What's happening guys, this was another video that was highly requested by my subscribers. We are going to be ranking the most common liberal arts degrees from the best which would be S tier to the worst which would be F tier. Liberal arts degrees are some of the lowest paying with some of the highest unemployment rates and those that are employed a lot of the time end up working completely unrelated low paying jobs in order to try to pay off their mountain of student loan debt and they get mad at the world and purposely misspell everybody's names in order to ironically show how much they learn from their expensive education. No all joking aside I know they do that on purpose it's just a marketing thing. Some of these degrees from a personal finance perspective are going to be better than others. It's never that simple that these types of degrees are bad and these types of degrees are good so in this video I'm going to be going over which ones are good and which ones are not so good and then which ones are just plain bad. Before we jump into it gently tap the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm and let's get started. All right so first on the list is going to be anthropology. This is the study of human societies as well as their development. At the beginning of their career the first five years are going to make somewhere around $42,000 a year and then after the first 10 years aka mid-career pay you'll make on average around $70,000. Now these definitely aren't the best numbers if you compare them to some of the better degrees on the list or really any of the degrees on the list. On top of that it's going to be pretty tough to even find a job in anthropology and so for that reason a lot of the people who graduate with this degree will end up working in completely different fields. Now it is an undeniably interesting subject that's why over 10,000 people every single year graduate with this degree. With that being said interesting subject not very much market demand and so for that reason this one is going to go into F tier. F for forever and debt. Hey and if you think I'm being too mean here there's nothing wrong with following your passions I've said this over and over again as long as you make sure that you have enough freedom coupons to pay for your day-to-day expenses or as like the government calls them monies and having a few extra fun coupons to enjoy life isn't a bad thing either but if you can't make any money from your passions then keep doing them just do them as hobbies or at the very least if you still want to do it professionally don't spend $80,000 on a college degree go $40,000 in debt instead don't go to college and start a youtube channel or a blog about your passion instead. Next one on the list is going to be archaeology and this one is very similar to anthropology but it's even worse now this one is the study of human history and prehistory mostly through the analysis of artifacts and physical remains with this degree you'll start off making $43,000 a year and mid-career pay is going to be around $65,000 now as you can probably imagine there's pretty much no jobs available as archaeologists or anthropologists a few jobs that are available are going to require at the very least like a master's degree maybe even a doctorate and there's not even that many of those available archaeologists and anthropologists are going to make around $63,000 a year there's 6,500 jobs available and it is saying that it's growing at 10% which is faster than average but 10% of 6,500 isn't that much that's 650 and when you consider that 10,000 people are graduating with this degree every single year the numbers just don't make sense and I know that a few people unsubscribe whenever I give my practical advice like this and I have a message for you okay who are you just kidding but seriously I tell you guys this stuff because I care about you and I want you to make good decisions for your future and you're not going to be able to make good decisions unless you're well informed next one on the list is going to be criminal justice this one is basically the study of the delivery of justice for those who have committed crimes crimes all the way from stealing to much more serious crimes such as for getting to smash the like button on one of my videos I will find you now you'd think that you could become a police officer with this one and that's right you can the only issue here is the vast majority of the time you don't need to get this degree in order to become a police officer a lot of the time you don't need to get any degree at all sure there are very specific circumstances where getting this type of degree from a certain program might help you to achieve a particular career that you're going for but for the most part you absolutely don't need it still a ton of people graduate with this degree every single year over 40,000 now you'll start off making around $43,000 a year and mid-career pay is going to be 71,000 it's also good to note that the meaning percentage is going to be around 57% which is much higher than average now overall these stats are still pretty mediocre but the reason this one's better than some of the jobs I already mentioned is there are actual jobs out there that you can get you don't actually need to get this degree in order to get most of those jobs however there are jobs that you can get that make sense if you get this degree so this one is going to go into C tier C for criminal minds is the best crime show let's be honest now if you play your cards right this one could be good but if not the student loans that you get is going to be nasty next one on the list is going to be communications and this is one of the most popular degrees out there a ton of people graduate with this degree every single year in fact it's over 80,000 now this one is the study about how to effectively communicate information in the different various fields this one is a very popular one it seems for people who either have no idea what they're doing or they're student athletes and they're just trying to take the easiest class as possible now the big problem with this degree in my opinion is that it's just way too general sure being able to communicate information is a valuable skill but so is being able to continue breathing you're not technically wrong about that but you're also not going to be able to find a job in breathing this one is going to go into D tier D for difficulty level is one out of ten next on the list is going to be economics and this is the study of the production consumption and transfer of wealth now with this degree you can expect to earn around 56,000 starting out and that nearly doubles in mid career pay to a hundred and seven thousand dollars these are by far the best statistics on the list and honestly it isn't even close it can be a little bit tough for you to get your first job but once you do you get some experience you get your foot in the door you're going to be golden there's also a ton of different options for people who graduate with an economics degree some of them will end up working in the finance industry for instance this one is going to go into S tier S for solid next one on the list is going to be education and I think this one is pretty self-explanatory you get an education degree in order to become a teacher some of you might even be watching this in class right now when you're supposed to be paying attention to the teacher just kidding I make family friendly content on this channel but my demographic definitely isn't kids because I want to remain monetized thanks Susan now you're going to start off making around 41,000 a year and mid career pay is going to be 63,000 on top of that it has a pretty good meaning score at 67% still the pay here is obviously extremely low and for that reason this one just isn't a very good opportunity I wish it was but it isn't this one is going to go into D tier D for disappointed in our education system next one on the list is going to be geography this is the study of the physical features of the earth as well as the distribution of human population and activities now you can expect to make around 45,000 a year starting out and 76,000 in mid career pay these are okay numbers overall but nothing to get excited about it does amaze me how few people know basic geography though like it never ceases to amaze me this one is going to go into C tier C for England is my city next one on the list is going to be history and I think this one is pretty self-explanatory as well you can make around 44,000 a year starting out and mid career pay is going to be $80,000 a year this is actually one of my favorite subjects but of course I would never pick it as a career because of the fact that there's almost no jobs out there for historians and something that you really love to do but it doesn't have any market demand aka nobody is willing to pay you money in order to do it is what's called a hobby so instead I just do it on the side I listen to podcasts and I watch YouTube channels and blogs and all that sort of thing this one is going to go into D tier D for check out Dan Carlin's hardcore history if you like history as well next one on the list is going to be linguistics this is the scientific study of language and its structure so this one is going to start off at 48,000 dollars a year and mid career pay is going to be 79,000 not as bad as you probably thought but still not that great either this one is going to go into D tier as well D for Dothraki next on the list is going to be political science the branch of knowledge that deals with the systems of government and the analysis of political activity and behavior so for instance you might study why congress can't get the freaking second stimulus package passed with this degree you're going to start off at 46,000 dollars a year and the mid career pay is going to be around 89,000 this is one of the better options on the list for sure along with the pretty decent salary there's also a lot of government related jobs that you can get with this degree those jobs tend to not only pay well but they also have really good benefits this one is going to go into A tier A for am I the only one who's sick and tired of hearing about politics 24 7 next one on the list is going to be philosophy this is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge reality and existence now this is an interesting one for sure because the numbers for this one actually aren't that bad this one you're going to start off at 47,000 dollars a year and then it's going to be 87,000 for mid career pay of course there aren't that many jobs out there for philosophers as you can probably imagine however I think the reason this one has pretty decent numbers is this is a subject that attracts a lot of very smart people these are the types of people that can go out and do a bunch of other things in their life as well you could also make a good argument that although it might not directly lead to you getting a really good paying job it might teach you a lot of practical knowledge that will indirectly lead to you having a better life in general and also making more money I'm going to go ahead and put this one into B tier B for books are free at your local library next one on the list is going to be psychology this is the scientific study of the human mind as well as its functions now psychology is one of the most popular majors out there it's got over a hundred thousand people graduating with this degree every single year I have a very strong opinion on psychology and it's pretty unpopular but it's a completely overrated degree is there a need for mental health professionals in the US and probably all over the world especially with this lockdown and everything that's going on right now yes however at least here in the US most of these jobs require at least a master's bare minimum you've got to have a master's and a lot of them even require a doctoral level degree with a four-year bachelor degree you will be lucky to find a really crappy psychology job where everybody else is trying to get the same job you're not getting paid that well you're going to get worked really hard and if you don't like it there's 10 other unemployed psychology grads that would be happy to take your place this is a basic supply and demand principle here a ton of people love psychology and there's not that many jobs out there for psychologists and so the supply is much more than the demand still if you are willing to go to graduate school and you know what you're getting yourself into you know that you're going to have to go to graduate school don't be surprised after four years and you can't find a job there definitely is a need for this degree at the master's or the doctoral level but in terms of an undergraduate degree I'm going to have to go ahead and put this one into D tier D for the most overrated degree may be the most overrated next one on the list is going to be urban and regional planning this is going to be the study of the development as well as the design of land that people will inhabit these are basically the people that make sure that traffic doesn't end up in your city like it is in LA you start off making around forty seven thousand dollars a year and mid-career pay is going to be around eighty eight thousand with a pretty nice meaning score of fifty four percent this is actually a pretty decent degree and I think it can be pretty useful this one is going to go into B tier B for I bet a few of you are watching this while you're stuck in traffic next one on the list is going to be most studies related degrees so these are going to be degrees that have the word studies in it these degrees tend to be really really bad an example of this would be child and family studies which starts off making thirty three thousand dollars a year and then forty two thousand is the mid-career pay or of course the infamous gender studies degree which starts off making forty two thousand dollars a year and mid-career pay is fifty seven thousand that's awful and many of the other studies degrees are just like this they're not going to teach you any of the skills that are in demand in the real world they might be super interesting subjects I'm not arguing with you there maybe double major in them if you really love them minor in them if you kind of like them a little bit study them on the side all you want but do not major in these types of degrees this one is going to go into F tier F for these degrees will prepare you to be a fast food worker there's a few things that I want to talk about when it comes to liberal arts related degrees that are specific to these now first of all I want to talk about number one thing is you need to learn marketable skills although a lot of these degrees are very interesting they might help you a lot in your life they might enrich your life all of that is great it's tough to justify how learning these types of skills is going to get you a good job I think double majoring in these degrees if you're really passionate about one of them is a great idea minoring in it is a good idea as well studying it on the side is awesome but don't do it as your primary degree unless we're talking about economics or one of the better ones on the list what you really want to do instead is focus on learning marketable skills and by that I mean skills that people in the real world are willing to pay you money in order for you to do professionally number two I want to talk about getting work or internship experience so this is very important especially when it comes to these types of degrees you really want to figure out what type of career you're going for and then figure out the steps that you need to get there I talk about this all the time but one of the most important steps you'll find in just about any degree or career that you're going for is working slash getting internship experience number three on this list I want to talk about networking now networking is one of those things that scares a lot of people and I get it I'm an introvert too I wasn't always very good at networking and I've been trying to get a little bit better about it now if you know what career you're going for networking becomes so much easier a lot of the time people just go to random events and they just try to randomly meet people and it's like they don't even know why they're meeting people they're just doing it just to do it because they heard that it's a good idea realistically if you know what career you're going for you're going to know what clubs you should join you're going to know what events that you should go to there are a lot of people out there who are at a certain position and they might be looking for someone that they can teach and mentor and then there's a lot of people out there that are looking for mentors number four on this list I want to talk about double majoring or minoring and something else so if you want to go for one of these degrees that's either C tier or lower you're probably going to want to double major in something else it's a little more practical or you might want to major in something that's practical and then just minor in one of these gently tap the like button hit the subscribe button ring the notification bell and comment down below any thoughts comments criticisms etc and definitely make sure to check out my other videos right here I made them just for you


We're now going to take another look at the Bernoulli equation, and in this case we're going to be looking at an engineering application, a device called the pedotube, sometimes called the pedostatic tube, and this is used for velocity measurement. So what we're going to do, we're going to look at the relationship within the Bernoulli's equation. We ask ourselves the question, what happens when the velocity along a streamline comes to zero, and this is kind of important to the measurement of the pedostatic tube itself.  I'll show you in a moment, but this is a tube that is placed within a flow, and it is connected at the back here to a cavity, and I'll say that that is measuring Pc, so pressure at C. The point here, I'll call that point B, and here we have some streamlines coming towards that tube placed in a flow. We have other streamlines going around the tube, and I'll call this point here point D, and I'll say this is P1. Now what happens is we have a thing called a stagnation streamline, and that's the streamline that I have right in the middle here, and what happens is the flow comes along, comes along, and it slows, slows, slows, eventually gets to this point, and it hits B, and at that point it does what we call stagnation. It stops, and consequently we sometimes call that the stagnation streamline, but the characteristic is that the velocity at B is equal to zero, and consequently what this pressure is measuring is what we call the total pressure in the flow, and so I'll say Pb is equal to P0. That is the way that we refer to the total pressure, and another pressure measurement that we're making here. I'm just going to assume that we have a wall over here, and this will be point A, and we'll call this a static pressure tap, and so this will be measuring what we call P infinity, or the static pressure in the flow. So with this scenario, what we're now going to do, let's take a look at Bernoulli's equation for this particular configuration, and so that is Bernoulli's equation, and what we're doing, we're evaluating it between two points, point A, which would be similar to point D, because that is a static condition, and the other point we had was point B, so point B is where the flow is stagnating, and what we're going to do, we're going to assume that zA is approximately equal to zB, not much of an elevation change, even if we're dealing with water or air. The other thing that we said is that at point B the velocity comes to zero, and consequently at point B the pressure being measured is P naught, or the total pressure in the flow. So with that, I will rewrite Bernoulli's equation, and remember we said that at point B the velocity is zero, and consequently the velocity term is zero, and we said that that is equal to this P naught, which is what we call the total pressure, and so at this point velocity is equal to zero, and PA, that is measuring the static pressure in the flow. It's basically a very smooth surface where you're just measuring the free stream velocity within the flow, or the local velocity at that point, and so the velocity is not being hindered at all by the pressure measurement at that location. So we're measuring pressure at a location where V is equal to V local, sometimes with P infinity that would be V is equal to V infinity, so that would be out in an undistorted streamline, but you can also measure static pressure along a wall. So with this, what we're now going to do, we're going to try to solve for the velocity at A, and we end up with this equation here. So what does this tell us? That tells us that with Bernoulli's equation, if we are able to measure this pressure for the stagnation streamline, and if we're also able to measure PA, which was what we called the static pressure, and usually I'll show you a thing called the pedostatic tube next, and we do that by making a measurement at this location, and knowing density of whatever fluid we're dealing with, let's say we're dealing with air, that would be P over RT. Knowing the density of the fluid, this then enables us a way, if we can measure P naught minus PA, and if we know density, we can then solve for the velocity and air upstream of that particular location, and so that is the premise behind the pedotube. What we'll do in the next segment is we'll take a look at the application of this, and we'll crunch some numbers to see what types of results we get using this relationship from the pedostatic tube.


5. Communicative activities to practice the past perfect continuous tense. When it comes to more complex English tenses, students often get frustrated. The following ideas will help you to organize your past perfect continuous lesson in a close to real life way to achieve better understanding for your students. 1. How long? Write several time indicators on small slips of paper, one year, three months, ten weeks, fifteen minutes and etc. The students need to draw a picture and tell what they had been doing for that length of time before any other event. For example, a student who draws one year could say I had been learning English for one year before coming to the UK. Make sure that every student gets at least one turn. 2. Reporting past speech. Divide the students into pairs. S1 makes a statement using the past continuous. S2 changes it to reported speech using the past perfect continuous. For example, S1 says, I was doing my homework. S2 says, he says he had been doing his homework. 3. Quite a change. Ask your students about their previous experiences. If your students traveled abroad their lives there were probably different. So, the students can share something they'd been doing abroad before they came back home. For example, I'd been hiking in the mountains. 4. Interview. In pairs, the students need to ask each other questions on various important events in their past. Then, they interview each other reporting what they had been doing before those events. Each person should share their partner's answer with the class. 5. The past perfect continuous crocodile. In front of the class, one student mimes a daily activity while others keep their eyes closed. On the teacher signal that student freezes in a pose and the other students open their eyes. The whole class then guesses what the volunteer had been doing before they open their eyes. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course.


So, good morning, good morning, good morning everyone. So, welcome back to my channel. This is Jomar Adams once again and I'm very excited to learn with you once again. So again, I just want to welcome everyone back and I hope that you will be enjoying our opportunity and our time to learn today. So, let's dig into our topic which is very much timely and very important in our generation today. So, we are gonna talk about your human immunodeficiency virus also known as your HIV and it is very important because as medical technologists, as medical practitioners, most probably this would be one of the most common disease that we will be encountering in our practice. So, let's dig into our human immunodeficiency virus right away. So, a quick history. Let's go back to the past. Let's go back to the past and learn all about your HIV. So, the first sign of HIV pandemic actually begun in 1989 with an official report of a cluster of cases of pneumonia due to pneumocystis carainii or your pneumocystis gyrovetchi. It is in previously healthy young homosexual men in Los Angeles. So, I don't maybe already have watched a lot of documentary or a lot of movies actually with regards to the rise, with regards to the pandemic of HIV that happened in 1980s. So, most of the time, most of these patients actually appear to have a cluster of pneumonia and when they actually tested the specimens of the patient, they actually have linked it all to your pneumocystis carainii or your pneumocystis gyrovetchi. And at that time, they know that they thought that it was just simply your pneumocystis. It's just a pneumonia. But not until similar cases had been reported but on a much larger cluster of cases now, not only showing your pneumonia but also its caposi sarcoma also in young homosexuals. And that had been an alarm not only to the public but also, of course, to our health sectors. So during this time, they actually observed that most of this patient doesn't only have your pneumonia but they also are showing symptoms of caposi sarcoma. So during this time, they actually had much of the investigation and they found out that common characteristic among them was a severe and a generalized immune deficiency. So that is one thing that they actually have a hint of already. As you can see, all patients that actually are mostly young homosexual men, they actually observed that not only does they have pneumonia but they also have caposi sarcoma and eventually they found out that all of these patients are also immuno-suppressed or are immuno-deficient. So as you can see, that is the appearance of a caposi sarcoma. So not until Francois Barré-Sinosi and Luce Montagnier isolated a sample from a patient in 1983 that was also taken from a male homosexual that they actually was not unprecedented. They actually would found out the causative agent or the underlying cause of these diseases. Of course, we know that caposi sarcoma is caused by your herpes, your pneumonia is already caused by your pneumocystis carini, but they actually know at the time, they actually are hypothesizing that this must be something bigger than those virus and bacteria causing it. So at the time with the identification of the virus, agents were soon developed. So it was these two great scientists who discovered your human immuno-deficiency virus and during that time, they know that they have to work fast similarly to what is happening right now in our case now that we have your ECQ because of the pandemic corona virus. So during that time, after the identification of the virus, reagents were immediately developed. So they have to develop reagents that would identify, that would actually help in the diagnostic processes and eventually with the reagent, it was proven that earliest case of infection by HIV-1 came from a person in Central Africa in 1959 and imagine that it was around 1980s when they found it out and most of the patients that are actually showing pneumonia and even your Kaposi sarcoma are already patient with advanced stage of not just HIV, but of AIDS. So during that time, they also was able to identify in the case of the 1986, the 1980s pandemic, they were actually able to identify that it was your human immunodeficiency virus 2 that was identified in those patients. So roughly we actually have two strains. We have your HIV-1 and we also have your HIV-2. One that was actually found out in Central Africa and the second one, your HIV-2 was the one that caused pandemic in the States during the 1980s. So HIV now is recognized as a zoonotic disease that entered the human population from chimpanzee. So this might have been another spillover to from animals now going to humans. So it was believed that this HIV, the virus actually came from a population of chimpanzee and these virus are somehow related to the group of more than 40 simian immunodeficiency virus or your SIV. So similar to what they actually found out in your chimpanzee, they actually saw that most of those cases are actually similar to your SIV. So that is what do they believe the ancestor of your HIV. So meanwhile, after that, there are four distinct client lineage of your HIV-1 sequence that has been identified. So there are different, your HIV have two serotypes, you have your HIV-1 and you have your HIV-2 and HIV-1 can actually be further classified into M, N, O, and P. So the group M is a predominant lineage of HIV worldwide and detailed study on the sequence of HIV showed that groups M and N were actually derived from the simian immunodeficiency virus that was found in chimpanzee. So during this time, most probably that maybe you are wondering how it was transferred since it is somehow actually transmitted in some sort of other transmission like vertical transmission which obviously cannot happen to chimpanzee passing it to human but if you're gonna look at it deeper, it actually has to do something about bestiality practices during that time as well. So afterwards, we also have your groups O and P that were derived also from an SIV found in the Western Lowland Gorilla. So if the M and O, M and N are actually found on your SIV on the chimpanzee, your O and P are actually from your gorilla. So HIV-2 is derived also from your SIV. So aside from that, your HIV-2 and HIV-1 are somehow all related to those animals. So the transfer of HIV-1 group M lineage occurred in or near Kinshana in the Democratic Republic of Congo around 1920. So it was believed that even around 1920s, the HIV was already passed on to humans from the animals. So it in Kinshana, Congo, Republic of Congo. So HIV, for the information of everybody, HIV is actually a member of the genus called Lenti Virus or the Lenti Verde Day. And both of them, HIV-1 and 2 are both member of the genus. So they are from the family of retroverde day. So when we say retroverde day, they are actually, they do have RNA, their main genetic material is your RNA. That's why your retrovirus can insert its RNA genome to the whole cell via reverse transcription. And eventually as we go along, I'll be mentioning three major enzymes used by our HIV for it to be able to thrive within the host cell. And more specifically, what type of cells do they infect? Because they are very much specific about that. So common features of Lenti Virus infection includes infection of the bone marrow derived cells, integration of the DNA copy of the viral genome into the host DNA. And again, if we're gonna go back to our discussion about coronavirus before, as you can see, most of our, almost all of our viruses cannot produce its own genetic material. They cannot produce their own genetic material. That's why they have to hijack the cell, the host cells, DNA machinery for it to work on their favor. So, they are also characterized by persistent veremia and of course of lifelong infections, prolonged subclinical infections, weak neutralizing antibody responses again, due to immunodepression, immunosuppression, rather, and continuous virus mutation and antigenic shift. All right. And aside from that, it is also included neuropathology on your Lenti viruses. So, this is actually your HIV. As you can see, your HIV is an example of an envelope virus. It has an envelope, it has an envelope and as you can see, it has a cup seed, a nucleo cup seed. The nucleo cup seed containing now your very important viral RNA genome for it to be, to replicate. And as that, during at this time, I just want to mention three major enzymes that your HIV uses for it to be able to hijack your host cells DNA machinery. We have here your protease, we have here your integrase and of course, the infamous reverse transcriptase. So as you can see, these three enzymes are very important. But aside from that, maybe you're wondering how does the HIV knows what particular cell does it will it infect? And to be honest, it's actually so genius that it actually is targeting one of the major immunoregulatory cell within our body and that is your CD4 positive cell also known as your T helper cell. So how does it knows that? How does it identify the CD4? First, it has actually two glycoproteins. So we have your glycoprotein 41, which is a transmembrane protein. As you can see, it protrudes from the envelope outward where you can see your glycoprotein 120, which is a docking glycoprotein. And in general, together that is glycoprotein 120 and glycoprotein 41 is glycoprotein 160. All right. So so much about that. Let's move on. So the structural proteins of your HIV are glycoprotein 120, which is the one that binds to the CD4 receptor. So it's similar to a lock-and-key method. So a particular key is only specific for a particular lock. And that is how genius the HIV was that its key is only specific to the receptor found on your CD4 cells. Aside from that, you also have your glycoprotein 41, which is a transmembrane protein that mediates the virus-membrane fusion with the host cell. So these two glycoproteins are very important because upon the binding of glycoprotein 120 and the CD4 receptor, the envelope of the virus needs to fuse now with the envelope of the host cell, eventually entering the host cell. So that is the job now of your GP 41. And when it comes to the HIV replication, so now we know that it is GP120 that attaches to the CD4 receptor. It is your GP it is your GP41. Okay. It is your GP41 that mediates the fusion of your viral membrane and your host membrane. Now we go to the HIV replication, the seven stages of your HIV life cycle. So the first one is binding and this is the job now of your glycoprotein 120. After binding of your glycoprotein 120 to the CD4 receptor, it will now start the fusion and this is not the job of your glycoprotein 41, a transmembrane protein that initiates the fusion of the viral membrane and the host membrane. After that, it will now be liberating the genetic material alongside with the three major enzymes that I mentioned a while back, your reverse transcriptase, your protease and your integrase. What happens next is that the RNA is now liberated within the cell and it first need to form its complementary DNA with the help, of course, of your reverse transcriptase. So reverse transcription happens whereby the RNA makes a copy of your single strand complementary DNA. And as you can see, if you're going to look back in the central dogma, that's not how it happened within the body. First one you have your DNA and then it will be undergoing transcription for it to become your RNA. But for the case of our viruses, it's not the same. They have the RNA and they will reverse transcription it into becoming a complementary DNA. And afterwards, what happens? So in the reverse transcription, it is the reverse transcriptase that does the work, that takes care of everything. When it comes to integration, I wonder if you can guess what enzyme it is. Okay? Yes, correct. It's your integrase. In the integration, what happens now is that isn't it after the reverse transcription? You already have now the viral DNA after reverse transcription. And that viral DNA needs to be integrated within the host DNA and that will now be the job of your integrase. It will integrate the viral DNA into the host DNA so that when transcription happens and when translation happens, it's not just the host cell or the host protein that will be produced but also your viral proteins and viral genetic material. After that, there will be replication. The viral DNA now will start to be replicated to be duplicated and afterwards, after transcription and after translation, okay, we have now your proteins and also your RNA that was produced after your processes. And that is the time now where the HIV is ready to assemble. Yes, it's similar to your Avengers. They also would assemble. And that is now the job of your protease. It will now start to trim some proteins that are needed and are not needed. And afterwards, after the assembly, they will now start to bud off using the cell membrane of your host cell and then they will now be free on your bloodstream and then go and infect another CD4 cell or worse, go and infect another person. And that's what's happening. And let's go to each in every step. I actually have given you the route up already. But in the binding, it's also known as your attachment. So the HIV binds to your receptor on the surface of your CD4 cell and that is your CD4 receptor. Again, this is the job of your glycoprotein 120. And at the same time, right after that, there will be a fusion of your HIV and your CD4 cell membrane with the help now of your glycoprotein. What correct your glycoprotein 41. So afterward, reverse transcription happens. HIV releases your reverse transcriptase converting now your HIV RNA to its complementary HIV DNA. This allows now the HIV to enter the CD4 cell nucleus and combines with the cell genetic material. So as you can see, your nucleus it has your nuclear pore where your materials or the viral genetic material could enter. And what happens next? It's your integration. Correct. The integration is done by your integrase whereby it integrates the viral DNA to the host DNA eventually following the replication whereby the HIV uses the machinery of your CD4 cell to make long change of HIV protein. And afterwards when protein is fixed, protein is all present. We can now start to assemble. So the HIV protein and HIV RNA move to the surface of the cell and assemble into an immature HIV. We say it's immature because it doesn't have its own it doesn't have its own membrane yet. But right after budding, the immature HIV pushes itself outside the CD4 cell and voila! It's now liberated. So the process of budding the release of protease breaks the long protein chain to form the immature virus. Then smaller protein will combine to form now your mature HIV. And this is how it looks like. Okay. This I hope you can see my cursor because I will start to do some pointing. So this is your your HIV. As you can see as the job is in your your CD4 receptor and your CCR5 or your CCR4 coreceptor both bind to your GP120 at the fusion will be initiated by your GP41 all throughout to the reverse transcription to the integration to the transcription to the assembly and eventually to the budding off of your HIV. So that is how it happens. I hope it is very clear so I want you to follow through the arrows here. Malay nyo this would be the question in your homework. So please do familiarize yourself when it comes to when it comes to the HIV replication or the life cycle of your HIV. Okay. Moving on now. Okay. Moving on. We also have here your HIV replication. So this is just the reiteration of what I mentioned a while back from budding from fusion from reverse transcription to the integration to the assembly and eventually to the budding off of your HIV V. All right. So there are actually stages of HIV infection. The first one is the acute HIV infection the clinical latency and eventually when it progressed now to your acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. So I want you to be familiar with what is HIV? What is AIDS? What is COVID-19? Because that is very important. All right. So for the stages of HIV we have your acute HIV infection and it is characterized within two to four weeks after infection people may actually experience a flu-like illness that may last four weeks. So to be honest to be honest I've talked around I actually have talked around talk to other people and most of them actually have experienced this really after after a contact with a particular person they would start to develop flu-like symptoms which actually is very much negligible at that time because they would actually thought that it was just a common flu and nothing serious about it but apparently that's the early stages or the acute stages of your HIV infection. Afterwards comes now your clinical latency or also known as the asymptomatic HIV or chronic infection. This happens when HIV is still active but produces at a very low level. Okay? At the end of this stage the viral load goes up and the the CD4 count goes down. Obviously the CD4 goes down because this is the main cell that is being targeted by your by your virus. So here you can actually won't see any infectious or any symptoms at yet but the moment that the HIV is now active the HIV now the viral load goes up the CD4 count now would start to drop and leaving the patient immunocompromise. And afterwards when the patient is already immunocompromised it will now be progressed and will be diagnosed as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. And this is the more severe stage of HIV infection because of a bad the damage immune system. It increases the number of opportunistic illnesses and eventually your caposis or coma your oral thrush and even tuberculosis. And maybe you're wondering Sir, why does the HIV causes now your immunosuppression? So let's go back to the role of your CD4 cells. And this is not part of the PowerPoint so I just want you to take down notes and listen to this. So your CD4 positive cells also known as your T-helper cells is actually the main signalling cell within your immune system. So whenever there is an opportunistic pathogen that comes inside your body it is the job of your T-helper cell to signal to call all immunological cells and eventually even release some cytokines some interleukines that will be needed for the production of antibodies and for the production of an immune response to the virus. And if it happens that the one that actually signals the entire system is missing it went missing it was already depleted there will be no signalling cell within your body saying that hey we have an infection we have to be heightened and that's the time now where opportunistic illnesses comes inside your body unknowingly and leaving now your immune system vulnerable and compromised that's what happened okay so how does your HIV is being transmitted from one person to another so we already know that it originated from chimpanzees from gorilla and eventually it was actually past among humans already and usually one of the main cause is unprotected unprotected sexual intercourse sharing of needles so some of the intravenous drugs that was very infamous during that time we also have blood transfusion reason why during blood transfusion we actually have major blood-borne diseases that are being detected one of those are your HIV you also have your hepatitis B your syphilis or your ya your syphilis or your treponema and then we also have your malaria some also are including CV and in some cases they are also including CMV as well organ transplant is also one mother to baby during pregnancy because the virus can cross the placenta and eventually not only can it cross the placenta you know that there's a maternal fetal fetal connection when it comes to the blood supply so the CD4 can even go to the baby that is and number five you also call it vertical transmission so talking about now about a different transmission as you can see the increase of HIV cases not only here in our country but worldwide starting to really be so alarming so the HIV cases here in the Philippines actually starts to increase and increase and increase each year as you can see from 2017 to 2018 to 2019 the records continue to increase one of the main reason probably is that more people are getting tested compared before that's one so awareness is actually being awareness is already a friend to us but then okay the more alarming case is that more of these cases are actually teenagers as young as 15 and even younger than 15 which is somehow very alarming to be honest and when it comes to the HIV cases as you can see more most of the transmission so I am giving you a graph of the distribution of how HIV is transmitted so only one percent are actually due to blood transfusion thank God because we have an effective blood bank system here in the Philippines three percent are from needle sharing because IV drugs is not that very famous here in our country so they actually use to sniff rather than inject themselves with drugs aside from that we also have drug to mother to child we also have here now our sexual intercourse and as you can see much of the percentage actually came from your sexual intercourse and if we're going to break down that 11% of that is actually from heterosexual sex so male female sex 21% actually are sex with both male and female among males so this is very alarming as well but the chunk of the graph actually lies with male to male sex only so for the homosexual even in the 1980s it started to increase in the homosexual man community around 58% that now leads us in a proportion of report death among people with HIV by transmission is that more people actually as you can see comparing our data from the January 1984 to September 2019 as you can see there has been an increasing cases of death among deaths among HIV patients because of the transmission due to male to male sex so 63% imagine that that's really big so it's very important we are talking about so one of the reason why I I am mentioning that the increase in the cases are because of increasing awareness and increasing testing capacity of our country so testing for HIV should be voluntary which is another story for another time if you wanna check on that I can we have a video on that that is RA8504 we have three parts video regarding your HIV and regarding the law that concerns our fellow men with HIV aside from that the testing is also two phases okay we actually have two phases of HIV testing that is actually one for the screening and one for the confirmatory testing so aside from that okay aside from that we also have HIV counseling both pre-counselling and post-counselling we also have to have an HIV testing facility with HIV profession and of course I just wanna emphasize something so HIV counseling is different from HIV testing so medical technologists are mostly the one that are HIV proficient the one that can perform the test and for HIV counseling these are from nurses from psychometration to physician and even medical technologists as well so they do the counseling pre and post testing so I think we're coming to an end so laboratory diagnosis are usually the identification of your HIV-1 to either antibody or antigen using an immuno assay so the confirmatory test is your western blood maybe you have you came across with RIVDA maybe you came across with RIVDA but RIVDA is just an algorithm a rapid HIV diagnostic algorithm so again if you wanna go into that deeper you can actually visit another video that is your RA-8504 please do watch it so that you would have a deeper understanding of this lesson aside from that you also have your nucleic acid test or your nucleic acid amplification test that actually removes or actually there is no need for a window period phase anymore so most of the time most of the time this actually have contributed to the low level of HIV transmission in blood samples because they actually use NAT test to check HIV in blood blood bag units okay so this is actually the rapid on your left that is actually a screening screening test as you can see we have here a control line in the test line so if there is two line that is positive similar to your pregnancy kit but if you have one line but be sure that the one line is the one line that remains is your control line that is negative or non reactive without HIV if one line is present but it is off the test the test line and none of the control line that is invalid and if none of the none of the line appeared that is considered what that is considered invalid so moving to your right that is actually your Western blood Western blood is actually your confirmatory test and for us to be able to consider it a reactive or a positive result there should be at least two bands coming from your either GP120 GP160 your GP41 or your P or your core protein 24 so remember that okay remember that so if you have a band that is actually 120 41 that is already positive at least two of those three okay either of that either of those combination but at least two bands okay but right now we don't have any treatment or vaccines against your your your virus that can effectively kill it but what we have is actually an antiretroviral drug it actually targets some of the key function or the key key mechanisms on how the patient is being infected we have your CCR5 which is a receptor of your CD4 we have also post attachment inhibitors we have fusion inhibitors inhibiting your GP41 we also have your non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor aside from that you also have another reverse transcriptase inhibitor we have your integrase inhibitor and protease inhibitor in a nutshell what I'm trying to say is that most of the drugs are actually targeting either your cell your cell receptor your glycoprotein or the enzymes that are key in the transmission of the disease are we clear? okay so so much about that thank you so much for keeping up with me so if you have any questions clarifications comments so please comment down below on my YouTube channel and if you have some things that you want to ask privately you can email me you can send me an email at jagandingattoa.edu.ph so that would be all for today this is Jomar Adams once again so please do like share and subscribe this video and please do subscribe so that you will be updated for the latest posting in my channel so I'll leave you with this saying Strive so tomorrow you can try thank you so much and have a great day good night good day good afternoon whatever have a great day see you soon


When you're in the middle of the ocean, you see a ship from about ten miles away and it comes past you It doesn't speak to you, it just sails past. And then you go back on to your journey again It's based around my experiences at sea when I was a young man I was at sea for six years and it was a very Wonderful time as a young man to grow into to grow up and I had No photographs of the time because it was before Not before cameras were invented, but nobody had the same nobody had the same Attitude towards taking photos at the time. So I've got all these memories still of this time and I wanted to bring them to life It's quite difficult actually because you're working as being an older student as I am I've got a different kind of different attitude to the younger students in some ways And I'm quite slow. So things are coming together, but slowly Mainly it's one of time, but I mean, I think it's the same for everybody I can't be a I'm trying to be a full-time student, but I've also got to balance work and paying bills and The romantic side of being an artist is not very practical for me. I have to pick my time very carefully and work accordingly It's a series of paintings Focusing on various legs of a journey of a sailor from the dark north of England Cold and wet to the Caribbean. It's become more focused the exhibition as I've been working on it I've actually seen some sort of metaphor in it as I've been progressing Rather than sort of like trying to relate to the diary of the journey The exhibition is happening on June the 9th starting at six o'clock we think Down here in the Prague-Ofka gallery