Alrighty so I have some exciting news for you guys right there on the screen you can see track work from the MCBR All the way to the brake run is complete how exciting so as you know They had two construction companies from the same company, so I made it sound like it was too separate But two separate projects going on to help finish this coaster in time So they're trying to finish this before the new year The other team has now finished the helix. It looks stunning I cannot believe how level to the ground that helix is It's gonna be a super photogenic area again The goal of this area was to be photogenic and pay homage to Skyrider It's not meant to be the most thrilling ending to a coaster ever for those being like well, it looks very tame It's meant to pay homage and it's meant to be photogenic There's gonna be a photo area right there in the helix area from what I understand like where you can stand and take pictures So that's super exciting but heading on over to the fourth inversion the Imelman As you can see it is nearing completion. So it's now angled up. It's curving out of the inversion It's gonna connect to the support beam there What's cool about the support beam if you look very closely is the support column actually goes over the pathway So it's almost like an entrance way. I always find that awesome walking in between a coaster underneath the coaster Like at Val Raven Is super awesome. I love it and this coaster really interacts with its surroundings and I could not be more thrilled Again for all of you. You've all been there with me on those construction tours It is a very photogenic coaster And I cannot wait till what the new year brings for us so we'll have some exciting footage in the new year for you guys and I'm trying to think of what else not too much else going on You can see construction equipment down in the station queue line area. They are still working on the queue line So the queue line is supposed to be a bunch of switchbacks then you'll enter underneath the Turn out of the station and then head up into the station which will be kind of like a steel frame like a mine shaft Theme to Yukon Gold Rush era again Dawson City was referenced Nothing noticeable on Mind Buster except for a lot of digging over near Backlight stunt coaster and in that area where they're digging currently I can confirm that is most likely electrical Which leads me to believe that a lot of the work is for electrical now the only thing that I'm still Holding on to and in my opinion it confirms that a wild beast is not going to be RMC And Mind Buster will be the one that gets RMC'd is One you have Frontier Canada beginning its expansion phase So there's more projects to come and Mind Buster is in that area and Mind Buster was supposed to be the big Attraction for Frontier Canada. So that to me screams RMC Mind Buster has been getting very little treatment over the last couple years in terms of replacing what needs to be replaced and wild beast again For another consecutive year is being replaced and replenished. So to me that screams They have no plans in the near future for RMC and wild beast and for me the pudding lies with Mind Buster but It's one of those debates that no one will win until it's announced But for me, I am definitely team RMC Mind Buster That's all I have to report on Yukon Straker right now. The drones are up every day We're gonna get the completion of this coaster for you guys. Don't you worry? And there's lots more exciting content to come in the new year. Thanks for watching guys Don't forget to hit that like button subscribe if you haven't and share this video for others to enjoy. Have a good one Bye. Thanks so much for watching our videos guys Don't forget to head on over to our store and look at our posters our calendars and our new merch We have some exciting stuff on the store for you guys interested in Yukon Straker and what we do Any little bit helps the channel grow and upgrade our technology to provide better Footage and content for you guys. Anyways, thanks so much for watching all of our video guys And don't forget to stay tuned hit that notification bell to stay up to date on our newest videos Have a good one guys. Bye


Hello, my name is Jan Knodl, I'm the Extension Entomologist for North Dakota State University. This video is about bee safety and protecting honey bees from pesticide poisoning. Honey bees and native pollinators are a vital part of agriculture food production and should be protected from pesticide poisoning. The value of bee pollination is estimated at $14.6 billion in the United States. With a reduction in the number of domestic and wild bee colonies due to colony collapse disorder and other diseases, the value of honey bees and native bees for pollination has increased. This increases the importance of protecting bees from pesticide poisoning. Bees are attracted to blooming field crops such as sunflowers and even weeds such as dandelions in the field for nectar and or pollen. Because bees forage for up to two and a half miles or more from the hive, all beekeepers within two to three miles of the area to be treated with insecticide should be notified several days before the insecticide is to be applied. In North Dakota, the names of beekeepers can be attained by going to the North Dakota Department of Agriculture's website. Bee pesticide hazards can be reduced by following these guidelines. Know and communicate with beekeepers about hive locations. Use economic threshold and other integrated pest management strategies. Economic thresholds ensure that pesticides are used only when crop losses prevented by pesticide use are greater than the cost of the pesticide and the application. Use pesticides with low toxicity and low residual two bees, for example avoid using dust or wettable powder insecticide formulations because they generally are more toxic two bees. Evening or early morning applications are the least harmful two bees because fewer bees are foraging. Do not spray when winds can cause pesticide drift. Use all pesticides in a manner consistent with the label directions. The environmental hazard section of the label may include specific restrictions that protect bees. Words that describe pesticide restrictions are while actively visiting or foraging in a field and visiting or flying through a field. Typically bees are actively foraging when there is day light and temperatures are above 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Thank you for learning about how to protect pollinators from pesticide poisoning.


The problems in this lab are very hard problems that people have been trying to tackle for years. There's a huge gap between what we do as researchers and what practitioners can actually do with our work. Interactive visualization is actually a very powerful tool to give human decision-makers access to large and complex amounts of data and also to give them more intuitive access to the models that we build. And so by presenting this data visually, they get a real visceral feeling for it. And that's really valuable if you have decision-makers in different parts of your organization. In the cave lab, supply chain network design is more than building and modeling a supply chain. Researchers at the Center for Transportation and Logistics build cutting-edge optimization models and the cave lab allows for the interactive visualization of these models, giving decision-makers access to large and complex amounts of data while also giving them more intuitive access to the models that we build. Organizations can collectively explore different solutions and use tools that ultimately lead to better consensus and better organizational buy-in. In this video, we're going to highlight two projects that explored network design in the cave lab. The first project helped a company design a distribution network for a new commodity. The research had several goals. Focus on maximizing profits, not only minimizing costs, while allowing for custom interaction specific for the business case being considered. This project closed with a facilitated co-design workshop that brought functional leaders, supply chain finance and sales decision-makers, together to co-design a supply chain for a new product. Shared exploration of the model with individuals creating scenarios based on their assumptions rapidly led to a common understanding of key business dynamics. The exploration led to immediate decisions regarding next steps for the business unit. In the second application, the cave lab built a network design tool to study how best to support more efficient data-driven group decision-making for complex supply chain problems. Participants had to work together to find the optimal network configuration in order to maximize profit. They changed the network with a visual interface allowing them to activate and deactivate warehouses. They explored data relevant to their network design decisions using an interactive dashboard with numerous metrics and graphics for each solution, helping to shape intuition. Users reported the cave lab allowed them to understand the problem more quickly, construct better solutions and make more efficient group decisions. By convening stakeholders in a facilitated co-design process, the cave lab aligns intuition and accelerates decision-making in order to help us grow our research agenda and help the center to have more impact on the real world with our industry partners.


Hi, I'm Bill Evans. I own Polytech Incorporated in Northeast Ohio. We have an office in Cleveland and one in Akron. I'm a university adjunct professor at the University of Akron. I also am an attorney licensed to practice in the state of Ohio. I began my career in polygraph in 1977. I was a general assignment detective with the Summit County Sheriff's Office. At that point we were using polygraph for specific issue testing. I was lured away from law enforcement. I went into corporate America and spent five years there as a loss prevention director. During that period of time we were using polygraph for both internal investigations and screening. So in going into my own business I decided that we were going to utilize polygraph for specific issue workplace and pre-employment testing. But in about 1995 or 96 we wanted to be on the leading edge of polygraph and we began using computerized polygraph as a tool and a device in lieu of the old analog instrument. The instrument had had the pen scribing across the paper and so forth that's in the movies. So we wanted to be the first to use leading edge cutting technology. And I felt the same when I heard of eye detect, ocular eye detection. We wanted to be the first and in fact we were one of the forerunners in the country in using eye detect just like we were with the computerized polygraph instrumentation. Eye detect is totally objective in the sense that the examiner has no input in the ultimate decision. So the algorithm ends up making the call on the person being tested for either truthfulness or deception.


For so many reasons, but in my opinion, networking is the most important because networking creates opportunities for you even long after the mentorship program has ended. I think mentors guidance makes everyone feel more confident and makes them feel a step closer to their goals. Really learning from my mentees, I was so impressed from the commitment level of both of them, although I knew they had so many things going on in their lives. This program covered basically all the knowledge you need to excel and especially women who are looking to enter this industry. I was impressed that there were soft skills sessions arranged and this is a very important thing to consider when pursuing cybersecurity careers, communication skills, very important. Thank you.


Welcome to the annual DEF CON convention. This meeting was held in exciting Las Vegas, Nevada from July 9 through the 11th, 1999. This is videotape number 28, Introduction to Virus. I'm working with the International Networking Services for a while now, a really really great company, very happy there. They send me to fun places like this. The day I got hired I said, okay, there's a situation. I love the work for you guys, but I want to go to Black Hat and DEF CON. They said, okay, sure, I'm there. I work for you. Okay, I think it's safe to start here. I think we hear it at the three o'clock mark. One minute short, close enough. Can we dim the lights a little bit? Anybody? Bueller? Anybody? Can everybody see that okay? Is it a little lighter? Hey, thank you. I can take credit for that. They came with PowerPoint. Yeah, Karen, there's like 30 knobs back there. Like, which one takes what? No idea. Does anybody know how to dim the lights? Just like shot. Yeah, we'll just take out the lights one by one. Well, you got the back ones. That's good. Good, good, good. Thank you very much. Oh, hi, and welcome to the Introduction to Computer Viruses. My name is Robert James Lupo, aka Virus. Rockin'. Cool. Let's see if we can get through this in 50 minutes until I have left over for questions here. Introduction. At the end of this presentation, you should be able to understand the basics of computer viruses and how they affect the computer systems. Basically, I'm going to go into a rule-free basic introduction on the different types of computer viruses. I'm not going to go into a lot of depth. I'll be happy to answer questions, but this is an introduction. This is going to give you a grasp on how the computer viruses actually affect different systems. We're going to cover the types of computer viruses. I'm going to talk about fakes and false alarms in the world at this point right now. And then we'll wrap it up with the conclusion and questions at the end. These are the computer viruses. These are the basic types. We have boot sector, violin factor, multi-parti, and macro viruses. Now, I saved macros for the end because it actually happens to be the one virus I know is the least amount. But it also happens to be what's mostly getting a lot of press in the world right now. So I can tell you kind of what I know about them. I don't play with them that often. Boot sector viruses. They go out over how they work and the different types. Can you actually see that? Yeah, there we go. All right. Boot sector viruses. Attack the master boot record of the hard drive or the floppy disk. Now, to give you an idea of how easy it is to actually infect a floppy disk or a hard drive, is if I have an infected floppy disk, I can put it in the A drive. From my command prompt, if I just do a directory of that C drive, I've instantaneously infected the hard drive. Just by accessing the disk. The master boot record is divided up into three different parts.  Now, the code portion of the master boot record is what you see, when you see like the syntax error, stuff like that, or like, you know, invalid drive or stuff like that. That stuff's all encoded in there. These are all the little error codes. This is what tells the computer how to boot up, how to access the partition information. I want you to remember that portion, how to access the partition information. So we're going to get into that in a few seconds here. What the virus does is the virus will first copy, first copies the boot code on the drive to a different sector of the media. Several viruses will copy to like sector 7, 9, 12, 17, 22. What I normally do is if I'm looking for a boot sector virus, I actually look at each sector up to about sector 25, and I actually look for an absolute duplicate of the boot code. If I see it on other sectors, that usually gives me an indication that I have a boot sector virus or have been infected at one time. A really great tool to use for this is Norton Utilities Disk Editor, was my absolute favorite tool to do. I'd actually go in and actually view the boot sector. After it copies the code over to a different sector, the thing copies the virus code over the code portion of the master boot record. At the end of the virus code, it actually points to different sectors. Now here's the really interesting factor dealing with boot sector viruses. It is completely 100% possible to have multiple infections at the same time, because different viruses will actually copy to different portions of the sector, at different sectors. I've actually been able to infect a system with three different boot sector viruses at the same time, and then I run a virus remover software, and I get rid of one virus, and then I think I'm cool, and then I run it again, and there's a second virus, and then I run it again, and there's a third virus. It has to go down layers. It's very, very important that if you end up with a boot sector virus, so re-run the software again, and verify that it has been removed correctly. On certain viruses, for instance, the New York boot virus. Anyone heard of that? Raise your hand. New York boot. Anyone been hit by it in the last year or so? No? Okay. One of the cool things with the New York boot, New York boot specifically just copies over the code, does it over to like sector 7 and 9, I think, and I think 12 also. And one of the easiest ways to get rid of a basic boot sector virus is by booting up off a clean disk and with F-disk on it and type in F-disk forward slash MBR. Anyone ever done that? Okay. And who can tell me what that does? Anybody raise your hand. Sir.  All it does is says, I don't care what code is there, throw this code over it. No more virus. There's a problem with that. And we'll get into that problem right now. That that partition info and the R holds the data and partition information of the disk.  Some virus encrypt this information, making it impossible to retrieve your data if you remove the virus incorrectly, like typing F-disk slash MBR.  Remember what I said, monkey was my favorite virus? This is why. What monkey does is it copies over the code and then it encrypts all the fat, you know, and directory information. So you have to boot up. The virus has to de-encrypt it and then run the actual code. If you type in F-disk slash MBR, you've lost everything. It's gone. I'm sorry, what? You know what? I'm not sure. I really can't answer that. Yeah. So, as a matter of fact, I hate dropping names, but McAfee software actually has a specific remover only for virus, only for the monkey virus. This normal remover does not remove the monkey virus. You actually have to download the monkey remover.  Now, what it does is it actually uses a de-encrypt key and then permanently de-encrypts the fat partition information so it can remove the virus correctly. Another way to remove a basic computer virus without doing F-disk slash MBR, it takes a lot longer, but it's just as effective as by using Norton Utilities Disk Editor and actually just copy the code that the virus moved over to another sector and just copy it back over again. And then get rid of the virus also. Once again, F-disk slash MBR, awesome way to do it. But be very, very careful about what virus you have when you do this. The type of different food sector viruses are self-polymorphic, encrypting, and any combination of these. Stelf-boot sector viruses, they hide an upper memory and they try to actually hide the virus code or hide the detection capabilities of the detection software. Basically, not letting you find it, which is why it's extremely important to boot off of a clean boot disk.  Well, no, what you're dealing with is a stealth virus that's hiding itself and it's not letting the detector find it. So if you boot off of a clean disk ad, it does not let the virus move into memory, allowing it to be removed correctly. Almost all the boot sector viruses I've ever dealt with have at least a stealth capability. Because once again, what's the most important thing for a virus? It's to be able to replicate itself even better without being detected. Polymorphic boot sector viruses, another one of my favorites. All right, polymorphic viruses are actually really tricky. They change the code each time they replicate themselves. So they're never quite the same virus twice.  Anybody have an idea of why that could be real difficult? Yeah, how about the fact that it's hard or impossible to write a specific remover for it? Because remember, a remover is used. The way a remover for a specific virus is developed is they actually decompile, reverse engineer the virus when they get it into the company. And they look for specific keys in the virus and that's how they actually set up the data file to remove it. Well, if it's never the same virus twice, you can't write a specific remover. So what the Android virus companies came up with is what they call a simulator. And this is actually brilliant. They run the specific simulator and the simulator says, hey, look, I'm accessing that disk. And what the boot sector virus will do is a, great, I'm going to replicate myself. And it watches the virus. And the moment it sees the code key, it stops the process, uses the code key to de-encrypt the virus and remove it. Now, I don't know about you, but I'm impressed. That's pretty cool. Without letting it replicate itself. That's a really nifty way. And I think I could be wrong in this and if someone knows different, you can correct me, but I believe McAfee was the one who developed that the first time. They were the first ones to come up with the simulator. I can't hear you. I'm sorry. The reverse engineer viruses, you weren't here when I was discussing the fact that when I worked at an antivirus company, we would get on an average of 300 brand new viruses every single month. And what we would do is we would take the viruses and reverse engineer them and break down the code and see how this specific version of the virus was working. Yeah.  We just, we had a whole team of programmers who would sit there and do nothing but, you know, just rip apart viruses, just like people would rip apart different software to see how the software works. The only difference is, is you don't get in trouble for ripping apart a virus like you do software. Kind of interesting if you think about it. Encrypting boot circuit viruses. Encrypting viruses will encrypt data or themselves making it more difficult to remove. They also make it impossible to recover data without the virus being there to de-encrypt it, which goes back to monkey, which I told you about the partition information prior. When you start compiling these together, when you start dealing with stealth, polymorphic, then encrypting, you start dealing with some very, very nasty viruses because it makes it concedently and just immensely more difficult to remove. You will find that you may come across a virus where no matter what remover you have, won't remove the virus. When I worked for this company, we would actually get people calling up and saying, hey, look, I tried you guys, I tried these guys, I tried these guys, I can't get rid of this, and I'm getting this funky message that says that Wendy's a bitch, and I don't know who Wendy is. And my wife was kind of wondering who Wendy is also. And what we do is we say, okay, here, you know, send us a couple files and send us going to a diskette and form out a diskette or access a diskette, send that into us, and we would try to detect the virus and find out what's going on. A little side note here, which I thought that was actually interesting is if you walked into the company to the virus research area where they were actually doing the testing and checking the viruses, there was actually a warning sign there saying images on the screen may not be, I forgot how they basically put it, but basically not PC. You may see things on the computer screens that may be offensive to yourself than you've been newly warned because some viruses would actually show like naked pictures of people's girlfriends or very foul statements in there.  So they put that sign up there because a couple of women were walking by going, he's got naked pictures on this thing, he's doing porno things. He was like, actually, I know it's a virus, but I'm doing my job, it's cool, leave me alone. Yeah, but you've been working on that virus for six months. I like the virus, I don't know why. Are there any similarities between viruses to size and infection factors? Yeah. I get into that when we get into file infectors. Hey, look, file infectors. How am I doing on time? I'm almost half over in 15 minutes, alright. Alright, file infector viruses. Now, here's an interesting factor. When you're dealing with file infectors the majority of file infector viruses will actually vision the red portion there as just the basic file itself and what the file infector virus will do is it will sit there, ooh, hey, feedback, cool. It'll sit here and put a marker at the beginning of the file. Ooh, you got a laser pointer. Marked by a friend. This portion right here would actually be a pointer for the virus. Let's get away from the speaker. And what it will do is this portion of the code will tell it to go to the very end of the file and actually load the virus of the memory here. And the end of the virus code here actually tells it to go over here and launch the file. Now, the problem with file infector viruses is who can tell me what's really obviously a problem with file infectors? Anybody? Size, exactly size. So sometimes it's very important to actually get a disk image of your system. And then what you can do is do like a binary compare of your image against your system and actually see if there's any differences in files, specifically com files and executables. Who can tell me right off the bat what's this maximal size for a com file? 64k. 64k. So what happens if you see a com file that's 1024? You have a problem. Especially when it's command.com. Which is one of the most popular things for a virus to actually infect. Yeah, why not? It's with boots, you know? I mean it's like, let's see, that's a good one to deal. So by checking the size of the file sometimes you can detect whether or not you have a virus. Now, here's the problem.  What it does is it'll kill the virus itself, deactivate it. So it just basically says just run the file and stop. That it doesn't actually change the size of the file. Now, who can tell me what happens if you have a com file that's too big? What effect does that have on your system? Code gets put into another second. Yes. Which means is, yeah, you might have actually removed the virus. May have deactivated the virus. But you're hosed. You're in a lot of trouble. So, who likes backups? Anybody? Now, honestly, right now I like to have a show of hands. Who actually backs up their system? Raise your hand. Okay, now, raise your hand if you weren't lying. Okay. Backing up your system is immensely important. Not just because of virus for other reasons. Viruses will do some serious damage to your system without a proper backup. You're in a lot of trouble. Especially if you finally just got Microsoft Windows 95 working. I mean, without crashing and giving GPFs every 30 minutes and it's actually working. I thought it happened once, okay? And I was like, okay, don't touch the machine. Don't add anything. It's working. Oh, man. Starting over with scratch. You're going to want this back, aren't you? Oh, man. Yeah. The laser pointer was a wedding gift. Yeah, good wedding gift. Oops. Oh, man. Wait, stare to the light, Carol Ann. Stare to the light. Here. I've never broken a laser pointer before, man. That's something new for me. I break everything. Yeah. Okay. Hey, that's working cool. Mark here actually works with me at INS and he's actually found me here at DEF CON last year and got me hired. So I like him. He got me a real job. I had to get him out of there. I had to get me off the street, you know. I was pulling words for a buck, you know. Dude, buy my words. I need a cheeseburger. Who are white scrups for food? You know. All right. This basically goes over what I was already telling you about the beginning of the code and points to the end, the file and the beginning of the real virus story. Now, there was one slight problem also with file infectors that I didn't quite mention. Sometimes the virus will actually encrypt the file. Whoops.  And we're in that thing about backups I was talking about before. Good thing. It's really basic encryption. Mostly. That's the exclusivore. Some people get really very fancy. Right now you should be getting a kind of a concept that some of these viruses are pretty sophisticated, and some of these people who write these put a lot of time into them. Which means you could probably be using this time for other things like cooking for your spouse. Something a little more productive. But all in all, I'm still very fascinated by these. Okay. We talked about that. Which vendor would that be? I don't think so, and I'll tell you why after I take a sip of the water. I was in the entertainment software industry for seven years. In the real world software industry for several years other than the entertainment software industry. And the basic attitude is get it on the market, get it out there as quickly as possible, make the money, and move on to something else. And I'll be damned if I'm going to worry about a virus or something. Who can tell me right now what viruses are, most viruses are written for what operating system? DOS. DOS, yes. DOS has more viruses still. But keep in mind that the majority of the viruses that were written for DOS only worked up into DOS 3.3. So you really don't have to deal with them. Back in the 3.3 days my absolute favorite virus back then was the music boot virus. Which was a boot sector virus that was actually very, very cold because you'd be working away, typing away, and all of a sudden your whole system would freeze and go do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do. And then it would then freeze and go back to normal.   Do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do-do. And then it would then freeze and you're going okay, I'm pretty sure something's wrong. And then you would work a little while and then everything would freeze and you wouldn't hear any sounds and everything would be dead. And you're going, now I'm really sure something's wrong. Most people, when you get calls, I'm going, you know, I used to do like text stuff and like have a lot of clients and every time they got infected with this virus it's like, something's wrong with my hard drive and something's wrong with my motherboard. I need a new motherboard.   Music boot virus only affects up to DOS 3.3. Nifty little virus. All right, quick, funny story.  I was like, damn thing, we're going to infect my system. Wait a minute, this is, what's wrong with this picture? I thought that was amusing. People are going, you're mad because you can't infect a system with a virus. Oh, yeah. Multi-par-type viruses. I want to talk about this a little bit. Who can tell me what a multi-par-type virus is? I'm sorry, what? Multiple infectors. What would it infect? Yes. It infects both food sectors and files. Yes, ooh. Think about that. Now think about a virus that infects both food sectors, files, polymorphic, stealth and encrypting. Who wants to sit there and play with that? No, actually I don't think I ever ran into a single one of those when I worked at McAfee. Multi-par-types are very fascinating because they replicate faster than any other virus there are because they infect the files and they infect the boot sector themselves. Who can tell me a multi-par-type virus in the wild right now that's actually very active? All right, what else? I mentioned it earlier. Anyone see an anti-BXE? That's a multi-par-type virus. It infects both files, actually it affects the files directly and it also hits the boot sector. Now the thing with these is they replicate so fast because you can infect a file, it infects your hard drive, it infects every single file that you have on your hard drive. Some of them target specifically doc files, some of them target specifically executables and comp files, some target everything. You know, everything they have that has any type of a coded string into it. Which means you can spread them through email, you can spread them through the internet, through IRC. Who here actually downloads files through IRC from people that they don't know? Aside from this guy right here. Who's hiding his face? I'm telling you right now, do not ever, ever take a file from anybody that you don't know directly. And then if you do know them, don't take that file and let you really analyze it. At home I have a specific machine that is off my network that I transfer files to specifically, I unplug the network and then I check out the file before I ever let it go anywhere else on my network. How many times have I actually found the virus that way? Twice. One of them completely wiped out my system. And if it happened to be that Windows 95 box that I just got working real well would have been in a bad shape. You know, multi-partiary viruses are very, very nasty. Because the virus detecting software actually has to track down where it's infected in the file and remove it from the boot sector. Macro viruses. By short of hands, who here has actually been infected by a macro virus? Quite a few. Alright, who here has been infected by a macro virus on Excel only? Alright, word. PowerPoint. Ooh, nobody in PowerPoint. What if I told you that they're now coming out with multi-parti macro viruses? They infect Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Papa 1 virus. Would that scare you? Yes? No?  He doesn't use them. Good boy. Unfortunately, in the world, a lot of us have to use those programs at work. And these viruses are becoming more and more destructive. It used to be that they were relatively harmless. Who can name a couple macro viruses? Colors. Colors is a very interesting one. Colors is relatively harmless. If I remember right, colors actually just changes your desktop color scheme. Wait, I don't remember having pews. Oh, yeah, that's my favorite one. Yeah.  There's no difference.   Yeah, macro viruses are very, very interesting little things. The first one that was written, was written as an experiment just to verify they could actually do it. They used a visual, the basic language that's included with Excel and Word. Because macros were designed to help speed up the process. Well, when you give somebody the power to actually give them a full programming language, you're going to find people going, hey, if I can do good things, I can also do bad things. Because I'm not limited. Um... Well, not necessarily because let's say that I never use PowerPoint, okay, but I use Excel a lot. What it does is it gives the virus a capability of spreading very rapidly through a lot of different people. Let's say Mark here uses PowerPoint, Excel and Word. Every time he's launched a program, that macro virus has not just gone to his Excel. It's hit every single document he's opened. His docs, his PowerPoint presentations and his Excel. Which basically means his PSSN, his spreadsheet to his boss for his expenses. And he's sending some slides out to a guide so he can teach a class across the country. And he's got some Word documents that he's sending to his lawyer. That virus is everywhere. And when they start doing harmful things with that replication capabilities, you're talking something very scary. This is a... It says in Microsoft you call it like Word or all slightly different than using the E. Right.  Somebody else has to send it on. Yeah, many of the calls in each sequence is different. Some of the calls are right on the dollar. I mean, just exactly the same. Like file. Yeah. Dell. Delete all files. That's... Yeah, it's very lucky. Remember, a lot of viruses are time reframed. In other words, because a virus is useless to the creator if it can't go anywhere. So a lot of them are more like Michelangelo. Michelangelo was the one that put McAfee on the map. Literally. I almost got fired because they were talking about it at lunch. And they said, yeah, Michelangelo put McAfee on the map. It made the company what it is today. I said, really, how long did it take John to write it? They were unamused. They glared at me and I was like, it was a joke. It was a joke. I was kidding. Now, on a side note, I can contest that and one of the interesting things when I worked at this company is they would not hire anybody who had ever written a virus. They had a guy come in and the guy was amazing. He was a great coder and he made the slip and he said, so have you ever written a virus?  Writing a virus, if you work at McAfee is grounds for dismissal, instantaneous. They do not joke around about it at all. Okay. Side note, I really liked working there. I was a good company. Have I ever written a virus? Never. I have never written a virus. Can I write a virus? Absolutely. But I'm more fascinated by how they work, not by causing people grief. At the bottom here, I show that several of the macroviruses used are the normal dot file. Why is this? You can tell me why most of them hit normal dot dot. Absolutely. So if we know that all new files start with normal dot dot, how can we tell if we have a macro virus? Anybody? Check out the normal dot dot. Look at it. Keep an idea of a record. If you go to a lot of the different virus websites that talk about different viruses, by the way, if you go to a virus website and it's not a well-known virus website, it's not usually a good idea to download a remover from that website. No joke. I know several people who've actually downloaded the removers and the removers themselves were infected with viruses. A lot of these sites will actually tell you the specific macro virus and how to detect through the normal dot dot, saying, hey, if you see this string and you see this string, you have this virus. So it's usually a good habit just every so often to look in there and see if you see anything different. If something looks funky, it's usually a good idea not to send any files to anybody. Not size. If you view the file itself, it actually has scripting in it.  It just states, you know, like, you know, it's almost in English. And you'll see something in the going, that really looks wrong. That doesn't make any sense. And then, you know, well, there's probably a reason why that doesn't make sense, because all they are is little calls. Oh, the file size. Yeah, it really depends on the box because some things will actually modify the normal dot dot and it's legitimate.  All right, let's talk about fakes and false alarms. There are tons and tons and tons of false alarms in this in, you know, going rampant. Gee, who here actually got hit by good times? Now, the problem with a lot of the fakes is that they themselves can be considered virus. Because they cause widespread panic. They cause a lot of people to get up, you know, and hatred and fear.   Remember the worm virus that just hit the market recently, the zip thing? What was that called? It was the, yeah, explorer zip. That was an interesting, very interesting little virus there. Because that was actually an executable code that you actually had to launch. What was interesting is that you used social engineering to make you do it. It was cheesy social engineering, but I thought it was actually kind of interesting. Because it said, hey, so and so, you know, I got what you sent me and I'll get right back to you. In the meantime, check out these documents. Well, they called you by your name. People in general are very trusting. Hey, this guy knows me.  I mean, there was a day I was real drunk, but you know, maybe I should open this document or maybe I should open this code. And that's how I get nailed. I don't know anyone personally. Did anyone here actually get hit by that? Anybody? I have never met anybody who got hit by that. I know a few people did. At least it was in the media. Yeah, I trust that. But there's a lot of fakes out there, guys.  Hey, watch out for that.  You cannot infect your system by reading your email. Yet. Actually, there are some variants. There are some things out there that they're only specific to specific operating systems and specific things. And they're very far between and I haven't seen anyone actually get hit. So, is not the virus a more of a crawler or a push-up theory? A push-up theory, that was opening it up. You know, in theory, um... Not everything out though. You know, PPE, everything. Right. Someday, you know, something such as a screen for feeding your Microsoft is going to have everything out. Now you're going to have truly a good time. What's only reality based on that? Um, that's possible. I mean, if you really stop and think about it, you're going to lose a lot of sleep. Why are you going to wear that? Yeah. All you can do is try to stay safe. Because you see, not everybody uses Outlook. Not everybody uses, you know, what's one I use? What do we use? You know, Eudora. You know, every... You've got to remember the one thing. For a virus to be successful, it has to replicate. If it's only good for Outlook, then it's only going to infect people with Outlook. And it's not going to infect people with Eudora or people who are reading off a Telnet or whatever. So it's not an effective virus. Unless you're going to make that virus so it will infect every single, you know, male system there is. Happy 99. I'm happy for you too. What? What do you want? Well, I'm not sure. We're talking about DLL. We're talking about... Yeah, everyone. Right. What about Happy 99? Which actually basically replicates itself by sending emails out automatically. Um... The problem with that is, is it depends on the system that you're dealing with? Yeah, that's a very, very good point. But there's also things that you have to keep in mind. Um... My mail system is not set up to send any mail until I tell it to send mail. Okay, so if I get something that's trying to send mail, the first thing I look at it is, like, hey, wait a minute, what's going on here? Yeah, yeah, that's true. Yeah, that's true. Okay. Okay. And there's ways around that, too. But... I mean, I keep... I keep, like, a little sniffer on my box to verify what's going on with my system because I get people who try to talk to my system without me knowing it, too. Yes. Ooh, I was waiting for someone to bring that up. One? No, there's more than one Unix virus. There's several Unix viruses. Believe it or not, they're not very rampant. Yeah. But there's a reason why they're not very rampant because the people who are writing the virus are usually really into Unix and really just hate, you know, big blue brother, a North kind of guy. So why would you write something for virus on something you love compared to something you hate, you know? And unfortunately, it's more of a political statement for a lot of these people, you know? I'm not implying anything. Uh-uh, not me. Nope, not me, sir. Uh, you know, I heard about that, too, that I never knew anyone who actually got it to work. Uh, the question was, was something with, uh, Netscape, was it 4.0? Yeah. Or if you, um, oh, here, you tell them. Yeah, it was the object tag over a load where it actually opened up the, uh, extension, but I know people who tried it and they couldn't get it to work. Yeah, I mean, it was reality-based, but I didn't know anyone who actually got it to work. And then, of course, with the new version out, that ends any capabilities there. Um, when you talk about something other than 95, um, something that I discovered and played around with and found out by accident that kind of bugged me is Windows NT, especially NT 4.0.  Can someone tell me why? It's iPhone Mark. No. Uh, what?  Well, that's true. But why would it be impossible for you to be infecting a, um, the boot drive, you know, to have your hard drive with an NTFS partition? Nobody know? NT does not allow real-mode access to touch the boot record you need real-mode access. So, for years, at least I, you know, for quite a while, I was thinking, hey, I'm safe.  You know, I don't have a boot drive that's fat. My whole drive is NTFS. I can't get a boot sector virus. Eh, wrong. The first thing I tried to do is I tried to take an infected disk at, you know, a boot disk, just a regular boot disk, put it in the drive and boot up and see if I can infect the drive that way. Guess what? No. It doesn't see the drive. The drive is completely and utterly invisible. Can't see the drive, can't infect the drive. Alright, so far I think I'm pretty safe.  And this is good if your NT crashes and you need to need to remove files from the NT partition. The problem with this was is yes, it can see the drive and it makes the drive visible. I then infected the disk get with a boot sector virus. And I put that disk get because all I had to do was put it into a machine that was infected to a directory. It infected the boot sector of that disk get. I put it into the NT drive, I booted it up and I wiped out my machine in one fell swoop. Please don't stop me, but do I have to self-credit that you say to write protected? Yeah, but there's problems with that. Some software won't work if that is write protected. Okay?  So now you're dealing with a cache 22, aren't you? It can need a write protected and protect it all the way. But if my drive crashes and I need to get something right now and I don't have the time to wait four hours for my backups, I have to use that disk. But you have to get into un-write protected. No. I mean, you have to get onto the hard drive to un-write protected. What are you talking about? Oh, yeah. But you know what? I can infect a floppy disk that's been write protected very easily. Oh, I thought you were talking about write protected in the hard drive. Which you can do. No, yeah, write protected floppy, sure. But you know what? There's viruses out there that will soak there and override that and infect the disk at regardless because that's what they're designed to do. I can format a write protected floppy. You think that's going to stop a virus? Most? Yes. Some? No. I'm sorry, I can't hear you. Yes. Yes. The virus makes calls. It says ignore any write protection. There's software that will specifically duplication software that's designed to duplicate write protected disk because it says ignore the write protection altogether. I mean, it's just a series of calls. And the computer says, I don't care if it's write protected or not. Just ignore it. So it happens. Anyhow, on that NT factor everybody was yelling that it's impossible to infect the NT drive with a bootstack of virus and I found out they were wrong. Sir? Bam. Sorry. I never used pot mail to help, you know... Oh, I didn't mind pot mail. No. There's a lot of virus software out there that you can throw on a server that does it for you. A lot easier. And actually a lot of the companies now what they do is they have the software that goes onto the server and what it does is it scans every piece of the email for attachments looks through the attachments and actually scans the attachments as they come in for viruses before it even hits your users. Does that mean you're safe? No. Have I had experience finding viruses on web platforms? Linux platforms? Unix platforms? No, because there's only a handful of them. I fussed with them but the thing is, most of the viruses that were written for Unix won't work today because of the version changes. Yeah. One of the people who I worked with actually was a scientist who made a professional office and he uses pot mail basically what he does is he runs filters on executable files and puts them in a save zone and he sends a message to the user saying you've got an executable file that's sitting in your save zone and you put it down so that somebody has to run that executable but as far as using the scan for viruses that's pretty labor intensive to set that stuff up just to reach that out.  A couple of viruses that I did see for Unix wouldn't work today. They make special calls for specific versions like the old DOS viruses that won't work today. I haven't seen any new Unix viruses at all and if someone's seen some please come and talk to me about it because I'd be kind of fascinated to find out. Would you say that the vector itself has much less productivity in the end? Do you see that that the vector is slow? Yeah. I'd agree with that. This is also very true. There are a lot of people bringing discounts from home onto a Unix box. Any other questions? Go ahead. I was just saying it may be someone sending doc files across but they're actually hitting a Unix server. Right, exactly. Yeah, right now like Mark stated it's so intensive to try to actually track down the viruses that way because there's not a lot of things that are written for for automation purposes. Like for the Windows base there are so many things that are actually are written specifically to do that. It's a little bit more difficult. I know a lot of places that still use Unix servers to transfer mail because hell it's just better but it makes it a little bit more difficult which is why you put the software on the individual unit systems also. Yeah. Macs are coming back? Yeah. Oh that was an Apple company, I remember them. Right. Not a whole, well let me rephrase that. Yeah, that could be a problem. The reason why I think that could be a problem is because they used to be Macs who were on little Apple talk networks or on individual systems and now the Macs that they're coming out with are designed specifically to jump on the internet in five minutes and that could be a different problem. One of the most popular viruses way back when for Macintosh was the rabbit virus. Anybody ever heard that or seen it? Rabbit, raise your hand. It's basically store support on the hillster. And you would actually see a little rabbit running across your screen and then someone else's screen and then somebody else's screen and it would actually run through the network. It was harmless but it was like, what the hell? A little bunny did-did-did-did-did-did-did-did and I was like, nah, I didn't see that. Someone else see a rabbit? Yeah, I saw a rabbit. All right. It talks about over here. I appreciate you all coming. Is there any further questions? One last question. Yes. You don't see a whole lot of those rampant in the wild. I know of a couple cases where some viruses are designed as like sniffers where they'll actually gather data and bring it back to the developer of it. And it's- but those still require like an executable on the user's code, on the user's system. And they use- some people use them for capturing passwords or keystrokes. Java. Huh? Java. I think- You know what? I haven't investigated Java too much on the vectors dealing with viruses. I really can't give that answer. I wouldn't think so. And because it's- The thing is, is when people write viruses, most of them send them directly to the antivirus companies directly before they even send them out to the wild because it's then going, hey, yeah, try to break this one, see if you can figure out how to remove this one. So, yeah, it's ego. It's pure ego. We get tons of little packages going, yeah, bet you guys can't do this.  You know. Hey, I never got overtime for that either. Well, that's it for me, people. Thank you very much. I appreciate you coming to my talk. Oh, by the way, if you-


Radiation doses are typically measured in grays, a unit that accounts for the total energy deposited by the radiation. However, to best understand the effect on living tissue, the unit of sievets is defined to also take into account the type of radiation, giving greater weight to alpha particles compared to gammas or electrons. A sievet is a very large dose, with typical exposures occurring at the micro sievet level. I stated earlier that all life is exposed to a sea of natural background radiation. Let's take a look at the typical annual levels of radiation that someone might be exposed to. All of the doses in this table are given in units of micro sievets. Natural doses typically make up 85% of someone's annual exposure. A major component is cosmic radiation, which is due to particles hitting our atmosphere and sending a rain of radiation down on us from above. While the average annual dose from cosmic rays is about 260 micro sievets, the dose can be very variable and depends strongly on altitude and the amount of shielding atmosphere. In fact, at cruising altitude in an airplane, the dose rates can be as high as 5-7 micro sievets per hour, a level that is well and truly above the recommended public limit for radiation exposure. This seems like madness. Why then are you allowed to fly in a plane? Isn't it dangerous? Well, this level is low enough to pose no immediate risk of radiation sickness, but there is indeed an increased risk of radiation-induced cancer. However, the risk is extremely small. Remember that the public limit for radiation exposure is based upon 24-7 exposure each and every day, whereas a few hours in a plane and brief exposure to radiation is offset by all the possible benefits that you might get from travelling. There is also radiation in the foods and liquids that we eat and drink. The average dose of 300 micro sievets received each year is subject to considerable variation from person to person, since certain foods can be naturally high in particular radiation. For example, Brazil nuts and bananas are high in potassium, and all potassium contains the naturally occurring radioactive isotope, potassium-40. The biggest source of natural radiation exposure tends to be due to the radon gas that is produced in the decay of naturally occurring uranium and thorium throughout the Earth. Note that radon gas is an alpha emitter, and the gas can be breathed directly into your lungs, the worst possible scenario for an alpha emitting isotope. Depending on the concentration of uranium and thorium in the underlying rock, as well as the ventilation properties of your house, the radiation dose received from radon can vary by many orders of magnitude. The last source of natural radiation listed is the gamma rays from various naturally occurring radioisotopes. It is noteworthy that about half of the gamma ray dose received from potassium-40 is actually the potassium-40 that is resident in your own body, mostly in your bones. Moving now to artificial sources of radiation, many medical procedures are now nuclear medicine based. While the average person receives 360 micro sievets of radiation from medical sources each year, the values across the population vary considerably. From zero for some people to 60 micro sievets for someone who has an x-ray, up to a thousand micro sievets for a CAT scan, and far, far beyond if someone has the misfortune to require radiation treatment for something like a cancer. Environmental discharges from radiation vary considerably. Note though that the largest discharges of radioactivity arise from the burning of coal in power plants, releasing large amounts of uranium, thorium, and their radioactive decay products into the air. The entirety of these large discharges outweigh even the emissions from the two major nuclear power accidents that have occurred at Chernobyl and Fukushima in the past. Although only a small contribution to the overall figure, another source of artificial radioactivity is the fallout from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the 1960s and 1970s. It is interesting that the relatively uniform fallout of radioactive isotopes, such as cesium-137 or isotopes of plutonium, have since been put to use as a radioactive tracer monitoring soil erosion. This was certainly not intentional, and in no way excuses the stupidity of detonating nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. On average, the total annual dose for radiation is of the order of 2,600 micro sievets, but with a huge amount of natural variability. It is worth noting that this continual low-level background dose is something that has been around for the entire time of life on Earth, and life as we know it evolved in this sea of background radiation. Small amounts of radiation can cause damage to cells that is completely repairable, other than the small but finite chance of inducing mutation and perhaps the later cancer. Note however that there are places on Earth where people live that have background radiation levels of upwards of 100 micro sievets per hour. This is a thousand times the nominal public limit, yet the people who live there suffer no increased risks of cancer. So far we have talked about chronic radiation exposure. Chronic is a medical term referring to consistent low levels of exposure. Acute doses of radiation are those received over a short period of time, and an acute dose of greater than around 7 sievets is very likely to be fatal. Note that there is a very very large difference between a fast and fatal dose of 7 sievets compared to the average background radiation dose received of only 2600 micro sievets spread across the entire year.


Hi everybody it's Sam here, slightly different setup but I want to start a little mini series on how I organise different things in my craft room. Lots of people ask me how I store things and I'm going to be doing a craft room tour but what I thought I would do first of all is show different sections of my craft room and then finish this series with a whole full craft room tour. So first of all I thought I would share with you how I organise my ribbons. So I have done a craft room tour maybe three years ago and I used to have my ribbon on a very long piece of string right across one side of my wall and I had them all hanging in rainbow order and I really like the idea of having my ribbons hanging. For me it just works really well but I know there's some great storage ideas out there to use them you know when they're still on the spools and you can find really nice boxes to keep them in. So this is all dependent on the space in the area that you have. I'm fortunate to have a dedicated room so this is actually on the back of my door so it is really nice to look at when I'm you know filming and I've got my door shut and it's just really easy for me to be able to hold the project that I may be working on and I'm looking for some ribbons to match and I can just literally look through here and find something to match. Now each one is on one of these large rings so these I ordered from Amazon a while ago when I was doing a lot of my mini albums but these were very very large ones. I think these are about three inch diameter and I just found I wasn't really using them. Now I used to have these different kind of curtain rings and I'll show you that on my desk in a moment but I have now found these ones with the little clips and I love that I can clip each you know kind of different ribbon on to these and I don't have to take the whole thing off. I mean if I do want to take this whole maybe like the reds and the oranges and sit down at my desk and look you know in a bit more detail but otherwise I can just come up and I can just unclip that one there and take that one away or I can just cut the length that I need. It just works really really well and there's a lot of ribbon on here so if you do have a lot and you're finding they're just maybe screwed up in a box I've been there that's how I used to have mine years ago then this might be a really nice option especially if you're maybe limited on space because this really doesn't take up any room you know it's using. These hooks I got from Primark. I like these ones because they matched my door and I do you know I'd like to go and get some more because ideally I'd maybe like to have five so I can just hang within the gaps here as well something like that but I have lots I've tried to keep them all within the color family so you can see I've got yellows and then I've got kind of the golds there and then I have here's kind of the grays and the blacks and then I've just put the pom pom trim there. I don't have too much actually used quite a lot over Christmas and then you can see you know the purples I've got the blues there I mean there's so many on there absolutely tons you get I remember how many is in a pack like I said I'll show you that in a second but I just wanted you to see it here and I just think it's yeah hopefully it'll give you some inspiration or maybe ways that you can store yours so these are the curtain rings they've just got that little clip on the end there but I did used to use these and these are another form of curtain ring and what I did with these ones is I just wrapped the ribbon through because you might have these lying around you know in your drawer like so and I had you know like nice kind of display of you know different color ribbons like that and then I would put that piece through the ring and then hang them but what I was finding with this system it worked brilliantly for a while but then it was just a bit of a faff having to you know undo this when there was a lot of ribbons on there so that's when I saw these in home bargains and it's just a little bit easier you don't have to take you know I don't even have to remove this from the hook so I can just pop the ribbon on the end like so and then I can just leave that on there and then that's hanging on the door and then all I have to do is just undo that and take the ribbon off so it's just a little bit easier and I just found I could fit a lot more of these on that single ring as well so it's just an idea and like I said have a look at the old craft room tour that I had a great big long piece of strong string attached from one end of my wall to the other and then I hung all of the ribbon along the string so imagine this metal ring is the string and I had them all like that all the way along in rainbow order and it looked really nice like I said if I had the room to do that here I probably would have stuck with that one because visually it just looked really nice but I do like this way now having them all on the back of the door. I hope you found this quick video useful or anything like me I'm very much a visual person so I do like all of my craft supplies on show whether it's in a clear box hanging it's displayed on my desk I just find that way I use it and I remember what I have so I hope you're going to enjoy this series I'm going to try and share a couple of these each week and then like I said I'll finish the series with a full craft room tour. Thanks for watching, bye!