Today, we want to look at the long assignment which I had given you earlier. Now, this assignment is really about understanding some chemical reactions that occur in the natural environment. So, I have just listed some of the things that happen photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, methanogenesis. This is what typically would happen in the natural environment. And the context is of course, we might want to purify water using a natural process or we might want to grow a crop during a natural process. Whatever might be the case, we have to deal with these many chemical reactions. So, what I have tried to do is to give you some data, so that we can understand how to model a very complicated reaction system. So, this is the object of the exercise. So, the problem that we want to solve, let me illustrate is the following. We have a natural environment in a chemical reaction equipment. Now, I the natural environment can as an example I have taken is soil. Now, you can use this to purify water. You can use soil to make produce various crops. In this experiment, what has been done is, we have acetate in the form of sodium acetate, ammonium source as ammonium chloride, nitrite source as sodium nitrite and nitrate source. In this particular experiment, we have not used any nitrate. So, that is 0. So, what goes into the reaction equipment is a carbon source. It is nitrogen source in the form of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite. So, the experiment is that, you measure all the compositions of acetate, which is measured as COD and then of ammonium is measured as NH 4 plus nitrogen. Nitrite, which is also measured and this is also measured NO 3 minus plus. So, you have essentially 4 measurements on what is going on in the reaction equipment. And the postulate is that, this is what happens in the natural environment, that there is a change in COD because of the chemical reaction. There is a change in all these numbers and therefore, we should be able to measure what happens in the reaction equipment. Based on this, we want to say something about what happens in the reaction equipment. This is the object of the exercise. Now, I have with me some data. This I have taken from what I have already given you. So, I have written down. I have just taken some of the data run number 3, 6, 12, 21, 30 and 36, where input COD is given, output COD is given, input nitrogen as ammonium is given, output is given. So, this is in. Let me write it here. In, out, in, out, in, out, in, out. So, this is what is given. Now, we want to understand what goes on. To understand what goes on, I suggest the following model. The suggestion is the following. I will come back to this in a minute. So, what we are searching is that in the reaction environment that we have nitrite gets converted to ammonium. That means it is a reduction reaction for which energy is required. But this reaction could go the opposite way as well. We do not know. The data will tell us what will happen to the reaction. NO 2 minus can get oxidized to form NO 3 minus. Then NH 4 plus and NO 2 minus can, can react to form nitrogen and water. So, these are the 3 reactions which is postulated to take place in this soil environment. Of course, so many things may happen. But what is suggested is only these 3 reactions. And the acetate, which is in the form of acetic, acetic acid. I have written as acetic acid. It gets oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. And of course, we expect that because of all these reactions, some amount of cell synthesis will occur. And therefore, the cell synthesis reaction we are not able to tell. The stoichiometry is not very easy to represent. I have just represented as cell synthesis. So, we expect that ammonium which is formed in reaction 1 is what is going to be used for protein synthesis to make the cells. So, it is well known that if ammonium is produced in a reaction, then that will be used for cell synthesis. This is one important result that comes out of experiments in biology. That nitrogen that is fixed because of biological reaction goes to form cell. That means whatever ammonium is produced will form cells. So, let us try and look at this data in some detail. So, what you want to say is that, if I say this is reaction 1, this is the x 1. If I call this as x 2, if I call this as x 3, if I call this as x 4, call this as x 5. So, there are 5 reactions that are taking place. And how many experimental data do you have? We have experimental data. We are able to measure, what are we able to measure? We are able to measure ammonium. We are able to measure NO 2 minus. We are able to measure NO 3 minus. So, we have 3 reactions, data. There are 3 reactions. So, we should be able to find out what happens. 3 independent reactions, 3 measurements. Therefore, we should be able to tell what happens to nitrogen. And then we are measuring this as well in the form of COD. Therefore, we know what is happening to carbon. At least we know what is the change that is happening. Now, what I am saying is that, if we postulate that whatever ammonium that is fixed in the reaction. See, this reaction is called fixation in organic nitrogen getting converted to organic nitrogen. It is called fixation reaction. Therefore, if this actually happens, then we can say that all these ammonium nitrogen goes into cell synthesis. In other words, what I am saying is that, if x 1 is known, then x 4 is simply alpha times x 1. This is the assumption that we make. What is alpha? Alpha is the number of grams of cell per gram of nitrogen. Is this clear? If there is nitrogen fixation in the environment, that biological nitrogen goes into form cells. And the amount of cell formed is simply alpha times x 1, where x 1 is the biologically produced nitrogen. Now, this is not a bad assumption, because there is a lot of data which suggests that if ammonium is produced biologically, it goes to form cells. Now, you notice here that we have 4 reactions and there are 4 measurements. Therefore, if indeed our postulate is right, we have a complete description of what is happening. Therefore, we should be able to tell what is the amount of cell mass that is produced and how production of cell mass depends upon the process variables. What are your process variables? Your process variables are as you can see from here, may be your feed rate, the rate at which you feed or may be the carbon to nitrogen that you provide in the feed or may be the composition of the feed itself. So, we know the composition of the feed, we know the C by N that we have chosen. Therefore, in principle if our postulate is right, we must be able to tell how much cells are formed and therefore, we should be able to predict how the process is running. Now, it is the context is let us say we are trying to clean water. This is an obvious example that all of us might be interested in. What are we interested in? We are trying to get rid of the pollution in water and that pollution is measured in terms of COD in terms of nitrogen, in terms of nitrate, in terms of nitrate. So, it is a complete description of what is the quality of water that you start with and what is the quality of water you end up with. Therefore, we must be able to tell how to clean this water to the extent that you desire. So, since what we are trying to say is that this formulation that we have provides a way of telling how to design equipments to be able to produce what we want. If that production is clearly specified, we must be able to tell from this model if it is correct, what will happen to the process and what we can do to design such processes. So, this is the exercise that we want to do. Now, let us just look at this data and ask you a few questions. We have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 sets of data out of 7 large numbers that I have given you. Let us look at what happens to ammonium, what happens to nitrite. Just look at the data. You started with 90, it went to 15.4. We start with 90, it goes to 15.4. You start with 107, it becomes almost 0. That means, in this process nitrite is almost fully consumed and you can see amount of nitrate is not very large. Now, how much nitrogen we putting in? How much nitrogen is in the output? We starting with how much nitrogen? 107 plus 90 about 197 and then what is we end up with how much? 15.4 and almost 1.1 about 16. So, we put in 197 units of nitrogen and what we get out is only 16. So, huge amount of nitrogen is lost, a huge amount of nitrogen is lost. So, I wanted to appreciate this in agriculture huge amount of nitrogen is lost. In fact, this huge amount of data which says that 85 percent of nitrogen is lost. Now, this tells you clearly, it is lost. We want to know why, we do not know. Now, you look at carbon measured as COD, this 385 it becomes 90. So, you can see carbon is lost, nitrogen is also lost. Now, whether this nitrogen which is lost, is it fixed as cells or is it going up into the atmosphere? We do not know. As per this model that we have written, the model we have written, we have only accounted for nitrogen that is going into the atmosphere. We accounted for the oxides of nitrogen NO 2 minus and NO 3 minus. So, our postulate is a nothing else happens. Suppose, N 2 O is formed, we do not know, we do not know. That also go out. So, we do not know, whether it is N 2 or N 2 O, we are in some doubt as of now. But, what is important is that, the huge amount of nitrogen is lost. In the experiment also, we find huge amount of nitrogen is lost. Now, if you look at, let us quickly see the correlation. How much ammonia is lost? How much nitrite is lost? Do a quick calculation. See that ratio. Do a mental calculation. Do a mental calculation. Ideally, you should plot. You can do a mental calculation. This is 75 and this is 107. 107 to 75. 107 divided by 75 is what? 1.3. How much is it? 1.3, 1.4. Look at the next data. 51 and then 6.3 which is about 45 and this is about 60. 45 to 60, that ratio would be 60 by 45. About 1.3, 1.35. Please look at. It is important to recognize that this data suggests this ratio, the loss of ammonium to loss of nitrate. Look at that ratio. See, soil, huge number of reactions occur in soil. We all understand that. We are modeling it in terms of simply 4 reactions, not thousands of reactions. And look at the kind of order that you can see in the data. So, if you look at each of the data and tell me what is this ratio please quickly. What is the ratio of loss of ammonium to loss of nitrogen, loss of nitrate to loss of ammonium or calculate this ratio? Just calculate loss NO 2 minus divided by NH 4 plus. Roughly you tell me some numbers. What is that ratio? Find that ratio quickly please. Let me write here. See, this is what we want to find out. NO 2 minus divided by NH 4 plus. Please tell me this ratio. Run number I am just writing down. 3, 6, 12, 21, 30 and 36. Please tell me this ratio. Have you all got this data? You have taken down this data. Give me this number please. No, I want the ratio. NO 2 minus 1.3, 1.4. What was that number? 1.4 across reasonably constant. Run number 3, 1.42 and then run number 12, 1.42, run number 21, 1.42, run number 30, 1.42, 4.3 and run number 36. What I want to draw your attention is even though many many reactions might be taking place, when we look upon this equipment in terms of this ratio NO 2 minus NH 4 plus, it seems to suggest this ratio is reasonably constant. What meaning can you attach to an experiment in which this ratio remains reasonably constant? How do we understand? What can we say might be happening? What can we say might be happening? Look at these reactions. NH 4 plus, NO 2 minus giving you N 2. What do we expect if this reaction is taking place? What do we expect? It should be 1 to 1. The ratio should be 1 is to 1. It is not 1 is to 1. So, this is the reaction that is responsible for the loss. This would not be able to explain the difference between NO 2 minus and NH 4 plus. So, something more is happening. Let us see how to understand this? Reaction 1 and reaction 2. So, that could explain this. So, from the data it appears that there is not much of NO 2, NO 3 minus. That is true. But, this reaction may not be as important. But, what extend is reaction 1? We do not know whether it explains all that. So, what we have to now do is to be able to model this and tell how much in the data, how much is x 1? How much is x 2? How much is x 3? How much is x 1? Is this clear? From the data, it is a multiple reaction. We know how to handle multiple reactions. So, given this data, what is x 1? What is x 2? What is x 3? What is x 4? Can we find out? That is what we should do. How to do that? So, let me write it here. Please remember this reaction. I am going to write. I will write this stoichiometry. Let me write this stoichiometry. So, I will write a balance for NO 2 minus. NO 2 minus, what is equal to what? How much is coming in? Let us say this A naught is coming in and its reaction, NO 2 minus is consumed in reaction 1, reaction 2 and reaction 3. So, I say it is A naught minus of x 1, minus of x 2, minus of x 3. x 1, x 2 and x 3 are the units of, let us say, milligrams per liter or some appropriate units. Is it alright? And then NH 4 plus, notice here, NH 4 plus is in reaction 1. It is formed in reaction 3 and it is consumed. So, it is B naught, B naught plus x 1, minus of x 3. Is it alright? NO 2 minus, NO 3 minus, sorry, C naught and it is, what happens to N? So, I call this as equal to A equal to B equal to C. A, B and C are measured quantities. Now, can you tell me what is x 1, what is x 2 and what is x 3? I will write the answers. Please tell me whether it is. So, this is equal to C minus C naught. Is it alright? Yes or no? x 3, can you just solve this algebraic equation and tell me? I will write the answer here, but you please tell me whether this is okay. I am just writing the answers. So, you have to tell me whether it is. Please solve the algebraic equation and tell me whether this is okay. So, can we now say, now that the data, see the data is given, can we now find out what is x 1, x 2 and x 3? Is this clear? What is x 1? What is x 2? What is x 3? I want to tabulate that. You have these equations with you, all of you. What is x 1? What is x 2? What is x 3? So, I want to make a table of the answers for these 6 data. So, this is run number 3, 6, 12, 21, 30 and 36, x 1, x 2, x 3. I want to write x 4, I want to write x 5 also. I want to get all the numbers from you. Run 3, 6, 12, 21 and 36. x 2, you can read out. x 3, you have to calculate. But anyway, please tell me the answers. I want the answers. So, we can go 1 by 1. Run 3, what is x 1? Let us do 1 by 1, please. Run 3, what is x 1? So, there all of you can get the answers. x 1 for run 3, please. 15.7. It is in milligrams per liter. Run 3 is 15 and x 3. 90.7. Similarly, for run 6, do x 1 for run 6, please. So, run 3, this is what the answers have been given. Do you all agree? Tell me for run 6, please. 7.5 and 46 is what I have got. Anybody else? Run 6. Run 6. How much? 50.6 and x 1. 5.8 is it. Anybody, why I have not? I have got a slightly different answer. Run 6.7, run 6, 59, 40. Please, would you please recalculate? Is this correct? 5.8? Everybody gets it. And, 50.6 is correct? Yes. Alright. Then, I have made a mistake. Run 12. What is the answer? x 1. 15. And, x 3. 89.3. Very good. Run 21. 14. And, x 3. 87. Then, comes run 30. Run 30. Run 30 is how much? Run 30. 204 is about 140. So, what is the answer? 204 plus 140 is 340. 170, it should be. Run 30. x 1. 29. That is what I am getting. And, then, x 3. I am getting that also. Run 36. Everybody is done. x 1, x 3. x 1 to x 3. Tell me run 36. Run 36, please. 28.5. 28.3. And, the other one. I have got 168. Anyway, this is. I hope all of you have the data. So, I can put this on top. So, this is how the experiments look. x 1 and x 3. What is the ratio? x 1 to x 3? x 3 to x 1? Around 6. Around 6. Where is 10? If you plot all these 54 sets of data, you will find. Actually, it is a reasonably correlation around 6.6 or so. Around 6.6 or so. Around 6.6 is what I expect based on the data. So, what we are saying is that x 3 to x 1. See, this reaction is taking place in the soil environment. As per the model, the ratio of x 3 to x 1 seems to be reasonably constant. Now, how do we explain this? What does it mean? I mean, what meaning can we attach? These are the reactions that we are postulating. Of course, what happens is hundreds of reactions may be happening. But, we are postulating that only these 5 reactions are sufficient to understand what is going on. We find that x 3 to x 1 is about 6.6. I like the number 7. There are 7 electrons in the outermost shell of nitrogen. Therefore, I like that number 7. The ratio is 7. This is what I like. It does not mean that I am right. So, I like to think that it is 7. 1 by 7 is 0.14. For last 50 years, the data on agriculture says that 85 percent of nitrogen is lost. What is x 3? x 3 is nitrogen lost. And what are we getting? 85 percent of nitrogen is lost. On other words, there is a very simple experiment which is nothing to do with agriculture. And these experiments are done with equipment, very ordinary kind of equipment, titrations and all that. Nothing very sophisticated. But, it is able to give you insights into reactions which are extremely complicated. There are just too many things happening. On other words, if you have the right model, you can handle extremely complex reactions. That is the message of the experiment like this. What we are saying is that what is x 1? x 1 as per this reaction is the nitrogen that is fixed n o 2 minus going to n h 4 plus. Which means that biologically, the nitrogen gets fixed. That is why this reaction. So, what is being said is that this ammonia would get fixed in the cells. So, that means, if I tell you the alpha, the grams of cells per gram of nitrogen. Suppose, let us say if you look at bacteria, typical soil bacteria is about 12. Alpha is about 12. If you look at ground net, alpha would be around 20. If you look at wheat, alpha would be 60. If you look at sugar cane, alpha would be 300. If you look at wood, alpha would be 200. Now, these are all well known numbers. How much nitrogen is there in the cell is a well documented kind of information. We can get it from the literature. So, if you know x 1, you should be able to tell how much cells are produced. And therefore, if you are doing a waste treatment for example, you know how much cells are formed and therefore, how much sludge is produced. Waste treatment sludge is a nuisance. People do not want sludge. So, you can tell from here how much sludge will be produced in your process. Once you have made these measurements, you can tell you have to handle so much sludge. So, much of cell mass will have to be handled. Now, in these 6 sets of data that I have given you, I have chosen these sets so that the x 1's are always positive. There are many sets of data where x 1 is negative. What does x 1 negative mean? It goes the reverse way. And therefore, no cells are produced and therefore, no sludge is formed. Therefore, you do not have to deal with problem of sludge in waste treatment.  See, the insights that it can give you is enormous. So, by appropriately choosing your process, you can produce cells or you may not produce cells. The cells are essentially respiring. You know, there are cells in the system which respire. They do not grow. They grow, but they do not reproduce. Is this clear? What we are saying? All right. Now, x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4, x 5 are in the units of milligrams per liter. Now, clearly if you want to look at a reaction equipment, this milligrams per liter does not make sense. Does it? Where is the data? See, you can look at this data here. The flow is very different. So, actual production will be whatever x's you have calculated multiplied by the flow divided by the reactor volume. So, if you want to express what is happening in your process, you have to multiply this by f divided by volume of the equipment. Then only you can say what is the productivity per unit volume per unit time. Is this clear? So, we should multiply this x's by f divided by reactor volume, which is 20, which is given. v is 20. v is 20 liters. It is given. So, you can express all the numbers so that, you know, when you are operating at 12, the productivities will be f multiplied by this and all that. So, you can calculate and find out the productivity. Clear? So, be careful to ensure, understand that, you know, productivity is very different because the flow rates are very different. So, what is x5? Quickly tell me. You can read out from your table. x5, where is x5? This difference. I just want to write down those differences. Tell me the numbers, please. Run 3. What is COD lost? How much? Run 3. 6. 614. Second one? 564. 564. Third? 608. Fourth? 600. Fifth? 625. Is it? 655. 655 and then 636. These are the numbers. So, if you multiply by f, f is not mentioned here. I will put f here. So, it is 33612312. These are the flow rates in liters per hour. These are the flow rates in liters per hour. So, we can calculate productivity. Now, looking at x5 and x3. So, first, this is c by n is one point. I have to put this c by n here. c by n, this is 1.86, 1.86, 1.86, 1.86, 0.93, 0.93. Now, generally biological process have a very strong dependence on c by n. So, you find out what is this ratio? c by n is 1.86. This ratio, you have to find this ratio. f multiplied by productivity wise. Otherwise, you cannot compare. Please find out this number, which is f multiplied by x5 divided by volume. That is how you have to calculate. When you do that, there are some calculations involved. Do not worry about that. What you will see? Some of you have done this already. What you see is something interesting. We will not do this now. I will just tell you the result. You can do it at home. If you make a plot of, let us say, x5, the units are say, milligrams per litre per hour. Say, x3, also in the same units of milligrams per litre per hour. If you make these plots, you will find there are straight lines and it will be like this as c by n changes. Some of you have done this. I understand. Many of you may not have done this. What it says is the loss of nitrogen. This is the loss of nitrogen per unit volume per unit time. This is the loss of carbon measured as COD per unit volume per unit time. All biological processes, you have this kind of relationship. That loss of nitrogen to loss of carbon are correlated. In soil, they seem to be highly correlated as we find in this kind of data. What I had asked you to do is to find out that kind of correlation, so that we can use it for various purposes, including design. I have done that. I will show you those numbers. See, I have done this. Your answers look something like this. That means, when you make a plot of loss of nitrogen to loss of carbon measured as COD, I find I was very surprised to see such good straight lines, but they seem to be extremely good straight lines showing the correlations extremely high. Then, production of nitrogen to loss of nitrogen. That ratio appears to be 1 by 6, 1 by 7. I like to say it is 1 by 7. It is not 1 by 6.6. So, it is 1 by 7. So, that you get a correlation like this. See, this correlation is important. What does it say? It says in biological process. So, this comes out of curve fitting.  When you do this fitting, I get something like this. Loss of carbon measured as COD, which is x 5 and then I will do loss of carbon divided by loss of nitrogen. This ratio is 2.84 times C by N. This is what comes out of the data. Now, if you assume that whatever x 1 is formed, it goes to form cells. Therefore, alpha times x 1 is x 4. If you make this assumption, then the cell produced to carbon lost looks something like this. That means, loss of carbon measured as COD to production of cells on the right hand side is the ratio of x 3 to x 1, which I say is 7. C by N is of the reaction environment. That is something that we will choose. Alpha is the product you are producing. If it is cell, alpha may be 12. If it is ground net, alpha may be 16, 20. If it is wood, it might be 200, whatever. So, we want to test this particular equation, whether it explains what happens around the world. Let us do a small experiment, test how it predicts what happens around the world. See, one data that we know is that in the US, lot of data is there. In the US, this, the carbon to nitrogen in soil is about say 20 or something like that. Some say 15, some say say 20. Let us take this 20. You are growing corn, but alpha is 75. So, what is right hand side? 2.84, it is 7 close to 20. This is 20 is 400. Alpha is 75. 400 divided by 75 is how much? 5.3, correct? 5.3. Now, 5.3. So, left hand side also, we should get 5.3. That means, this cell production, what is x 5? What is the carbon lost from soil? Now, there is lot of data which is around available around the world, where about 20 tons per hectare per year is the kind of carbon lost from soils. So, x 5 is about 20. So, what is x 4? Around 4. So, if you look at the US, you will find that the production of corn will be around 4 tons per hectare if it is an unfertilized soil. But moment you put fertilizer, it improves. So, for unfertilized soils in the US, we will have corn production of about 4 tons per hectare. Plenty of data is there. Moment you put nitrogen, what will happen to c by n? It will come down. So, once c by n comes down, your x 4 will increase. On other words, what we are trying to say here is x 5 represents energy and that energy you can harvest and get it in the form of food by appropriately adjusting c by n. So, what is being said is soil has energy in the form of x 5, which is soil organic carbon. Soil has carbon. Now, you have to harvest that in the form of food. If you do not do anything, the natural c by n will give you let us say 4 tons per hectare. Now, if you put external nitrogen in the form of urea, reduce the c by n, appropriately the production will increase. So, what has this c by n given you? It is only ensured that you are able to harvest more of the soil carbon as food. Is that clear? We are harvesting more of carbon in soil as food. This is what this whole equation is saying. So, by adjusting the carbon to nitrogen ratio of soil, you are essentially ensuring that more carbon of soil can be returned to us food. If you look at India for example, c by n in India is quite high. The reason is that the respiration rates are very high in India and things like that. So, c by n of about 30, 35 is not uncommon. Suppose you say let us say we are trying to grow corn in India. Instead of 20, c by n is 35. So, what will be our production? The x 5 still people take it as 20, but the case in India is not the case. It is not as high as 20. So, assume it as 20. What is x 4? c by n is 35, 2.15. So, what we are saying if there is enough carbon in soil, you can still get a production of 2 tons per hectare of corn. But what seems to happen is that carbon in soil is also very low, particularly in our regions because of respiration. So, carbon is very low in soil means what? There is not enough carbon in soil to be returned as food. So, even if you put fertilizer, you cannot get much food out of soil because there is not enough carbon in soil. So, what is being said is that if you are trying to grow bakers east, you have to provide glucose. Then only bakers east will grow. If you do not provide glucose, carbon source is not there means it cannot produce. In the same way, if you want to grow food, you need carbon in soil. Simply pruning fertilizer in soil is not going to give you food. This is the point I am trying to put across to you. Whether it is growing bakers east or making alcohol in a fermenter or growing food, the fundamentals are not very different. Essentially, it is trying to harvest the energy of carbon which has to return to you. That is what we are saying. So, this equation essentially tells you that if you have carbon in the environment, you can harvest it provided your C by N is appropriate. Now, you can explain why you can produce 600 tons of tomato in Israel because alpha, tomato is what 98 percent water and the alpha value is something like 600 or so. There is practically no nitrogen. So, when you are producing a crop which does not have much nitrogen, your production will be very high. It is nothing to be said and surprised about. Somebody comes and says, I will produce some so many 100 tons, 400 tons of tomato per hectare. It is to be understood. The moment you understand this, you can understand it is possible. It is not that. It is not. So, these are the important issues that you must recognize that in whether it is producing alcohol in a fermenter, producing bakers east in a fermenter, producing penicillin in a fermenter or producing in soil, the fundamentals are known that you need a carbon source, you need a nitrogen source and an appropriate environment for your organism to work. This is all it says. See, the example I took, carbon C by N of Indian soils are quite high. The reason it is high, there are number of reasons for this. Returning organics to soil has somehow been discontinued for some reason after synthetic fertilizers have come. That means, waste organics which was previously going back to soil very effectively because it was a farm environment even in a village. But nowadays, it is all urbanized and therefore, the waste is accumulating in the urban area. It is not returning to the farm. So, C by N is very high and therefore, your productivity is very low. X 4 is very low. Second reason is that since respirations are very high in our environment, the carbon in soil itself is quite low. If you go to the US, the carbon is very high because it is a temperate environment. So, the carbon is extremely large and that is not the case in our environment. So, this is two difficult situations which we have to handle part of the reason why our production is not as high. C by N of a natural environment if you go to a forest, C by N is fixed because it is evolved over millions of years. So, C by N of soil would not change. See if you go to northeast, source of your northeast slash and burn and then they grow. See they slash the forest and they grow for a number of years and then they abandon it. The reason is that forest comes with high good value of C by N, C by N around 14 to 15. So, you give very good crop. Crop yields are very high and after 4, 5 years it collapses and then you leave it, come back after may be 10, 12 years. That is what the tribals have done in the northeast and by and large this practice has kept the forest in reasonably good shape. It is not that the forest have disappeared, they are in pretty good shape. On other words, C by N seems to be an important parameter for productivity of biology. So, this is in our hand, C by N is in our hand, but what is important to recognize is that when you decrease C by N, you are harvesting the carbon of soil. So, higher the C by, lower the C by N, higher is the rate at which you are harvesting. If what you harvest, if you do not return your waste, that soil is going to deplete rapidly. See, we are producing by agriculture, we are producing more, but our waste are not return into soil. It is going into Ganga, Yamuna, whatever it is not going back to the farm and that is the problem which is responsible for lower productivity. X 5 is low, C by N is high. Both seem to be working against us. Is this clear? This is the point, the most important point as far as biology is concerned that there is an inverse relation, alpha is high means you will get very high production. You will get huge amount of tomato, understandably because nitrogen is low. See, what happens is that people would like to calculate what is the energy that is required to do whatever you are doing. Whether it is producing penicillin, it is producing baker's yeast or alcohol or producing in soil, whatever is the biological environment, how much energy is required to do what you want. Now, we have said that these 5 reactions is what is taking place, correct? Reaction 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. So, there is an energy delta H, delta free energy of formation, free energy for change for each of these reactions. Similarly, I mean standard heats of formations and all that. So, that you can calculate what are the delta H for all these reactions. What is the energy that is required for this reaction? How much energy is released by these reactions? So, if you assume in soil, there is no loss of energy in the sense that this completely synergized, fully synergized. So, all the energy is fully utilized. Suppose we assume, which means I say that this applies. I say that this equality applies, which means x 1 delta H 1, x 2 delta H 2, x 3 delta H 3 equal to 0. This is an assumption. We do not know whether it is right or wrong. Now, we are saying that the x 3 and x 1 are related by this, x 3 to x 1 we are saying is 6.6. I am saying it is 7. We can quarrel, but let us say it is lambda. So, x 3 to x 1 based on our experiment, it is saying it is lambda, correct? And then I am saying that whatever ammonia is produced biologically, it is fixed in cell. Therefore, the x 4 that are cells you will produce is simply whatever is x 1 that is produced, multiplied by alpha. Alpha is known. If it is bacteria of soil is 12, if it is whatever, plenty of data is there. So, on other words, this sigma x i delta H i equal to 0, then it give you this kind of relationship. This relationship, if you just look carefully, it is an interesting relationship. X 3 is known and inside here, the only unknown is delta H 4. What is the energy required to make the cell? Energy required to make the cell. All these are well. In principle, we can plot x 3 versus x 5, correct? X 3 versus x 5, we can plot. The data is there. X 3 data you have, x 5 data you have, yes or no? Therefore, if it turns out that it is a good straight line, if it turns out and it is often the case, because this term is not very large. This term is not very large. Therefore, it turns out to be a good straight line.  So, that from the slope, you can find out what is the value for delta H 4. Is that clear? What I am saying? So, we have done these experiments for each c. You can do this for every c by n. This can be done for every c by n. So, what are we saying? We are saying that we conduct experiments at different c by n and find out what is the energy that is required for growing this, for making the cell. This cell can be paddy, wheat, wood, tomato, whatever, baker's yeast, whatever is your organism of interest. What is this delta H 4? It is the energy that is required to grow that cell. I mean cell synthesis. How much energy is required for cell synthesis? Now, then once you have the data, you can plot the data. In fact, that is the exercise that I have asked you all to do. I do not have a good answer. The answer I like to give is that life has evolved over millions and billions of years. Clearly, it would have made good use of the energy. Therefore, energy is in short supply always. Therefore, it would make the best use of whatever energy it has. This assumption it may not be righted, but it appears from whatever number that emerges from very simple lab experiments that it is not wrong. What we are saying is not wrong. In the sense that there appears to be the great effort to maximize or utilize energy available most efficiently and not allow it to be dissipated. This is the kind of answer that is coming out of the data. You should look at the data carefully. What we are saying now a little bit more that the energy that is required to make the cell depends on c by n. That is the kind of relationship that emerges from the fitting. When you fit the data, the energy for cell synthesis kilo joules per gram multiplied by alpha equal to this. Suppose, you are growing a crop which is alpha is 200, then clearly the energy for cell synthesis is low. If you are growing a crop where the alpha is 10, the energy for cell synthesis is high. There is one result. Second result is that c by n, higher the c by n, higher is the energy that is required to grow the cell. On other words, it is saying exactly what farmers will tell you that if there is not enough, if your c by n is high in soil as it is in Indian, the energy required to grow crops are very large. Same crop if you grow in the US, the energy required is much lower because c by n is much lower. On other words, the US environment gives you a far more congenial c by n. The forest environment of northeast gives you a far more congenial c by n for you to have much higher productivity. On other words, if you can maintain forest everywhere, we have the highest productivity. If we can afford to live on forest by enlarge, the productivity is extremely large. That is the kind of message that comes out of ecology. So, what I have tried to do is that project what we call as ecology, natural processes and all that. In terms of numbers thermodynamically, we can understand that energy is most efficiently used in a very wholesome forest environment. In agricultural environment, energy is not used so efficiently and therefore, the energy consumption is much larger. For example, in typical agricultural land in the world, would have a production of about 6 tons per hectare. If it is a forest, it will be 22 tons per hectare. But, forest will produce wood where the nitrogen is only 0.5 percent, while agriculture will produce food where the nitrogen may be about 2.5-3 percent. So, as seen in that terms, you cannot say it as inefficient because energy wise, it may be just as good. Quantity wise, it may be different. So, we have to look at all these things not only in terms of quantity, but in terms of energy as well. So, what I have tried to do here is to project both quantitative numbers and energy numbers. So, that you can see how the natural systems perform. So, that is the exercise problem sheet, whatever the number is. So, there is enough that you can now finish off it. I will stop there.


There are technology careers out there that are really good but almost nobody talks about them. And sometimes these are the careers that are the best ones to go into because the ones that people talk about a lot tend to get saturated. So here are some great careers we can make six figures or more a year in the technology industry that almost nobody talks about. Now if you enjoy this type of content and you want me to make more of it, let me know by gently tapping that like button and commenting down below. And if you haven't done it already go ahead hit that subscribe button and ring the notification bell. And one thing that really helps is sharing the video because I don't have a giant marketing team like a lot of these big universities and people who have different opinions than me. So it really does help if you share the video. All right, so the first one that we're going to be talking about is cloud technology related careers that are specifically in health care. All right, so a recent Washington Post article talked about how there are nearly 1.7 million jobs that are related to cloud computing and cloud technology that are not filled. And there is a huge demand for workers to fill these jobs, especially in health care. And it's especially important in health care because of the fact that information has to be easily accessible, but it also has to be really, really safe and secure because it is extremely important that you keep people's medical information safe. So one career that falls under this umbrella is going to be a healthcare cloud engineer and they make about $122,000 a year.  I created a free six step guide that you can download. It's going to be down in the description below. And it's going to be a free six step guide on how to choose your dream career. It basically distills the process that I go through in consultations and in my paid products. And it's all going to be for free for you of how I help people choose the best career for them. It probably will not be available for long. So definitely get it while you still can. It's going to be down in the description below. All right. So the second one on the list I'm going to talk about is working as a health informatics specialist. Now there are several different careers that fall under this umbrella. This is one that you can actually get into with a little bit less education. So I wanted to kind of include this one on the list for those who don't want to necessarily go to school for a long time. But you can become a health informatics technician and you'd be responsible for managing health care data. You would basically help to classify it, code it, keep it organized, make sure it is quality data. It's accurate. It's accessible. And most importantly, make sure that it is secure. Now you can make six figures with this one, especially later on in your career. But like I said, this is one that requires a little bit less education. So you can expect to make about $80,000 a year as a health informatics technician. But you do see on the right that the range is pretty wide and many people are making more than $100,000 a year. So we are seeing a lot of opportunity with technology careers that are within the health care industry. So that was the first two on the list. Number three is going to be a chief information officer or CIO. Now a lot of people have heard of CEO, which is the chief executive officer or CFO, which is the chief financial officer or COO, which is the chief operating officer, but you may not have heard of the CIO, which is the chief information officer. And basically this is a top level executive that oversees the information technology needs within a company. And they oversee improvements in cybersecurity as well as maintaining the company's IT infrastructure. They also might lead teams in developing new processes to improve the company's IT infrastructure as well. Now, as you can imagine, executives tend to make a lot of money and CIOs make about $207,000 a year according to Glassdoor. Now another career that's very similar is the next one on the list, which is a chief technology officer or CTO. Now this is a little bit different than IT, but there's a lot of overlap with the CTO, the last one we talked about, but they tend to focus more on the software and hardware side of things when it comes to the needs of the company. And they can expect to make about $211,000 a year. Next one on the list is also going to be relatively similar. And that is the chief security officer or CSO. They also might be known as the chief information security officer or CISO, depending on the company that you work at. Now they are very similar to the last two, but they focus a lot more on the company's security, right? So they're going to be focusing a lot on cybersecurity, making sure that the company does not have any data leaks. We've seen a lot of scandals in the last five to 10 years where a bunch of data from customers has been leaked, and that has led to billions of dollars in losses overall. And as a chief security officer, you can expect to make about $174,000 per year. So as you can see, lots of opportunities here in technology-related careers for people who are really ambitious and they want to kind of rise up into the executive level within a company. And I do see this trend continuing into the future. I think you're going to see a lot of CEOs that come from a computer science or technology-based background. Number six on the list is going to be an analytics consultant. Now an analytics consultant is somebody who is highly skilled and has a very good idea and overview of the entire process of data collection and the processing of data. Okay, so basically they might be focusing on the data collection side of things and figure out what the best way to collect that data is, or they might be focusing on the other side, which is after all the data is collected, how can you get the most out of it? And they could expect to make about $101,000 per year. Number seven on the list is going to be a clinical informaticist. And clinical informaticists work with data as well as technology to streamline the workflow and improve the patient experience as much as possible. Now one thing that I think is really interesting here is a lot of people who become clinical informaticists actually have previous experience in healthcare. So some of the other careers I talked about isn't necessarily the same thing. These are usually people who are kind of like they have their experience in technology and then they kind of migrate over to health. Clinical informaticists generally start off in healthcare so they have a much more well-rounded idea of what goes on when you're actually treating a patient. Because to be honest with you, as somebody who has worked in healthcare myself, I've had experiences where business people kind of come in and they tell you to do certain things that you know are not going to work. And if they had even a little bit of healthcare experience, they would know it's not going to work either. So a lot of the time as a clinical informaticist, you will probably be working with what's known as an EHR or Electronic Health Records System. And this is basically a very efficient way for you to collect, store, retrieve and share data between healthcare professionals. And to be honest with you, there is pretty much no way that somebody can come from the outside without having healthcare experience and be able to efficiently design something like this. And so as a clinical informaticist, you have a super, super rare skill set. You have that healthcare background, but you also have the technology side of things down as well. And you can expect to make about $128,000 a year. Number eight on the list is going to be a Site Reliability Engineer or SRE. Now SRE is very similar to DevOps Engineering. That's one I've talked about on the channel quite a bit. And basically they're going to help companies a lot with deploying products as quickly and efficiently as possible, making sure these products have as few bugs as possible right off the bat. And the few bugs that they do have are fixed really quickly. And basically SRE is a data driven approach to information technology. And they try to make the IT infrastructure as solid as possible so that when the company scales, it doesn't break. And Site Reliability Engineering is an outlier when it comes to how long it takes you to get into the career versus how much you can make. You can see it on this little graph here. It's one of the highest paying careers. And it doesn't take as long as many of the others to get into it. So how much does an SRE make? It make about $108,000 a year according to Glassdoor. This is one that has extremely high demand, one of the best kind of software developer type rules that you can go into. And there's so many different subspecialties out there for software engineering, software development. And this is one of them. Check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you. Go ahead, gently tap that like button, hit the subscribe button, ring the notification bell and comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms, etc. that you have on the video. And I will see you next time.


Hello and welcome to Libro Crone. I guess that's my new intro, I don't even know. Hi, I'm Kate and this is Libro Crone or something. I'm here to do my fall wrap-up because I missed doing my wrap-ups for the months that are generally considered fall, September, October, November, and I didn't necessarily read a ton so I will just do a whole seasonal wrap-up and that'll be that and everyone will be happy including me. So the first thing that I completed back in September and I think the only thing that I finished in September, not a great reading month, was Vox Machina Origins 2 by Matthew Mercer, Judy Hauser, and a bunch of other people who do a lot of different things on this comic. So this is the critical role comic book, the origins for their Vox Machina campaign. This was stuff from their home game that they are now bringing to light as a comic book because they just are just gonna hit every single medium possible. They stream, they do shows, they do comics, they do animated shows soon too. So this one follows the story about Grog and we meet our very very wonderful gunslinger Percy in this one. So yes, I have a lot of feelings. I love these, I'm super biased because obviously I love Critical Role. I love the Vox Machina campaign. I'm super excited. I know all of these characters really well so I'm very attached. I'm just so excited to see these old games of theirs coming to life in this new way.  It just feels good. It just makes me so happy to always be back in this world. I again don't really know how how much other people who don't watch Critical Role will feel about this. I loved it. 5 out of 5, like 100%. But I mean, also this would probably be a good, the comic books will be a good place to start if you're interested in Critical Role but feel nervous about watching 500 hours of Dungeons and Dragons. Comic books will be a good place to go if you're interested but intimidated. The next book that I read I listened to on audiobook and that is Imprasive Slowness Challenging the Cult of Speed by Carl Honoré. This was like a weird listen. This was also recommended to me in library school by one of the professors I really liked. But this book, not my favorite. I liked the ideas but it was very repetitive and very just sort of like one note the whole way through. I guess I should tell you what this book is about.  Like people like moving very quickly just to save a couple of seconds at the Starbucks or something or rushing around and not spending time with your family and whenever you do spend time with people you're always worried about what you have to be doing next. Like really not savoring moments and how our society is programming us to just go faster, faster, faster to never be satisfied and to never really enjoy the moment that we're in which I do think is a very prevalent problem and I do want to try to challenge that in my own life but like the thing about it that pissed me off the most is that he would say all these things like about how like capitalism runs you ragged and capitalism makes you miserable and capitalism makes you unhappy because you are like always being productive and there is no time to just enjoy life and things in life and family and food and interaction and travel and blah blah blah but then he literally comes up short and he says but capitalism is not the problem here. What are you talking about dude? Yes it is um basically that kind of thing it was just really annoying where he like walked headfirst into the problem and the solution and was like but this isn't the problem or the solution. We don't need to dismantle capitalism we just need to change our relationship to it and it's like no so that was annoying. Also I was listening to it on audio and he read it himself and he mispronounced a lot of words um he mispronounced the word artisanal and he was like artisanal like he didn't say artisanal he didn't say like that but he was like artisanal or something like ridiculous that's just like that's how you pronounce artisanal I don't understand like he and he's like really into this whole like slow food artisanal food movement but he doesn't know how to pronounce the word artisanal also he has graduate degrees in like Italian and he can't pronounce words. He also mispronounced Don Quixote he literally pronounces Don Quixote as quicksote and I had to like pause the audio book and be like did I just hear what the what I think I just heard? Don Quixote it makes it makes Quixote sound so much better doesn't it to be like Don Quixote and really mean it so it was hard to take him seriously in a lot of these instances because he was so like trying so hard but like failing so miserably but the ideas are there of like ways to slow down ways to sort of detach from this like ultra capitalist ultra productivity perspective on life which I think a lot of people do could benefit from reading this book I think a lot of moderates would really love it I feel like moderates would just eat it up. I ended up giving it three out of five stars because like the ideas are good but like there's a lot wrong with the book and the author in my opinion so like yikes. The next book that I read was my reread of The Diviners because I'm kind of in a constant state of rereading The Diviners these days just because they're just like so fun and they may be so happy. I reread this around Halloween because I just wanted a spooky book. This one and Lair of Dreams are always just so like muah perfect five out of five for like the third time in a row or whatever um I love it. It's always weird to come back and like each book is sort of like a different focus on a different boy and she's focused on like Jericho so much in this one and I'm always like this is about in case you haven't heard this is about 1920s magical power children kind of like it's YA technically but like they don't act like teenagers they act like adults who are young which is great. Lots of spooky ghosts lots of creepy crawlies and an extremely 1920s aesthetic and that is so good. The 1920s vibe is engaged with completely which I love so so much. It does not shy away from how gross and bad the 1920s were. This series is one of my favorites it always will be I think it's so good. The next book I read after that was Piranesi by Susanna Clark. I read part of it and listened to part of it on audiobook because I actually pre-ordered the audiobook ages ago but I got this physical copy from my birthday which is super cool super happy to have both because I am more likely to read things at audio these days than I am in print but I really wanted to read this one so I actually like read along with the audio which was super fun and if I recall correctly the audio was narrated by Chill and Tell Edgiphor who cool British actor love him. He did a great great great great great job with this. This is about a man called Piranesi who lives in the house which is this labyrinthine eerie creepy beautiful set of halls full of statues and he documents the statues and he keeps track of the tides because there's this water that comes in and out throughout the house and he keeps track of it and he learns it it's almost like um it's almost like being someone who's like really into like nature and like early humans documenting natural phenomenon is kind of like what he's doing in this otherworldly place he's visited a couple times a week by his only friend the only other human he knows called the other who is eerily different than Piranesi in many ways and this book is atmospheric it's creepy it's uncomfortable you sense instantly that something is just like wrong but the narrator is so happy and so content that this dissonance in the writing in between the characters is just so uncomfortable you you just like can't deal with it so you have to find out what's going on what's wrong it's a very short um it packs a punch with just a little bit and to me this is like immaculate Susanna Clark she is such a master of craft that she can write you know a 900 page epic magic battle basically and then follow it up with just you know under 300 pages of beautiful atmospheric writing that just transports you it's weird all the characters are so interesting I absolutely loved it I do like Jonathan Strange and Mr. Norrell better but I kind of expected to I'm really excited to reread this just because I feel like it will be so interesting upon rereading when you can pick up more from it Susanna Clark is a kind of author who I really believe should be taught in classes these days like she is so brilliant and I think what I love most about her is how much time she takes to work on her her projects I feel like you can really see how much work she's put into these things because she takes the time to just sit with her work ain't that just the slow movement I love her and I love this can't remember what I gave this what did I give this I gave it five out of five stars shocking I might have given it four brain my brain was like did I give this four no I gave it five it's incredible it was just excellent the next book I read was New World Coming the 1920s and the making of modern America by Nathan Miller I listened to this on audio and ended up giving it four stars which I think was probably more of a three and a half um it was enjoyable it was very informative about the 1920s it pitches itself as like this like overarching discussion of the 20s which I guess it kind of is but it definitely focused a lot more on the politics of the 1920s and not necessarily just like the general politics or like cultural politics like very literal like we talk a lot about harding we talk a lot about coolage we talk a lot about political events like like the democratic national convention in like 1926 or whatever it was so yeah it was very very politically focused and I had been kind of hoping it would be a little bit more culturally focused it did go into culture and it kind of the I think my problem there is that it like kind of framed itself as culturally focused because the opening is like oh we're going to like frame this narrative around F. Scott Fitzgerald because of course they are um and then they don't really do that very much at all they talk about Fitzgerald a bit they talk about Zelda Fitzgerald a bit they talk about F. Scott Fitzgerald towards the end he sort of bookends it more than he is the through line through the story or through the the textbook it's a lot less narrative it's not like a narrative discussion or explanation of the 1920s it's more of like a textbook so yeah it was like not quite what I wanted from it basically more than it was like bad or anything I think ultimately the information will be like helpful it learned a lot about like Coolidge's personality which was fun and interesting but um I'm just hoping that the next 1920s book that I pick up will be a little bit more focused on the culture rather than the direct politics of the time and the next book that I read was Mexican Gothic by Silvia Moreno Garcia which I gave it 4.5 out of five stars it was like so close to a five star book it was amazing I loved it I think I will like it more on reread but I loved it the first time too I love Gothic fiction I love like Rebecca is one of my favorite classics and this had a lot of Rebecca vibes it feels like a mix between like Rebecca and something else that I can't quite place um and I love it I just need to figure out what that other thing is but this book is about a young socialite in the 1950s in Mexico she goes from Mexico City to a sort of like outskirtsie rural town to check in on her cousin who seems to have gotten very ill psychologically physically ill for no particular reason and has sent a letter to her and her father asking for help so they send no at me and she goes to figure out what's going on here figure out why this like British English family is being so secretive and standoffish and creepy and they are very creepy I thought it was a brilliant brilliant book and I was just so impressed with Silvia Moreno Garcia's writing I was impressed with her the vision she had for it it it was so good and it did every Gothic literature thing just right the pacing was probably the only thing that I would say was like not perfect because we go really slow for about the two-thirds of the book and then the last third is like a breakneck speed so I feel like there needed to be more of a build rather than a slow period and a fast period I feel like it doesn't really speed up in the middle there it goes from like 30 to 90 in like a second and then from 90 to 100 so I I would have liked a bit more of a build up but otherwise I thought it was like pretty great I loved the main character of Noemi I loved the like weird psychological how unsure she was of her surroundings and her relationships and I really liked the love interest I thought that was like really cute and well done I really just loved it I loved the ending I thought it was great 4.5 out of 5 stars I'm so excited to read more from Silvia Moreno Garcia after this and finally the last book that I finished in the fall right at the end of November was Axiom's End by Lindsay Ellis I read this as a buddy read with SuperPow and we both sort of had a similar vibe for it where it was like good but not great this is a first contact story about aliens and the government and it's set in 2007 which is like borderline historical fiction now which is entertaining in itself I liked the main character she sort of like meets this alien and becomes his interpreter and that's how the sort of like relationship between her and the alien makes any sense and then there's all this government stuff and then there's the fact that her father is sort of like a Julian Assange type whistleblower um he's douche I was surprisingly interested in him he was like not on page he was sort of the character who there was tension with him even though he wasn't there which was fascinating and I thought that was actually some of Ellis's best writing in the book was the fact that there could be so much tension with a character who isn't there at all everything else felt a little bit formulaic and the fact that it is a first in a series it felt very expository in that way you know we have to learn about the aliens we have to make friends with this alien we have to do this part before we can get to the meat of the story that she's trying to get to which is going to happen later in the next books it was okay three out of five I'm gonna give the second book in the series a chance um probably because I really love Lindsay Ellis and I think she's great um I'm also not like I've mentioned this before but like I'm not super into sci-fi in general so like this is a hard sell for me it was fine um and since I like her I will give her second book a chance I'm really hoping that the dad character comes in because he was really the most interesting factor of it all for me the fact that everyone's obsessed with him I'm just like why let's meet him and find out so these are the books that I finished in the fall I've already finished two books in December which is like pretty darn good for me this year and I will be back on your screens soon thank you so much for watching and I'll see you next time


So we're here tonight at the Colerone Community Center for the first ever Pikeville Pride Prom. So last year was the first Pikeville Pride celebration in the Pikeville City Park. So this year, in addition to that festival coming up in October, we've added this prom on. So it's just a place, like I said, for all of us, all the LGBTQ plus community to come and gather and celebrate, just being who we are and just being a community. I mean, I graduated high school 30 years ago and I went to my prom 30 years ago with a guy when I had a girlfriend because that wasn't okay and, you know, this is just the right time, the right place for you can come and be who you are with your partner and not have to worry about it. I think that what we have organized today, I think, is a wonderful, wonderful event, so all the silent auction is going to charity to fund the next Pride. We are actively bettering ourselves as a community. We are getting stronger. We are getting better every single step along the way. We have space resistance. We've got protesters out in the front, but we never let them bring us down and I think we're overcoming a lot. It means so much to have an event like this because up until now, there has been nothing for the LGBTQ plus community, a place for them to gather and feel safe and just have a good time.   To me, Pride is an event where everyone can be anyone that they want to be. It's a good, wonderful event of self-expression, love, tenderness. It's embracing who you are when the rest of the world doesn't want to embrace you. Never be afraid to be who you are.


cry. Hi! What's up my beautiful babe? How are you doing today? Looking fabulous! Oh this, oh this is nothing.   It is now released. You can now purchase it at fanjoy.co slash Brad. The link is also in the description below. Oh and yes it is as comfy and warm and luxurious as the pink hoodie but it's in black. So I have a feeling you guys are gonna enjoy this video a lot today. As you read from the title I will be reacting to kids getting their haircuts and you know I am picking the most cute and adorable kids to watch this video and you guys your hearts are gonna melt. My heart is probably gonna melt also and I don't even really like kids to be honest with you. Especially cutting her hair.  I will not do it. No, not happening. They move too much. They don't stay still. All right you guys know how this works. Let's just get on with the video shall we? Let's get it started.   Okay, obviously blonde as f***. This is by the channel Family Fun Pack and yeah they have 15 million views in this video. I don't know what to say with that. Okay let's watch this. Last video. If you haven't seen that video you should check it out. I'll be linked below.  Stop touching me. He's like this is so much work just sitting here and looking cute all the time. I can't go. Oh my god I just want to like. I don't even like children like I said before but I just want to pinch this child's cheeks. Maybe I do like children. Maybe I secretly like children. I'm just like putting up a facade. Breakthrough. Oh my gosh this is not even a real part. This is not even a real child. This is like my child will have a mohawk. If I have a child it will have a mohawk. My child would be so bad. Oh my god leather jackets, Chelsea boots, fedoras, mohawks, blue hair, pink hair. Oh girl he'd have it all or she whatever. Good for this girl. She just has so much patience. I hope she gets tipped well. I hope these two-year-old children tip well. Oh he's so cute. No wonder why it says 15 million views. He's just so cute. Look at those eyes. Kids are so weird. I'm sorry they they literally have no idea what's going on in life ever. They're just not even there.  Yes queen. Yes queen. He is gonna be a queen. You can tell a queen. He's like yo I got this. Let me do my own hair honey. Why are these children salons always so ugly? Who designed this place? I know it's for children but come on. That was cuteness overload. I don't know who I don't know how we're gonna top that. That was just a lot. I just found another amazing video. Okay this one is by 360 GZ. Two-year-old mohawk. I just think mohawks are the cutest things on children.  This guy is definitely the best dad ever. Cry. This child. You guys I think this child is cuter than the other child. I'm gonna say it. Oh and he's getting whoa. Wait I want this. Oh my god where is he? I need to get my hair down by him. That is so cool. That is so cool. That is so so cool. How is he doing this on a child? This kid is like moving around and he's making this like perfect star.  If this is my child I would just eat him. Eat him. I would just be like you're so cute.   That is the most bad. Oh my god. Oh my god. Thank you 360 GZ for sharing this video. Sure. Kids actually do that. They get gum in their hair.  I feel like all kids are so scared of these things. She's like no. Get me out of this bullsh**. This is not fun. Little sniff. Hello. She's getting a little bob. Oh my god.  I can't do it. Besides my own. I saw her mom bob. She has beautiful hair. She needs some highlights though. Just throw a few highlights in and it'll be perfect. Nobody has to know. I was getting my hair highlighted at like three or five or something. I don't remember. I was so young. Oh queen. Queen. Who started the bob trend? She did. She did. I really didn't think I was gonna find these kids as adorable as I found them. Oh my god. So cute. Cuteness overload. I need to just have a child. I'm gonna get pregnant. And if you want to give this video a like, you know, the like button is right down there. Oh and so is the subscribe button. If you haven't subscribed yet, then grow. Oh boy. What are you doing with that button? And then, you know what you should do? Hit the button right next to that. It has like a little bell icon. That will give you notifications for when I post videos. And like, yeah, it would be super cool if you did that. But like, if you don't want to do that, whatever. And today's Instagram shout out goes to Janet. This is her Instagram name and this is what she looks like. What's up girl? She says, I love you. I love you too, Janet. And I want to know if I should dye my hair lighter. The current cut only looks good straight, but I usually only wear it curly. Please keep making YouTube videos.  Love you. Love you. Okay. So I always recommend girls with curly hair to get some kind of highlight because, you know, it really brings out the wave and curl in your hair. If you have highlights, it's going to look so good. But with your skin tone, I would definitely recommend staying in the warm side of the blonde family. Definitely give it a shot, Janet. Let me know how it goes. Thank you guys so much for watching today.  And I will see you all next time. Peace.


And now for entertainment news. Archie, the son of Britain's Duke and Duchess of Sussex, turns two years old on Thursday. Born on the 6th of May 2019 at the Portland Hospital in London, Archie Harrison Mountbatten Winsaw now lives in Montecito, Santa Barbara, California, United States with his parents and yet unborn baby sister. Archie is currently 7th in line to the British throne just behind his father, who announced earlier last year that his family would step back from their roles as senior royals. Mother Megan is to publish a children's book on June 8th titled The Bench about the relationship between father and son based on her husband and Archie. Fresh news updates.


Tlo what's poppin? We are on twitch. We are not edit that out We are live by the time you see this we won't be so you could just leave a like comment subscribe Turn on your post notification bells. Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK And if you do happen to miss any lives and you wanted to see anything that was good on there this behind me the lit one live That's where it will be Link down in the description. Don't forget. We do got the discord link down in the description for that and we also got the patreon the patreon keeps the The blood flowing the lifeline pays the bills You know I'm saying so I appreciate everybody who's over there or everybody who's thinking about coming over here And you know we post over there once a day. I didn't post today, but you know You will get one Saturday. That's how that go if I miss a day. I go out of place I've replaced everything on a Saturday Then movie requests for Sunday from the people who are in that tier Link down below now. This is I've been seeing this But I wanted to let like the whole thing play out and then react to it now Thomas Cashman jail for 42 year minimum for the murder of Olivia Corble I think that happened in Liverpool from Yeah, you have it in Liverpool 42 year minimum that is I'm not gonna lie. That's the highest That's the highest minimum sentence I've ever seen out the out of the UK and It's well deserved. He did need that. He'd need life He'd need life With no possible parole And if he was in Texas, you know what he'd get He'd be Texas would put that boy in the dirt Anyway, let's get into this cameras in court. Please stand by Thomas Cashman is to be sentenced today for the murder of Olivia Pratt Corbell the intent of murder of Joseph Wounding Cheryl Corbell with the intent and two firearms offenses Mr. Cashman has been brought to court today that has refused to come from the cells to be sentenced. I Have directed that he should do so that he has maintained his refusal. I Am therefore left with no choice, but to sentence him in his absence These sentencing remarks will be made available to him in writing All five offenses arise out of the events of the 22nd of August 2022 Where? Okay, okay.  Knee shooting at close range When the first gun malfunctioned mr. Knee was able to scramble away, but the defendant had his second gun ready He relentlessly pursued mr. Knee Causing him to seek refuge by barging into the home occupied by Olivia's family Undeterred and wholly unconcerned for the safety of others. He continued to shoot at Joseph knee firing into that family home Olivia just nine years old heard the commotion from her bed Unsurprisingly she came downstairs to seek the comfort of her mother Her last words were mum. I'm scared In a terrible twist of fate she had stepped directly into the line of fire As her mother battled to keep the front door closed the defendant fired a shot that perched straight through the door Then through Cheryl Corbell's wrist and into Olivia's chest killing her The defendant then managed to get his hand. That's my worst fear. That's why I moved from Chicago I could not have something like that happen to my dog. That's how I had to go My worst fear man RIP My condolences to the family And inside the door and fired another shot inside the house Fortunately the door was closed on his hand and the bullet discharged into the door frame avoiding the people inside For the murder of Olivia, there is only one sentence that can be passed. That is a mandatory life sentence Let there be no misunderstanding about this The sentence will be one of life imprisonment That means that the defendant may spend the rest of his days in prison You know man sometimes they could they be trying to give Man slaughter and what like no, I wasn't aiming at him. I didn't mean I know that was the I know that was his solicitors case But yeah, no, however for reasons. I shall explain. This is not a case which requires a whole life order. I Must therefore specify the minimum term which must elapse before the defendant can apply to be released on license That is the shortest period that he will be required to serve in prison There is no guarantee that he will in fact be released at that stage That will be a matter for the parole board I will specify sentences for the other offenses, but they will be served concurrently with the sentence for murder Which will concurrence That's at the same time, right? They should have stacked them off Reflect Yeah, after you done with this one your next one start. Yeah after you done with that next one your next one start The totality of the offending The killing of Olivia Pratt corbell is an offense that shocked not only the city of Liverpool, but the nation Olivia's name is likely to be remembered for many years She should not be remembered only for her dreadful last moments Her family have spoken today of Olivia in life And of the hopes and dreams for her future which was so cruelly snatched away It is plain that Olivia was a lovely little girl who cared for others And brightened the lives of her family and friends They have suffered an unimaginable loss which they must carry for the rest of their lives Nothing I say or do today will ease that But they should know that they have my sympathy The mental scars from that night will persist forever Cheryl Corbell must also bear the physical scars on her wrist and hand She must have suffered terrible pain as the bullet passed through her body But her bravery and strength is obvious She had fought to keep the trouble outside and she ignored the pain as she desperately tried to save Olivia The need for her to receive emergency treatment meant that she could not be with her daughter when she died Nobody suggests that the defendant intended to kill Olivia or to harm Cheryl But even if he did not know Olivia was in the firing line, the same cannot be said about Cheryl She opened her door and stepped outside to see what was happening She immediately recognized the gravity of the situation and hurried back to get inside and secure her home It will have been apparent to the defendant that she was not connected with now Me personally probably when she opened the door do try to run in the crib And get protection like me personally. I'm one of the best Literally I'm one of the best you'll ever see at mind in my business I would have never done that Not saying it's her fault or anything. I'm just saying what I wouldn't I wouldn't open no door at the sound of gunfire Joseph me and was trying to keep him out He knew therefore that a holy innocent woman was by the door And yet that is where he chose to take aim Had he paused to think for one moment It would have been obvious that this was a family home and this he couldn't pause the thing. He wasn't in control of himself He was running off pure emotion He didn't have control of his mind his thoughts. He wasn't moving like a man Others perhaps including children were at risk But the defendant was focused only on the murder of joseph knee and no one else mattered to him Precisely what lay behind the attempt on joseph knee's life has not emerged The court did not hear from him and the defendant was certainly not willing to share the truth On his own evidence the defendant led a criminal lifestyle In the course of which he was prepared to use threats and violence Mr. Knee was a man with enemies who had been shot at previously That provides the context for what happened Whatever mr. Knee may have done it plainly did not justify the attempt on his life He suffered serious injuries and is lucky to be alive After things went so tragically wrong The defendant went to the home of the woman who was brave enough to come to court to give evidence against him And mr. Knee bogus too How you going to put the innocent family in jeopardy because of the life you live He know exactly why he was in that situation We can all guess why he was in that situation But he gonna run up in them innocent people career like that. He bogus for that I have made an order granting her lifelong anonymity and will not name her now Her evidence was significant as they both realized She chose to do the right thing The defendant invented a defense designed to humiliate and undermine her It did not work She was subjected to lengthy questioning about the most intimate details that she stood firm I am sorry that she had to endure that but endure it. She did and her courage is to be applauded In sentencing for the murder of Olivia Pratt-Corebell I must follow the statutory provisions set out in schedule 21 of the sentencing act 2020 Paragraph 2 2 b a of schedule 21 Provides that the starting point for the murder of a child Involving a substantial degree of planning or pre-meditation is a whole life order I have considered whether that applies to this case But have concluded it does not because the planning and pre-meditation was not directed at the child There is no doubt though that's the seriousness of the murder Taken in combination with the other offenses is particularly That's why that that legal jargon come into play like oh, yeah This schedule this this stature this schedule c 6 9 2 4 5 Filly grave such as to require a lengthy minimum term Sentence that man with your heart The starting point for any murder involving a firearm is 30 years as set out in paragraph 3 of schedule 21 I must then consider the aggravating and mitigating factors set out in paragraphs 9 and 10 Together with any other relevant circumstances There can be no doubt that this shooting involved a significant degree of planning and pre-meditation I bear in mind that many if not most murders involving firearms Involve some pre-meditation And that is already accounted for in the starting point The evidence in this case demonstrates planning going well beyond that The defendant had sourced two guns presumably to allow for the possibility of one misfiring He knew what van joseph knee was driving and i'm sure that he was looking out for him earlier that day Having spotted his van he changed his clothes and concealed his face before heading towards him Only to realize that mr. Knee had left Later having seen the van again and realizing mr. Knee was likely to remain where he was until the end of the televised football The defendant again changed his clothes He camped out on him all day Yeah, that much camping man. He didn't that's a revenge type Into position and lay in wait This was a targeted planned execution attempt It commenced in a residential street Even as mr. Knee run for his life the defendant ruthlessly pursued him He then fired more shots as mr. Knee tried to take cover in a determined effort to complete what he had set out to do It is accepted on the defendant's behalf that olivia was a particularly vulnerable victim because of her age I do not necessarily agree that olivia's age made her more vulnerable to being killed in these specific circumstances But it is academic to debate whether the case comes within paragraph nine b The real gravity of this case is that a young child was shot and killed in her own home As children do olivia was coming downstairs to seek reassurance Cheryl corbell should have been able to give that reassurance and to tuck olivia back into bed What's happened instead was chilling and strikes fear not only into the immediate community But also into the minds of other children and their parents Shooting into a family home with no regard for who may be caught in the crossfire Is obviously a very significant aggravating factor Which must be reflected in the minimum term that's that's all the If we speak in politics that that go a lot that go that go against a lot of gang politics if he was in if he was Involved in that nature of anything He will he will probably be dealt with accordingly once he gets to HMP wherever he gone None of the statutory mitigating factors apply in this case While right that there was no intent to kill olivia The fatal shot was fired with the clearest possible intent to kill And I have determined that the shooting was premeditated The fact that the intent was directed towards joseph knee offers no mitigation Had the defendant planned to kill olivia, he would have been facing a whole life order Even had the defendant killed joseph knee rather than olivia The premeditated nature of the killing The use of two firearms And the firing of shots into a family home would still have required a substantial uplift Well, I don't get why are they why is she telling us about if ands or you know, I'm saying what ifs like Just The fact that it was olivia who died Undoubtedly makes the offense more serious still Yes Further, I am not considering this offense in isolation The defendant must also be sentenced for the other offenses I shall take care not to double count features that are common to counts one to three I am very conscious that the shot that killed olivia was one of those aimed at joseph knee while attempting to kill him And was the same shot that wounded charol corbell However, I must reflect the fact that the harm caused was not limited to killing olivia But also included serious injury to two other people Had I been sentencing the defendant for the attempt of murder of joseph knee alone I would have imposed a life sentence because of the obvious risk of serious harm. He poses to members of the public I agree with the submissions that this is a category a two case within the relevant sentencing guideline That gives a starting point of a determinant sentence of 30 years And a range of 25 to 35 years Even in the context of a category a case the offense is aggravated by the planning The relentless pursuit of mr. Knee and the use of two firearms So I will select Select a figure towards the upper end of the range In setting the minimum term to be served on a discretionary life sentence The notional term should be discounted by one third to reflect the early release provisions which apply to a determinant sentence I need not dwell further on the minimum term for count two Since it will make no practical difference to the minimum term which must be served which will be that imposed on count one For count three wounding Cheryl corbell with intent to do grievous bodily harm to another The offense falls into category a two in the relevant guideline Giving a starting point of seven years imprisonment and a range of six to ten years The offense is aggravated by being committed against a woman in her own home And I consider this a sentence at the top of that range is appropriate But it won't matter because it's going to congruent with the first one. So About 30 years why I say 42 firearms offenses charged as counts four and five are pass and parcel of the other offenses It will be wholly artificial to consider the appropriate sentence for these two offenses had they stood alone They are category a one offenses within the relevant guideline The sentences on these counts will not impact on the overall term the defendant must serve It is therefore unnecessary to say more and I will simply adopt the starting point suggested by the guideline Namely 18 years imprisonment I have explained the approach to the sentences for the individual offenses only so that the defendant and others Know how I have arrived at the eventual sentence which I impose Okay, the reality is that the defendant's offending cannot be compartmentalized And the minimum term to be served will reflect the totality of his offending The defendant murdered Olivia Pratt-Cawbell a young child in her own home He did so in the course of attempting to murder joseph knee As part of a planned and sustained attack involving the use of two firearms He caused serious injuries to mr. Knee and came close to killing him He also shot Cheryl corbell Causing her significant physical injury to say nothing of the psychological scars. He caused her and others That is the basis on which he will be sentenced The defendant is now age 34. He is not of previous good character Any attempt to rely on an absence of any significant history of violence Has to be viewed in the context of what he told the jury He made it quite clear That he was a criminal who used threats and violence when it suited him Although I will not treat that as aggravation. There is no mitigation to be found in his history The defendant has not acknowledged his responsibility for Olivia's death and so has demonstrated no remorse Yeah Well, you ain't acknowledging nothing or or remorseful. They give you the top of every piece of a sentence you can get His failure to come into court is perhaps further evidence of that Although I'm trying to get on demon time. I gotta be a demon in jail They're from 42 him They make it clear that this has not caused me to increase his sentence Shoulder The defendant is a father and I accept that being taken away from his children is a loss for him and for them It's a loss for them He should have been thinking about that before he was running down somebody in broad daylight and shooting in the crib That he is wholly responsible for There is in my judgment, no real mitigation available to the defendant I now pronounce the sentence On count one for the murder of Olivia pratt corbell The sentence will be life imprisonment The minimum term will be 42 years Less the time the defendant has already spent on remarmed On count two the attempted murder of joseph knee The sentence is life imprisonment with a minimum term of 22 years Everything else is irrelevant 42 years. She already ran down the rundown 42 years. He's 34. He'd be out at 76 Yeah, all right That boy's gonna wither up in there till I leave a like comment. I'm gone man. R. I. P Conduces to the family


However, the new trend, 30 is the new 20, has turned some 30-year-old men into egocentric spoiled kids without their knowledge. Are you wondering what category you fall into? Mature or immature? Well, in this video, I will share with you 9 signs that you are a mature man. 1. You don't spend to impress As a kid, it was reasonable to throw tantrums at your parents simply because you desired a particular toy that a rich kid who lives next door had, so that you could show off to your friends. However, growing up into your 20s and 30s with that same mentality to acquire things just for the sake of show off shows that you are still the kid that you were some two decades ago. If you start going to the gym to impress girls or reading up on wine tasting or art just so others can perceive you as classy, you are not any different from that kid who threw tantrums to get toys. Mature men are not motivated by what others think. Their actions are driven by a sincere desire to improve, learn and develop in a direction that has been chosen. They work out so they can be healthy and their reason for reading books is to expand their knowledge. If your choice is that guided by logic, then you are a mature man, different from the many that are just out to impress. 2.  Living in fear means never-seasoned opportunities. It means letting yourself get discouraged by the words, what if it goes wrong? Similarly, many individuals fail to acknowledge the presence of fear, because they want to believe that there are no fears. A mature man on the other hand acknowledges the existence of fear but does not let it stop him from pursuing. He is not like other individuals who stay on the safe path rather than venture into unfamiliar waters. When you begin to move out of your comfort zone into the wilderness that lies beyond, then you are mature. 3. You forgive One vital sign of maturity is the ability to forgive wrongs that you would not have forgiven previously. Forgiveness is not an easy thing to do for many people. Arguments will happen between family members, friends, lovers and coworkers. It is inevitable. If you spend a lot of time with someone, however, being able to cool off after the clash and let go of ill feelings shows maturity.  If you are not too proud to be the first to say, I'm sorry, I was wrong at that, forgive me, then you are a mature man. In the same vein, if you have mastered the act of forgiving even before your forgiveness is sought, it also shows that you have a sense of maturity. 4. You take responsibility Taking responsibility for mistakes is not always a fun activity. However, it is what mature men do. Many men are prideful. They will never admit to the fact that they made a mistake. While some of them tend to justify their actions and pass the blame on other people, mature men realize that the situation of their lives is a product of the decisions they made sometime past, so they take full responsibility for every outcome, good or bad. A mature man also goes a step further by taking responsibility for those that are close to him. Like an Asian tribal leader, a grown man understands that the problems of his friends and family also affect him, hence he stands in the gap for his social circle. So, if you always take responsibility for yourself and those around you, you are mature. 5. You value family One quick question. When was the last time you put a call across to your family members, especially your parents? Disagreement and conflict may be a usual occurrence amongst you and your family members, but the fact remains that they genuinely love and care about you. No matter the dispute that arises in their families, mature men will never abandon. Usually instances like education, work and business may cause a man to be far from his family, yet it is not an excuse to remain distant from family. Many immature men use physical distance and tight schedules as an excuse for distancing themselves from their family, but mature men take out time to visit their loved ones. Then after marriage, mature men keep in close contact with their siblings and other members of the family. If you try your best to always look out for your family members, despite the distance and disagreements, then you are indeed a mature man. 6. You are comfortable being yourself One problem among many young men is that they don't feel good about their looks and style. They are so insecure that often they project their insecurities onto their partners. When they see other young men with better looks or dress sense or more money than them, they feel intimidated and if they see any of those seemingly better guys around their partners, they feel jealous and may even burst out in anger publicly. A mature man is confident in his appearance and unique fashion sense and doesn't care about a few people disapproving or making negative comments. He loves himself for who he is and does not allow his insecurities to get a better part of him. 7. You set realistic goals Many people set goals but only a few make realistic goals. Thus, the majority of individuals accomplish nothing, even though they have their goals written down with deadlines. An important aspect of maturity, apart from knowing what you want, is being able to gauge your capabilities honestly. This knowledge allows you to set realistic and achievable goals. Mature men understand that the goal is to attain sustainable results.  8. You are decisive When you were young, most of your decisions are made for you by your parents and all the siblings. Most times, when you were given the floor to make your own choices, you are indecisive because you have no experience with the different samples. Now you are all grown up and of age, but if you still find yourself often sane, I don't know. Any option is fine. You decide. When asked for opinions, then you are not yet mature.  He has goals and plans and will strive towards achieving them. Even when he is indecisive about what he wants, a mature man knows what he does not wish to have. If you find yourself making intelligent and reasonable decisions in time, then you are mature. 9. You know when to say no A man who says yes to every offer is immature and does not know what he wants. Mature men have the dignity, self-control and confidence to set and apply boundaries in every area of their lives. If per adventure, others try to push too far or blackmail them into doing what they do not want to do, these men will stand their ground and project robust prevailing energy. Immature men are quite easy to lure and manipulate, and that is not the case of men with a mature mindset. They cannot be intimidated into doing something that is not in consonance with their underlining principles, nor will they sit by and let someone walk all over them. They don't necessarily resort to violence or conflict, but with assertiveness they speak for themselves with an unyielding voice. The degree at which you can confidently stand for what you believe determines if you are mature or not. Above all, a mature man is true to himself. He understands that change, success and significance begin with authenticity. It does not matter if you are flawed in science, in the science mentioned earlier. If you can accept yourself for who you are and strive towards being better, then maturity is not far from you.