with human rights around the world on think tech broadcasting from our downtown studio in Honolulu, Hawaii in Moana, New York. I'm your host, Joshua Cooper, and we're so excited to have Alexandra here with us today to share about civil liberties remaining alive in the current Ukraine conflict and how Ukraine NGOs are breaking the impunity cycle. Thank you, Alexandra, for appearing tonight. Hello, nice to meet you. It is so important to see how you've been able to mobilize the Center for Civil Liberties in Ukraine to be able to be a powerful tool of everyday people doing important actions to promote a culture of human rights and rule of law in Ukraine. Can you tell us how it began? We established Center for Civil Liberties in 2007 and we work on several direction. We monitor and develop Ukrainian legislation and try to adapt it into this human rights standards. We work with youth and organize a lot of enlightenment programs. We was very active in OEC region because everything which we face in Ukraine, it was also a reflection of negative global trend in our region. So we closely cooperate with Russian human rights defender, human rights defender from Poland, from Moldova, from Belarus, from Tajikistan and other countries. And also we monitor political persecutions because before 2014, we live in authoritarian regime and our previous government, which was a collapse after revolution of dignity, persecute youth, journalists, human rights defenders, volunteers and other active people in the country. And we know while it played such an important role in that peaceful revolution, what's also crucial though is how it adapted as well to focus on accountability on February 24th of this year. Could you share why that date was so important and how your NGO has been mobilizing ordinary people to do extraordinary actions on accountability and to promote a vibrant civil society? I always rely upon on ordinary people. I'm totally believe that ordinary people have much more power than they even think they have. And my sit mobilization of ordinary people can make significant change. In my experience in 2013, when the revolution of dignity started, we use these methods and we launched the Euromaidan-SOS initiative. We united several thousands of people in Euromaidan-SOS initiative in order to provide legal and other assistant persecuted protesters because authoritarian regime persecute people in different way. Every day hundreds and hundreds of people who were beaten, who were arrested, accused and fabricated criminal charge, tortured, kidnapped, but through our care. And then when authoritarian regime collapse and our previous president escaped Russia in 2014, Russia started a war in order to stop Ukraine on the way of democratic transition. Seeing this time, we have been documenting the world crisis. It's important because many people think it all began February 24th. But as you pointed out, this conflict has been going on for a while as Ukraine has been striving for self-determination and to build the dynamic democracy. The actions by the neighbor of Russia have definitely been moving in the wrong direction. And that's why the work of the Center for Civil Liberies is so crucial to demand accountability, but to make sure they also document the human rights violations as well as the war crimes. In this war, we are fighting for our freedom in two sense. First, this war has a genocidal character and Russian top officials openly said that Ukrainian nation has no right to exist, that there is no Ukrainian language, there is no Ukrainian culture, et cetera. So it's a war for freedom to be Ukrainian, to be independent nations, to have our independent state. But also it's a war for a freedom for our democratic choice. Because in 2014, when authoritarian regime collapse, Ukraine obtained a chance to provide a quick democratic transformations. And in order to stop us on this way, Putin started this war, because Putin is not afraid of NATO. Putin is afraid of idea of freedom, which become more closer to Russian border. It's a very good point. It goes back to even when he was a younger officer and saw the power of the nonviolent movements in Eastern Europe and in Eastern Germany. Recently, of course, it's just the anniversary of the Berlin Wall being erected. And we know that came down in 1989 and Putin saw the power of people to come together in peaceful protest to change the course and direction of history. So I agree with your analysis that this is one thing that actually shakes him to his core. And that's why, of course, you see it's unable for people inside Russia to stand up and to demand these reforms there. But that's why you, on the so close to the door, showing people the beauty of a democracy, then challenges the corruption of what exists inside Russia today. Putin don't respect people at all. And he has no, in his system of values, importance of human life.  And in February this year, he started large-scale invasion. And only for five months or six months of this invasion, we jointly with other human rights organizations have been documented more than 15,000 criminal episodes. It's an enormous amount of crimes because Russia's army deliberately shall in churches, schools, hospitals, residential buildings. They torture, rape, kill civilians and committed other offenses on the occupied territories. So now, as I tell, we are documenting human pain. And Russia tried to break Ukrainian resistance with a tool which I call the enormous pain of civilian population. It is true. He is, it was senseless and entirely avoidable. But by his actions, it's definitely pointed out to the Ukrainian people the purpose of life and the importance of standing up and really what it means to be a human. And I think that's one of the most powerful examples that Ukraine is teaching the world in a way that essence of staying human, even in the face of horrible atrocities being perpetrated. Yes, because we now become a witness of the very powerful human solidarity, which has no limitation, even in national borders. And we are very grateful for the old people in different countries who support Ukraine in the struggle. And in Ukraine itself, ordinary people continue to do unordinary things. When the Russian invasion started, an international organization evacuated their stuff to another countries or to more safe places. And it was ordinary people who helped other ordinary people to survive, who tried to evacuate people from cities and settlements, which is isolated by Russians, who helped people who trapped out in rubbles of residential buildings, who provide medical and other assistance. It was ordinary people. That's why I'm strongly believe that ordinary people have a lot of power. And it's on display for you every day in many different ways because that Center for Civil Liberties, it remains committed to cultivating culture of rule of law, as well as peace and human rights for all, even in the times of war. And I think that's what's so extraordinary is to see the way that you've been able to bring together people to express their best features, even in the worst of times. It's always a challenge. We never decided or we couldn't choose a country in which we were born, the time in which we are live. But we always choose whether to be honest and active people or not to be honest and active people. So I'm glad to see that a majority of Ukrainians decided to be brave and to defend our freedom, our people, our dignity and our future. Because Putin tried to return us to the past. He tried to restore Soviet Union with his authoritarian running of the society with no respect to human dignity, with no future. And we will resist. And that's one of the most important parts of the Center for Civil Liberties. It's demanding a new direction with internal institutions, but also international institutions to hold the perpetrators accountable for the horrible acts of violence, but also to build a new vibrant democracy where everyone's voice can be heard. Yes, it's very important because now we faced with a gap of accountability. What do I mean? In July this year, our general prosecutor told that they have registered 26,000 of criminal proceedings. 26,000, it's an enormous amount to investigate. And it's very obvious that even the most efficient national system in the world couldn't investigate effectively, especially during the war, 26,000 of cases. Unfortunately, we couldn't rely upon on international institutions in this task because when we speak about international criminal court, which started its investigation on Ukraine, international criminal court will focus only on several selected cases. So there is a gap of accountability because it's a question who will provide a chance for hundreds of thousands of victims of war crimes, which Russia committed in Ukraine, even a chance for effective investigation and for justice. And now we're discussing different ideas how to fill this gap. And one of them is creating of international hybrid tribunal on war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, which will work additionally to international criminal court and which will be like a vaccine to national system to make it stronger. Because this model provides opportunity for national investigator work together with international investigators, where national judges work together with international judges. That's very invigorating to the international system to come up with such a hybrid approach on human rights and war crimes, because you can point out with the Center for Civil Liberties, you recognize the cycle of impunity, even from previous Russian aggression in Chechnya, Georgia, Syria and other countries. That's why you're then bringing the information and not waiting until after but actually documenting while it's happening and sharing that information as it unfortunately painfully occurs to people. And that's what's so beautiful though is that you're able to then meet and sort of begin to restore the humanity of the people who have had those crimes perpetrated against them. Exactly. Because Russia use a war as a tool how to achieve their geopolitical interest and Russian army use war crime as a method of the war. They made war crimes deliberately. It's intentional policy, which is legitimized by top military and political Russian officials. And Russian army committed war crimes for decades in Chechnya, in Moldova, in Georgia, in Syria, in Mali, in Libya, in other countries of the world. And they have enjoyed impunity for decades. And this resulted to the atrocities now, which we see in Bucha and other cities and settlements in Ukraine. Because Russians for decades of impunity, they really started to believe that they can do with other people everything what they want. We have to break the circle of impunity, we have to stop this atrocity in future. No, and it's it's positive to see that in Ukraine people are saying never again is not just a slogan of history, but a principle and a philosophy for organizing for peace, positive peace in everyone's life today. Because we have a respect for human life. And now we are in a war, we have to defend our land, our future, our people, our dignity. But it's like self defense. We never captured any other territory of our neighbors. And because we have respect for human life and for other nations. Yes, it was so powerful to meet you in person at the Oslo Freedom Forum and to hear your presentation. What were some of the impacts after people heard your message in Oslo earlier this year? The most bright memories from Oslo Forum for me was when I met in a hall, after my speech, my colleague human rights defender from Libya. I don't know her before. She's told that she very well know what I'm talking about when I spoke about how Russians deliberately shall in on schools and rape women. And she told Russians do the same in my country in Libya. And I was surprised because, unfortunately, I have so less information about what's going in your country. And she told Wagner. Wagner is very close to Kremlin, its private military company, which Kremlin use as a tool for war crimes and for military goals in different countries in Libya and as well in Ukraine. And I'm now working on establishing accountability for Russian perpetrators together with other colleagues and partners. Also, not because we're seeking justice only for Ukrainian people, but for this my colleague human rights defender from Libya. Because if we will fail, it means that it's only a matter of time in which in your country Putin will go further and will do the same which he did in Libya and Ukraine. And no, the sisterhood and the solidarity that you see there in Oslo, it's among people who know that spirit of Ubuntu, that all is interconnected, that I can't become all that I'm supposed to be unless you also are able to achieve all that you aspire for and that solidarity among humanity, among our souls. And it is great that you were able to meet someone else, but then also to make the connection of how the work you're doing can have a huge impact. And we know, of course, Wagner became a big topic this week because of Ukraine being able to strike that entity that have been carrying out many activities in many of the countries that we had discussed about earlier. There are several things which have no limitation in national borders. And human solidarity is one of such things. That's why this colleague human rights defender from Libya understand for what we are struggling in Ukraine. And I can understand your struggle very, very clear. Also, human pain has no limitation in national borders. And when we describe the horrible stories which Russians do with civilians in occupied territories, it's very understandable for all people, regardless of their citizenship, color, language, or like previous experience.  And we have to help each other because it's not a war between two countries. It's a war between two systems, authoritarianism and democracy. Putin started this war eight years ago in order to stop our past to democracy. And now he tried to convince not only Ukrainians, but all nations that democracy is a false value because you couldn't rely upon on democracy during the war. That's why all other democracy has to step in and support Ukraine to show Putin and other authoritarian leaders that democracy is working. It's true.  Some people might not know it because it hasn't been challenged or hasn't been attempted to be taken away, but you have that flavor in your mouth of freedom and you know how powerful it is, especially when it's challenged. And that might be some of the most powerful aspects of the people coming together in Ukraine to document these abuses. And we know that the National Endowment of Democracy recently also recognized some of the work that you're doing with Center for Civil Liberties, but also some of your other colleagues. How has that been helpful to receive this award or at least the recognition to then document and share all that you've been doing and why is that so important going forward? In my field in which I'm working, it's a human rights field, you receive a word in two cases. The first case when you are in prison, for example, and this award is provided for your courage and just to remind authorities that they captured human rights defenders and have to release him or her. And it's like a gesture of solidarity. And second cases when you belong to society which have very strong human rights character during the some crisis periods of the history of this nation. And now when you speak with ordinary people on the Ukrainian street, we all understand for what we are fighting for. It's very amazing, but my other colleague, Natalia Gominyuk, a journalist who also received this award, he mentioned how she met steel workers in Krivy Riga. It's a small town in Ukraine, maybe not rather small, but it's not so big as Kiev in which I am for current moment. And these steel workers told her that we are fighting for freedom, for example, for freedom of speech. And she was so impressed because when it's something which you not expected to hear from steel workers that we are fighting in this war with Russia for freedom of speech. So we all express these values which we are fighting for. And this award, like I think that belong to the all human rights motives of Ukrainian nations. And it's true, I know that was one of the tenants of your work was teaching and developing civic education. And it seems that everyone is sort of putting into philosophy the practice in Hawaii we call Makahani kaike, Makahani kaike in the action that is where the knowledge is. And it seems that now steel workers are definitely understanding. And of course it's what everyone knows, but we're never able to exercise that right of self-determination. So brilliantly as you are due to the difficult circumstances and conditions that people of Ukraine are facing. Enlightenment, it's a huge power because we are nation and transit now we are fighting for our democracy and still we have a lot of home task to do because for Ukraine victory is not only to repeal Putin troops from Ukraine. For Ukraine victory means to build a sustainable democratic institutions, to have a chance to live and build a country where rights of everybody are protected, judiciary is independent, government is accountable and police do not beat peaceful student demonstrations as we saw eight years ago during Maidan on revolution and dignity. So we have a lot to do and enlightenment of ordinary people why it's important, it's a very powerful tool to achieve this goal. And it's true when you describe the enlightenment that people are experiencing it's what we all aspire to. And I think that's one of the beauties of the UN Charter when it was being created to document human rights. It was say that this is are the elements that every country and every person should be able to exercise and that the governments must uphold. And we know now that many countries can stumble, but we don't fall below those basic human rights for equality and dignity, inequity for all and what you describe society it's basic that the police are not committing crimes against their own people, that people can vote and make sure their voice is heard and they can choose who represents them and more importantly that they can actively exercise democracy and make sure that they can choose who is actually going to make the decisions to perpetuate the positive peace for all people in the society. I think that's the right to decide your own destiny. It's about human dignity and authoritarian regime deprived people this right to choose and deprive them dignity.  That's why it's not a model which appropriate for Ukrainian society. You can take any sociological polls. Freedom is the first values for Ukraine. It's true and how can we how can people watching now here in Hawaii and around the world how can we assist with the current conditions in Ukraine as we close our conversation this evening? You ordinary people have the possibilities to choose hundreds of methods how to assist in the situation. You can write about Ukraine about on your social networks. You can join to solidarity movement which press your own government to provide more assistance to Ukraine. You can collect the nation for Ukrainian refugees or for Ukrainian military or for Ukrainian injured people or for Ukrainian illegal imprisoned people. You can take an active pose a position in this battle and your input is very essential. Every input of every people is very essential. Thank you so much for spending time and I remember just last week in Geneva I met two young mothers with their children and they also shared with me some actions that they wanted me to take on their behalf so it's true. We can meet people in the street, we can talk with one another, we can make a difference. Thank you so much for joining us today. Malohia Makeapono, peace with justice to you. Thank you so much for watching Think Tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and donate to us at ThinkTechHawaii.com. Mahalo.


Coffee's ready, got a thermos bowl, that'll ensure a nice hot cup all day. I think I'm going to cook up a nice breakfast this morning, get some eggs and English muffin. It's pretty raw out there, the wind's ripping pretty good. We got some sleet and rain and maybe a little bit of mixed snow coming down right now. So it's a good morning to stay in camp for a little while longer. Oh yeah, it's windy. It's ripping, so I think I'm going to enjoy my coffee. I'll fish this one hole I got in the shack for now and wait till the wind dies down a little bit. Wind stinks, man.  Wind really takes the fun out of a lot of things.  Well it's mid-morning, got my first cup of coffee down, got the dishes done, got everything pretty well cleaned up, got my book about three-quarters of the way red and the wind just kind of subsided a little bit, slowed down. It just started to sleet and snow, but I'm going to get geared up and go out there and set some lines, maybe catch a brook trout for lunch, go try my hand to smear that jig in with the camera.  Oh, there goes the wind again. I'm going to go grab the battery chargers and the generator and probably haul a load of stuff out of here too, you know, the stuff I won't need any longer like the drone or or a 30 laundry and some empty stuff too and some trash, so that way less to take out when I finally do all out of here. That's the plan for today, we'll see how it goes. Looks like this storm just got a little bit serious. It's blowing straight sideways, snowing pretty hard. I'm going to go out because I think we're going to get some pretty decent accumulation. I'm going to go out and just make sure all my stuff is rounded up so it doesn't get buried in the snow. That way I know where to dig it out after the snow is over and make sure everything looks good outside. Oh yeah, it's snowing. Wow, yeah, snow's pretty good. So yeah, that's pretty much camp. You can't see down the lake anymore across the lake. We're all batting down, everything looks good there. I'm going to put a couple twists in this thing. There if I need it. Alright, back in. The nice part about coming on an extended trip like this is I'm not in any rush to fish. If it's blowing this bad, I could actually be a semi-fair weather fisherman, so I'm going to let this blow through and see how much accumulation we might get afoot. I don't know, it's coming pretty hot and heavy right now and it's blowing straight sideways, so we'll see what happens. It is ripping nasty out there. I'm kind of glad I stayed in this morning. I'm going to probably stay and camp a little bit while longer. I mean, you could hear the gust. This isn't even strong gust yet. It's been wanting to push the tent right over. I'm glad I got those stakes in the ground, in the ice and pulled tight because otherwise this tent would be in the woods somewhere and I'd be pretty cold.  So it's a good day to be inside. Alright, got a light fish. Had to resort to the drop shot. But there he is. 25 foot of water. They get pretty soft mouths. This one's not going to keep. They've got to be 16 inches to keep. But that was fun catching. Pretty white fish. Nope, I was going to make it. Got another one. Man, these guys are so hard to catch. Nice white fish. Get a measurement on him. Guys, I've never eaten white fish. I've always heard they're great. I always wanted to, but... I'm out here in the wilderness right now inside this. I could eat that thing and no one would know, but I would know. So it's important to follow your game laws. There's a reason why they set these things at 16 inches. They want them to make a comeback.  Hopefully I get one 16 inches so I can see how they taste. All right. I figured out what was up in the water column. Jig and smelt now. I just switched up to the tiniest jig I have. On the smallest pound test that I had. And I put just the tip of a tail of a gulf on there. And that sucker bit it. Flayed afternoon. Caught a handful of smelt. Handful of white fish. Didn't really leave camp much at all today. I went out and kind of secured all the perimeter again. The gusts have pretty well slowed down, but the wind is still ripping pretty good and it's still snowing. Got quite a bit of accumulation. I was expecting maybe six inches to a foot. I think I got quite quite a bit more than that already. And no sign of it letting up anytime soon as far as the snow goes. Let's take a look at what we got out there right now. You figure if that propane tank it was sitting on top of the snow before this morning and just today the thing's almost fully covered. So that's got to be what 18 inches tall or so. So we're going to have a decent amount of snow. I'm going to have to be careful getting out of here. I'm still planning on fishing tomorrow if it stops tonight sometimes. So I'll be making a run with an empty jet sled out more than likely to get the generator so I can get all these batteries recharged and keep shooting videos and stuff. And then after that should be able to get some fishing in tomorrow. It's getting near dark out there. I'm going to go out one more time to assess the situation. Make sure all my corners are tied down fast and dig out the propane tank, see how much I got left in there and bring it a little closer to the top. Up to the top of the tank. Feels like I got a decent amount left. Maybe a quarter of a tank. So I got to be careful with that. The tie-downs are buried in pretty hard. Well everything looks good out there. Got a lot of snow. I got a decent amount of propane. I got like six more one-pounders under there. I'm not going to lie and say I'm not a little bit worried about how much snow I ended up getting. It's probably over two foot now. Or at least it's drifted up to two foot. Not 100% sure on the snowmobile. On its limitations as far as getting out in the powder. But first thing tomorrow morning if it ever stops snowing I'm going to have to go make a test run to make sure I can get out of here without all the gear first. See how it reacts in the powder. Snowing pretty good. Got at least double what we were expecting up here. So I got enough food to last a couple weeks at least. I can catch some out of this hole here. But as far as propane goes that could be an issue. I ran this buddy heater basically on low for the last 24 hours straight which I wasn't planning on doing. I usually don't run it at all when I'm out fishing but I wasn't planning on being inside fishing all day. Tomorrow I guess I'll have to reassess the situation. See about an exit plan. Enough tomorrow then I'll try to keep fishing a couple more days. If not then it might take me a couple days to get out of here. I do have a shovel and I got a snowmobile and I got five extra gallons of gas so we'll see what happens. Well it's 6.30. I'm going to shut down the heater and go no heat tonight for as long as I can bear it. I'm in the sleeping bag but I want to start saving some of that propane with this storm. I'm not 100% sure I can get out of here anytime soon. We'll see tomorrow morning. I think it's a pretty good idea just to bundle up for tonight. Start conserving some of that propane. We got a taker. Oh something small on there. Real small. I wonder what this is. A little burbot. Oh nice burbot. Yes sir. Look at all that line. Oh man. I knew better than that. Nice burbot. Alright that was worth getting out of bed for. Nice cusk on the rattle reel. I can honestly say that's the first fish I've ever caught ice fishing in my boxers. This isn't good. Just woke up and put my foot down into four inches of water. I guess all that snow turned slush in here and everything's pretty well floating so it's going to be pickup camp today I think. Definitely got to move camp. There's a couple inches of water in the shack right now. Hopefully I can get off the ice. Well folks I'm in trouble. I don't say that often but I definitely screwed up. I got slushed in. I made one trip to get to the shore over there. Made it no problem without slush. I stayed on top of the snow. Did a big loop around here to go back and pack down the trail and buried her in the slush there and it looks like or feels like there's not much for snow ahead of me other than slush and I got to come back about 30 feet to get out of the slush so it's bad. I got four inches of slush underneath the snow in most spots. Alright folks that's what I woke up to. Three or four inches of water inside the tent this morning. It wasn't very pleasant putting my feet down into that water but it gave me one heck of a wake up call. This trip went south in a hurry. I got myself into a serious situation here. It's pretty serious. It could be real bad. I gave it all she had when she started hitting the slush but it didn't matter. There's just enough crust above the slush to kind of hold up the front end and the motor and then the track just spun. You can see this. There's a lot, a lot, a lot of slush on top of the ice water. Probably five inches. This is where I buried her. Lucky for me I brought a shovel which was a good move and I went ahead and I dug out the entire trail exposing the slush and then I threw loose snow on top of the slush and just packed it in with my boot from here till you could see where I stopped digging. I basically firmed it up enough so the snowmobile would stay on top of it to where I guessed I was out of the slush and I just punched it. Gave it all that little 370 had and she made it over to the other trail so as you could see there's always a way of getting out it's just that cost me a good hour hour and a half this morning. Situation like that it was just I mean I'm my only way out here. I'm the only help I'm going to have so I got to figure it out myself and when you get in bad situations like this you just got to keep your head together. That's the most important thing you know your party wants to start to panic or get scared or worried and it's okay to be scared or worried but it's not alright to panic because then you start making decisions that are going to affect the rest of your time out and aren't good. My situational awareness was terrible and that slush came in last night didn't have a clue what happened woke up and it was there but I should've definitely moved the camp off the ice before that storm but should've and would've they ain't going to help much now they'll help for the next time I guarantee you that so yeah so I packed down just about every inch of this by boot first and dug the snowmobile out of that wet hole there it's kind of heavy to lift you know especially with that slush and stuff on there I had to lift it up and bang it down a couple and then slide it over inch by inch till I got it up on firm ground that I made with my boots and then it was good to go so plan now is I'm actually going to stop and make myself some coffee and eat some breakfast I know it sounds foolish I got a long day ahead of me but you know mother always said you can't do your best if you don't eat a good breakfast I'm not even a bit hungry because because I'm nervous about getting out of here but I definitely need to eat I know that I need to keep my energy up because I'm going to need it probably isn't the only patch of slush I'm going to hit I'm safe from where the snowmobile is right now all the way to that shore over there which is the shore I need to get to so that's safe I can't get the snowmobile any closer than that to the ice shack so I'm going to just lug everything over in the sleds I might make 10 trips to get everything off the ice and when I get off the ice I feel a lot safer I can camp in the woods if I need to so that's the plan for right now is go get some coffee and breakfast and then start taking down camp and bringing it over to the shore I'm going to unload everything there and then try to make my way out to the truck without getting buried hopefully I don't and if I could do that and pack trail a couple times then I'll I'll I'll take all the gear out of here now it'll be the end of this fishing trip that wasn't good I just hit an ice hole what are the f**ks is there damn it that sucked I went over my f**king boot damn it well Oscar always told me to put some snow on it kind of same ideas he's on my ankle right now so I'll put the snow there to try to sponge it off I'm going to get out of this slush right now damn it that was bad I don't need any more of that crap what a freaking chance to hit that one that was a lot more perfect than my boot where I drilled the hole the other day I had no idea it was there alright regroup got the heater going try to dry these pants so I can get them zipped up again they got all slushed in and opened up so I want to zip them down and button them up and dry that boot dry that boot that got wet I'm taking down camp one piece at a time moving it out to a little bit drier weather while making some coffee and drier ground then then the first stage I'll be getting it out to the dry side of the lake alright breakfast is ready got some porridge got some coffee got most everything cleaned up I got the propane roll one to try to dry this out a little bit so I can get it zipped back up and buttoned up my leg got slushed in pretty hard especially when I fell in my foot is a little bit wet but not too bad and I'm not really concerned about it at all it's not terribly cold outside it's probably 15 degrees out there so the wind isn't moving much so I should be ok as long as I keep moving I'm going to eat some breakfast drink a little bit of coffee and then take down this tent which is not going to be easy now that I'm pretty well slushed in but we're going to get wet so that's kind of the price you pay when you make mistakes I'd love to sit here and completely dry out in front of this propane I'm still not out of the woods literally I'm going to need that propane if I get stuck over there on the other side or if I only make it a mile or even 5 miles or 10 miles and break down and have to reset up camp again and stay in the woods so don't burn up all your propane alright I got most of the stuff out started to get packed up let's take a look at the water in here I'm going to go ahead and guess the culprit right there having that hole in here made it a lot worse I mean there was slush on the lake when I showed up in certain spots after following through in that hole where I hit most of the slush I got to believe just the weight of all the snow pushing down on the ice makes it so the holes that didn't freeze over water comes up through that with the ice settling down I heard it settle at like 10 last night I heard it crack a couple times that must have been the ice actually settling with all this weight on top of it but that's not what you're looking for in a camp and it's going to be I think it's going to be a challenge digging out all these anchors too because they're slushed and frozen in the clasp is frozen up there we go that wasn't good everything's getting a little bit harder right now wind's starting to pick up and the camps are definitely dropping so can't bring around pretty long I'll tell you that yeah I'm just going to have to chop away the ice around it that's all alright that's the last one got all those now it's time to see if I get the shack right out from all that slush looks like we've got another storm coming in wind's ripping pretty good now and it's snowing again that's not good it's time to get the hell out of here alright that's everything first trip like I said to get across that lake that's all we got to do is get to that bank first and then the work starts that is it three loads to get just across the ice but hey I get for two loads it's important anywhere you camp whether it be on dry land campsite wilderness or on the lake to leave a nice clean campsite so there it is right there pretty much a little bit of coffee on the ice over there this is the third load to get across the ice I'm even getting rid of that stick I don't want to leave that out here just in case anybody else comes out ice fishing I don't want them to have to drill through it or something stupid like that with their auger so third load and then we're going to see if I can get out of here we're officially out of campsite alright I got everything to the safe spot just unhooked the snowmobile I'd love to take a load out and try it but man it's an absolute nightmare if you get stuck with just the snowmobile let alone towing gear and that might actually make me stuck if I hit some slush I don't know what that's all about alright I'm going to see if I can make it out of here across the lake and up through the woods to the truck and start packing a trail the peak was the hardest part with the snowdrifts we got about two foot maybe a little bit more last night of super soft powder so the sled keeps wanting to kind of bury self down and get stuck but the lake you know I just kept her pin almost wide open and a couple times it bogged down felt like I was going to get stuck but luckily she came out of it the trails weren't too bad they're steep and they got a lot of bumps so I got to be careful there there was one blow down I had to kind of go over and around and then the old login road a couple spots in that I wanted to kind of bury down too so I'm going to go back through and pack at least one more time and take the first load out maybe a light load the first time thought I was good but it was slush thought it was just a snowdrift I made it through at once man this is going to suck I got some digging to do I'm glad I got the shovel man I'm so glad I made that coffee I packed the trail down about five times found out where the slush is where it's not got stuck two or three times had to dig out first load is ready to go pretty good size load the next load is going to be fairly light hopefully I can make it out there's one spot with slush that I have to go through other than that should be pretty clear sailing then I got a steep ridge to go over so I'll just get this stuff off the lake and then we'll go over there yes sir made it out with the first load I really like this hitch system I'll show you guys how I built that later on but it looks like everything's still there which is pretty sweet unload it go back and get another one well that's it folks the lake is angry right now there's no NATO's turning around out there it's hard to see probably with the camera but they're happening tornadoes it's ripping pretty well gone after a couple minutes because the wind's blowing it over so hard got everything loaded a little bit lighter load this time got some nasty slush to go through I've gone through it a bunch of times I'm hoping I can get through it one more time I'm going to punch it we'll see what happens wish me luck okay made it out made it through that big slush hole it was tough not going to lie I bounced around a couple times and bogged down be stuck there that would not have been fun not a good way to end the trip but I made it through, made it out got both loads out trucks here I don't know if you guys can see it or not but I put a note on my window that's always a good idea hang it up you know I put it there so it wouldn't get covered in snow like the windshield would saying where I was planning on fishing where I might go if I don't fish there and when I'm planning on getting out because the weather and the slush forced me out a little sooner than I'd like so that's a little bit disappointing but I'm pretty excited that I made it out because that could have gone a lot different way if you know what I mean all in all the fishing what little I did was absolutely amazing I get to catch some species that I don't normally catch way up here in northern Maine never saw a person, still haven't seen a person never got bothered by anybody pretty much had the entire wilderness to myself and a pine martin for tritters and a couple eagles and ravens and a couple other birds I gotta look up what they are when I get home absolutely amazing, the little 370 twin fan cooled ran absolutely amazing, first time out first time on a trip, I had it I just picked the thing up not too long ago and had it out twice very new to snowmilling as you can tell so I'm gonna have to learn some things the hard way as I normally do


We will saw in the last class different different building blocks of microprocessors ok. The combinational logic circuits, the sequential logic circuits and we saw also memory and its addressing hm. So, in this part now we will start putting together everything to construct a microprocessor. We will start off with some small primitive microprocessor construction and thenwe will look at how these instructions are executed inside a microprocessor ok. So, we we have in the last lecture we have seen the operation of transfer of data from external register to the memory ok. What are the sequence of things that have to be happening for different different pinsthat will carry out that operation ok. Now, how these operation can be done by using some kind of a timing and control circuit we will introduce that here and then proceed for like introducing more and more kind of a you know functionality to this microprocessor and get a glimpse of what how things are happening inside ok. So, here the idea is to kind of introduce you to the basic fundamental understanding here for the timing and control circuits and the basics of microprocessor instruction sets and things like that architecture instruction sets everything yeah. And then based on this you will be able to understand the modern microprocessors and microcontroller data sheets in much much kind of a better fashion ok that is howwe have you know introduced these lectures here ok. So, we will proceedwith first with the the example we saw in the last class. So, you just recall this that you know we had this sequence of operation to be performed for getting the data from the external register A now to be transferred to somememory location where the that memory location is indicated by this address which is on the address bus here and that address is stored in this register called MA. So,the sequence of operations would go something like you know you need to have thisoutput enable for MA going high which will take the data from this register and put it on the address address bus. So, when the the data the address bus has some kind of a data that particular location in the memory will be addressed now. And thenyou want to make this enable this chip select and you know this so that this this particular write operation is is is enabled and then we have this valid data to be there on the data bus and then this operation this writing of this data here will be done. So, how do you get the data on the data bus to same way like now you made output enable pin high and then the data from the register A will be now available on the data bus ok. So, this will be captured in the timing diagram as we have seen in the last class in this kind of a passion ok. So,you see that here this is output enable formemory address and then there is output enable for a data register. So, so you know that now these are the like numbers some kind of a sequence that is there in which the operation needs to happen. How would we get this operation done now by by some kind of a circuit or logic circuit ok. So, we make use of some sequential logic for this. So, let us understand first you know suppose you have some different problem given here ok. So, how do we generate the sequence of this pulses which will light this bulb first then this will light this bulb and then like this bulb and this bulb like that it should light in a sequence like S 1, S 2, S 3 and S 4 ok. So, so they they need to be on for a while and one once S 1 goes off S 2 should get lit up ok that is what we want to do. So, how do we do this ok. So, if you just scratch your memory little bit and see our sequential logic circuits which we have seen there is one example there which will help us here. So, if you recall thing and then proceed ok. So, yeah it is a ring counter ok. So, so this in the ring counter you introduce this sequence like you know 1 0 0 0. So, this state is 1 here which will I introduce all others are 0 and then in the next clock cycle that one will come here and then in the next clock cycle it will proceed here and if you have this feedback which is coming like you know. So, this is continuously this sequence will go on in a loop 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 and 0 0 0 1 it will happen for S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 in a loop and that is what we want for this lights to be lit up in a sequence ok. The timing diagram for this such kind of a case will look something of this sort ok.  So, now if if you want to you make use of this sequence to realize this data transfer operation for external register to the memory that is what we are talking about. So, we see the see the timing diagram again carefully for the operation that we want to do and then now we put this S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 in some some kind of a time sequence here ok S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4. So, so there are these four kind of a timing zones which we have mapped here and in that like we know S 1 will go high first then S 2 will go high then S 3 will go high and then S 4 will go high this is what is going to happen in time for for us now ok. So, now how do we use make use of this S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 going high in a sequence to execute like what we want here. So, remember our inputs are these W A, C S and address bus and output enable ok. So, these are the inputs which we need to provide some kind of a proper signals to this input. So, that our operation happens in a way that is governed by this timing diagram ok. So, let me get a pointer right. So, now, think about this ok what we we need to do ok. So, this combination logic we can use on S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 to produce this appropriate output which can be connected to this O E pin here or O E pin here or C S pin and W E pin here ok that is what we want to do ok. So, how do you think about. So, say if you go back and see your S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 all 4 cycles this address bus has valid data which is coming from making O E for the memory address to be high ok. So, we we are this inputs S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 they are odd with each other to produce some output that output will be connected to to this output and input of memory address. Then all the sequence all S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 durations your memory address will be holding the address bus will be holding valid address ok. So, that is how we can think about. So, like that you think about for other pins what is a combination of S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 to be used and then proceed. So, you can see now that this circuit is going to look something of this sort ok. So, you have S 2, S 3 connected with OR gate here S 3, S 4 connected with OR gate here and then you see that in S 2, S 3 sequence S 2, S 3 sequence you will have this this will be S 2 and S 3 sequence like this will be happening S 2, S 3 are here. So, this part will be happening ok. So, this will be done to the chip ok and S 3, S 4 sequence you will have this valid data here ok. So, so one can see that by using simple kind of a like that the sequence of pulses going high one after other and some kind of a combination of these those pulses in the in the in the combination logic way we can achieve the task that we wanted to do ok. So, this is one of the task that we we had now the the question is like many such tasks can be performed now one can see that easily ok. So, we can put together many different different kinds of elements ok as whatever whatever we have seen combination logic elements adder comparator or this many different kind of possibilities are there ok and many sequential elements also can be there and then we can put together all these to build now our microprocessor unit ok. So, how do we this work with regular we will see with the example ok. So, so we want to have a microprocessor which will consist of some temporary registers ok and some memory then you can put in some combination logic circuits to do some some additional addition subtraction operation logic output operations ok all those kind of things can be put together and then we will need a timing and control circuitry the way we had these four pulses coming up you know similar kind of a timing and circuit to execute this desired task ok. So, we will see one with some example of actually put together this ok. So, this is a primitive microprocessor architecture that is shown here. So, see this microprocessor architecture or microcontroller architecture will typically given in such kind of a diagrams and these different different registers there is a data bus then the registers will have some functionality that is given in the data sheet of the microcontroller. This data bus this kind of a thing tells you that the data from this register can be written and read also ok, but in the register t the data is can be only given as a input one cannot read the t register like that you can read this kind of a diagram ok. And you have a memory small memory available in the microcontroller this memory address register holds some kind of a address and then one can address this memory ok something is there then you have some this is only adder here. So, this adder is taking value in the register t and value in the register a l and this is adding together and this value is available in this register and when you this put this output enable pin high for this register then that added value will be available on the data bus things like that. So, you can have only this one way kind of a direction coming in the data is coming on this data bus you cannot write in this register otherwise ok like that some kind of understanding can be built for by use by reading such a kind of a diagrams. Similarly, you will find this kind of diagrams in many modern kind of a microcontroller data sheets and one you should kind of figure out have a ability to figure out what is diagrams really mean. So, that can be done now with this understanding that we have done so far and by reading the data sheet of the of that microcontroller ok. So, let us proceed with the with some some operations here now ok. So, this is our understanding of this microprocessor and suppose we connect now some signals like you know same S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 in this fashion ok and I tell you now can you just guess for such a kind of a diagram what is the operation that will be happening ok. So, read this carefully like how this S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4 are connected to this and they are going in the same sequence high ok. So, S 1 will go high first then S 2, then S 3 and then S 4 ok. So, you can pause here for a while and figure out like you know little bit at least to think about what will happen in S 1 sequence for example, what will happen in S 2 when S 2 goes high hm. So, like that you can think and then you can proceed we will go one by one in the in the understanding ok. So, let us say S 1 goes high ok. So, when S 1 goes high the contents of this register MA ok which are always there on the. So, so see this this has no output enable nothing. So, this is always connected to this memory. So, contents of memory register this memory address holding register will be available on the address bus there that is there for always. Then when S 1, S 2 goes high this S 1 goes high in this thing that then that this chip select will happen here and then this memory will be selected ok. Now, this memory is getting selected and then the data from this will be available on the. So, the data from this will be available on the on the data bus ok. So, data which data is available data which is at the location which is governed by this address here that will that data will be available on the on the data bus ok. Then then what will what else is happening that data is this this is right here ok. So, when S 1 goes high that data is also getting written in the in the register T ok. So, the data will be fetched from the memory location and it is given to the register T. So, there is a clock that is kept here ok to make sure that you know this clock signal is is is given along with S 1. So, S 1 you remember it is half this S 1 is goes high for a full clock cycle and this when it is ended with the clock this output will be only half cycle up ok. This is done to kind of make sure the there is no clash of the data or the the the right operation is completed well before like you know this the data gets invalid on the data bus. So, that there is no clash of the data. So, some some some integrities of that sort are or are done which you do not need to really bother about ok. So, now let us see what is happening in S 2 ok. So, that is what we saw why do we need and get here and then yeah. So, now, when when S 2 goes high you can see S 2 is here and S 2 is here ok. What is happening here is again something is getting written here ok. What is getting written? So, you see this is output enable for this A register. So, that is going high this is OR gate that is going high that means, data from register A will be available on the data bus now ok. So, you see the data bus is same data bus is shared in in all different registers and memory and so on and so forth ok. So, the data from A will be available on the data bus and it is written in which register now it is written in the AL register ok. That is is happening in the in the second part of the sequences 2 ok. So, so you remember the first part the data from the memory was available here was transferred here. Now, then the second part like the data from the register A is going to get transferred here. Then what will happen in 3? S 3 goes high you see that this data from this this is now added together this is a data which is data in the register T plus AL will be added together and that data will be available now on the data bus ok. Now, we register that data is written their data is written in in in register A again. So, whatever was previous content it is overwritten and like know that addition will be available here ok. Now, that is what is done here and then what is happening in the S 4 sequence you take this data which is from from S 4 register now it is put again on the data bus and in S 4 it is now right enabled and like the data is is written to this memory ok. So, so this how like know typically you can you can see that the the sequence of operations is going to happen. Now, some integrity is that we need to figure out and then things thing like that, but this is this is giving you some kind of a sense of this is how like you know some things connected together this some operations can be performed and we know that these operations are has not great meaning here ok. So, one can have the summary of these operations which are achieved in different different state, but you can see that ok this some kind of a successive addition is performed here on some data, but it is not a greatly meaningful kind of a thing ok. And also suppose we have this microprocessor this will be only doing this there is no other command that is to be we cannot write any command that saying that ok this is my my program and I want to have like know something done like that or I have to want to have some instruction set which will which will control this kind of operation nothing like that is there right now ok. So, we want now to have such a kind of a facility we we build some more stuff in the in the thing ok. So, so we we we add some more registers to our primitive microprocessor and like know look at some more operations with this microprocessor too ok. So, this is a microprocessor which is having now like know a lot more number of registers, but still that additional addition ALU is there. So, there is there can be many different you know logic elements that can be used in ALU to arithmetic logic unit to kind of perform many many different operations. One can now guess that you know this very easy to see that ok we can have lot of things put together in in our ALU. You can have some some counter or other kind of a things also put as a part of this microprocessor unit ok. So, now what we we need to introduce here is is we have like notice here we have introduced some some register called PC register is like a program counter register ok. So, this will keep track of which instruction you are you are running at present ok. So, you have some sequence of instructions that are typically written as a program that is that is what you write when you write a program right. You write some first command line second command line like that you write this and one after other they get executed ok. So, so this program counter register is special register which will keep keep track of that count ok that it will it will fetch the instruction first whatever that you have written that program it will fetch that instruction and it will like know put that into instruction register is other kind of a facility that is there. This is a special register. So, these are all there are some special registers having some special functionalities in the in the in the microprocessor. So, so typically you will have this kind of a not all registers can be accessed by a user. This is a typical very typical for any microprocessor. You can address say for example, this program counter register you cannot write anything into that ok. You can just read from the program counter register to to see like that you will have in in every microprocessor some kind of a special registers will be there and every registers will have a function some functionality and that functionality will be written in the part of the data sheet. You do not need to guess from just this diagram. The diagram is helps you to kind of guess some of the aspects, but rest of the thing can be read from the so, read from the data sheet of the microprocessor. So, there is there is this other kind of a register which is typically will be there now it will have this you know memory address holding register. From that register that address can come on the address bus and that particular like location in the memory will get addressed ok. So, this is some kind of a description or understanding of this diagram ok. So, you can pause it and read through and understand little better if it if at all you need to be. So, now the there are some questions that we can raise now ok. So, so, so these are like some kind of a special registers and how these registers would work is what is get gotten here. So, we do not worry about. So, what we want here is special functionality to this register we want the data from the data bus transferred to MA ok. So, some data from the data bus can be transferred to this register ok, but you cannot read and transfer any data from this register back to the data bus ok. And that that that data will be transferred to the address bus when the output enable is is. So, this functionality is is needed can you guess why this functionality is needed. See we have written some kind of a program and some memory locations ok. So, when we execute we need to give microprocessor location from where you want to execute that location when you give that location will be the starting point for this memory address register to hold ok. And that address will be there on the address bus and then that address can be transferred to the address bus and then your your you know your address bus is pointing to that particular location failure program is written in memory. And now that first command that you have written in the from the program that can be now fetched from from this data bus fetched from this memory and gotten onto the data bus and transferred to this instruction register ok IR. These are the so, this this register will typically not see for a user to be accessed ok. So, we are giving this here to just to give you some glimpse of how things are happening inside ok. So, this register you will not be able to see or you know many times they will not even kind of put them in the in the architecture ok, because the user is not concerned with those registers too much ok. So, now the question is we would like to have this facility to code or program and that that say some some instructions are written some memory locations and we would like to have these instructions to be fetched as I said from the memory and given to this register IR. And now from IR like now they will be taken and executed in some way ok. So, let us see that how things happen little bit in more detail. The say say program counter is holding first memory location and so, this program counter if you see is maybe here you can see. So, program counter is holding that you know first memory location ok. So, that program counter will be now holding the starting point that starting point address will be transferred to the data bus from there it should be getting to the memory address register and then it will be available on the address bus. The moment this is executed then second address this program counter will update like know it increment by 1 and then second memory address will be there here. Then again it will be taken here from here it will be transferred to this and again it will be executed or this it is be addressed and then the second line of your command or program will be second command of your program will be transferred to the instruction register and then it is executed like that is this this this sequence will continue further ok. So, now we will now create this kind of a brief notion for the for the instruction. So, PC to MA what is means like know contents of this register PC are transferred to MA. So, for that lot of operations are to be done before. So, the way we said ok external location some you know some data holding external location to be transferred to the memory. Now, this is just transfer from one memory one register to other register there is no memory involved here ok. So, so program counter transfer some you know data to memory register ok. So, we now see that this this other instruction that we want to see the memory address will be given by this program counter register which is now holding the memory address that is pointing to some memory location and the data from that memory location needs to be fetched and transferred to the IR register. So, this this will indicate briefly as you know M is for stands for memory memory which is like you know pointing pointed by this memory address register that particular kind of a location whatever is there is to be transferred to IR register ok. This is how we represent this small small commands and then PC is is incremented ok. So, program counter needs to get incremented ok.  So, let us kind of skip through this part how the program counter is function to do some some things that are described ok. So, let us not worry about this part here this is more like how do you digital circuit we will design about that ok. So, these are more details about how the program counter is made to function the way it is there ok. So, so these are the operations that we said which should happen. So, program counter content should go to memory address register and then whatever is addressed by that register to the memory that location of the memory we contents of that location in the memory we transfer to IR register and then we update these are the this is the sequence of operation should happen every single command that we execute ok. So, irrespective of any additional operations that are to be done and then we can have these additional operations that move B to A or some kind of a operations that we can add to this sequence ok. And now we want this thing to be executed in some kind of a way the by using this you know some kind of combination of the states or combination of the you know some of this each of this can be designated as a as a state ok. So, so we will see how this operation can be executed in a in a. So, this is a example of another kind of a command ok. So, this is so these three are common and then now contents of A are to be transferred to be to AL register contents of B are to be transferred to the D register and A should again hold addition of L and T which is given by ALU arithmetic logic unit. So, this is another command that we have built up ok. So, we are we are kind of building these commands now ok this is a command one where like you know this just moving of contents of A from A to B happens and then like there is a second command ok. So, we want to see like how these commands can be finally executed ok. So, we create this kind of a you know table in which like you know we have this commands which are now called mnemonic ok. So, these are like a assembly language kind of a commands ok. So, typically this is a way this is syntax that will be used in the assembly language for for moving some data from one register to other register add as something to the register like that you will have this different different kind of commands that will be possible ok.  So, whatever this we say ok PC to MA you know this is a micro instruction. So, this micro instructions are typically which are can be completed in one kind of a clock cycle ok and you have like no second instruction say micro instruction third micro instruction like that three micro instruction are the required for executing this one single command ok. So, this is your command and then there will be some code associated with that command ok. So, we do not need to worry about this code here ok. This code will be used by this IR register to actually execute this sequence of things and how that happens we will get some glimpse of it, but we will we will we will not get into too many details about it ok. So, so these are the three kind of a seek operations to be happening one after other for a first command like that you can have the second command operations ok and the the what it does here result and its code. So, typically these are the things involved in in every of your instruction set. So, this this assembly language is is one of the fundamental kind of a language for the instruction your each micro controller will have its own instruction set and it will produce some kind of a instructions or some commands it will be mentioned there and that this commands will get executed by using this kind of a micro instructions typically ok. So, so you are just getting a small glimpse of of that ok. So, this is a second command that we have generated then some kind of a third command I am I am generating here. So, we will not get into too many details about how these commands are how what are these operations and things like that. What we want to see is that every command that or every instruction that is issued in micro controller or microprocessor will have this some set of micro instructions to be executed and they are they are executed by using some kind of a timing and control unit ok. So, all these micro instructions together you can see that we we want now only like know we will add this S 1 S 2 S 3 we have said here, but S 1 S 2 are common because these micro instructions are common, but S 4 S 5 S 6 are new kind of a micro instructions. Like that you will identify like know every command whatever you want to want operations to happen for that command you know we will add these micro instructions to the set and all these micro instructions form like know this distinct kind of operation that are to be performed. And now these operations can be say up to here when we come there are 11 kind of states that that we get distinctly here ok. So, these 11 things these are like remember these are to be executed in one clock cycle kind of a thing the way we had executed S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 in our previous example. The same way this will happen now the logic will be little more complicated and and more involved ok. So, we will just get a small glimpse of that. So, these are like 11 kind of a distinct operation which are kind of called the states here. And now we want to have this states executed in a in a one particular kind of a way when command 1 or command 2 is issued ok. So, we have these 4 commands that are defined for this microcontroller and we want to execute whatever commands that is written by the programmer ok. So, but then when they when this command is issued then this this operation should happen is what we want to make sure. So, we start generating a state diagram which is now dependent upon the the instructions that that that are there 4 instructions that we have. So, so, S 0 S 1 S 2 will be instructed it will be executed anyhow ok. Then S 3 will be done only when the the command issued has some particular format or this is a command which is having code 0 0 ok. So, we start drawing this kind of a state diagram from here saying that ok S 1 S 2 S 3 are same states I will go from S 0 to S 1 to S 2 and then I will go through go to S 3 only when I R is equal to something ok. Like that we will start drawing the complete state diagram. And then we we will start connecting the signals ok. So, so, this signal connection again can be seen in a in a way that you know you want to have these operations to be done ok. So, this is kind of very easy as as similar to whatever previous example ok. So, we have the signal connections signal is a states identified and for each of the states now we will do this kind of a signals connection to to do this task ok. So, now whenever like you know this S 1 S S 0 goes high this part will happen. When S 2 goes high for example, this part will happen ok that is going to happen you can check it here ok. So, so, one can construct that very easily and then what we want here is now the the loop the state diagram to be generated for these instructions to happen ok. So, say for example, S 2 when this happens like you know this S 2 is here S 2 is here S 2 is here you can see that you know this this this will get executed when S 2 is going high ok. So, so, what we have done is so far is identified these states and each of the states when it is to be executed what is to go high and low in the in this connection we have done. And now we we will see what is how it is to be executed ok. So, so, for that we we saw like know we will use this kind of a timing and control unit here. So, we had previous unit way which is which has simply to go through S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 that is it. But now here we we want to have this control way given by this IR this as I was saying before that ok S 1 S 2 S 0 S 1 S 2 are executed anyhow, but S 3 we should go only when IR has something ok. So, so, we start writing it as a state diagram ok. You remember our sequential logic we developed by using state diagram. So, this is how we develop this diagram ok. So, when IR is this from 2 you go to 3 and then like know you go back from otherwise like know for this IR is something else you go through these different states. Then again like know you have some some kind of a way this is like you get this sequential logic diagram done. And then you can execute this logic by using your you know. So, each of these states will have one D flip flop selected and we can start connecting things together. And we add on with the D flip flop. So, some more kind of a logic elements to to get this executed. So, I will not get into details of that again we will just directly see the see the final result here ok. So, you can pause and go through some of these things more detail if you want to later ok. So, this is how this final circuit is going to look like ok. So, so, this we we generate depend upon instruction we use decode the instruction and get say this this pins high. And when these pins are high then like know the sequence of operation is going to run according to the state diagram that we have seen ok. So, this is like a complete picture of the stuff ok. This is not typically you will not get to see this in the microprocessor data sheet. What you will see is only the architecture that ok this has this registers and registers have this functionality. How it happens you know you do not have to bother about. So, this is like a complete picture of a typical microcontroller execution operation execution that happens in the in the microcontroller. And of course, there will be then lot of other facilities you can have additional registers put together for getting this for loops while loops and then storing something you for temporary that you know stack and other kind of registers can be introduced. So, so, once you have this base understanding of how things are happening then all the other things can be imagined very nicely how they would have been happening there ok. So, so, this just summary of this whole thing whole processor of this you know 4 lectures on microprocessor that we have done to get all the basics very very nicely understood here. And this understanding will help you read through the data sheets of microprocessor very easily. So, so, we have these instructions these are called typically assembly language in instructions ok. And each of these instructions will consist of several micro instructions and each micro instructions will tell you ok that much time will be taken for. So, so, if you have 3 micro instructions to done this then 3 clock cycles will be needed to execute this. So, you can get also some sense of how much time will be taken to execute my my command ok. And this machine language or assembly language is what is called this instruction set is termed as ok. And this is how like see you write a program in C or any other language you know it is getting when it compiles ok what that compiler does is basically converts all your higher language stuff into this assembly language instructions and then executes that assembly language instruction the way we saw they get executed by using the timing and control unit ok. So, this that is how like things happen typically in the microprocessor ok. So, we will stop here for now.


The Cube at EMC World 2014 is brought to you by EMC. Redefine VCE, innovating the world's first converged infrastructure solution for private cloud computing. Brocade, say goodbye to the status quo and hello to Brocade. Hi everybody, we're back, welcome to The Cube. This is EMC World 2014, the live Silicon Angle of The Cube production. We, I've been here all week, three days of non-stop coverage. I'm here with my co-host, Jeff Frick. Dr. KK Krishnakumar is here and he is the vice president and chief architect at EMC IT, relatively new role.  Welcome to The Cube, thanks so much for taking the time. Thank you, a pleasure to be here. So talk about that role a little bit. How did it come about and what's your focus? I think the role came about because we were starting to do a lot of things in the architecture side, which is very fundamental to how we put systems out there. And what was noticed was we were doing things on the application front, on the infrastructure front, on the security front, with no real correlation between what is going on. So the role was created to make it all come together. So I've been leading up the enterprise architecture function since then. And in addition, I lead the office of architecture and innovation, meaning that we've been focusing on how do we look at new things and bring them to bear, incubate them, bring them to bear. And so examples of that are the mobility program in IT or which is EMC-wide, but of course we incubate it first. Another example is master data management. Another one is data science and so on and so forth. So I mean, you're essentially CTO, right? CTO? So you were involved in the CTO conference here this week. That's right. So what was the CTO conference all about? This is something that, you know, we actually started up, this is the first time of its kind. So the first one of its kind that we hosted up here, we call it the chief architect slash CTO forum. And this is equivalent to the CIO forum. The reason we started it up was, we said that there are enough tracks going on for regular architects up in, you know, EMC world, but things are getting so converged. Things are, you know, getting more focused on applications, the infrastructure, the middleware, all of that. So he said, how do we bring it all together? So Job Simon, who's my counterpart at VMware, is the chief architect there. And he and I said, hey, let's create something. Let's start it off with EMC world. Invite a bunch of CTOs to it, let's share our thoughts, and then we'll extend it to VMware and it was a great success yesterday. We had about 20 CTOs from different organizations come and we had a lot of fun, you know? Now you report to the CIO, is that correct? That's right, Big Bagat, who's CIO. And prior to that, Sanjay Murshan Dhani. That's correct, yeah. Who's a CUBE alum we've had him on many times. So when you came in five years ago, EMC IT has transformed dramatically. That's absolutely right. I remember that when you came in, the really virtualization was probably minimal. That's right. Joe Tucci put the stake in the ground and said, we will be fully virtualized by, I forget what date. Absolutely. I was skeptical, but it's happened or is happening, right? Talk about when you first came in, where did you start? I mean, obviously you want to take an inventory, understand the application portfolio, understand the infrastructure, the people, the process. Talk about where you started and where you've helped take EMC IT over the last five years. By the time that I came in, obviously virtualization was well here, except that the number of things that were already virtualized was sort of on the lower side. So the infrastructure approach to it had been established. So one of the things that we started up was, we did have many of the applications which were new going on to the virtual platform. So we had a virtual first approach at that time. But we also ran what we call sweep the floor to take existing applications and move them on to virtualized infrastructure as well. That was the first foray we had into going beyond the IT owned applications into more mission critical applications. So one of the first things we did was virtualize our, customer facing platform power link at that time. And one of the things we also did was, we left the databases to the very end because those are typically the worst one to virtualize. Even though now at this point in time, we virtualized much of the database footprint. But we started doing those, so we started doing the web and the applications over two years. And so then it became more of an activity where we knew what we were doing. It was more of cranking the wheel and we do more and more P2Vs, right? But our focus started to change based on the fact that, hey, we were already about maybe 75% virtualized at some point of time. We said that this does not necessarily deliver all the value that it can to the business. We started looking at business agility. We started saying that, hey, it still takes a lot of time to produce a single VM. So that's when it started to impact the process and the people aspect of it. So we said we should change our operating model. So we started looking at processes that we had to generate VMs or provision VMs and we looked at 33 steps and the number of handoffs that were happening between different groups. So one of the things that we did was we put many of the groups together in this infrastructure area, server storage, backup recovery and all of that into a single group called private cloud infrastructure group at that time. But we also started looking at the overall process of getting the agility to the business and we started looking at IT as a service. Saying that, why are we in the business of being in the middle of generating VMs? We should be, let me say at AWS and saying that we should be able to go to a self-service portal, click, click, click at the end of it, the VMs should be up and running. And so that's the model that we started on. So we started defining a track to say what is our service catalog going to be? What are our services? How do we package them up? What is the charge back model and so on and so forth? So we've been on this journey for about three years or so on IT as a service so that's our second phase of transformation if you will after the virtualization of the infrastructure. Now we are onto, okay, yeah, you can build a cloud, operate it like a cloud but how about applications that need to run on it in a very optimized and cloud aware manner and that's where we really get to the third platform application. So are they cloud aware, cloud optimized? Are they mobile? Everybody wants to run the business. David Golden wants to run the business from his iPad, right? What about social, what about mobile? What about big data? So those are things we expanded into once we got past the couple of infrastructure and the operating model. So one of those services that you began offering was file sharing, dealing with unstructured data. Of course the EMC bought simplicity but prior to that, you had file sharing services box.net or box and so, and you guys are very particular about what you'll let behind the firewall of EMC IT, we know that. So for a long time you couldn't get the queue behind your firewall, you got to get it whitelisted. But talk about that a little bit. So everybody, the business people want ways to share. So what were you doing before and how did simplicity change that? We had them in for a collaboration perspective. Obviously there was the notion of consumerization of IT that was happening widespread, right? People outside the workplace could share many, many things easily. But come into IT or come into EMC and hey, you have eRoom here and some SharePoint site there and this and that. And in the end, even though people were using those tools, it was always much more oriented on a server based platform, right? Meaning that hey, you drop files into a certain place and then you can go and access it, yes, with your browser and stuff like that. But it was not the seamless way in which you come in and I used different devices. So for instance, if I had an iPhone or an iPad and I wanted to access something on the network which is in a SharePoint site or an eRoom, it always meant that they had to log in, either use VPN or some other means, use VDI as a mechanism to get in and that was a very clunky way of getting to it. So we said hey, we need to be looking at other mechanisms of doing that. And came along simplicity. One of the things I should say is simplicity at that time at least looked as good as drawbox or box.net to us. I mean meaning that it had many of the consumer level features that you would expect, but not the enterprise level features. So is it secure enough was one instance. It was still running in the AWS cloud at that time and we were saying hey, a lot of people are sharing very sensitive information on file shares and so on and so forth. Would we be comfortable putting that stuff out in a public cloud kind of setting? That was one. But at the same time, we didn't want to stop the flow of information and the innovation that could happen with it. So we said let's work with the simplicity team. We absolutely are committed to bringing this platform in but let's work with them to actually add in the enterprise features. And obviously we were not the engineers building the product but we worked with them. And so the things we started looking at was okay, how can you first of all have an on-premise implementation? And so we said, could you put this on an Atmos? Could you put this on an Isilon kind of a footprint? And so they started looking at that and bringing that on to a platform. So today our rollout of simplicity is all based on an on-premise kind of a model. And so where the data, it's definitely stored on-premise for us. Can we extend it out to a hybrid cloud model? Absolutely, because we run in that mode today because the initial free accounts that people had on simplicity are still out in Amazon but we're bringing them and converting them to come on to our platform, our internal platform today. Aspects of security, of course. And we worked with the team to say that, okay, there is a notion of authentication initially. How does it get integrated with our RSA two-factor when you sign on initially, as an example. But then subsequently, when you're actually using the product, not everybody wants to, every time you use the product, nobody wants to sign on with a two-factor key fob authentication. So we said, how can we enable that to happen much more seamlessly? And so that happened, we worked with the team on that. The third area is around, okay, here I am. I want to share not only within the enterprise but outside of the enterprise. I'm sending links over to people. Now, the links can point to very sensitive data as well. And so how can we actually enable it with passwords? And so at least a mechanism by which we can have a notion of more security and more secure access to it. So that's what we worked with the team on. Our initial and final goal on this was to say, let's enable all of the business and the agility that it brings and the productivity that this kind of tool brings. But at the same time, preserve what you would consider as assets which are very core to EMC. I believe we've done that. And thanks to the simplicity team who are working so closely with us and enabling the entire enterprise at this point of time, we are pretty much on about 45,000 almost, people with all of EMC rolled on to it and more people are getting rolled on to it. So KK, that was an interesting strategy because we talk about consumerization of IT all the time and expected behavior of applications based on what people do on their phones and other things. But you guys, rather than just look at it and then try to build from scratch something to replicate, actually taking what was there and then trying to wrap it and really integrate it back into an enterprise-centric environment. Absolutely, absolutely. And that is the model that we are, as the very core to our strategy today. Before EMC IT could have probably said, hey, I don't want shadow IT. I don't want other apps coming in. We got to build it all. Even if you are integrating with others, we used to have very, you know, very restrictive kinds of mechanisms. We've seen, you know, we've smelled the coffee, if you will, right? We've seen that everybody wants to bring their home experience into the workplace. We want to enable that as much as possible but very central to it is absolutely keeping the security, the integrity of everything that we own. And so you would find that obviously with simplicity we've worked with the engineering team to do that. At the same way, we are working with, you know, even the business line of business teams to say that, hey, if you want to build an application yourself, including mobile applications, let's enable you to do it. But at the same time, we'll give you a platform where we put a guardrail, a set of guardrails on it. Stay within the guardrails. We'll enable you to do it, including big data access, all of that. If you want to do analytics by yourself, do that. But even then, your guardrails are kind of wrapped around at a macro level that once you get inside, then it kind of operates as if you were just on the native internet. The focus is absolutely agility, the productivity, which, you know, in the world of IT before we used to kill, right? People are just pretty amazed and, you know. That's way too simple. Make it harder. Exactly, exactly. So we've definitely turned the corner on that. You would see that many of our services, especially in the context of IT as a service is all about, yes, we will preserve what the enterprise wants as integrity and availability and all that. The robust industrialized operations is very core. But we've seen the fact that lines of businesses want the agility and the choice. And that's how we're enabling with different solutions how you can do this, you know? So we just got a couple minutes left. I wanted to ask you about business agility. Yes. For the third platform, transforming into a software-defined data center. So you're giving some talks. Absolutely. What's all about? What's the main message, the premise? Talk about that a little bit.  We are all about enabling that. I mean, clearly as from within IT, we've enjoyed a very big footprint in all of those, right? By themselves. Cloud, clearly we play a big part and we've 94% virtualized as far as the virtualization platform goes. But we've enabled very much a hybrid cloud within EMC IT, right? The second aspect of it is mobile. We've run a mobility program for the last three and a half years. We, much like I was saying earlier, we operate on a model where we're saying we will provide an environment where we can build apps within IT for business needs. But if the business wants to build apps, we will support that as part of the platform as well. The third area is, you know, big data. We have a very robust big data program which we've been talking about. Again, the notion of initially our strategy has been about consolidate, liberate and close the loop. The consolidate was, let's get all the data together and put that into one place. But then we were accused of holding the data hostage and, you know, all of the things that are company. It's a balance. Yeah, exactly. But we said that's where the liberate came into play, right? We said we wanted to give the guardrails for the business to come in, work on the data by themselves if they want to actually have different analytics done on that. We created a business analytics as a service platform. And so these are virtual workspaces which the business can come and do ad hoc, querying on, data mining on and so on. And we obviously provide the services that they want us to help us do that. We provide reporting services, we provide data quality services all the way up to data science services. So, you know, we are on a consulting basis. So it's not that we are the only people who can do that. They can get the platform and then they are off and running by themselves. If they want, they can bring us into the picture. This is part of your service catalog. Absolutely, absolutely. And so you guys are really moving aggressively in that service catalog. Very much, very much. What do you call the file sharing, collaboration, simplicity service? This is part of the collaboration taxonomy. And absolutely, it's what is called sync and share. So it's very much- So it's called sync and share. And you got a price for that? Is that how it works? There is a price, there is a price. It's a per user charge on, it's a seat charge that is being charged back to the business units. You got a brochure? Yes, we do. Yes, we do. I mean, and that is the whole notion of a service catalog. Absolutely. We got to have a brochure. In many cases, we also try to compare ourselves to what we call the competition, right? Because really, we want to be the provider of choice. We may not be the, let's say, the most inexpensive provider, but quality of service-wise and all that. So we compare ourselves to the typical Amazons and drop, in this case, at least sync and share, drawbacks. So you're the value play? Absolutely the value play. Love it. Absolutely, yep. KK, really thanks for coming on theCUBE. Awesome story. I'll give you the last word. The bumper sticker, when you're leaving Las Vegas in the back of your car, EMC World 2014, what's it say? It says, for us, if you had to give a plug for IT, we say EMC IT is a trusted advisor and enabler of choice for all of EMC. If you say for EMC World, the event is one of the best events I've ever attended and I'm just enthused. I talked about the CTO forum. We had a fantastic start to it. Amazing, amazing, you know, conference and the people we've met here are fantastic. Thank you. They can do it, you can too. That's great. Absolutely. Thank you very much, KK. Really appreciate you coming on theCUBE. Thank you very much, Dave. It's great to meet you. Thank you, Jeff. Everybody, we'll be back with our next guest. This is Dave Vellante with Jeff Frick. Day three, EMC World 2014. This is theCUBE. We'll be right back. Thank you.