joe. Joe. Yes, Jesse. Ask me what time it is. Go on, ask me what time it is. Listen, Joe, it's a new record dinner. You kept looking out the window and you hardly ate a thing. It's too hot to eat. Well, if you just sit quiet, you wouldn't mind it so much. There's a nice breeze here on the porch. Why do you keep looking up and down the street, expecting something? No, no, I... Let's go down to the inn for a drink, Jesse. Get a drink. I can get you one here. Well, I just feel kind of sociable tonight. Come on, Jesse, it'll do us good to get out for a while. All right, Joe. I think you're crazy to go out in this heat. We won't stay alone. Oh, the telephone, Jesse. I'll get it. Where should we take the car? It may as well drive. It'll be cooler. What is that phone call important, Jesse? Well, I know, Joe. At least I don't think so. Pop Kelly had the in-air condition. Yeah. Oh, wait a pop, will you? He's been trying to catch your eye. Where is he? I'm so nearsighted lately. I'm going to have to get glasses. But you can see Larson, can't you, Jesse? I didn't want to come to the inn tonight, Joe. You can't leave me, Jesse. I didn't want to come to the inn tonight. Not tonight, I... He called you, didn't he? That was him on the phone. Yes. Are you afraid of him, Jesse? I'm afraid.  Oh, I'm not afraid of that anymore and never do that again. Then what are you afraid of? Me. What? That's why I didn't want to come to the inn tonight. What can I do, Jesse? I'll do anything for you. Don't leave me. He's no good. He's a cheap crook. Let's go home. Joe, I have to talk to him. I'm afraid now. Don't you see, Joe, if I come back after, I'll never leave you again. Not even for a little while. Don't you see? He's always been with us, hasn't he? I could feel him around all the time, pushing, crowding me out, watching me. I'm sorry, Joe. Let me go for an hour. All right, Jesse. I'll stay here. As soon as I leave here, he'll follow me. Nobody will know, Joe. Yeah. Nobody but me. All right, Jesse, I'll meet you at the boarding house in an hour. Thank you, Joe. This way we'll know once and for all. Yeah. We'll know. Oh, Mr. Higgin? Oh, hello, Pop. How are you? Like any fat man when it's hot.  Yeah, sure. Hey, had a spat with Jesse? Huh? Yeah, I thought I saw you come in together. Oh, she thinks maybe she didn't disconnect her electric ion. Women. Yeah. You doing well, Pop? Business couldn't be better. I ain't seen you around for a while. You been away? Yeah, yeah, business trip upstate. Well, I see by the papers where a couple of convicts escaped and a couple of them got home. Yeah. It seemed like old times reading about big Al Connors again. Did it? Yeah. Never thought anybody'd get big Al. He was the big shot. Well, but times have changed, I guess, since I was a kid in Chicago. Maybe not so much as you think. Huh?  Wish I would, but usually a little excitement. Paper tonight made me feel old. Oh, maybe. Maybe these gangsters are heading this way. You'd be a natural for them to stick up. It could be.  Huh? A gun. I teach how to use it. Oh, the size of you teaching me. I told you once I lived in Chicago. Oh, sorry, Mr. Higgins. I didn't mean to make any cracks about your size. That's all right. And thanks for worrying about me. I can handle anything, old as I am and fat as I am. Yeah. This ought to cover my bill. Huh? Are you leaving now? I thought you was going to wait for Jesse. I'm not going to wait. Not anymore. Watch, Joe. The cooler outside the nun. Come into the house, anyhow. Don't worry, honey. I can handle it. Don't fight, please. You don't have to tell me anything, Jesse. I can tell by looking at you. I'm sorry, Joe. I guess I knew it all the time. Well, as long as we know where we stand, let's all have a drink. Thank you, Joe. I'll get some life. If I'd have known how you would finally take it, Joe, I wouldn't have needled you. Don't forget it. It's like this. Jesse is a... she's a part of me like I'm a part of her. We're no good with anyone else. Hey, I said forget it. Oh, I'm sorry. You want a smoke? Oh, thanks. Put a lot of ice in the glasses. Here you are. Thanks. Joe. Thanks. Well, here's... Do you blossom? The rest of your natural life. I've seen things like this in the movies. When people are in the same fix we're in, they have a drink together. I was wondering what they felt. What do you feel, Jesse? Well, that's what's so funny. I don't feel anything. I'm... I'm sorry I didn't stay away the full hour like I promised, Jesse, but I... talking to Pop Kelly and a guy can take just so much Pop Kelly. He's the fat old guy who runs the bar?  Oh, how come? Oh, he forgets he's not as young and as strong as he was. And ever since the summer folks have been coming around, business has been booming.  Joe, what are you trying to do to us? Hon, don't worry, honey. I told you I'd go straight, didn't I? I thought you wished his luck. Telling George about Pop's money, that's rotten. You're trying to... Oh, take it easy, honey. I promised you I'd go straight, didn't I? Listen, let's get out of this town right away. Will that make you feel better? There's no train until morning. Well, come on down to the inn with me then, if you don't trust me. She's not leaving this house tonight. What? Well, I... I have to live here after Jesse leaves. I don't want the whole town to know about it. I'm sorry, Joe, I didn't think. Now, Joe's right. I'll meet you at the station in the morning. I don't like to leave you alone with him. Don't be silly.  I'll go to the door with you. Okay, honey. Door. Advice. Thank you, Joe, for taking it like this. Don't thank me. I know just how you feel about him. Do you? Sure. Exactly how I feel about you. Oh, you're forgetting time, Joe. Did you forget him? Maybe there wasn't enough time. Maybe if he had waited longer. But I'll have time to wait, Jesse. I'll have time. Oh, I wish it... Better go upstairs. I don't want to talk now. All right. Night, Joe. Wait and see Larson get his neck straight. Jeffrey Barnes again. In just a moment, we'll bring you Act 3 of St. Louis Lady. Thousands of people who suffer the social and business handicap of Dandruff are discovering that the way to combat it effectively is with double dandering. You see, double dandering is unlike many hair preparations available today. For such products, really do know more to fight a common type of dandruff than plain water does. That is, they simply wash loose dandruff away. But double dandering actually combats this dandruff by killing the germ that many outstanding authorities contend as its cause. And double dandering kills this germ on contact. Results with double dandering have been amazing, even in the most stubborn cases. A special ingredient named Alzan is the reason for double dandering's astonishing effectiveness. Alzan is an active antiseptic so remarkably efficient, many hospitals use it. Of all hair preparations, only double dandering has it. So try double dandering and see if you don't agree that most ordinary hair preparations can't compare with its dandruff combating effectiveness. If you're not completely satisfied, return the empty bottle and get your money back. Buy double dandering at your drugists. Well, it's been four and a half hours. Well, that's not a long time to wait. It'll work. I know it will. I'll see him hang yet. There it is. Hello, operator. This is Joe Higgins on Fairview Road. Send the constable here right away. So soon? Where's Jesse? Jesse... Couldn't wait until morning, could you? I got a car to take us to the next town to catch the train there. Jesse, hurry up. I'll be ready in a minute. Who do you think you're kidding, Larson? You think I'm going to let you get away with this? You're crazy. Out of my way, Runt. Ready, Jesse? Yes. Jesse, you're upstairs again.  I'm sorry, Joe. All right, then. Go with him. Go on.  I'd try to be nice to you, but all you can understand is a beating. Well, he'll beat you when you aren't running away from the police. Come on, Jesse. Come on in. The door is unlocked. What's your call, Mr. Higgins? What's up? Oh, Steve, there's the man who held up Pop Kelly. Easy, Pop. Now, use this gun. Let me take the quiet.  That'll hold you. Okay. Now what a sucker I was. I played right into your hands, didn't I?  Huh? Yeah? What are you here? Pop Kelly died at the hospital. What? Yeah, you're facing a murder rap, son. Oh, no.   It's only happened a half an hour ago, Mr. Higgins. How'd you know? He knew he knew before it happened. You ready, lady? What do you want with her? I couldn't stop him, Joe. So I went with him. What? No. No, it couldn't be. You couldn't have left the house without my seeing you. You went down the back stairs, Joe. I couldn't stop him, so I had to go with him. I'll always go with him. But it's a murderer. Jesse, you...  And she'll go with me to the chair, too. You figured on getting me, Joe, but you never figured on getting Jesse, too. Ah, rain. It's about time. We'll cool off, all right, but Joe won't. He'll burn hotter than we will. Jesse, I'll swear you didn't leave the house. That's no use, Mr. Higgins. Pop Kelly identified him both. Jesse! You did what you had to do, Joe. And he's not through yet. How are you, Joe? What more can he do? A lot more. You wanted pretty things. And how do you think he got them for you? He killed for you. No! That watch you're wearing. He got that for knocking off Big Al Connors and his wife. But he never... Oh, he did it legally. Don't worry about that. Legally? Sure. Didn't you know? He's the public executioner. What? Yes, the state hangman. Push a button, drop a body. That's your Joe. Oh, I can't... Maybe I ought to thank you, killer Joe.  Leave him alone. Why? Why? He had it all figured out. He'd get me. It was his idea to kill me. Leave him alone! How do you think he'll feel when it's my turn to die? And now this is Jeffrey Barnes bringing down the final curtain on tonight's presentation of St. Louis Lady. Be sure to join us next week when we present Nightmare by your favorite mystery author, William Irish. A young man has a ghastly dream of committing murder and wakes up to find the murder weapon in his room. He knows that somewhere, somehow, a man lies dead by his hand. So be with us next week for suspense and excitement when a nightmare comes true. Music for the Mollay Mystery Theater is by Jack Miller. St. Louis Lady was written by Irene Winston. Elspeth Eric, Gilbert Mack, and Frank Lovejoy were featured in tonight's program. This is Dan Seymour saying goodnight until next Friday at this same time when the Mystery Theater presents Nightmare. This is NBC, the national broadcasting company.


So what's your name? Andrew Shlough. Do you mind me asking how old you are? Seventy-seven. How long have you been running? Well, I ran at school around before I came here, but not to this extent. But I love it. It keeps me going. Why, why running? Well, I think because I've always been involved in sport, I just loved it. Now, with my husband being ill, I find it gets me out of the house with other people. It means a lot to me.


Your Coca-Cola bottler presents, Claudia. Claudia, based on the original stories by Rose Frankin. Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola. Relax. And while you're listening, refresh yourself. Have a Coke. And now, Claudia. Coffee smells good. It is. And the eggs are just right and the bacon is just right. In short, you're perfect. Yes, sir. I am perfect. Oh, David, it's a lovely day for the night. What do you mean, a lovely day for the night? It'll be so nice to drive back from Connecticut with a moon. Oh, how do you know there'll be a moon? I ordered one. David, do you know it'll be the first time I've seen any of your architecture face to face? Well, you won't see much. Just a stone foundation and a pile of lumber. Well, anyway, it'll be fun. Will we be home for late dinner? Do you think I'll order something I can make before I leave and just heat it up? We will not be home for dinner. I know a wonderful little inn on a country road. Looks like it walked right out of a book. Is that good? Sure it's good. And wait till you taste the food best you've ever eaten. Lobster? No. Sure, why not? Well, where we're going isn't on the water. I mean, it's inland. That doesn't make any difference. Don't you know they fly oysters all the way out to Los Angeles? I'm not sure I'll have the lobster, though. Darling, I wouldn't worry about it. You haven't finished your breakfast yet. Oh, can I even plan? Oh, David, lobster and all is going to be fun.  Sure I invited Mama. Aren't we lucky that Hartley and Julia gave us their last year's car for a wedding present. Aren't you glad, David? Yup, I'm glad I'm alive. I'm glad you're alive. But best of all, I'm glad we're both alive together. Me, too. I'm so glad I could bust. Say the moon will surely be up on the way home tonight, won't it? I'll see that it is. It'll be a harvest moon, one of the best. And, uh, Claudia, before I forget it.  I'll pick you up here and it'll save time. All right, darling, three sharp. Oh, I wish it were three sharp now. Well, Mrs. Brown, aren't you happy you came along? Yes, I've enjoyed every minute of it so far. Hey, just listen to the crickets. Crickets are out of season. Those are tree toads. Isn't it extraordinary how much a man knows, Mama? Mm-hmm, lucky for women. Smell the air. Burning leaves. That's the nicest smell. Makes me hungry. Oh, you don't need air to do that. Is it much further? Nope. There's what much further? Hush up, Mama. David knows a wonderful little restaurant. Good. I'm company, so I didn't want to say how much further. I'm starved. So am I. I think I'll order a lobster after all. What do you have, Mama? Soft shell crabs. Can't you two girls wait to see a menu? No, why should we? What are we stopping here for, David? David, are you going to let me take the wheel at last? No, darling. I'm not going to let you take the wheel at last. Thank heaven for small favors. Anybody think you two are my born enemies? We are best friends. We tell you the truth. Why are you stopping, David? For supper. Yeah, it looks funny. It's the oldest end in Connecticut. Oh, not very large, is it? One more word out of the two of you, and you'll go without your dinner. The lips are the face we might anyway. I didn't say anything, darling. Hope the service is fairly quick, David. It's getting late. Listen, girls, suppose you stop trying to manage this now. The food will be good, and I'll get you into town in plenty of time. Such a manly man. Come along, Mama. He's managing everything. David, I know you're practically perfect and never make mistakes, but who told you about this end? Oh, I found it myself one day. There's nothing wrong with this supper. It's just not their day for fish. Or meat. To think that we will have traveled more than a hundred miles for an egg. Well, what was wrong with that bacon? It was delicious. There's nothing wrong with it except that we had it for breakfast. Oh, here comes our Yankee host now. We'll get a good dessert. Howdy. Finished, folks? Yes, all finished. What did you have for dessert? Well, what have you got for dessert? Oh, almost anything. For instance. Apple pie, peach pie, plum pie, apricot pie, rhubarb pie, cherry pie, coconut, lemon cream, gooseberry. I'll have peach. Coconut custard. Now, what is gooseberry pie? Well, friends, kind of crossed between a raspberry and a blackberry taste a little bit like strawberry. I'll have lemon. Right, y'all, friend? Seems quite an authority on pies. Oh, this place is known for its pies. And for being the oldest in Connecticut. What more do you want, Mama? Well, here you are, folks, three pies and coffee. This looks like apple pie, not coconut. So does arm dang. This tastes like apple instead of peach. They sometimes do, ma'am. Take a certain kind of peach, taste like a certain kind of apple. Never known it to fail. This not only looks like apple and tastes like apple, it is apple. Apple it is, friend. Find a apple pie in western Connecticut. We specialize in pies. Have a different pie every day. Only I can't remember which one comes on which day. You just rattle off the whole list for good luck. That's right. Well, anyway, everybody always likes apple pies. Not if they had their mouth deliberately set for coconut custard. Say, this is good. I'm glad I didn't get lemon. You know, this is the best pie I've ever eaten. David, you lie. Why don't you be a fine, strong character for once and admit you've been wrong about this end? I'll admit nothing of the kind. He admits nothing of the kind. Are you watching the time, David? Have I ever let you two be late? Oh, God. Why is it a man thinks it's a virile to always be just on time? Because men are the adventurous sex. Do you suppose you could feel adventurous enough to think about our starting back to town? Yep. Here's the check. Got any change, Claudia? Yeah. How much do you need? You got 50 cents. And that's another difference between men and women. What? When a woman asks for change, it's either a nickel or a dime. With men, it's never less than half a dollar. I suppose that's their adventurous streak again. Children, if you're going to settle all the differences between men and women, we'll never get started. All right. Ready, you two? Mama, are we ready? David, I've been ready for a long, long time. Hope you folks had a nice dinner. Come back again sometime. Not if we're conscious. Really, David, that place is like a bad dream. Nightmare is the word, Mrs. Brown. Oh, isn't the car a welcome sight, though? Yes.  You got enough room, Mama? Ready. I can even move over. No, I'm fine. I'm fine. Have you got enough room, David? Hmm? Say you look mad. What's the matter? I am mad. Wait until I tell that garage your thing or two. What'd they do? It's not what they did. It's what they didn't do. I left express orders that they're never to send the car over without checking gas, oil, water, and air. Oh. Oh, what? They didn't send it over.  Yes? Don't say yes. Like that, you make me nervous. Guilty conscience. Come on now. Come clean. There's nothing to come clean about. I acted very intelligently and used my head. How? Well, a quarter of three they hadn't sent it. And I knew you had to meet the contractor at Red Beret 430, so I phoned the garage. And the man said they didn't have a soul there to deliver the car. They were shorthanded on account of something or other. So if I wanted the car, I'd have to call for it. Well, why didn't you phone me to pick it up? I did. You left. Anyway, I didn't mind doing it. In fact, you enjoyed it. I loved it. Did it occur to you when you were using what you so fondly called your head that you have not got a driver's license? Don't be silly. I passed my test, didn't I? No, it's not the same thing. You are not permitted to drive unless you get a license. You're absolutely right, David. I shuddered to think what might have happened. The garage is only around the corner. I was there and back in two seconds. Where was the car when you went to the garage? Standing right on the floor as big as life.  Just a moment.  With what? With gas, of course. Of course not. Why should I? Because it's only a myth that a car runs on its reputation. See that little pointer? Always that, but that's for to tell how much gas you have. That is what it's for. I think it's remarkable. You think it is... The remarkable thing is that we got here. The tank is empty. Maybe it isn't right. Maybe it's got a lot and it just isn't saying so. It's a fundamental of gasoline gauges that sometimes they're empty when they say they're full. But they're never full when they say empty. Well, what are we going to do?  It seems to me it was rather careless of you, David, to let it go down empty like this. I took for granted that the garage man filled it up the way I told him to. Well, you should have looked at the little pointer you just pointed out to me. I'm not excusing myself. Now... Hey, mister! Mister, where's the nearest gas pump? Right over there by the driveway. The motor's stopped. Yes, darling. The motor's stopped. A gas tank isn't like a well. It doesn't fill up when you let it stand. David is down here for the pump. Why don't we just coast? That's brilliant, Mrs. Brown. I guess I just have to get used to the idea that you are the only practical member of your family of two. It's rolling, David. It'll roll right up to the pump. That's very obliging of it. No thanks to you. You just play in luck. You, uh, folks out of gas? Bone dry. Lucky we could roll up to the pump. Well, you might call lucky. I do. Will you fill up the tank for me, please? Say, uh, how much she holds? 18 gallons. That's right, big tank. You got far to go? Yes, we have to get back to New York, and we're late now. All the way back to New York? All the way back to New York, and we're in a hurry. I wish you could help your friend, but it can't. What's the matter? Is your pump dry? This here pump's been dry for over a year. Just keep it there for show. Keep it to keep it there. As a matter of fact, and take it down. Labor being on this today. Maybe he has some loose gas. My wife wants to know if you have any loose gas. Well, no. Isn't there a train we can get? Oh, sure there is. Trains run every hour, and here's train is Danbury. Now, how far is Danbury? 24 miles. How about a bus? Nearest bus is Woodbury. And Woodbury is... 23 miles. 23 miles. But, uh, when you have to go somewhere from here, how do you go? Well, in a way, speaking, very few folks here about go places, but when we do go, we drive. Any taxi service within a reasonable distance? Well, no. Of course, I could take you to a gas station in the car. You could pick up five gallon can. Well, certainly. That's what I had in mind. Well, the only trouble is my son took the car over to the hospital with his wife. They're married, going to have a baby at the Bridgeport Hospital. I don't expect him back much before midnight. And there's no telling can't count on these things to the minute, you know. No, you certainly can't. We might be sitting here until tomorrow. I was, uh, coming to that. No need to sit and we have mighty nice sleeping accommodations to hotel. Oh, you were just coming to that. But we haven't anything to sleep in. My wife and I could lend you some things. We've got right good hair mattresses. Hair mattresses. I know what that means. Now, look here. Can't you two girls be sports? Can't you grin and bear it? You grin and I'll bear it. I hate to think what the bedrooms are going to be like. Uh, yes, friends. My wife says she has some extra nightgowns for you ladies and I got a plain old night shirt for the gentlemen. A night shirt? That ought to satisfy the adventurous streak in you, David. Oh, I look pretty in a night shirt. Pretty funny. Oh, David, look, there's the moon. As round and full as can be. Oh, the lovely moon. We were going to drive back into town in the light. I bet it ran out of gas, too, and had to spend the night in the country. But not in a flannel night shirt. All story material used on this broadcast of Claudia was under the supervision of Rose Franken and William Brown Maloney.  Take it easy. And here's a surefire system. At more and more service stations, you'll see those familiar Coca-Cola coolers. When you stop for gas, oil, or a tire check, have a delicious ice-cold bottle of Coke. It helps you relax and presto, you drive refreshed. Every day, Monday through Friday, Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola. So listen again tomorrow at the same time. And now this is Joe King saying, Au revoir and remember, whoever you are, whatever you do, wherever you may be. When you think of refreshment, think of Coca-Cola. For ice-cold Coca-Cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes.


Fel ydw i'ch gwybod ychydig a fydd eich gweithio ar y cyfrifol. Rwy'n gwybod i'n gweithio'r ysgol projekty oherwydd y Uned Ynwys Gwyllust 2021 yw'r projekty oherwydd ar gyfer y cyfrifolwyr a'r ddweud o'r cyfrifolwyr ac yn gwneud yn ymdeithasgau natural. Rwy'n gweithio'r cyfrifolwyr a'r ddweud o'r perthynau i'r ysgol o'r wgfaith yma. Mae cyfaint o bobl 20 o'r bobl yn meddwl ar gweithio'ch reilio'r iawn i gydag maen nhw i'r bobl a'r bobl arall, yn 5 o'r cyfrannu. Mae'r Ffasyr Dioclissiwyr i'r rôl, i'r rôl i'r rôl i'r treuio i Portugal, i Ephesus i Torch, i Rhyfymno i Grys a i'r Unigol, i eich roi'r bobl i deilio'r bobl i mella, a i'r glas ar Manchester. The aims of the project is to bring together useful information and tools and services to help management of cultural heritage assets, protect their assets from climate change and natural disasters, and it hopes to help them prevent the damage from occurring in the first place, intervene when the hazard takes place and to suggest new policies, planning and processes for government organisations and cultural heritage site managers. The key part of this is to integrate novel and inexpensive monitoring tools and you'll see in a minute how we've integrated some weather stations etc at our site. So if we go on to Mella, as I say it's in the north west of England close to Manchester and it's different from the other sites in that we have three individual sites all located at different elevations, almost giving it different microclimates. So we have something called the Old Vicarage site which has Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman hilltop settlement. We have Shorecair which is a Bronze Age burial site and we have Mella Mill which is very different. It's an industrial period mill that was burnt down in 1890s. So what we've done is we've created some use cases which is parts of the site that we are interested in monitoring and protecting. In terms of the Old Vicarage site we have two use cases, we have the Iron Age Ditch which has been exposed on your right hand side there and that's been left open for the public to view and is now a threat to weather events as I'll show you in a minute. And we also have a reconstructed roundhouse that was built in the 2000s as part of another European project. At the mill site we have the entire foundations of the mill which have been excavated and recently landscape to allow people to visit. And here we're focusing on the Wellington wheel bit which is here and the seam engine beds which are here. And then we have the Bronze Age burial at Shorecair which is on top of a hilltop. And then attached to that we have some scenarios. So I won't go into the more in detail what we're concerned with from the start of the project was prolonged periods of low temperature and how freeze thought action would affect the masonry at the mill site. And we're also really concerned about flooding from heavy precipitation events into the future. This isn't to insult your intelligence. I'm sure you all know the difference between weather and climate. But I put this in because it was very difficult to explain this to pilot site, to cultural heritage asset owners and also to the technical partners within the project. Another thing that was difficult to get across was that climate change wasn't only looking at temperature, we were concerned with things like precipitation, especially the frequency and the magnitude and how that might affect flooding into the future. So from the scenarios we selected some climate indices and we did this with ZAMG which is, I'm not sure on the German name but it's the Austrian Weather Service. And they took our scenarios and created some climate indices and the one I'll focus on here is Freestar which is the bottom there. So we said we were concerned that Freestar may increase as a result of climate change thinking that the extremes of both end of the spectrum would be worse. So we thought it would be warmer and colder. And we defined that as the number of days for which minimum temperature is minus 2.2 and the maximum temperature is zero. So what they did is they got the data from the Met Office for the Manchester Airport region from 71 to 2000 and used that as our baseline. And they run a climate model simulation on the historic data to confirm it was correct and then they ran it into the future for the period the middle of this century. And they asked me to include this because it's important to get across to the site managers that it's just a projection, not a prediction. So this model was then downscaled to focus on the North West of England and we used multiple models and used the average of the results. And the projections are based on RCP 8.5 which I'm sure you know is the worst case scenario. So looking at the baseline data, in the North West UK around Manchester the average summer temperature is 16 degrees. The average winter temperature is 5 degrees. Summer days which were defined as days in which temperature was greater than 25 degrees Celsius. There was 8.6, freestyle days which are days in which minimum temperature is minus 2.2 and maximum is zero. There were 14.5 days and consecutive frost days there were 8.6 again. Really quickly looking at the data. So as expected we think temperatures will rise by about 1.5 degrees. That's nothing special, kind of expected. But this was what surprised us for the Manchester pilot site is we were expecting freestyle days to be significantly worse into the future. But actually we're going to have a huge reduction of 50% of freestyle days for the North West of England. Which means that the mill site into the future might actually be easier to manage. This is included because summer days are due to increase by 65%. But the important thing to remember is that in Manchester in the North West of England we only have about 8.6 days per year summer days. So a 65% increase in 8.6 days isn't that much. In terms of the precipitation results then, the total rainfall, annual rainfall is 800 millimetres. Wet days per month we have between 10 and 14. And heavy rain days, which are days in which rainfall is greater than 10 millimetres, there was 20. And very heavy rain days there were three. That's rainfall greater than 20 millimetres. The longest wet period in the baseline was 16 days and the longest dry period was 30 days. We couldn't say for sure whether precipitation would increase into the future. There was no signal in the model. But what we could say is there'll be a 10% increase in heavy precipitation days. Into the future then, at the minute we're monitoring the sites with some inexpensive weather equipment. As that's part of the project's aim is to make sure that small scale sites can afford to do this. So we've got three Davis Fansage Pearl II weather stations installed at the sites. And they will be left running into the future in collaboration with Salford University. We also have some environmental sensor networks set up which give us temperature data in and around the archaeology at the vicarage site. And we will monitor weather events using laser scanning and photogrammetry to monitor the assets. What we want to get across today then is that there'll be an increase in precipitation days, heavy precipitation days in northwest England. And that's a real concern for flooding. Not so much as bad is that there is no clear signal in precipitation amounts, we can't say for sure. And although it's a 65% increase in summer days, this is from a very low base so actually it won't be that bad so to speak. And what will be good for our site and for the northwest of England potentially is a 50% reduction in freeze thought days. Now I've put this in because I don't want to sound all Donald Trump saying it's not too bad. But we've only taken into account four or five climate indices here. And there's many things that we haven't taken into account. And for example this summer which was very warm in northwest Europe as I'm sure you all know. There was very close to our site, there was more than fire. And this is an example, wildfires are something that in England we didn't bother to even address. We have in the other pilot sites but not in England. So again what we've done is we've provided these results and it's up to site management, sites management and policy makers to take these results and to plan long term measures to protect their cultural heritage assets. And like I say remember that only a select number of indices were used in this analysis. So it's not that wide ranging and more thorough analysis will be needed into the future. Thank you.