All right, everybody, my name's Joe Fernandes. I run the product management team for the OpenShift Core platforms. And Resba, who you heard from earlier, is my peer and manages platform services. So we have a lot of our product managers here at KubeCon and at the OpenShift Commons gathering. Before we start, I'd like to thank all of our customer presenters. When we started this event, I never expected to see a room this large. And the customer presentations today were phenomenal. So thank you to all our presenters. Thank you, once again, to Diane for organizing. This session is for you. I know we introduced a lot of new stuff today. And there's more to come. We're here to answer your questions. So anything that you want to ask is fair game. So if you want to just raise your hand, we will do that. All right. All right. Here we go. Hi. My name is Anil. I'm from Visa. I'm a chief systems architect for Visa on KubeCon's platform. So we use OpenShift. And we are in production. But I'm going to have a little tough questions to you now. Let's get for that. OpenShift is great, right? A lot of features and a lot of things it does underneath it.  So how are you going to address it? Because this is becoming a serious pain to us. All right. I can start, Mike. So look, installing OpenShift, installing Kubernetes, we identified that. That's been our biggest challenge, right? The releases are happening every three months. The installation is complex. And then keeping up with it is more complex. We did a lot around automation with Ansible. That's where we started. That's what drives the OpenShift install and upgrade path in 3x. The things that we're challenged with is just the environment being too dynamic, too mutable, and so forth. So a couple of things you saw today reflect the investments we've made over the last year and a half, actually beyond that if you think about CoreOS's history with it. Really moving to a fully immutable environment based on the Red Hat CoreOS operating system. But essentially moving to Kubernetes as the way we're installing and upgrading Kubernetes. And we're taking the installation, which is really three installations when you think about it. You have to set up your provider infrastructure, whether that's Amazon, Azure, Google, OpenStack, VM, where it doesn't matter. You have to set that up first. Then you have to install the operating system and manage that separately, which is rel. And then you have to basically run the OpenShift installer to install OpenShift on top. With OpenShift 4, we're combining that into one process. So you basically describe the cluster that you want and where you want it to run, and then the installer takes it from there. We didn't talk about this today. We're also then automating the upgrade process through something called over-the-air updates. And again, this is something that the CoreOS guys pioneered for container Linux and for Tectonic. But essentially it means if you have your clusters connected to Red Hat, we can drive automated updates for you through your connected clusters. We also have offline mode for disconnected or air-gapped environments. But all these things, which you'll start to see coming out in beta now and in the new year, reflect where we see the future of installation and upgrades and really where we've put the bulk of our investment over the past year. So I don't know if anybody else wants to add anything? Mike? Yeah, so in terms of, did you want to talk about the upgrade from 3.x to 4.x or just the upgrade? Yeah, so what's happening? We choose an atomic as a base voice when we started eight or nine months back or year back. We worked with your team. They said everything's great.  So it does help in that way, but now looks like what we are hearing is you're not going to support atomic upgrade path. You've got to convert back to RHVL. That means we've got to rebuild the clusters. And then sometime around the 5.19 later of the year, you'll bring in the container Linux. So there is a gap. I don't know how your product team is trying to address that, but that is a serious gap. Yeah, so the upgrade is an interesting problem. What we're investing in right now is we're telling all of our customers they need to get to a serial upgrade path. In Kubernetes upstream above us, just the way the APIs are written, you need to do them serially as you go through them. And a lot of our customers are on 3.7 and 3.9. They aren't necessarily on 3.11, which is the last 3.x release. So instead of just giving them a serial update, we wanted to just do a pause and tell our engineering teams to spike until February to try to figure out, is there a way to capture one cluster and deploy a lot of the content, the secrets, the service accounts, the role-based access, the role binds, the stateful applications, the PVs over to a new cluster. And that's a huge engineering task, but we want them to at least examine it. And then further, for those customers that can't have another cluster up at the same time, is there a way to back up an existing cluster, put it to a file system, reinstall using the same equipment, and restore back and move forward that way? That's all investigative R&D work right now. If it doesn't pan out, or if that's just a massive task that we would put in front of our customers, we'll just continue down the 3.11 upgrade path, which is what you're referring to. And that entails moving to what's known as an unmanaged installation of OpenShift. So there's some customers that are coming back to us and saying, look, I love what you're doing, and it's going to take me longer to get there than next year, the first half of next year. I need to have my own RHEL operating system. I've had it for the last eight years. It's not even RHEL anymore. It's been tweaked so much. Or the infrastructure is so complex. Maybe it's on a submarine, or a Boeing, or whatever the case may be, that it won't necessarily be something that you'll automate for me. For those customers, we want them to bring up their operating system.  That is probably what you're referring to. We can't do that with Atomic. We need to get you to RHEL to have that unmanaged path. And then what you're referring to is we'll switch later. I think it would be great. Some of these decisions were made. You work with customers to understand what we are going through. For us, right, when we are into production, doesn't matter what it is. We got to make it happen, right? So if you're not following that, you're seriously creating some kind of a gap in the production clusters. So I would like your team to look into that. OK. I mean, as Mike said, we're two things, right? We're extending 3.x to the lifecycle of 3.x. That's going to be around for quite some time, in addition to the 4x. But then what Mike mentioned is, in addition to automated in-place upgrades, we're investing now in this research into automated application migration. Because in place implies that you go release to release, because that's how Kubernetes works. For customers that are on older versions of Kubernetes or 3x, that might not be what they want to do. They want to get from a 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 3.9 all the way up to a 4.0. And so being able to do automated migration of content from one cluster to the other would enable us to do that in a way that you couldn't do sort of in-place serial. Can I just add one thing, Joe? Yep, so go ahead. So one thing that I want to just add that a big part of OpenShift 4 is leveraging the CoreOS technology to simplify upgrades. So that is based on customer feedback. Yes, there is going to be an initial, not a manual upgrade to get to OpenShift 4. Once you're in OpenShift 4, you're going to be able to leverage technology that was proven for over two years, where we upgraded over, I think, 60 updates that we pushed and upgraded over 6,000 clusters over that time. So that technology is going to greatly simplify upgrades and other operations. With the IBM and ICP plus OCP, it doesn't become something that's all together. I don't know the four dot x. Really quick. Thank you so much. Hey, really quick. So I'm the PM for Atomic and Red Hat CoreOS. Come find me afterwards. Let's talk over beers. Go ahead. Hi. Whoa, that's loud. I'm Jason Kinsel from Oak Ridge National Lab. So since, I don't know, 3.4 when I started looking at OpenShift, most of the development discussions and all that stuff were open. They were on Trello. You could kind of follow what you guys were thinking and where the product was going over time. It seems like after CoreOS, a lot of that has been moved, depending on the product, to behind a Jiro wall of some type. Are there plans to move that back? Or are all these products staying behind closed doors? So this is a great question. So internally, as part of our development and agile process, we've made a transition from using Trello, which we've loved, we've used it for years, to Jira. That is in the process of being opened up right now. We use Jira really because if you've used both products, Trello is great. It's very easy to use. You can have public boards. You can have private boards. So it's great for collaboration. It's not great for traceability, for connecting epics to user stories to get reports. And we did all sorts of unnatural acts in extended Trello itself to try to get what we needed. It just turns out for where we are now at the size of our team, that we're over 30-something scrum teams at this point, it was just too much to manage. So we've shifted around the 4.0 release all of the work into Jira, and we're in the process now of making all those boards public. Our intent is to have the entire thing public, and that should happen over the next upcoming weeks and months. That's what we're doing now. And thank you for following us. Hi. Wow, news loud. Ron Parker from Affirm Networks. Earlier, we had quite a bit of discussion about bare metal Kubernetes. And what was implied is cloud provider environment was Amazon. So I'm wondering what options exist for bare metal in a pure private on-prem kind of environment? Yeah, so good question. So again, one of the things you notice about the OpenShift 4 installer that's very different from OpenShift 3 is we're actually taking care of everything from the infrastructure to the operating system and up to Kubernetes itself. We're using a technology that came out of the SIG cluster lifecycle, which is basically called Machine Controllers. And it's part of the cluster API and so forth. So Machine Controllers essentially are just as they're described. It's basically like a Kubernetes controller, but for machine. So everything that you can think of for pods in terms of declaring state and having it designed so that now you can apply it to machines. We just chose Amazon as our first target because it's prevalent and it's easy access. So Derek can talk more about that. We're adding that now for all of our targets. So there's work going on around OpenStack. You probably saw that there around bare metal, around Azure, Google, vSphere, and so forth. So we expect to have that. I think bare metal presents interesting challenges because you don't have nice APIs to talk to. So we sort of need to build an API, a cloud-like API around bare metal so that you can ask for machines to scale up your cluster, to scale back and so forth. But we are very excited about that work just because we're seeing tons of demand for Kubernetes on bare metal or what we started to describe as Kubernetes native infrastructure versus where the industry's been, which is Kubernetes is an abstraction on top of somebody else's infrastructure. So yeah, you should expect the bare metal provider work to yield. I don't know if anybody else wants to, anything? Good. Okay. Yeah, if I could jump in for a second. I figure the metal as a service kind of layer will get sorted out. I was specifically wondering about the horror level of abstractions like load balancers of service, persistent volume mapping, autoscale of cluster, that kind of stuff. Am I on? Oh, nice. You're absolutely right. When you start looking at an infrastructure that isn't being provided to you by a cloud, there's a lot more components. We're leveraging a lot of the skill set in our open stack area. So open stack has been cracking at this for quite some time with director and partnering with a lot of the ecosystems on on-premise hardware providers. Ionic has extensible IPs, so you can bring up a larger WAN network at the same time. Our Ansible networking plugins are talking to a lot of network providers to extend that even further. All those pieces of art, if you will, are going to be used by OpenShift. So we're in the process of taking that and seeing if we can use it holistically or can we extract components of it and run it on Kubernetes and then use those investments as our API to attack the machines. Yeah, and that's just assets that we have at Red Hat, stuff that we worked on like Ansible networking, like the different components of OpenStack. We're also doing work in the community. Great, there's a lot of end with partners. We were just talking with the guys from Dell a little bit earlier today. A lot of our hardware OEM partners are also really interested in this topic as well as our networking and storage partners. So I think if this is an area that you're interested in, we're seeing demand for it. We'd like to talk to you more about it because I think there's a lot of interesting challenges ahead but also a huge opportunity for customers who want to operate in this manner. Hello, I've got a couple of questions about OpenShift 4. Could you make some comments or talk a little bit about roadmap items around the router versus typical classic Kubernetes ingress and also support for VMware? So VMware as an infrastructure provider, right? So VMware as an infrastructure provider is something that we're working on. Again, in terms of our top six most commonly deployed environments in the data center, it's VMware, OpenStack and bare metal and obviously Amazon, Azure, Google and the public cloud. So we will have OpenShift 4 installers for all of those as well as additional targets beyond that. Then in terms of router versus ingress, you can deploy both. I don't know, Mark, you want to talk a little bit about how that works? Yeah, so today you can use Kubernetes ingress objects. We have our default router is HA proxy and we also have an integration with engine X so you can swap out HA proxy for that if you prefer. We also have integrations with F5, Ivy networks, et cetera, other vendors. But in terms of ingress and so prior to Kubernetes, I don't know if you know the history, but prior to the Kubernetes ingress, there was routes which we created and at this point we are all in on eventually flipping over to Kubernetes ingress but it has to hit feature parity with routes first as a number of things that you can still do with routes that you can't do with ingress. So we are on the path, we're monitoring it heavily, we're contributing to it. You can use ingress route objects, excuse me. It's just we haven't hit that point where we're gonna flip over yet. Yeah, I'll actually put in a plug for my blog. I just wrote a blog today. It's up on openshift.com. This part two is coming out tonight. It's called OpenShift and Kubernetes, where we've been and where we're going. So the where we've been blog talks about some of the things that in OpenShift go all the way back to Kubernetes 1.0 but weren't yet in the Kubernetes upstream. So our enterprise customers needed it but Kubernetes didn't have it. So we built on top of Kubernetes. So that includes routes. The concept of ingress didn't come, I think, until Kube 1.3. That includes the concept of deployment configs which was later a lot of that functionality was taken into deployments. RBAC, people take RBAC and Kubernetes for granted today. RBAC didn't even show up in beta until Kubernetes 1.6. We had it on top of Kubernetes 1.0. Pod security groups which came from security context constraints. We were focused on a different market, right? So Google and Red Hat were the first two companies to bring Kubernetes to market but we were bringing it to enterprise customers in hybrid cloud environments with different concerns around security and different requirements for how they'd manage their clusters. So we did a lot of work in upstream Kube and then we built around it but our goal is always to sort of merge as far upstream as we can. In some cases, like RBAC, the implementations were at parity. In fact, that's because most of the implementation was Red Hats or like 100%. And so we just basically switched to the upstream. In some cases, like in deployment configurations, in routes, there's still features in our original implementation that aren't available yet in the upstream implementation and customers are relying on those. So we committed for those customers to continue supporting both and then you guys can choose if you want to use one or the other. So I don't know if you want to add anything else? Oh, hey, we get this question a lot about like is OpenShift going to adopt this Kube resource or not? And I think sometimes people have a misperception that because it's a resource in Kube, it's like graduated to version one and it's forever stable in the upstream. So like a good example right now would be OpenShift three ship security context constraints out of the box. Upstream has pod security policy. It's not clear it's ever going to reach the version one status. So people say, well, why aren't you adopting this yet? And it's still a beta API upstream and the roadmap for it's not clear. So for other objects like Ingress, it's certain times hard to get a uniform agreement in such a broad community for a set of use cases that like we want to be able to still deliver value to end users and customers who are meeting demands. And so there's not necessarily a one size fits all solution to every problem. And in the same way that a lot of communities now is extensible, like this morning when we demoed operators, those are just more intelligent workload controllers, right? And so no one's going to ask us, when are you going to adopt deployments to manage a Kube API server, right? Like it makes sense for us to use the platform to build the right thing for the right use case we need and anybody else can go and extend the platform given all the work we've done upstream to enable that. So I wouldn't be surprised if you see multiple Ingress implementations in the upstream. I wouldn't be surprised if you see multiple security policy implementations like there's a marketplace of ideas and people can go and pursue them. Yeah, actually, this is a good point. I mean, I think Ingress itself is still beta upstream in Kubernetes, right? Ingress has not yet been declared stable even though a lot of people are relying on it. And then there's different Ingress implementations which you get from different vendors, right? So, but again, we'll allow you to support both. A good point that Derek made that I wanted to comment on. So we had to build a lot of this stuff around Kubernetes, but the Kubernetes API wasn't particularly extensible, right? So over the years, initially with third-party resources and then ultimately now with CRDs, that's how we made Kubernetes extensible. So the Red Hat team, the OpenShift team helped drive a lot of the work in CRDs because of all the things that we wanted to integrate and build on top and around Kubernetes. Now CRDs are allowing customers through the operator framework to build applications as an extension of the same Kubernetes API, right? So really powerful concept which Seb described and Rob's gonna be demoing tomorrow in the keynote. But yeah, it's just, this is I think gonna unleash a whole new set of innovations on top of Kubernetes and so forth. So, other questions? Hi, I wasn't able to make it to the entire event today so I apologize if this has been discussed at length. But I read the blog post announcing OpenShift Container Engine. I'm just wondering if there's anyone on stage who can sort of speak to the goals of that product in contrast to OCP? Yeah, so first of all that OpenShift Container Engine and OpenShift Container Platform are not separate products. They're the same products, they're just different configurations. So we've heard from a lot of customers that said, well, I like OCP but I don't want all the stuff that comes with it, right? I use my own Jenkins service or I use my own SDN. And that's kind of the point of OpenShift, right? Like the whole batteries included but optional and everything being pluggable. That's how we architected OpenShift, that's how Kubernetes itself is architected. So all OpenShift Container Engine is a, it's a subscription to OpenShift that basically reduces some of those components that people commonly swap out. Specifically, the advanced networking capabilities, the SDN that we provide, logging. Like we provide an Elk stack or an EFK stack with OpenShift, a lot of people use it with Splunk or with their own EFK stack. And then some of the CI CD capabilities, the Jenkins services, the build services and so forth. But otherwise it's actually, there's not two separate products because a lot of all that content is just containerized. So essentially you're just not entitled to those additional containers and so forth. And then with operators, that's gonna be actually an even more convenient way for you to determine which content you want in each cluster because operators is driving our whole install mechanism and so forth. It's gonna be an even more convenient way to sort of enable or disable different features and different clusters. I had a question over here. Hi, this is Jitendra. In the talks in the morning and the use cases and case studies that were presented, most of them were around making the environment available to the developer quickly or around green field applications, performance oriented applications. But I haven't really seen any brown field legacy applications migrating to OpenShift. I don't know if you want to talk about a few examples of how people have done monolith applications into OpenShift. Sure, that's the way I just wanna answer one. So it's interesting, the customers that we talk to will always fall into these four buckets, right? There's this bucket for the CIO, the transformation of the culture of the business. There's this bucket for green field for next generation run times and applications. There's this bucket for brown field, the lift and shift if you will. And there's this bucket for sort of infrastructure ops. They're being told they've got to shut down machines and move to public clouds. How do you do that, right? We have feature sets in each one of them. And you're absolutely right in that the easiest place to start is in a green field area. But very rapidly we find our customers move towards the lift and shift area, the brown field, because it is larger and it is more revenue impacting to them. I would say most of our humongous companies, our global financial companies are doing brown fields. And they're attacking Java applications, fat Java applications, if you will, on legacy web logic and web sphere, moving those run times over. We have a lot of popular key bank, I will leave, wrote a case study out there on their movement. So if you go to openshift.com slash customers, I would say probably 60% of them are stories about lift and shifting legacy applications. There's even some that get into message busing, if you will, those ESBs and those frameworks and how they containerize them and how they move them over. So there's a mix between fat Java and ESB architectures that are out there. Yeah, we have, the partnership we had announced with IBM earlier this year was driven by demand for customers who wanted to run web sphere in Kubernetes on OpenShift and we have customers that have spoken about that, but also customers who are doing web logic, Jboss, so traditional app server stacks. So it's not all just Spring Boot and Node.js and kind of microservices architectures, there's a lot of those traditional architectures. And then you talk in terms of like database workloads, which is not being further enabled with our work on the operator framework. We have a lot of customers now who are running extensive data services, whether it's databases, analytics, messaging solutions on top of Kubernetes. We're getting a lot of questions on HPC, on grid. So again, yeah, a lot of the Kubernetes talks tend to be around Greenfield and cloud native microservice style architectures, but that's by no means what we see and what we're hearing about. We're hearing a lot of traditional, a lot of... And really quickly that a year ago, we had a competitor in the market that had an alternative orchestrator and they were not good at doing brownfield applications and they weren't good because they didn't have the storage infrastructure components, the PV backbone framework, right? They didn't have real IP addresses. They didn't have real routing. They didn't allow you to do multicast. They didn't allow you to do UDP. These are all just qualities of these brownfield applications that the Kubernetes platform always catered to. Yeah, sorry, back here, James wants to ask you anything. So my question is not about the upgrade path, but it's close to that. As OpenShift has matured and we've kind of gone along with the platform, a number of new features have been released that are really intended to be consumed by development teams, things like the Prometheus operator framework in general, but also platform components, right? The SDN, Damon said. One of the things that I found challenging is understanding these new things that are coming in to the platform and how to consume that as a platform operator. So it's like, you know, because some of these things are coming out from GitHub, I just don't have a unified view of what each upgrade is doing in terms of new things that are installing and new products that are becoming a part of the cluster. Can you talk to maybe how you're bringing products into the platform and managing those things and kind of making that information available to customers? Sure, I think what you're referring to is I just tried to install and Ansible did 500 things but I had no idea that it was gonna do on me, right? We're not doing a great job of documenting all the changes that Ansible performs between each one of the versions and a big part of the 4.0 architecture is to move to the operator SDK. So all those teams across the ecosystem now have a consistent way to get onto the platform, right? There's not gonna be that variety where you need the extensibility of Ansible to do it because you're gonna write your content to that operator SDK and that's how you're gonna get onto the platform. So that's the ultimate fix. Take cake comfort and knowing that 3.11 was the last time you would have had to learn about the stuff on the fly so it all changes moving forward. And also just to add to it, I mean if you saw the slides that Reza showed in the keynote with the unified hybrid cloud and the Kubernetes marketplace there are some like data question in the demo so you can actually pick and choose what services that you would want to run, right? I mean so that will become much more visible. You could see all the operators, cluster operators, the CBO was showing all the platform operators and all the level operators but yeah, I mean that the OpenShift 4 you saw some of that in the demo. The only thing I would add is like some of the changes that were made in 3.10 and 3.11 like you talked about the SDN or DNS or static pods. Static pods. A lot of that has fed into enabling us to decompose OpenShift to be 4.0 like you saw today. So like the ability to be very lean in the default distribution of OpenShift's Kubernetes and allowing us to, for example, not include the SDN like in our cubit by default or to not include the DNS services there by default and make it clear to you that you can swap them out and better separate the architecture I guess. So I think, as Mike had said, the changes you did see in 3.10 and 3.11 were us getting set up technically to enable what you saw this morning, hopefully in 4.0 but I don't think you should see major wholesale restructuring after 4.0 because at this point we start to look like any other cube distribution with respect to the core control plane. Yeah, actually the OpenShift for deployment, very small core, immutable core and then something like 40 to 50 plus operators. The effect it's had on how we develop OpenShift is essentially every single development team has been working on install upgrade because every team is working on install upgrade for their component by building an operator for that component. So whether you go to our team that works on logging or on SDN or on Jenkins or on whatever Prometheus what they've been working on over this past year is how do I install my component? How should it be upgraded? And how do I, you know, over time expanding on sort of life cycle management and that's kind of really the power of the whole operator pattern and how we're I think taking advantage of it back in the installation and upgrade. And then the only thing that we're at is to make it more consumable to you as an operator. Today, like you were tweaking master configs and node configs and having to work at a very low level. Some of the stuff I couldn't touch on very much this morning was like in 4.0 you'll see API groups in your server that literally say config.openshift.io and the API definitions of those objects should ideally be self-documenting. So like when you look at the ingress.config.openshift.io object and you see it has a router host name field, it should be very obvious to you what it is and what the interface is that you're allowed to touch. And so where you might have had points of variability about how you set up particular answerable variables or what you configure in master config and all that stuff. For 4.0 it just gets very standardized in that your interface is cube objects in a well-defined API group. Kyle from Arctic, we do a lot of consulting for enterprise customers. I'm asking this question so I can answer it next week. Goes along with the 4.0 demo I saw around auto scaling. So we've had customers asking about auto scaling for probably since 3.3 to be honest and I don't think any of them have really been ready for it. Things like Knative I think are gonna make it a lot easier for people to start to extend these applications and I saw you spun up another 10 hosts in AWS. So how are we gonna deal with the subscription challenges we've had up until today and be able to rent OpenShift for the hour because a lot of our customers have been going to upstream to do this. So this morning's demo was on Red Hat CoreOS which great job there. I hope you guys liked it. It was pretty great. There's no subscription manager on Red Hat CoreOS so that's one thing that makes it a heck of a lot easier. Yeah, so a couple of things though. Yeah, every time we do, we talk about auto scaling. The common question is can auto scale the nodes? And it's like no, no Kubernetes can only auto scale pods that can't manage infrastructure. Well, now that's changing and you kind of saw that here with growing the cluster APIs, the machine controllers now, Kubernetes can scale its own infrastructure. We are in addition to kind of eliminating subscription manager which kind of limited you from the rail perspective, we are also using the metering project which you heard about to basically enable a consumption-based pricing model which we'll be introducing this year. So this would essentially allow you to, on top of some base subscription, be able to sort of burst up node capacity or for a stuff that runs on top of OpenShift like our middleware storage to sort of pay for that by consumption. That's kind of where we're going. The challenge with consumption-based pricing is you need good metering before, you need to be able to meter consumption before you can charge for it. The metering framework that we're introducing does that and then that gives benefits to you as administrators because that means you can also leverage that same subsystem for doing internal charge backs, internal showbacks, charging different departments for utilizing a shared cluster and so forth. So we're building it for customer usage but we're also using it ourselves and then I think that's gonna enable some of the stuff you discussed. Thanks. I didn't take it meant free. No subscription. Yeah. No. The only thing I don't know if it was clear this morning, like in 3.11 we shipped the cluster autoscaler but what you saw in 4.0 is you're not having to do any AMI style management, right? Like because all configurations delivered from the central control plane, like you're just booting a vanilla Red Hat Core OS box and then the cluster itself turns it into a node. So like with respect to the management overhead of like a lot of solutions in the ecosystem just vanilla cluster autoscaler Kubernetes, like you have to manage that machine image on the various platforms you want to go and configure and tell the autoscaler, go spin me up. Whereas what was really uniquely interesting about the Red Hat Core OS stuff was you're not managing that AMI at all. Like you just get your config from the central control plane and it's life-cycled like any other node in the cluster. Yeah, I think we've talked about that. Clayton mentioned that Terraform message this morning. That Terraform message was basically to spin up that initial boot node. Once that node is up, that node is a Kubernetes node that basically builds out the entire structure. So it's really Kubernetes is installing the Kubernetes cluster and stuff using the APIs that Derek talked about. Any other questions? Hi, my name is Saran, I work at Visa. I have a question about Operator Framework SDK. Can you talk a little bit more about how financial sort of applications can take advantage of Operator Framework? Sure, there's usually nothing special about the application other than if you have like a complex distributed system, which I imagine credit card processing or any kind of financial application is. It helps you spin that up in a very consistent way. So you're not just handing off like a distributed system between maybe two engineers that need to set up a development environment, but your CI process also needs to be handed off. Hey, here's version 1.1.2 of our entire distributed system.  So it's really all about can you model your application inside of an operator? And the answer is if you can run it on Kubernetes, then yes, you can. So the nice thing about using an operator is you're not reinventing any of the core concepts of Kubernetes. So you're not inventing how secret handling works or service discovery, scaling out horizontally or vertically or mounting storage. You're just bringing like your unique logic to the table. And so if you can express that in an operator, which I know you can, then you can build kind of anything under the sun. And so I'm sure your production workload is really difficult, but a lot of the database vendors and other infrastructure dependencies that are building operators today also have super complex needs. And when I install this thing, wait for this thing to warm up and then prime this cache and then oh, when you upgrade, restart this thing first, make sure it passes its health check, rebalance the storage, migrate this data. All that type of stuff can be done through an operator. Hello, my name is Michael. I have a question about router. So is there any plan to add layer three or pure TCP support on top of existing HTTP HTTPS? I'm sorry, I missed the, what was the support you were asking for? Layer three. I need to expose stateful services over socket. Through the router. Yeah, so we don't have plans specifically around that, but we are looking at a number of different mesh topologies that may support that, including, so like network service mesh is one technology we're looking at. We're looking at, you know, Istio multi-cluster. We're looking at Envoy as one of those options. There's a number of different technologies we're looking at to be able to provide that functionality, but at the moment we don't have anything specific. Can you tell me more about your use case for that? Yes, so basically I'd like to expose, for example, database outside of Kubernetes. So my consumers are outside of Kubernetes cluster. In OpenShift, for example, there is floating IP that can be used for that matter. Okay, so we do have, we have the ability to say all traffic coming from a particular project and we can filter a destination service. We can say that it can be directed, that it must be if they're looking for a particular database that it can be redirected to a particular service on a external location, but nothing that keeps it, there's nothing specific about the stateful part of it yet that we do, but that's something we'll definitely take into consideration. And I'd like to talk to you more about that. Yeah, we're doing a lot of work on egress and ingress policy-based stuff and yeah, I think there's probably more we can follow up with you all.


This is stock number HA5A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, year new and used SUV headquarters. We are checking out this super clean 2014 Honda CRV. This vehicle has the 2.4 liter four cylinder motor. From this HD video, you'll be able to tell that this SUV is extremely clean all the way around. It has the steel rims that are in excellent shape. I didn't see any corrosion on them. It has the general grabber tires. These are 215, 70, R16s and they have probably about I'd say 70 to 80 percent of the tread left, maybe even a little bit more. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone device or whatever you may be viewing this video on, turn them on right now because it's like you're right here next to the vehicle with me. Taking a look at it and it'll allow you to get the best representation and idea of the condition of the vehicle as possible without actually being here. Down this side of the vehicle you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and glass like that paint is. We shoot these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down, you can still see the vehicle, hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you're looking at before even get here. Didn't see one single dent or ding down this side of the vehicle. The back tires have just as much tread as the front tires and this one does have four-wheel disc brakes all the way around and the rims back here are in excellent shape. We like to give the most accurate representation possible so that when you do get here there's no surprises. You'll have watched the video, you'll have looked at all the photos and you'll know that you're getting a high quality vehicle at a great price. All-wheel drive on this vehicle, back storage area is very very clean. There aren't any rips or tears in the carpeting back here, those seats go down. They are really neat when they do go down so we have some wiring for the receiver hitch back here and also a full-size spare tire and the jack. And you do have a hitch back here. Probably used it to put their bike rack on as my guess. Down this side of the vehicle, just as clean as the passenger side. I didn't see any denser dings down this side. Very very clean. Paint is in excellent shape. Inside the LX package gives you the gray cloth interior. There are no rips or tears on these seats. Very clean. Has factory floor mats throughout. Also has power windows, power locks and power mirrors. Stability control and you can see that this vehicle has 71,225 miles. Steering wheel, you have your cruise controls and audio controls on that side. Also Bluetooth audio controls as well. Steering wheel is in excellent shape. No wear on that. CD player. Also you get AM FM. You can do an aux with a USB and an aux disc or an aux jack I should say. This is where your backup camera shows up as well. Also you have a compass up there. And you have a temperature display in the center console. Passenger seat, absolutely perfect. No rips or tears on that. This car smells very, very clean inside. I don't think it's ever been smoked in. Has side current airbags and you got factory floor mat on that side as well. We'll take a quick look under the hood and we'll check out the back seats as well. I'm kind of excited to show you how the seats go down. It's pretty neat. It's all one one motion. So you grab this little tab here. Back seats are very clean. No rips or tears back here. Latch child safety system. But how this tab works you just pull that and then that pulls this down and it's all one motion. Everything's nice and flat. These seats hold back up just like so and then that locks it back into place. But carpeting and floor mats back here are very clean too. And we'll take a quick look under the hood. 2.4 liter four cylinder motor engine bay is very clean. Runs very smooth. This car has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and it is 100% ready to go and to see more pictures of this Honda or one of our other 400 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, you name it. We got it.  Videos of every single used vehicle that we have. All at summitauto.com. Thanks for checking out the video. If you want to make this one yours give us a call<PHONE_NUMBER>. Ask for one of our sales associates to make this one yours today. Once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Thanks again for checking out the video. If you like it and want to check them out go to youtube.com. www.summitauto.com. Remember to like, subscribe and share on this video and all the others. In fact in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more used inventory on your right and if you haven't been to our website on the bottom a link to this vehicle on our website. Click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you use with this super clean 2014 Honda CR-V and once again that number is<PHONE_NUMBER> and thanks again.


Hello, this is a video about linear regression predicting values. Suppose you run a correlation and find the correlation coefficient is 0.677 and the regression equation is y hat equals 6.1x minus 25.93. Also x bar equals 7.3 and y bar equals 18.8. If the critical value is 0.396, use the appropriate method to predict the y value when x is 10.1. Now you might want to take 10.1 and plug it in for x in the linear regression equation. However, you cannot plug anything or use the regression equation to make predictions until you show that there is linear correlation. So to show there is linear correlation, we need to compare the correlation coefficient with the positive critical value. In this example, the correlation coefficient is 0.677 and the critical value is 0.396. So let's compare 0.677 to 0.396. So the correlation coefficient looks like it is greater than the critical value, which puts us in this top portion here. So we reject H naught and our hypothesis for linear correlation, but that's really not too important on this example. What's important is the fact that when this happens, there is linear correlation. That means you can use the regression equation to make predictions. So that means I'm going to let x equal 10.1. In the equation, y hat equals 6.1x minus 25.93. So my predicted y value, y hat is 6.1 times 10.1 minus 25.93. Use your calculator to compute this and it turns out that you'll end up getting 35.68 is the predicted y value when x is equal to 10.1. So this is an example of making predictions and we can use the regression equation because we showed that there is linear correlation. When there is not linear correlation, you would have to use y bar, the average of the y values as your answer for your predicted y value. So that's all I have for you today. Thanks for watching.


I need data to monitor food security trends and analyze the impact of shocks on vulnerable households. I need DaimData to quickly take stock of food security and live levels. I need DaimData to develop programs as well as reach out to resource partners to mobilize urgently needed resources to support vulnerable food insecure Afghan people in Afghanistan. I need data. I need to see how different situations change over time and across countries in order to prioritize our programming and really target our support to where it's needed the most. I need data to influence policy processes at national and regional level. The impact of shocks on agricultural livelihoods is striking. Large-scale hazards, natural and human-induced events, they all inflict incredible stresses on the livelihoods of the world's food producers. Gathering, processing, and analyzing the amount and the kind of data needed to make a real difference to the lives of these families is a huge challenge. Delayed and inaccurate information hinders confident decision-making, which results in weakened livelihoods. Or worse. In recognition of this need, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has established the Data and Emergencies Information System, a transformational data tool created to empower stakeholders from across the entire food crisis field. Since the inception of the system in June 2020, DM assessments have taken place in over 30 food crisis countries and have reached more than 150,000 households. Today, data processing and analysis are completed in just three days. In fact, the entire life cycle from data processing to analysis to validation and finally publication now takes only 30 days. And now, thanks to standardized surveys in every country, our ability to view and compare the same variables across time and space has been transformed. DM is a step change for FAO in the volume, frequency, and granularity of household data that it collects in the context of food crisis countries. To begin exploring the DM system, please visit our website.


Hello everyone, I'm Gabrielle over here at Oxmer Toyota today. You all we have a new 2022 this is the Toyota Corolla. It is the hybrid LE. So hybrids are great right now Gas prices are still high Unfortunately, so this vehicle get right around that 53 miles per gallon on average. So that's awesome All right guys. So starting on the front. There is LED headlights daylight running lights That blue right there Does mean it's a hybrid on any Toyota vehicles. You see you have that black mesh grill So you are going to have alloy wheels now the exterior color is in the Ruby flair Pearl so beautiful color and The interior you'll have an 8-inch touchscreen. There's Apple CarPlay Android Auto And there is going to be all-weather floor liners in here and then for your Backseat you are going to have a 6040 split All right, so again, this is the 2022 Toyota Corolla hybrid LE Currently available. If you have any questions, feel free to let us know all of our contact info is listed right here Thanks you all so much for watching. I'll see you soon. Bye


Ancient mountains sheltered by evergreen forests, twisting streams and quiet waters, expansive wetlands abundant with life. The Canane Valley National Wildlife Refuge is a place that feels like wilderness, diverse in animal and plant life. The valley appears wild and untouched. Stretching 10 miles long by as much as 3 miles wide, it is the largest wetland in West Virginia. And at 3,200 feet in elevation, one of the highest valleys in Appalachia. In the late 1800s, Canane Valley was one of the last unsettled places in the eastern United States. The dense evergreen and hardwood forests were lumberman's dream. Before railroads gained access to the area, logging was limited by the means of transporting the immense trees. The nearby town of Davis became the industrial hub for timbering in and around Canane Valley. The men who worked in the forest were awed by the massive trees that would crash to the ground. From the 1880s to 1920, millions of board feet of lumber were removed from Canane Valley until every large tract of timber was cut. Canane Valley had been devastated. The economic poverty that followed compelled valley residents who remained to search for a new source of income. As the signs of industrialism faded and the valley re-grew, the natural beauty and cold winter started to lure people back to the valley. After decades of working with the community and advisory groups, the Canane Valley National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1994, where timber had once floated on the Blackwater River, kayaks now drift on the quiet waters. Named for its dark water, the Blackwater River flows through the valley collecting water that escapes the beaver dams and trickles off the mountain sides. The river cuts and meanders through wooded hills and switches back upon itself as it makes its way out of the valley and into the Blackwater Canyon. The wetlands and bogs of Canane Valley are home to special colonies of plants uniquely suited to grow in wetland. The forests overlooking the valley have the look and feel of the far north. Ferns shelter beneath mountaintop spruce forests and the deep mossy undergrowth provides homes for many forms of life. Whitters in the valley are cold and snow covers the ground for much of the winter. Spring wildflowers announce the end of winter. Green replaces white as wildflowers color the landscape. The valley continues its cycle through summer as wildlife perform their tasks. Plants flower and rainstorms replenish the valley wetlands. Fall colors appear early in the mountains. Bright leaves carpet the forest floor. Late blooming plants ripen and display the beauty of seasonal change. Over the last 100 years the destruction of the spruce forests and the eventual regrowth of Canane Valley tell a story of a fragile yet resilient landscape. The uniqueness and complexity of life in Canane Valley provide endless combinations of beauty and inspiration for all who visit.


So welcome, everyone, to our second public lecture this semester with our guest, Raj Rewal. Raj is a distinguished Indian architect, urban designer, and educator, and in addition to his talk tonight, we're very pleased to be hosting an exhibition of his work in our gallery, which you're all invited to visit afterwards, and I'm sure Raj would be very pleased to walk through the gallery with you in conversation. Raj's work has been shown widely, including in places like Parma, Italy, at the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi, and it's recently been acquired into the permanent collection at the Pompidou in Paris and the MoMA here in New York. So we're especially privileged to be able to bring it to our students and colleagues this fall, my Roger Williams. And before I introduce Raj more fully, I want to take a pause to say thank you to our hard-working exhibition team, and this includes John O'Keeffe and Heather Wilson, and and to our student model builders, Chris Norcross, Connor Ashtonult, and Evan Kordova for really excellent work on the beautiful models and graphics that you'll see out in the gallery. I want to also say a special thanks to our own Hassan Khan, who invited Raj and his wife Helena to be with us this fall, and knowing that it's Hassan's final semester, final semester of the school, before entering what I hope is a really glorious retirement, I want to say that it's been a pleasure serving with you on the events committee. So now let me just say a few things about our speaker. Raj Rewell studied architecture first in Delhi and then in London at the AA, and at the Brixton School for Building in the late 1950s, really rich fertile time for architecture. Then he went on to Paris to work in the office of French architect Michel Ecochard, who was both an architect and a full-fledged urban designer. We might even wonder or say that Raj's courage to think and design at the urban scale might have some roots in those years in his work in Paris. Nonetheless, in 1962 he returned to India, and at that time Le Corbusier was accomplishing some completely new things in Chandigarh, and that's when he decided to start his own practice. In his subsequently prolific career since then to the present day, he's designed a huge range of project types including low-cost housing, educational and research institutions, a library, museums, offices, private homes, a games village, an embassy, just to name a few project types. Particularly striking those is the ability to successfully operate within a larger scale of architecture. Projects like the Asian Games Village or the State University of Performing and Visual Arts, which are both on display in the gallery, show just how depletely he's handled campus scale design, harmonizing the whole while simultaneously producing enough masala as he calls it, or a variety of ingredients while still weaving a sensitivity to context at the architectural scale. So his approach to design responds to the complexities of place and time, the climate and the culture in a really unique way. And although he studied architecture in the West and his work is unmistakably modern, Raj was significantly influenced by the built heritage of India. Through his teaching and through a two-year exhibition project that he was involved with that set out to document and display traditional works of architecture in India, he developed a hands-on appreciation for the spatial configurations, materials, and formal vocabularies of traditional precedents. And he's always believed the raza, or the spirit of each building type, should evolve from its site, program, and symbolic concerns. That's very deeply rooted in India. And his quest to find the appropriate raza really relies on the use of architectural elements like, you know, space, structure, light, materiality, sustainability, all fundamental things that we still continue to study, explore, and teach, and work with as architects. Raj's work has been published widely, including in monographs in English and French. And he's the recipient of numerous accolades, including the gold medal from the Indian Institute of Architects, the Mexican Association of Architects Award for Regional Values, notice the global influence, and the Great Masters Award by the JK Trust for a lifetime contribution to modern architecture in the post-independence area, ERA in India. So with that, please join me in welcoming Raj Rewal. Thank you very much, Nathan, for your very kind words. And I'm very happy to be here. I was here 10 years ago, I think, and when there was a seminar, and I liked the very pleasant environment of the school of architecture, and the university, and the whole city. So I'm particularly happy to be back here. And I had the pleasure of having both Hassan and Stephen White in Delhi at some stage. And I know they're, they all already understand or know about Indian architecture, and the wonderful book which Stephen has done about what's called Billings in the Garden, about Joe Stein, who has been a little senior to us, and has always had a very, sort of, interest for us when we, when I first came to, to, to work in India, because that showed that some very good works could be done in India. And let's say, so, in a way, Corbusier at one time, Louis Khan, another time. So India was very fertile period for a young architect to come in. So I think I'll show some of my work. But the, what I would like to point out is that we are living in a very diverse world. Is it? We are living in a very diverse world. You know, I mean, with very heterogeneous political systems, also levels of development, rich countries, developing countries and all that. But at the same time, I think we have seen the world being connected very sharply, very suddenly, with iPhones, I could talk to my office yesterday, computers, internet, et cetera, which was not there even 10 to 15 years ago. So the more we are getting connected, the, in a way, diversity is also happening at the same time, in a way. So it's a very interesting period in the whole world. And for some of us who travel a lot or see things, but I would like to point out that this diversity is what I would call the plural modernity, because there has been one or maybe two or three sort of lineages on modern architecture. One from, let's say, from the Bahá'u School, which, as you know, means and gropeers when they came to Europe, from Europe to America, how it flourished. Then the other school, perhaps, which we could consider is maybe Alvaralto. I was very surprised to see his work because they were distinctly different. So he brought to the modernism another kind of works, which were, let's say, diverse from the mainstream of modernity. Now I hope that the kind of work which I'm going to show is another strand, another kind of plural modernity. But the roots of my works, though, of course, influenced by maybe, as you can see, perhaps a little bit from Khan and Muchmore, Corbusier, and even Joe Stein, but I evolved in another direction, I imagine. That was from the traditional Indian architecture. I think I'm showing here one image, which is from Fatehpur Siegri. To my opinion, the modern architecture started here. Here is a, let's say, respect for the materials as found, stone, and variety of structural system which went in. I mean, if I was to talk about it, it would take a very long time. So I'll quickly go over the plan of it, which actually, I was responsible in a way for measuring it. Patap is here, some of the very young architects who worked. So we spent two years of our office time to measure part of the traditional Indian architecture. Now the British architects are done some buildings individually, but this is the kind of, you can say, the perspective which we drew as we went along to search of certain values which were inherent, series of interconnected courtyards, buildings which have deep shadows built into the grain of the structural system itself. So the first lesson of ecological architecture, how to be very cool in a very warm climate, and also when there is winter, how to go up on the roof to enjoy sunshine, et cetera. Now this is another palace complex in Udaipur. If you ever go to India, I don't think you should miss this one, because it's also something which shows the relationship between the building, the landscape, its surrounding in a very, sort of almost like a romantic way. But I mean, these are, as you can see, the trees, plants, they all sort of fuse together, all of these things. Now another facet of Indian architecture is a temple in South India. You could see about, let's say, on one particular weekend, about almost half a million people. And how the strategy of movement within the building, the pond, the structure, I mean, so these are the sort of things I started measuring. But here is another example. I think a wonderful example of modernity. It's a building to observe the stars and planets, and it's called, actually it's an observatory. And I was very happy to note that both Kobuzye talked about in their letters when he wrote to his wife, and also used some of the elements in his building. So I mean, this is part of the observatory. So I think what I'm trying to say is there is another strand of modernity. And I think it would be interesting if it can bring something to the modern architecture, another way of looking or building, another way of designing and considering. Now this is, the building on the left is by Latians. And when he built in India, he has started with the idea of showing what he said, what the superiority of the western art, science, and culture, sort of very assertive, aggressive way of building. But by the time he had finished, he had started copying the Sanchi Stupa talk, because his wife had almost become a kind of a Buddhist or Theosifical Society. And he used the railing from the same thing from the Sanchi Stupa, another wonderful building, built maybe 300 before we see. And the Michel E. Couchab, for whom I worked, had been to India before. And he said, for him, this was the first truly great monument comparable to the best things done by the Greeks in Pantheon, Parthenon, et cetera, the Roman building. Anyway, now another image which you see from the Jodhpur fort, as you see the city laid out. Now, the city actually breathes through small lanes and courtyard. I've just been to Spain again. And Todidhoi's similar thing, Segovia. So all the countries which have a certain climate. So that's it. They're a walkable thing, which pedestrianized spaces, so which we are totally missing in the modern architecture. And this is the plan of the Jason mayor, which again we had measured. As you can see, the space between the buildings. You can see the spatial arrangement. These are all made into wonderful, we've made very large drawings of all of them, which were shown at the festival of India in Paris. Now you can see the three-dimensional aspect of it. I mean, in a way, then there is similarity with Renaissance Italian spaces, but also very different, because they're very homogeneous, because all one city built only in one sandstone. So if you ever get to India, please don't forget to go to Jason mayor. I mean, I wrote about it at that time. And it became, especially in the French architectural magazine, and it became quite a hit. Now, small kids speak a bit of French to take the tourists around, so to speak. And now you can see the facade elements. These are prefabricated elements, actually, believe it or not, of that period and all which the residents bought from the craftsman to be used from their facade. So there is a tremendous homogeneity in the whole city. Now, these are the sort of influences on my works, and I'll show quickly a spectrum of my works, which I would start with National Institute of Immunology. Now, the program here was for the professors and scholars and research people to be staying next to where they were actually working doing the research. And so these are sort of elements of the central one which you see the small auditorium space, but the roof is hung and the roof is actually utilized for at least on some occasion by Dr. Pranth Talwar, who was the Patap's father, so who gave me very free hand to build it. And we could use the spaces for musical evenings, et cetera, because we didn't have enough money to make another theaters, et cetera. So this is the model. Actually, now I think in the MoMA, perhaps this one, you can see the sort of space, small courtyard, but which are all linked together in a way around the central building, which is a scientific research institute. Now these are some of the roots which we had established very early in the project because it was built in faces, how you go from one courtyard to the other, the elements of surprise and central spaces. So actually these are elements I learned more from traditional Indian architecture, but developed a vocabulary of design which is, of course, totally different based on materials and potential for what can be built at this stage in India. You can see now the other problem was when you're building very diverse building types, how to have a homogeneity. This was a major problem for almost all my building because they're becoming larger projects. So as I said, between urban design and architecture, there's another category which I would call epic architecture, epic designs which are very large done by one architect to have a certain homogeneity, but enough changing variation, enough spice in it so that there is a, I mean, almost like, as I sometimes described, like a narrative long hours like war and peace, which has many chapters, which are several stories strung together. So you can see this building. This is actually a cafeteria which you enter. This is the space around it. I mean, this is the kind of thing. You can see small spaces which you can sit around. Now you have a wonderful weather today, but in winter, I believe it's very cold. But, I mean, in Delhi, I think we could use the open spaces much more easily like in Italy or Spain. You can see now the buildings and the plants have grown up. I mean, this is the situation now. I mean, it takes about an hour and a half or two hours almost to go around the whole project. Now this is the first courtyard which I built and in a way, perhaps, in Indian modernism, this may be the first example if I'm not bragging, which is totally to traditional architectural values from learn from Jason Mayer. Small courtyards, roof terraces, and even the punctures and the windows, but they have a different vocabulary of design. You can see now the material I chose was from sandstone grids applied in situ on the side. This is also very unusual for the time, but the craftsman got caught used to it rather than having prefabricated elements plonked on. It was cheaper, easier, and faster to build this way. You can see the kind of spaces from across the courtyard, looking across to the views of the surroundings, because I think perhaps, I'm sure some of you have seen Alhambra, how the views are focused on to the external thing. So I think this is another aspect of which I used in my buildings. The spaces which lead to, let's say, this is a small amphitheater, which is a courtyard built around the scholars hostel. This is the building plants thing. This is the scholars hostel with rooms built into it. These are the professors housing around another courtyard. So these are the section, the duplex units for the professors. Now I think Indian, Indian government at that time had to entice many of the scientists who work here, the Indian scientists, to come back. So they gave them these kind of houses or kind of this kind of environment to live in so they could come back. Now you can see, this is the second phase of construction. I was getting more confident in how the light is diffused, structure becomes a little bit more part of the landscape, etc. You can see the second phase of the model. I think you have the drawings in the exhibition.  So these are the inner streets and with complete shadows. Here we started mixing that the professors and students can live in a same kind of, let's say, apartments if you like, low-rise density. And I think it was quite successful in a way to mingle them so they can probably like each other or hate each other more if they are staying so close. So this is the kind of a cabinery. I go a bit faster but you can see the diffuse, the light is very different and I had how to diffuse it was a very intriguing process of both learning from the past and using it. You can see the series of interlinked courtyard around the housing. Now this is a totally different kind of a project. This is the Library for the Indian Parliament. This is the Imperial Complex designed by Latians and Baker and it's a Grand Avenue, Central Vista and my job or my work was to relate the building which you see on the upper left with the Baker's Parliament building. So it was an architectural competition which I had won the Library for the Indian Parliament. Now the Library Complex also you have, I really like to thank all the students who had worked on the model of it and I think they may have some intriguing questions about it. And this is actually a Google image of this one. So let's say my work was in a way to be both compatible with Latians who had been so aggressive and also at the same time to show certain what I would call the Indian ethos. So the building on the top is in a way much more inward looking rather than imperial columns which come from let's say and also to relate to it in a manner. And this is the roof garden of the building as you see the complex. So this is the plan of it. I think the plan they are making. I don't know if there are any students are there doing it in a different manner. But I sort of designed the buildings around the three co-chards and the very different elements to break it up into smaller segments to be a bit more human because coming from the housing which I was doing in a way that seeped into this sort of discrete monumentality of doing this building to be compatible with it but at the same time quite different. You can see the kind of spaces. So really the building merged with the old Baker's building but it has its own co-chart garden and a new vocabulary of design. This is sort of different co-charts but as you know as architect we have to sell our project and I said the three co-chart represents equality fraternity the three aspects of the constitution. So and actually this caught up with the politicians as well. And you can see now this is the entrance hall and another idea which I had and I don't know how successful it was the idea of enlightenment. Let's say if Latians was trying to show off something else I took the idea of enlightenment from Buddhist and Jain building where the light is the most important thing I think if you ever go to Ranatpur temple you can you can see how to so the building is sort of these are the small domes which are lifted above on the column and the light pours through this glass brick sometimes and you can see the central space with the glass dome and the floor which is really again sort of Buddhist petals which sort of symbolize the idea of enlightenment I think most Indians would probably understand that. Now I showed another project Lisbon this was again an international limited competition and which I surprisingly won and you can see the it has a series of co-chart from the entrance and it owes a lot to the I think not only the Indian precedents but also a lambda how you enter from thing the series of interlinked co-chart how they open into one space into the other so let's say it's a kind of modernism which is very different from what has what is being done elsewhere by my contemporary architects in the world now I use the stone vocabulary from Leo's from Lisbon which is and I use its texture in a very different manner and as you go along the idea of garden becomes very important both inside and outside and now this is the whole prayer hall and the structural system owes a lot to what is popularly known as Islamic patterns and as in the Islamic buildings you're not supposed to have any that's a figurative elements so I depended entirely on the geometrics of it and at the same time I was very understood that I had to it's a sacred space and I didn't want it to look like a gymnasium or something like that I mean this is a very important thing for us architects to consider and I often use the word rassa for it what should be the spirit of the building and in this case I I thought we use the granite and the stainless steel flesh together and it was a in a way you this is the prayer hall inside you can see so the vocabulary totally modern in fact I could even go further than since very innovative structures both for the facade elements as well as for the roof I think if I take me long time to explain the fragile construction of granite which is strong in compression and steel in tension and how these could be combined together to have a very light stone structure overlooking the the courtyard now this is the roof structure these are the ferrocement domes with with stone cladding as a permanent shuttering but the contractor chose to use it in a building in a slightly different manner but as you can see the patterns owe a lot to what I thought was I don't know in Jiro Nima and the quality of light within the buildings is very different you can see the structural system here this is a small mural done by my son who passed away at some stage and you can see the granite elements which were almost like a because of Spain and Portugal and the stone countries which have a tremendous tradition of building in stone I mean compared to the rest of the Europe they did not make make full ceiling of stone inside and had the wood covered so I think I could draw upon the the the strength of their stone building and cutting techniques etc to make a very modern building you can see the joints you can see and actually now the trees and plants have grown up is very different but you can see the bare structure and the structural system of bracing bracing steam stone and granite together you can see the steel cables to see that the building which is very light does not move in the both direction this is another very large project which is almost and not 100 percent complete but here we use to the all the elements particularly now a photovoltaic panels on the roof but I go back to the old Sarnath structure of a university circular element and also to buildings in Bologna the oldest university so to draw upon it and also of course the Oxford University so I mean the scale of this project is very large is these are the four very different component like the school of architecture fashion Institute film Institute and of course the design textile design so here I used an element of the roof which is a photovoltaic panels but it's also a symbol it's called they're called Dharma Chakra or in the Buddhist mythology or their circle of living right rightful living so I thought the photovoltaic panels would be a very good symbol for our times and I've used that on the roof but in that I think in the model and the section which you see in the library would explain it better than I can perhaps on this lecture but you can see in the model it's a project which was which has a lot of very diverse element but fused together by the sandstone building using the material which is similar and I use the red sandstone for individual buildings in the white sandstone to denote what was common to all the different diverse schools of architecture you can this is the plan of it you can see what during the construction the the project the scale of it so this is what I meant when I said the epic works and how to fuse together very different elements and and at the same time to have a certain homogeneity I mean you can see sunken spaces for seminars outdoor spaces and I think I'll finish with this is the kind of ambience which is there the sections of it I think those of you have been working on it and still need finishing there but this is the amphitheater within it and actually being used now this is let's say fashion design overlooking its coach yard and because it had two very large exhibition halls and spaces for it but I'm showing one little one significant image from Corbusier's building to use of light because I think for us architects at least as I see for myself we can imagine almost everything which we are going to do by the time you reach my age but the light is still very difficult to visualize how the building would have what kind of light they have and how they like speculate how it would change the design element so I think you can see the the the fours which are created and even for me it was a surprise and sometimes a good surprise sometime oh is that going to be like that so you can see so it's a this is the kind of suddenly the light which if you which becomes which changes the architecture altogether this is the fine art school with an auditorium within it and I think this is the interior of the library because the top most floor I think you will see in the sections of the library I have not shown that now I think I don't know if there's a time I will have another 10-15 minutes before this is a very unusual complex even for me and I had by that time at the University I thought you know I've done enough work but somebody said oh you have to do this project for us it's a junk is really a freedom struggle complex actually colonialism has been one of the biggest major event in the history of mankind for 250 years India was under the British of segments of India and Punjab was the last province which they actually took from Ranjeet Singh's and after three battle grounds so this is built in Punjab to for a cologne to what was the freedom struggle and you can see some of the worst events were when Jalya Wala Bagh I don't know if you know historically when people were massacre totally innocent and even the British even the Churchill who was very imperialistic apologize for that but you know I mean it's not accepted in India now my inspiration for this project was the what we call the Golden Temple I hope some of you have seen it and all the monument from Sanjeev stupa the the Mughal structures with their domes and marble and on on the right even the pantheon which is actually a memorial with a nice little rooftop circle and how the the light dances across so it's very diverse elements which and also in Punjab the it's a very dynamic part of the Indian province you can see the fabrics of patterns of petals and dancing very dynamic so I took these as the elements of my design so these are the preliminary computer model sketches if you like again you can see the flowers as a structural system I thought to be nice as a homage to all those martyrs and as you can imagine the very vast scale and the the elements of design entrance hall a binaret which has a place for the martyrs to to to pay obeisance to them and of course the final structure and these are some of the images the building is still not complete because the landscape is a major element of design and I think you will see the in the exhibition the this the construction and section elements much more than I'm showing here but use of stone amphitheater detailed sections and this is the entrance hall is the first time I use marble and I was very worried about using marble because marble has very different connotations and in a way the white is secret in Punjab most of the building but at the same time I was a bit worried to use this white because the white sort of looks very different in the night and the evenings and the I think it can be you can see the entrance hall because this is a big tradition as you enter you see the focus on the major elements as the entrance hall I think Hassan would probably recognize it more you can see the roof structure the light I think you can see it's beginning to work a little bit and I think I would stop with that thank you very much thank you thank you you want to say something Stephen I just want to thank you for coming coming back great to have you here for myself the scope of your work and scope with thought but your friendly and generous presence are great things to be out here to show what architects are it's great honor to have you here thank you very much thank you I think you might be able to take this off roof structures used to know how was the relationship of you with the structure engineer and how they collaboration you know whether or not was the you know some of that compression small domes with a truss action system stuff like that was the design transformed by the by the getting the numbers or was pretty much what you wanted initially or how they think transform for efficiency and aesthetics a very good question let's put it like that my background is very much as a with great interest in structures from my school university days and in fact I've done one of the structures I've not shown which is one of the largest space frame in concrete 256 feet so structure has been the basis of a lot of my work and I think expression of structure itself I think is very to be to become the base basic ethos of the whole building but now the collaboration between the architects and the engineer I think is your question I think that's but essentially once you the design architect has to establish before the structural engineer comes in but once the some structure engineer comes in he begins to point out certain aspects and it becomes any dialogue I always call it like a musical dialogue because the structure Jugal Bandi is the word which we use in India that they it becomes any flexible at that time whatever your thoughts were so you begin to take on from the structure engineer once he runs his numbers then he says oh your your elements are not going to be 12 inches but maybe 14 inches would be better and I'm having problem with the I'm talking about the another structure where he begins to say okay the steel rods will not run through so we need something but let's say the structure of the Lisbon is finally center I had been had given the design it was already established the whatever the numbers were and when I went to the structural engineers I wanted over to do it is one of the worst best known and they were a bit worried about in earthquake zone whether we can actually do it so finally I hit upon Portuguese engineer who's the head of the department and he read he ran through certain numbers and then he said you know granite is not an element which is which which can be quantified because it's grains run in different manners so he actually tested one element one unit of it and then we established that granites of only particular type would be used because for compression the strength because there is no record of it so but the stain the use of steel and stainless steel etc. members was probably fairly easy to do it and by the time we had established it I think he was quite confident to go ahead with it so in a way the architects have to conceptualize and very well and I think it's very good to have structural base very strongly and I think the British system in which I studied and let's say the major architect like Foster and Rogers they all come from the same roots of having a good structural base to their thinking I think what's happening in the world because this is a question I see go we are very much discussed where I last gave a talk you see what's happening now is there is a one is a star system that the architects do signature buildings all over the world that's one thing then what is happening is the financial constraints or this disciplines if I may use the word in different parts of the words are let's say as somebody said form follows finance is becoming very important in so let's say the when the building let's say let's take the Renaissance period when the let's say the society in which the not only the king but the dukes and all that who are very well knowledgeable about the art would commission money was not such an important issue etc. so let's say often when we are designing these days is for the committees let's say for the university there was a committee they had established the rules and you build it and this was the discipline of the money you can't exceed it if you do the building will stop so so you have to take what I'm saying is that these are the financial constraint different parts of the world are there but for me the the major theoretical aspect of the work which is I have not touched in this thing is what I call the Rasa I mean I think you may be some of you it's almost word become part of the English dictionary now if you the Rasa means ambience or flavor or even the spirit of a particular building so when you start designing what should be the let's say the expression or Rasa or even if I but what should be the soul of a building let's say I go even further to when you are designing something like structure for a colonial freedom struggle what should it be you can do anything I mean the client gives you cut the blush you have the so it's a big responsibility at that time now I would say certain kind of architects would just what they had done last and do up more of that the for me it has been as you can see in the they are very different all the three four project from let's say the university or the parliament library and this they're very different because I started from the base of thinking what should be the Rasa or what should be the spirit of each building so maybe they are designed by one architect but they have very different forms very different actually ambience as you go in I mean Lisbon Smiley center is totally different from what is within the let's say parliament library building I mean and they are also very different from the university project or the freedom struggle so this is what I mean pluralism if I may bring to the modern architecture movement a certain different spirit of doing the building theoretical base for it I don't know if I answer your question yes a little louder you mentioned that it's an interesting thing because I don't want to say that the fact that you're here I would recognize around you well you talk about signatures but there is the idea this modular there is an idea of a certain kind of materiality I think what you say is maybe partly true for institutional buildings which are let's say four story five story high I mean I I think making courtyard is maybe not a very original thing it's come down but from ecological point of view it really makes sense so let's say long before they were talking about sustainable architecture 30 40 years ago I found that is the way to go about it and it worked out very well because the temperature control by having using the courtyard is really you bring down the ten ten ten degrees so to speak in a very hot climate it makes sense so that's one thing now the second thing the use of material materiality and craft I think let's say the glass is a often synonymous with modernity then in Dubai they are making huge glass towers which doesn't make sense to me because when you have a 50 degree temperature so stone I found to be let's say maybe I was the first one to use in the modern movement in Indian architecture but I found it let's say from three points to be very pertinent first of all my first building which you have seen which have not shown of the brick and concrete so it was a little painful for me to clad them because truth true to material was the sort of ethos of my generation but suddenly to clad it with stone it was a little I mean let's say I was a bit reluctant user but then if you have an air conditioning building you need an insulation over and above brick and concrete and I thought stone was very good because especially with a gap and I've not shown it the World Bank building is the first one and they definitely wanted American clients the temperature should not be you know we always use insulation so I devised that why not have stone as a surface material insulation in between so that was another reason to use stone third one believe it or not there are such good craftsmen in stone in India I mean may I would say perhaps in Lisbon they were very good and stone I mean it's a shame that they have not built in stone in Spain I mean it's because the fashion is not to use stone I mean so I reverse that I mean for me it was stone became a material for as I said institutional building but I have done as you see STC building is very different and the building I have done in Calcutta doesn't use stone because it's so far from that which I have not shown so but I'm more or less using very much photovoltaic elements and element of design and to so I don't know if in future my the last few building would be recognized because I have used photovoltaic panels right from the beginning as a design element but perhaps you're right if somebody associate my work with courtyard and stone I'm very happy about that a little louder yeah oh so I'm going forward I'm going forward the tower okay you see the let's say I would use the word Minaret because tower is a Minar and when the client first proposed that we should do the Minaret I was a bit I said you know it's not used in modern architecture I mean I come from I have and I said maybe Minar is a phallic symbol because that's how it was described in the historical I don't know who's the I don't remember the theoretical so I didn't want to use it but he said oh you don't know Minar is a symbol of victory and so we have to have it and that's where the we will have the flame for unknown martyr because it's not recognized than more than I don't know more than 20,000 people were killed during colonial period I mean different battles and massacre everybody knows about Gandhi and peaceful part of it but there was struggle going on partly just before the British actually took over so that's the use of the Minaret in this case symbol that ultimately those who sacrifice have won if I may and I think it's understood it was not even understood by me but my client a very vulnerable Siddharji said that's what I want and that's what he had and he's recognized by children everybody comes there and you know and I imagine that on that the Golden Temple is visited by some people like half a million people on a week days Saturday Sunday now we are beginning to have 40 to 30,000 and maybe one day we would have so that's why that wasp is going towards it is designed like that. Does somebody who has had such a long spanning really successful career with the reconstruction can you speak to what you see as the most maybe enriching or fulfilling moment in a project whether it's the designing phase or seeing the project completed or anything? That's a very difficult question what is satisfying okay at a very lighter level when they have paid us but but but the I think the I think the when the construction process is going on when you visit the building series of it and that's also that's most satisfying period and also very you begin to think oh it could have been done a little better so it's both satisfying and also a little it has little problems at that time you are being very critical about oneself that I had imagined two or three things but this is what is being built maybe it could have been done that way the way I thought but generally speaking during construction I think the finishing when the building is finished is somebody maybe you visited after three or four years afterward it's satisfying if the clients say they were very happy about it because your own emotional emotional touch with the building someone fizzles out kind of learning perhaps the when you're teaching that's the best part of learning because you have to make sure what you're teaching you see and I think the first four five years of being a professor was the best part of my learning and for myself because I had to teach very suddenly very diverse subject and our history teacher emigrated to New Zealand or something and overnight the head of the department somebody stronger than Stephen say you have to teach history so I said but look I've never studied Indian history have come from Europe and blah blah blah she said no but you are he said but going away that I could teach history and because that the only reason was that my wife was very interested to visit everything so we had a car and we went to see all the historical monuments so we had seen all the surrounding building so that became the sort of trigger point for the head of the school to say teach and when you're teaching you read all the books you different points of view and then you have your own point of view eventually so I think teaching is a wonderful process of learning and also I think our friend who asked about the structure I had to teach structure design theoretical structure design and believe me I mean the wonderful book written by some others on conceptual structures and all that by Italian I forget his name so you become very engrossed in it and question when yourself and you're teaching others so I think teaching is the best process of learning and as you begin to build your building you learn from your own buildings or I can do this next bit better so something so the process of both teaching and your own designs lead you on to something I don't know progress further


Some civil society groups in Imo-State are calling on the government to review its commitment to agriculture in the state upwardly. The group urged the government to invest more in agriculture to boost food security. Receiving the group at the government house, the deputy chief of staff to the governor, Emeka Abo, assured them of prompt attention of the governor. Before the project was started in November, we conducted a political economy analysis to find out where the project presently is before we started. And presently, Imo-State's agri-project is at 1.7%. The 1.7% is not enough to assuage the needs of small-holder farmers who produce almost like 70% of what we consume in the state. So we had to start their advocacy with the findings from the BEA study. The study was done around the whole ministries, the agencies and the departments in Imo-State who are in the agric sector. Hello. Hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.