O'r gwrthodd, ddweud, mae Jeff ydych yn ddim yn ddim yn dweud o'r sgolwydau starcaeth ar y cwmffrin, mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud yna sy'n deall yn y Cymru. Ond o hynny, mae'n ddweud o'r gweithio ar y gwrthodd, mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r gweithio. A oherwydd, ddweud, mae'n ddweud o'r gweithio, mae'r cyd-dweud yn ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r gweithio. Bydd nesaf y gallu Pyth, nhw'n gwneud hynny'n gwybod mewn drathag y maesf mwrdd gyffredig, i'r ffordd yn ein ynchawb am y cyffredig o'r pwysig jywedol 11,000 oed. Felly, mae'r cyffredig maen nhw sefydl i arfer i'r programau telefishams ar y L懷odraith a'u rhywbeth ychydig felly'r hedaniaeth yn ddiwedig ar ddiwedig. So, yn y traw, mae'n ganlŵr i'n fydd gan gweithio y model sy'n cinfa diatwy, And also think about the site within the wider context, all of which might help us think about what we might find beneath the North Sea in terms of the archaeology. So there's been a punctuated history of research at the site starting with the discovery by local amateur archaeologist John Maugh. The famous excavations by Graham Clark and further work by the Vale of Prickering Research Trust and finally over 10 years off excavation work by my and my co-director's Chantal, Canella ac Barry Taylor. The excavations by Clark can be seen here, a number of long trenches with extraordinary preservation. Here students are cleaning wood within the peat, and this one also shows the depth of the peat as does this one. If you look at the right hand corner, you can just see a cow right at the top of the trench, which helps to scale a bit on this one. A wealth of wonderful and rare objects were uncovered during these excavations, which undoubtedly made the site famous in the archaeological world. 21 of the antler frontlets were found, these are the only ones known in Britain, and 191 barbed points, which is well over 90% of all barbed points known in Britain as well. All of these finds and more were concentrated in the main part of the excavated area, and this is a plan of the flints by square yard, showing the concentrations dramatically decreasing towards the edges. And this is basically why Clark thought he'd excavated the whole site. Several decades later, the Vale of Pickering Research Trust excavated a trench to conduct paleoenvironmental analysis. The trench was about 25 metres from Clark's trench, placed far away to avoid the archaeology. However, of course, as you might have guessed, there's plenty of archaeology in this trench, including flint, bone, antler, and most intriguingly, this wood right at the far end of the trench, which had been split and hewn, and was thought to be the earliest evidence of systematic carpentry in Europe. However, no further work was carried out, and it was unclear whether this was maybe some sort of fat form or perhaps a trackway. From 2004, Shantel, Barry and I directed further excavations at the site, and in the first phase we conducted field walking, test pitting, and dug a large trench on the dry land, which is, hopefully you can see my cursor here, but this one in Red SC 23. This is Clark's trench just to the side of it, which shows the scale here. The area where we've got the hashed area is all the field walking and the test pitting that was done, which shows the extent of the site. Basically, what we can see here is that overall we've dug less than 5% of the site. Just to give you a sense of scale of this area, if you take this peninsula area here with all these test pits down it, this is what it looks like actually in the field, so it's a very large field full of mesolithic archaeology. In the second phase of our fieldwork, we received historic England and ERC funding for the post-glacial project to conduct a large scale excavation at Starcar and also other investigations around the lake. SC 23 is our dry land trench, which we excavated previously in 2007-2008, and the excavations in 2013-15 basically filled in this area between Clark's trench and this dry land trench. Also, we have the trench VP 85A, this one right down here, which is the trench from the 1980s. The idea behind this was to get a better understanding of occupation and activity areas across one area. Again, here's a kite shot to give you a sense of scale again. The tent is in Clark's area here, this green patch to the right is where SC 23 and a structure on the dry land was found. As you can see from a number of these photos, the excavations spanned both the waterlogged PT areas, which are the much darker brown areas, and the dry land areas, which are the light grey areas in these slides. This slide, I think, really clearly shows that slope down from the dry land, the water's edge, the darker peat, which is where the water would have been, and indeed you can see that there's water pooling in areas here now. This is what I meant at the beginning about peeling back the peat to reveal this buried land surface, which helps you envisage how people were living in this landscape at that time. What did we find? On the dry land, we found evidence of at least three structures, if not four. This is a plan of the central structure. It's fairly ephemeral, and it had been truncated by earlier excavations. It would have been a complete circle, not a half circle there, but that's the sunken middle part of it, which had been dug out, and it's surrounded by post holes. You can also see that there are these other sort of semi circles of post holes around as well, which may be other features of the structures as well. Then in the waterlogged part of the site, what would have been the edge of the lake, we had the opportunity to further investigate the platform found in 1985. Here, we can see it as a blank rectangle in this map. Not only were we able to better understand that platform, but we found two others and a further massive scatter of wood. Finally, we were also amazed to find a bit of Clark's excavated area still intact, this bulk, which hadn't been excavated. Thanks to an incredible dating programme by Alex Bayliss, funded by Historic England, we were able to analyse 223 dates from the site, some of them historic dates as well, demonstrating that the site was used for over 800 years. This has helped to develop a picture of how the site has changed across time and space, and I'm going to give you a very quick run through some of this now. We start with this detritol wood scatter, as we call it, the earliest dated part of the occupation from about 9300 BC. This appears to be the earliest date for mesolithic occupation in Britain, so about three centuries after the beginning of the Holocene. I think there was a question about this yesterday. This is what it looked like on the ground, a mess of both worked wood, which had been split, and some natural pieces of wood as well. There was some animal bone within it, but not a huge amount, but what was really intriguing was this particular grouping here. These are the bones of a red deer, and when excavating on site, we thought that perhaps we had a deer who'd died or had been posited in the lake. But on analysis in the lab, Becky Knight, our zoo archaeologist, realised that this deer actually had two left back legs. Obviously two left legs is not normal or even possible, so there are a range of explanations for this. Perhaps people had deposited limbs and other bits of red deer into this area to reconstruct a deer body. You can also see that there's no head bones, but there is a frontlet very close to this collection of bones. What's also very interesting in this area is this elk skull, which was found, and this provides us with some of the earliest dating for the site, which bears some resemblance to the site of Lumby Mose in Denmark, where elk bones and an elk amplomatic were found, again very early on in the Holocene. Moving on, we have the first of the three timber platforms. The central platform constructed in the middle of the 90th century CalBC after the end of the detrital wood scatter. This was composed of three layers of timbers, some were split, some were tree trunks, and this appeared to have been used for several generations before being covered by peat. Very little has been found on any of these platforms, but we get the odd artifact or piece of bone. Here we've got a collection of lithics, which have been used for animal processing, and perhaps they've even been kept in a bag, which has since deteriorated. The questions are, were they lost, had they been discarded, or was this actually some kind of special deposition? Then later on we see the eastern platform. We couldn't get so many dates from this one, but it does seem to be likely that it was constructed after the central platform. Here you can see it from above. You can see the scale of it. It's quite huge. It's very close to the central platform, which is that's the remnants of that one there. You can also see how a trench, which we put in in 2006, missed this platform by literally 50 centimetres. I would say that this is the advantage of doing large-scale excavations, open area excavations, so you don't miss things when you put in smaller trenches. The eastern and western structures on the dry land, which you can see here, have been highlighted by the burnt flints, the red dots around them. These appear to date to around 8800 BC, although there is a possibility that they could date earlier. At a similar point in time, we were able to excavate the Clarks area, which dates to about that same period. Here it is just in plan. You can see just how densely packed this was with fines. This is a close-up showing the incredible richness and just the way in which it is jam-packed with wood, bone, antler and so on. Very interesting from the dates again, it looks like this is contemporary with the dry land structures, but it also could have been accumulated in anything as short as perhaps just one year. Although it might have been longer, it might have been a generation or so. Here's another photo of the incredible richness and density of that material. We haven't found anything else like this on this side or indeed others in the area. Within that, we found a number of more frontlets. Altogether on our excavations, we found 12 more antler frontlets. Slightly further to the south of this area, we found this incredible pendant, only the size of a guitar lectrum, very small, very thin, very fragile and engraved with these mysterious lines. Then in terms of wooden artefacts in this area, we also found a bow, a number of digging sticks and a wooden platter. It's quite difficult to know what it is, but it looks like just a large wooden carved piece. Finally, we moved to the western platform, which is very close by Clarks area, which was built two or three generations after the eastern platform. After this, there are some further evidence of occupation, but it is very ephemeral and it's not long before the site really appears to go out of use. Here is that western platform as well again, so you get a sense of that. It's incredible to think that the site was used in this way for 800 years. From macrofossil data, Barry Taylor was also able to construct the environmental picture, which shows a change in the local environment from fairly open water in Zone 1 here to more ferns and fenn plants and a croaching of reeds around the lake edge in Zone 2. In Zone 3, much reduced open water and much more of a fenn landscape. In addition, we worked with Simon Blockley and his team from Vaughan Holloway and the University of Southampton to call the lake sediments and use a range of proxy data to build up a picture of the environment and climate over the period of occupation. What we were able to show is that people lived through an abrupt climate event, very similar to that that would have been experienced in the 8.2 event, and yet the activities on site appear to remain largely unchanged. They were still building platforms, they'll have the same sort of artifacts and so on, still were there, suggesting that these people were resilient to this abrupt climatic event. But our research goes beyond Starr Cards, the wider landscape, and this is the Baill of Pickering today. There's no lake, the peat has developed over the millennia, and a submerged landscape lies beneath these lovely green fields. However, thanks to the vision of Tim Shadler Hall, who's in this photo but with his back towards us, and decades of research for all going through this peat, we have been able to map the contours of the ancient lake. It's about four kilometres east to west and two kilometres north to south, with several islands in the middle of it, and furthermore through digging test bits and doing these at around 15 metre intervals around what would have been the lake edge. It's been possible to map further sites around the shoreline, some of which are mesolithic, but some of which are also paleolithic. And this map shows just some of those sites, we now know of over 25. At the same time as digging at Starr Car, we also undertook some excavations at Flickston Island here, you can see it's just a couple of fields along from Starr Car. And this was another site that was originally found by John Moore, the local amateur archaeologist who discovered Starr Car. So here's a kite shot of these excavations. We were down at the lake edge and also on the top of the island again. And here we uncovered more of John Moore's site and realised it was a long blade site. We didn't actually find much flint at all, but what we did find was the remains of a large number of horses which have been butchered on the edge of the lake. This is a very rare find indeed for a site of this period. And we're currently working on the dating with Alex Bayliss and hope to be able to resolve whether this site actually dates to the very start of the Holocene or whether it's a bit earlier. What was also very nice about this site was that it also produced a large number of horse hoof prints in the late months. So overall this is a really rich landscape, archaeological landscape, telling a story of activities from the Lake Pallelithic through to the Mesolithic. It's remarkable how people use this landscape and some sites for centuries and how they appear to be relatively settled at the number of these locations. But although we feel we know a lot more about it as ever, the archaeology has thrown out many more questions and there is still so much to learn from this landscape and indeed the one under the North Sea, which is very nearby. And if we return briefly to the North Sea and think about Starcar in that context, we can reflect on how many of the things that we found at Starcar have clear parallels with other countries in northwest Europe. For instance we've got that elk which deposited in the lake just as the elk deposited in Denmark. We've also got the pendant and we have an amber pendant that was found by Clark with clear parallels to amber pendants and the kind of geometric artwork found in Denmark. And of course we've got the antler frontlets with clear parallels to a number of sites in Germany. The exciting research on Doggerland that we've all heard about over the last couple of days has enabled us to begin to think about how this fits together and how connections across Doggerland might have happened. I'm going to actually just end with a short film made by Marcus Abbott, which hopefully takes you back in time to what things might have looked like more than 11,000 years ago. So I'll just read out the subtitles here, but Starcar is a mesolithic site on the edge of a prehistoric lake. The people at Starcar placed timbers in the shallow water. People also placed artefacts in the water, like this antler headdress. In one area of the site there was an extraordinary accumulation of artefacts. This consisted of thousands of pieces of bone, flint, antler and beads and included many more headdresses. Evidence shows people lived at the site for around 800 years. Over the generations people built platforms by the lake edge. So I hope that that gives you a little sense of how we imagine Starcar and that landscape to have looked all that time ago and perhaps how we might imagine Doggerland as well to have looked. But hopefully we can think about creating further reconstructions and so on in the future. I'll just end by saying that if you'd like to know more about our excavations at Starcar, our two monographs are available for free from the White Rose Press and we also have further information on our website. So finally a big thank you to my co-director Chantal Canella and Barry Taylor, the 70 plus staff and specialists who worked with us over the period and over 400 volunteers who worked on site and everyone who supported the project and of course our funders. And finally thank you for listening. Thank you so much Nikki. I mean what beautiful archaeology I totally love those horse prints and they're fabulous. We do have some questions in and we have a couple of minutes for questions as well. So they're coming in thick fast, that means they're moving. So the first one came when you were talking about the flints and it's from John Adams who asked what was the purpose of burning flints. I think well Chantal Canella who's our flint expert can probably talk more about this than I can. But I mean I think some of the flint is accidentally burnt which is why we don't have very clear evidence for hearts but there is a lot of burning within the structures or around the structures and particularly around the western structures. There's a lot of burning and so it is more likely to be accidental than purposeful. Yeah, thank you. The next question comes from Susan Biddle who is asking what many people I think might have been thinking which is, is the arrangement of wood in the platforms at Starcar similar to the wooden benches at Baldner Cliff? Well I think probably Gary can answer that better than I can knowing those better but I mean I don't think they're quite the same but I mean Gary, is Gary still here? Gary do you have a view on this? It looks like he's here. Looks like he's here. Or maybe that's a discussion that might be held later. I think I mean the advantage for us is that we were able to clear them very clearly and I think that, I mean each of the platforms are slightly different particularly the central platform which has these three layers on top of each other whereas the other two are just single layers. So even that we've got three platforms they're not actually very similar to each other. And it was the same with the structures on the dry land, there was a lot of differences between those so we tend to expect these sorts of things to be the same and they're quite often not. The next question comes from Bjorn Nielsen who asks, or says thanks Nicky and did you succeed in doing dendro chronology of the wooden remains despite compression and decay? Hi Bjorn, no sadly we did try, the big birch tree that Clark actually found in the trenches, we excavated that trench and it was still there and Alex did take a section of that to try dendro dating but sadly it wasn't possible. And there are a couple more if that's right where I keep time. So from Maggie Fleming, I think it is, was there any evidence of fishing from example the platforms and they say I believe there are platforms in Lake Garda in northern Italy, but I guess. Thanks. So, I mean we know they were fishing there because we have we have evidence of fishing from some fish bones for many years. There was a paper in Journal of Archaeological Science about why would they know fish found at Starcar, but we have found some fish bones from Starcar. We've also found evidence of processing fish from some of the flint tools of where we've done useware. Whether they were using the platforms for fishing is really hard to say, I mean I think the platforms were probably used for stabilising the muds on the lake edge, and maybe it was possible to fish from them. But it's, it's, there's, there's no evidence really for what the platforms for used were used for which is very frustrating. That's one of the questions that's been raised from our excavations. So that, that covered a few of the questions actually, there are quite a few questions that the platforms once just come in as well, which, which is anonymous which says something asks whether the platforms were definitely submerged rather than being at the surface, then think about the potential use and visibility at the time. Well, it's, I mean we, we did a lot of thinking about this is possible that we think that they were very close to the surface they may have been exposed seasonally, perhaps, but if they had been exposed all the time they obviously would have rotted away so the, they, and it's very difficult to measure that the amount of water that would have been over the top of them but we think that they were probably very close to the surface though. Yeah, hard, hard to be certain or hard to really assess the seasonal changes in that. One last question if that's right that's coming from Ola. Ola Rajala, he's asked where the flint objects in the bag used. Yes, I think. Yes, I think they were used for animal processing animal flesh. We, this, this use where from around the site and different kinds of, of use where and with a number of these caches that the flint has been used before it's been cashed as well interestingly. Yes, so Chantal says yes almost all for processing animal remains even very promising ones. Thanks Chantal. Thanks Chantal.


You already came out of executive session. Right. We are ready to move forward. No action was taken. Oh, right. Nothing to report. Actually, we should have. No, I believe that this would be a time when we make the motion to make a motion duly seconded to take action consistent with the steps we discussed in executive session. I believe this will be exactly one of those times. OK. That's OK. Right? So you made that motion and I seconded it. Oh, OK. I outlined a motion. Right. Is there a motion? Yeah, there's a motion. Take action consistent. I move that we take action consistent with what? Steps outlined in the executive session. That's correct. And I'll second that. OK. All right. All in favor of the SII. OK. So this came up the other night and I'll just break it down. So we, I said this before, but we would sometimes very clearly announce what we agreed to do in the executive session, like when we're considering what pay increase to the profit. Once we've decided it's fully public, we need to come out and say we make this motion and it's really clear. Other times, even the things we decide to do in executive session cannot be public. And yet we have agreed to take some specific steps. Right. So if I'm understanding the counseling we've had upon us from our new attorneys, you guys are here so I have audience to explain all of this, then that's a time when we would say that we are taking action. But it's what we outlined in the executive session and that's the clue that we're not, that it's not appropriate to be shared part. Then it's a personal issue. It's a personal issue. And we went into executive session because it's a personnel issue. So in this circumstance, if you let us state, you don't disclose personnel issues. That's the reason I never did. So you're doing something we just don't know what it is. Right. And unfortunately, we have to keep it that way. Yeah, that's right. And when it's a personnel, we can't. No, we can't say anything. We can't. I think it's just kind of new to the townspeople that use this format or whatever you want to call it. Yeah, I hear what you're saying. Well, before we had as much issues, well, before we just would have said we have nothing to report. We always just said we have nothing to report. And sometimes we will still say that. If we are in a discussion and we have to hit pause on the discussion, then nothing's going to happen yet. Then we come out and say we have nothing to report. But if there's steps that we agree to take, then we do have emotions. Anyway, so thank you for being an audience for this next presentation. We're all starting to get in our heads around. We're happy to represent the entire public. We're going to have to be an entire public. You know, actually, I would really like you to continue that whole thing for a patuity. Can we do the shutters before we let's move it? Yeah, OK, so yeah, let's bring up the shutters. So it looks like we're ready for a motion to approve Grady Fair painting the town hall shutters. Well, we're going to end funding for it until we can discuss if that is going to be a motion. I think we are ready. We did discover that Grady did not paint these shutters. It was Tom Frost. And he was not a sub. I talked to him a little while ago. Talked to him again? Yeah, it was on behalf of the town. And I think it was when Scott Bassett was kind of organizing the painting. And Tom got paid. And he painted what he thought were all the shutters. So I'm not even sure where these shutters that weren't painted were at the time. Where did they come from? Well, we have some in storage. Yeah, they're the upstairs shutters. It's just that they've been sitting here for a while. And including the shutters for these windows, too, which I don't believe are all painted either. The smaller ones. Right. The smaller shutters. So that sounds familiar, actually, when you say Tom Frost painting shutters. That sounds familiar. Yeah, and when I went back to do an email search, I did find an email about Tom Frost painting shutters. All right, but I couldn't find any shutters. But I talked to Tom tonight. He doesn't want to paint these shutters. So I think he's got a health issue. So I think now we're back with Grady. So is it one motion or two? Do we know where the funding is coming from? The funding will come from the Town Hall Reserve Fund. OK, so it sounds like we can make one motion. Is there a motion to approve Grady Thayer's painting of Town Hall shutters with funding to come from the Town Hall Reserve Fund? Sure. And in an amount not to exceed, what did we say, 5,500? He said, I think it's less. We were talking about averaging it out to $400 for a shutter, plus the shutter that John has to repair. We found the missing big shutter. It's falling apart. Now in my garage. And John will repair it. Oh, he is going to repair it. Oh, yeah. So $400. That comes to $4,800. OK. $412 for shutters. But if one needs to buy materials and things like that, I have no idea what that's going to cost. Say a couple hundred bucks. Want to go to $5,000? Yeah. OK, so we need a motion to approve Grady Thayer's. Not to approve some shutters. Funding from the Town Hall Reserve Fund for painting and repair not to exceed $5,000. So moved. I'll second. Grady will be OK. We're going to make a motion. Denise is seconding any other questions or discussion? No. All in favor, we can say aye. Aye. Opposed to abstain. OK. Done. Done. Wow, the efficiency. Now, Alphana, joining us on the, I thought he was coming. You loved him, hasn't he? I did. I did. Yeah. I think this is Peter Brock we're talking about. Right. Yeah, the emergency. Do you have enough information to know what, I mean, I'm assuming the work is done, as they were doing it yesterday. But now, on the last page, issue this right of way. Thank you. Can we just go ahead and issue an ending out for us? No, because we need to know whether or not are the conditions on it. You know what? They say our spring is 100 feet away from the house on the opposite side of Baton Road. We all need to trench across the road to access the line that needs to be replaced. I just remember other ROWs, Alphana said, when they dig down so far, then they have to put the certain kind of material that we have to compact. And they have to compact it. And we want to know what that is. We can document it, because even though we had to process this on an emergency basis, we still want the permit, which will be recorded in the land records, to be great. Well, can we stake that in there? But we don't know what it is. So the backfill, the properly backfill according to the ROWs? It would be nice to know, but we should have a really kind of like watching. Right, I mean, it's really Alphana's responsibility to tell us what it is he needs to do. We don't have the ability to delegate anything to Alphana. Whether we do or don't, we have not delegated approval of the permit. No, no, I know. But it could be approved the permit subject to, not pending, subject to backfill, compaction, and other similar requirements as required by the road commission. The problem is that won't be in the right-of-way permit that we sign, right, it gets recorded in the land. Right, right, right, right. So the squishiness around words like properly or what was the other. We're just as required by the road commissioners. As required by the road commissioner, in six months a year, two years, nobody knows what was required, because we have a document. Well, we think that could easily be done. Yeah, but Alphana's system for getting done is for Alphana to be here and tell us so it's written down. Right, so we're not going to do it. To get Tancy, your quote, right, we're not going to do it. Until Alphana's here. And he can do the recie, and then this one at the same time. Can't stop them, yeah. I mean, I tried to get him. I tried to get him, but I just couldn't. No, this morning, yeah, I tried to get him. I loved him. Do you want to try calling him right now and asking what his conditions would be? Here, yeah, that's the only way. It's no service, I was hoping to see that. OK, so that's it. So the work's being done anyway. Well, it was already done probably yesterday. But because there's no, it's not holding them up. OK, great, that's all I'm talking about. But the documentation of exactly what Alphana was looking for in an emergency situation is what we need to document it really, really clear. And I agree with you, I mean, we can't do this. That's why I agree with that, and that's why. It's not holding them up, I'm sure it's done. I was going to send them an email today, but the worst comes to worst. They have to dig it up and replace it. All right, well, I know Alfred was there on Sunday to meet with them, because it was on his time card. Good, and then it was probably done. So we just need to have whatever he told them in writing on all their recordings. And this will be dealt with at our next meeting? Yeah, OK. Well, Q-doke, is there any other adjourn? Yeah, nothing else, much into adjourn. All favoritly sacked. Aye. Aye.


Hello, my doggies, are you ready? I'm coming back to this picture that we've already done. And I'm coming back to this one. I erased some labels. I don't want you to forget that we have the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura surrounding our pleural cavity. But we're going to talk about how can we get air from the atmosphere into the alveoli. So if you're thinking about, oh boy, boil, you should be thinking that, dude, we have to somehow be changing, really we have to be changing volumes in order to change pressures. Now, here's the deal. Atmospheric pressure is 760 millimeters of mercury at sea level. Take a deep breath. We are not going to calculate anything based on atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is critical, but it changes. If you're at sea level, it's going to be 760 on a certain kind of day. If you're on Mount Everest, it's going to be much less than that. And if you're anywhere in between, it's going to be somewhere between that. So atmospheric pressure is going to change. Thank you, physiologists, who said, dude, let's just set atmospheric pressure at zero. And do you remember how we set membrane potential? We were talking about membrane potentials. We set the extracellular fluid at a charge of zero millivolts. And then we determined membrane potential by comparing the intracellular fluid, the charge of the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid and found the difference between them. And that was my membrane potential. We're doing exactly the same thing here. We're going to start out at the base. We're going to start out at the moment before inhalation. So at the beginning of an inhale, can you visualize this? So we're at the place where, go ahead and just mess with this a little bit. You exhale and you pause. There's a moment where air is not moving. And then you inhale and now air is moving in. And then there's a moment at the end of an inhale where you pause again and air isn't moving anymore. And then you begin and exhale and then the air moves out. And then you end your exhale and air isn't moving anymore. And then you begin your inhale. Do you see how, like, write that down. I don't have room to write this down because I'm going to show you what's happening to the pressures. At the beginning of an inhale, we don't have any movement. Right before the beginning of an inhale, let's say there's no movement of air. If this is true, then pressure outside, atmospheric pressure, has to equal pressure in your alveoli. Can you read that at all? Here's atmospheric pressure. We're just calling it zero, which means before a breath happens, we have to have pressure of the alveoli. It has to be equal to zero. Right? That's the only way we can have no movement. So our challenge is at the beginning of an inhale, we have to somehow motivate atmosphere to move into the alveolis. So what is the thing that's going to have to happen? We're going to have to have a pressure gradient. We're going to have to have a lower pressure inside the alveolis so that the air can move from high pressure to low pressure. So somehow we have to decrease pressure in the alveoli. And those of you who've had anatomy, how does that happen? What do we do? If we make it happen, we contract who? The diaphragm. There are other muscles involved, but the contraction of the diaphragm, look at what happens. I told you that the diaphragm was this kind of this shaped structure and when the skeletal muscle myofilaments shorten, folds down, not folds, but it shortens down and it, what just happened to the volume of this space in here? Dude, the contracting diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity. If you increase the volume, you're going to decrease the pressure. When the pressure decreases, air rushes in. Now, if this was not a mouth and was not open, if we closed it off and yet contracted our diaphragms, we would create a low pressure zone and air would want to rush in, but it couldn't. I'll try it. You can actually inhale without allowing air in to rather unpleasant sensation, but go ahead and do it. And it's because you created a low pressure zone in your alveoli. Air rushes in. How long does air rush until? Until the pressure, until the pressure in the alveoli is equal to atmospheric pressure again. It has to go back to zero. Now, let's start our exhale. We're going to begin, that says begin, exhale. If we are going to actually begin an exhale, all we have to do is relax the diaphragm. That's going to decrease the volume with the consequences of increasing the pressure right inside this space. So now my pressure is greater than zero. My pressure is three compared to the outside. And now that's going to push the air back out. The end of the exhale, air rushes out until the pressure inside your lungs is zero. Now, think about this.  Even an exhale, breathe out all the way. It's hard to talk and demonstrate at the same time, but I can breathe out all the way. And then I can, like, breathe out even more. And that's just by contracting more things. I can contract my internal intercostals and my diaphragm even more. I mean, relax my diaphragm even more and use some of my ab muscles to, like, squeeze out more air because I decreased the volume even more. Think about all I'm doing is changing the volume of my pleural cavity and that causes the air to move. Now, there's all sorts of graphs that we can do to mess with this, which we definitely will do in class. But let's take a look at, you've got the pressure changes and the mechanics of how we move air in and out. Now I want to talk about what's going on inside this intraplural space because there is a pressure in there as well and it's important, intraplural pressure. Be right back.


Hello everyone and a warm welcome to this web word session with me Felene van Heerden. I am the provincial head in the Western Cape for private property. So today's session is all about how to maximize your private property listings and I am going to share with you how the private property listing school works and why do we Implemented in the first place Great. So at private property we strive to Ensure the best possible browsing experience to our property shop is right I think on any online portal. It is it's the name of the game a great user experience and Because we know that the information contained on a listing directly impacts that experience We award the listings with that is rich in detail and with the most amount of information The best possible exposure on the website So I think the most important place where for us to start Now that you understand why it's implemented is How do I activate and what do I need as a minimum requirement in order to get my listing on to private property? Cool, so let's talk about the minimum criteria and the first 25% out of the possible 100 and how do you get to that? So the number one is a minimum of three pictures I always joke and say don't ever be fooled that three pictures will ever be enough in any online space When you're selling something So, yes, but as a minimum we require three we'll talk about the rest in a little while So then obviously a relevant asking price. You cannot send us a listing if you've not priced it and Oftentimes I get asked what about if I want to go with POA. I don't want to stipulate a price I want them to inquire How it is allowed we do allow for POA listings I think it's just it's important that that property professionals are mindful of the fact that When a listing is marked as POA it does go to the bottom of the search results so when somebody comes in all Serious property shoppers come to a portal like private property and they search according to area and price and If we can't stipulate the price it will still fall within the bracket But it will definitely be at the bottom of the search result So just be just be mindful of that the address The address here. We're not yet at the debate about should I show my address or not We are talking about the minimum requirements in order for the listing to activate So here there are four fields that we need to be mindful of Especially when you talk about sectional title listings for full title We obviously need the street address in terms of the number and the street name That is it But for sectional title, we are looking for the door number the complex name The street number and this is this is usually where the question marks are and the street name So four fields in order for the address field to be seen as complete Then when we activate vacant stand land The minimum criteria is for the size of that land to be shown and then for a residential property We do require the a number of bedrooms and bathrooms as well as the home type So what are we looking at? Is it a granny flat? Is it an apartment? Is it a house? The home type is is important to the property shopper And now we get to the juicy stuff the stuff that the property shoppers really like to see And that will give you your additional 75% I'm going to start at the smaller items and I'll work my way up So I think if we think about it from a property buyer perspective or property Not necessarily a buyer even a tenant perspective we Always the size of a property is is is relatively important, right? Can it accommodate what I would like for it to accommodate? So the detailed property information that relates to the floor and the land area will afford you an additional 5% So obviously on a sectional property Land sizes is not relevant So it's either all the information that you've given us will result in your filed additional 5% then something that really impacts and Where it really matters on the finance financial level is the additional price detail That relates to a property in terms of levies and rates so we all know that Yeah, levies has become a hot topic and it definitely is a consideration for a property shopper and Something that they need to be very aware of when they make a decision whether they can afford a property or not So we do have bond calculators available on the website so they can work out there You know the monthly repayment amount But something like levies and rates is something that they need to take into account Therefore crucial to a listing for them to make a completely informed decision So addition another 5% either or in some cases like full title We know levies is well sometimes not applicable sometimes very well applicable So yes, either or 5% and now we get to the debate about the property address So that old saying about location location location Still stands and it will probably stand the test of time the location and the exact Pin on the map of a property will probably always be one of the most important parts of any property listing Now having been at private property for a significant amount of time. I have heard every debate about why Property professionals choose not to show the address on a property listing and Even though there's merit in in all of those It's not really an argument. It's it's an opinion, right? It is something that is usually important to the property seeker and We have allocated a 20% to Whether the address has been displayed or not So 10% gets given when the address is revealed. So when the property shopper can see the address 10% is allocated and then an additional 10% is Allocated when that property's location has been pinned on the map that is available for them to view I'm just thinking people that are relocating They would like to know or they probably already have done the research in terms of schools for their children or How far from my new workplace am I going to be? So Location and the exact location is very relevant to a property shopper And then we get to the remaining 45% that gets allocated to the use of media on a listing and This takes me back to way back I come from a very small town and Sundays we would get in the car and we would go window shopping, right? because people buy with their eyes and You would very slowly walk your way. Sometimes we'd even park the car and walk Looking at all the available items in the windows because yeah, you could make a decision based on what was available Take your time and come back during the week for the whichever item you wanted And I think it is important to realize that the media on a property is probably the make or break Of whether you will get the inquiry or not So usually important in how that property listing is presented to the property shoppers So therefore we have allocated 15% to The image gallery so the moment you've given us 12 unique good quality high resolution photos We will afford you the 15% we obviously accommodate up to 40 images in the gallery and There's always a discussion in terms of where on the spectrum does your property lie So for small properties, it sometimes is a struggle to get to 12 photos and then we sometimes say okay So if it's a complex or it's an apartment inside of a complex Maybe take photos of the surrounding area the communal pool or the bright area or the front gate So try and focus on the points that you would use as selling points when talking to prospective buyers On that note, it is important to stay true and authentic to the property listing that you have So when it comes to photos, sometimes these representations are heavily edited And you can just gauge when the property shopper gets out the car and goes hmm not quite what I saw online So yeah, try to stick to what you are selling And not have the property shopper or the the tenants or whoever it is that you are engaging with you know, yeah be completely Surprised by by the property when they when they get out because it does impact on on the trust relationship so and then the last the key percent goes towards media in the form of video or The lovely product on our website called of Matterport so on the video side, obviously We would we love it when the video communicates the flow of the property So you would enter at the front door and we'll give you a very good idea of what the property looks like and Yeah, just communicate what sits where Having been through a property Journey Personally it is highly valuable for somebody to sort of gauge. Okay, so this is where this is in the property And that's where this is so yeah video gives that additional added experience to a property search journey But then more so when you add Matterport to a listing it is just a phenomenal tool it is a 3d walkabout through the property where you can make your way from one room to the next and Simulate what what the property experience is like So hugely beneficial for someone that likes to or would like to You know Market that property further than just the local markets You can send it as well as far and wide as you'd like and it's probably the closest that somebody will come to Walking through that property apart from just being there in the physical form So definitely if I mean it's as good as an open house really It offers that affords that person to to have really have an in-depth look as to what that property is You know presenting so The one thing that I also want to mention about the use of media on property listings is that Property professionals often find that when additional media is added on listings that the lead Generation sometimes Go down and the reason for that Oh, it's less than something that does not have media on it And the reason for that really is because people can have a really good look at a property So even though the lead count may be less The quality of the leads that get generated on a listing where media is presented It's just so much higher the quality of that lead and the quality of the conversation that you have with perspective via or tenant It's just of such a high quality and standard that you know, no time wasters and they've seen what they've what they wanted to see and They have contacted the property professional for a reason that they've decided for themselves already So from a from a and we're all busy, right? And petrol's become very expensive. So for that reason, it is sometimes a very good idea to add the media And yes, obviously it also makes for a fantastic Negotiation well part of your tool kit when you negotiate for that sole mandate So that brings us to the full 100 percent that is available on a Property listing and how it gets applied The quality score is available on every property that is listed on private property So if you go on to the property listing and you go to the very bottom of the page You will see that it states at the bottom of the page quality school You can click into it and you can see what is available and how it has been afforded to that particular list to a property shopper It does not mean anything They have already had the experience they've engaged with the information that was offered to them and They found it either useful or not So the the the use of the quality score really is for our property professionals to see how best They can enhance their property listings Something outside of our quality school that is worth mentioning is the description of a property also hugely important and not too long not too small not too short and always keep in mind that Key words from a search perspective does play an important role So choose the amenities because you're going to list them anyway In form of you know, what is available, but choose your words wisely Once again authenticity and stick to Words that people understand Because oftentimes we find this very elaborate descriptions that Sells a property and it's almost become the generic way of selling property So, yeah stick to stick to the due to the authentic points of this property listing that you are presenting and then in closing I'd like to say that from a property private property client service perspective every client on private property is allocated a relationship manager and We love Training our customers and having these kinds of conversations about how can we ensure that your private property journey is Absolutely maximised and how do you get the best exposure on our portal? After all we've got the same client base the property shopper out there is is king And they need to be satisfied with the product that gets delivered to them So if you are unsure Please reach out to your to your relationship manager. They have access to the quality score audits like we call them The information is also available in insights And every office should have access to our insights software Where you can on a listing level go and see what the current score of all of your property listings are That additional Document that you request from your relationship manager will tell you what is missing So it will tell you yes You've got rates Allocated and yes, maybe you've got two photos missing or maybe it is You know the property's been sitting on the market for a while Maybe it's time to do an HD video or add Matterport and you know widen the marketing effort that you currently have and Then So yeah, please reach out The relationship managers love to come out and train if not just the admin staff the agents Every office setup differs But yes, we are available more than happy to train and give you the additional Information needed to ensure that your property and private property experience is is the best Great, so how does the saying go? Now that you know a better you can do a better So yeah, please reach out to your relationship managers for any questions and yeah I think the only thing that remains to be said is happy sailing


Hi guys, so I'm back with my NCA strategy series and this is subject number 2. The first I discussed was Consti you can find the link in the description box and Now I'm going to discuss foundation because I received some people's messages suggesting I should do foundation because sub-collect their foundation is tough. However, it is not that tough It is just like any other exam. Just that it is more theory and it is more concept more theory and more of less of Iraq's and more of writing part. So I think that's the Click about it, but I'm going to share the tips and tricks which helped me pass the foundation exam Foundation cuz syllabus has also been revised and so that's why I'm making it on the latest syllabus I've gone through it read about it and last year I also spoke to somebody this year also spoke to somebody and I'm well-versed with the syllabus So I'm going to give you some latest tips and tricks which but the approach remains the same which I used in 2018 so yeah, let's go look at it before that is Stars only background Kalehi up make a like subscribe and share the dough thumbs up the dough and I'll also be very much Encouraged to make such blocks for you. So now I'm going to talk about foundation law. Let's go And she doesn't really let's understand that what is foundation law So foundation law basically our good India-Bhagya-San-Bhagya-San-Jet's law made by the king that is jurisprudence if you have studied and you know about it Jurisprudence is I can just go jurisprudence. We are gonna. I'm supposed to go to that where law is going to so jurisprudence is very important It talks about theories concepts nature sources. How is all was made by law was made Pehle kya otta tha up kya otta and all the processes and All the all the theories just the based on so jurisprudence is what? foundation of Canadian law is and You just need they just need you to know that what are the theories on which Canadian law was involved? so if If you ask me if you understand the concepts and the theories then this paper becomes relatively easy Because I'll go theory-based cargo question I got to walk a theory concept check Agar up cookies based question I got to be what I'm co-application of these theories Peggy test So it is very important that you need to know that From what is foundation law? So as I told you foundation law can be equivalent to jurisprudence in our countries So next let's talk about What is the syllabus and how do we go about the syllabus such a well as scope of Course you have to study So they have mentioned that what they want is and what they're looking for in guarantee applicants is that you guys know That the what are the concepts of what are the concepts of the constitution? What are the concepts of the what are the nature and sources of the foundation law, but Syllables they keep a good one. I know I know what's a lot of articles and but I think I'm running in because it is very much doable I'm sick of it. We look at it after but we look at it So you have to just be very realistic in this whole paper the approach is realistic The concepts are realistic and the syllabus was also very realistic It is nothing that you can't do first of all you have to keep this in mind Then do not its limits cold day if you're opening it on the computer. Do not start clicking on the articles Do not do that. I'm done job. Yeah, but what can now because articles? How would love if you came or yes, are a very limited articles and do not go into that right now first of all Give the syllabus a glimpse like a bird eye view like I always say I said in constitution also I say for this exam also that give it a bird eye view now when you've given it a bird eye view You will see that what are they actually testing you for they're actually testing you for The concept of the foundations and what are the pillars of just the Canadian law So what are the pillars that you know, this are the strength and spine of this content of their Constitution and of their rule of law So all of us are relversed with rule of laws and and we know we had some boring curse It was very it was a boring lecture back in law day whereby the It was about to the concept positivism natural thinking sources of law Pelleckings would they own keep out money to the then divine rights how they came in so all the all these articles all these Theories in the form of articles are given under topic one So yeah, which I think I'm gonna put up Then which I think I'm gonna put all that Canada is still under the queen So there are prerogatives of the queen and their prerogatives of the federal government So how does that constitutional principle work? Then you know Canada is a democracy Then you will know that his key parliament may pretty sorry rights in which are as same as the rights which we had back home and Which other democracies? Parliaments might be having about prerogation powers and what are the other powers? So all these powers could only discuss caravane then very important topic is separation of power So then they have discussed separation of power that executive legislature judiciary separated This baby on a punch article is up to you. But you do not have to panic and Jovey on a case to a You go up on a new case can lead to a key open Definitely, because I got a new okay, but I mean just me but I thought it's a good question You're back up to a question paper. I'm near a girl. Okay, okay? This question I just want to put on the gun so I remember Jim and a paper the other day I question to the judge me and I was a that the queen is making some kind of notes and some notes making power your husband stopped and some kind of emergency is there in Canada, so what is your prerogative going to happen? So you need to know that separation of power's doctrine was to be applied, or whatever XYZ doctrine was to be applied, the facts of the question are exactly the same. But they gave you a situational-based question and you had to apply these principles.  So don't worry about it. Okay, next let's talk about how to answer the foundation paper. I know you, as you mentioned that you cannot answer in the form of IRAX, and IRAX is the only method of you learned in American JD. But, other than IRAX, also there are options, there is CRAC, that is Conclusion Rule Analysis Conclusion. A typical memorandum, if you've ever prepared, or if you know, is prepared in that way. You write a short conclusion, definitely, what is prime FSI you can see from the question. So short conclusion is basically a paraphrase, you just have an introduction, a paraphrase to question koi. So you do that in the short conclusion, then you write the rule. What is the rule? The rule talks about whatever law you are referring to, whatever doctrine you are referring to. So you have to mention that. Analysis is the theory part, you open the exam, you will write exactly what is relevant, do not write non-relevant things, write what is relevant because that is what they are looking for. And then write your detailed conclusion. So conclusion in the end is also very important. Short conclusion, Rule Analysis Conclusion, CRAC methods, if you feel like you can't use IRAX because you can't identify an issue, then you do CRAC. Also what I used to do is I used to write introduction and then introduction is a must. Like I used to write introduction in everything and introduction I just used to paraphrase and rephrase the whole question that they have given me. So I used to do that and then I used to write some heading of the main thing and then another heading and then talk about it. So headings of headings, I used to write my answer in a very organized manner. So I think that really helped and I also suggested this to so many people after I cleared my exam and it helped for them as well. So I think it should help you guys also and CRAC and introduction and normal with the body like a proper answer can be there. Do not write content which is you know you're just filling it. Don't do that. Write relevant content, write relevant case law, mention relevant content and also there are articles to refer to you. You have to make sure if you're quoting something from the article do it in inverted commas.   So you can't plagiarize. You have to give the credits to the person you're referring to. Also if you're doing this from the judgment then you should write justice Hopkins said just in glamour said just in justice whatever just give you a judgment quote. But if your concept is clear then you can also write that in your language. It is not that difficult. So we've discussed the first topic now I'm going to go to the second topic topic I have the syllabus with me and the second topic is indigenous people and the law. So indigenous people as I told you Aboriginals is a very important community here a very important part of Canada. So you need to write your own kid your own kid your title rights and your national land rights is up to your cases to be based on our versus Marshall our versus Bernard there are some relevant cases which are also given in the syllabus can lead is the again the source that you have to refer to and I'll be you have time right so if you have time why don't you go and open up the judgment and just read the main gist of it can only has already has short judgment so you should go and refer it for sure up articles if you believe I'm just meant to pursue cases key or they go as I mean that you have to start with first topic or second topic or third topic pick up whatever topic you like I don't think in foundation one topic is related to another however obviously the whole crux is that they're all sources and the backbone of the Canadian law but you can pick up any topic and you can start reading it I started with the like I started the men a price you do get it coffee boring look at our theory base look at her so I started with the fundamental principles of Canadian legal system that is the four topic because rule of law constitutional supremacy is the one I'm happy to be proud of and in my log degree federalism separation of power to use up some cake now new new so I was just like that okay I just have to go and read this and I will somehow have that idea it never it never done and it's major cases they're saying versus Canada so you can see you know if you open the syllabus you will see saying versus Canada citation TV on a case key and they're mentioned page number 13 to 44 so page number 13 to 44 is relevant for you now why don't you open go and open the judgment and read the pages because I got a good element there so I'm just going to relate to power get this topic civil relevant so Jesse I'm just going to talk about it clearly I'm similar to the judgment myth of the topic he covered up so I'm just going to put them down then you have parliament and it's component parliament and it's component make a parliament make on come on the same eight house of commons all of you can keep up with me which make my topic the third topic is sources of Canadian law okay you're going to come and get the French government it's not important to French important to keep the law sure because it was a European side European law started with a offer common law can be based on a baby but I'm a baby but I'm a baby but I'm a baby but I'm sure the common law is based on precedence and equity so equity but a question I just want you should go and check that out and definitely give your notes a thorough read read the rule because reading a good go and read your notes and classes if you want but notes are very important so I know people are giving out their notes and stuff which is very good for lyrin so I think you can go and buy some good notes and then start with the subject and notes are sufficient when I I do not think honestly what you do is just open the article while sleeping at night and you you just going random reading only do that then parliament and it's component obviously you understand the functions of parliament is again very important or it's big cases the man on the team child and a little bit required reading here you know what put up cases put up your topic done mainly your foundation give out in a topic so some good so much out there mainly do you want to go to the concept theory be a lot of clear energy you should know that what are they asking sometimes the question with which comes and specially the ones the sample exam may be judea over here is like keep what are they actually asking you so what are you going to do you can only decide that once you know when you are well read with your material but what the question is saying and what subject to write because this is a theory based paper it's me I'm going to do not leave it because if you leave it then I think you are losing on to some numbers which you might just get so you should take that approach because I also remember I think but that's all about it last two type topics and nine or ten more admin loss a bit related next log madman looking binaries so you will have some tips and tricks to do there admin law admin lockup or my mind it's here to me a couple of bird eye view put up a syllabus cut on your top admin law sure gonna it'll be really helpful for you so all these are practical tips I hope you like them and yeah please keep commenting and keep asking me I'm very I'm very much free I'm just going to and I should say good night to you guys right now because you have paid it's late and bye guys so do well study well and stay home say inside the same thing I'm a lockdown extent johreh extend ho chukhi ha mare bhi I'm sure up ke bhi so just stay home and use this time as much as you can because you're not getting this time back right bye


So, my name is Gopayne, as me has mentioned, I'm one of the co-chairs of ECIP Information Quality Cluster, pushing the opportunity to introduce to you community guidelines for fair data set quality information. David would talk a little bit more about ECIP Information Quality Cluster, and I will focus on the guidelines today. I don't think I need to see much about why should we care about the data qualities and the potential impact of poor data quality to this group. I have a list on some of the main potential impacts of poor data quality, and including reputation that could be individual researchers or the organizations, and some impact on the decision-making, whether it's due to decision on data use or making decision either policy or other related decision on use of data. And the last one has to do with the financial loss that probably touches mostly the business sectors, but for the research, it's also associated with low productivity because we have to spend a lot of time on cleaning data. And for the lost business, including either data product use or services because customers just frustrated with the poor data quality that either served or as a base for services. This one talk about the U has, sorry, set out to estimate what are the costs of not sharing data. They have found that at the minimum of 10 billion pounds per year, the slides indicate the data scientists spend about 80% of their time on the cleaning, organizing data and collecting data set. This is for the AI or machine learning of data scientists dealing with the big data. For the regular scientists like us and dealing with the normal data sets, for me, I have been working with various data types for over the last 20 years, and mostly I'm spending 10% on collecting data because most of my data I need are small and I tend to know something about them already. So 10% is a good estimate. And spending most of the time when I get the data set I need estimate their data qualities and organize them co-located and make them analysis ready. So normally for the cost of not sharing information about data quality, whether we think it's 60 or 70%, that's going to compound the cost estimate by not sharing data. And the estimated 10 billion that's just for EU only. So globally that's going to be a lot more, particularly again, due to the productivity loss because of redundancy in assessing data qualities. And the part of impact is on the decisions and some of the decisions could be the dollar decisions, such as those for disaster response. And we have one real life use case included in the guidelines and document. So for data set quality, not just data quality itself includes quality of data, including input and output, and include the softwares and workflows, many data and documentation are very familiar with that. And also touch on the quality of the procedures and the process and infrastructures, tools and systems. They are mostly relevant for services. So in the nutshell, the information about quality of the data, metadata and documentations and through the entire lifecycle of a data set. I like to share a real life experience on the quality of metadata. And I worked on a paper comparing the global numerical model forecast and satellite data with the tall data set. Those are high quality and we use it as a tools to estimate the bias of the satellite data as well as the model systems. We submit the paper and we got a review back. We addressed review and everything's offset. And then one of the reviewers realized that the metadata, in the metadata record, the latitude, longitude for one of the buoys was off by half degrees. So she forwarded that, asked the editors and to forward that to me. And I was like, oh my God, the whole paper has to go down the drain. And so I had to redo all the interpretations, redo all the analysis. In the end, it doesn't impact the result. And I felt fortunately enough that one of the reviewers was the scientist for that particular buoy. And it would be a lot worse if the paper was published. Normally, I will talk about needs and challenges and the benefits of sharing data set quality information. But today I like to use this opportunity to focus on the guidelines. It's there themselves. So I have listed this too. If you're interested in learn more about it, you can do that afterwards. But I will touch on two things. One is on changing data paradigm. Another one is by the popular demand and touch on the data and information quality dimensions. So in the distance past like 20 years ago, especially when I was a student, data are not readily available or routinely available shared. And most of the data users are do have the extent knowledge on the subject or their data set, we do have to spend a lot of the time get familiar with the data set. And nowadays, we have one more data set readily available and they're shared. And the users start to expand to include general publics, they don't have or little knowledge on the subject or the data set. One of the example I'm very familiar with is the Reynolds global sea surface temperature. I was numerical, I was a modeler in my previous life. I worked with the atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models as well as the coupled models. So at the time, the Reynolds SST, it was one data set and everybody used it. And it was monthly and two degree by two degree. And the SST data, it's a very important data set a use for initial or boundary conditions for general circulation model and also you critical data set to validate the output from coupled models. But nowadays, and for the group for high-resolution SST, and you I searched a couple days ago, it has 109 data set. Those are global high-resolution SST data and the daily and they are generated or produced by trusty sources such as NOAA and NASA and almost every big institution has one data set. So in the past, we're lucky to find just one and now more than one we can handle. And the question is start to become who has time to go through all available data set to figure out which one to use. And in the past, we tend to have more time to allow us to learn about data set. Now everything has to be done like yesterday. So sharing data set quality information is more important than ever to support informed decision on use of the data set. This is one of the main challenge for sharing data set quality information because the data set quality is a multi-dimensional and requires cross-disciplinary knowledges and the quality has data set quality has many quality attributes. On the right side here is the from 1 and strong 1996 they have collect 179 quality attributes that are useful or important to data consumers. Based on the 179 quality attributes, they prioritized 15 quality attributes and group them into four dimensions, intrinsic, contextual, representational and accessibility. I have talked about those last time I have a presentation. On the quality information quality cluster, we have published paper led by Rama in 2017. We have grouped the quality data and information dimensions into four, namely science, product and storeship and services. So for the, I'm just going to go really quickly. For the science, there are three, for each dimensions, we have about three key stages. For the science, they are defined, developed, validate. So the quality attributes associated with the science tend to be data accuracy and a decision, positions and certain keys. And for the product, that measures how well the product has been produced, evaluated and utilized, either released publicly as a research product or delivered to data centers or repositories. And then the quality attributes would have like couple minutes of data, the how good is data format in terms of data standard, data format standards, and estimate of error sources. And for the storeship, sorry, for the storeship, the quality attributes including complainers of the metadata and that touch on how the data is being curated, preserved and accessed. And here it's more of to do like curate metadata and to enable data to be accessed that the get to the service part, that will be how the service accessibility and the time minutes of service is also very important. Again, I'm just going to go through really quick here. And once you get a chance, I think the slides will be shared once you get a chance to take look at it. And we are also interested in the feedback on this particular diagram. To give you a little background on how we started and where we're now the initial discussion, it's between ECE, IQC, and the Barcelona Supercomputery, the evaluation and quality control team in September 2019. Then the announcement was made to prospective collaborators, international domain expert for a pre ECE workshop in early 2020. And then we had a meeting in the summer 2020. We had two life sessions and online resources for two weeks. And I think the the data quality interest group had a pre pre ECE workshop and provide very beneficial feedback to our workshop and I want to give a presentation as me has mentioned. So the the workshop I have explored multi dimensions of data and information quality and the challenges and need and the current approach of capturing and representing data set information quality. And the we have kick off the develop the community guidelines and the couple calls were made to the community for the working group. Then the working group has been established and since then and being developing the guidelines by consolidating community impact, collecting the community best practices. So in August, we have put out published the workshop summaries with a case statement. In December, we also submitted a call to action statement for the fair data set quality information to data science journal to be included as a special collection of open science. And here are some of the principles for developing guidelines. And the approach is to adapt the fair guiding principles. And we we are taking a whole data set lifecycle approach that includes all different dimensions of the quality. And because of the attributes, quality attributes and assessment types are many many and they are depend on the famous for purpose, for purpose, we decide to make them the guidelines to be agronostic for quality attributes and assessment type. And the the develop of the guidelines is really for the community by the community. And it is through a iterative process. And we continue engagement, including we're doing this one and the leveraging the community best practice and standards. So the they are a lot of the we're not really doing this from scratch. There are a lot of community best practices and international standards in the various part of the quality describing quality information and we're trying to pull together integrating them and make it easier for the community who needs or would like to capturing and representing quality information. So the quality information guidelines document develop is all co organized by three main entities once ECIP IQC and Barcelona Supercomputing EQC team as well as the data quality interest group. And the I have put this out to of the participates to give you a sense of the geospatial coverage as well as the knowledge coverage and not just data acquisition productions also including data and information management data and publishing and services and applications. So we're trying to include as much as the as many disciplines are domains as we could and to hopefully will come up something that will be beneficial to the whole community. So for the next five slides I'm going to talk about the guidelines in detail. And let me see my time wise and I was hoping to finish early to give you more time. And the guideline first of guidelines is to describe data set and we recommend to include the title the persistent defy version public state and if the data is a user and you want putting data that's accessed and if the applicable and putting the we recommend to include usage license and this is to ensure the data set is findable and accessible. The guideline two is to utilize a structured quality assessment models. So the structure in the sense that in the form of metric or maturity metrics for example and they make sure that they are versioned and publicly available and the registered are indexed and retrievable by their identifiers and this is to ensure that the assessment model is findable and accessible. And guideline three is about capturing the assessment method and result in a data set level metadata record to recommend to be semantically and structurally consistent and including description of the quality assessment or dimension that is assessed and the method and the model structure and version and assessment result and also including the versioning and revisions of assessment like pronouns of the assessment. This is to ensure the quality information is interoperable and reusable for machine and users. This one is to ensure that the information is findable, accessible and reusable for human and users. So that will be preferable following a template and published with a license preferable CC0 or CC by license and linked to the data set metadata so they are connected. The last one is to recommend reporting and disseminating the data set quality information on a website interface and to describe the data set according to the guideline one and including assessed quality attributes and method and the process or workflow and including a description about how to understand and use the information and this is to ensure that information is online, findable and readily usable. So we are in the process completing the guideline document to make it ready for review and with the paper revisions we push it back a little bit. I think currently the plan is to have it to the middle of April then the baseline will be several months after that. So as I've mentioned, although the working group we're trying to include domain expert, we cover the wild spectrums and we still, it's likely we won't be able to include everything so your feedback is crucial in improving the quality of the guidelines and the work are not possible without the effort from the international fair data quality information community guidelines working group and you probably see a number of the familiar names from this list and names involved are the organizing committee for the pre-ECIP workshop and if you are interested in supporting this effort in any way, contact us. I listed the IQC co-chairs email here. I think that's what I have. Yeah, I have several backup slides there if you're interested to take a look at it afterwards.