And people are so petty sometimes I when I first saw this tweet come across my screen I went to the replies immediately in the first reply. I saw this ain't Chandler Jones Anyway, you too team keep it clean. What's going on is engraving here with another video and in this video the Ravens You know, they always busy, you know, they always busy. They are bringing in three different past rushers But no, none of their names are Justin Houston. None of their names are Chandler Jones None of their names are any of the names that you would have thought Would be at the top of the Ravens list But this is what we have continued to say time and time again We don't expect the Ravens to go for the sexy name right now at the past rush position While Chandler Jones would be cool. It'll be great. I do not think it's likely at all But anyway, the three names that the Ravens brought in for a workout are Deon Jordan now with Deon Jordan He has um, he's had quite an interesting career because I believe it started down here in Miami with the Dolphins and then he there was some some off-field stuff going on and Dolphins end up cutting them. I forgot what the situation was But anyway, that's that's the past he went to the the Seahawks. He went to oh, he went to the Raiders, too Okay, and then last year he spent last year with the 49ers He has a total of 13 and a half sex in his career because career started in 2013 So he played in 2013 2014 took a couple years off came back in 2017 has been playing ever since but Has a total of 13 and a half sex So that's with Deon Jordan And so he's a free agent and the Ravens just they trying to get something sorted out at the the past Russian position Now another name that they they brought in Was Chris Smith Now Chris Smith is again another under the radar guy But somebody who's been around for a little minute So he obviously doing something right if he's been in the league for this long since 2014 Started off his career first three years with the Jacksonville Jaguars And then he moved on to all the Bengals Okay, so he's made with a FC north and then he played two two years with the Browns and then he also played last year with the Raiders Okay, so he is definitely a FC type of guy He has a total of nine and a half sex throughout his career And then the last this is one that I hadn't heard of a chelique Calhoun before So this is he's new to me But he's been around since 2016 spent the majority of his career With the Raiders from 2016 and 2018 then 2019 and 20 he spent it with the new England Patriots He has a total of two and a half career sex and again Sex are not the end all be all and something to keep in mind because I know it's gonna be a lot of people in the comment section Who's that? Who's that? Why are the Ravens bringing that guy? Why are they bringing that guy? It's not like they're bringing in these guys to be their day one starters No, they're not They're bringing guys in for depth. They're bringing guys in for training camp depth Because I know a lot of people tend to get hung up on if Ravens bring in somebody and it's not the person you wanted It's it's not the the biggest star name that there is out there on the market and a lot of people start going crazy over that And a it ain't nothing wrong with that Everybody can be a fan how they choose to be but if they were to just only Only have their starters on the roster Wouldn't be much of a roster at all It would of course have some significant guys on there But you need backups you need backups backups and especially for training camp Unfortunately, hopefully it doesn't happen this year, but unfortunately Injuries happen guys get banged up guys get tired It happens people misses like a couple days in training camp from time to time or whatnot. It happens every year so So you're not in a jam So you're not in a pickle. You just you can't just have your starters out there You gots to have depth and quality depth at that and now with these three guys. It's experienced depth Guys that have been in the league Guys that have played in this league on multiple teams. So they've been in different environments and They've all even though to all together It hasn't been so many times where they got to the quarterback But they know what it's like to stack the quarterback in the NFL But worst-case scenario for each of these guys worst-case scenario for Dion Jordan for Chris and for Shalik, I feel like I said his name the complete wrong way. Oh, yeah, Shalik But worst-case scenario for those guys They come through for training camp and they're just there for training camp that that is the absolute worst-case scenario best-case scenario One of these or whoever whoever gets signed because this is just a workout This is a workout, but whoever gets signed Best-case scenario they make it to the 53 man roster Because that's obviously the ultimate goal make it to the 53 man roster and be a contributor on that too So shout out to these fellas for getting opportunity with the Ravens Because Ravens clearly Feel that they need more depth I know that as far as our pass rush It's more of a question mark than it actually being bad in my opinion It's more of a question mark right now because you just have a lot of unknown there at the at the present Or in the present you have a lot of unknown there You don't know how a doubt fair way is gonna be in the pros You don't know how Daelyn Hayes is gonna be in the pros Pranel McPhee he we got him Jalen Ferguson We got a hope that he takes that next step where he turns that corner this NFL season tires Bowser How is he gonna be as a full-time starter as a full-time pass rusher full-time outside linebacker? It's a lot of stuff that we just haven't seen yet So we're like, oh, okay. Let's see how this thing goes So that's where the Ravens are at right now, so These more again debt moves not like oh, yeah, these guys are gonna be our day one starters. No So for the people that are tripping out When when Chandler Jones does get traded somewhere other than the Ravens. Oh You're probably gonna be pretty upset cuz I just don't envision a scenario with him in purple and black man I just I really don't mean But you never know what could happen. But yeah, I just Don't think it's gonna happen. I just I just don't see it. But Anyway, we'll see what happens with these go and one last thing to These guys price tags There I know there's been a lot of rumors about Justin Houston. Oh, he wants too much money. He wants this he wants that We don't know what he wants Don't know what his saddest price tag is But regardless of what it is these guys if whoever Ravens decide to choose amongst these guys that price tag Will be extremely cheap especially when you compare to a Justin Houston They will be bargain guys Ravens can get them for a deal So that would be something else that will factor into this whole equation So may the best man or men win the job and be able to get on the team and get ready for training camp tomorrow Cuz tomorrow they full goal, baby. I love y'all team keep it clean. I appreciate y'all. We are out


As a little girl, I remember Singapore before it became such a cityscape where my grandmother had a hut in the forest, wells for water, and there were always dogs roaming around. As kids, we were told to stay away from the dogs and, in fact, I actually remember being quite scared of them because they might have rabies. Well, as a veterinarian now, in Australia, I've forgotten what that feels like. I mean, I think you can guess by now. Look at me.  Peppy lives in my handbag and we go to restaurants and movies together. So now, I love dogs and Peppy's going to stay and watch this with me. Both we haven't got rabies here in Australia. I think the bigger reason, though, why this has blossomed is because the public health policies that we have in a developed world have worked so well that many of us have never had to experience watching our best friends turn into our own enemies. Well, stray dogs are the main source of rabies for developing communities and people understandably react by killing dogs in a bit to stop it. On the island of Flores, Indonesia, in 1998, they killed 300,000 dogs in a space of four years to try to stop rabies but only to watch it spread across the island. Four years ago, it hopped over into Bali. This band-aid approach that's currently used in so many places in the world today still just doesn't really work and this is why. Now, this represents the maximum number of dogs that a space can hold and the different colours represent the dogs in the different communities. So what happens when you kill dogs is this. You've created an empty space with food and shelter for other dogs to roll in and because these dogs are not desexed, they breathe. You're back to square one, whilst rabies runs around in circles. In 2005, the people from the state of Sikkim in India came up to us here at Vetsby on Borders and they said to us, you know what, we're sick of killing dogs. What else can we do? So we said to them, well, let's turn it around. We will turn these dogs from being the enemy to being our protectors. We will use technology that's been around for decades and we will vaccinate every single dog that we can get our hands on, owned or stray and then we'll desex them and keep them there to stop this empty space effect and we'll surround ourselves with a stable population of vaccinated dogs because once we've got that, we've got this shield around us, a shield of dogs that will not only defend their territory but we will be unlikely to pass on rabies even if they were bitten. And so now when other dogs and other animals and rabies from the outside try to get in, they can't. It stops right where the vaccinated dogs start. Together with Foundation Bridget Bardot, we haven't had a single case of a human's rabies death reported in Sikkim for the last five years and the animosity towards dogs is fading. This is the idea that we and many other aid agencies around the world is still trying to share because only then can we not only cure rabies, stop rabies, but the relationship between man and dog can begin to heal. Thank you.


We got it. Here we go boys. Last one Last one Hopefully everybody gets on Luke death. Oh He did fantastic. Good job, Gigi Here we go Yeah, taco should come that would be fun. That would be fun Okay, here we go That's loading the fight. Yeah, that's cool. We'll just wait for everyone to be ready Let me go in first You can fly alone, right? I'm me come to America. I've already been to America. I don't need to go back, right? There's only you only need to go there once. It's like a one-and-done sort of thing, right? Okay, is Tyler. He's just coming here. Okay ready Okay, we'll just wait for Tyler to get out of his deck or whatever he's doing Um Luke death is the best death was it ever that's blessed for me blessed for me. I say blessed for me But seriously America's like a one-and-done thing, right? I mean I went to the only state, California and Hawaii Those are the only states in America, right? That's how it works, correct? Fake parents fake parents fake life fake wife. That's the model I live by Um This is perfect chat to talk about family issues for sure. Definitely. Okay. Here we go team. Let's do this Please go Okay, full team of high-leveled wizards. This one should go hopefully really quick really quick. Hopefully try and get out fairy queen first That would be fantastic Absolutely fantastic. Let's radical this dude. That's a radical dude So many feints like what what how did feints come how faint how Okay, big froggy boy froggy boy come to California I have lots of me I've already been to California. I don't need to go there anymore You know, I went to San Diego and Los Angeles That's all I need to do there. Those are the only cities, right? Come to Chicago. It has lots of crazy people I've actually I actually do want to go to every single state in the US But you know that won't be happening for a while Yeah, but you haven't come to my house. Well, that is true. That is true You thought the United Kingdom was a one-and-done thing too, but I went twice In the first two years of your adult life. Yeah, I want to go I want to go over to the UK That would be cool. I think that would be really really cool Come to Texas and I'll take you to wolf. I'll go I'll take you to Walmart Come over to Walmart with me Oh Come to Kelly and I'll take you down now. You should come to New Zealand and I'll um I'll um I'll take you to Finn Yep, or Finn can take you to me. I don't know. I don't know how it works. How does it work again? Can someone explain please? Come to Chicago There's a deal there's a deal and a half right there I don't know if I can not take that offer. I'm a cute date ideas Walmart Well rip Tyler may or may not have the wrong deck. Oh Rip Take him to a barbecue restaurant. Oh New Zealand's great. I'll take you to I'll take you to like waterfalls and like cool New Zealand stuff True story I will New Zealand is a great place really really great Yeah True fact Mainly because men Finn live there Mainly only reason definitely What is this? Okay? We just skipped all of that round. That's how to how to speed through time. Good job What do we got we got one pip? We got three rounds of this left. We're just gonna pass Fain I don't have a I don't have a thing don't have a Indemnitibindedemnity Fin said we're going on a road trip. So you should I will definitely tag along I will definitely I Love road trips around New Zealand. I actually haven't seen a lot of New Zealand, especially the North Island. I haven't really seen I Haven't actually seen much of the North Island. I've only been to Wellington, which is where I was born Auckland Palmerston North those are the only three cities in the North Island that I've seen But I've been most of the places in the South Island Rose replacing zero for zero You're gonna visit every house in California to find tacos Wow every single house that sounds like a lot of houses Just saying wow. Good job. Hit Good heel there and good heel. I mean this should do a decent amount, right please like okay I mean, it's not bad. It's not bad Not bad not bad Do-do-do-do-do-do What if you find me and I say never heard of them that is true Including apartments in caves Who lives in a cave in 2018 geez? Tacos probably doesn't live in a cave Not my caves. Oh, no Anything but the caves, please no Stop with the king art. What what are you doing? Stop it. Why so many king arts like legitimately? Why why you do this? Oof that did so much so much damage geez Your kidnap everyone instead Wow, okay, that's not a good idea Go to Disneyland in California or come to New York City, and I'll show you the craziest crazy I've been to Disneyland in California Um Yeah, I haven't been to New York though. That's the place. I really want to go to New York Do-do-do-do-do You want to go to New York? Well, so do I join the fan club of I want to go to New York Tell me all about it. I Don't know. I don't know What is this oh Cyclops you think you're good a Cuz this ain't gonna do much. Sorry Sorry, but no, thank you Pierced Wow, he thinks he's good Thinks he's good one four three. Yeah, that's what I thought That's what I thought Okay. Well, hopefully we can get out the fairy queen pretty quickly before she heals way too much I mean, she's not healing much at turn, which is good So that's always good. Um, then I'm coming over. I'm going to everyone's house until I find you New York City is intense.  Then you'll go to it. Okay. I Mean it sounds like a plan diet friendly burger and then We're gonna brace for impact Probably a good idea Um You want to go but your broke sounds sounds tragic, I know the feels Know the feels No crit rip. I mean, that's still doing a lot plus the um winged that's gonna do a decent amount on Very Queenie Queenie fairy for 4k. That's pretty decent plus remove all of the blades. Good job Good job. I Want to go to New Zealand and live with me live with me. Don't think you want to do that, but that's fine Sure, okay, they did a decent amount. That was good. That was good Look at this double plague. We're getting in on this double plague action. So good so good Yes, I do bring I know where I want to live. Okay, then you prefer your old town in Kentucky Kentucky, what state's that in there is that a state itself? I don't even know Is that a city or a state? I don't know You can't I'm not gonna read that one up. Um critical. Oh Oh, just going to a bit of damage Disco hurt just a bit Yep, you guys might die. I need a pigsy Pigsy please Kentucky is a state and the okay good. I Okay, Kentucky is a state. Good job Brent. You know your states of America Not that I really need to know them because I don't live in America. There's only three states though, Texas Everywhere else in Hawaii. Those are the only three three states in in America though Texas not Texas in Hawaii. Those are the only three states you need in America California's just like a fancy name you put to a part of a part of not not not that I think you deserve a shadow pip You want a room tour my room's very messy at the moment. So no No, sorry, not at the moment. I need to clean my room. It is literally a tragic mistake of everything Texas is one of the three states. So yeah, Texas is Texas is one of the states. Oh Yeah, Las Vegas is a state as well. Sorry. There's um, Texas not Texas Hawaii and then there's like two parts that are like there's like other parts is like New York Which is not a state. It's just like a part that you call. It's not really a state Then you've also got Las Vegas, which isn't really a state But it's just like a part of the everywhere else that isn't Hawaii in Texas And then there's California, which isn't definitely not a state and just a part of just a region of everywhere else You know, it's like a suburb of everywhere else and so is Las Vegas in New York. That's how it works 100% can guarantee that's how America works Yeah For sure my my word is like great. I know what I'm talking about with Americans definitely Chills is zero and just all while he was only born like 500 and so old seconds ago So, um, I mean, he's not that old. He can't be that big Can't be that big a boy get The question is should I plague and the answer that to that question is Yes, yeah, we're gonna do that. We're gonna do that Hopefully Luke could Lulu that would be really good. That would be really really good Yeah, there's Texas and there's not Texas That's what you need to know exactly. That's what I thought Texas not Texas Hawaii.  It's just the blade just the blade But I'm bum bum bum. Okay, didn't do much. That's good. I need to heal Isaac though He is dying so bad. He is so close to death death and destruction and all of that that goes with it I'm just getting shadow pips galore. Jeez. I'm gonna discard another faint because we are not getting what we need I'm also gonna discard an empowerment because we've got heaps of pips. We will sprite Isaac it's not going to do much, but it'll get rid of the noob pip. Hopefully We'll see How do you reach the door knob the same way you do with my hands? Hello there. Oh, that's doing 69. That's satisfying. That's great Okay, well you are not as charming as rattle bones that's unfortunate Who else is dying desperately we need to get a fat pigsy up somehow Okay, this is gonna hurt jeez Uh-oh RIP Isaac RIP Isaac Okay, can we get a heal that would be great like say to or something of the sort we okay, I don't need none of that We are gonna do this I don't want to heal you with a sprite just because You may not live so yeah, we're just not gonna do that Um, sorry Isaac that was that was a lot of damage really fast. Yeah, um Everyone here is apparently tall that's unfortunate. I mean, I'm only 511.  So yeah Critical GG Newton third law all myths are practically useless because they only have three aoe attacks So true. So true. I Mean he killed with ninja pigs a five-pip spell I'll have you know That we are only one It was only one aoe attack Mystic and not mystic that's two actually Frog and everything else. Hi Gavin. Welcome. How are you? How's it going? How is it going We're gonna do this I Legitimately cannot heal I cannot find a heal to save myself. We've got an indemnity though Don't really want to do that because that will increase backlash too much. We will brace though. I Don't particularly want to do too much. Yeah, that's probably the best idea. Sorry Isaac Um Please stop growing You're only one day old and you think you're gonna get pretty tall. Well, that's good. I'm pretty sure I click that right Maybe I don't know we'll find out. We'll find out when we skip this turn. I did a good job. GG Nope, I did not that's unfortunate Lovely nanos Okay, let's see what we can do next Okay, I got a sanctuary that's decent we'll go for a brace That'll be something two rounds left of this boy, we should be fine by then hopefully Do-do-do-do-do Why does my whiz leg but my face came doesn't because my computer is trash and Yeah streaming plus Game play on whiz is not good. Not good, but my Like because it's not the internet It's the like the game itself. So the face cam goes through fine, but the game stutters a lot Which is different to most streamer problems because most people would have like a stuttery both but since Like my connection to like the stream is decent then the camera doesn't stutter But the game does and that's not just on like the after-end it's on like my end the game actually stutters So yeah, that's why I'm gonna get a new computer sometime soon though. Don't you worry about that? Don't you worry about that at all?  Yeah, so essentially yeah, that's just how it works sometimes, you know, that's just how it works Don't you dare heal anybody's pets that healer disowned Legitimately disowned. I do not approve of them ever Okay, I did not take Anything off that that's gone to mass. I'm not too bad. Not too bad. Um Do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do Hi, Bobby. I got welcome. How are you? Are you good? That's good critical block. I'm lucky You know rip minion minion cannot spawn unlucky. Oh, that did a lot gg nice work Every time you try to load it takes about a minute same same You identify as a tall person. Oh Unfriend the person who whose pet heals exactly. That's what I will do. That is what I will do. No joke. I will do that. I Won't actually do that. Don't worry But we're gonna have a fat pigsy next round if people yeah, no, not everybody's dead. Good job. Good job Holding something for a bit and realized you're watching the stream and realized you're holding two kids of underwear Wow Good job. Good job. Chills. Good job Good job. Okay. Let us go for a fat pigsy that should do some decent healage on basically everyone Tyler should get some decent heels out of this and so should I which is all that matters me and Tyler We're the only ones that matter in this battle Just kidding just kidding. That was a joke. It was a joke. It was a joke. I'm sorry. It was a joke It was a joke. I'm sorry Be my locker it'll be my pet. I mean hasn't happened yet. So that's always good Oh, he fizzled. Oh, he must have had a balance to spell. Good job. Oh, I didn't fizzle I was worried there that I fizzled. I'm like Just me and you bring exactly we could do it. We could do it all by ourselves. Look at that mass mass pigsy best pigsy in game Brent does best pigsy Gigi that should hopefully be the last year we need unless something goes really bad Hopefully hopefully this is the last year I need We all need Nick summers when you're doing all of your traveling nice. I have no clue what I'm doing next summer Like legitimately no clue at all or Nick's winter for me Because that's this time which is winter currently good job But even even next summer which is in like starts in like November for us. I have no clue what I'm doing Absolutely no clue at all. Um, let's see. Let's see. Should I donate a shadow pip to Isaac?  Thankfully. Well, that's good That's really good. Um By that time I'll probably be building Nice Well gg This should be I mean we should be finished with this one pretty quickly. I'd say hopefully I Think maybe who knows probably right? Definitely. Maybe No worries no worries any time Taco Taco bought 42 is back. Will you I will buy you a plane ticket. I'm fine. I don't need to go back to Kelly Maybe maybe not at the moment at least not at the moment not at the moment Wow, okay, that's a decent that's a decent damages. Oh The shield is for real For more weird chat topics exactly welcome to weird chat topics with stream It's how how it works here how it works here Who needs a hero JK no one Okay, we are gonna faint. Hopefully we can faint that would be great faint. Yep. Gigi Gigi Ashes ashes. We all burn down. What what is this? What the wait oh Bye oh Hi Okay weird didn't know that one was a thing this chat is the best. Well, that's good That's good faint Fainty boy one feinty boy. This one's actually probably been this smooth the smoothest the smoothest rattle bones run. We've done Yeah, this is probably the smoothest one we've done I would like to say She just killed herself to do 600 damage, I know it's a bit ridiculous isn't it even with a shield she still did it Do I wash with oils or body wash body wash? You miss streams. You're sad you can't you can only watch ones on YouTube. Yeah, that's really sad Really really sad Gigi We did it OP GL GG GL oops GL GL team here we go. This is the last one guys. This is the last one This is the last one will we do it will we do it here we go We got it. We got it. We got it. We got it. We got it. We got it. Oh my gosh Third try third try third try that was so lucky. Holy moly if only I could be that lucky in Mount Olympus just saying Gigi boys we good best death wizard in game definitely. Let's um actually put on the hitting set Let's go see what our stats are like now. Oh my gosh. I can't believe cannot believe at all Equip idea you do it do it. Thank you Okay, we need to instantly lock this like oh my gosh This boy lock We're gonna look really bad, but it's fine Um, what is our stats so this is the difference we've get we lose one power put which is fine because we've got a hundred and one Well, we had a hundred and one currently we lose a slight amount of accuracy Which isn't too bad because I've definitely got a lot we gain one damage one resist one crit and Everything's the same. We've also got age of reckoning, which is kind of cool as well so now We have a hundred and one damage Uh 48 resist across the board, which is pretty decent 24 accuracy, which is still enough to not fizzle it to not fizzle anything 12% crit still Block is like non-existent. PS is 19 stun zero healing is 21 100% power put just enough and 20% put conversion and 5% shadow put which is not like the best the best, but I mean I'm I'm really happy. I'm really really happy with this Oh my gosh


At thermonuclear temperatures, bonds between molecules break down and electrons are stripped from atoms. The resulting plasma has all the properties of a fluid such as flowing and taking the shape of its container, as well as responding strongly to electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves. In a previous video I explained why plasma must be confined to stop it from coming into contact with its containment vessel. Now let's look in detail at how magnetic fields can do so. At school you may have performed an experiment where you looked at iron filings around a permanent magnet, which may have looked something like this. The filings line up along so-called magnetic field lines. These are the lines you would trace out if you took a magnetic compass and followed the arrow from the north pole to the south. In other words the magnetic field points along the field line. You may also remember a version of the right hand rule. Keeping the fingers at right angles to each other, line up the index finger with the direction of the magnetic field, the thumb with the direction of motion of an ion, and the middle finger will show the direction of magnetic force. For a negatively charged electron, do the same thing with your left hand. These simple memory aids illustrate that the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the direction of motion. This means that a charged particle moving at a right angle to the magnetic field will orbit around it in a circle. If the particle is moving parallel to, or in other words along the magnetic field line, it feels no force whatsoever and is free to move however it likes. In general a particle will have a combination of these two motions which adds up to a spiral around a given magnetic field line. So far things look pretty peachy for controlled fusion. Just keep hot deuterium and tritium nuclei orbiting a field line until they collide many times and eventually fuse. As an added bonus the fusion energy is split. 80% is carried by a neutron which is free to escape the magnetic field and be captured, while 20% goes to a helium 4 nucleus which will remain confined and give up its energy to heat the fuel even more. There are a few potential problems which must be carefully avoided however. One thing that magnetic field lines do not tell you at a glance is how strong the field is at any point and therefore how much force the particle will feel. Suppose that the magnetic field is pointing out of the screen but is stronger on the left side than the right. A particle will make a tight semicircle while it's on the left because of the large amount of force it feels there but a very wide semicircle while it's moving on the right. Overall then after the particle completes an orbit it has shifted its position. Ions move downwards, electrons move up. This type of effect is called a drift and it occurs either due to variations in magnetic field strength or other forces such as gravity. If plasma particles drift to the walls of a reactor this would be very bad for confinement. Every charged particle moving in a circle is itself a small magnetic dipole just like a very tiny bar magnet with its own field. The field of a single electron on its own is insignificant however the additional magnetic field coming from a plasma is important when the density of electrons and ions becomes quite large which is advantageous for fusion. The plasma feels the influence of a magnetic field and in turn affects it back. This collective action is called magnetohydrodynamics. One consequence is that the magnetic field lines are what's called frozen end to the plasma and must move along with it. It is as if a blob of plasma is a bead and the magnetic field line going through it is a string. The bead can move along the string freely but it cannot move sideways unless it drags the field line with it or vice versa. This means for example that a high pressure can cause plasma to expand and alter a given magnetic field. Any design for a fusion reactor must be careful that magnetohydrodynamic effects or instabilities do not degrade the plasma confinement. For example a moving blob of plasma could drag a certain field line out of the reaction region allowing the rest of the plasma on that field line to leak out. If the field geometry changes drifts could start to occur. Hot plasma regardless of whether it's a magnetic field will experience turbulence just like any other fluid. An aeroplane might get a bumpy ride due to the way different air masses mix chaotically. Similarly a fusion plasma will experience eddies and whirls which churn it up, tangle up the field lines and allow particles and the energy they carry to escape. Turbulence and similar instabilities occur on the scale between individual particle orbits and the magnetohydrodynamic behavior of the entire plasma. They are not fully understood theoretically so it is not possible to precisely predict how a future experiment will perform. So to summarize a magnetic field spins particles right round baby right round like a record right round. Plasma is trapped mostly attached to magnetic field lines and therefore quite well confined. Problems arise when individual particles drift out, the collective action of the plasma alters the applied magnetic field or random turbulence begins to mix it up. As a final note the stronger the magnetic field the better the confinement is in general. Particles orbit more tightly, drifts are less pronounced, magnetohydrodynamic and turbulent instabilities are less problematic. One of the simplest approaches to magnetic confinement is to pass a very large current through some material. It does not even have to be a plasma initially because if the current is large enough the temperature will quickly rise to plasma temperatures. The current creates ring-like magnetic field lines which exert an inward force which compresses the plasma. Thus the current raises the temperature and the resulted magnetic field raises the density, both the necessary ingredients for fusion power output. The whole thing is bound to last only for a short amount of time but that's worth it if the fusion energy released is much greater than the electrical energy input. This type of approach is called the Z-pinch because the current is flowing along what is usually the Z-coordinate of a cylinder. However the Z-pinch is never really able to reach its full potential because of a pair of instabilities. The narrower the plasma column the more compacted the current becomes, the greater the magnetic pressure. The more compressed the pinch already is the faster it will continue compressing. If by pure chance the plasma cylinder begins slightly narrower at a few points then those points will pinch off much more quickly. What should have been a perfect cylinder gets broken up into isolated chunks giving this the name of the sausage instability. This eventually cuts off the current and ruins the entire plasma column. If the Z-pinch cylinder has a small bend or kink as another instability is called then the resultant magnetic force acts from the inside to the outside of the bend. The resulting force makes the bend even bigger. This means that a small and unavoidable initial imperfection grows until the plasma is twisted out of shape. The kink instability remains a danger in some form or another not just for the Z-pinch but for most other magnetic confinement techniques. Here the kink instability has been photographed inside a toroidal Pyrex vacuum chamber. Instabilities rule out the possibility of getting a fusion gain directly with a Z-pinch because the energy confinement time is always far too low. Z-pinchers are nonetheless used to do fundamental science experiments. Arrays of wires each of which an individual Z-pinch can also be used to generate X-rays and compress a capsule inertially. The magnetic mirror is another early approach to fusion. A pair of magnetic coils some distance apart create a cylindrical magnetic field which bulges out in the middle. Particles which are moving perfectly parallel to the field lines will feel no force and escape. Particles moving at right angles to the field will orbit in circles. The idea of the mirror is that the magnetic field is strongest near the coils and weaker between them so that even some of the particles moving along the magnetic field become trapped in the middle. I won't go into the full mathematics but depending on how closely the motion of a particle is aligned with the magnetic field there is a cutoff at which it will follow the field line and escape. The problem is that collisions between trapped ions and electrons will constantly be knocking more and more of them onto trajectories parallel to the magnetic field lines and consequently out of the mirror. The end effects can be mitigated by making the mirror machine very long perhaps with multiple coils so that proportionately only a small fraction of plasma is affected. Another improvement is to have a pair of baseball shaped coils at both ends of the mirror. Regardless of what happens at either end the magnetic mirror is not a successful concept because it is magneto hydrodynamically unstable. In the weak field region midway between two of the coils the plasma will tend to balloon outwards dragging the field lines with it and therefore degrade confinement. As a result the confinement time of mirror machines is poor and they are lucky to get up to 10 million degrees let alone the few hundred million needed for a high fusion output. Early on in fusion research it was recognized that curving the mirror machine back in on itself in a torus would completely negate the end losses. A configuration with a purely toroidal magnetic field so that all the field lines go around in circles is still vulnerable to the sausage and kink instabilities. Historically machines such as zeta in the united kingdom showed great promise early on but then failed to reach high temperatures. A concept called the bumpy torus involves a number of magnetic mirrors chained together in a ring but suffers from all the same issues. Another problem with the torus is that the strength of the magnetic field is no longer constant. In simple terms the larger the circumference of a circular line the lower the field strength. The fact that the field is therefore weaker on the outside than the inside means that ions and electrons will begin to drift in opposite directions and the whole thing becomes unstable. What must happen to counteract this problem is that magnetic field lines must somehow be twisted in such a way that part of the field line is on the outside of the torus and another part on the inside. This would mean that particles would drift one way half the time and drift the other way the other half of the time so that the drifts cancel out. Two approaches to solve this problem are the two most mature and successful types of magnetic confinement machines the tokamak and the stellarator. Tokamak is a Russian acronym which stands for toroidal chamber in a magnetic coil. In it the plasma retains a toroidal shape but a current is passed through the middle of it. The effect of the current is like the z-pinch it creates an additional component to the magnetic field in circles around the torus. In other words the magnetic field making the donut shape is provided by the coils in the machine and a field wrapped around the donut is generated by current through the plasma. Overall the two components combine so that the magnetic field is twisted up. Each of the field lines goes from the outside of the torus to the inside and back just as required. The stellarator which was invented by American Lyman Spitzer to be an artificial star is more like a mobius strip. The plasma takes the form of a ribbon twisted on itself. The magnetic field is shaped by the coils of the machine to wrap back in on itself. Each of the twisted field lines comes closer and then further from the axis of the torus at the cost of much greater engineering complexity. In short the defining feature of each of these machines is their greatest challenge. A tokamak must always maintain a current running through the plasma and if the current stops so does any hope of thermonuclear reactions. The stellarator must be precisely engineered to maintain its characteristic magnetic field and if any of its complicated coils deviates from the design during construction or afterwards the machine too will fail. Once a plasma is established usually by an electrical discharge resembling a large spark it must be heated to thermonuclear temperatures. The current which must be passed through a tokamak plasma is a good first step but generally not enough. Additional thermal energy is provided by beams of particles and electromagnetic waves. Charged particles orbit around magnetic field lines at the so-called cyclotron frequency which depends on the magnetic field strength and their mass. Electromagnetic waves such as those used in a microwave oven are absorbed if they are of a matching frequency. In such a case they resonate with the orbiting particles. Energy can be deposited in the plasma by targeting a specific type of particle in a location with a particular magnetic field where the resonance occurs. Ion cyclotron resonance heating is done by radio frequency waves of tens of megahertz. Electron cyclotron by microwaves in the hundreds of gigahertz range. The so-called lower hybrid resonance between these two is also often used. For comparison most wi-fi and microwave ovens use 2.4 gigahertz waves. The main challenge with wave heating is successfully delivering the electromagnetic waves to where they are needed. Just like light microwaves and radio waves can be reflected or refracted by the plasma, potentially all the way out of it depending on changing conditions. In that case the energy is wasted. Beams of particles are created by an accelerator and injected into the plasma so that they can deposit energy and heat the plasma up. Since the particles are usually deuterium atoms they also add some fresh fuel. To be able to pass into the magnetic field undeflected the particles must have a net charge of zero so this method of heating is called neutral beam injection. However particle accelerators can only accelerate charged particles so the deuterium atoms must have an electron stripped off or added then be accelerated and then be neutralized again when moving at high speed. Both approaches have their trade-offs but the version where an electron is added to make the deuterium atom negative is more promising for future tokamaks where each one has to be accelerated to a higher speed. Generating neutral beams is less energy efficient than microwaves but the advantage is that the beams will surely go where they are pointed. If deuterium tritium fusion is taking place sufficiently quickly and the confinement of heat is sufficiently good the fusion energy carried by helium-4 nuclei will begin to be the dominant heating mechanism. Mathematically this will happen above a fusion gain of 5 which is a prequisite for any successful power plant. How such a large number of very energetic helium-4 nuclei will behave and interact with plasma instabilities is still a major unknown for magnetic fusion because this regime has never yet been reached. A tokamak must have a large current flowing through the plasma. The simplest and earliest approach to do this is by electromagnetic induction. Outside the vacuum chamber are coils which act as the primary coil of a transformer and the plasma torus is just like a giant secondary coil. As a consequence of Faraday's law the current induced in the secondary is proportional to the rate of change of current in the primary. In an ordinary transformer there is alternating current in the primary and as a result also the secondary coil. But inside the tokamak the current must be constant and therefore in the primary coil it must rise constantly. If it is rising steadily amp by amp eventually it will reach a thousand a million or whatever the engineering limit is on the coil. The current in the primary will then plateau or fall and the tokamak plasma will fail one way or another. Fortunately the other methods of heating the plasma can also be used to drive a current through it. If the neutral beams come in at an angle to the torus there will be a resulting flow of charge, an electrical current. This is the typical setup on high performance tokamaks. Electromagnetic waves can also drive currents. The lower hybrid resonance is particularly good at making electrons flow around the torus, so many tokamaks have microwave systems for lower hybrid current drive. There have been some proposals to enable the helium for fusion products to also induce current but they are as yet totally unproven. I have been talking about a tokamak plasma as if it is the same shape as a Homer Simpson donut where the cross section is circular. The size of the plasma is limited by wherever a magnetic field line intersects a solid wall. Any plasma which makes its way out of the center of the donut to such a field line will quickly cool and recombine into a gas. On the flip side the solid wall heats up and erodes. A better idea is to add another current through a coil below the plasma so that the magnetic field lines make something more like a figure of eight. The plasma will then flow down the legs until it strikes the walls of the reactor. The vacuum vessel can be armoured at those strike points to best resist this hot plasma. This is called a diverter, a particularly tough device at the bottom of most tokamaks. On advanced tokamaks the diverter is or will be made of tungsten, a dense metal with a high melting point. Nonetheless this is a very challenging area for magnetic fusion because in a full power reactor a huge amount of power will be dumped on the diverter. It has been likened to a spacecraft re-entering the earth's atmosphere. Many ways to tackle this problem have been considered such as purposefully inducing the plasma to radiate away all its energy by Bremstrahlung just before it reaches anything solid. This is still a very active area of research particularly on smaller tokamaks which might never be able to get high power output and therefore irrelevant to fusion research. The diverter region is also a logical place to put vacuum pumps to pump out plasma after it recombines back into a gas. In a fully fledged power plant this would allow helium for waste gas to be removed and separated out. Other coils are added around tokamaks to shape the magnetic field because it turns out that the confinement improves if the plasma is extended vertically. This is how most modern tokamaks operate. The plasma cross section is also somewhat triangular usually pointing outwards although the idea of so-called negative triangularity pointing inwards has recently had some successes. Taken to the extreme this results in the spherical tokamak concept which as the name suggests has an almost spherical plasma pierced through the middle by a metal column. Spherical tokamaks still have a diverter at the bottom and perhaps a second one directly above the plasma. This approach is good from the point of view of scaling down tokamaks but it makes the central column very vulnerable. Deuterium tritium reactions which any future power plant must have produce high energy neutrons which would make swiss cheese out of that central column. More on this in a subsequent video. Overall no matter what the cross section of the plasma looks like the temperature and density peak in the middle and decrease as you go outwards. When the input power is high enough the plasma transitions to a high confinement mode of operation usually referred to simply as H mode. This means that the plasma density begins to rise much faster at the edge of the plasma and as a result reaches a much higher peak in the middle. This is very advantageous because a larger density means a larger fusion power output. The benefit to performance is seen as practically essential for any future reactor. The drawback to H mode is that several times every second an instability causes a fairly large expulsion of plasma often not just to the diverter but to the walls in general. Fittingly this type of instability is called an edge localized mode or elm. Elms are not so bad from a confinement point of view but they are very unfavorable technologically. If heat and particles are to leak out of the plasma to the walls of a reactor better that they do so steadily rather than in a single violent eruption. H mode therefore becomes a trade-off between getting a large power output and minimizing damage to the reactor vessel. There are several promising solutions at various stages of maturity for how to get the best of both worlds. Depending on plasma conditions there are different types of elms with some less destructive than others. Other modes of operation without elms such as the quiescent H mode and the improved confinement or I mode have been observed occasionally. It is hoped that future reactors will make use of these modes. This is why upcoming fusion machines are experiments and there is still a lot of work to be done before a commercial reactor can be built. I have mentioned tiny instabilities which are happening continuously throughout the plasma and intermediate scale ones like elms which happen more occasionally. There is another type of instability which is large and dangerous. Occasionally Tokamax experience a disruption where the entire plasma wax itself into the walls and dumps a huge amount of thermal energy there. For years experiments have attempted to predict when a disruption might happen and prevent it by quickly filling the reaction vessel with cold gas or with shards of frozen material to take up the thermal energy instead. In principle most disruptions can be caught and mitigated so that they don't do any damage. However in a future reactor running 24-7 disruptions would be very uneconomical because they mean that all the effort of heating up the plasma has been temporarily wasted. Reports of artificial intelligence being used in magnetic fusion experiments usually refer to the detection of disruptions. It is of course very useful to be able to catch such disruptions early but understand that AI is not a silver bullet to solving every possible problem in magnetic fusion. Speaking of the walls of a Tokamax, early versions were covered with carbon tiles. Small numbers of carbon atoms would become eroded away and circulate through the plasma where each one is 36 times better at radiating away energy by Bremstrahlung than hydrogen. When carbon atoms cool at the edge of the plasma they chemically bond to the hydrogen isotope fuel to form things like hydrocarbons. For a fully fledged fusion reactor this would be a major problem because relatively large amounts of the radioactive tritium fuel would become locked up and eventually decay away. Any future magnetic fusion power plant must therefore have walls made of metals which do not absorb hydrogen isotopes nearly as much. Two existing Tokamax have made a conversion in the mid-2000s. Jet in the UK to beryllium tiles and Azdex upgrade in Germany to tungsten. Paradoxically it turned out that the small amounts of carbon were actually beneficial to confinement. After switching to metal walls the plasma temperature actually became lower inside those machines. During the decade and a half since then experiments have been working to restore fusion performance to the level it was with carbon tiles. Most of what I've mentioned so far, heating, diverters and H-mode of sorts, applies to cellarators as well as Tokamax. The difference is that a stellarator does not require a plasma current to twist its field lines. Indeed, currents are undesirable for stellarators. This means that a fusion reaction could sustain itself indefinitely without any external input power in the stellarator. The flip side is that the magnetic coils are very complicated geometrically. Most advanced magnetic fusion experiments now and in the future have superconducting coils to keep down the required power. That's not a problem for the simple coils of a Tokamax, but it makes it very challenging to engineer stellarator coils and keep them running. Overall, Tokamax are the most ubiquitous and so far the most successful magnetic fusion machines. Due to their simplicity and relative resistance to many of the most debilitating instabilities encountered early on, Tokamax achieved early success and historically gained momentum. There are other magnetic fusion concepts such as the field reversed configuration and reversed field pinch among others I have not mentioned here, but none have yet approached or surpassed Tokamax in terms of triple product and therefore fusion performance. One thing I hope you take away from this video is the kind of work being done to advance the field. Progress in magnetic fusion is not a case of building a bigger machine, switching it on and getting it to work on day one. A lot of optimization has to be done to finally perfect fusion power.


OK, can you hear me? Good. So thank you for coming to my talk on migrating a production platform to Yachto. My name is Mitch Gaines. So about 12 months ago, my boss came out to me, and he said, and I'm paraphrasing, he said, Mitch, we're not able to source the hardware we've been utilizing for our Edge devices anymore. And this might be a similar story for a lot of you, given the supply chain issues that we've all been facing. So the task that he was asking me to do was make our system run on an ambiguous set of hardware, really whatever we could get our hands on. Is it working? Good. So it was really whatever we could get our hands on. At the time, our fleet of Edge devices was running a Debian-based platform. And on top of that, we had a pretty mature application stack with a bunch of tooling built up around building, testing, deploying, or software. And if your system's or anything like mine, you probably feel like it takes 100 steps to do a seemingly simple task, like updating a package on your fleet of devices. Similarly, if you have a bunch of applications on your application layer that are all communicating with each other, one thing that might keep you up at night is not knowing whether or not the package that you're about to deploy to your Edge devices is going to be fully cross compatible with all the different versions of the applications that could be running on your system. Now, I'd heard about the Yachto project, but I hadn't used it extensively. But it seemed like the solution to a lot of our problems. So first, it allowed us to build our system for different hardware architectures so we could support our old boards and our new boards. Second, it allowed us to do full system upgrades and integrate that pretty seamlessly into our workflow, whether that be over the error upgrades or delta upgrades. And third, it significantly reduced the constraints on the permissible boards that we could use. It's such a lightweight system that we were able to reduce the hardware constraints that we had. Now, a few years ago at this conference, Chris Simmons, who some of you might be familiar with, gave a really insightful talk on Debian versus Yachto. Which one should I use for my project? And the biggest takeaway from that talk for me was Debian is great if you're building an off the cuff system for one off device maybe that you're prototyping with. You don't exactly know what packages need to be on it. And Yachto is great for the production edge devices where you want all of your devices running the exact same thing. So it was obvious to me and my team that Yachto had a lot of benefits over Debian. And that was kind of the route that we decided to pursue. What I had no understanding of was what it would take to migrate our entire platform with almost a decade's worth of development behind it over to the Yachto approach. So my name is Mitch Gaines. I'm an embedded systems engineer at a couple startups. And among other things, I build Yachto-based systems for these companies. Primarily my work right now is at MBU where we do building automation for multifamily apartment buildings. Previously, I worked in customer success, so that has kind of influenced my career to building robust systems. I've been on the other side of this before, so I really like building fault-tolerant systems that fail cleanly. By the end of this presentation, I'm going to give you clarity on what the path of migrating your system from Debian to Yachto is like. If you're a manager, you'll have an understanding of the amount of resources required to make this migration. And if you're an engineer, you'll learn a few techniques for efficiently making this migration based on my experience. And should you choose to make this migration, my goal is to give you some ways to approach it without skipping steps to get to a Yachto system seemingly quicker. So we'll talk about a couple things. So first is why I made the migration the way I did. And second is what tools do I have to assist me in making this migration? When I talk about why I made the migration the way I did, we'll compare and contrast the Debian and Yachto build processes. And we'll draw a lot of comparisons between the two and talk about how you can utilize your Debian build process to seamlessly integrate you into the Yachto build process. And we'll address a number of shortcut paths to apparent success that you might run into that maybe you shouldn't pursue. And when I talk about some tools I have to ensure my success at making this migration, I'll talk about ways to exercise the layer-based architecture that Yachto utilizes, as well as ways to integrate Yachto into your application developer's lives. Because as soon as you change all their tools on them, you know they're going to kick and scream. So I'll talk about ways to integrate that pretty seamlessly. So when we're comparing our Debian and our Yachto build processes, what's important to understand is Yachto piggybacks off of a lot of technologies that already exist. So your Debian build process is part of Yachto. So I believe it defaults to building IPK packages. But you can configure it to build Debian packages as well. The difference between our two build systems, though, is that Yachto, the output of it, is a full system image. And baked into that system image are my applications and my whole application layer. Whereas with Debian, in order to get my application layer onto my system, I'm going to flash my system onto the board I'm going to use. And then I have some agent that pulls down my application layer using a package manager. So the steps are pretty disjointed from one another compared to the Yachto approach. Now I'm picking on Debian a lot. But really what I'm talking about can be applied to any generic Linux distribution that you're migrating from to Yachto. So we'll take a deeper look at the Debian build process. Now I'm sure a lot of you might be intimately familiar with this. So we'll quickly go through it. But I want to draw some comparisons between us and the Yachto build process. So before we go through this, first we need to flash our operating system onto our device. So we have a system running a Debian platform. And for each application, I'm going to go through this process to get my application layer to Debian. So first, obviously, I'll pull the source. And whether that's from a Git repository or a developer machine, I get the source. And with that in hand, I can then cross-compile my source for my target hardware architecture. Now what's important here is if I need to support multiple different hardware architectures, I've got to do this step more than once. So I end up with multiple different sets of binaries that I can then take and build Debian packages with. Now I build those Debian packages using some tooling that permits me to do that alongside whatever dependent files I have for my system, some be a config file or a service file, that sort of thing. And with that Debian package in hand, I then upload it to some server, the package management server. And my devices have an agent running on them, whether that be Ansible or Puppet, that will pull my changes and I update the system. Now compared to the Yachto build process, this is a big complicated graph that I took right out of the Yachto manual. But in order to utilize the Yachto build process, I run Bitbake. And Bitbake is the tool that will build my system image. And it does all these sets for me. So the first thing it does is it pulls all of the source down for my applications and third-party applications alike. Does whatever patching operations may or may not need to happen. And then it cross-compiles all of my applications. So you can change which target you're cross-compiling for by passing in a different machine configuration file. And you can switch between those by changing a Yachto environment variable.  And with those packages, it generates your root file system and basically generates an image that you can then flash directly under your devices. And if you want to utilize an update mechanism, such as if you're doing over-the-air updates, you can also generate kind of a bundle that will upgrade systems and that sort of thing. So one of the things you might be thinking, right, if you're running Debian on your systems right now, is Yachto seems great. There seems to be a lot of benefits, but the upfront cost might be too high for you. You might think it's too high for you. And yes, supporting a different machine is a little bit cumbersome, but it's not that bad. Really, it's a question of short-term gains or long-term gains, right? So making the migration to Yachto has a bigger upfront cost than supporting a different machine in your build process. But the long-term gain is definitely there for migrating to Yachto. Now, if you're utilizing Debian in your build process, you're actually at a huge advantage to migrating to Yachto. That's because you have an exact blueprint for exactly how your system needs to build and install on the system. Now, in the Yachto project, there's a list of recipes. So each application generally has one recipe associated with it.  And those tasks can be things such as fetching my source, compiling my source, and installing it. There's a long list of tasks that it creates. After making this migration, there's going to be three tasks that you're going to become intimately familiar with. So the first is our do-configure task. Second is our do-compile task. And the third is our do-install task. Now, with our do-configure task, I have managing patch files here. That might raise a few eyebrows, because if you're familiar with the Yachto project, you know that it has its own patching mechanism. What I found myself doing, though, and a problem that I ran into was utilizing the Yachto patching mechanism requires me to put my patch files into the Yachto environment. That being said, I also need to support my Debian build system, because for some undefined amount of time, I'm going to need to support my Debian devices that are in the field alongside my new generation Yachto devices. So I can't break things in Debian for the sake of getting my Yachto builds to run. So I had these patch files that lived in my source control. And they lived in my source control because they were patching third-party SDKs that my applications required. So in order to get them into Yachto, the bad approach would be to create two copies of the same patch files. So I wanted to utilize one set of patch files in both of my systems. So what I found myself doing was utilizing quilts and executing quilts on the host in order to apply my patch files within Yachto. And I did that in my do-configure task. And the cleanest way I found to do that would be to create a task in my make file and then execute that task whenever I run my do-configure task. So I can do like, oh, we run make, and then my patching task in my make file. And I found that to be the most effective way to maintain my patch file sets. Now, similarly, once we move on to our do-compile task, I can't change things in my make file that could potentially break my Debian builds. So this would be a good chance to utilize the Yachto patching mechanism. So create a patch file for whatever make file changes you're making and have that live in the Yachto environment. And that'll maintain the separate build systems for you. But more fundamentally, in the do-compile task, I actually found this to be the hardest step of the entire process for all of my applications, getting them compiling in the Yachto environment. And one of the reasons for that is because your application developers develop the applications. And in the make files, they may set a bunch of environment variables for the cross compilation that they don't realize are actually machine specific. So a big problem I ran into was Yachto would go apply a bunch of variables to my GCC command, and they would actually be in conflict with one another. So you're going to want to really have a good understanding of what all these variables that are set are doing in your GCC commands. And I found that I needed to get help from my application developers for this. Because frankly, you've got a lot of applications. You're not going to be intimately familiar with every single application on your system. So utilize the resources that you have to get help on that. But also, Yachto is about to become part of your application developers' lives. And it's good to start introducing them to the topic of utilizing Yachto as their build system. Because if you introduce it aggressively and all at once, it might be a bit of a problem. So this was a good opportunity to get my application developers acquainted with Yachto. And then the last problem I ran into with my do compile task was I worked really hard to get my application compiling in the Yachto environment. And I got it compiling. And I said, great, I'm done. And move on to the next task. But the problem I ran into was two weeks later, I try and actually execute it on the system. And it's hitting all sorts of issues. It's segfaulting immediately. So you're going to want to test runtime behavior alongside while you're debugging your compilation task. So you're going to move into your do install task. And you need to test the behavior here in order to execute it on your system. The do install task is super, super easy, though. If you have your Debian packages, inside of that Debian package is an install file. And that install file defines exactly how you need to install the binaries and the config files and service files, exactly where it needs to go on the system. So utilize that tool that you have with your Debian build process to use it in your install task. Now, as we've kind of gone through this and compared our Debian and our Yachto build processes, one of the things that you might be thinking, one of the things that I was thinking when I was going through this process is how can I incrementally get to Yachto instead of taking all of my Debian stuff and throwing it out and then building up this new thing, how can I incrementally get there? There's a few ways you might be thinking about that. First is I see that Debian, or I see that Yachto utilizes Debian packages as part of its build process. Can I just inject my Debian packages somehow into Yachto? And maybe I was naively thinking this. The other thing you might be thinking is maybe I can containerize my application layer and have it run on my system. Then I don't have to touch any of the Yachto build system. So to address the first point of injecting our Debian packages, there's a couple of ways you might be able to do this. One is exercising a package manager. Yachto allows you to put a package manager on your system if you want. The problem with that, you can do that if you want. The problem with it though is you're separating your application layer from your system layer and what have you really gained by moving to the Yachto build system? It might be a good incremental step, but it's by no means the final solution in my opinion. Now, the other approach you might be thinking of, and I thought I was clever when I tried to do this myself, was I know my recipes can unpack a Debian package inside of them, so maybe I can just get my Debian packages into my Yachto environment utilizing my existing Debian platform that I had built tooling around and bypass the whole need to do this recipe business. The problem with that lies in dependency trees. So for all of your applications, they have dependencies and they have tertiary dependencies and dependencies beyond that. And in order to utilize that effectively, you're going to need to map out the dependency tree and get all of the dependent applications into your build system. So this quickly became a little bit overwhelming and I deemed it not usable. Now, in terms of containerizing our application layer, again, we run into the same problem by separating our application layer from our system layer. Without a lot of discipline, we bypass our ability to do a full system integration testing with the whole application layer and the system. And again, we can push packages without, you know, and have a bunch of different versions running on different devices. And in addition to that, I actually I found one of the problems I ran into was that containerization software like Docker is super heavyweight on the system. And it ends up being a pretty big resource hog for your system. So I found that it added a lot of bloat to my system and I didn't want that. So I deemed that, you know, not feasible for my project. So, I mean, the great thing about Yachto is, you know, if you need containers for your applications, you can put containers on there. If you want a package manager, you can put a package manager on there. It's really, really flexible to suit your needs. I would really recommend utilizing the Yachto build process though, because, you know, among the other reasons I've provided, it provided a much simpler provisioning process for my devices, right? I now have a system image that has my application layer baked into it, which allows me to flash that directly to my devices. And I basically just have a setup script that runs on first boot and self-destructs that sets up, you know, keys and certs on my device and then never has to run again. Super, super streamlined process. Now, for supporting multiple different types of devices, right? So, Yachto has a layered-based architecture. So at the base layer, I have, you know, my pokey layer and my open-embedded layers. And above that, my board support layer is my BSP layers. So that could be like, you know, Raspberry Pi layers or Sunsea. I might also have a custom board layer that I make. And on top of that, I have my application layers, so third-party applications and my team's applications. Now, for supporting different boards, though, you know, say I have a Raspberry Pi and, you know, Sunsea board, in order to build my different targets, I'm going to swap out those layers as I need them. But inside of your custom layer, right, you might have different configuration needs for different boards. So you can specify the machines that you want your configurations to apply to for the specific build that you're doing. So it makes it super, super easy to support different boards within your system. You end up with two different image files that you can then divvy up for the respective boards. So, how do I get from Debian to Yachto? Okay, so how do I build up this Yachto system utilizing what I have? So the first step in this process is make your system boot, okay? Figure out the hardware requirements that you have and make your system boot. Yachto also provides, you know, LTS releases, so figure out the Yachto release that you're going to be on, determine your kernel and boot loader requirements. But also at this point in time, you should start considering the update mechanism you want to utilize. The reason for this is, at least for me, I was using Ralk and had an over-the-air update utility and an AB partitioning scheme. And I found myself doing a lot of development at the boot loader layer for writing scripts, you know, deciding which partition to use. You don't need to have the end-all solution to this just yet, but you need to start thinking about it and make a system that boots. Now, when I approached this, I wanted to rush to the end and get my applications building in the Yachto environment right off the bat. The problem I ran into is I got it building relatively easy and got one of my applications building relatively easily in the Yachto environment. But then I figured out the hardware requirements that I had and then all the cross-compilation stuff changed. So you want a system that boots that you can, to know your hardware requirements so that you can build your applications around that. Next, you're going to want to integrate your application layer. So once you have the system that boots, integrate your application layer. Call upon support from your application developers and get their expertise in knowing what system libraries you need for the applications and utilize your current Debian build process as your blueprint for getting you to Yachto. After you've integrated your application layer, you need to migrate your application developers. It's a lot more challenging than it sounds. Your developers aren't going to like change. But if you've integrated them into the process early on, hopefully this won't come as too much of a shock to them. A couple of tools that I found really helped migrate my application developers over to the Yachto approach. First was DevTool. DevTool is a really, really great tool. In fact, this is probably one of the big tools that ultimately sold all of my application developers on the use of Yachto. DevTool made it really, really easy to do application development on my devices, on the edge devices, because for all the software that my application developers were building locally and needed testing, within seconds they could get their compiled binaries onto a single development device and test it and then cleanly take it off and no longer have it on the system. So this made it really, really easy for them to use. Now the second tool, it's a pretty basic tool in Yachto, but it's called Autorev. One of the problems that I ran into was when I first started this is I had a bunch of applications that you set up in your recipe the repository that you want the source to pull from. And within that you have to set a commit hash that your project is utilizing. However, when you have a bunch of projects, it quickly becomes a little bit cumbersome to update the commit hashes to incorporate changes on a regular basis. One of the problems I ran into was an application developer pushed a change that broke my Yachto build for their application and I didn't recognize it until a month later.  And they've got no idea, right? So what you can do is instead of utilizing the commit hashes, you basically set the commit hash to the Yachto environment variable Autorev and it will auto revision all of your applications and it'll help you to stay on top of changes that are happening in your system. And in addition to this, I manually run nightly builds. I say nightly, but really it's more like every other night or maybe week way sometimes. But I stay on top of the changes that are happening in my repositories by frequently running builds and making sure my developers didn't break anything so that we can stay on top of changes that are happening and they don't break anything. So with all these techniques you can take your system from Debian to Yachto. I encourage you to make this migration if requirements arise that require you to support different machines in your production edge device setting like it did for us. Now, feel free to connect with me. I send me an email if you have any questions and at this point I think we have a few minutes for questions so I'll be happy to answer anything that you guys might have. Say it one more time. So, okay, so the documentation I'm pointing to is specifically for the Dunfel release which is the release that I'm utilizing for my system. I think you can change the URL to be the current release if you'd like to. Yeah, latest. Okay, so if you wanna utilize the documentation I highly recommend you're gonna be very, very well acquainted with the documentation by the end of this migration. Go to docs.yachtoproject.org. Don't use the link in my presentation. That's the link that I look at but it may not be the same for all of you. Good catch. So, it took me about eight or nine months and that was me as a solo developer on making Yachto. I will say a lot of the time sink was in me not knowing how Yachto worked at all. I was vaguely familiar with it prior to this project but this project really leveled up my amount of knowledge in the area. So I made a lot of mistakes that the point of this presentation is to relay some of those mistakes that I made if you're using Debian right now and haven't really used Yachto. So a lot of the time was in just mistakes being made along the way. So, okay, so for those online the question was how excited were my application with all the first to learn Yachto? They weren't excited at all. You know, they wanted to kick and scream when you'd start changing their tooling and frankly they had built up a bunch of tooling around their current approaches that they developed over years and years and years that only made sense to them. So in my opinion the Yachto approaches is a little bit simpler and once they realized that it was not that big of a deal. Any other questions? Yep. Okay, so for those online the question was it seems a lot simpler to make the packages available by building Debian packages compared to Yachto where you're building everything from source every time and then making it available. So the mindset is a little bit different with Yachto. At least with the approach that I made with doing full system upgrades basically instead of pushing a package out to a repository and having my devices pull it down I would generate a system upgrade artifact. So for me it was rock and I could take that artifact and upload that to a server. And then from there I would update a development device, make sure it works, do some testing on it and then deploy that update out to all of my devices. So it's more of a full, it's more of an all-encompassing approach to upgrading as opposed to piece mailing specific packages on all of your devices. Does that make sense? Okay, good. Yep. So we haven't adopted that yet. I'm not opposed to the idea of utilizing it. I haven't quite figured out how to actually use it though. I found it a little bit complicated to set up. So I'm willing to potentially use it at some point but we haven't found a way to really incorporate that into our system yet. Say that one more time. Okay, so the question was do I set autorev for all of my third party recipes as well as my applications? The answer is no. So I only set that for my applications themselves. I don't find that I need to touch the third party recipes virtually at all. If I'm doing that, I know I'm doing something really, really weird and probably wrong. So I stay away from that if I can but just for my applications is where I set autorev. That's a good question. Anything else? Yep. So the question was what do I miss most from doing it with Debian? That's a really loaded question. So I mean, I guess the thing I miss most is my application developers really, really know Debian super well. So it was really easy to call upon support from them if something was breaking in the process. Whereas with Yachto, I'm kind of on my own. So when things break, it's all on me to fix it. So having that support with Debian is nice on the team. Any other questions? Yes. So right now, basically what prompted this whole project was we had historically been using one fleet of hardware, right? But we couldn't source that hardware anymore. So we need to support a new generation of it. And so really we only have two different types of hardware that we are supporting currently. We don't really have a strict timeline on when we're going to end of life our old ones. It's kind of once they start breaking, we'll start replacing them. But we'll probably maintain them as long as we can. Does that answer your question? But the great thing was part of the decision to go with Yachto was we knew that we might end up needing to support more hardware in the future, right? Things are going to keep changing and evolving. And eventually it's a little bit cumbersome to support one set of different hardware. It's extraordinarily cumbersome to support 10 different sets of hardware, right? And foreseeably we could get there. So part of the decision to go with Yachto was because the future is uncertain. We could be switching to something else as soon as supply chain issues make boards cheaper again. Once the supply chain issues work out. Any other questions? Good, well thank you for having me. I hope you got something useful from my talk. And yeah, have a wonderful rest of your day.


Hi, I'm Sarah Morrow, Realtor with Cell State Peak Realty. Welcome to the third episode of Property Time, where I'll be speaking with local Realtor and managing broker Brett Fells. Brett has closed several hundreds of transactions. He has an extensive investment portfolio of property, and he owns and runs two fantastic businesses, overseeing more than 20 highly effective agents across the whole front range. Brett is passionate about service, and he prioritizes agent and client satisfaction above all else. He's got tons of expert knowledge across multiple markets. He's all-heart, and I feel privileged to have him as my mentor and boss. Brett has about 14 years experience in raw land, commercial, and residential, and he works with investors. And he makes his home in Firestone. He does a fair amount of business in his neck of the woods. So today, we're going to be speaking about some advantages to heading east, where there's much new housing development going on and much more to come. Hi, Brett. Hi, how's it going? Good, thanks for being here. Thank you. Thank you for the very nice introduction. My pleasure. Let's dive right into it, shall we? Awesome. So today, we're talking about Frederick Firestone, in particularly, but really that whole area. And you seem to be one of the experts. You do a ton of business out there. So are most of the homes in Frederick new? And if so, what do you think about living in a newly built area? Like, what are the advantages to that? Yeah, for sure. I guess the best way to put it in the perspective is those two towns, they kind of mingle together. So when we say Frederick Firestone, we kind of think of them as one. But they are two towns, OK? So at the end of the day, I just look at today's population of like 32,000. And these towns have been around for over 100 years. So at the turn of the century, about 20 years ago, it was about a quarter of that. So in the last 20 years, we have seen pretty heavy growth. And especially in the last seven to 10 years, we've seen substantial explosion. And it's still going on today. There's new build developments that buyers can purchase in, which is awesome. And it's just a very attractive place for developers to look at, to purchase land and to keep buying and building. So it's nice. And I don't see that part of it slowing down. But what I like about it, because I live there, and I actually live in a new build complex now, is you all kind of get to start at the same point. I absolutely love that part of it. I'll share some more financial reasons why I love it here in a bit.  And you kind of get to start at the same point. So that doesn't necessarily happen when you're buying resale. When you're buying resale, you're kind of breaking into a market. You might have neighbors that have known each other for eight to 10 years already. You're the new kid on the block. Total new kid on the block. And at the same time, it's not only hard to break into those relationships personally, but when anything goes wrong or right in a neighborhood and requires some type of neighborhood opinion and vote to it, it's a lot easier when everybody's new because you kind of are able to choose, do I want to be a leader in this situation, or do I want to just sit back and let others take it on? So if you're in the first half, if you're a leader, it's a lot, lot harder to do that in a neighborhood that's already established and kind of breaking into that that it's already established and they already kind of have their status quo going on. That makes sense. Personally, that's why I love it. So you said you're in an eight-year-old house, or you're in a one-year-old house. How new were we talking? Are you the first owner? No, so I've lived in Firestone since 2013, but I owned a resale before, and we sold that about a year and a half ago. So I live in an 18-month home now, which was a brand new home. Brand new. What do you love about it? Well, the house itself, I absolutely love it. I love, like I said, with the neighbors. Everybody's kind of meeting each other at the same time. So that's cool. The house itself is all the majors are taken care of. I absolutely love that portion of it. Usually when you're going into a house, you have this checklist when you're doing an inspection. What are the most important?  All those are new. Now, it's not that something might not go wrong with it, but there's an excellent chance that those are taken care of. Now we can concentrate how we want to customize it. Whether you do that through the building process or you have the money right away to do that afterwards, that's what I love about it. We were able to customize some of our home when we put it under contract and then do the process. But some of it we weren't. But because we didn't have to worry about all those big-ticket items, we had a lot of cash to spend afterwards to put in a deck out back, to put in some built-in shelving in the TV room. So we were really able to customize it right away, which we love. And these are high, high-efficiency homes that we're not really seeing in Longmont or Boulder anymore, of course. No, yeah. I mean, since I would say that started turning around the year 2000, anywhere. Anywhere where they started to build. Builders really started putting a lot of stock and making these homes more efficient. Oh, they're brilliant.  Insulation, everything. Oh my gosh, the Tupperware seal, like everything's so tight. Right. All right, so we kind of talked about it, but what would you tell a buyer or what do you tell your buyers who are working in living or, sorry, working and running a business in Longmont but maybe can't live in Longmont for whatever reason? What are the other advantages, advantages or benefits to your area and how do you sort of talk about schools with your wife? How do you manage the commute time? Yeah, no, definitely. I mean, I'm living proof of it. As you know, my offices are here in Longmont so, and they've been here for at least five out of the last eight years that I've lived in Firestone. So what I always recommend when you're starting a buying process and especially in today's market, what I always highly recommend is that buyer needs to be uber prepared. If they have to be ultra prepared to be competitive in this market. And one way to kind of get laser focused on what you're looking for is we use this tactic called the buyer triangle, okay? And what it is is obviously the triangle has three points and on each point you have price on one, you have location on the second and then you have amenities on the third, okay? So most of the time, unless you have unlimited amounts of money, price is always gonna be a factor, right? So price is always gonna be a driving factor. So I always look at it and go, well, if you could only have two out of three and price is one of them, what's the other driving factor to you? To me, I can get to my office in 15 minutes. I wanted a bigger home for my wife, my family. I wanted more amenities, what it came down to. So the beauty of about just pulling out that buyer's triangle and getting laser focused on what you're looking for is you get to choose then. You get to make that decision. Like is location more paramount than the amenities or do you wanna enjoy your house in this way? Exactly right. And drive. You might have a smaller house here, you might have an older home, you might have to fix up more, but guess what? I could walk to Ziggy's and get a cup of coffee, and I could walk to my office. So always start the process when you're buying with that. I mean, it couldn't be. It saves a ton of time. It couldn't be more important. And now they are telling you what they want. Yeah, that's nice. You know, we're not telling them what they want. The prepared buyer. Right, very much so. We like you guys when you're prepared. Well, thank you for that.  Unfortunately, we can't always have it all. Unless you have unlimited amounts of money. Then we try to have it all. And you could probably have all three, yeah. Okay, so let's talk numbers a little bit. So let's say, you know, for example, I live in a 2,300 square foot, 1948 home here in Longmont.  High efficiency sort of a place that was built very recently. So like, can you help the buyer right now who's shopping think about the appreciation of one versus the other? And how different are those numbers really? Well, to answer the second part real quick, they're not. They're really not that different. Appreciation is appreciation. Okay, so it kind of goes back to the question before is what's more important to you? Right. But when you're looking to just broadly say, is this a good time to buy? You know, is this a good buyer's market? It's my home going to appreciate here soon. This is where really you come into play. You know, you as a realtor, as a buyer, I would ask you two things. Okay, if you were my realtor, I would come to you and I would ask you two things. I would say, is this a good time to buy? Which they all do. And is my home gonna go up, right? Now you need to respond with two simple things. And you only have to look at these two things to answer their question. And it simply goes to one, let's look at supply and demand. Okay, so, and you have to get local. Guys, you have to get local. Do not listen to the national news. Every market's different. Every town around us is a little bit different. Like we just, we're analyzing town to town. That's why we're talking, yeah. You know, so every town around us. So if you're looking at national news and they're talking about a market in Florida, well guess what, it doesn't have any validity here. So you have to get local supply and demand. And when you're looking at supply and demand, typically a balanced market is somewhere around four to six months, okay, of inventory. And what that means is starting today, if nobody listed their home from here on forward, there is enough inventory for the amount of buyers that are currently out there to last four to six months. Okay, so. Currently on the market. Currently on the market, yep. So whatever's currently on the market and the amount of buyers that come in, that will basically deplete within four to six months. That's a balanced market. So right now we're about one to two months. Okay, so as you could see, it's a great time for both. Okay, sellers are selling their home quickly. They're getting the price that they want, but buyers are also buying in an appreciating market. And that's what you want. Everyone thinks. You want the win-win. Totally, everyone thinks that you need to buy low. Well guess what, when you're buying low, you're buying in a depreciating market. And that's fine. You're gonna get a good deal, but you have to wait a lot longer for it to come back and appreciate. So it all comes down to, how long do you wanna wait on your investment? How long are you willing to wait? How long are you willing to wait? Right, right. I would much rather get it on the uptick and just analyze that supply and demand. As you go. As you go, and it's all monopoly money unless you cash out anyway.  Right. Yes or no? Does it work in my other three factors or two factors? Totally, yep, and the other thing I would look at is interest rates. And these have been historically low for seven, eight, nine years now. Yeah. I mean, we've been under 4% for. A decade? Yeah, you know, close to it. So at the end of the day, it's like, don't get scared if it goes from three and a half to 3.7% You know, I mean, we are at. We're not losing a huge change here.  You can name anything else in the world. You might have an initial 0%, but what can you buy that is this large of an investment for under 4% interest rate? Right. At three to 5% down if you're living in it. So it's free money and everybody knows that. But they're still waiting. We all tend to watch and wait and fear. Well, I appreciate the way that you said that because I've tried to explain to my sellers and buyers that it's a win-win and that it can be good for both, mutually beneficial, but it's hard for them to see that when they're on two sides of a table in a transaction that they're trying to win the best for them. Okay, so the last thing I would ask is just, can you give us an even more concrete example of say like a family in your area that you know personally that has like quickly built up equity just by getting in when they did, just by purchasing, just by getting off the fence. We have a lot of renters in this area still. We have tons of first-time home buyers that are staying, that wanna step up to that second, third home. But again, they're waiting and seeing what's gonna happen. Yep, I mean, I'll just give you my example. I won't give you exact numbers, but... That's about your family. But I'll give you my example. So we moved to 2013 in the Firestone in 2013, and we bought a resale home, like I said. When you say resale, brand spanking new. No, no, no, it was built in 2000. Okay, right. So it hit the market again, it was already owned. Yep, exactly right. It's when you first moved to Firestone. So when I say resale, yeah, it's already been owned by someone, it's not brand new. So at that time, we bought it, and it didn't need much, but we put a little bit into it, I would say this number about $20, $25,000. I sold it six and a half years later, so the beginning of 2020, and I made a substantial six-figure profit. Wow. Okay, so anywhere eight to 12% year over year. And that was really not doing much to it. So that launched me into what I wanted to do with this new build that we bought a year and a half ago.  The biggest reason we did it is we didn't want to go out and compete, okay? So that was one big reason. So that should be one for you guys as well. You mean put your name on the wait list, get the lot, and it's yours. You might have to wait longer? Obviously you do. Depending on where it's at in the build, it might have already been started. But at the end of the day, I'm not going out there and competing against maybe three, five, some cases, 10 other buyers. You don't like the bidding wars? They're so fun. It was really hard. So you get to make a more conscious decision. So I loved that part of it, buying that new. So at the end of the day, what most people don't know is new construction, especially in appreciating markets, they build in appreciation automatically, okay? So what that means is... In the purchase price. Yeah, just over time. So if you can look at a new build complex and preferably buy within the first 60% of it being built, okay, so now you know that there's more coming, okay, behind you. And what new builds do is they might have a development that's 2,000 lots, but they're only going to release like a hundred at a time. Okay, once those hundreds go under contract at least and start the building process, they'll release another hundred or another 50. Oh, trust me. I've had plenty of clients on those wait lists. Yeah, yeah, and but every time they do, they up the price of that same model, five to $10,000, it's built in appreciation. Okay, so if you can get in, like I said, we got in probably maybe around the 50% mark, you know, it was probably like halfway done, maybe a little before it. And it's about to be built out in the next few months, you know? Like fully. Fully, yep. So in the last 18 months, it caught up and it's about to be built out. Our home in that 18 months has appreciated more than my home did in the six and a half years of my other one, okay? Wow. This is going to finish and the market itself is still appreciation. So now this neighborhood is built out, it appreciated over time, or appreciated through the build. And now we're still in an inventory market that's one to two months when I said four to six is balanced and everything else that starts to sell around it now is gonna bring it up too. So that's the huge bonus of buying a new construction right now is you kind of can see that appreciation, at least for the somewhat near future, you can kind of put a number on it almost. Got it. And a little tip, one little tip, one last tip is when you're buying new build, now is an excellent time because fourth quarter, these developers want to get things off their books. Okay, so it's kind of like a little new build tip.  We'll throw in an extra 10,000 of upgrades or incentives to add to that new build. They want to get things cleared. Yeah, you're not gonna see that in January. Before entering into the first quarter and bumping up again. So it's a great time to put them under contract right now is because they're looking to get them off their books too. Wow, so I can really see what you mean in terms of timing, in a way you kind of did a fix of, you flipped your own properties as a personal residence, you made a ton of money just by getting your foot in the door sooner. Building that equity, taking that money, using it for your next one, stepping up.  Thank you so much for your time today, Brett. Oh, of course, thanks for having me. Appreciate it. You're welcome, that's the property.