So you got your game on the Android Store but you also want it on the Apple Store. Not a problem. Now I'm going to assume that you're starting from square one. So the first thing you got to do is have an Apple ID. If you have an iPhone just go ahead and use that. Go to developer.apple.com and enroll. Now it's $100 a year and if you stop paying all the apps you have on the store disappear. So just keep that in mind. It'll take a week or two for them to process your order but in the meanwhile you'll get an email saying that you need to call them in order to confirm who you are. It's a pretty cool phone call. The guy who helped me was super chill. Anyway now two weeks later after you've been accepted the first thing you'll need is a Mac computer. Yeah that's right. As far as I've seen you cannot upload to the App Store without a Mac. Once you have a Mac go to the App Store and install Xcode and you'll probably have to restart your computer. Now assuming that you have Unity installed and your game is ready I recommend creating a new folder just for your iOS upload. Then go to file, build settings, switch it to iOS mode and if you have advertisements make sure you switch the ID from Android to iOS. And to play your settings make sure the company name and the game are correct and the version should probably be 1.0. Build the game into the folder you just made and here you might get an error. If this happens go to your applications, Unity, playback engines, iOS support, trampoline, libraries and find the file called whatever this is. Hold control and click that file. Get info, unlock the security and change everyone to read and write. If you build the game now it should run just fine. Now from here there's a few things you should prepare before you start uploading and signing up your game. The first thing is to prepare 9 screenshots. The first 3 will need to be 1242x2688 pixels, the second 3 need to be 1242x2208 pixels and the last 3 need to be 1248x2732. And you will also need a privacy policy URL. This is basically a website where you tell the users what you plan to do with their data. The easiest way I know how to do this is just to go to Google's site, make a new website and name it privacy policy and type in your policy somewhere down here. Publish, publish, view the site and copy the URL somewhere you'll remember. Alright the next thing you'll need to do is go to developer.apple.com, certificates identifies and profiles, under certificates create certificate, apple distribution and now you'll have to make an apple certificate so click here. Go to file, find keychain access, then go up and click keychain access, certificate assistant and request a certificate. Put in your email, save to disk, continue, save it to the desktop and on the site, choose it, continue, download, then go to your downloads, double click the certificate and click add. Then all certificates to go back.  If your game has any online features like a scoreboard or multiplayer I recommend you turn wifi on and to find your bundle ID go to unity, file, build settings, players settings and under other settings look for bundle identifier and type that in here.  To do that go to apple, about this mac, system report and it's going to be the provision in UD ID here. Continue, register, done, go to profile, generate profile, app store, continue, add the ID you just created, continue, select the certificate, continue, give it a name, download. And once that's done in the folder that holds the iOS build you just got from Unity there's an Xcode file. Open it and go up here, preferences and make sure you add and sign in to your Apple ID here. Then go to sign in capabilities, make sure you're under all and make sure your bundle identifier is correct. Import your provision and profile you just downloaded and you probably have this error here. And I'm not a mac guy so I don't know if this was the correct way to solve it but the way I fixed it was by going into manage certificates, add distribution, add development, automatically manage sign in and try again. Again, I'm not sure if there's a better way but that worked for me. Anyway, then go to apps store connect and go to my apps, click the plus, new app, say it's for iOS, give it a name, pick your language, pick your bundle ID, pick any name you want for the SKU and full access. Create, now you'll need the screenshots and Apple's real picky on the sizes so make sure the first three are 1242x2688, the second three should be 1242x2208 and the next three should be 1248x2732 and the two iPads can share screenshots. Okay, you're almost done.  But you're not really done. You're gonna wait like 30 minutes on the page with the screenshots and keep reloading the page until you see a plus sign appear here. Click your game, click done and tell them if your game is encrypted. If you want people to need to sign in before they play, check this box, my game doesn't really require it so I'm just gonna leave it off and to find out what else is required save and submit for review and you will see everything left that you still need to fill out.  So scroll down, type in the tags that you want people to be able to find your game with, if you have a support URL then it goes in right here, type in your promotional text, write a short description, scroll down and under copyright type in the year and your company name. Down under age rate and click edit and unless you're promoting terrorism, violence and drugs just say no to everything, make sure you save then go to pricing, tell Apple how expensive your app is and that's really all you need for this page so save, go to the privacy tab, get started, tell them you don't sell people's data, save, go up and under privacy policy, just link them to that website you made five minutes ago, save and now go to app information, type in your subtitles, go to content rights and tell them no if it's true, done and down under general information, set the primary category to game or entertainment, save and go back to prepare for submission, submit for review and you're done. Congratulations, you are now an Apple Store developer. You'll get an email from Apple very shortly saying that they got your game and usually a few hours later you'll get one final email telling you that your game is available and running on the store. I hope that helps and as always hope you have a fantastic day and I'll see you around.


Paul Pogba, who is best known as a superstar soccer player from Manchester United in the English Premier League and an integral part of the French national team has snagged some pretty luxurious real estate in Chessire, England and Miami. In 2017, Pogba started his real estate portfolio after he purchased a 3 million pound home in Chessire. Not far from the Red Devils training ground in Carrington, he scooped up the property for 600,000 pounds under the asking price and it was originally on the market for just under 3.5 million pounds. In 2020, Paul picked up a luxurious condo in Miami. Housed on the 61st floor of the 1000 museum, the apartment sits in a towering building designed by Zaha Hadid. Many other celebrities own property in the building including David Beckham and Victoria Beckham. The financial details of the real estate deal were never revealed but we can assure you, it's a beauty. Ladies and gentlemen, this is a house tour you don't want to miss. In these videos, we don't reveal any addresses so please do not show up at any private residences because it is not safe for anyone. At the age of 27, Paul Pogba has already built quite the lucrative career, garnering a net worth of 125 million dollars and is currently earning 33 million dollars a season. He is one of the highest paid soccer players on the planet, earning 28 million per year in base salary and 6 to 10 million per year from endorsements. As of 2020, Paul Pogba reportedly earns 290,000 pounds per week. In 2016, he earned roughly 50 million pounds through his Manchester United salary alone, which is roughly equivalent to 33 million dollars per year. After four years with Juventus, Paul Pogba returned to Manchester United in 2016 where he signed a five-year contract that pays 28 million dollars annual base salary. Paul Pogba has had a sponsorship deal with Adidas for many years and often promotes Adidas products in various commercials. He is also a regular addition to the FIFA video game series published by EA. Between 2017 and 2018, Paul Pogba earned 30 million dollars from salary and endorsements which included 5 million purely from endorsements. That was enough to make him one of the 50 highest paid athletes on the planet. So with Pogba making bank, it was only fitting that he would pick up a few digs across the world. His first purchase was his 2.9 million dollar home in Cheshire with residents boast a number of notable features including an indoor swimming pool, a sauna and an advanced media room. One last year, he picked up a luxurious condo in Miami which came with a number of unique and artistic common spaces in the building including a sky lounge and a private helipad. What's going on guys?  I noticed 95% of you guys watching are not subscribed so please be sure to hit that subscribe button because we post new videos every day. Now we previously reported on the homes of Molly Cyrus and Jason Statham so if you'd like to please go and check those out and if you like these videos ring that bell for notifications. Follow me on Instagram at daddumitflag and hit me up in the comment section below to let me know whose house tour we should do next. Let's get into the video. Back in 2017, Progba purchased a 2.9 million dollar mansion in Cheshire for 600,000 pounds under the house's asking price. The home features five bedrooms and luxurious amenities including an indoor swimming pool, multiple saunas and media room. The home belongs to former soccer striker Javier Hernandez and is conveniently situated just a 20 minute drive from United's Carrington training base which happens to be his team. The secluded security gated property in one of the northwest most affluent neighborhoods boasts a tailor-made kitchen, giant hedges to protect the 23-year-old's privacy of course, and a leisure suite complete with pool tables. There's also a balcony which soars over a double garage to house the midfielders top of the range cars. The living room features massive lavish furnishings facing each other, a large glass sliding door which gives access to his luxe backyard, and an enormous flat screen television perfect for entertaining. The kitchen has plenty of space for entertaining and features a massive fridge unit, stainless appliances, marble countertops and an island perfectly centered in the room. All of the bedrooms including the master suite feature wall-to-ceiling windows that give the room bright life in an area in a roomy ambiance. In one of the larger bedrooms, the television rises from a cabinet perfect for catching live televised sporting events. In addition, the master suite features balcony access overlooking the grounds and a luxurious bathroom fit for one of the highest paid athletes on the planet. The bathroom features elegant tiling, marble countertops, a large soaking tub that boasts terrific countryside views, and large standing shower perfect for relaxation. One of the dining rooms feature a large dining table facing towards the back of the house and green surroundings in the leafy area of Cheshire, and it steps away from Pogba's very own massage room. A long hallway decked out into elegant paintings and modern antiques connects to an additional living area with lavish furnishings, a silver coffee table, and massive platinum decor. Probably one of the most luxurious spots in the house is Pogba's game room, which features a large billiard's table, home theater system decked out with bar stools, and steps away from his wet bar for those that fancy a cocktail. In addition, Pogba has a luxurious indoor heated swimming pool with massive pillars which connect to his outdoor lounging area. In addition, the indoor swimming pool is connected to a spiraling staircase that leads to the second story and one of Pogba's elegant saunas. While that indoor pool is pretty glamorous, the backyard does not mess around. The backyard features rolling lawns, manicured grounds, and is decked out with lavish outdoor furnishings. In addition, the grounds feature an outdoor barbecue area and ample amounts of space perfect for running around or throwing a team party. In 2020, Paul Pogba had expanded his real estate portfolio by picking up a luxurious condo in Miami, Florida. The lavish home is housed on the 61st floor of the 1000 museum, and the apartment sits in a towering building designed by Zaha Hadid. And you know, it's pretty luxurious because many other celebs own property in the building as well, including David and Victoria Beckham. Just to put things into perspective, the two-head purchase is a full floor unit for $19.8 million. And we're talking some pretty next level amenities, including a sky lounge and a private helipad. While details of the French soccer star's particular unit are unavailable, marketing materials reveal that many lux amenities the athlete will likely encounter in his new home. Each unit is outfitted with multiple oversized terraces and features an open floor plan and floor-to-ceiling windows in all common living areas. The terraces are each unique in shape and size, responding to the sensual curves of the tower's sculptural exoskeleton. The kitchen's feature custom quartz countertops and bathrooms boast custom European cabinetry and countertops. The building offers a wide variety of common spaces, such as sky lounge for dining and private events, a spa with relaxation pods and private retreatment homes, and a quadricus center with an indoor lap pool on the 61st floor, a wellness center with state-of-the-art equipment and access to a private beach club called Museum Beach. So with all those features, it kind of seems like a resort style of living for condo owners. Probably the thing you would brag about the most is that 1,000 Museum also features its own helipad on the rooftop, as well as access to its own private airport, which is the only residential building in Miami to offer such a service. Quite frankly, I don't think there are many buildings in the world that offer that kind of service. But hey, when you have $125 million in the bank, you can splurge a little. All right, so I think I'll bring this house toward to an end here. We got to take a quick look at Paul Pogba's luxurious mansion that features an indoor heated pool and that new condo building in Miami. After seeing that fancy house he snagged, was it everything you guys would expect out of Pogba?  Out of Pogba's features, which ones are your favorite? You guys can go ahead and break them in the comments down below. Follow me on Instagram at daddumitfly so we can chat some more, and let us know whose house tour to do next in the comment section below. See you guys next time. Bye.


I belong to a large experimental lab at a higher university. Directed by Karina, I'm a lab theoretician, so I very closely sit with a lot of data produced by different experimental techniques. And I was thinking for years of all the problems that Ellen Reinh just talked about. And I'm going to tell you about two of those problems that come at different stages of HIV viral life cycles. So this whole lab is doing molecular biology of HIV. And I was able to discuss these ideas with Robin Brunsma, and I'm very grateful for this possibility. But I'm going to present the naive first version of it. It's unpublished. It's idea about how HIV is packaged in its own genome. And then there will be probably ramifications on that. And I'm also grateful to be pleased after Professor Ellen Reinh talking, because a lot of what I need to introduce to be able to explain these ideas were already introduced by Ellen. So among the all possible viruses and how they live and perform their basic function of promoting their own genomes that Shura Grosberg was talking about, the retroviruses are a very special niche. So of course, just like every other viruses, they need to pack their genome. They need to go out of the cell. And then they need to go and infect another cell. And at this stage, they need to encode and to make their genomes available for replication and for translation to make their own viral proteins. And as we know, it's basically, as Shura was saying, three components. The nucleic acid, that is the genome, the capsaid that forms the cell, and probably the membrane in a lot of cases. And retroviruses, they all solve this problem a little differently. But the basic thing is that the stability at the stage of assembly comes from the membrane. Those are enveloped viruses. And the assembly, as was discussed here many times. So there are two different scenarios that were discussed here generally, right? One scenario of assembly is when the capsid proteins are interacting with each other very strongly, and they assemble on their own, maybe with a little help of nucleic acid that they package. Sometimes even they don't need nucleic acid. And the nucleic acid is packaged after or even needs energy to be packed in, right? This is one class. The other class is all that all retroviruses belong to is when the interaction with the genome, with the nucleic acid, is much, much stronger than the capsid-capsid interactions. And the assembly never happens without the genome, no matter how high salt or what pH you're using. And the capsid-capsid interactions are a small addition on top of this major very strong interaction with nucleic acid. And the HIV is a very good example of that, and we're going to talk about that. And in fact, I believe that assembly, some sort of assembly happens even when there are no gag-gag interactions whatsoever. So after, so the other step of like encoding happens to a completely different capsid, right? There are two different capsids. One is immature capsid before the gag is processed and cut into pieces. And the other is mature capsid. That is this cone that we've seen several times throughout this meeting. And my second story, if I have time, is going to be about the step of encoding. This is a very interesting story that Robin and I published on about three years ago. But since then, there was a lot of experimental interest. And I think that basically confirms this idea. And I brought a poster about that, but I forgot to put it up. So I put it as part of my talk. So OK. So the problems of selective packaging of HIV genome was pretty much presented by Ellen very well. So the problem is that we have that this gag protein that self-assembling without the help of anything else, in principle. Maybe the membrane or the negatively charged little molecules, AP6, that Ellen was talking about, that can substitute for the membrane. So it assembles. And it assembles just as well on any random RNA non-selectively. No difference in the virion assembly, even in kinetics, maybe in the lag time before assembly, if at all. And in vitro, in solution, and even in vivo, there is no difference in the binding strength of the size sequence that is a packaging sequence in genomic RNA versus any random piece of RNA. And there is a huge access of this mRNAs that Ellen introduced are packaged non-selectively in these genomes. And at the same time, the packaging selectivity for the genomic RNA is pretty high, 80%. 60% or 80%. It's not 100%, but it's very significant. So the other problem of there seem to be conditions when there is enough gag in the cytoplasm, and you can see it by fluorescence. And it's about in equal amounts in the cytoplasm and on the plasma membrane sitting there doing nothing. There is no assembly. There seem to be a critical concentration of gag that is needed to initiate any sort of assembly. And the very late kind of very recent studies from Wysze, whose lab at NIH, show that if we have a genomic RNA, then at the same low gag concentration, the assembly can be done. And there is a virion production that is much more efficient and significant. But if there is no genomic RNA, then at the same gag concentration, there is no assembly at all. And then there is this mysterious rule of genome dimerization. We know that genome is packaged as a dimer. In this little sequence that is called dimerization domain of genomic RNA, there are complementary base pairs in the loop, just three, four base pairs that are absolutely critical for dimer formation of this genome. And this is at the end of the RNA. And this dimerization signal is within the Cy region, which is the packaging region. So it's naturally to kind of speculate that the dimerization being in the same exact place as the specific region of genome important for packaging, that that's what's important, that they're close together and that they're forming the same specific site for assembly. But again, experimentally, when people measure in the test tube, if binding to the dimer RNA that is dimerized is stronger than to the monomer that was mutated in this stem loop and precludes dimerization, they don't see much difference for dimer affinity versus monomer affinity. So this is the crucial experiment that was done fairly recently in vivo in cells that I think that makes us believe that the selectivity for the genomic RNA comes at the step of assembly nucleation. So this part, so what is being done here, it is in vivo. People are taking, this is done by Sabla Kutli and Paul and they are taking this cytoplasmic fraction of cell and they're measuring, they're quantifying by RNA PCR. What kind of RNAs are in this fraction available for sequencing essentially? And they see that there is very little of the viral RNA in the cytoplasm, just as you would expect it should be. Because viral RNA is one of the, just like any other mRNA, but it's just one sort of mRNA. It's a product of one gene that was permanently introduced into the genome. So the amount of viral RNA is maybe 10th of a percent or maybe hundreds of a percent. It was detected, but you can't even tell here how little it is. And 80% is some cellular random RNAs, right? But then they do the same cross-linking it to GAG and watching what fraction of GAG cross-link to viral RNA as opposed to cellular RNA. And they see that about, like, say, on average, 3% of the GAG cross-link to the viral RNA. 3% is more than, like, say, 0.1%, right? So there is some level of selectivity at the stage of cytoplasmic binding of GAG to genomic RNA versus random RNA, right? But this is certainly not enough to selectively package, right? This is the degree of selectivity in the cytoplasm. It is maybe, I would say, within 10-fold, less than 10-fold, maybe 3-fold, right? However, when they do the same two experiments inside the virions, so they purify the virions and they analyze in the same way the content of this virions. What is the RNA in this virions? Non-specifically. Now, the cellular RNA constitutes about, like, say, 20%. It's non-zero. It's significant. There are some cellular RNAs being packaged in the virion. And about 60% to 80% is viral RNA. So the enrichment happens somewhere in between cytoplasmic binding of GAG and complete virion formation, somewhere in between. So it gives us an idea that, probably, most likely, it's a nucleation step. Because the rest of the RNA, besides cy, is just as good as any random RNA. There is no anything specific about that RNA that could confer the selectivity of packaging. So in the same experiment by Ceble and Paul Binache, of all of the GAGs that cross-linked to the viral RNA that was this very small percent in the cytoplasm, like, say, 3%, right? They were able to see what were the specific binding sites on the dynamic RNA that the GAG cross-linked to. And they specifically have shown that these are the three sites in the cy region, right? It's very kind of gratifying to see after everything we've heard from Ellen just now, that there are these three strong sites in the cy signal for GAG or for a nucleic acid. And they were able to map out those sites pretty well. And this mapping coincides very well with the mapping that we've heard about by shape analysis from Ellen just now. And also that comes from Carine Museum's foresight lab. We do it by this salt-efficient binding studies. And we see the same pretty much specific sites in the cy. And then in our lab, they've done three-dimensional sacks of this cy, right? It's a pretty rigid, flat structure. And there is a three-way junction in the middle. And those three sites map very well to this three-way junction, right? By the place where three storms come out. So we'll come back to the importance of these three sites and what can it mean? Finally, we have to consider all different possibilities for selective genomic RNA packaging because it's all in vivo and in the cells. And people can't see the specificity of genomic RNA binding to GAG. They, of course, infer a lot of other proteins that are cellular proteins that can be important for the selective packaging. Some motors that drive and collect GAG in some place and not the other or anything you can imagine. There are million possibilities how the selective packaging can happen. We know it doesn't happen co-translationally that the mRNA that produces GAG doesn't get packaged. We also know that there is no compartmentalization of the genomic RNA with the GAG in the cell. But this is a very simple, as simple as it can get in vitro experiment that was able to reproduce in some way the selectivity of genomic RNA packaging. This is in vitro selective packaging assay that was just recently done in Jim Crowley's lab. And what is being done here, it is a giant unilamellar vesicle that in its content reproduces the plasma membrane composition. So it has these peeps that are highly negatively charged, small molecules. And it has a wide composition of the negatively charged polar heads and some, a little bit of cholesterol. So it is pretty much like a plasma membrane, right? And it is in red here. And then fluorescently labeled in white is GAG. And this GAG is seen as a puncture here. And then co-localizing with this white panktole of GAG, there is a green genomic RNA fluorescently labeled, right? And what they show is that they fluorescently label different RNAs that are of different degree of specificity. This site-containing region from genomic RNA is labeled or completely random, no, not quite random. It's another region of the genome that was cross-linking to GAG, just a little worse than the genomic, than the site region. And then there is a completely random piece of the same length. It's not a full length. RNA is just about 370 nucleotide. And what they were able to show that there is a complete co-localization of GAG puncture with the genomic RNA, even when there is a tiny little bit of genomic RNA, like 0.5 nanomolar. But if the, and that happens with any RNA, it's completely co-localizes with a puncture. But when they start adding 10-fold access of genomic RNA, the, the, so the genomic RNA is able to withstand competition with the non-genomic RNA, no matter how hard, no, even 10-fold access of non-genomic RNA. But if it is a specific RNA that is competing, which is in this case, then it is the fluorescently labeled genomic RNA is all competed out by it. So this is what I'm presenting this data because I want to show that the physics attempt to try to understand the selectivity of packaging involving just a membrane RNA. And the GAG is not hopeless that it is being done in the lab that apparently you don't need any cellular proteins to do that. So this is a fluorescent image of the, so this is a low expression of GAG. And the GAG is about half and half kind of dispersed in the cytoplasm and dispersed on the membrane. When the GAG hits a level of expression, then most of the GAG is in form of the pretty much cluster dense form on the membrane and there is none of it in the cytoplasm. It's a pretty critical phenomenon. So then about the assembly kinetics at all. So what people know about assembly is that the genomic RNA is being picked up in the cytoplasm by very few GAGs that people can't see fluorescently because it's just, it's below 10 GAGs together that do the selection in the cytoplasm. And this is the slow selectivity step in the cytoplasm that we talked about. And then the first thing, so they watched this assembly by turf and turf only observes the fluorescence from the membrane, right? It's a two-dimensional thing close to the membrane. So what people see, the first see, the green is the genomic RNA coming to the cytoplasm. It comes pretty abruptly and it probably is brought by a few GAGs that people can see, right? And then over a pretty long time, which is 10 to 20 minutes, there is association, gradual association of the GAG with this nucleus that is being formed on the membrane. So this is a very slow time that is definitely not diffusion limited and controlled by something completely different. And we also don't see a very long log time, like a lag time that happens before this first genomic RNA that we can see on the membrane. It's a really long time and sometimes it's infinite in terms of if it's a low GAG concentration, the GAG sits forever before nucleating the assembly, right? So it was also shown by Weisha, whose lab that all of the GAG that's gradually accumulates here in the virial comes not from the membrane. There is tons of GAG sitting on the membrane and you would think that it would be easier to diffuse to this nucleus right from the membrane because diffusion in the membrane is maybe 10 times slower than in the cytoplasm. But it doesn't come from the cytoplasm. All of the GAG that is assembling in this virions over this 10 minutes comes from the cytoplasm. So to be able to move any further in this kind of thinking about what selects the genomic RNA, we have to try to see what the GAG is, right? So as Ellen already introduced, it's made of cellular globular domains, right? And it's n-terminal and it's c-terminal are the globular domains of matrix that is supposed to bind to the membrane in immature assembled virion. And nucleic acid that is supposed to bind to the RNA inside the virion. And from mostly studies from Ellen's lab, we know that this individual GAG is highly flexible. In particular, this linker between the n-terminal of capsid and the matrix is 30 amino acid long, completely flexible unstructured region that is just as good as completely random polymer with a persistent length of one amino acid. So this matrix domain has no problem reaching anywhere in the volume of this protein. So what we also know is that both matrix domain and nucleic acid domain by either RNA or plasma membrane electrostatically, competitively, and with about the same affinity. Nuclear capsid binds plasma membrane just as well as RNA, maybe a little better for specific RNA. And matrix domain binds any RNA non-specifically very strongly and almost as strongly as the plasma membrane, but if it has this meristel tail, which is hydrophobic tail on it, it's meristelated, cotranslationally at its n-terminal. Then this meristel allows to bind matrix to the plasma membrane about 10-fold stronger. This 10-fold stronger is very essential, but the 10-fold stronger in terms of the binding free energy gives only the logarithm of 10, which is about 2KT. So it's stronger, but not that much stronger. So there is always this competition between Gag binding to RNA in the cytoplasm and Gag binding to the membrane, right? And the difference in terms of the real binding energy is just this minor preference, essentially, of matrix to membrane because of this hydrocarbon tail. So now there is a statement here that is kind of controversial so that the Gag-Gag interactions in immature assembly are weak and this, so we just heard from Ellen how important they could be, right? And there is no real number placed on how important, how weak or how strong they are. What I was able to estimate on all of the binding data, Ellen's and from our lab and from any lab I could get to, right, is about 2KT. So the capsid-capsid interactions are not very strong, including the SP1 interaction when it's turned on because of many Gags are together. It's just like another contribution to the short-range Gag-Gag interaction. There is also interesting observation that comes from Ellen's lab that if he mutates this major dimerization domain of Gag in the capsid WM site or if he mutates the SP1 region, which is another contribution to Gag-Gag interaction, there is still assembly. So this is a well-typed assembly.  And this is the assembly with the major dimerization site of Gag-muted. There is some macroscopic structures that contain membrane dense layer of Gag and RNA in them. They may be not perfect invariance. They don't retain the same curvature, but there are still some sort of assemblies with the same components, almost as dense as the normal invariance. So the assembly happens, you can see, without Gag-Gag interaction, which is very strange. So I'm trying to make as simple model as I can of this what happens. And I'm starting with trying to consider possible binding states of Gag. So the free Gag, I'm trying to think of the Gag as matrix and C. There are both cationic domains connected by a flexible linker. Okay, it's kind of simplistic. And by doing that, I'm neglecting, for now I will then introduce it, the Gag-Gag interactions. So the interactions in physiological salt, 150 millimolar of this particular model for Gag with either RNA or membrane are very, very strong. It's 20 kT's. And about 10 kT's comes from matrix and 10 kT's comes from a nuclear capsid. So, and they are both binding of course at the same time, right? It's the same molecule and very strong two interactions. And these interactions I'm taking from measured kT's of individual NC domains and matrix domains measured how they bind to the membrane or how they bind to the RNA, right? And then there is a third bound state of Gag that is in between matrix, in between the plasma membrane and RNA. And it has also the same binding strength here and here. So there is no free Gag floating anywhere, right? And everything that's on the membrane is either in that state or in that state. So this state can't assemble and that state can't assemble. But this state is a nucleus for assembly, even one. All we need for assembly is three things together, the membrane, the linker, which is even one Gag and the RNA. So we can now, because we know the binding free energies of matrix and NC to each either membrane or RNA, the free energy of binding of like say this Gag to a membrane is this free energies of interaction of individual domains and the entropy cost of localizing the Gag, right? Which depends on Gag concentration in the site of plasma. And then the free energy of binding this Gag to the RNA is the same terms of interaction with the RNA. And now it's an entropic cost of localizing this RNA that is in excess over Gag, right? And when we form a triple complex, this complex is very strongly disfavored by the fact that we need to localize both Gag and RNA. So it's disfavored by both of these terms, which are huge. And these terms are on the same order of that, right? But now let's consider the transitions between the states, right? The free energy differences between Gag bound state to RNA and the extended state. So I want to see how probable is that state because we are interested in the state as a nucleus for assembly nucleation, right? So these transitions are really driven by a stronger binding of like say in this case, nuclear capsid to RNA as compared to the, so I'm sorry, this is transition from RNA bound state to RNA and membrane bound. So this is driven by matrix binding a bit stronger to the membrane than to the RNA, but it's disfavored by the necessity to localize RNA by the membrane, right? So this difference is 2KT and this entropy loss is 10KT. So this is very unfavorable process. And the same is if we want to unbind the RNA, the nuclear capsid from the membrane and rebind it to RNA. This is about at most like 1KT, 1-2KT process that drives it and the entropy loss is again 10KT is huge. I'm constructing a phase diagram for a single Gag, right? So these are these free energy differences for these two transitions from the RNA bound Gag to extended Gag like this one. And this is the free energy difference between this band Gag and plasma membrane to extended Gag, right? And physiologically, we're always sitting in this kind of situation. When we don't have extended Gag at all, it's either all bent on RNA or all bent on the membrane, right? This situation is highly unfavorable. And then there can be some cases here. So it all depends on the concentration of Gag and RNA, but physiologically, we're always in this regime, way below. And this is what we need to start the nucleation. So it doesn't happen for one Gag. One Gag can do that. So now if we imagine that we have a special RNA that binds not just one, but like say two or maybe three Gags in the same place, not because they're interacting with each other, but simply because it has a slightly stronger binding sites on this RNA that are all close together sitting here. Now this process of this Gags extending and binding to the membrane has the benefit of three mate vases slightly stronger binding to the membrane, which makes it instead of two KTs, six KTs for three Gags, right? And we're getting it at a price of localizing just one RNA, not three RNAs, right? Which makes it much more favorable. So this extended state is much more favorable than just one Gag. One Gag can do that, but two and better three probably can do that. So this is good, but, and these are like coming back to this importance of the three sites together on the site sequence. Now why is it, so if we are able to nucleate this nucleus, then the assembly is driven and it's very strongly driven even in the absence of capsid-capsid interactions, Gag-Gag interactions, why is it driven? Because after the structure is made for whatever reason, if there is a link between the membrane negatively charged membrane and negatively charged long RNA, it's as careful for the future assembly. The rest of the Gags that are sitting in the cytoplasm bound to some random solar RNAs as monuments, they're joining this assembly simply because they want to release the RNA that they're bound to. And this release of the RNA costs 10 KT of entropy that is liberated as the single Gag releases the RNA and joins the scuffle that is already there, pre-made, right? And that drives the assembly pretty strongly without any other components. So this is how the assembly is driven and it's essentially the ground state is a macroscopic assembly that is for me. So these are my conclusions that are, how many minutes do I have? Then self, yeah. So I pretty much already gone through all of that so I don't wanna waste time. And I would like to tell you a completely different story about completely different stage of the virus life cycle. This is about unquoting of this completely different capsules, right? So far we were talking about formation of this immature capsules, right? That is basically a layer of the membrane and a layer of the RNA and the Gag in between, right? And now we're talking about this pretty well-organized crystalline structure that you've seen several times through this meeting already. It's a conical shaped capsid. And we know it's of very low stability because people who are trying to purify it and study it in labs were having trouble with it for many, many years because it's a very low stability structure. But you can make a structure of it without purifying it inside the membrane and you can do cryaminate and all sorts of structural studies and the structure of it by now is known with the like say three angstrom resolution. It's a most well-defined structure. It was very well modeled by Klaus Schulman, Schulten's lab. And the question that was there for years, so like about maybe five years ago people would always say and it was written in textbooks that this structure as it gets into the cytoplasm of infected cell that it immediately falls apart. And the reverse transcription that falls happens in the cytoplasm of infected cell. And there was no question about that. It was kind of a textbook notion. So about five, six years ago people started to question that. And to me it was also over the puzzle when I learned about it because what makes the reverse transcription is a very special polymerase that is a viral protein that is completely absent in any sort of mammalian cell. It's a reverse transcriptase that uses the RNA as a template to make DNA. And also it can use the same polymerase uses the single-stranded DNA to make another DNA to make a double-stranded DNA, proviral DNA. So there are just 200 copies of this tRNA inside this mature capsid. And if mature capsid is gone, then this RT will be also gone because it's an unspecifically binding, nucleic acid binding protein that can bind to any RNA in the cytoplasm. So there will be no reverse transcription if the encoding happens prior to reverse transcription. So I would expect that the capsid should stay almost till the end of reverse transcription. But it was not known. So this is the typical picture that the infection happens. The capsid falls apart. The reverse transcription happens. The double-stranded DNA is then made in the cytoplasm and then somehow transported through the nuclear pore and gets inserted into the human genome. The later picture that comes from the studies starting like 2009 is that the mature core can survive all the way through reverse transcription, can come to the nuclear pore. And at this point, there is an encoding happening. And the DNA is somehow pushed through the pore and that the capsid even can help to localize the double-stranded DNA to the pore and to transport it inside. So just to remind you that these are two completely different immature and mature variants. And what happens here is that the gag is processed in the components. And what assembles in the mature capsid is just the capsid. The matrix stays by the membrane. The nuclear capsid that is bound to RNA is processed from capsid and aggregates with the nucleic acid with RNA inside this capsid. And it takes up a very small volume of this capsid.  So there is no problem of packaging this viral RNA inside mature capsid because of the nuclear capsid because it's a very strongly condensing agent. And the way it condenses the nucleic acid, just coming back to that, the way that nuclear capsid condenses nucleic acid is pretty much like multivalent cations can condense any sort of nucleic acid. I believe it's a counter-incorrelation mechanism that a lot of people in this room had worked on before. Just like cobalt hexamin or spermidin or spermin would condense any sort of nucleic acid. It's a multivalent cation with a charge 3 and 1 half nuclear capsid protein. So now there was a notion for a very long time that this capsid should be good for reverse transcription. There are about 10 to 8 nanometer holes in this structure that are transparent to nucleotides and say to nuclear transcription inhibitors, but they're not transparent to any other larger molecules. For example, even to the smallest protein like nuclear capsid, 55 MNS. But the reverse transcription was observed for years in dodging this reverse transcription. People had this cone inside the membrane, as it is purified in purified virions. And people permeabilized this membrane with a detergent and add nucleotides. And the reverse transcription goes just fine, no problem. There are no enzymes, no cellular proteins, no nothing needed for reverse transcription. And lately, just recently, one month ago, I have heard of people observing the complete reverse transcription now in the virions in vivo in mature capsids without shells. So it definitely happens. So also, there is just a reason this year publication in science that shows that this little pores, 8 nanometer pores in the mature capsid, are not only transparent to nucleotides, but they're actually actively transporting nucleotides. They're made to transport the nucleotides inside. And it is a very efficient, fast process. And the slight mutations, it's just made, I don't think it consumes the energy, but they're made of five arginines, positively charged sitting right here, that are very efficiently binding, and then releasing inside. It's made, kind of, it's designed, right? And very small mutations in this pore make a huge difference on the rate of reverse transcription. So there were early studies of the interrelationship between the reverse transcription that might happen inside this capsid and the rate of encoding as it was observed in vivo. So the rate of encoding was quantified by measuring the amount of capsid in the capsid as a function of time post infection. And the encoding happens about an hour after infection. So the capsid's fall apart. They don't know if they fall apart at once or gradually, they just measure how they fall apart over time post infection. And if they halt the reverse transcription with Neuropean, which is the reverse transcription inhibitor, then the encoding just doesn't happen. The cone, this mature cone sits there forever. And at the same time, they're monitoring the progress of reverse transcription. And in this early study, it wasn't the reverse transcription and the same capsids that were falling apart, just the rate of reverse transcription post infection. And the reverse transcription products that happen, the late reverse transcription, which means double stranded DNA, appeared about the same time that the encoding happens. And that is a link between the reverse transcription and the encoding. They have the same time. And also, if the capsid is stabilized, so the unstable capsid falls apart much faster. And the stable capsid survives much longer. And if the capsid stability is modified, like by capsid mutations, artificial capsid mutations, or by changing the host cell proteins that stabilize or destabilize this capsid, binding to it in the cytoplasm, then the infectivity of the virus is affected like a thousand times, many, many times. It's a huge effect on infectivity. So now, getting back to thinking about reverse transcription happening in this mature capsid. So it is absolutely critical that the nuclear capsid inside this capsid is condensed. The condensing agent is this nuclear capsid protein that Alan talked extensively about, so I don't need to talk about it. What I want to say is that in the salt, salt competition assays, essentially measuring the KD as a function of salt that Alan talked about, it looks just like cation with a charge three and a half. And it's fairly nonspecific. It has some specificity that Alan also talked about that's coming from this aromatic residues sticking with the Gs, but it's fairly moderate specificity. And we know what happens to RNA or DNA if we add to it, like, say, cobalt hexaminase permident. This is the double-stranded DNA condensed with cobalt hexaminase permident. And these are classical experiments and what we know about it is that all of the double-stranded DNA within a second compacts in the two orbital structures, right? I assume that the nuclear capsid does exactly the same to either single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA that is being made in course of reverse transcription. So thinking that, Robin and I had made a theory how RNA is being transformed into a double-stranded DNA using this reverse transcription, RIT polymerization. And this is a very rigid structure. This is a very compact structure. The self-volume of completely done DNA is the same as a single-stranded DNA, but it's rigid. So it needs to be compacted by a nuclear capsid protein that is there. If there is a little hole in the capsid, the nuclear capsid will escape and this toroid will decondense and that will be the end of reverse transcription, complete blow-up of the capsid, right? And there is a balance between the self-attraction induced by a nuclear capsid that makes the size of the toroid that is pushing on the capsid. And the elasticity of this capsid. And by considering this two things, elasticity of the capsid and of the toroid, we made a phase diagram for what volume of the double-stranded DNA inside the capsid or what length of the DNA being made inside the capsid can be withstanded by the... So on this axis is a self-attraction of DNA by a nuclear capsid. On this axis is the volume fraction of the double-stranded DNA inside the capsid. And the different lines correspond to different capsid stabilities. So if the capsid has no stability, just upon toroid touching it, it falls apart. That is how much of the DNA it can tolerate being made inside. But if the capsid is more stable, then it can tolerate a little more DNA being made inside. If the capsid is too stable, it will never be unquoted. So just now this year, they appeared the first FM studies of the capsid. So this is mature capsid on the FM grid being scanned by FM. At some point, the reverse transcription is induced by adding nucleotides to it and it's still sitting on this FM grid. And at some point, there is a filament that pushes on the capsid from the inside and that makes this kind of bump in the shape of the mature capsid. And this kind of filament that they can trace with FM appears at the same time that the rigidity of the capsid that they can also measure by FM goes up and then the capsid is kind of, the rigidity goes to zero. And they can also measure that if the capsid is overstabilized by mutating the capsid, then there is a disincrease in the capsid rigidity that corresponds to the filament formation in the capsid. But the capsid never disassembles, it just relaxes to some more or less previous rigidity. Okay, so it looks like this FM data supports our picture of mature capsid being blown up by reverse transcription happening inside it. That's pretty much, thank you.


So we've got a new study coming out of Iceland that confirms what I thought was pretty obvious already and It basically concludes that there are a plethora of benefits to having a four-day work week and to that I say Yeah, makes sense Because if you allow people to have more time to live their lives to travel to spend time with their family Of course, you know, if they have a better homework balance Their lives are going to be better and more fulfilling So I love this study because I think that it further confirms that in the fight for worker rights in the fight for unionization, we have to make a four-day work week Equally important like we have to elevate the salience of this issue because it's not enough to have a living wage It's also important to make sure that you're not being worked to death You still have to be able to embrace the human part of life where you aren't Waking up most days and going to a place that you usually hate But let's get to the study. So as Mary Popinfuss of Huffpost reports Four-day work week trials in Iceland were deemed an overwhelming success by researchers in a new report Worker while being dramatically increased across a range of indicators from perceived stress and burnout to health and work-life balance The report released Sunday stated at the same time productivity and service provision remain the same or Improved across the majority of trial workplaces Trials have shown that shortening working hours can have a powerful positive effect The report concluded the study conducted by the Association for Sustainable Democracy in Iceland and the UK based a think tank Autonomy studied 2,500 workers about 1% of Iceland's working population in two major trials between 2015 and 2019 The trials not only aimed to improve work-life balance But also to maintain or increase productivity note of the report There was no cut and pay for the reduced weeks of 35 to 36 hours a week the trials included a variety of workplaces from traditional offices to preschools and Hospitals in nine to five jobs as well as in non-traditional ships They were launched by Reykjavík City Council and the Icelandic national government in response to shorter work week campaigns by unions and social Organizations the report also noted that 86% of Iceland's workers were now either working fewer hours or gaining the right to shorten their hours The study could function as a blueprint for future trials in other countries the researchers noted Yeah, so I mean this is huge and it's not the first study to come to this conclusion There was also a study out of Japan with a Microsoft facility I believe and it basically also stated that yeah There were a lot of benefits to decreasing the amount of workdays from five to four Listen, we live in a society that is we live in a society folks No, we live in a society where the culture encourages us to basically work ourselves to death I mean, I'm sure you've had a conversation with someone who bragged about how hard of a worker They are and that's great. Like I mean valuing good work. That's that's a good thing, right? But on top of that, I think that we also have to normalize being human beings if we work less That's good too. In fact, that's something that we should strive to do more of I mean, we're such An overworked society. Maybe that's why all of us Americans are fucking pricks Like we have to be able to indulge a little bit if we want to have a day where we sit back And we just fucking watch, you know, night-a-day fiancee That's not a bad thing if we want to play video games if we want to travel if we want to just enjoy Life that is a good thing sure, of course working hard is important for human beings No society is going to be devoid of work Even if we have some sort of socialist utopia, obviously work is an integral part of the human experience But we have to find the right balance folks and five days a week is too much it's too much and You almost become robotic like it's someone who was working two part-time jobs So basically full-time and going to school You eventually become so accustomed to it that you don't even think about like a vacation You just kind of go through the motions and you just keep going and going and going and you don't even take the time To think about what it might be like to have a day off and we all kind of have been there We've all been conditioned to think that this is a good thing the fact that I'm working myself So hard is a really great thing. It's it's a valuable it speaks to you know Me as a human being. I'm just I'm a I'm a hard worker. I'm a good person.   How much of that time are we thinking oh my god? I just want to find another job because this job is really terrible. It makes me depressed It stresses me out the people who I work with are terrible I mean and then you get to that new job Because thank god you found a new job and it's just more misery. I mean to work is essentially to be You know miserable It's not like you know, even if you find a job that you like everything is going to be PG The point is that we haven't allowed ourselves Of setting a good balance between work And home life and it's just work work work work work And you know on the weekends we take that time off and by the time Monday hits We're barely even recovered and we have to shift our thinking because I think it's also a value To be able to take time off. It's something that we should strive for Not only to have three or four day work weeks, but to take vacations each year Because again folks Life is short


YouTube channel. This is Daniel Rosler. I'm in the old city of Jerusalem today on a bit of a Turkish coffee crawl trying out to various places starting here just inside Damascus Gate in Albaqa Cafe. They do amazing, amazing Turkish coffee. We're going to get some coffee beans and my favorite Izzy man. And we're also going to check out the Lena restaurant and another good news today. I passed the 1000 subscriber mark on YouTube. So thanks to everyone who's been watching and engaging with my video so far. I really appreciate it and hopefully bringing more fun adventures in and around Jerusalem to your screens very soon. Today is Yom Ujuma, which is the Islamic Holy Day every Friday. And the old city is absolutely packed because a lot of people get permits to pray at the Al Aqsa Mosque on Friday. So in the opposite direction before I'm walking, there's a constant stream of thousands of people going backwards. This is reputed by many to be the very best couples in Jerusalem, especially in the old city. We're going to get a mixture of different dishes. We're going to get the hummus, which is of course the world famous food by now, chickpeas. We also get a little bit less famous food that's called Musabaha. The difference between hummus and musabaha is that musabaha, the hummus and actual chickpeas are left whole for part of the dish. Really, really delicious. It's going to get as big as hummus one day, I'm certain. And we're also going to try food, which is a fava beans and of course a personal favorite, favorite line is the fava beans. If they have it today. It's fava beans and so many places get food, horribly wrong. They don't cook. Have a look at this presentation. It's so soft. It's covered in olive oil all around in a few hummus chickpeas on top. 14 years finished up with some musabaha for today, but we did get some hummus as well. And we got our fava beans, we got our bread. And this is how you eat this. It's kind of almost like a meze platter of like different beans spreads. He makes it all together. There's no real rules for it, but this is an answer to the best hummus I've ever tasted, but I'm also not sure that they're the best hummus is such a thing. It's definitely one of the best hummus I've had so far. We've just finished eating in Lina's. We ate as many beans as we could fit in our stomachs for $15 and we're going to go now to Newgate, which is called an Arabic Koubab al-Jadid. It's kind of part of the Christian quarter. So we're going to go there, but there's a couple of really cool establishments inside there. There's a taboon and wine bar and there's also a cool coffee shop. So we're going to get some coffee now and continue our food trail through the old city of Jerusalem. We're just sitting here inside the Newgate in the old city, at a really, really cool coffee store, wine store, bookstore, all in one. It's called Geyway in Arabic. It's al-Ghawada. I just actually picked off a dictionary of local Palestinian Arabic Amir. And I also got one of my favorite beers. There's two main types of Palestinian beer. One is a beer called Sheppard's, who apparently are having a festival pretty soon in Jerusalem. The other is Taiba. This is the blue label Taiba. It's their IPA. I think it's super, super good. They have an October fest pretty much every time this time of year. It's just past just the site of Ramallah. And this place has a really good selection of coffee. They if you're learning Arabic in Jerusalem, they have lots and lots of Arabic textbooks supported by the local teaching institutes. So that's something you're doing. This is definitely a good place to come. And they have pastries as well and cookbooks. So they've really got everything here. And this place inside Newgate, the entrance to the Christian quarter, was kind of run down as recently as five years ago. And it's great to see places like this. It's a boon and wine bar, just a few doors down, starting to open up and flourish and bring a bit of life to this part of the old city. So continuing with our coffee crawl in East Jerusalem and in the old city, we're here in a store called Abu Atazaman. It's on the shore of Bab al-Jadid, which is the road running just inside of the Newgate. And this is how when you get Turkish coffee served correctly, it's cooked in what's called an Ibrik or a Jezveh in Turkish. Traditionally, they serve it with one of these delightful little glasses, cups. These are actually called finjans in Arabic. Israeli is called the Ibrik, a finjan, which is in incorrect use of the Arabic. So they serve it with this and this. And you usually get a biscuit, a cac or something like that with it. And you get just a little bottle of water as well, because Turkish coffee is strong and short, kind of like espresso. So you just kind of pour your own cup. Given that we've been to two venues already on the coffee call, my hands are a little bit shaky. But this place is super cool. They also do, I've discovered, shepherds, which is one of the two Palestinian beers, brewed I believe in Bethlehem. They have a beer festival soon. They actually have a stout. And of course, being originally from Ireland, if there's any stout, I will try it. So I'm going to have my coffee first, then move on for a bit of stout. So really cool places. If you're looking for a good place to have some really, really authentic Turkish coffee, Arabic coffee, check out some of these venues in the old city. Thanks for watching.


Good day, fellow investors. When it comes to these kinds of situations, as we are seeing today or as we have been seeing over the last weeks, it is more about strategy rather than what is the stock to buy. So I really focused myself these days to finding the best strategy, the best strategy that fits me. And in this video, I really want to share what I found and we're going to discuss the stock market crash, this crash, of course, what's going on, explain it, then why and how the bad news keep on coming and why and how that impacts the market, of course. Then I'm going to go back into history and compare it to other historic stock market crashes from 1990 onwards. And then we are going to see, okay, what was the best strategy that we as investors, not at speculative traders, because I don't think most of you sell your portfolio in the morning and buy in the afternoon. So we are really investors and we have to see how and what is the best strategy. And I'm also going to show you how is my portfolio doing that I started the 1st of January of 2019. So let's immediately dig into the content. We know the stocks are crashing. We are 26, 30% down since the peak, which is total bear market territory. The main thing I hear is that stocks will go down more. And when people think that they panic, they hear a lot of bad news, there is more supply than demand when it comes to stocks. There is uncertainty. Nobody knows when this will end. It will last six months, two years. Nobody knows what will be the economic impact again. Nobody knows, depends on how long it will last till we are all immune, etc. So a lot of uncertainty. Markets don't like uncertainty. Nobody wants to buy because stocks can and probably will go down more. So that's why you see a lot of pressure on the selling side and therefore the result is what we have been seeing. It's simple terms. The exit door is really, really small and many, many try to rush into that and therefore we see stocks down 30% in just a few weeks. So high uncertainty and more bad news day by day and this is the result. If we look at the news a little bit, I think this is the New York time. So close border with Canada, European Union said it would restrict non-essential travel from the rest of the world for 30 days. So really economic lockdown, shutdown, stimulus package faded and didn't revive the markets as expected because that was also an action that we'll see how it will do.  So again, lockdown, can California keep 9 million people at home? So a lot, a lot of bad news out there. And then if we look at a little bit deeper in the news, it's all about panic from opinion. I don't know how I'm going to pay rent next month, Boeing mirrors the economy. It doesn't look good. Layoffs are just starting in the US and the forecasts are bleak. The result is 10% downturns in the market with no end in sight. Further, if you look at what are the projections, some say that there will be 60% of the US infected in the next six months. The US virus plan anticipates 18 month pandemic and widespread shortages. So really, really the situation looks bad.  The first person that I know, I did business with that person in the past. So it's a elderly gentleman about 70 years has unfortunately died. So my condolences to the families, but this is getting really, really serious. And this is also impacting the markets. I really want to go into historic stock market crashes, really show how to behave in a crash, what is important when it comes to a crash, what happened in the past and what might happen also in this case. When? I don't know. But this is my strategy and historically it proved okay for long-term investors. And that's what I'm going to do again. December 1916 to October 1917, down 41%, then it rebounded again. But you can see also that the declines are usually sharp and fast. And then 1990 to August 1921, this is the Dow Jones. We are looking at down 44% in a year, practically down, down, down, down. And again, then it rebounded till 1929, one of the best bull markets in history. The second after the one we have been enjoying for the last 10 years. But then came the Great Depression down 89% over, what is that, three years. So really, really the biggest crash that we know.  A lot of exuberance that resulted then in the crash and the Great Depression. Now, the central banks and everybody are reacting differently than back then. So it might be a positive for the markets. However, let's go a little bit deeper into strategy. And it took, yes, 25 years for the market to recover. But also those that invested, let's say at the bottom in 1941, 1932, they were up 10 times with big dividends from 1931 till 1954. So that's also what I'm waiting for. I don't know when we'll see the bottom, but I know that the purchase I made close to the bottom will probably make up for all the pain that I will be, that I am enduring now and I will be further enduring. So I have to stay liquid. I have to stage my purchases. But if I can buy at the bottom or close at the bottom, that will reward me hugely. So that's also, that's just my strategy. You have to see how that fits your strategy. But you don't have to wait 25 years for the recovery or 20 years from the bottom till the top. The market was already up 4.5 times with big dividends from 1931 to 1937, 1932 in this case. So just a reinvested yearly dividend or two yearly dividends in that bad period. So as Buffett says, you have to invest through thick and thin and especially through thin. So that gives you 4.5 returns usually or something like that if the situation can be and will be compared to the biggest crash in stock market history with the great depression. And that's also something that might give you a positive note on what's going on. So if you keep reinvesting, if you keep liquidity enough, if you stage your purchases and you hit the bottom that will eventually come, the bottom always comes somewhere, then you'll do well and you'll end up richer than you were before this started. So worst case scenario investing, we end up again okay as investors, we accumulate more assets, we accumulate value and that's the whole point of investing. Markets go up and down all the time. When those are up, you can take advantage of them. When those are down, you buy more and take advantage of what others are selling in panic. That's my strategy for as long as I know worked okay in the past. Let's see more downturns from November 1968 to June 1970 down 30%, then again up, then again 45% down from 72 to 74 and even Warren Buffett said that in 50 years, there have been four times that the stock of Berkshire fell from 40% to 60%. So practically every 12 years, his stock, his portfolio fell more than 40%. He was just accumulating businesses and that's also my plan, reinvesting dividends. It's also 32% downturn from August 1987 to November 1987 but then again that was first the bull run up and then just back to where it was in 1986, so not really meaningful. Something closer to today, this is the Dow Jones, the SAP 500 fell close to 50% but then again 34% down from 1999 to September 2002, so pretty significant downturns, however again it's recovered and those that bought September 2002, those were already rewarded pretty, pretty quickly. So that's also one way to look at things. From October 2007 to February 2009, I was mostly buying from May 2009, I started really buying till 2011 but on a market that didn't rebound as fast as the Dow Jones so I had time to accumulate a year or two and then of course it rebounded even faster and my returns were even faster but my market where I was buying this is Croatia fell 80% so I'm used to 80% declines, I survived already one also in Argentina last summer and that's investing, that's something that I accept as volatility and try to buy the bottom and then see how it works out in the future. I can lose 100% of my position depending on where but I can make 5 to 10 times my money especially in current situations and now we are 30% down perhaps when you will be watching this in a few hours or tomorrow will be 45 or something like that but that's the market and that's something we can't control, the news is there, we don't know what will happen, it's hard to forecast anything at current time so focus on value and see how long can you stage your liquidity and how long can you be patient but start taking advantage of what's going on. So the conclusion, nobody knows how long and what will be the impact, bad news continues, market continues to fall, volatility is a certainty, that's a given as investors we can only buy value when we like it, keep having liquidity, reinvest and buy more if it goes lower, the bottom purchase will be the most rewarding, will cover for the current pain and do I know where it will be, unfortunately, no. On my portfolio, so started this portfolio with 100,000 in January of 2019 staging a little bit the liquidity, building it through 2019 and adding money but I call it my lump sum 100,000 portfolio, I am down 14% since inception so it doesn't even look that bad of course 2019 was a great year but we are just back if there wasn't the bonus the jump up in 2019 and I was down what 13-14% since started in January of 2019 it wouldn't even feel bad so it doesn't even feel bad now and if it goes lower I still have some liquidity and these are the positions that are discussed here on YouTube so Kudian this is just the profits purchased, sold when it went up, took out the profits and those profits are going down and down but okay and then Vedanta also discussed here so I have now 10% of my portfolio and I have to see how to balance that cash that I have left the 9,000 stage a little bit did the purchase last week will do a purchase probably things continue like those are going on in the coming weeks and months and then of course we'll try to borrow some money to increase the long term returns and also increase the returns here to leverage a little bit the returns with limited risk of margin calls etc that was the strategy of my portfolio and I will simply stick to it so thank you for watching looking forward to comments subscribe click that notification bell to be notified when a video comes out I'll be back to my normal research soon researching stocks researching businesses learning about businesses and see how those though their outlooks are for the next 5 to 10 years and then buying the best businesses we can find thank you and I'll see you in the next video


Hi everyone, welcome back to the Technology Group. Our next session is brought to us by Michelle Lomond from Southwest Tape in Victoria, Australia. Michelle is going to show us how to get the most from H5P in Moodle. If you have any questions, as always, post them in the forum and we'll try and get to them at the end of the presentation. Michelle's also going to jump in and respond to any issue you can. Welcome, Michelle. Thank you very much. Welcome to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, where it is currently 9pm. So that means it has to be story time. So I hope you're ready for a good story because once upon a time in a land far, far away, down under, there was a girl who fell madly in love with Moodle. And wherever the girl went, Moodle went too. That is actually kind of handy during what we're experiencing the zombie apocalypse at the moment. So the girl spends every day with Moodle and turns out her job is to make Moodle magic and that includes making Moodle courses and activities and these days a lot of that magic includes using H5P. Now, as it turns out, one of the positive things about a zombie apocalypse is that since March, the requests for Moodle magic has actually tripled. Go figure. So in this Moodle site that we're going to look at today, there's now over 800 H5P activities. So let's go explore some of them. The really cool thing about H5P is that you can either have it as a sequence of activities and content or you can get rid of the old score form and you can have it as a package in its own or a module. And so on this screen, for instance, you're seeing some examples of H5P used for staff training and some of those are sequences and some of them are individual modules that staff undertake. But let's go and explore some of my favourite H5P tools. Now, the column tool has actually turned out to be my top favourite. Now, if you are someone who tends to develop in, say, Rise or Adapt, you'd be quite familiar with this sort of layout. So particularly good these days for a lot of users on the smaller screens where scrolling is a lot easier for them than, say, flipping pages. So in the column tool in H5P, you can actually put together a sequence of activities and content and you can put it in any sequence that you like. So in this case, this one came from Beauty Course. And on the next slide we're looking at, this is from a tourism course. And as I said, you can sequence things in any order you like and it can be good for things like, so the tourism wanted to ask a whole bunch of questions and a quiz, well, they can get overwhelming after a while. So this was great because we could use some question sets so that users could tackle little chunks rather than being overwhelmed by a huge screen full of questions. And in this example from Beauty, and I'd have to say if Hair and Beauty and Nursing and the other practical courses that we're looking at can use Moodle during the zombie apocalypse, then any course can leverage online. So in this particular case, students view a video and then underneath it are a sequence of questions and you can have a whole bunch of different question types in there. And some of the different content types or activity types that you might want to put in there include in this case we have some flash cards which we're going to have a look at a little bit later on. And also followed up by an essay question which is one of my favourite tools in H5P now. So we will focus on that one coming up as well. So as I said, you can have a whole bunch of different types of questions in a column and when you do that you'll then have the option in the back end of a whole bunch of different settings. So you can control settings for individual questions as well as for the entire column tool as well which makes it really powerful and quite flexible as well. One of my other favourite tools has to be the course presentation. So if you're a fan of the old Scorn package then the course presentation tool might be a good one for you whereas the column was really good for if you're into Rise and Adapt and like the scrolling. So course presentation as I was looking at earlier can be a sequence of activities or you can have it just as one single package. So we're going to have a look at a use here where it was actually used to create like a gaming type experience. So each level of the game used different types of H5P tools. So this allows you to actually look at the learning outcomes and have some variety so you don't have that boredom but you also have consistency as well. So in this level I've used some drag and drop. And what I would recommend if you were going to do something like this is if you've got access to a good range of vector images it's going to make your life a lot simpler. In the next level some different question types have been used and the cool thing here is that you can have different types of questions and you can have a slide background to provide a little bit more interest. Now I usually fade out my background images and you can also control the opacity of the question as well so a little bit of white behind the question to provide a little bit more contrast between your background image and your question and you can also see that you've got quite a few ways of navigating by using cause presentation as well. Now in the third level of this game different content tool again and in this particular case the users had to look at some different email examples and so there were 10 different emails and they had to identify whether they were real or scam but a lot easier than well you would think it would be easier than it actually was and so I've allowed people to retry this as well and again enabling them to navigate a few different ways. Now in this version of the course presentation I actually chose to put a series of questions all on the same slide. Now I don't often do this but it provided a little bit of variety throughout the course presentation and I were very short questions and I purposely chose the true false question type because it allowed me to put the feedback directly on the screen and in this particular case the feedback was really important and was part of the learning journey and so once again you can see we've got lots of different ways of people navigating and we've also got the full screen option which is really handy as well. On this one Dragon Drop came into play. Now a couple of tips when you're doing some Dragon Drop on the top right I've got a full screen button option for the Dragon Drop as well. One tip with that don't put your drop zones over the top of where that button would appear because otherwise the button looks like it's going to work but it actually doesn't because it's been covered. The other tip with Dragon Drop is to play with the display settings because you want to maximise your screen size but you don't want users having to actually scroll so you might have to do a little bit of playing around with your image sizes and the H5P tool has a display setting size as well. Now the other option in a course presentation, we were looking at some different question pipes before so here it's a question set which is really good for minimising the number of slides you have to have in your course presentation. The only thing is there's always one chair in every group of students. You know them, you've had them and they're the one that don't realise that there's actually more than one question on your slide so you may want to provide a little prompt there just to remind them that there might be four or five questions that they happen to be answering and one of the other really powerful tools happens to be scenario. Now if you've ever used the lesson tool in Moodle this one will be relatively familiar to you. It's quite powerful. The only caveat or downside to that would be that you've got to do a little bit of planning first so if we take a look at what that entails in the back end of scenario so what you need to do is work out what pathway do you want learners to take. Now the really great thing about scenario like column or course presentation you can actually include a variety of different H5P activity types and content types in here but you don't have the full way so do be aware of that but it does also allow you to bring in content say from Photoshop or some animations in there as well. I would recommend that you do work out let's say do you want them to definitely get the answer right before they can move on. So for instance if we were to compare that with on the left here we have the Moodle lesson so the back end setting that up and then on the right here we have the H5P scenario back end so it's actually quite similar similar learning curve but in both cases you need to figure out what pathway do you want people to take and I would say when you're setting either of them up use meaningful names when you set up the varying pages in those or slides in the scenario case because you're going to have to link to them and you want to know which one you're actually linking to you can outsmart yourself pretty quickly always fun now one of my new favourite H5P activity types is the essay so most of us are really big fans of Moodle quiz for instance and Moodle lesson etc probably one of the things as teachers that we don't enjoy doing is marking and with us doing a lot more online learning with our students it gets a bit onerous if we're marking everything so the cool thing about the essay tool is you can take questions where you want the students to type in answers and you can have Moodle market for you winning so for instance in the top right there let's say that you've got a question where there's potentially 10 different answers and you'd accept any of them but let's say that you want the learner to type in five correct responses for them to get a tick for that so all we do is we tell Moodle hey here's the question here's 10 potential answers that can get a tick and you can tell it as long as they get five of those they're going to get a tick for that and the cool thing is that we can then say so you can see here that the show solution button then becomes available so you can control when that does become available I mean I said it once I got everything right but they can then have a look at hey here were the other five that you could have used as well so it is a really cool tool if we unpack this a little bit further couple of tips when you're setting up an essay it will ask you for a title and for any question whether it be an essay or multiple choice question any time you've got questions built into H5P I do recommend you put some meaningful names for your questions a couple of reasons for that when you go to link to something or you're reordering something if they're not titled they don't mean anything to you and again you've outsmarted yourself the other reason is the summary slide so on a lot of these tools like course presentation for instance you will have a summary slide now if you don't name your questions well then on the summary slide it will just come up as untitled and that's really not helpful to the learner or to you when you're going in and reviewing things so to set up the essay question we pop in the name of the question in the task description we tell the learner here's the question here's what I want you to do and in this case I've popped in the sample solution that will pop up for them as well now also when you happen to be setting this one up there's a couple of ways you can use this and again I'm really good at outsmarting myself setting this one up so tips from the one who has looked it up many times so one way is to say for instance in this case we've got four things that we're looking for there's four things keywords that we want the learner to type in they could be words they could be phrases and the good thing about this is for each one of those four we can put in some variations so let's say that it doesn't have to be the exact phrase or we know they often misspell something you can put in some variations for that the alternative to that let's say that going back to the example of there were 10 possible answers where I need five I would stick all of them into one of these little keyword cards and put all 10 into there and the reason for that is that in the settings you can say that there are five occurrences that I'm looking for so we can see on the left here that I could change the occurrences to five so it would then look for hey did they get five of the 10 the other couple of settings on that one I usually disable case sensitive unless you have a very good reason to otherwise change that and I have my weak moments where apparently I'm a little bit nice and I enable forgive minor mistakes just in case they have a bit of a courting moment and they haven't typed it in quite correctly on the right hand side I tend to do things like say how many characters they need to type in and the reason I do that is so that they can't just hit the check button okay see I'm mean so I make them type something in at the very least before they can progress further the other thing I use is the input field size so there's two reasons for manipulating that number one maximize your screen size so if you have everything set to 10 lines you're not going to get a lot in before they're scrolling and the second reason is that it helps the learner to basically understand how much of an answer are you looking for are you looking for a short phrase or are you looking for a paragraph of text and the bottom there on the right I always articulate what is the passing percentage that I'm after in this case it was 100% and then a very popular tool interactive video now it's very cool so you can take a YouTube video for instance or one you create yourself and you can specify that at certain points in time the video will pause and a question will pop up now a couple of tips with this one is when you add a question you've got two ways of it by default it's a button and I have found that sometimes learners miss the button and so I always set mine to be poster which is the version that you're seeing on the screen there's a whole bunch of different question types that you can add in there which is really cool and what I also love is on the right there let's say if you think back to your classroom delivery I know it seems like a really long time ago now work with me that you're showing a video and often you would pause that and you would provide some commentary to that so what you can do in here is rather than asking a question you can actually provide some text the other thing I tend to do with interactive video is I stop the letter from fast forwarding I told you I mean so what I do is I basically force it that they start the video keeps going reaches a question pauses and so the question continues on etc the big tip though is to make sure that you do specify again your summary slide because you want the score to count but the great thing is that summary slide doesn't actually have to be at the end of the video it can be halfway through the video if that's all you need so it's a really cool feature for you to leverage a specifying why is it all wrapped up now as good as interactive video is it may not always be the best choice so let's say you've got a great video and you want to ask a series of questions some of them are self-marking but perhaps you would like to use that essay type question now it can be a bit awkward when you're trying to put big questions into a video so in this case it was using the column tool with the video at the top and then a series of questions following that now hopefully you're not feeling like this by this point in time again it's 9.30 at night here at Melbourne so have another sip of coffee nothing that can't be fixed by caffeine and let's keep exploring. Question set is a really cool tool you want to quickly add a set of questions to a modal course it's an option instead of using the modal quiz you don't have to in this case here we've used it for a beauty course now if you do have a question set of course there's always some options both for each question and for the entire tool as well if you need to h5p I would say stick with the default settings see how that looks then change one scene and then see how it looks otherwise you could again outsmart yourself drag and drop really visual really engaging really popular with teachers and learners again if you've got good access to some images that really helps on the left here we've got an example from a nursing course and so this was instead of always being text based so this allows them to say to the learner drag the process into the right order using images and on the right was from a first aid module identified just by dragging and dropping the critters as to how to treat them. Some other drag and drop options here we've got one from tourism and another one from hair and beauty and couple of tips again so I talked about having good sources of images but also compress your images down be nice when it comes to bandwidth and the other tip is don't have too many drag and drop options it gets very overwhelming and bear in mind that they might be on a smaller screen size than you are and again watch out for the full screen size that you make sure that with that full screen button put your drop zones over the top of that again unless you don't like the learner and the other tip would drag and drop so for instance here the learner had to drag the items into the correct disposed bin now you could actually say that items could go into multiple bins I chose not to in this case because the downside of that is when you drag something yes it appears in the drop zone but it still remains where you took it from which can become a little bit confusing as to which ones you've completed drag the words so very similar to the drag and drop that we've looked at but quicker and easier to set up the only thing we can outsmart yourself here not that I would know of course is you could have an ambiguous answer so that simply means that one of these answers could potentially live in more than one spot now that's okay if you meant that to happen often it happens when you didn't mean it just fake it to you make it if that happens that's the only thing to watch out for with that one hotspots is another really interactive engaging visual tool so for instance here again this came from Heron beauty where they wanted to have a very simple manual handling example the user just has to click on the best option on the right they go and look at a safety data sheet there's a link for the safety data sheet there and then they come back and click on the correct icons to indicate which parts were indicated in the safety data sheet. Some other examples down on the bottom left noticing wanted students to identify where should you stick someone savagely with the needle so there are multiple spots that the student is looking for and again you can build in feedback that pops up with these things as well and tell them you're looking for 10 different spots and on the right this one came from massage where we're asking the student to click on the correct spot to find the chakra for each of those locations and hotspots can also be used for content so let's say for instance here we've got an image where the user clicks on the little I icons and then some content pops up from that and then there's a series of questions after it such as the essay type question flashcards old school digital style really popular with teachers and learners and there's two main types you can leverage on the top right there all the learner has to do is figure out what the answer should be flip the card over really handy when let's say there might be more than one answer or perhaps the language skills aren't that great in the bottom left there we have another one where for instance let's say that you really wanted them to spell it correctly you want an exact answer so in this case the learner has to type in the answer and hit check and it'll flip it over and give them some feedback now flashcards can be a great alternative to just doing quiz after quiz it's also great for mastery because sometimes learners become a little bit shy when they're always getting scored on things or when they think you're always being pinned with a notification that they've done something so do think of them for any time that you would like students to practice and understand things I was actually really surprised how popular this one was it's just a word search and people love it go figure the tip I would give you for this one is I usually provide a PDF version as well just because there's always someone who still uses Internet Explorer don't know why but they do so in case you've got any browser issues or screen size issues then a PDF version can be a great backup for this one now let's have a little behind the scenes couple of tips with some of the settings of any of these puppies all of the H5P activities and content types have display options now remembering the awesome thing now is you can put H5P wherever you like be nice with this one I tend to keep the interface pretty clean so I disable these options unless I am going to go and embed it somewhere else so I untick these ones but that's at your discretion some of the other settings that you have available to you are things like grades so I use H5P so I don't use them for formal assessment tasks so here I keep my grader reports clean and neat and tidy and organized so I tell H5P hey pop this into the activities category and this is the grade to pass the maximum grade is an easy one to figure out it will come from your summary slide or if you're using the column tool just hit all the check buttons and it will tell you what the scoring would have been so you can then populate that now some of the other settings that you can look at if you're in the course presentation set this mode super awesome you can remove all of the different types of navigation and put in your own don't do that until the end until you figure everything out you might want to duplicate your activity first and make sure you get a little back up obviously because you can't undo that setting I mean as I said earlier so I untick the show solution in the summary slide I do allow them to retry to their hearts content and you might decide to enable the print button as well depending on what you've got in your presentation with course presentation though my top tip is often users miss the summary slide and therefore this score won't be recorded so on the last slide of all of my course presentations I put a little prompt with a reminder with a little example button there as well actually hyperlink to the summary slide just in case they're trying to click on that instead of the button down on the bottom right I just decided to try and minimise the issues they might experience at the end here there's other options with drag and drop so show title I actually get rid of that because Moodle already shows the title so I don't need to have that twice like a little bit more screen size and I do make sure that the user actually has to have a go at things before they can see solutions as well told you I mean if you're in multiple choice lots of different options there just like when you're doing a Moodle quiz again I get rid of the show solution button you don't have to a big tip though is if you let's say have a question that has five answers you're looking for three of them I would actually click the one point for the whole task in that case unless you want them to know that there's three out of five that you're looking for again put what percentage that you're looking for for their pass and that can be anything that works for you this is my final thought for today so remember Moodle can help you to create some epically shockingly wonderful stuff enjoy the mood happy Moodling and you can catch me on any of these channels here and I'm going to ask tomorrow to let me know if there's any questions I need to be answering at this point Hi Michelle we've had a lot of questions come through on the forum the tips that you've been sending our way I've just posted a couple in the chat there one is how do you ensure that the interaction works on mobile devices they've found responsive design a challenge on H5P I agree it can be a challenge I view it kind of akin to you can't test in every browser in every device but if you pick a few different ways that you're going to test and just check things out and do bear in mind that H5P libraries do update separately to Moodle so you might want to check things again when you've done a bit of an update so that's where I will sometimes do things like check logs to see how many of my users are leveraging say for instance the app and then test a lot maybe in the app or are they only using the browser on their mobile so there are some activities that I would say probably don't work spectacularly well at the moment on mobile but a lot of them if you think about chunking things down it will work for you one more here how can you get learning analytics out of H5P the favourite terminology learner analytics so that will depend on the version of Moodle you're using and whether you're using the plugin or now the integration of it I can tell you I'm on with the plugin and I have the best web developer in the world that works with me and so basically our teachers can go to the grader report click on the activity the H5P activity and then they can see a report and that's not something we've built we've just I think she went to one of the forums to find out how to do it so it's really powerful for that I would say though always put the emphasis on the learner allowing them to see how they're going and that's what they really love from that. Fantastic like I said there are a lot of questions in the forums so we might have the HQ team and Michelle jump on when they have an opportunity to to respond to some of those questions thank you so much Michelle there's lots of fantastic feedback on your presentation here and some of those great tips the essay tool in particular looks really interesting and I'm sure we'll have more feedback on that in the forum thank you so much for your time I know it's late there so I'll let you head off to bed and we'll have some time off now before the next session thanks again Michelle. Thank you very much. Thanks bye