one remark about resonance. We briefly alluded to resonance in the previous lecture. We said resonance occurs when there is a coincidence between system and input poles. So for example we could take xn equal to un. What is the z transform? The z transform is 1 by 1 minus z inverse with mod z greater than 1.  Now yz of course would be 1 by 1 minus z inverse the whole squared with mod z greater than 1 and we know the form of yz. The form of yn, yn would be of the form some a0 plus a1n times un. Now it is very interesting. Here is a system where the input of course has a pole located, co-located with the impulse response. It is the same place. If this were to be treated as an LSI system with this impulse response that LSI system is unstable because the input is the impulse response is not absolutely sum above. So it is an unstable system. But what we see is where this instability is manifested. The instability is manifested when we irritate the system by giving it the same input as the impulse response. Otherwise that instability is not manifested in this system. Here you have irritated the system by giving the same input as the impulse response to it. Otherwise the system is unstable but it is an unstable system in a very hidden way. So as I say latent, latent it is not easy to identify the instability in the system. It is a proverbial case where you need to find a cause to irritate the system. That cause is giving the input which is the same as the impulse response. If you give it any other kind of input which is absolutely sum above. For example if you were to give it some other complex exponential sequence not this constant you would find that the output is bounded. If you give it a sine wave as an input starting from some point you would find that the output is bounded. But it is for this troublesome case that the output becomes unbounded. Of course this output is unbounded. Now some people like to call such systems marginally stable. Of course that marginally stable is only an informal term. Now you understand why marginally because you know it is kind of instable in most cases but then it has these troublesome cases where it manifests its instability. Now this idea of resonance is an idea which is used very frequently in analog circles. Resonance happens when the input and the impulse response match. You know and the consequence of resonance is that although the input and impulse response by themselves might be bounded the response is unbounded. In fact this used to happen when soldiers marched across a bridge. This is a common example given. Typically a bridge is constructed so that it remains stable with all its mechanical elements. But there are certain unfortunate frequencies of resonance in a bridge. When a bridge is constructed the mechanical elements could have certain resonant frequencies. And you know when people randomly walk across the bridge there is no problem. None of those frequencies are given in a significant way. But when you have these soldiers marching in strict rhythm across the bridge. If that rhythm happens to resonate with the system frequencies bad luck the bridge begins to oscillate. And the output or the bridge oscillations can grow without bounds and the bridge can collapse. This was observed many times when soldiers marched across the bridge. And people were puzzled why should it happen. When people walk randomly nothing happens. But when people march in rhythm suddenly you have resonance. Yes there is a question. The question is if you have and if the system allows the output to grow without bound where is the question of conservation of energy. Now you know if you look at it that way an unstable system is only a concept. So this question is you know where is the conservation of energy law valid. Well actually yes I mean therefore you know an unstable system can only be approximated. For example if you have a bank account you know you will never put your money into a bank where the bank account is a stable system. You would like your money to grow without bound in principle. But of course money cannot grow without bound. There is a finite limit to the economy of the country. So an unstable system is a concept. You know it operates unstably up to a point. For example when a transistor start getting heated you know and heated inordinately that happens up to a point where the transistor remains the transistor after sometime it burns. Then that system disappears. So an instability is a concept and valid only for a certain time. Anyway with that observation of resonance we conclude this lecture and we shall in the next lecture go deeper into the question of when rational systems are stable and cause. Thank you.


What's going on guys? It's your boy DPJ here today with another Destiny video and today we're going to be opening 9 of Savara's weekly bounties in search of the Icebreaker which can drop from 3 of them. Now before we get into the video, if you guys do enjoy it, leaving a like is much appreciated. Can we reach 4000 likes? That'd be absolutely epic if we could. Let's just get straight into this motherfucker. Okay so here they are. Let's start with the armor. Why not? Okay so I've got the helmets and I got, that must have been another helmet. Let's quickly have a look because that's the only thing that would be full. So I've got two helmets. Like what the fuck? Yes I did indeed. One of them is for sure infusion material and let's check out what we get from the third bounty. Please give me the icebreaker. No!   I mean no one I've got on ate too bad so. Oh okay so we've got Shawshark. We've got Zen Mormon. We've got Fidin' Frenzy. We've got Lightweight, Hand Loaded and the Hutswap. Not too bad. Now excuse my throat. I think I've come down with a flu. I don't know.  He's bonged up my throat so I don't know. But what I'm gonna do guys is now I'm gonna switch to my Titan and open these packages on him and hopefully we have better luck. So I'll catch you guys back in a quick second. Okay guys so I am on my Titan and let's get straight into it. Make sure, yes I am a full home. Is that a Margo Lube though? Ain't even special to be honest. I just start at hands on a 400. Yes indeed. So let's start with the Armours. So we get the Dickard helmets. We get their gauntlets which I think I have already and we get... Yes! Ice Mother Bucket! Oh finally let's quickly grab my ornaments. They are on my Hunter. I can't believe it.  I'm so happy. You don't understand. This is... I said on my last video I was missing an ex... Well I wasn't missing an exotics. Well I'm missing a year-two icebreaker.  What is this on here? It is the Dune Maker and the Nano Hearts. So I know I've got both of these things. Let's switch just to my Titan. Yes transfer one and we'll transfer you as well while we're here. There we go. Let's put these bad boys on. So there we have the Dune Maker which I like that one. That's the one I like. I think it looks different. And then we got the Nano Hearts which also looks pretty cool. Not amazing. Could be made better but not bad whatsoever.  Finally! We've got the Harmit which I already have which isn't as good as the one I actually currently have. So that will be infused and I also got the Gauntlet which I already have. Which are slightly... well you know... actually they're better. Increase my attack speed. But yes what I'm gonna do now guys is I'm gonna switch to my Wall. I can see if we can get the icebreaker again. Imagine that. So I'll get you guys back in a quick second. Okay guys so I'm on my warlock. Let me double check I'm still recording because knowing me I pressed the wrong button so many times. Yes I am.  Can I get... can I bag myself two icebreakers within the same week? Now that will be lucky. Let's start with the armors first. We get the Harmit which I don't have. Not bad. I've got the chest piece which I don't know if I have on that. Let's go with Oh no but I got an Audi R. Shit I got an Audi R. Damn. Let's have a look at this. Let's have a look at... oh I've got one there as well. Okay. That one come from my Fang Guide package today. The Longview SLR10 isn't a bad scope to be honest. We've got Gorilla Fighter, we've got Speed Rear Lord, Injection Mode and Small Boar and Unflinch. You know that ain't too bad. Let me double check what was on my other one. I can't remember.  You know what actually this one's probably better. This one's probably better. But yes let me just quickly take a look at them because this arm is actually great armor. Do I have it? Yes I do indeed. There it is. But hey this one's much better. Much better. But yes guys that is it for another Savala Weekly Package Opening. I finally got the Icebreaker. I can't believe it. I am super happy. Let me know down below in that comment section if you guys have the Icebreaker. Thanks as always for stopping by and I'll catch you on that next one. Peace out until next time. Peace!


Felly, dechreu. Felly, rwy'n fawr. Felly, ydych chi'n trafnodd y mewn fawr i'w 22 yr yma... .. ddim yn llawer o fynd i'w ffilm bwysig y BBC. Be'n defnyddio i'r cyffredigau eu bod oeddiol... .. oeddi'r cyfrifwyr o'r cyfrifwyr. Efo'r cant yn y gweld yn y lleidio i'r ymddai a'r llwyso arall... .. yn y leidio a'r lleidio i'r cyfrifwyr a dwi'n cael ymwysig... .. oedd yn ychydig i'r cyfrifwyr i'r cyfrifwyr i'r cyfrifwyr. However, one of the things I have learnt is that if truly want to experience wilderness, you have to venture very far from the comforts of civilization. That is certainly something I have been doing for the past eight years as I directed the programmes on mountains and ice worlds for Planet Earth and then went on to series produced Frozen Planet. Of course it goes without saying that one of the biggest challenges of working in the polar regions is the cold. People ask me what does that feel like. Os ydych chi'n gweld y cwp ddechrau'r ffordd yw'r air ar y bwysig, mae'n dweud y bwysig yn gyffredig, fel y bydd yn maen i'r gweithio. Felly, mae'n gweithio'r commentary cymdeithas mewn ffordd am ysbryd yn cynyddiant ar y cyfrifreddau, ac canwch dweud y pwg yma, fel y bydd yn y bryd o'r dyfodol, mae'n gweithio'n gweld y bydd yn cael eu cyfrifreddau, a'n gyfrifreddau a'r wych yn gweld o'ch cynnig yma, ychydig i'w gweld i'r cyfnod ymlaen. Felly, ei bod yn ymlaen i'r topfynu ar gyfer pola. Felly, ydych chi'n gwybod ar y ddechrau, rydych yn ymlaen i'ch mwyfio'n gweithio'n gwybod. Felly, yw'r gweithio'r cerdd yn ymlaen i'r gweithio'r gweithio. Pola ymlaen i'r ddweud yn ymlaen. Mae'n ddweud yn ymlaen i'r ddiadwyr yn ymlaen. Ond rwy'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, o mi yn y helicopter, ble oes ei ddyn nhw'n gweithio hefyd oes o hyfrydd am gweithio yng Nghymru felly i'w gwawnt o y Pwyllfa Newydd sy'n gweithio. Ysgol y gallwn o'r gweithio allun oall o'r hyfrifi ac mae'r gwahadau yn gweithio eu gwahanol. Felly, rydyn ni eisiau cydyn nhw'n cyhoeddon o hefyd o'r gwahau yng Nghymru. Mae'r由ach yna o appetite i hwnnw, sydd y yr hyffordd o'i ddifyn nhw, fel spoileronod, ac mae'n gwneud gallwch chi oedd yn yr arly iawn y nôrwydian artych yn y middl o'r wynt. Mae'n 30 oes bwysig freqwyr yn y 24-hawr ymgyrch. A'n dweud o'r cwpl eu cyflwyno, mae'n ddysgu'n ei ddweud o'r awlant sy'n cyffreddau cyddiadol. Mae'n ddweud o'r ffawr o'r cyflwyno, ac mae'n ddweud o'r ffawr o'r cyffreddau o'r cyflwyno. Mae'n ddweud o'r cyflwyno... Mae'r ddechrau, a mae'n ddweud o'r cyflwyno o'r marx. O'r relif yn y—'en amser ffyrdd yr unig yn aelodd y bair yn ddiwedd o'r t paymentau lŷu'r rai ar gyfer y dal. Cymru, rydym yn mynd i gael y gysylltu'i cwylwch ar y cwymysgwyd. A rydym yn y bwysig sydd yn bwysigwyr ffrise gysylltuчикu. Mae'names yn gwneud ei gael yn unig o'ch lle ffordd. Mae'r ffordd o bobacholau rai, holl ddechrau, bwysigwyrhau, gyda'r chyfaf, ond rydyn ni'n dod i'r gyffredig. fe was much more important to do in England than to suddenly discover it didn't work when you were for example, diving under Antarctic ice. Na, my next great tip, is make sure that you're surrounded by people that know more than you do. And in the Arctic that involves going to the indigenous people, many of whom still work on the land and sea, as they have done for generations. Their knowledge of the ice in the wildlife is second to none, but I have to say, I have slightly less respect for their culinary traditions. I was forced to eat walrus in testing that had been buried underground for six months until it was thoroughly fermented and had the taste and texture of the ripest blue cheese that I've ever tasted, not a dish I'd recommend. Now Antarctica is completely different. It's so remote and inhospitable that it has no indigenous population. So here, just getting there, you have to rely on some extraordinary resources. We were very lucky to have a Royal Naval Icebreaker on hand for us to cross the roughest sea on Earth. Once we were there, we were in the hands of America, thank goodness, with the National Science Foundation, and it was just as well because Antarctica is the coldest, driest, windiest and highest continent on Earth. And I was to experience the power of these elements at first hand when I took this shot. As you can see, these are actually hurricane-force winds, the fastest on Earth, pouring off the ice cap. They lifted up our helicopter and tossed it around as if we were in a tumble dryer. My normally stoic British pilot at this point announced that he doesn't know what was in charge of the helicopter, but it certainly wasn't him. I was very relieved to be working with such an experienced pilot at that particular moment. So my great goal was to try and retrace the route of the great explorers like Scott and Shackleton and film the amazing journeys that they made. They had to tackle this, the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, a range that probably few of you know but actually rivals the Himalayas in scale. And for me, the most moving moment on this entire series was when the Beardmoor glacier opened up in front of me. This glacier is 100 miles long and riven with crevasses so deep they could have swallowed our entire plane. At that moment I looked down and was moved to tears to think that those men crossed this on foot. And it's amazing to think that it's only 100 years since Scott and Amundsen were the first humans to stand at the South Pole without any of the aid of all the technology and the training that my team benefited from. So I think I'd like to just finish with the idea that I think we need to look to this group of in those days men and now women and realise that they absolutely have set the stage for all the exploration and the science and the kind of filming that I do at the extremes of our planet. And I think they also taught us one lesson that it is perhaps the power of the human spirit that is ultimately the best survival aid of all. Thank you very much.


Hi everyone, Sean with jaspyscasebreaks.com here doing jaspys20box hail mary football mixer random team edition where We're giving away 10 jerseys as well as part of the 20 boxes. So the way this works 10 jerseys jaspys20box Hail mary ran team. There's the case of jerseys back there 32 spots only gets a random team at NFL no vet commonship full 10 box case of jerseys I'm gonna start ripping right here on the top camera above Sean's head College rules on jerseys goes to team currently on if active goes to team played for longest if retired So on and so forth. So here's a list of boxes and they are all here confirmed by Joe So here's our list of customers from fory down to Adam and Our teams from the Cardinals down to Washington football team dice world randomized both lists and pair them up One of the six seven times Seventh and final time on the names from Jesse down to Stewart seven times on the team Seventh and final time from the Patriots down to the Packers seven times seven on that Seven on that and there you go. So let's make this easy enough for everybody to see Well, Jesse way bright with the Patriots Corey Conez echo with the Chargers Nick Stover with the Browns Mark Nation with the Broncos Reno Gantel with the Saints J goings last spot mojo with the Colts Barry Roberts with the Bears Alan Murdoch with the Jets Corey DeRall with the Lions Matt McLaughlin with the Seahawks Johnny Hoates Steelers Anthony Venterino with the Titans Kevin Revis with the Washington football team Adam Kuperman with the Raiders J goings with the Texans Terrible Ray J goings of the Texans Anthony Chan with the Cowboys Josh Melton with the Chiefs Joseph Begornia with the Buccaneers Adam Kuperman with the Jaguars Corey DeRall with the Panthers Matthew Hedges with the Rams Kyle Koch with the 49ers Benjamin Schweiger with the Bills Kevin Miakawa with the Ravens Brett Smithson with the Bengals Kevin Revis with the Falcons Levi Johnson Cardinals Alfonso Mendoza Vikings Adam Kuperman Giants Tom Jones dolphins Matthew Hedges Eagles Stuart Vaughn Packers So there are trades Kyle's got the 49ers up for trade Anthony's got the Titans up for trade Ben's got the Bills up for trade Also it's Cook bro, did you call him Poch? I heard you just say Poch I did Just have some respect for our customers Damn it, Kyle Oh Kyle's in the Chats of the same thing One of these days One of the best So Just leave it here We'll give it a little bit to the trade window and then I'll have all these boxes open Cool, thanks dude We're all gonna do the next So now you can all see who everybody has So Niners Titans Bills all up for trade Barry's offering bears for Niners to you Kyle I remember the uh for this first contenders and score group right here are from uh Retail Packs, Hanger Packs It's a little piece of wondering How come there's no autos? Yeah Washington are Falcons for Niners Kevin's asking Give it another 40 seconds Kyle says no on those offers Another 30 seconds guys Titans for Niners or Bills Coming down to the last 10 Kyle stays with the Niners And trade window posts The Elite is also Elite Extra or Elite Football is also Retail Donner's Optic Football is Mega Box The Prism is a no-huddle and everything else is more mild This is all one? Yeah, that's all one so it's one uh, it's one of those white boxes.  Good luck everybody try lots of tried to trade couldn't trade mojo Going out to all you TTC Try to trade no TTT CT TTT M TTT CTM Right try to try to trade couldn't trade mojo.  We're giving you your contenders and even with goth that often going to the Giants Adam Kaufferman They're not winning their games in a sexy way, but they're garbage Uh, you got there gonna be Marquise Blair and DK Metcalf round numbers Seattle Seahawks Matt McLaughlin How long before how long before the chargers like move out of so far? I mean as soon as uh, the samueles, uh, the spanuses and uh, ardy marino build a football stadium They should actually they should I that's actually not a bad idea I'm a genie like dual purpose or just night next to each other Just next to each other. Yeah, they got so much land there now since all they now and they now own all that That's actually not a bad idea What do you put in LA? Just just Kyler Murray rookie the year contenders cardinals Levi Johnson Uh, so we're gonna have a bunch of these randomizers with these round numbers rookies tj awkinson Noah phant if they're numbered then we'll go to um Then we'll do a separate randomizer, but for these ones we'll do left right based on the back So if the left one then these would go to the lions right one they would go to the viking. I mean to the uh broncos So you'll see a bunch of those throughout Me coal hardman the green parallels or retail, uh, rookie the year contenders. That's for the chiefs and josh melton Gary jenny jr We're hoping for the other seahawks Rookie wet receiver. Uh, so here's another one. Don't forget rams raven. Kyler Murray Dwayne haskins. I think they're a pretty different team from last year actually Who we talking about rams? Yeah, they're better randy was saying that no, they're a better team Yeah, I think they're a better team than last year But they still have God awful jurid goff as a quarterback And that guy can't run it read a defense for the life. So DK Metcalf, that's the one we're looking for Seahawks Matt McLaughlin another randomizer That's the problem.  What was it? What until certain amount of time on the clock in the could this the headset thing? Yeah I mean, I wonder though There must be other quarterbacks No, I guess not. No, he's he's bad. I mean, I think I think I think uh, well, it was going so well. I think they didn't go away from it, but I think that just doesn't do goff any favors. What the him him not reading it. Yeah, not reading defense is like Yeah, mcvay.   I still think he'll have a good future My brother who is a stealers fan would actually like to see him go to the stealers All these tom brady's do ship No Carson haskins oh haskins. Yeah, so brady the patriots jesse wibb right Mahomes also ship chiefs Uh, that's for you Somewhere on there josh mountain All right, so I left the the one pack Ones kind of in their own boxes right here so you can unbox so don't forget about the the jerseys over here If I forget I keep to keep them all right I'm gonna sleep every sleeping a new one every night for the next week and a half patrick mahomes going to the chiefs again Uh, josh melton You say that but now i'm gonna forget don't let him forget patrice jesse wibb right the chat it's your responsibility You're responsible for me until joe gets home josh melton Uh, is it too heavy? If they fall I suggested not putting them on there No, that's fine. I'm joking My engineering degree says that it's fine tom brady patriots jesse wibb right Was it was it the was the specialty in balance engineering? No, actually I don't have an engineering degree You know, that's why I made up a fake engineering. It's economics All right, so what's the cost benefit of this standing over here? Um, what's the cost of the case?  I think this is good as long as I don't think it's gonna tip over No, it's good It's the safety. I mean you've got the handle which is the big part And it's it's got plenty of it's not heavy enough to tip over the card. No, we're good Max 500 pounds, I think we're saying Chat saying so we're good. Okay, so that was the contenders Retail put these all right here. So don't forget to do that randomizer We're all those uh Anybody in here of patriots truther? They were all over the place last weekend saying oh watch out for the patriots Did you say on the back? They don't okay um Hey, how do you want to do? I mean, obviously if there's any like highlight ones all write them out, but But they don't have team Yeah, so should we print out? I know should we print out a checklist for this or what? No I don't know just just set them set them aside It's sort them out into a different pile. Okay, so that way it'll be easier to identify the teams Brady patriots jesse waybright. Oh, there's a lot of these Sake one new york giant adam coverman the chronology and super jumble is also behind me Okay, cool Brady again for the Patriots But Sammy D New York Jets Alan Murdoch Another Brady one of the Patriots terrible person I'll just not even say his name Mahomes One of the chiefs Josh Melton Brady patriots Baker Cleveland Brown's next over mohms to the chiefs We're just doing that the base heavy stuff up front guys so we can save all the goodies till the end I Christian I'm not sure what you're talking about If I I just got on but I would suggest read the the description of the break I'm gonna assume that it describes whatever you're asking If anybody knows what they're asking You can give a little bit of shine a little bit of light for them Much appreciated because In the middle of a break Don't have the ability to really look it up and kind of guess Or figure out what it is Lociento Tom Brady for the Patriots Brady again I Then I can ask later and find out Hey Joe real quick offhand do you know what's up something about a Don Russ football break three teams? What do you serve at Don Russ football? No clue. What's happening? I was like what? We don't have a Don Russ football break Christian. You must be confusing us with someone else. There you go Do we have a Don Russ football break on the side? Oh never mind it says it helps fill prison pick a team nine filler So you get top three in there. You're in the other Oh, oh, yeah, I see I see there you go. Thanks. It's not teams. It's spots and reino. There you go Yeah, it's a filler so that Don Russ pack Gives away three spots in the other filler where you're guaranteed a random team Which fills prism pick your team number nine. So what team it is? There's a few layers there If you look at the team random Page which is I think the straight-up spots in the team random Which are the products are right next to each other if you go to the if you click that you'll see what teams are involved in prism nine There's no Don Russ big honor. Yeah, I was like, oh I was like, what? Yeah I was like, do we have a team random up for Don Russ? The Don Russ fat pack. Yeah So yeah, it's a it's a it's a couple layers, but It's like an onion. Yeah, it's a little like an onion. But basically if you got layers Because the team because the team random is 12 spots We only randomize your names and then match you up with a team Josh Allen Buffalo Bills Benjamin So basically if you win spots in the Don Russ pack break the three spots in the pack break You're pretty much guaranteed a team. It's a could be anywhere from dolphins to that was a Shrek reference Wait, what was it's like an onion. Do you do not watch Shrek? It's like an onion and that's a Shrek reference That's like saying I guarantee you people Hello, no, you don't remember that from the grandfather. No, I guarantee you people in the chat get that as a reference from Shrek You need to watch Shrek more often. Yeah, I'm a disney guy. Not not a dream works guy You know where disney picks our family I know we're we're disney picks our families on Kyle you got the reference though. See he got it Hmm, that's how it's a very it's a very minnesota is all about it's a very big reference Is it really yes? Yeah, I've seen Shrek like once you need to watch Shrek more often Baker Mayfield Cleveland Browns over no Well branch out. It's not all about disney.  It is my life Pixar star wars marvel. What else do I need? And see FVS. Brandon said it's a good reference not just a he got the reference said it's a good reference Sam darnold jets Yeah, you set it up. I thought you set it up for me to do that. I was like, whoa I get to do a Shrek reference Any day? I'm glad you I'm glad you took it and ran with it. I did That's what she said um He didn't know What do you mean he didn't know? No, that's that's ron howard doing the narrator. Oh That's ron howard doing the rest of the narration Trying to think what else? Oh, um I'll say kwan all bowman draft breaks All bowman draft and pick your team breaks $150 break credit giveaway. Oh, yeah tonight only 250 to 150 sorry 150 three winners of 50 three winners of 50 And that last twice for tatsumar has a hundred dollar break baltimore ravens kevin meal cover So so last You'll see Bowman draft pick your teams break credit giveaway 150 bucks and then um and toys for tats and toys for tats has 150 and 100 So a little little extra juice to already good break get wings watch Shrek Brendan suggestion Why is that too late sounds like it's perfectly reasonable time If you leave tomorrow for dinner, it's so messy though You gotta get boneless and use a knife of forklifts. What?  I can't handle stuff that has uh bones in it It makes me feel uncomfortable. Is that weird you are? Yeah, it makes me feel like an animal That's why I don't like this I'm just like oh This is how bubble would eat uh optic 200 years ago. I want to say this is 17 18 17 Mika Fitzpatrick hollow No, I think this is this is a uh, uh, josh allen year Yeah, 17 18 Or 18 Because he's the he's their picture boy It's just their picture. Yeah Uh, Mika Fitzpatrick, Miami Dolphins, tom jones hollow courtland Sutton red yellow I just assumed this was 16 I saw a golf picture He sucks when it's 2018 He's the worst Michael gallant rookie. Oh, there you go. I'll bet if karsten was oh, oh, yeah, that'll work here. I forgot about that Jackson Baltimore ribbons kevin miakawa Um Not the best just the heads up if golf wasn't If karsten was doing decently, I'll bet it would be golf getting all the criticism You know from like that class Because they're right next to each other, right? Uh, yeah, it wasn't uh, karsten was drafted like fourth, I think after Goff's number. Yeah, same class though, right? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, I think that'd be like of the cubies of that class He will I mean he was getting that that last year before yeah before wence decided to take all the pressure off of him By being a turnover machine this year dj chart jaguars. That's going to adam kuperman the 80 the 900 sacks though doesn't help Well, yeah, but Do you know how to tuck the ball when you get tackled? Run for your life the entire time All right. Yeah. Yeah, because I can pull one out of there kevin I think that's it All right, good work, son. I'll see are the packs for that reachable For what for that optic because that corner? kevin asked if I could send them one If not, I'll dig for one afterwards I saw the box. So I thought that maybe the packs were on top still Isn't that number on the stamp on the box more important? It's a pack and one if there's a stamp Thanks, joe sake one rated rookie for the giants That's going to adam kuperman Thank you, sir A lot of that with the number stamped in there. Yeah, the pack with the UPC. Unfortunately a lot of these are like that Donald rated rookie for the Jets Go on Alan Murdock. He's out. Thanks, dude. I'll see you tomorrow. Yes Yes, you will Anybody think sam darnold good fit in dallas? That's why I was saying Walter doesn't look pretty. That's for sure Same corner on all of them too Unfortunately No boy knows No chase It's this monday Yeah Because today's the 10 11 12 13 14th One on a certified kevin. I've got stamp pack All uh, I'll tag that with yours darnold's a good fit. I don't think darnold's issues were Him more than so than the jets being the Jets Debo Samuel to 3.99 49ers kyle cook chase winovich to 3.99 for the patriots jesse waybright rod smith mirror signatures to 75 devor broncos mark nation davante adams to 35 Packers steward von adrian peterson to 450 washington kevin rebus I had to think about it I put a lot of thought in that cow. I was like hopefully I have to say his name a thousand times during this break And every single time I get it right Up until the big hit and then I just butcher it for you Rod steward was incredible Tyron smith to 2.99 dallas cowboys anthony chan rishon gary to 99 for the packers steward von benny snell to 2.99 for the stealers and johnny ho mohomes seal approval for the chiefs josh melton jason taylor to 3.99 going to the dolphins tom jones sterling shepherd to 450 For the giants and adam cupburn. It's true. I never say last names on there I give people anonymity It's a fun word to say just enough anonymity Elite let's go elite. Yeah, well congrats kyle I did two and a half years People are like, isn't it difficult? I was like, no I think the biggest thing for me was just don't change what you do Just change the things you do when you do those things Like don't remove yourself from the fun Uh patriots jesse waybright How's it going mason? Elite coverage odell beckham jr for the giants adam cupburn Carson wands Maybe not on the highest point right now in his career. Matthew hedges What happens with him With carcin Do you know what's gonna happen there? It's still limited it's in three different stacks Always good always To Washington I could see the raiders going for him kind of tyron matthew to 75 chiefs josh melton Oh, did we get one? Oh, it's relic 199 rookie phenoms for the seahawks Matt mclaughlin We got a lot of uh, who am I to play for those jerseys Very nice john randall 39 out of 49 Limited membership holofame signatures for the minnesota vikings and olifonzo mendosa no Russell wilson does not sign a lot, which is why his value is uh Always very high. We got a redemption Get your guesses in this is uh 2019 draft class Two most common ones. I can remember drew lock devin singletary. I'm gonna guess Oh and uh david montgomery.   No playoff. I agree. Let's go Raiders kevin sain playoff Kyle should know mason sain no stew sain. Yes Let's look at playoff standings as of right now waltz is saying negative. I like that Because remember what is it this year? It's top seven right get in and one by week It's a type of girl we're the best, but okay um So currently in the seventh in afc Colts What do we think on the Colts? No huddle russell wilson going to the seahawks matt mclochlin brandon graham no huddle for the eagles Matthew hedges brandon cooks no huddle blue to 79 houston texans j goins We're saying yes on the Colts. I like that um Dolphins are we saying dolphins are going to hold on darren waller no huddle raiders adam coverman apparently chat does not believe they're a playoff team densel mim for the jets bobby wagner no huddle for the seahawks dk metcalf all out for the seahawks matt mclochlin So we're saying yes on the dolphins okay ravens a japanessa marshawn latimore red to 50 for the new orleans saints and reno kantel Say no on baltimore Okay Let's go to the nfc So we're still thinking the browns neutral So are we thinking the browns hold on to it compared to ravens I don't know Ravens is kind of hard. I actually have the ravens beating the browns this week in our our pick them devin assi assi Levy on bell no huddle kandith murray for the chargers And our auto zak von New Orleans saints reno kantel cj henderson going to the jags daniem andola blue to 79 For the lions cori doral So kyle saying yes on the browns. walter saying yes on the browns Okay, so it looks like afc. Everybody's kind of sticking with the way it's supposed to go Right, but it is only top seven that go this year, right because the one additional Okay, let's look at nfc Vikings That's what we'll start right in the middle Denzel mim's emergent no huddle Going to the jets alan murdoch Kyle's saying I hope no they choke round one Aaron donald no huddle fernay jennings going to the patriots patrick mahomes kinsu chiefs uh, josh melton henry rugs My apologies to the raiders. I did not do that out of spite. Uh, that's out of 79 That's going to adam cupperman Clyde edwardsy lair for the chiefs josh melton aj green no huddle Cincinnati bangles Brett smithson antonio gandy golden washington kevin rebus brine edwards rookie no huddle for the raiders adam cupperman Jalen hurts philadelphia eagles matthew hedges Okay, so it doesn't look like we have a lot to say about the vikings cardinals It's currently out on the tiebreaker quinnan williams 235 For the jets alan murdoch brandon iuk for the 49ers cam acres emergent no huddle best, uh, hundreds over 160 yards today pretty impressive That's going to the rams matthew hedges. I dropped him in our fantasy probably three weeks ago Jake from buffalo bills michael thomas fireworks And there's our negative refractor good timing on that as well cam acres los angeles rams matthew hedges 171 yards even better There you go matthew Kyle dugger for the patriots alshon jeffrey red to 50 eagles matthew hedges josh wikelly for the chargers Who are the best team ever lamar jackson? jason for washington So kyle saying unfortunately no on the cards Uh tampa I have tampa I forget who they play this week. I have tampa losing I think I have minnesota winning Is tampa playing minnesota this week? kevin says yes on tampa kyle says yes on tampa Who gets the do you think do we think noraleens holds on to the buy? No Let's do playbook Cortland Sutton relic to 199 for the denver broncos mark nation Uh, I think this week they're still rolling with uh With tasim 44 out of 99 mike evans tampa bay joseph begornia ryan carrigan 12 out of 249 jersey and auto for washington kevin rebus Get the buy lose in the divisional tony says and our booklet One out of 125 eastern stick won off the jersey number there Currently a backup eventually will be a starter somewhere I believe in you easton Los Angeles chargers cori conez echo What's that that over here? I got to get a booklet for you on that holder Who's on the same time I've faced an a tier team yet? Hey, they can only beat the teams that are put in front of them. Uh, what about the buy in the a of c Do we think pittsburgh holds on to it? easton You don't think pittsburgh holds on to the matt ryan go to the falcons And kevin rebus Kyle hates pitt. Well, that's not the answer Kyle The answer is do you think that they'll hold on to it? Not do you are you favorable for this team or not? galaxy gear michael strayhan for the giants adam cupperman That is 74 out of 100 Which is was an auto patrick mahomes eclipse relic candid city chiefs josh melton That is 65 out of 100 dan marino aurora auto For the dolphins and tom jones tom, I like your music Who had three bad weeks we're talking about pittsburgh Even if they had three bad weeks they still ended up with the win on two of them, right? Bryce love rookie patch auto or rookie jersey and auto washington kevin rebus and Melvin, gordon purple for the chargers cori kono zaco That is 20 out of 75 and Nice die cut 15 out of 75s josh jacob's That is rookie josh jacob's too It's going to the raiders adam cupperman Nice card Like I said not favorable to them, but he's pretty good Uh immaculate coming up next And then That guy the big box of goodness So who do we have who do you think pittsburgh loses to for the rest of the year? I know they actually have a harder Path than the chiefs So immaculate collegiate college rules apply obviously You know how that works the current team If playing if no longer playing team they were with the longest so on and so forth Kyle doesn't like the Brendon says they lose the browns Starting with joe nameth Two out of 25 new york jets alan murdoch Guerrero says buffalo So you think they lose they're playing buffalo this week, right? Barry sander six out of 99 going to the detroit lions cori doral And do we think kansas city just runs the table? Or does kansas city maybe slip up this week? He did Interesting Why put a full strength team in the final game before play Uh only because if Putting your full strength team into a game gets you earns you a buy That's why if they've locked it up, then yeah, there's no point in putting your whole team on there a j brown 53 out of 99 Tennessee titans anthony ventorino at oliver 22 out of 49 As buffalo bills Benjamin schweiger Right at oliver is buffalo, right? Who was the one dexter lorenz's giants at oliver is buffalo? Yes Do you also know why remember that? Uh, there was a really cool thing. I forget who the guy is Super fan for the bills who passed away right after the draft last year Zack gentry From michigan Don't know where he is, but let's find out. Um, I forget the guy's name, but uh The bills had him Announced the draft pick which was pretty cool. So let's look up jack the zack gentry This is 2019 immaculate cleat drip Gentry stealers kevin says Wish there was some like uh Intermission music I could play for you Let's keep going while we look that up Damian harris 48 out of 99. I know that one. He just played tonight doing the patriots Let's go on a jesse. Wait, right? Who are their opponents brendon? I think I have them losing this week I'm pretty sure I have them losing this week remind me who they're playing And Anthony miller looks like a helmet relic collegiate helmets 24 out of 49 out of memphis finishes it off for us Panthers bills chargers raiders Panthers, I have them as a loss. I'm gonna give them a win against the chargers because I hope the chargers stopped trying to win Um Lost the raiders lost to the bills. So one I'm gonna give them one Zach Gentry is stealers I'm looking at the checklist for this product actually Who is anthony miller? Uh, chicago bears Thank you cow. Cool. So that's the immaculate collegiate Uplast Our case of helmets or not helmets jerseys Let me do this actually So you can get it to pop open that way There we go So one two three four five six seven eight nine ten Okay a bridged version of whom I Because a lot of a lot of jerseys Cool. So we'll probably give it a minute on each one of these this time because it's 10. So I am a current wide receiver I have played for Three teams my entire career Three time pro bowler second team all pro two time first team all american two time first team all pack 10 Uh, I won the pete docan's trophy and the glenn davis award. I have 5,000. Sorry 598 career receptions 10,420 receiving yards 55 touchdowns 1350 Return yards and four return touchdowns. I went to long beach poly second round pick number 49 overall Currently where the number 10 to shonjaxon You can see that the shonjaxon auto there And becket certification Right up there too So philadelphia eagles That is matthew hedges There you go matthew So i'm gonna put the tag for these on the inside of the box on the jersey So it's not gonna get mixed up And i'll go to their rightful homes Uh, I believe so brendan. I believe so So this one Is I believe it looked like college jersey, but No, uh, no contest on who it's gonna go to. Uh, I am a current wide receiver rookie I was a blitnikoff award winner in college consensus all american two-time first team all sec uh national champion I currently have 38 receptions 594 yards and two receiving touchdowns I am from deerfield beach, florida First round pick 15th overall. I am jerry judy Uh demor broncos mark nation see jerry judy right there becket certificate alabama jersey So mark nation there you go mark Let's still we still got time pal. We've got eight more jerseys to go through Oh Well that one got spoiled It's kyle already saw it give me a second i gotta check and see he played at george, right? That's why okay So, yeah, it was todd girly It popped out. Um, it's atlanta falcons So that's going to kevin rebus. Even if it was college jersey would still go to current team So, but yeah, this is uh, I believe this is a mock-up of the falcons current jersey tg3 That's for you kevin. I left Where did I go? So This is number four Not even a halfway point yet guys Where's the name on this? I am a Long retired quarterback Played for three teams in my professional career seven time pro bowler four time first team all pro Most valuable player once Three time nfl passing touchdowns leader one time nfl pass a rating leader seven Touchdown passes tied for the record of seven touchdown passes in a game I'm in One team hall of fame. I'm one team's ring of honor. My number is retired with one team First team all sec quarterback twice To 28,339 passing yards I passed away in 2017 I was 90 years old at that time I was a first-round pick sixth overall in 1948 I'm the subject of probably the coolest football photo of all time Was inducted in the hall of fame in 1971 YA tittle If you don't know what photo it is Let's see right there John unit is Not an arm So giants That goes to adam cupram If you haven't seen the photo of him We actually have an autographed version of it here in the store He passed away in october of 2017. So He's uh, he's been gone for a couple years now Retired offensive lineman First round pick second overall. I played for one team in my entire career.  I'm in the university of michigan athletic hall of fame played 184 career games Started 176 of them played for the rams 12 years I was drafted in 1966. I'm currently 77 years old So it's going to the rams matthew hedges Only team you ever played for tom mac nice old school Hall of fame inscription on the bottom tom mac there becket becket I like As much as I I hate the rams. I do love these old school jerseys are theirs They're very cool There you go matthew congrats And we still have five more to go Yeah, it's really nice And just so anybody wonders why Sean, why do you hate the rams? What have they ever done to you? You know growing up in orange county I was a fan of the rams Then they decided to leave go to st. Louis And they decided to come back and screw the st. Louis as well And they act like You know, we're the team we're the southern california team. It's like nope You had the option of staying you chose not to current player If they're not Yeah, totally understandable but I I didn't hate the rams when they went to st. Louis because I was like, whatever you went to st. Louis I wasn't a fan of them, but I didn't hate them But when they came back and they tried to be like, oh we're an la team Sounds like you guys are dumb current quarterback Super Bowl champion Second team all-pro seven-time pro bowler One-time nfl passing rating leader one-time nfl passing touchdowns leader nfl rookie of the year One an award for the quarterback of the year first team all big 10 second team all acc ACC rookie of the year acc offensive rookie of the year first team all acc acc Current career password rating 101.8 touchdown interception 259 to 79 passing attempts 42 13 passing the solutions 27 41 completion percentage 65.1 passing yards 33 213 rushing yards 4,417 20 rushing touchdowns I was a third round pick 75th overall I'm rustle wilson I'm thinking this is a wisk Honestly, it feels like a like a practice jersey from wisconsin or something I don't think it has a name It's a wiskonson jersey. You can see the w right there I'm gonna leave it in there But you can see the auto right there We were just talking about his auto kevin So authentication. I think this is the rustle wilson Personal authentication right there Yeah, that's him. You can see his number three on there and then the becket authentication there, too I'm gonna leave it alone. It's a practice. It feels like a thin jersey. So it's kind of rolling around in there But seattle seahawks that's going to matt mclochland. There you go matt Nice rustle wilson It's like kevin summons him by by talking about him earlier And how he said that he doesn't sign a lot. So He's got four more to go. I am a retired running back Played for two teams in my entire career three two three time super bowl champion one time super bowl mvp eight time pro bowler four time first team all pro two time second team all pro One time mvp most valuable player offensive rookie of the year Four time rushing yards leader four time nfl rushing touchdowns leader 1990s all decade team hundredth anniversary all time team I'm in this team's the team. I was with the longest ring of honor Heisman trophy finalists SCC most valuable player 18355 rushing yards career nfl record 164 rushing touchdowns career nfl record 4409 rushing attempts career nfl record Yeah, i'm emet smith I'm not too bad Dallas cowboys anthony chan And it is a cowboy's jersey. It's not a cardinals one just in case anybody's wondering He was pretty good, right? I Know the team Uh retired cornerback Played for three teams in my entire career 12 time pro bowl or three time first team all pro 14 four time second team all pro One time nfl interceptions leader 2000s all decade team Uh pro football hall of fame 2019 900 career 908 career tackles Three career sacks 203 passes defended 52 interceptions seven force fumbles I was really really good Played for a team that wore his orange champ baler Denver broncos mark nation Another nice jersey here You see champ becket authentication certificate there as well There you go mark It is always fun But Kyle we still got two more Play into the whistle What's the saying I just made up? Mark's happy I'm a current wide receiver. I've played for one team my entire career I'm super bowl champion four time pro bowler two time first team all pro second team all pro once I was part of the all rookie team 2010s all all decade team 355 career receptions 5194 receiving yards 590 rushing yards 1393 return yards 55 total touchdowns Um I'm very fast I was a Won a gold medal in 2012 barcelona for the world junior champions in track and field And a bronze in 2012 for the 200 meter I am My speed can be compared to a cheetah Play for the can see chiefs I'm tyreek hill Can't see chief josh melton See there tyreek becket authentication and the certificate there. He's really fast On the field crazy player off the field You can have your own opinion Right and last but not least our tenth Jersey and then a recap Oh and a randomizer that left right randomizer I think I only have the one randomizer right the left right That's it A current quarterback I've played for one time one team my entire career I have a career pass rating of 94.2 career completion percentage of 64.8 I have thrown for 23 touchdowns and run for three 3224 career passing yards I was a rose bowl MVP I was a sixth overall pick I'm really good I'm six foot six 237 pounds I've just elite killing machine Justin herbert very nice Nice silver ink auto there herbie to finish it off Let's say that was a pretty good 10 boxes there air bear air bear I want to charge her phones Uh, so Congrats going to the chargers corey konazako There you go corey very nice Cool, uh, let's do the randomizer left right real quick So this left right randomizer is going to be for these cards from contenders it's got uh Two teams on there. We're going to go based off the back of the card So left or right On all of these none of them numbered so they're not going to be separate individual ones But that's how we can decide which team gets those so So left right dice roll or a one and a five six times Six in final time Stays with the left so Those will be going to the ravens The jaguars rams Cardinals and the lions So left on those I'll put a special put those in a bag So if those get to the right places Cool and a little recap So here's some recap of some of the boxes and stuff that we did Debo Samuel patch auto say kwan barkley rated rookie sam darnold rated rookie lamar jackson rated rookie red yellow Uh hunter ren for a redemption not expired John randall limited membership auto to 49 for the vikings rod smith auto to 75 zack bond auto for the saint's ryan carrigan jersey and auto For washington josh jacob's die cut there brice love jersey and auto for washington dan marino auto for the dolphins patrick mahomes relic Zach gentry goes to the stealers damian harris goes to the patriots Ed oliver for the bills aj brown for the titans barry sanders The lions and mr. joe nameth broadway joe for the jets We also had this booklet going to the chargers eastern stick Not specifically the quarterback for the chargers. We were looking for you know, I understand. I like the guy, but There's this new guy in town mr. Justin herbert. Maybe you've heard about him And That's still on so let's go here Well jersey recap There he is Justin herbert for the chargers Tyree kill for the chiefs champ bailey for the broncos and it smith Cowboys Russell wilson wisconsin jersey going to the seahawks It's really thin it seems like it's like a practice jersey of some sort But pretty cool We got five more Tom mac for the rams y a tittle for the giants of new york Todd girly going to the falcons Jerry judy broncos Alabama jersey One of the broncos current team Deshaun jackson Nice eagles jersey there and that is it That was our 10 jersey jaspy's 20 box hail mary football mixer random team from jaspy's case breaks.com. I'm sean Thanks for hanging out. I'll see you next time


to the second episode of Chatloop Backoff. It is February 15th, 2024. This time it is bright and snowy outside.  It's also chilly. It's about 26 Fahrenheit or minus three Celsius. But that's still actually up from, I think it was 15 Fahrenheit, which would be like minus nine and a half Celsius. So this program deep dives into the realms of the cloud native landscape. I'm your host, Jeffrey Seca, but many of you already know me as Geefy. I'm thrilled to have you here this time because today we are focusing on Kate's GPT. It's a newly accepted sandbox project into the cloud native computing foundation. This live stream is a sibling to the similarly named Clashloop Backoff, which is an event we put on at different cube cons. In that event, we picked two community members against each other to accomplish a technical goal of my choosing and it's meant to be a challenge, right? It's meant to be laid back for the audience, not for the participants, but it's generally fun. This stream is more of a self-induced version of Clashloop Backoff, but it's me. I am looking at different projects or techniques or ideas in the cloud native landscape and I haven't done much in-depth research into them. We're gonna sit here and we're gonna learn it together. I like diving into topics with fresh eyes and this is how I would normally learn if I was doing this off stream. So kind of doing this and exposing this, hopefully we can all walk away having learned something new. So a few housekeeping items before we get started. During the stream, feel free to drop questions in chat, I'll get to as many as possible. We are here to try and learn together so if you know the answer or something or I'm stuck and you have an idea for me to try, please speak up. We did that in the last episode and it worked great and I definitely missed something and people helped me out. All that said, this is an official livestream of the CNCF and is subject to the CNCF Code of Conduct. Please do not add anything to the chat or questions that would violate the Code of Conduct.  This video will be put out onto our YouTube channel afterwards so folks that couldn't make it to the livestream can still learn along with us just asyncremously. Before we get started diving into LLMs, couple pieces of news I'd like to highlight from the last week in our little corner of the world. And these links, actually I will show this afterwards, but we have a GitHub repo where I track any of the demos or commands that I ran, utilities that are downloaded. All of that is put into a GitHub repo as well as a summary of what we did. All of these links will be in there as well so don't worry if you're not missing anything. Also a little bit of like pseudo personal news, there is gonna be a cat somewhere here because we let our cat downstairs and she gets full reign of the house and she's more important than this, no offense, but she will be around and she'll probably push the mic over and it'll be a good old time. All right, news time. There've been a couple really solid blog posts actually that have been published on the CNCF blog. I promise I don't just chill CNCF news but these have been really good blog posts. One of them was a deep dive into policy as code in the software supply chain. What they were really diving into was using things like Kyverno to enforce policies but that's kind of, I don't wanna say basic but that's what you would expect. What they really pushed for is how to define policies in like the business landscape and then write those policies and machine code essentially so that the business policies can be enforced. They emphasize a lot about codifying policies and mainly leveraging the open source tools that we have out there for both implementation and evaluation of policies. So I will make sure that link gets dropped somewhere. Similarly, I should have mentioned the policy as code blog post was written by one of our tags or technical advisory groups that was a tag security. Tag storage also wrote a blog post highlighting cloud native disaster recovery and how to do that for stateful workloads. In that they outlined this concept of CNDR or cloud native disaster recovery and they talk about how to essentially track, monitor and evaluate how good you are at the disaster recovery and some, I guess, again, going back to the policy thing. Policies and techniques to try and prevent stateful workloads from just completely getting torpedoed assuming you lose everything in your data center or your cloud. Last but not least, yesterday was Valentine's Day. It was also Kubernetes patch day. So it was patch release day. All of the currently valid and up to snuff Kubernetes versions had patch releases that were cut. Please check the release notes, see what's been updated, see if there's anything that is important that you need to update for. So that's that. Let's now look into what KGPT actually is, what it does and there is a small chance depending on what happens I might actually install it on my home lab and we'll get to kind of mess around with that live. So let me move that there, let me move that here and let's share my screen, screen one, boom. All right, that looks good. Okay, does that look good? I'm gonna say that looks good. I might make it a little bigger. Yep, okay, cool. Like I mentioned, each episode winds up being a folder under chat loop back off and actually while I'm here I will show that really quick. C and C F, C L B O. So under the episodes, we'll have a little read me and it'll link to the YouTube video after the fact, the news that we've talked about and then kind of summary of what I've done and any relevant links. Feels like that's the right way to do this. Also any of like artifacts that came out of it, these were the YAML files that we use to evaluate Gateway API and actually install Gateway API. So we're gonna do something similar here. Ahead of time, all I have done actually, ahead of time, all I've done is installed KHGPT, that's it. So how did I do that? Well, on this machine, I am running a flavor of Fedora Silver Blue called Universal Blue, specifically it's called Bluefin and it is kind of a container-based desktop. It's really awesome, highly recommend folks look at it. But one of the cool things is it actually ships with brew. So all I did was do a brew install KHGPT, it's gonna auto update but boom, KHGPT is installed. And I guess the latest homebrew version was built a month ago, cool. So we've got a pretty up to date version of KHGPT. So let's see if they have kind of a getting started guide. Get it now, yes. So what does KHGPT actually do? Based on what we're reading here and what other people have told me, it uses the power of LLMs and AI, hype cycle, but to analyze workloads within your cluster and to potentially alert if there is something wrong as well as help you debug what is wrong. So if there's like something that is clash loop back, or wow, I fell into my own trap, something that is a crash loop back offing or something that's just throwing an error, it will help debug things to give you something more actionable than, oh, this pod is erroring out. It'll actually give you a bit more info. Codified SRE knowledge, AI cuts through the noise. I know these folks, they're awesome. So I'm gonna trust it, getting started guide. So let's ensure KHGPT is installed, safe to say that's good. And let's connect to Kubernetes cluster, documentation for setting up a kind cluster. I am all about that, so let's do it. Kind is just one of many methods to create a quick end, I won't even say dirty, but a quick and small Kubernetes cluster. There's K3S, there's Minicube, there's kind. There's other projects out there, those tend to be the big three that a lot use. I tend to prefer kind for a couple reasons. One, well, three reasons. One, I know the creator and I'm friends with him. So I'm here to support. But that aside, the Kubernetes project itself actually uses kind for their own CI. So it's the closest, in my opinion, way of getting a vanilla open source Kubernetes cluster running. I haven't looked at Minicube recently, but I know K3S does some different things in order to make it even smaller. But it does change some things like it's not using et cetera D, it's using SQLite and some other things. The third main reason why I like using kind is you can use some of the API machinery like configs, like QBatom configs to pipe those into kind and get a cluster in the shape that you want. Okay, so we have, we have kindKHGPT. We also have kindKind, but I guess kindKind is an artifact from last week. So we're in kindKHGPT. We are in the default namespace. I'll even blow this up a little more just so it's easier to read. Cool. So let's see what's next. View the different commands. I am going to go through this, you know, kind of top to bottom and then we might go off script and now authenticate with openAI. All right, so this does rely on a third party service of openAI. Like I said, I have done no research. I'm curious if there is a way to get it to run off of a local LLM that would be kind of interesting, especially if you're hosting your own, even if it's, you know, a seven billion parameter model. Okay, so I'm sure you've created an account with openAI, generate a token from the backend. So KHGPT generate, let's see what that does. Copy the token for the next step. So it's gonna general, I'm gonna wind up generating a new secret key and then putting it in here. So we might have to go a little bit, KHGPT, a little bit on the other screen. So we're gonna copy this, put that over here. KHGPT auth add. Okay, so you can specify a backend. Hopefully that means what I was saying earlier as possible. AI, model, GPT-35 turbo. Okay, we should be good. So current context, get nodes. Okay, and then we need to create a bad pod. So let's make that YAML really quick. So create a broken pod YAML. Pod has the wrong image tag. Yep, okay. So theoretically we do, oh, GVCNCF, ML code, CNCF, CLBO, 15, bad pod. So bad pod has been created and it should be throwing error image pool. Let's just make sure that we are all on the same page. Error image pool, sweet. So next up it's probably gonna have this analyzed, yep. So let's do KHGPT analyze and see what happens. AI not used, explain not set. Did I miss something? Or is this actually what it should be coming up with? Seeing this command will generate a list of issues. In the KSAR example, a message should be displayed highlighting the problem. Well, let's make sure I didn't screw up adding the open AI off. Off list. Active open AI, okay. Oh, local AI, sweet. So that kind of answered my question from earlier. You can actually run some local AIs. Yay, for local alarms. But it says, AI not used, explain not set.  Okay, so it's just dumping out the basic info, intelligently the basic info of what the error is for the user to interpret. And then if you pass explain, it will actually pipe the error to an LLM and actually read it out. So theoretically, Kubernetes is unable to pull the image due to an error. Verify the image name and version is correct. Yeah, we definitely need to do that. We don't have network issues because if we did, I would not be streaming. And then if the image isn't available, try a different one. Congratulations. You have created a local Kubernetes cluster and deployed a broken pod and analyzed it. That's all I needed. That's all I needed to see. So there's another thing that I'm really interested in. They have an in cluster operator. So this, right now as we're using KHGPT, KHGPT is a tool to help you like a person, an SRE, insert persona here interact with a cluster by hand to help debug it. Does the in cluster operator, well, now I hear the cat crying. Does the in cluster operator do any additional magic sauce? That's the question. Using open AI, create a secret with the token. Heck, let's just add this into kind really quick. Actually what I might do, I might switch over to my home lab and then see if something there is angry. Get pods A, grab V, rounding, grab V, completed. I'm probably making a lot of people upset by typing that. Nope, no Angi pods. So let's get back to the kind demo. All right, so let's install this operator around to R. Kind cluster. So let's add this repo, home repo update, and then we'll just copy pasta the whole thing in. It has been added. So it adds it to the Kates GPT operator namespace. I need to deploy a secret again. So I'm gonna pop that over quick. Just creating a new key to copy, paste. Okay, so secret has been created and then deploying a Kates GPT resource. So Kates GPT, Kates GPT sample, namespace, Kates GPT operator system that we created. Let's go a little off script. Let's do GPT for turbo. I think that is allowed to me. Open AI model list, that's cool. Let's try this one. Secret is done, anonymized false, that's fine. Language is English, that's fine. I'm curious what the CRD like all actually is. Sync, Slack, what? Ooh, now we're looking at cool things. So, reference operator overview, there we go. Can run as a Kubernetes operator inside the cluster provided. Okay, so can you set up in cluster metrics and then anything that Kates GPT like finds, Prometheus can scrape out and throw an alert. I think, I feel like I'm getting off track. I should probably just throw this in there and see what happens. I'm definitely coming back for you though. Cause if we can have it, thanks go pilot. If we can have it dump anything weird that it finds into Slack, like I could, I kind of like that pattern. I'd be curious if there are other syncs that already exist, but we'll dig into that in a second. Let's see if this version is right and up to date. We'll see you get back here. Oh, three, two, six. All right, well let's apply this to our kind cluster and see what happens. So deploy that, deploy to Kates GPT resource. Yay. Out of cluster traffic to AI backends and the above example, enable AI set to true. This option allows cluster deployment to use the backend filter and improved responses to users. Oh, that's kind of neat. So you can prevent it from reaching out to third party like AI services by setting that to false. That kind of makes sense. Local AI and Azure open AI are supported and they're also looking to do kind of a way to serve in cluster models. That's neat. So when you run this, I'm assuming it's creating a result. Well, there's a result CRD and then we can just dump this out and it's gonna give the same thing from earlier. Oh, right. Need to be in there. Okay, so there's the run that we created and with the updated version. So now let's go back and run this. And there we go. So items, a result, name, default, broken pod, namespace, case, GPT operator. Kubernetes can't find the specified engine X image and Docker hub, very similar to what we got before. There is a difference from what we received or got back in earlier when we were just using the command line because that command line was using GPT 35 turbo and we're using GPT four turbo for this broken pod. So I guess my next question is, so it's a case GPT operator. So it's only going to act on new CRDs that are created. So it's not gonna run things automatically. It's not gonna create these new runs on a cron schedule, is it? Which will wait a case GPT resource before anything. Yep, here's the case GPT resource and there are the results. I kind of want to dig into this. This is like, I get the idea of wanting, I get the idea, I'll put it. I feel like this is half done. This has to have some way to on the regular run against a cluster and then give feedback back. Luna, hush, you are not the one I was expecting to be troubled with that. So let's see, is there a separate repo for the operator? Yes, there is. Okay, if you're in scope of managed case GPT workload. On the example, this is, I believe really close to where we were at. Okay, monitor multiple clusters. Sinks. Okay, so there is slack and there's matter most and then setting an image pull secret. Okay, so you can host it yourself. That makes sense. Let's look at the help chart quick. That's probably super small. I just blew up the wrong window. There we go. Super fine controller manager, image case GPT operator. Interesting. I really would have expected this. Oh, that's too small. I really would have expected this to be able to run periodically or run essentially put a watch on all events and then an event comes up that is not expected like error image pull, just outright error. Anything that is equivalent of not exiting zero or running. It would then be able to run and output some sort of report. You know, where y'all's roadmap at? I wanna see if this is on the horizon. Cause this is like, it's awesome. This is a very good example and application of what LLMs can do. Being able to take somewhat nebulous errors and unwrap them, unravel them a bit. But also, I was somewhat expecting this to equally be able to surface alerts and issues as they came up. Charter, adopters list, backends, key features. So data is anonymized before being sent to an AI backend. That's pretty nice. So it won't, okay, that's actually really cool to read. So imagine this is in your cluster and you have pods and workloads and the names of those workloads might indicate something you do not want publicly available. What will happen is it will anonymize any of the relevant information specific to your cluster. I like that a lot. I saw the whole anonymous config option in the YAML earlier and I wasn't 100% sure what they meant. Now I understand and this is really, really good. Imagine you worked at a hospital and a patient comes through and a patient like when think like a research hospital, I guess. A patient comes through, there happens to be like some analysis being done against their lab results. You might actually have the workload name be like the patient's medical record number or something. And you could be unknowingly exfiltrating HIPAA data, which would be bad, PHI, very bad. This, very good. That's awesome. KGPT stores config data in, okay. So when you put your API key in here, make sure it's not like a public computer, please and thank you. Remote caching. That also makes me super happy. So if what this means is if KGPT is running against your cluster and you have 10 of the same error, exact same, it's the same pod, it's the same everything, except maybe the time stamp in the object. It will, you can set up a cache so that every time it's not hitting and consuming valuable GPU resources, aka money. And just return back what it's already gotten back from looking at a extremely similar error. By extremely similar, we're talking the only things that probably it would ignore the unique ID of the object as well as the date of the object. I'm just guessing here, but if like the name, namespace, essentially, you have this holy trinity of how to identify an object. You have kind, you have namespace and you have name. And if there's an error, I'm assuming in those, or if there's an error with that uniquely identified object and the same error is happening, it's just maybe a different time, maybe there's a new version of the object, but it's still the deployment is throwing an error that will prevent you from just wasting money and getting the same information back. Love that. Custom analyzers. Restrake your own analyzer. Oh, this is dope. Okay. Okay, so KGPT can also pipe the data that it gets back into an analyzer that you or other people can write. I really like that. I like how extensible that can be. And I like, I just like the flexibility. There are some times where like me personally, I'll just want to write something custom just to kind of see how things work in the background. And this kind of will let me scratch that edge. Nice. Okay. So remote caching, custom analyzers, boom. But there's not a way to continue, like have it run continually or have it run when it detects or the operator detects an error. Am I, let's look at their features. Clueless event anonymization, deep dive alerts. I wonder if that's also just out of scope of what they're trying to accomplish. Cause it is relatively easy to just create a crown job that would run, well, a crown job that would create the type of run that they would want and the operator would run against that. That's something that I don't want to just sit here on screen and read GitHub issues for too long. So I am going to like do that one offline. But like, I don't even want to know what co-pilot trying to auto complete that too. Actually, that's thank you co-pilot. You're so smart. Look up Alex about periodic runs from case GPT. Cause I feel like, I don't know. I feel like I'm a broken record right now. That functionality would take this to the next level. Not only when something wonky happens with a cluster, it then, hey, we see these pods aren't getting scheduled. Based on the error, we think it's because there's not enough GP resources. That saves an SRE like three or four commands trying to look up the error. Also look at the state of the cluster and try and reconcile the two. Cause that type of error might come up and it'll just say, if there's not enough resources expected and you kind of have to dig a little bit. So what else around case GPT can we show? Integrations. Okay. Let's see what this has. Trivian Prometheus. So case GPT integration activate trivia once activated. It will install the Trivian Prometheus operator into the cluster. Oh, now that's kind of cool. So just out of the box, out of the box. Did it close, closed one extra tab. Out of the box case GPT can install Trivi for you, integrate with Trivi and then you can use different filters out of Trivi and also analyze the output from the Trivi operator. That's wonderful. That's really, really cool. Also being able to just kind of not at a glance but dump all the CVs that were found here is the remediation boom. That's really nice. Now what does Prometheus do? It doesn't just deploy resources in the cluster but it assumes that Prometheus stack is already in the cluster and you specify the namespace. That is a reasonable assumption from installation to otherwise Angie error and then once there, case GPT has access to config relabel, config validate. Okay, so by integration in this case it pulls out your Prometheus config and we'll do an analysis and throw, not throw. If there's something wrong or off with your Prometheus config it'll actually output some meaningful information including how to fix it. I'm down with this. And then again, filters we talked about earlier we can actually write our own filters if we so chose assuming we follow their schema. This is cool. It's not that I'm disappointed, it's just I really think there should be some sort of periodic monitoring with it and maybe that's coming or maybe that is like a feature that vendors will try and bake up. I don't know, but this is awesome. Am I going to install this in my home lab? Probably not. I wind up having only one or two of the same error in my home lab and it has to do with running on kind of old and kind of jank gaming machines from like 10 years ago that I repurposed. So it's like hardware, the machine just kind of dies and then I have to go and reboot it and like that fixes it. So this seems a little a little too much but I'm also very, very excited to see where this is going to be in six months. I was really interested in what they were doing before they joined to the CNCF I'd been following, at least just the project and the project health not using it. Yeah, I can't imagine where they're going to be in six months because I feel like where they were six months ago, they've come a long way already. Of note, they have all their information in their community repo. If you are interested in helping out if you are an SRE that also wants to try and leverage LLMs, this is probably a really good place to look. If you're an SRE dealing with Kubernetes specifically though. Otherwise, I think that's where we're going to wrap this episode.  I will say, thank you all for joining. I will update the GitHub repo with this, today's episode and all the artifacts and links. And I will probably be reaching out in whatever, however and wherever I reach out. If I get an answer, I will update the episode notes with what I get back regarding some form of like periodic checks. So otherwise, yeah. Thank you all for joining. Hope this was useful. It was at least fun for me. So hope you had fun too. Happy Thursday, bye.


Oswald, set to make your first post-season start. What was your initial reaction when Aaron Boone sent that lineup out and you saw you were in there at shortstop? To be honest, it's very exciting for me because my first post-season is for what we worked on. To be here, to work hard, and now it's time to make the most of it and give the best of me.  My first post-season, you know, and just looking forward to contributing. Do you expect there to be nerves, and if so, how do you keep them in check tonight? You understand that you're going to get nervous, and that maybe you're going to get a little nervous in the belly, but if that happens, how are you going to handle it? The truth is that we worked for this, for this opportunity, and now it's time to take advantage of it and give the best of me that this is what we know how to do and at the end of the day, win the team because that's what we want.  I prepared myself very well. I just want to be able to help that team, and at the end of the night, you know, we want to walk away with a victory tonight. Labour City spoke to you. What advice did he give you about tonight? What advice did he give you about Labour, understanding that you have it as a partner? What advice did he give you about knowing that it's your first game for the season? The truth is that he says that the same ball, to be calm, to be calm, to be the same baseball, you know, the most public, the most unique, but in the best way, and nothing, at the end of the day, baseball, you know, that's what we control.  I mean, it's the same baseball, you know. Yeah, we have more fans in the stands. It's probably going to be louder. But at the end of the night, it's the same baseball, the same, we just got to play the game the way we know how to play it. That's a lot of fun tonight. Yeah, thank you.


Namaste, welcome to the fourth session of our financial accounting course. I hope you have enjoyed first 3 sessions and first session 1 and 2 were very much introductory. We had just started what is financial accounting, then we went to understand financial statements particularly the starting point of balance sheet which we saw how it gets emerged from business cycle, we also discussed about what is there in the annual report. In the last session we had started a little detailed discussion of balance sheet. So, I will just go back to the formats which we have seen, those of who have first time seen the balance sheet, this was the short format at one glance to understand what is the balance sheet. On one side we have got assets which provide a list of all the resources with the enterprise, on the other side we have got liabilities. So, liabilities are giving you the providers for the resources or there are internal people like owners who have given us owners funds, there are external people like banks who have given us external liabilities, both are listed under the head liabilities. After this we had started discussion on format as per schedule 6. Now, few of you may be wondering what is this schedule 6 mean, now schedule 6 is a schedule under companies act. So, for all the companies the balance sheet is to be prepared as per this format. Now, under schedule 6 the first item or the first part is I refers to equity and liabilities, that is what we had discussed in the last session, under that you have got one that is shareholders funds, I hope you have understood it, if you have a doubt in anything not only here, but even of the earlier items fees feel free to discuss it on discussion forums. So, the team from IITB would like to respond to all your queries, please be responsive, discuss a lot on your discussion forum. As I have told you earlier, I hope you have decided about your company, download the annual report of that company, look at the balance sheet. As we are studying a particular financial statement, please look at the balance sheet of your company and any doubts you have you can discuss with your classmates, you can also discuss and ask it on to IIT team. We will be responding to each and every question from your side. So, under item number 1 there are 3 sub items, share capital, reserves and surplus and money received against share warrant. So, capital, share capital is a money which is put in by the owners, reserves and surplus refers to the profits which are plowed in, C refers to the money which is collected from certain people and in future they will receive shares, so far they have not received any shares. Such money is shown as money received against share warrant. In item number 2, share application money pending allotment, this is also similar, the prospective investors have paid me some money. Till that time the shares are not yet received, the money is shown under item number 2 that is share application money pending allotment. Once they are allotted it will go in 1, if they are not allotted it will be refunded, that is item number 2. Item number 3 is non-current liabilities, again you have got 4 items, A are long-term borrowings. So, these are the loans taken for more than 1 year, B is deferred tax liability. Now, this is a tax liability, the amount which is to be paid as tax, but not in the current year, it will be paid after 2, 3, 4 years due to certain provisions under tax laws. They are deferred tax liabilities, later on we are going to discuss how they are calculated, but once we complete our balance sheet. C is other long-term liabilities, so other than A and B, if there are deposits received for more than 1 year or if there are some type of salaries which are unpaid for a longer period, they are all shown under other long-term liabilities, then 3D is long-term provisions. So, provisions are those items in liabilities of which the amount is not known with substantial accuracy. So, a provision is created and it is shown under 3D, especially if it is for more than 1 year. The next one which discussed was item number 4, in item number 4A, then item number 4 where current liabilities as the name suggests these are for less than 1 year, so 4A is short-term borrowings, so loans taken for less than 1 year, 4 we are trade payables, so these are various purchases made, but we have not yet paid related to our regular business, so they are called as trade payables. 4C are any other current liabilities, like do you remember any examples? We had discussed outstanding salaries or outstanding electricity bills or outstanding office expenses, outstanding stationary charges, so on, any expense which is not yet paid, but is payable in 1 year, that is other current liabilities. 4D are short-term provisions, so again estimated liabilities which are payable in short-term. So, in our last session we had come up to item 4, this was a quick revision, I am taking revision every time especially in the earlier sessions, but I hope you are attentive and you have understood whatever we have discussed till now. Now let us go to the second part of balance sheet that is known as assets, so these are the properties or these are the resources which are available with the enterprise. In 2, again the item number 1 is non-current asset, as the name suggests non-current means it is for more than 1 year or you can also call it as a long term. In that we have got A, A refers to fixed assets, in A again we have got a small 1 and 2, so A1 is tangible assets, A2 is intangible assets. In our second session we had discussed what is a fixed asset, I hope you remember. So, fixed assets refer to the infrastructure of the undertaking, it refers to those assets which are used for running the business cycle, they themselves do not take part in business cycle, they do not get converted but they support the money cycle, so which are such items, for example we have got land, we may have a building, we may have a machinery, we may have vehicles, they are with us for a longer period, they help us in doing business or they help us in doing our regular activities, but they are themselves are not getting converted, so it is not a stock. So, these are fixed assets, they are of 2 types, one is tangible, the other is intangible, tangible means jisko touch kar sakta hai jo physically existence jiska hai. So, all the examples which we discussed like land building, vehicles, these are all tangible, second one are intangibles, they have no physical existence, but they have a value. So, what are such assets? Can you think of any example? I think all of you use computers, that is all your hardware, but computer has a software built into it, that software you cannot touch or you cannot feel it, but you can see its impact, that is an example of intangible asset. Can you think of any other example? There are patents, there are copyrights, there are trademarks, these all are rights of the company or rights of the owner, but not of physical in nature, it is a intellectual property, all these are examples of intangible fixed assets. This is an era where intangible assets are becoming more important than tangible assets, say 100 years before tangible assets were very important. So, large companies like Ford or General Motors or General Electric were big companies. Today which are the big companies? I think all of you know now it is Google, it is Facebook, it is Microsoft, do they have physical assets? Of course, they have little bit, but most of their assets are intangible in nature. Anyway, this was just for discussion, in general for any company there will be some tangible assets, some intangible assets to be shown under A1 and 2. A3 is capital work in progress. Now, what is meant by work in progress? That means, something which is under construction, capital because it is a long term. So, suppose building is under construction. Right now the building is not ready, but some work is on, we have spent some money to complete it. So, as of now, I cannot show it as a building or as a tangible asset, neither I can show the money paid just as an advance because some work is already happened. That is why it is shown as a capital work in progress. The fourth one is intangible assets under development. Now, what is this? Just like capital work in progress, lot of intangible assets are being created or being developed, but still they are not ready. Like you have applied for patent, but patent is not yet sanctioned, but you have already spent lot of amount on research, then that will be a intangible asset under development. Or for example, you are developing some software, development testing has not happened. So, it is not in the ready stage for use, but cost has been incurred in the development process. That will be shown as intangible asset under development. Now, when you study your company's balance sheet for last 2-3 years, please try to look at item 3 and 4 carefully. Because this year, suppose it is under construction or under development, next year it will be ready and it would have gone into tangible or intangible asset. Because we expect that 1 or 2 years may come pura hoke wo tangibly or intangible hojayaega. Suppose a particular item is shown as under construction for a long period 2, 3, 4 years, then we will have a doubt as to why that item is not getting ready. Is it a fraud to show that item or there are genuine problems if not completing it? Of course, we cannot conclude anything right away, but I am just saying that you can just look at the details of item 3 and 4. Are these items stagnant or they are getting ready and new items are by being newly constructed. Now, this A that is fixed assets has 1, 2, 3, 4. The total of that is considered as a total of fixed assets. Now, the second item that is 1B is non-current investment. In our last to last session, we had discussed a bit about what is an investment. Do you remember? So, if you put in some money outside your business, it is called as an investment. If we construct a building in our own business or we purchased a stock, then that is not an investment. Investment means you have to give it money to some other company or somewhere else. So, can you give examples of investments? So, for example, shares, for example, bank deposits, for example, units of mutual fund. If you invest money with some other company or with a bank, then it is an investment. If that investment is done for more than 1 year, it will be shown under 1B as non-current investment. Some of you may be interested in finance. In future, you might be wanting to do career in finance. You would have heard of terms like portfolio management or stock market, whatever the money you are putting in there, that is all under 1B and there is a science of how that is managed. How do you invest? When do you buy? When do you sell? All those things are studied under portfolio management. Of course, right now we will not go into it, but what portfolio they have, your company has, you can see from 1B. So, when you go to balance sheet of your company, have a look at 1B to understand what type of investments they are making. Now, go to 1C, that is deferred tax asset. If you remember in the last session and even in the beginning of today's session, we discussed about deferred tax liability. Now, deferred means something which is not due today or in the current year, which is due in later years. If it is a liability, it will be shown as a deferred tax liability. This is a deferred tax asset. So, today you will not get the benefit of it. You will get it after 2-3 years, then it is called as a deferred tax asset. Does it mean after 3 years government will pay you tax? Of course, no, government gives you some benefits, which you can use after 2 years, after 3 years, benefit of remission of tax or reduction of tax. That is called as a deferred tax asset. Exactly, we will discuss later on, but if there is any such asset in existence, it will be shown under 1C. Now, the next item is D, long-term loans and advances. Now, what do you mean by loans and advances?  One is loaned, then it will be shown as a borrowing under the liabilities. We have seen it in the last session. But suppose company ne dusre kisko loan diya hai, then to distinguish it from normal loans, we will call it as loan and advance. So, if company gives loan to somebody or advance to somebody, it is considered as a loans and advances. So, in future, if you see the word loan and advance, always keep in mind that it is an asset item. Sir, flow naya to it is a liability. If it is a loan and advance, there is a hint to you that it is an asset. Now, since this is for a longer period, we are showing it as a long-term loans and advance. What can be an example? For example, suppose company gives advance to employee to purchase new house. I mean, housing advance wo ek saal me to apas nahi kar pahega. It may be for 5 years, 10 years, 15 years, then it will be shown as a long-term loan and advance. It can also be a loan or advance given to some supplier for 2-3 years. Let us say supplier wants to buy a new machinery, hum usko help karna chaar hai. So, we will give some loan to be repaid after 3 years, then it will be shown as a long-term loan and advance. Then one E, other non-current assets. So, A, B, C, D, K alawa isko chodke aur koi agar long-term asset hai, then it will be shown as a other non-current asset. So, under item 1, we have discussed whole of long-term assets.  So, in assets, we have got 1 as non-current, 2 as current. I think you all know the definition. These are all going to mature or which are going to be liquidated or converted within a period of 1 year. If you remember in our session 1, we have seen the business cycle. So, business cycle me ka hota hai, mostly it is a exchange of fixed assets. Non-current assets we will discuss or we will deal in them only after 2, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years. But current assets ka transaction, her roj hota hai, her moment me hota hai, they are continuously being exchanged. So, under 2, 1, we have got current investments. I think you remember what is an investment. So, we put money outside our business. It is called investment. Jaise amne bank me FD rakhaan. Agar FD amne 3 mehne ke liye rakhaan, then it will be shown as a current investment. Yaamne shares me invest kiya hai. Lekin 2 mehne me am log wo shares bechne wale hai, then it will be a current investment. Then 2B is inventories. Now, what do you understand by inventory? The other name for is stocks. We might have some raw material. Haan wo raw material ko convert karke finish goods banayenge or we can purchase finish goods. All these taken together are known as inventories. So, these are items which are meant to be converted or sold in our normal course of business, which will be shown under 2B. C is trade payables, sorry trade receivables. We have already seen trade payables under liability. What is a trade receivable? In B2B business, normally when we sell the goods, across the counter payment name, we will sell the goods, we will send the bill after 15 days, 1 month, 2 month, customer will make the payment. So, till the time the money is received, it is called as a trade receivable. In other words, whenever we make a credit sale, it will be shown as a trade receivable. The word trade shows that it is a day-to-day activity. It is a regular business activity relating to or creating a receivable for me. It will be called as a trade receivable, 2C. Now, 2D, cash and cash equivalent. I think everybody understands. What is a cash equivalent? There are items which are almost like cash. They can be very easily converted into cash. So, they are called as cash equivalents. Later on, we are going to study cash flow statement. If you remember, that is a third statement. When we study cash flow, we will go into details about what is cash and cash equivalent, but right now you can just assume it that it is more or less like a cash. Now, E, that is short term loans and advances. We have just discussed loans and advance. I hope you remember. So, these are the loans given by the entity. So, under that, if they are for less than 1 year, we will call it as a short term loans and advance. 2F, other current assets. So, A to E, if there is a particular item which is of short term in nature, but it does not fit in A to E, it will be shown under F as other current assets. I hope you have got what is an asset. So, it is a total of 1 plus 2. Simple A, more than 1 year A to non-current A, less than 1 year A to current A. So, we get here the total of assets. Some of you might have many queries. Do not worry, we are going to again discuss the assets. Taking each asset, we will discuss it in detail.  So, if you look at the elements of balance sheet, there are 3 parts. One is an asset, then it is funded by a liability. Here, I mean an external liability or by the owners, which is called as owner's fund. Now, let us go into detail of each item. So, how do you define an asset? This is a probable future economic benefit. What is owned or controlled? So, asset may ane ke liye 2 konditions hai. Ek to uski koi economic value honi chahiye. Dhusra, wo item owned hona chahiye. If you remember, on day 1, the first session, I had told you that a particular asset does not come in balance sheet because it does not satisfy condition number 2. Do you remember that item? That item is a human asset. The employees, scientists, managers, executives jo log amare sath kama kar rahe hai. Actually, they are very important asset to the entity, but that cannot be shown in the balance sheet because look at the definition. It should have a probable economic value, which they have, but it should also be owned or controlled. So, employees are not our slaves. They are not owned by the company. So, they cannot be shown as owned assets. That is why human assets you would not see in the balance sheet. Now, any other asset, first of all you have to see whether it meets these 2 conditions. I think examples you are all aware, cash, land, building, investment, machinery. Think of another 10 examples and I think you can include it in your assignment. Now, again the definition is given that it is a resource controlled by the enterprise. As a result of some past event, but it should have a future value. The second point is, resources must have a cost or value that can be measured reliably. Now, the types of assets, we have got fixed assets, current assets and investments. I think with this we will stop here. We have already discussed it when we discuss the balance sheet, but we will take up each item now individually and we will explain it in detail. But till that time as I have told you, please go to the balance sheet of your company and look at what assets they have. Then only you will really have a real type of learning. Namaste. Thank you.