It is therefore time for our question period the leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition Thank you very much my question is for the Premier. Good morning, Premier The Liberals today debated one of the most appalling Time allocation motions this legislature may have ever seen that's right as the government tries to stop debate on their flawed by American That's not helpful Indicators are that we need to go to warnings and I will next outburst will go to warnings As the government tries to stop debate on their flawed by american bill They are flying in the face of democracy. It is an affront to this house and to all members They are not allowing any committee hearings in ontario and only 30 minutes of debate 30 minutes to discuss legislation Attacking our biggest trading partners. There is no longer any doubt speaker that this bill is simply a crass political ploy Mr. Speaker, how can the premier stand in this house and support such an affront to democracy? Standing in this house and standing up for the workers in this parkable, mr. Speaker that the leader of the Opposition would not understand how important it is that we support and stand up for the businesses and the workers in this Both sides have had their turn on it. We're now in warnings Premier Our government values the deep and long-term relationship that we have had with the united states. Mr. Speaker I just came back from washington. I have met with 38 governors. Mr. Speaker with congresspeople with senators Mr. Speaker the the impression that we are leaving in the states the work that we're doing to bring people together To to push back against the protectionist wave that is going across that country Mr. Speaker that is something that is very important for the well-being of the economy of this province Back to the premier They are stopping debate when they don't have any idea of the impact of this legislation Inside trade magazine asked the premier quote was there an any analysis done to determine if your bill would be Compliant the answer while quote there was always a legal analysis. I actually don't know the degree of risk They asked quote. Are you worried? This might be illegal at the world trade organization that this might result in a challenge in geneva the premier quote We're pretty sure we're okay Pretty sure speaker isn't good enough Speaker they were pretty sure that windstream was NAFTA compliant But we're still now on the hook for millions. Mr. Speaker is the premier pretty sure She's okay with stopping debate on a bill that could end up in the courts Mr. Speaker what I am absolutely certain of is that it is extremely important for us to have a Proportional response to protectionism. Mr. Speaker On the part of the absolutely critical but in this time of uncertainty. Mr. Speaker We establish that we are going to protect and we are going to support the workers and the business of this province Mr. Speaker we don't want to get into a trade war with the united All right We're there member from here on bruce's ward Finish please pemer the last thing we want is a trade war with the united states, mr. Speaker, but we must respond We are working extremely hard to make sure that everyone who is Having a decision making role in the NAFTA discussions understands how integrated our economies are But if there are bi-american policy that are going to threaten our businesses and workers, mr. Speaker We're going to make a proportional response and the opposition should be supportive I've got two on my radar now because of my standing Final supplementary back to the premier the Ontario chamber of commerce believes the best approach for Ontario Is the formation of positive bilateral cooperation with our american neighbors? Not retaliatory legislation the editor of the canadian center for excuse me President treasury board is warned Finish please the editor of canadian center for policy alternatives is quoted as saying The reality is us states have a world trade organization carve out permitting by american While ontario restrictions on us bids will be illegal But it's clear this crass political ploy will only lead to more trouble down the road speaker Whether it's directly with the state or with the world trade organization, mr. Speaker is the premier still pretty sure The bill won't hurt ontario business because i think the answer is pretty clear Mr. Speaker, well, let's just finish the quote that the uh the the member opposite started So this is the quote that he began from rocko rossi Who said who's the president of the c and ceo of the ontario chamber of commerce? And he said yes the ontario chamber of commerce believes that the best approach for ontario is the formation of positive bilateral Cooperation with our american neighbors This is the approach the premier and her government have taken to date And it's in the states that work It's pretty difficult to ask any one individual to stop when both sides are yelling back and forth at each other But i can find you You have a wrap up We recognize that working hand in hand with our federal government to deepen the relationships in the united states are Is important and we've been doing that mr. Speaker, but we're also going to stand up for ontario businesses and workers Remember from renfrew nipissing pembroke is warned New question the leader of the opposition. Thank you speaker. My question is for the premier yesterday when questioned about the seiu backed Home care agency the premier said quote. We are working with personal support workers We are working with the people who are on the front line We're going to do that. We're going to support them But speaker that can't quite be correct Because the ontario personal support workers association Doesn't support this agency 95 percent of the providers are suing the government Mr. Speaker will the liberals actually work with psw's and scrap this home care agency Thank you very much mr. Speaker and as i said yesterday We are talking about the people who are doing the important work of caring for the most vulnerable people in our society Whether it's the age of mr. Speaker or whether it is people with disabilities providing care for folks in In our communities who who otherwise would not be able to have Dignity mr. Speaker so the work of psw's is incredibly important, which is exactly why we have been working with them It's exactly why we delivered on delivered on our commitment to raise the new base wage for publicly funded psw's to 16 dollars and 50 cents an hour mr. Speaker we made it clear that They had not seen increases and they needed to be supported mr. Speaker We created the 10 million dollar psw training fund, which is supported training and education to psw's working in Home and community care mr. Speaker we believe that the people who are doing this work need to be supported And they they need and and deserve to have a professional A professional organization mr. Speaker that's why we've been working with them Back to the premier again when questioned about the sciu backed home care agency The liberals cited other countries and states that use this model washington state Great, that's one rife with controversy alleged malfeasance and several lawsuits. They mentioned australia Which actually does not use a central government agency in fact, none of the countries the liberals referenced Have created a central government agency outside of that one in the us The ontario model does not make sense Not for patients not for providers not for psw's mr. Speaker it is clear This is only for the seiu I again ask will the liberals scrap this agency Just to what the minister of health and long-term care said yesterday Let's just make sure we understand that what we're trying to do is make sure that people who need the services of psw's Have choice that they have the opportunity to get Member from leeds grendel is warned They're able to get the care when they need it and where they need it mr. Speaker So to that end we've committed further investments to psw's in uh in our 2017 budget including a continued investment of 250 million dollars in 1718 for community and personal support services up to 10 million annually for eligible organizations for education and training In the home and community care sector through that psw training fund and these investments will to will help Meet the increased demand we recognize that there's increased demand mr. Speaker We recognize that there is pressure on psw's which is why we are working with them Make sure that they have the tools to deliver as I said the care that people need and that patients have Access to the choice that they're looking for mr. Speaker. Thank you final supplementary. Thank you speaker back to the premier 11 agency That represent 95 percent of the providers are suing the liberal government Their judicial application reads Quote home care patients Including those who would be served by the agency under the ministry's plan Are amongst the most? Vulnerable individuals in ontario and the government's Unilateral decision to create the agency will cause distress confusion and anxiety Speaker just the agency will cause distress confusion and anxiety It's shameful that the government is proceeding Mr. Speaker is a home care system Full of distress confusion and anxiety really the best system for ontario Thank you very much mr. Speaker and let's be very clear about What we are talking about when we're talking about our model for self-directed care We estimate only one percent of all home care clients in ontario would be eligible For the services of this psw employing organization And the program will only be implemented in a small number of regions in the province at the outset some four lins will be involved and These self-directed care initiatives will be subject to the most rigorous third party evaluation Based on looking at cost effectiveness And I think the most important piece is client satisfaction answer Our goal is to look after clients in their home with a particular model where there is continuity of care Where the psw involved is totally involved in the Thank you new question the member from welland. Thank you speaker my question is to Donna Simmons is an 87 year old constituent of mine on Tuesday Donna's daughter stopped in to visit her at her home and her mom wasn't looking very good She rushed Donna to the hospital in welland right away. They were told Donna had a heart attack What happened in the er should never happen to any family in the province of ontario For nine hours Donna a senior 87 years old was put in a wheelchair In a crowded emergency room hallway to wait for a bed to become available The hospital was so overcrowded that there wasn't even a stretcher available to lay an 87 year old senior who'd had a heart attack on How can the premier hear these stories day after day? In this house and continue to say that there isn't anything that is going wrong in our hospitals in ontario Thank you Well, mr. Speaker first of all, let me say to to the family that I'm sorry that they are going through that difficult time That would be be stressful for For anyone and I I'm very sorry that That mother and daughter had to had to go through that experience. Mr. Speaker We know that there's more to be done. We know that there is more that needs to be done in terms of Of alleviating the stress on hospitals. That's why 500 million dollars was in our last budget. Mr. Speaker That's why we've been invested in 1200 new beds, mr. Speaker and that And that those are being extended mr. Speaker We recognize that there has been particularly as the minister of health and long-term care has said particularly A difficult period because of the the flu surge right now, mr. Speaker But we recognize that we need to continue to support our hospitals as well as to the previous question as well as Care in the community because there is an increasing need because of the aging demographic, mr. Speaker We understand that and we are working with our hospitals to To ensure that we continue to put the resources in that they need mr. Speaker. Thank you supplementary Speaker donna was in severe pain for nine hours She's 87 years old. She's a senior. She has severe arthritis In her back and she was forced to wait nine hours in a wheelchair in a hallway And she should have been in a bed on a heart monitor Donna is still in the emergency room waiting to be moved to a floor one of two floors in the well in hospital Speaker, how does the premier hear stories like this? Stories like donna's day in and day out and continue to make conservative style cuts to our hospitals and health care system Thank you Thank you very much mr. Speaker and I also of course Very touched and concerned about what we've just heard today from the member from welland And as the premier has said, of course, we have been taking steps to alleviate these sorts of situations As I think everyone knows we at the 2017 budget We invested over 500 million dollars in funding. That's over half a billion dollars in ontario hospitals Giving a really significant increase to the hospital sector So we are working on the hospital side of things But of course in this particular case we're talking about a senior and We are working very hard on the community side Hopefully to prevent such situations as we've just heard So in addition to adding these 1200 hospital beds through the funding increase We're also providing some 207 affordable housing units for seniors Who need additional community supports when they're discharged from hospital? And we're also creating a number of transitional care spaces outside of hospital for a further very large number of patients Thank you final supplementary Thank you speaker the hospital overcrowding and hallway medicine are not new There really are a reality in this province and the situation didn't get like this overnight The last conservative government fired 6000 nurses and close 28 hospitals The liberals have shortchanged hospitals for the last 15 years 300 million dollars last year alone forcing cuts to hospital staff and to people like donna Who i talked about today in the emergency department Why is the premier carrying on the conservative tradition of cutting health care services for ontario families and people's people like donna Thank you minister Mr. Speaker so Of course the hospital beds are most important in the acute care system But some of these other community supports are exceptionally important as well So I just want to make sure the the member opposite knows about the 150 new transitional care beds at the reactivation care center This is particularly to serve northern toronto area and york region very important in my community and also 75 beds at university health networks form a hillcrest site to provide care for those transitioning out of hospital Now I do agree certainly with the comments in relation to the previous Harris government, but I'd like to remind the member that when the ndp were in power They closed 24 percent of acute hospital beds in the province They closed 13 percent of health beds and a grand total in their last budget closing 9 645 hospital beds Thank you New question the member from nickle belt Thank you, mr. Speaker my question is to the premier The hospital for sick children is a world-class hospital It's amazing doctors and health care professionals perform little miracles every day Yesterday I toured sick kids hospital and spoke spoke with children and for parents It was very clear that the premier's answers yesterday was a huge disappointment In light of the crisis that they are coping with Sick kids is running out of room. It's been overcrowded every single month for the past year In january staff treated more than 8,000 children in their emergency department Setting a record for the more patient at any point in the hospital 143 year history The overcrowding at sick kids question been solved. It's getting worse Why won't this premier do what's right for children and stop the overcrowding in our hospital? Minister of health and long term care Well, we certainly do recognize the stress placed certainly this past year on our hospitals and particularly in sick kids and Having intern there and having had my daughter have surgery there, of course I think we all know what excellent care that possible provides And we know That our health care providers are stressed. They are working overtime They're doing their very best of course with their unwavering commitment to patient care But to go back to what we did this last fall We invested 100 million dollars to create 1200 new hospital beds across the province And that's equivalent to six new medium sized hospitals And so we've begun to see how valuable this additional support has been to our hospitals And we've already made the commitment that we're going to renew this investment Increasing the new funding to our hospitals for the coming year to 187 million dollars Thank you supplementary back to the premier The incredible healthcare professional that sick kids are doing the very best they can in very cramped spaces But it is this government that it is not doing enough to help The neonatal icu is running at 115 occupancy nurses are tripping over Equipment every hallway every nook and cranny is jam packed Children who receive bone marrow transplant have to stay in a tiny room Without a bathroom or a shower for six long weeks Six weeks sick kids needs immediate relief now and capital investment to rebuild and expand its facility So why is the premier refusing to stop overcrowding and helping sick kids? Thank you, mr. Speaker So specifically to sick kids through the 2017 budget Our government increased annual funding to sick kids by some nine million dollars to continue to support them In their delivery of the world-class healthcare to the children most in need And since september ontario has provided sick kids with funding for 20 new beds And we commit to this ongoing work with our hospitals to analyze exactly what they need and to provide it Over time now this year as has been said has been particularly difficult Influenza b one of the strains that was circulating particularly affected children in this last year, so the need for This surge capacity obviously has been proven this year We will continue to analyze the needs and accommodate as necessary Thank you, speaker for too long people across this province have been asked to settle for overcrowded hospital Or for cuts to our healthcare system. It should not be that way speaker It absolutely does not have to be that way sick kids should not be forced to operate at 115 occupancy in his neonatal intensive care unit It shouldn't be losing horse class surgeon And it should not be forced to provide 21st century medicine to the sickest of children in spaces that have Not been updated since 1949 What will it take for this premier to stop denying the problem Stop making excuses and start providing the capital investment that sick kids need right now Thank you, mr. Speaker and certainly we're looking very closely at the capital needs of hospitals There has been some allocation of funding for planning For new construction and I just want to make sure that the member opposite does understand because since 2003 we've increased our investments in health care each and every year. There have not been any cuts We have been increasing funding to treat more patients And so mr. Speaker we have been able to Improve care each and every year and to reduce wait times to some of the very shortest in the country We have more to do we acknowledge that but we're listening to our hospitals and we're working towards Uh, obviously maintaining this world class system that we have here. Thank you No question the member from the middle school Thank you very much speaker my questions to the minister of health and long-term care A little jeopardy for the speaker or for the minister speaker This hospital's emergency department had the busiest month and it's 143 year history in january 2018 For this past year this hospital has been over capacity and since december this occupancy rate has been over 108 Mr. Speaker this story isn't nothing new The dire straits of interior hospitals are facing today are not rare or even occasional occurrence in the province anymore It's happening across the riding and elgin middle sex london In sudbury hamilton and ottawa In fact, uh, mr. Speaker i have an easier time telling the minister Where are the hospitals that aren't chronically overfunded or overcrowded excuse me Speaker based on the challenges i've described to you And the questions that i've posed could the minister tell me which overcrowded ontario hospital i'm speaking about Thank you very much mr. Speaker and i do want to say to the member opposite that We have a very comprehensive system of health care in this province. It includes some 144 I believe hospitals 143 perhaps there have been some amalgamations But of course that's not all we have so many ancillary community support services and We're committed to looking regionally at the needs. We know that the demographics in this province do very considerably This is why our government established local health integration networks So that we have that local input to ensure that we have Individuals obviously everyone knows linds are governed by a board they have Divisions looking and analyzing constantly at the needs of their communities And so we respond as the ministry to what we hear from the ground And we do our very best to accommodate those needs in a thoughtful analytic way and We will continue to make this progress that we have made very substantially over the course of our government. Thank you Thank you speaker back to the minister speaker what we've seen over the past 15 years Is this government invest in large bureaucracies administration? We've seen them form the cca season to 39 cents of every dollar going to administration We've seen the ministry of health expand from five deputy ministers Assistant deputy minister over 20 with a full comp on the staff what we've seen though is a cut in front line services and overcrowding in our hospitals The situation i described previously is the sick kids just down the street world-renowned children's hospital conducting cutting-edge research and providing Innovative life-saving care, but it's busting at the seams Children in critical care are having to squeeze in a room with five other patients and their families sometimes Have to be there in the most stressful and scary times of their lives speaker This government should have seen this coming.  Mr. Speaker any suggestion that the ministry of health and long-term care is a bloated Bureaucracy is a complete myth in the past 13 years The health ministry budget has almost doubled Increasing from about 30 billion dollars to 52 billion dollars while staff while administrative staff have decreased decreased by 50 percent And so uh We are committed to ensuring that Ontarians have the health care that they need where and when they need it. I'd like to ask the member opposite Where exactly does the Opposition party stand on this as far as we know the pcs have absolutely zero dollars for hospitals in their Thank you No question the member from timmons james bate Well, my questions to the minister of health minister my constituency offices like probably every constituency office in this house Has been having parents come to her office completely stressed out That their children who used to get medication by the private covers The coverage that they got from their work benefits once they show up at the pharmacy If the drug is not covered by pharma care They end up being rejected in having to go back through an entire bureaucratic process of trying to get the medication covered for young kids This is a very serious issue as you well know because a number of them can't be off the medication For a period of time because of their medical condition Why did the government put in place a program? If you hadn't figured out how to make sure that people would not have interruptions when it comes to getting the drugs that they need The reason uh that we have instituted ohit plus of courses to ensure that Every child in this province has access to the drugs when and where they need them We have 4 million children and youth that can now access 4 400 drugs These are essential of course anti biotics to treat infections Everything that a child needs asthma inhalers insulin seizure medications Anti depressants etc And so obviously we have instituted this to level the playing field to ensure that every child has the opportunity to thrive And to have good health And so and sir we instituted this program and So many people have already uh taken advantage of it. I'll uh Give some more information in the supplementary supplementary Minister as a new democrat We don't need to be preached on the benefits of pharma care. We're the ones who came out with it the fact that you follow That's a good thing But the point is this I can tell you that if we were to put together a pharma care program to Stop the clock Come to order Finish, please you have a responsibility when putting together such a program to make sure that kids don't fall off the system I have at our constituency offices I'm sure that we have at all our constituency offices as you do People coming to your door and saying I want to renew the prescription for my child And I was not able to because of the bureaucratic bungling of the creation of this new plan So my question to you is what are you going to do to fix it? So kids don't have to go without the medication that should be covered by the plan in the first place This premier in our government has taken a historic step and a program of this Magnitude it's a program that is positively benefiting four million children and youth here in Ontario So leading up to january 1st We worked closely with a number of prescribers specialty clinician groups and insurance providers to ensure a smooth Transition to coverage through ohib plus and so in fact over 800,000 young people age 24 and under have already had Their prescriptions filled at no cost under ohib plus More than 1.7 million prescriptions have been filled to date under ohib plus And so the numbers continue to grow and of course we know that while this Program does cover some 4400 Drugs there's also the opportunity if a drug is not covered in this way to access a drug through the exceptional Access program and I as a physician remember very well taking advantage of that excellent program Thank you New question the member from trinity spadine Thank you speaker. My question is for the minister of transportation When i'm out in my community talking to residents about their thoughts and concerns I always hear transit transit can make or break a person's day That is why it's so important that we're not only having enough transit But we also have to have good quality transit that people want to use Speaker I know that the people of trinity spadina live a very busy life When they are on the move they are often responding to their work emails arranging plans for dinner Or taking care of one of many other tasks. They have to do on a daily basis Speaker would the minister please tell the member of this house What our government is doing to improve the transit experience for riders by making it easier to get online while riding on our Goal network. Good. Thank you Thank you very much speaker and I really want to thank the member for trinity spadina for his question But for his staunch advocacy on behalf of transit riders in his community Speaker last week I was really pleased to be in the members community at the up express station at union station To make a very exciting announcement. Our government is bringing wi-fi to the go network In june 2017 we released an expression of interest for wi-fi providers Now coming this spring we'll be testing the service on two trains and four go buses This approach will allow us to receive important feedback from the commuters so that when we roll out wi-fi across the entire network We get it right Speaker wi-fi on go trains and buses is a number one customer service improvement requested by go transit riders And that's exactly what we're delivering This is a major step forward and I look forward to seeing the results of this trial as we plan to create wi-fi service Across our entire go network Supplementary I thank you speaker. I want to thank the minister for her great work and the answer I know that wi-fi will encourage even more commuter to take transit making transit more enjoyable and more convenient Helps the commuters to make choice to leave their cars at home and hop on transit at their local go station street cards or bus or subway stops Speaker I know that we need to continue to make these type of improvement at the same time We can't afford to press pause on building new transit and increased services This is something I hear regularly from transit riders in my community who want to see progress Speaker would the minister please provide the members of this house with more information on what our government is doing To make taking transit an even better option when also while also continue to increase the service we provide. Thank you Thank you speaker and again I want to thank the member for trinity spadina for all his work on this subject Speaker wi-fi is readily available at the majority of go transit stations We know that commuters appreciate that service so making wi-fi available on go transit vehicles is the clear next step But speaker to make your commute even easier. We're also updating the go website This new website will commute will improve your commuter Or your commute through tools like a fare calculator that helps you to determine your go fare with cash or presto Service update information for trains buses and stations all in one location and an easy to use trip planner Speaker while working to make your trip more conveniently More convenient and more enjoyable. We also continue to add new service whenever possible We're on our way to deliver 6,000 weekly trips up from 1500 and improving the experience for our commuters is a very important step along the way I can't wait to see how this rolls out and we're very pleased to offer this new service. Thank you Thank you New question the member from foreign health. Thank you very much, mr Speaker and I have a question to the minister of children and youth services Mr Speaker earlier this week the mother risk commission released a damning report regarding the flaws in this government's hair strand drug and alcohol testing a flawed and discredited toxicological methodology The report highlighted the use of false evidence to facilitate the removal of children from their homes Breaking up families and damaging communities In 2014, toronto mother tamara broomfield won a court appeal after being convicted in 2009 of feeding her toddler cocaine A faulty conclusion reached by the mother risk method. Mr. Speaker the government knew their concerns Yet did nothing for two years. The public's confidence is shattered Will the minister of children youth services share his plans to rectify this gross injustice done frontarios most vulnerable Well, thank you, mr. Speaker and I'd like to thank the member for the question The mother risk report did come out this week and I'd like to thank the commissioner for her hard work It was thoughtful work and the recommendations that she made were accepted by my ministry And I know the attorney general was there as well. And again, I'd like to thank the commissioner for her work Mr. Speaker A lot of the recommendations that were in that commission speak about The reform and the modernization of the child welfare system here in the province of Ontario We went through an exercise this year And we brought forward some legislation bill 89 And it spoke to those pieces. There was a lot of similarities between the report and And what our bill did for example in our bill. We talked about cultural competency But it was a progressive conservative party who voted against that bill And we still don't know why the progressive conservative party voted against bill 89. Thank you supplementary Again to the minister children were ripped away from their families under false evidence Starting in 2014 there were reports in the media that the alcohol and hairspray can affect test results The media was aware the public was aware the attorney general was aware So obviously the ministry of children and youth services had to have been informed This government was warned and knew the concerns Yet it was only in may of 2017 that this liberal government found it appropriate to consider the issue of accreditation standards for ontario labs Mr. Speaker affected families are seeking justice on their behalf I would like to ask the minister why it took his government years to finally start a review of the mother risk test program Thank you minister Thank you, mr. Speaker and again thank the member for the question My heart goes out to the families that were affected by the mother risk testing and We announced when the report came forward that we would continue To provide counseling services to all the families affected in fact, mr. Speaker immediately we announced that we'd put together a task force Of of people from across the province Folks from the indigenous community From the black community other communities that were affected by the mother risk testing It is important for us as a as a government to ensure that children at the centre of decision making And again, that's why we brought forward bill 89 You know, it's it's ironic that the member can stand up in this legislature and talk about positioning children for success But we brought forward a bill bill 89 the most comprehensive piece of legislation to protect children here in the province of ontario And you voted against it New question the member from hamilton moment. Thank you very much. Mr. Speaker. My question is for the premier At the age of 13 alicia romando was in a place of darkness She couldn't imagine living another day at 14. She tried to take her own life Luckily she woke up in hospital But then she had to wait seven years to get the mental health treatment that she needed This is just one of thousands of tragic stories of children and youth Who are being put into danger by the failure of this government to provide the mental health services they need Will the premier commit to eliminating the wait list for community-based children and youth mental health services Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Speaker and thank you to the member opposite I know the member is a passionate Advocate for young people in her riding and of course young people here in ontario You know when it comes to mental health services for young people in this province We don't want we don't want young people to to have to wait To get the services they need and that's why we move forward with moving on mental health Strategy here in the province of ontario. You know when we launched that strategy We invested an additional hundred million dollars in around 2012 and started the process to look across the province to better coordinate services The the member opposite has Has looked at at bringing forward some solutions and they believe that it's just about money. It's not just about money It's about organizing Our agencies on the ground to ensure that that they're working together to bet to deliver the best possible services to young people Mr. Speaker, thank you Back to the premier speaker in 2012 the government committed that within three years We would have a system that must deliver early and appropriate help for each child and youth Who needs it speaker three years after the government's own deadline and we are still waiting 12 000 are waiting some for as long as 18 months to get the treatment they need Tyler henerson struggled with mental health, but never got the help that he needed He was in and out of hospital. He self medicated and ended up living on the street Now fortunately he uses that experience to help others in a similar place But the outcome could have been so different Speaker the time for talking is over Children's mental health is in is in crisis and demands urgent action I will ask again. Will the premier commit to eliminating these wait lists? Thank you, mr. Speaker Thank you minister. Thank you, mr. Speaker We have been making many improvements in the system over the last few years For example, mr. Speaker We continue to invest every single year additional money into mental health in the province of Ontario And the former minister of health and the new minister of health We've made a commitment that we are going to add more money into mental health but it was about Building a strategy that organized our agencies on the ground and they're moving on mental health There was a commitment to reorganize our lead agencies and we've done that 31 of 33 regions now Are reorganized and we're working with those lead agencies to better deliver services. Good. Thanks, mr. Speaker We added mental health leaders in 72 school boards We funded this provided 770 additional community mental health workers across the province We've set up uh youth uh youth mental health hubs in the province of Ontario that have an alternative Delivery model summer 24 7 where young people can go in and just drop in and get the services that they need So we have been making improvements and we will continue to move down a Pathway to provide better services for young people when they need it right across this province Thanks very much speaker My question is for the minister of government and consumer services Speaker once a month I hold a seniors advisory group meeting to meet where I meet with seniors And I hear from them about the issues that are important to them And when I started having those meetings, I started to hear about the issues you would expect to hear about I heard about health care and transportation and housing But then I started to hear about an issue I didn't expect to hear about and that was door to door sales I started to hear speaker story after story from constituents who had been the victim or knew someone who'd been the victim About door to door sales scam where salespeople use aggressive coercive Misleading sales tactics to dupe people into contracts into products that are bad for them That duped them out of their own money right at their own doorstep And that is why in 2016 I introduced a private members bill to ban door to door sales of certain products where these practices were widespread Like furnaces and water heaters and air conditioners And so my question is to the minister minister Can you tell us and share with ontarians what we are doing to protect ontarians from these misleading and aggressive door to door sales Thank you Minister of Governments and consumer services. Thank you speaker And I want to thank the member for amatobico center for this very important question And of course protecting consumers ontario is a paramount importance to our government And uh, I'm very happy to share with the house today speaker That as of today march 1st the unsolicited sale of certain prescribed goods at the door will no longer be allowed in ontario This list of banned products after extensive input from consumers And we will monitor the list to ensure that remains relevant and effective It includes air and water treatment devices Water heaters furnaces and I want to thank again the member from amatobico center for his work Supplementary Thank you very much minister and this is really fantastic news And I know consumers in my community will be thrilled to hear about this As will consumers across ontario and I also know that this is part of a number of things that you minister are working on To protect consumers in a number of areas with the support of a number of caucus members that surround me here today Minister as I said, I've heard from far too many constituents from concerned consumers Who had been taken advantage of by these coercive and misleading door to door sales practices As a result, it's been sold products consumers been sold products They don't need products that don't work products that were priced far above what they should have been And they were duped into fees and they couldn't cancel their contracts couldn't get out of these terrible contracts And while this is an issue that cuts across all ages and backgrounds I noticed that these door to door sales practices tend to Disproportionately affect our most vulnerable people the most vulnerable people in our society and it is beyond reprehensible to me That there are people who have business model based on taking advantage of vulnerable consumers So today I am proud I'm proud to have worked with you minister on this and proud that you Adopted my private members bill and proud that we'll be protecting consumers From aggressive and coercive sales practices in Etobicoke and across Ontario So my follow-up question to minute to you minister is what are we going to do? What penalties and fines are in place to make sure that people adhere to these new laws? Thank you Again, thanks to the member for the question and just to be clear This legislation is to go after those bad actors not not good businesses who Are conducting themselves properly Ontario and we're determined that the penalties in the act will be real deterrence And such violations of our new rules Will will be make contracts void and the best part speaker when the best parts of this legislation Is that consumers will be able to keep the goods and services with no obligation if that contract is Of dean void. So that's fantastic news In addition businesses soliciting for these goods and services are required to keep records It'll be required to provide more information to consumers. And of course, there's always a 10 day cooling off period speaker for Thank you speaker my question is to minister of health long-term care Minister this afternoon members of this legislature will be debating my motion number 64 the motion calls On the government to immediately strike an advisory council on pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder Associated with streptococcal infections and pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome Also known as pan to pans The council would advise the minister of health and research diagnosis treatment and education related to this disorder Pan to pans may affect as many as one in 200 school aged children and in almost all cases has been misdiagnosed Minister, can I count on your support for my motion and making the pan to pans advisory council a reality? Thank you very much to the member for sania lambton for his question And I was certainly very intrigued when I read his motion Because pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections and pediatric acute onset Neurosychiatric syndrome was not something I learned about in medical school Um But this is actually my experience is probably the experience of many physicians and the member opposite has made reference to the fact That some of these rare conditions are often misdiagnosed. They may have symptoms That mimic other disorders and so on so that this is a very real situation and We have recognized our government has recognized that there are a number of rare diseases in in this sort of a Category and we recognize how frustrating it can be For families obviously for the individuals affected as well When confronted either with no diagnosis or a mid diagnosis So I certainly look forward to the debate this afternoon. Thank you supplementary Yes, thank you minister and my understanding I spoke with your predecessor and he also Had lots of time for this minister children affected by pan to pans Often experience an abrupt onset of ticks obsessive compulsive behavior and severe depression anxiety after a common strep infection In the members gallery today We have members of the organization of pan to pans Ontario Including the executive director carrie henrickson and her son jona Each and every one of our guests has a personal story of how their lives have been impacted By the fight to have either themselves or their loved ones Properly diagnosed and treated for pan to pans Minister will you commit to setting aside some of your time? And I know your busy schedule to meet with miss henrickson and the families of pan to pans Of ontario to learn more about what our great province can do to help them. Thank you. Thank you Well, thank you, mr. Speaker, and I'm certainly very much prepared to meet with the parents and the individuals here today Because of this important issue around rare diseases The member did reference some some of the symptoms that are involved and I I just want to reference back to ohit plus because now We know through ohit plus many of the drugs required For these children in fact are going to be provided completely free But also I want to remind everyone that in fact our government has Formed a rare disease working group. It's made up of experts Who can explore how services for people with rare diseases in ontario can be improved? And the group is led by two experts in this field Dr. Ronald cone the pediatric pediatrician in chief of the hospital of sick children and scott mackin taggart senior vice president university health network So we already have a group that can look at the situation regarding these two particular disorders as well Thank you New question member from Thank you, speaker. My question is to the premier Four years ago the former chief of grassy narrows first nation elder Steve Forbister took the extreme and desperate steps of going on a hunger strike to draw attention Through the historic and ongoing poisoning of from mercury of his community in nearby lovis among first nation At that time the minister and now indigenous relations committed to former chief Forbister That action to change the badly broken system of compensation for the victims of mercury would follow The federal government took thousands of sample of hair and blood from hundreds of members of these communities between 1970 and 2000 And only now after a fight are these community members gaining access to their own samples My question is this what has the minister done to honor his commitment to chief Forbister to fix the broken compensation system And create a mercury treatment home Minister of the environment and climate change Minister of the environment and climate change. Well, thank you speaker. Thank you to the member opposite for that very important question Speaker We're really concerned by the many challenges facing grassy narrows and the webs among first nation Our government is committed to working with first nations to clean up the English Wabagoon river system and to achieve real progress that will create a prosperous healthy And strong communities back in december speaker We passed legislation that will provide 85 million dollars in dedicated funding For the remediation of the english and wabagoon rivers and we're doing that with the active for participation of a number of Indigenous community speaker in an open and transparent way. We are sharing the data We are inviting people to be on site and we are listening to the needs and the concerns of those communities Thank you supplementary Again to the premier the community has had to fight The community has had to scrap and even have their youth thrown out of this very building Threatened to starve themselves to get recognition and are still waiting for action from this liberal government My question again to the premier What will your government do to ensure that every member of these communities receive compensation for the intergenerational harm Done to their health livelihood for the exposure to mercury thank you To the minister of indigenous relations and reconciliation minister of indigenous relations and reconciliation Speaker there have been a number of actions taken to address this problem. I take you back to february 17 That's when we committed to grassy narrows first nation and wapsamung or white dog And the federal government to explore options to reform the mercury disability board Subsequent to that in february in april the four parties federal government the two first nations in ontario met in april As a result of that meeting there was a further meeting in october Where the my ministry received a letter from white dog indicating their concerns about mercury disability board reform process As a result of that letter i met with minister phil pot and the leadership of grassy narrows and white dog To discuss this issue further as a result of that we met in december again the four parties Various written submissions were provided answer and as late as january 18 uh in january 18 We've uh met with the representatives again. We are making progress on that all of the parties Thank you. We're making our best efforts to resolve this Thank you. Good question the member from the top of the north Merci monsieur le presidium. Thank you mr. Speaker. My question is for the minister of natural wealth and forests His worship mayor jim watson of the city of ottawa Clearly by his demeanor. He misses question period speaker This is invasive species awareness week and as stewards of our environment clean air clean water and maintain the diversity integrity of our Floor and fauna There's a number of important initiatives coming forward For example, these species can be very devastating to rivers plants animals and of course to our economy and way of life So i'd like to know from the minister of natural resources and forestry What actions are we taking during question space of species awareness week in this domain? Well, merci monsieur le presidium. Thank you, mr. Speaker Thank you to the member for Etobicoke north and his interest in the invasive species first time as minister of natural resources and forestry To thank my predecessor for the great work that that she has done on this file She's now the minister of transport, but i want to commend her for leading us through the on this file for so many years I also want to thank the the ministry and all the team across ontario That actually is doing day in and day out protection Ontario's biodiversity because that's what we're talking about what we're talking about when we're talking about invasive species We want to protect ontario's natural habitat and the biodiversity It's our duty not only for this generation, but for generations to come So that's what that we are the only province in canada that has an ontario invasive species act It's unique and it allows us to actually take action for prevention From eradication of the the species and i look forward to explaining more what we're doing with the legislation in Thank you very much madame minister programs and initiatives that we're taking to deal with Invasive species and as you will know especially we're ontarius now celebrating 25 years of the invasive species awareness program This of course are many many partnerships between the provincial government And for example with the ontario federation of anglers and hunters and of the past 25 years We've had a number of successes whether we're developing for example cutting edge new biological control agents for perennial grasses Whether we're dealing with the launch of eradication programs targeting for example species like water soldier and water chestnut I know that you as with so many other dunwains will not allow ontario to get trumped Would it be possible madame minister to Elaborate on these programs about these invasive species Mr. Speaker The member is right. We cannot work alone. We need partnerships with several people from the civil society See the number of actors that are involved in this fight wanting to protect ontario's biodiversity So in a way, I think I want to thank the ontario federation of anglers and hunters who are contributing to this fight We also have in sous-saint marie an invasive species centre where we've invested over 11 million dollars to help us understand well what's good science to go ahead and and deal with invasive species It's important that we recognize how threatening they are. They can choke our Local native species and that's why we want to ensure that we have good science and a good participation of civil society On this side, we take our responsibility towards our environment very seriously And we have been leaders on this file and we continue to be leaders and protecting the ontario's environment for the future Following the long tradition of the speaker introducing former members Even though some try to do it in a different way We have with us in the members gallery the member from ottawa west napin in the 38th and 39th parliaments. Mr. Jim Watson I believe there was a point of order on this side The member from no, okay The the minister The mayor of ottawa is worship mayor jim Watson who no doubt is here to Patrol the corridors looking for any minister that has a checkbook the member from durham Mr. Speaker, I just wanted to Uh remind the members of this house to meet the engineers and the staircase for a photo op the voter registration group will be there as well Thank you speaker. Thank you I believe the president of the treasury board may have a point of order She's passing There being no deferred votes this house stands recess until 1 p.m. This afternoon


This is a 2019 Light the Lights event which is hosted by the city and county of Denver. You want marshmallows right? Coming up. We have the Cocoa Cruiser which is our brand new cruiser that we're putting on for the winter time. It's normally our popsicle van which we use during the summertime and we pass out ice cream for the kids. This time of year since it's cold out we turn it into our hot cocoa cruiser. Marshmallows or no marshmallows? It's important to engage with the community. I mean it's important for us as a department to put ourselves out there, show the community that we care. Build that partnership and all the information that we have to deliver out to the community and for all of us to come together to prevent crime and just build that relationship. It's cold. It's freezing cold out here. What better drink to have than hot cocoa and it's free.


Sitting here today, after all you've come to learn as a witness, do you believe produced conduct in marketing and promoting oxycontin in Kentucky caused any of the prescription drug addiction problems now plaguing the Commonwealth? I don't believe so. Sitting here today after all you've come to learn as witness, do you believe that produced conduct in Kentucky has led to an excessive or unnecessary amount of opioids being located throughout the Commonwealth of Kentucky? I don't believe so. Do you believe that any of produced conduct has led to an increase in people being addicted in the Commonwealth of Kentucky? No.


Did you know that you could sublimate print on glitter vinyl? We'll show you how we just made three holiday gifts right now What is up welcome back Do you like to do it build it or make it? So do we so you should go ahead and subscribe if you're not already subscribed and give us a like and a share So this week we're gonna show you something cool that we learned you can sublimate on On glitter heat transfer vinyl so just in time for the holidays We are gonna make some Christmas PJs and a holiday pillow and show you how we do it So let's first go into design space and show you how we do a little quick tutorial on printing cut And then we'll cut our vinyl as well Okay, we have our image downloaded into design space We have it set to print We're gonna go ahead and click make it and we're ready to print it here We'll click continue once we do that we come back we change the print to a cut and We say make it and This time we cut it on our heat transfer vinyl Our print and cuts are done our vinyl cuts are done we have a fox and Unicorn All right, we'll put we'll put these kicks in our store if you guys want one and I'll put that link down below You grab one iron it on something All right next step. Let's flatten out our shirt giving you the wrinkles out of our first set of pajamas here Just gonna put that on there for a few seconds. Get the wrinkles out heat it up All right, so for a little girl pajamas. We're gonna put our Little fox about two finger widths down Put him right there And we're just gonna put them on for five seconds just so he's sticky on there. Yeah, it's a little hot Next step. We'll add our sublimation our little printed fox right on top of our vinyl You want to add a couple pieces of tape, but that's some pre-cut for you There you go All right now we're just gonna do this for one a minute We chickened out at 45 seconds. Well, we came out good So because you're not sublimating on the material itself You're sublimating on this glitter vinyl, which can't take a high heat for a long for an extended amount of time I think we typically you would sublimate for 60 Wow, we sublimated for 45 seconds I won't take that pat off That right looks about right. All right, let's put it down for like five seconds. Yeah I Know you can let go I'll hold it for you so you can line it up just right we're going 45 seconds again. Yeah 45 seconds You forget to use the vinyl in everything And it came out awesome There's the unicorn on and the fox so we'll give you some close-ups so you can see that glitter I hope you can see how sparkly they are the shimmer. You got to make a shimmer All right, it looks great and they came out good. All right, we're gonna do a pillow now So we're gonna add I don't know if I can pick all this up and show you we're gonna add All of this to our pillow But Yes, we're gonna sub me. We got that red truck and then the cutout We'll put this in our store too if you guys want and you want the red truck to be Just above these One two three good. Let's do it. Come on sheet. Yeah, I think you're getting it Let's do it You didn't stick or it's not gonna stick So we couldn't get was this stuff the shiny stuff to stick to the bro. Well, so we cut some new red. We'll just cut some We'll just cut some green, but we forgot to lay it face down. I got plus two Run to the store. We sublimated the truck. Good job there We saved it even after all the vinyl craziness To do it yourself build it yourself make it yourself so do we so if you want to see more projects and you're not yet Subscribe go ahead and hit that subscribe button down below and remember to hit that bell to be notified of our new videos each week Before you go check out one of these other videos over here over on this side There's a subscribe button other videos to watch Subscribe button


What's up YouTube? My name is John Hammond. This is another Pico CTF 2018 video. This challenge we're looking at is called Echo with a couple extra ease. It has about 300 points in value in the Binary Exploitation category. And the challenge from here says this program prints any input you give it. Can you leak the flag connect with this netcat service? And we're given the source code and the binary. So if we want to we can just go ahead and create a simple netcat sh little connect script. Cool. Mark that as executable. And then if you want to you can connect just like that. And it will tell us time to learn about format strings will evaluate any format string you give us with print f see if you can get the flag. So if you wanted to you can download the binary and the source code here. I'll just download the source code because it would be good to see what this is actually made of. And let's open it up in sublime text. Okay, so now we've got the main function that's go ahead that sets up a buffer for us with standard output. We'll read in a buffer or actually reading the flag get the flag pointer etc. And it looks like it will set the effective user ID so that way it'll be able to read the flag file on the actual like shell server because they're going to use that to only be able to access the file if you were to log in through this binary. So then it goes ahead and sorry, it goes ahead. Wow, I can't seem to say those words today creates the memory allocation for these variables here the flag in the buffer opens up the flag file puts it actually as part of the flag variable and that's accessible on the stack right that is actually read so the flag variable is something that we can access if we control the stack. And thankfully we do because of this format string bug and vulnerability print f is a vulnerable function right if you don't give any other arguments or any format specifiers following someone's input that you can control right so if you Google this there's plenty of resources on this format string vulnerability. And I think a wasp and code arcana I think that's a code arcana that might be the best explanation of it or at least showcasing a hardcore bug in which case you can write values on the stack or write values any location memory and eventually give yourself a shell. So it eventually at the very very core right the format string attack is based off of the format specifiers that the print f function would expect. So given it anything here you can actually see on this chart and this table and there are plenty of the references for this. But if you were to enter percent p whatever is displayed would be returned as kind of an external representation of a pointer or percent d for a number or decimal percent x for hexadecimal etc. and percent x or I'm sorry percent s for a string. So we won't always be able to see percent x I'm sorry percent s really because sometimes we can't represent that data that we're looking at as a string and the binary might go ahead and in seg fault. Let's go ahead and try that. Let's actually just download the binary the binary or you can run on the shell server whatever you are more comfortable with. I think the binary will be a little bit easier in our case. We will just download it and mark it as executable. So when we run it we can work with it. Let's create a fake flag file though because it will need something to actually work with. So let's do please subscribe. Cool. Now we can run this. Let's say we wanted to get anything returned back at us. That's what printf will do. But if we were to use those format specifiers with no other arguments given in the source code what it's going to do is it will leak up the stack because it's not expecting any other arguments that would be formatted in the source code. It's just going to reach upward to something that's not there and keep reading back into memory. So if I were to use that percent x you can see okay I'm getting some numbers here percent p maybe right zero x 40 and I can do this as much as I would like and you can do this to literally leak up the stack. So very very cool right but we want to get percent s right or a string because we know the flag is going to be read as read in as a string but we want to get it at whatever location because if we were to keep trying percent s percent s percent s etc etc we're going to get a segmentation fault regardless at that very very first one. So we want to kind of pinpoint what it is that we're looking at and how we're going to leak up the stack. Now you can do this in a very cool way. Maybe printf man page will show how you can get a specific number. Guess not. Probably some other notions might want to see if this page actually explains a little bit. Nope. Okay. How about this? Just trying to showcase how you can do your research. You can learn a little bit about it because yes while you can print percent s over and over again or percent x you can also just say I want a specific location on the stack this many pieces in. So that's talking about writing with percent n. Let's say code arcana. This is the article that I was mentioning earlier that just talks about how you can take advantage of this to fully write onto the stack right in the memory and then essentially get shell. So super cool. But what I wanted to showcase is how you can say yeah I want a specific position maybe 10 characters in. So if you were to reach the 10th argument of printf or whatever the case may be you would use the percent there. Percent before the number and then a dollar sign following or just proceeding the format specifier that you actually want to use. So I could run this again and we saw 848647 on the third percent x. So if I were to say percent three dollar sign x now will only be returned this. So awesome. We can take advantage of this now to leak out potentially all the strings. So let's write a loop or write something that will actually do this for us. I'll create a Python script that will handle it because we are going to be connecting to the remote service so you can actually get the flag. Let's do from Pone import everything context log level equals critical. So that way we don't get that annoying connected and connection ended stuff. So let's do remote host and port and we'll say s can equal that for our service or a session and we'll say host and port is equal to cat connect. Go ahead. Do I do I have x flip yet. I don't think I set it up. I did. Excellent. Heck yeah. So host will be that string here and port will be the number following it. Now s.close once you're connected to it will do s.receive until that prompts here. Let's print all that out. And now when we run Python eight context log level my bad a little fast on that. Okay. Now we are all the way to the prompt and we can keep sending it new thing. So let's do s dot send line percent x print s.receive and we get that. Okay. So we've got the response. Let's say if we want it to be percent s, we can print this but we get an error. So okay. Is that s.receive returning to us? We can say if timeout or how about let's say this is a variable right here. Let's say response is equal to this. If timeout in response or dump score is probably better than print seg fault. So we know okay we're getting a seg fault on this but let's say we wanted the second string else we can print what we receive. Okay. Now we're getting some interesting things. Let's loop this right. Let's go ahead and keep repeatedly connecting because who knows if we get a seg fault or not. So we will want to continually increase our increments are here. So let's just say string of I and we'll do for I in range how about 10. So 10 characters up the stack will keep leaking and building those out. Let's see how we do seg fault, seg fault, etc. And we got Pico CTF format strings are dangerous. So if you want to see what position that was, we can just print I and let's actually do that before everything. Because if I use a comma there, it won't give me a new line, a new line, but everything else will. So at the eighth position Pico CTF will give us the flag eight position up on the stack will get that information. So if I were to do that with manually right connect and I use percent eight dollar sign s we are leaked out the flag that we saw on the stack because of f gets and they read it earlier. So that's it. That's awesome. That's how we can do it. Let's go ahead and just carve that out. Now let's do a simple get flag script. Echo this into connect. Oh, we'll probably want single quotes here. So we don't get as I keep doing is it going to keep connecting over and over again? Otherwise, I want just a head attack. Or grep pico. How about that? Yeah, it's going to keep connecting over and over again. So that's silly. We can have our Python shall do it if we wanted to just trying to set up a simple one line or command that we could just go ahead and say, Hey, get flag and return allow for us. So once we receive until let's send line eight. Now that we know that that is where the flag is, we don't need to print any of that. We just need to print the response. Python eight. And just like that. All right, let's go ahead and strip out all of that. All the new line characters that came from it. And then we have a simple get flag script. Let's move ape to get flag dot pi market as executable. Run it redirected to flag dot text. Now that we've got the real flag. And we can go ahead and put that in our clip board and submit it for all of those points. So I hope that was kind of cool. Hope that was kind of interesting. I think that's an interesting technique whenever you see a format string vulnerability, you may as well start climbing the stack and just ignoring the seg faults and just trying to see if there's any interesting strings you can read out. So in fact, if we wanted to let's actually keep working with that, that, well, now we don't have an eight script anymore. But let's just say eight dot pi again. And let's bring this up to like maybe 100 or whatever we want to go ahead and leak out. We can keep running this until we see interesting strings like who knows the environment variables in the box that's running or anything else that you might find valuable on the system. So I think it's always a good idea to try and leak up the stack as much as you can whenever you're given a printf vulnerability. So yeah, see, now you can see we're leaking out the environment realas are set for that shell. So a very, very cool thing. Maybe some people will hide valuable information in that. So things to know when you're looking at a format string vulnerability. Alrighty, thanks for watching everybody. Before I go, I did want to give a quick shout out to the people that support me on Patreon. Thank you guys so much. I cannot say enough $1 a month or more on Patreon will give you a special shout out just like this at the end of every video. No, it's not a lot. But hey, maybe your name up in lights for a little bit just a little quick, good warm fuzzy feeling at the end of each video warm your heart up or stuff like that. I'm grateful for it. If you do whatever good Samaritan deed to help a dude put food on the table. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. $5 a month or more will give you early access to everything that are released on YouTube before it goes live. So I'll try and pour the videos that I create once I have things recorded into a shared Google Drive folder. And that way, when my content is complete, it's all ready and recorded. Normally I'll have YouTube scheduled them a couple days in advance. If I've got a lot of stuff backlog and ready to roll. If you want the content right when it's ready, right when it's warm, right when it's hot, that's the best way to do it. Just $5 a month on Patreon. And I am very, very grateful for your support. If you did like this video, please do like comment and subscribe, join our discord server link in the description. It's a cool community full of CTF players, programmers and hackers. And hey, I hope to see you there. Hope to see in the next video. I love you. Talk to you later.


Irrespective of time and age, whenever someone wanted to classify living things, they were absolutely confident about two groups, plants and animals. Throughout the last few centuries, somehow these two groups have remained constant. Sure, there have been a lot of changes. And I mean a lot of changes. We have removed multiple organisms from both of these groups and added them into new working terms, like algae for example. We used to think that algae were plants. Today they belong to protista. But we still have the plant and animal kingdoms with us. And they include the most complex organisms ever. In this video, we are going to dig deep and take a closer look at kingdom plantae and all that it represents today. Kingdom plantae or the plant kingdom houses, well it houses all the plants. But how do we know what a plant is?  This is actually a very characteristic difference between plants and fungi. This cellulose cell wall, which is found in plants. Plants also have chlorophyll, a pigment which plays a huge role in photosynthesis. You know the process by which plants make their own food. And all plants have chlorophylls A and B for this purpose. That means all plants are autotrophic. However, some plants also seek nutrition from other organisms, like the venous fly trap for example. It traps insects and consumes them for nutrition. Yet another characteristic thing about plants are their complex reproductive structures. Take a look at this picture right over here. This is a flower of the hibiscus plant and inside this flower you will find the reproductive structures of the plant. Now these structures, they are multicellular containers where they are kind of like multicellular containers where the gametes are produced or they are formed. Now this one right over here, this is the male reproductive structure which is going to produce the smaller motile male gametes. And the one right in the middle, this part, this is the female reproductive structure which is going to produce the much larger non-motile egg or the female gamete. The gametes will then fuse together to form a zygote which will eventually give rise to a new plant. So the female reproductive structure is made in such a way or it has evolved in such a way that it is equipped to provide nutrition to the embryo as well. Such a level of complexity is not something that you will find in other organisms like protists or fungi or any of the members of the kingdoms which come before plantae. So this is something that, this is a kind of complexity that has evolved from plants onwards and it continues to become more complicated as we move on to the other kingdoms. Which means the kingdoms that come after plantae by the way like animals for example. Oh and these extra structures that you can see which are surrounding these reproductive structures, they are composed of normal cells or rather non-reproductive cells. So the cells which you will find in this petal right over here or in this sepul right over here. So this is a sepul. The cells you will find in either of these structures they are not going to be reproductive in nature but they will be non-reproductive cells and that's why we say that these complex reproductive structures they are surrounded by non-reproductive cells. So this is what we mean by that because the petals and the sepuls which are surrounding them they are not made of gametes. You won't find any kind of reproductive cells in these structures. Now there are more plant characteristics to explore but those are more specific to a certain type of plant. So let's take a look at the different types of plants that you will find in the plant kingdom. Based on certain things like body parts, specialized tissues and seed production all plants have been categorized into four divisions. The bryophytes, the pteridophytes, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. Let's check them out one by one. Starting off we have the simplest members of the plant kingdom, the bryophytes or division bryophyta which includes plants like mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Bryophytes are seedless, comparatively smaller plants whose bodies aren't differentiated into roots, leaves or stems for that matter. But however there are some bryophytes which show root-like, stem-like or leaf-like structures kind of like this and then there are some bryophytes which have this simple plant body which is kind of like a huge accumulation of cells like a huge blob of cells you can say and it's just one plant body which is called the thalus kind of like how you can see in the liverwort over here and this entire plant body or this thalus is attached to the substratum or the ground with the help of these thread-like structures called rhizoids. Something you can see here in this moss too. So these are rhizoids which are root-like structures. Now they may look like roots but they're not actually roots. That's what I mean by root-like or stem-like or leaf-like structures. They're not exactly the real deal. All bryophytes are so simple that they also completely lack vascular tissues. That means they have no xylem or phloem. But what do these tissues do again? Well vascular tissues are specialized tissues that can conduct food and water to the entire plant. Now bryophytes are so tiny that they don't really need this separate system of specialized tissues. They can transport these substances simply by diffusion or osmosis. But the higher bigger plants can't do that. For them diffusion or osmosis aren't just enough. So they need this entire set or this special set of tissues called vascular tissues which is going to make sure that they transport the food and water to every part of the entire plant. Next in line are the pteridophytes or division pteridophyta which includes plants like ferns, hostails, ground pines etc etc. Now they are also seedless just like the bryophytes. But unlike them, pteridophytes have vascular tissues. Moreover their bodies are differentiated into roots, stems and leaves and not just the lookalikes that we saw in bryophytes but actual roots, stems and leaves just like the higher plants. Both bryophytes and pteridophytes are often referred to as cryptogams. If you break this word down, crypto means hidden and gam which comes from gamie means to marry. So cryptogam roughly translates to hidden reproduction. But how is their reproduction hidden per se? Well these plants, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes, they reproduce via spores and spores aren't really something that we can see with our naked eye. On the other hand the plants that reproduce via seeds are called fenerogams or spermatophytes. Feneros in greek means visible. So fenerogam roughly translates to visible reproduction because we can see the seeds of a plant. Fenerogams or spermatophytes includes the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. Gymnosperms are more advanced than the pteridophytes. They have differentiated bodies, vascular tissues and like we already know, they can produce seeds. Each seed contains the growing embryo inside of it, keeping it protected and supplied with enough nutrition. In the right conditions, this seed will germinate into a new plant. But the thing about gymnosperm seeds is that the seeds themselves aren't covered with anything else. In fact, they are naked. So gymnosperms produce naked seeds. That's actually what gymno means. Gymno means naked and sperm means seed. A very popular example of gymnosperms are the pine trees. Finally, we have the angiosperms, the most complex and advanced plants of the kingdom. Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within fruits. So this is a fruit right over here. And these black dots that you see, these are the seeds. The fruit provides protection to the seeds and also helps in their dispersal. So unlike the gymnosperms, angiosperms have covered seeds. Angio meaning a container or a vessel and sperms meaning seed. So seeds within a container, kind of like that. And other than all of this, angiosperms also have very well differentiated bodies and complex vascular tissues. Those are the different types of plants that you'll find in the plant kingdom. Now these are just the very basic characteristics of these plants. If we dive into each one of these divisions separately, we're going to find out just how unique each of these plants are. And nothing is more unique than the way they reproduce. But we're going to keep that for another video.


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