In this episode we will explore Regal Rome, Rome of the Kings, starting with Romulus and concluding in 509 BC with the start of the Republic. Ancient Rome had seven kings. Rome's regal period covers a period of time beginning with Rome's foundation, traditionally 753 BC by Romulus, and concludes with the traditional date of 509 BC, marked by the expulsion of the last of Rome's kings, the Etruscan Tarquinius the Proud. Who were the kings? What did they do for Rome? How did they develop the city and its infrastructure? Were they successful? And what is the archaeological evidence for the period of Rome's seven kings? We'll investigate this and more in this episode. We start with Romulus, Rome's first ruler. And his dates are 753 BC to 716 BC. In our previous video on the foundation of Rome, we've talked about his birth and the foundation of the city. But we can see sites in Rome that are specifically attributed to his reign. The asylum, that space for accepting runaway slaves and passers-by to become part of Rome. It's the piazza of the Campidolio today on the Capitoline Hill. He created the Pomerium, a magical boundary around the city, in particular around the Palatine Hill, and associated with it is the Mundus. It's the legend that he dug a circular pit in the forum and placed the first roots of the year as a sacrifice, also as a way of placating the gods of the underworld and the Mundus still stands in the forum today in its imperial manifestation right next to the Arch of Septemius-Separus. But tradition takes it all the way back to Romulus. And right next to it, this cut piece of tuf is known as the Volcanol, which is a shrine to Vulcan constructed by Titus Taceus, the eventual co-ruler with Romulus after the Sabine War.  This is a famous story told in the reign of Romulus. He needed women for his new city, so a festival was created in the valley that becomes the Circus Maximus between the Aventine Hill and the Palatine Hill. Maidens were stolen away. Those that had come from outlying villages, including those of the Sabines, afterwards the Sabines go to war against the Romans. We can see this action, the rape of the Sabine women, in the freeze from the Basilica Emilia in the Roman Forum. And as a result, there is a war and the confrontation takes place, in part, in what becomes the Roman Forum before there's the Roman Forum. And that story is shown on this panel that is Augustine in date of the Lackus Cursus. So one of the traditions, again, tying the activities to the life of Romulus is the Sabines warring against the Romans in the swampy land that eventually will be drained out to become the Roman Forum. And one of the physical manifestations of that is this spring which has a balustrade and the artwork is attributed to the reign of Augustus. Finally a large abyss opened up that couldn't be filled in until one of the Romans by the name of Cursus sacrificed himself. That large gaping abyss closed up and what was left behind was a spring. Another way to tell the story of why there is a spring in the Forum, a place of bounty, a place of life for the original Romans. Another story that's told in the reign of Romulus is the punishment of Tarpeia. So the Sabines attack the Romans that are fortified up on the Capitoline Hill. Tarpeia, the Roman, tried to betray the Romans to let in the Sabines but she is punished by the Sabines themselves. Here is that scene depicted from the Basilica Emilia Fries. And as a result, to remember those that tried to betray Rome would be punished, the entire hill became known as Mons Tarpeus. Ultimately the war between the Sabines and the Romans ends and there is a treaty and that settlement took place in what becomes the Roman Forum and it's marked by another monument in the Roman Forum. It's known as Venus Chloachina because it sits atop the eventual cloaca, the storm drain of the Roman Forum. They used myrtle for purification and myrtle is associated sacred to Venus, hence the name Venus Chloachina. The monument that you see in the Forum today is a gust and in date but tradition took it all the way back to the time of Romulus and the Sabines and Romulus co-ruled with Titus Taceus so expanded the city of Rome in the reign of Romulus. So there are many, many examples of physical locations tied to the oral tradition telling the story of Romulus. We can also go to the Palatine Hill itself and we can see the post holes that are cut into the tuff at the top of the Palatine Hill and famously Augustus builds his house next to the huts of Romulus that were continually rebuilt over the centuries kind of like the tradition of a Shinto shrine that gets continually reconstructed. So we have the archeological evidence of the post holes. We have the archeological evidence of that hut village from primordial Rome which can date to the time of Romulus but also even to the time before Romulus. We know that people were actually living and villages were forming before the founding, the traditional founding date of 753 BC. The second king of Rome was Numma Pompilius. His reign was from 715 BC to 672 BC and he's credited with establishing many of Rome's important religious and political institutions and he introduced the 12 month solar calendar and one of the places where we can really talk about Numma is in the Roman Forum. We have the Regia. We have the temple of Vesta. We have the house of the Vestal Virgins. They're all associated with the reign of Numma. He's giving these traditions, he's giving these structures to the Romans and they are subsequently rebuilt over the centuries but archeologically we know they go back to the 7th century BC then coinciding with that oral tradition and the reign of Numma. The third king of Rome, Tullus Hostilius, reign from 672 to 640 BC is credited with destroying Abba Longa and moving its population to Rome as well as constructing the first Curia in the Roman Forum, the Curia Hostilia. The next king Ancus Marcius was reigning from 640 to 616 BC, famously he defeats the Sabines and famously he founded Ostia. Then we have the Etruscan Kings starting with Turquinius Priscus. He moved to Rome and was selected as the ruler from 616 to 578, leading Rome to victories over the Latins. He drained the Roman Forum so he created that famous space. He constructed some terraces on the Capitoline Hill including the construction of the Clevis Capitolinius Road and he created the Circus Maximus for chariot racing. He was succeeded by Sirius Tullius from 578 to 534 BC who established the four Serbian tribes and he built a temple of Diana on the Aventine. We can see that temple on the former Erbus of the Severin Era. Famously he built a massive wall around the city and today we can see portions of the 4th century circuit, especially at the Turmini train station made of Grotto Oscura Tuff. And finally the last king of Rome, Tarquin Supervis, Tarquin the Proud from 534 to 509 BC. He defeated a number of Latin cities and established Roman colonies and is credited with building the large temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. He was ultimately deposed and that led to the foundation of the Republic of Rome. The traditional date is 509 BC. We can also talk about Permonial Rome looking at the archaeological evidence on display in the Forum and Aquarium. Like these burials found beneath the pavement of the Forum, they go back to before the time that the Forum was used as a piazza. This is the so-called Doliola of the 2nd quarter of the 7th century BC. Here's a copy of the Lapis Niguer. It's part of a series of dedications by the Comitim in front of the Coria going back to the 7th century BC. This is a copy. This archaic looking Latin is actually on a block of stone of Grotto Oscura that goes back to the 4th century BC. But the original inscription, this is a copy, the original inscription was much older. There's a votive deposit here from the Temple of Vesta and this is the famous image of Hephaestus found in the so-called Volcanol dating to 570 BC. This terracotta plaque is from the Regia dating to 590 BC. This is a Truscan bucaro with the inscription Rex that you can just make out on it. It dates to the end of the 6th century BC. We can travel up to the Palatine Hill and we can admire this massive archaic cistern. We can also see at the foot of the Capitoline Hill the remains of the archaic phases of the temples from the so-called Sant Amobono Sanctuary dating to about 570 BC from the temples of Fortuna and Montemartuta. And finally we can see these terracotta decorations from the original Jupiter Optimus Maximus of the Tarquins. There's so much more to say about Regal Rome. Thanks for joining us. Please look at our courses and online lectures and this video was made possible from a grant from the Mush Antonio Award.


Okay, it is Thursday 29th of April. I'm joined by our head of trading, Piers Curran, and we're going to have a quick chat about Amazon, the earnings of course coming out after market today specifically. But I want to cover two things, a quick overview of what to expect from the earnings report. But more importantly, and what has been helping their share price appreciate throughout the week has been speculation over a potential stocks split, which they've not done in a very long time. And rather than just say those words, I wanted to use this as a bit of an educational piece to really understand what is a stock split? How does it work? How did typically share prices react? And I know Piers is the perfect person to answer that question. So no pressure, Piers. To set the scene first, let's just talk about the earnings. And I think with any earnings report, it's good to look at a few specific areas other than the top level kind of numbers. But those numbers, expecting another strong quarter, revenues anticipated to be above 100 billion, you heard me right, 100 billion, and profits between three to six billion.  Some analysts I've been reading on the street have been talking about this idea for prime customers that it could be very difficult in fact to actually break these pandemic habits. And I definitely believe not just from a consumer level, but even a corporate level, I wonder if the pandemic was far shorter, whether or not we truly would see a change in work practices and hybrid working. But because it's been quite a long period of time now, it's almost like it's normal. Any take on that about those those behavioral patterns, do you think? Yeah, I mean, I think that obviously, they have been a huge beneficiary of COVID. And the uncertainty is how sustainable is that.  And we're going to change the way we operate in a lot of aspects of our lives and certainly the way we work. And so I think, you know, Apple, sorry, Apple, Amazon will continue to be a beneficiary of COVID long after COVID's gone away. And there's a couple of other areas to look at here. I'll get on to AWS, Jassy at a moment. But before that, this week, we've had last night, Apple, we've had Facebook, but particularly Alphabet Facebook, they've had particularly strong advertising revenues on the back of the kind of reopening that's underway now. Twitter, who also reports aftermarket tonight is up about 4% in pre market, kind of a sympathy play that they're expected to get a boost on that as well. Amazon, in terms of their financial metrics, this falls under the category of other at the moment. But do you see any developments around the ad business of Amazon? Yeah, for sure. And it's something that's, yeah, as you mentioned and suggest, it's kind of untapped. Well, it's a revenue stream, we don't hear much about it, because they kind of tuck it under that bracket of other, and we don't get any detail around it. So it's hard to know how big it is. And more importantly, it's hard to know how quickly that revenue stream is growing for Amazon. But like, you go onto the Amazon website, and it's a bit of a funny one, because initially, you think, well, hang on, there aren't any ads. But then, of course, it's all ads, because what you do on that site, you buy products, you buy other people's products. And so I guess it's having, you know, it's building out that kind of advertising infrastructure, where products can be placed at the top of product searches. And, yeah, there's definitely huge growth there for Amazon to build and expand that out. But I think probably for me, it's interesting, you know, one of the big risks for Amazon is that Bezos is stepping away from that day-to-day CEO role. He's stepping away in quarter three of 2021, or at least that's the plan, he announced this in February of this year. We don't know the specific date when in quarter three, but, you know, that's a big, that's the big uncertainty for the future of Amazon, certainly in the near term, right? And I'm interested to see the guy taking over, is the guy who heads up their AWS, their Amazon workspace side. And if I remember rightly, he's been there since the late 90s. I mean, he's not a newbie, new to the radio here. Yeah, absolutely. He's cut him in half and he's Amazon right the way through. And he's been there from the start. And I think that is it, you know, choosing him to take over the rings, is that a nod towards the kind of direction of the business strategy that's over the next decade? And is it kind of going to be that AWS side of things that becomes an ever bigger juggernaut? And that's been, that's had huge growth on the AWS side anyway. It's been a hugely successful part of the business, but it'll be interesting. Inevitably him coming in may well just steer the focus and the focal point of their growth strategy towards the AWS side, whereas I think Bezos clearly, it's on that retail side that he's been building that empire. So on that CEO transition, I think that's a good time in to also discuss about the potentiality of the stock split. Because as you say, it's kind of a meaningful marker, this move from Bezos to Jassy. So first off, before we talk about Amazon, I know you've got some comparisons with Apple and other companies, but what is a stock split? Yeah, so it's the first important thing to understand is it doesn't change in terms of the business and its value. The change is nothing in terms of the business strategy in terms of what the business does in terms of the total value of this business. It changes absolutely nothing. It's all it's just a technical change in terms of the shares that are issued and available to buy and trade in that company. So a share split is just taking the total number of shares that are available now and issuing new shares. So often you'll hear about a two to one stock split. Let's start there because it's the easiest from the maths point of view. If you've got 10 million shares and issuance now, you issue another 10 million and every single person who holds one share then gets another one. So instead of having one, you've now got two. But the share price is changes and it drops. You divide the old share price by the multiple, so in this case two. So the share price halves. So the value of your ownership doesn't change. Like in that instant, you just, let's say the share price is $10 and you've got one of them. Okay, you hold one share and it's worth $10. You then have a two for one stock split. What happens is you just hold two shares, each are worth $5. So you still own $10 worth, but you just got two shares now. So this is a stock split. Okay. Now, why bother? That's really the important question here. And what's quite notable about Amazon is they have not had a stock split for since 1999. And that's unusual when you look at their big rivals and Apple being a really good example. Apple have had five stock splits since the year 2000. So they're unusual Amazon in not having a stock split. The reason and the evidence for that is the value of their shares. So their share price is knocking around $3,450 per share. Now, think about it from an investor's point of view. A small investor, like an individual person, will own Amazon shares. That's quite a high hurdle. If you want to buy some Amazon shares, it's $3,450 per share. When you go and look at Apple, well, you can buy Apple shares. Well, if you enter the market today, you're looking at about $133. And with I guess the concentration of the new demographic who are trading, a lot of younger people, I'd say the concentration is on names they're familiar with. They're definitely familiar with Amazon. I don't think many have can drop $3,500 at a drop of a hat. Right, exactly. So really, it brings like Apple's Tim Cook, because they split their stock again last year. And he was asked, well, why are you doing it again? And he said, look, I just want more people owning the stock. He said, I want a larger, more diverse community having access to own our company. And yeah, that's quite an interesting story. I mean, it drives up, in theory, increases demand at the very bottom level. And that's the individual really tiny small investor. It doesn't really change much for institutional investment, of course, because then they're throwing around billions of dollars worth of this stock. So it doesn't really matter for them. This is about the lowest tier. It's about building up the bottom of the pyramid, if you like. And so one aspect of that is that brings in more people who can buy it. But then also, it improves liquidity is another kind of reason why you might want to go ahead with a stock split. So it just means that it probably increases the volume of trading. It increases the number of people. If you like, let's just say there's more buys and sellers for 10 shares at $10 per share than there are for one share at $100 per share. So there's more liquidity. This makes the functioning of that market more efficient. But I say that, but really for Amazon, Amazon stock is super liquid anyway, even though its share price is really high. So it's not a particularly valid reason when you're talking about Amazon, I would say. Another good reason for a stock split. It's good PR. Thinking exactly that when you were talking about Apple. And we all know Apple is the king of PR when it comes to that kind of branding, the Apple religion product proposition. It's good PR, right? But again, is that valid?  I mean, we talk about Amazon all day long anyway. It's very different. I always find it's very different. I mean, with Apple products, you need to buy into that brand, that premium, the quality. I mean, Amazon is much more transactional almost at this point at least. I know they're looking to diversify. One of the things we're looking out for an update in the earnings is Amazon Pharmacy and these other things. And that will continue, I'm sure. But I mean, even the look and feel of the website kind of relays that transactional feel. It's interesting you say that. Now that you say that, it's like Apple, right? They're selling high cost premium super slick hardware. Okay. And yet they've got a really low share price or a relatively low share price, I should say. Whereas Amazon is the exact opposite. They're selling really low priced items to the retailer. And yet they've got a really high share price. I wonder whether subconsciously, you know, on the board level, Amazon alike, because we're down in the gutter selling cheap stuff, maybe having a high share price kind of gives us that impression of high quality and high value. Whereas Apple is almost like they don't need to do that. They don't need a high share price because the quality, the tangible quality of their product is so high quality and high value. I wonder whether there's something in it there. But I mean, it's interesting that they're doing this now. Well, hang on. Let me rewind. They might not do this now. Let's just be clear. They haven't announced this. This is rumour. And we may well find out tonight when they release their quarter one earnings. And this is what people are looking out for. And one of the reasons why the stock has been up this week running into these earnings is not only because we're expecting amazing figures again. But it's actually also because of this because of this stock split potential. But it'd be interesting. Look, their shares, they're actually the third highest. They have the third highest share price in America in terms of listed shares. Do you know who the numbers one and two are? Well, hit me. Well, number one is like out there in a league of its own, Berkshire Hathaway Buffett's company. If you want to buy one class A share, that'll cost you $410,000 per share. Now, that's a barrier to entry right there. Now, Buffett has this is his attentional strategy because he says, I want like minded investors to be owning my stock. I want investors that are only interested in long term value propositions, long term profits, which is obviously his ethos. So he doesn't want the new kind of millennial kind of buy a penny dump. The number two company you'll have never heard of. Well, maybe you have, I don't know, but they're called NVR Inc, which is a home builder and mortgage company. Their share price is clock in at $5,000. But then it's Amazon. So they're share price is very, very high. And I personally, I think they're long overdue a stock split. Now, the question is what will the ratio be? Some of Apple's stock splits in the past, I said they've done five over the last 20 years. But in 2000, in the year 2000, they did two for one. 2005 again was two for one. And historically two for one or three for one are the kind of norms. But then in 2014, Apple did a seven for one stock split. And then again last year, four for one. Now, because I personally think, because Apple haven't done it for 20 odd years and their share price is so high, Amazon. Yeah, Apple obsessed. Because Amazon haven't done it and their share price is so high, I would expect them to go big. Like rather than having to do a stock split every couple of years, I would, I'd expect maybe even a 10 for one. Yeah, I think rumors were five to one going around a few days ago. It might be interesting to see if it was 10 for one, which has almost be unprecedented, certainly amongst big companies, then that would take their share price from $3,450, obviously down to $345. So we'll see. There's another interesting maybe final angle for you. Dow Jones index. Now, this is like, that's the first ever stock index. It's traditionally the kind of marquee flagship US index. It's the Dow Jones 30, right. But the thing about this index and the way it's priced, it's a price weighted index, okay, which basically means the value of the index. Basically, you take all 30 companies, you just add up their share prices. And then there's a multiplier. So basically, at the moment, by how much does the Dow Jones index move? How many points does it move? Well, it moves. Like for every $1 share movement in any of the underlying 30 stocks, if one stock moves $1, then that has a 6.8 point movement in the index, all right. And because it's price weighted like that, which is unusual, Amazon have got a real problem. They'll never be in the Dow Jones index because their share price is too high. If you add up all Dow Jones stocks, share prices now, it's about $5,000, give or take, right? But Amazon's share price is $3,500. So if Amazon were to go into the down, they would make up 40% of the index, which is why it'll never happen. So I wonder whether Bezos, to kind of round off his legacy, I wonder whether this is a play for him to say, right, I'm stepping back, I want my stock into the Dow index, just because perhaps that's something he's always aspired to. And maybe that will be his sign off, perhaps. So there's that Dow Jones index angle in there. And I wonder whether that's got anything to do with it. Okay. I'll ask Jeff when I see him next, and we'll see what happens tonight. So don't forget as well, we'll have the usual Amplify Live Market Watch podcast go out, Spotify, Apple, all the other platforms on Friday. And what we'll do is we'll have a catch up, Piers and I, and we'll go through, have they done this? If so, how is the market reacted? And we'll go into more details. So thanks very much, Piers. See you later.


For the National Transportation Safety Board, NTSB in the United States has provided an update on the crush of a chopper that had Herbert Weigwe der Gruppe Chief Executive Officer of Axis Holden PLC on board. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, had earlier said it would be involved in the investigation of the accident but noted that the NTSB would be in charge. Speaking during a media briefing, NTSB board member Michael Graham said officials were on the scene to gather perishable evidence. Be just recently and within about an hour ago arrived on scene for this accident investigation. Last night at 8.45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time, an Airbus EC-130 helicopter departed Palm Springs, California en route to Boulder City, Nevada. At about 10.08 p.m., the helicopter impacted the train south of I-15 near Halloran Springs, California. Halloran Springs is about 75 miles northeast of Barstow. Two crew members and four passengers were on board and were fatally injured. Before I go any farther, on behalf of the NTSB, I'd like to express our deepest sympathies to the families and loved ones of those who lost their lives in this terrible tragedy. We have a representative from the NTSB's Transportation Disaster Assistance Division on scene with us. She is currently working with the family members of those who lost their lives and will provide support as well as investigative updates as they become available. The NTSB is an independent agency charged by Congress to investigate every civil aviation accident and significant accidents in the other transportation modes. We are on scene now to gather perishable evidence. Our team is methodically and systematically reviews all evidence and considers all potential factors to determine the probable cause. This is the beginning of a long process. We will not jump to any conclusions, and the information that I provide for you tonight is preliminary. A preliminary report will be available in a couple weeks, and however, a full NTSB investigative report and investigation will last 12 to 24 months before a final report is published. Additional details about the accident include the crew consisted of a pilot in command and a safety pilot. The accident flight was operated by Orbeck Air LLC as a Part 135 charter flight. Witness reports of the weather conditions at the time of the accident suggest rain and a wintery mix. The helicopter was not equipped with a cockpit voice recorder or a flight data recorder. This helicopter was not required to be equipped with those type of recording devices. We are aware of media reports of some downed power lines near the accident site. We will be looking into this report during our on-scene investigative phase.


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Hi everyone, if you could take it off the slides for a minute. I'll just talk about some course logistics We are still troubleshooting our process here bear with us while we do so Course logistics one for one thing I'm going to be arriving in At the last minute for the lectures this month my kids just started school and one of the schools doesn't even open until 745 so I'm there my wife's at work earlier and then I'm then I am and then I'm hustling over here So I will try to be here on time and to start at 810 But please realize I'm running across campus to do so so I might be a couple minutes late Office hours are as listed on the website every day after lecture for one hour in 3095 VLSP on Monday and Friday and 3059 VLSP on Wednesday, so that's the place to go over questions from the lectures Course material from the books And we can also set up office hours by appointment for anyone who has class time during those those slots I put on the on B space just a folder where I'm going to occasionally add News links for interesting things in ecology in the news It's on B space in the resources folder. I put something in there yesterday regarding a mountain lion that was Seen and then shot at Shattuck and Cedar in North Berkeley here Yeah, the don't panic don't panic. It's dead They did shoot it. They were the police shot it They had to make that decision. They gave it some time. It jumped a few fences hidden people's yards It was a 100 pound female lion That's very unusual they are in the hills that they are in in the local areas They will more and more be encroaching in suburban areas and cities It is to be predicted over the next years, but to get one I mean I look I look for them. I look for their sign And it's very rare to see them even just in Tilden on the edges To get one all the way in town is pretty remarkable yeah, so They won't always be as exciting as that these types of reports But things from the times or things from around the world regarding biology you can just look at there not to be examined on just for fun any thing about course logistics that you have questions on or Anything about the presentations that's that isn't working for you that you need to troubleshoot or that you would like to give advice on just send me email and I've been able to respond thus far. I haven't been inundated yet So I should be able to respond to you if you if anything comes up Okay today we are talking about We're getting into population ecology Demography and life history Really today and tomorrow we'll be talking about population Ecology I've given myself a giant cursor here so that people in adjoining rooms In the adjoining rooms can see it because they can't see my laser pointer So I'll try to put my laser pointer down and use this as much as possible So we'll be starting with just a general look at population structure and the factors Influencing population numbers numbers of individuals and populations We will look at mechanisms methods to estimate population size the phenomenon of dispersion within populations Briefly talk about Metapopulation dynamics the metapopulation concept and Then we will focus on life tables life history tables and survivorship curves and a bit on Life history trade-offs and that'll be our segue into discussions tomorrow Here's here are a bunch of sparrows to represent a population there in the middle of the figure We are taking a snapshot approach to populations nature is highly dynamic, of course nature is Incontinuous flux right But very often we need to stand nature still to observe it and to quantify what we see and We do this very often when estimating population numbers. We assume a a lack of change in In the population with regard to the major forces that influence population numbers What forces do influence population numbers here? We have our our little collection of sparrows this interbreeding group of individual sparrows individual sparrows that have the potential to Interbreed with one another and thus share genetic material another name for a little group like that is a deem D-e-m-e and that gives us the basis for our word demography so this little deem is comprised of individuals and The numbers are influenced by four major forces. They the numbers may increase as a result of births or the arrival of new individuals through immigration and The numbers may be reduced by deaths or the departure of individuals through emigration Right, so birth and immigration add individuals to the population death and emigration Subtract individuals from the population. Those are dynamic processes. Those happen over time But for simplicity we're often forced to Freeze the population in if we want to make estimates of numbers in the population So let's look at how that is done in the field Absolute density so measurements of absolute numbers of individuals attempting to estimate Actually, exactly, you know, well not not exactly. It's always done with error But to estimate absolute numbers of individuals in a population Imagine your eucalyptus grove right outside the building here if you wanted to count the number of trees It wouldn't be too hard because they stand still for you You could you could mark them as you go to make sure you don't count them twice But if you're careful and patient enough and there are few enough distractions You could count every individual and be very accurate about it. They're sedentary Organisms these eucalyptus trees. It helps a lot when counting for Motile mobile animals and organisms It's somewhat more of a challenge, but you might imagine for some large animals like Ungulates on the top there. Those are ibex I believe in North Africa you could fly your plane overhead if the if the deem is small enough and count them one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve you get the idea and Be fairly accurate, especially if you're on an open grassland and the group is that small a bunch of elephants If you're on the ground You might be surprised how hard it is to track and count them, but again You might be able to be fairly accurate a friend of mine a colleague of mine from Southern, California Has been studying peccaries which are like a like a forest pig in Central America in the rainforest in Central America They've been using paintball guns to Pop the pigs they're big animals and they can take it But then you get a nice splatter of blue paint or whatever it is and you know that you've counted it And it'll stay for a couple of days and they're having a great time So Those are methods to get a counts of absolute numbers of individuals in populations Very often you can't count everyone because there are too many or because the area is too large and You use a sampling method very commonly used methods include Quadrat the use of quadrats to lay in a grid of Known area over a surface and to count the individuals Observed in that grid and then to extrapolate to a larger area From what's estimated within that local area or to run a transect for example on the coral reef here to run a transect and To monitor the number of individuals touched along that transect and to extrapolate mathematically from there to an area these methods depend on certain assumptions and We'll look into a few of them as we go These techniques are great again for they tend to be best for sedentary for animals that stay stationary animals like this fish or large vertebrates tend not to so one of the Tried and true methods for dealing with organisms particularly larger organisms that move around is to Is to catch them or to somehow mark them and then to resurvey the population later And I'll just give you the very basic math behind the technique so on The top we have a population of individuals uncertain unsurveyed, okay and We we perform a Survey we we take a sample of the individuals in that population from that region of the space occupied by the population and We capture that many individuals. It's looks like it's 12 individuals and we mark them somehow You might if it's a snail you might put a little nail polish on its shell if it's a rodent you might Clip a little bit of its ear that won't grow back And so you know it has a when you catch it again that it has a little notch in its ear that you made Or if it's a bird you might put a band around its leg or something like that You sample it somehow and then you release those individuals back to the population Those individuals become reincorporated in the population and Mix with the original population then you sample the population again Ideally at a relatively short interval after a relatively short interval of time as close to The time after everyone has mixed back together again as possible and you take your second sample and say in this case you catch 15 Organisms and you find that four of them have tags So let's see what we can do with that information Because what we want to estimate is the total size of the population of the original population that we didn't have the luxury of Sampling in Toto because either the space areas too large or the individuals were invisible Usually it's resource limited you just can't You just can't do it either for the finances or because it takes too long or the space is too great But there's a nice way to estimate the number from what we've just done in our surveys We're interested in total population size estimating that that's capital N for number of individuals The simple equation we can use is based on the fact that in our recapture the proportion of individuals recaptured with marks to the number recaptured Should be equal to the ratio of the original number of marked individuals to capital N to that total population size and If you spend a couple minutes with that you'll you'll see why that that's the case why M over N equals X over N in this equation and if since we're interested in total population size capital N we can just solve that equation for N and and use those variables M the marked individuals from the first sample the number of marked individuals from the first sample times the total caught in the second sample divided by The number of marked individuals recaptured in that second sample So there's our there's our simple equation to do so Returning to our example we marked 12 individuals so M equals 12 We released them back into the population and then resurveyed recall and in that process we Captured 15 individuals in total only four of them were marked and So then if you just simply plug Those numbers into your equation You can solve for you can you can generate an estimate of the total population size 45 it's always done with some error, right and I think if you count them up there are 41 individuals there So we got pretty close close enough for government work as they say and the the work goes on But what are if this is going to work? What are some of the assumptions? That you must make you don't have any ideas on that if you're going to get an accurate estimate here What's an assumption you might have to make? Yeah, and how might population size change between sampling you could have deaths Yes, that might change so you assume that there's no mortality Between your sampling intervals What else? Yes, you have to assume that the individuals reintegrate into the original population and they don't just Hang out in one corner of The sampling area that you might miss entirely if you visit the other corner you need to assume Reintegration what else anyone can anyone think of anything else? Yes No immigration or emigration, which is similar to What someone else said about death because those are the among the other factors that might influence numbers that aren't related to What you're trying to estimate here Yes Yes, perfect. You have an equal chance of catching the ones that were marked versus the ones that were not marked and in other words You don't have Animals that are capture shy or capture happy We Memologists actually speak of trap happiness because some organisms just seem to get back into the trap again and again and again And then you know in a case for example with rodents Where you set up a trap and it's got oats and peanut butter and a little cotton inside It's a rather luxurious hotel for the night for some of them I guess Because they have spent one night in there eat well or released and back they go There may be even a genetic basis for something like that Whatever it is some organisms do avoid that avoid such capture and some of them seem to be attracted to it And that biases your sampling those are great Suggestions there may be other assumptions that go into this thinking about density Just be aware that you're going to need to use different techniques for different organisms in Part because organisms come in different sizes and the sizes of the organism The size of the organism is related to their density You're not going to sample bacteria in the same way that you're going to sample birds and mammals This is just a birds and mammals example sticking with our theme of using them quite a lot and Something to recognize here is that as body weight increases The density of the populations decreases for both birds and mammals But that the slope of this line the slope of this regression is lower for the birds than it is for mammals so at a particular body weight say 10 kilos the Average number of individuals of birds in the unit area is going to be lower than the average number of mammals in that area Okay, so those are just a couple of things to bear in mind about creatures will build on that insight as we go and the relationship of body size to To life history and biology body size is critically important to most life history parameters Including well, it's also related to density those were We were just looking at absolute ways to estimate density to generate You know an actual number even if it's a even if it's an estimate like we got from our mark recapture survey It's still we're producing an absolute number in the end, but you might just Be okay with a relative estimate of of density and To do that you might study the sign of Of an organism you might compare to Two sandy areas and count the trackways Along those sandy areas and if one area has a dozen sets of track ways, maybe you can even distinguish individuals so you know you have 12 distinct individuals on This surface and in another site in the same interval of time Holding all other factors as constant as possible you find many fewer you might be able to say this sandy area is More dense in what in this organism than the other Right and that might be sufficient if you're interested if it's a conservation motivation and you just need to figure out quickly Where more individuals are if you're going to put up a house on this beach versus that beach something like that you might Get away with a technique like this or you could count What are sometimes called artifacts? These are chimneys produced by crayfish burrowing underground you could survey a surface and count chimneys and that if you if they're one-to-one or Proportional to the number of individuals present the counting chimneys is almost as good as counting Animals or you can do scat surveys so all these are all these are forms of sign or or as you sometimes hear in the old world spore sp-o-o-r it's just a another term for the sign of an organism whether it's a trackway or a Fecal droppings or artifacts like that Let's help you with relative estimates of density If we're interested in tracking the movement of organisms in relation to immigration or emigration say Classic methods include putting radio collars on and I just Searched on radio collars and found a bunch of fun images You know these things are often big and bulky They have a big battery inside and then you walk around with a unit and The signal is sent to your unit indicating to you the direction the position of The organism with the collar there They can be a bit clumsy because the bigger the battery the longer lived the radio collar But the heavier for the carrier and that's a point we could have made in our in our assumptions about Mark recapture methods these these can threaten the life of the organism Not only the the collar but the capture process if you anesthetize this big bear That's a risk to the to its health of course you're taking that risk in order to learn something about the population and hopefully bring a better understanding and for conservation But a risk it is and in the mark recapture method you have you need to assume that mortality is not increased for the individuals You tag but if you catch a fish and keep it out of water and then tag it It may very well increase the likelihood of its mortality So radio collars are the bigger the better because the longer they last but they can often be very clumsy on the creature There's a there's a wolf fitted with a collar just to give you some ideas of what people are doing in the field Everyone loves the dwarf bunny An endangered species of dwarf bunny That's my favorite I like art barks Art bark with a radio collar and these are burrowing animals these are animals living underground and that's a huge leather collar so that's really cumbersome and Probably slows it down in relation to the hyenas and all the rest But if you want to know how far the art barks are moving at night You really don't have much other choice because you can't as big as it is you can't follow an art bark for very long On foot without a collar Everyone knows meerkats now right they've been they've become quite famous Or Tasmanian devil and you can get very small with them, you know a harvest mouse or something like that Little collar on those one of the things I study in Africa are our land snails giant land snails and during the summer They during the dry and warm season they they go underground They disappear and I would love to put a radio collar on these snails and follow them. It would just be fascinating But you really need to be on the ground and you need to invest and put the resources in Yeah, you get the idea Something else that's frequently used to monitor movement are pit tags Passive integrated transponder units these these do not have a battery in them So they can last much longer and they're very tiny So they can be even injected with a syringe under the skin of an organism And you might you know they can be used for pets because they they're Provided with a certain amount of information in whatever kind of chip it is they contain and then when stimulated by a reader by a scanner They'll they'll provide that information back so if you catch a if you catch a turtle on a beach you could enter the information the day on which it's caught the time and the location and put the pit tag in and years later scan a turtle that washes the shore and If it has a pit tag in it retrieve that information and get to know something about its pattern of movement Dispersal you can do it with fish. You can put it under the skin of a frog Very handy. Let's think about the way individuals are dispersed within a population And that's one slide if someone from one of the adjoining rooms could tell me later if they're seeing the edge on it Then I'll know better What's fitting over there? Yeah, so individuals in a population How are they how are they separated around? Units of space We all distinguish three types of dispersion uniform dispersion those rep dots representing the individuals with relative You know with approximately equal amount of space between individuals or a more random configuration or a clumped or patchy I'll probably use the word patchy more often. I think your book uses clumped a patchy configuration Which of these do you think is most common for organisms? I heard a lot of clumped out there. Yeah It by far But let's look at some of the The forces that generate these different patterns And I I would want you to go back and think about our sampling techniques and how the sampling techniques might depend on some of these dispersion patterns so patchy Distribution clumped distribution on the intertidal that space between high and low tides on a coastal shelf Where in this case you have a bunch of starfishes and and mussels and barnacles and some algae Distributed clump clumpily Why might they be distributed in clumps here in this case? Yes Food resources, maybe there that's where they can find things to eat in the case of the starfish. These are mobile And so they can move around and seek their food resources, but these other creatures are much less mobile So it still might apply, but it might apply most particularly in this case to To the starfish What else? Yes Protection from predators. Maybe it's a more sheltered spot and to avoid predators. How about something else? Yes The water what about the water? Some places that have water at low tide so the first two Food and predators those would be biotic factors, right influencing dispersion patterns here patterns here the example of how water might influence it we could add exposure to air and sunlight at low tide as Abiotic factors that might influence the distribution non-living factors factors of the physical environment and that's often a major structural aspect of these intertidal communities exposure to desiccation to drying out and organisms distribute themselves in many cases spatially as a result of physical factors uniform distribution in these penguins We'll give you another example of that in a second Random distribution in these Dandy lions. I think they are Where the entire area is suitable habitat and Where the seeds land where they're blown to and happen to land and germinate and establish is Basically random all sites being more or less equal in suitability for growth Giving you this kind of random pattern and that's what's just so often not the case The environment is not Homogenous like this allowing suitability of growth across space in a uniform manner Use the word uniform there. I really shouldn't have because I want to use the word uniform more specifically So these are these are like the penguins. These are gannets. These are breeding a breeding population of gannets and If you look at their nests Look how they're distributed. What kind of dispersion is this? Uniform they're more or less equally separated The distance of separation is related to what? Territories really how long their neck and bill can reach before they peck at the other one, right? You need to be just far enough away that you won't be harassed by your neighbor and that gives the individual bird enough space to Feel comfortable in raising its chicks. So that kind of Inter-individual interaction Produces the spacing That leads to the uniform pattern Little audio if you go into the Berkeley Hills if you're not scared of the mountain lions And let me just say right now Mountain lion attacks you're more likely to hit be hit by falling airplane debris, right? If you walk in the hills then you are to even encounter a mountain lion probably They are really not not a risk around here. So please do go into the hills up to Up to Lake Anza and Jewel Lake and the Wildcat watershed It's just over the hill here and if you go up there you might hear You might hear that if you're fortunate and you spend enough time there it would be the call of a of a kingfisher and That's very often a territorial call It's alerting the other birds in the area that it is present and other birds would know to stay away from its turf and Through mechanisms like that or otherwise Territorially marking your habitat often with scent markings urine or feces Many animals will spray that up and spray it into a higher spot and then the other animals will come around sniffing around and know who is where and Territories will be established in this way Maybe the ter the perimeters of the territories will be marked in this way and it may produce a Uniform distribution of individuals. How about these these semi-arid plants here? They are relatively evenly spaced about this surface Why? They're not urinating on each other, right? They're not Calling out to each other and separate or pecking each other. So why might they be uniformly distributed?  Yeah Resources, what do you mean? The amount of the amount of nutrients or water that they can take from the earth in that area Can someone build on that? Yes, excuse the root systems. What about the root systems? Yeah, perhaps the roots need a certain amount of space and they become intertangled. Yeah, I think You could build on that a little further and think that maybe these root systems and these plants require a certain amount of resources that they take up from That space and if it's say water and nutrients that are limited It just might not allow for growth of other individuals in close proximity So once they become established and start dominating that resource Acquisition in that spot others can't grow there. Maybe that's what you two are hinting at And that is one possibility What's another possibility? It's kind of technical if you might need to know something about plants To know what might be happening here, and it often does plants are very good at this. Yeah They can release chemicals that prevent germination or that kill other neighbors I think I added the term here. Yeah, allelopathy or allelochemicals Is just the name for that you'll learn more about that in botany But that can also give rise to uniform distribution fungi on a tree trunk What kind of dispersion pattern? Yeah, you're good to hesitate For one thing it can be just hard to assess the fine details of what's happening here But I include this and I include the next slide because I want you to think about scale on That trunk itself that might be uniform or random. I don't know you'd have to you'd have to quantify it But think about the forest as a whole they're only going to be a limited number of dead logs and At the level of the forest as a whole it's almost certainly going to be patchy the growth of these fungi Think about a landscape like this and think about lichen Maybe you know what lichen is right? It's actually a symbiosis of fungi and algae. You'll learn about that later But lichen grows on surfaces like rock surfaces or the trunks of trees think about the distribution of lichen on this landscape and It's dispersion patterns and try to move across spatial scales In ecology we move across levels of organization quite nimbly And you need to be able to move across spatial scales Nimbly as well Ecologists are doing that all the time. They're very flexible in that and so try to Try to think about things at different spatial scales as much as possible. I want to introduce the concept of a meta population there's a definition for you and I'll present this concept of a meta population As as an approach really as an approach to the study of populations. It's not a distinct level of organization or something like that It's an approach to the study of populations The cons the the concept can be defined as a group of spatially separated populations that interact through immigration and emigration Most organisms are distributed patchily like this in patches of suitable habitat But note that some areas of suitable habitat remain unoccupied They are perfectly livable But they're just not occupied because the individuals there have gone extinct look in that local spot or for historical reasons Individuals just haven't arrived for whatever reason But over time that changes Individuals arrive into these patches from previously existing individuals and other patches and individuals in some patches will go locally extinct and become unoccupied so Ecologists study this dynamic process And there are it's a particular sub-discipline within ecology journals dedicated to it And it's very much amenable to mathematical modeling and it's a rich field of study A great example given in your book from these butterflies in Finland where the investigators Surveyed and you can see the the distance here is five kilometers So over a very wide area surveyed the number of available patches of habitat represented by the Empty circles and the number of occupied patches represented by the filled circles and followed this over time as these patches blinked in and out with occupation and local extinction and Modeled that dynamic. That's a study of metapopulation dynamics, let's move into demography in our last Ten minutes here Demography was largely developed in the study of humans human demography It's but it's extremely important for ecologists as well and major contributions have been made by ecologists It's been a nice cross-fertilization of human biology and non-human biology over the years And there's just a reminder of our term deem Which is sometimes useful To distinguish it from a larger population Those are Don't intend to have audio for this. Yeah, those are buildings ground squirrels up in the Sierras I was up there last week with my family up in Tuolumne meadows, and we got to see and hear these little guys great study given in your book on This species of ground squirrel Don't be too distracted by the film. Let's look at the columns here. They are awfully cute a Life table is a table structured according to cohorts individuals of the same age Most thoroughly studied when you follow a certain number of individuals At the start of a time period of a certain age and follow those individuals across years According to their survival So these are this is this is really a study of I should just stop it Should either just show it separately or stop it Yeah, here comes the kitty cat the squirrel the squirrel survives Just as you will in the hills when you make your next trip. All right The proportion alive at the start of the year if you know how many are Alive at the start of each year you can calculate the proportion of them that have made it to the following year Of course the cats and the hawks and things are going to be and the very very cold winters at 10,000 feet are going to be killing these things A certain number of deaths will occur each year and you can calculate the death rate from this data From any one column you can you can generate the other columns information note that the Life history data for females is different than it is for males. That's often the case for mammals and birds and humans Such that when you plot a survivorship curve Note that we're on a logarithmic scale here And if you're not remembering the difference between an arithmetic scale and a logarithmic scale you can discuss it in section Note that the curve is different for the males than for the females the females tend to survive longer a greater number of years and mortality Rates are higher for the males Given the steepness of that of that curve Okay, I'm gonna fit the rest of this in so we'll just carry forward The book the book does quite well on this subject and you'll learn a lot more in your labs and discussions But let's think about other creatures right.  That's a really big clam and even though the Great Barrier Reef is really really big Also, you can't fit that many clams With each one producing all those eggs and having them all survive massive mortality is going to occur in this process and You know, this is one of the one of the ways in which it's going to be it would be great to be building on the evolution section because so many Darwinian insights come from Insights into this phenomenon this this the fecundity of creatures So organisms differ very very much in this regard in in their production of offspring For creatures that produce massive numbers of individuals for which mortality Occurs dramatically in the very earliest stages the survivorship curve might follow this type 3 Configuration represented here by an oyster very much like what would happen with the clams huge numbers of eggs broadcast out into the open water hoping that some small number will actually Establish and survive those few that do establish and get Firmly situated tend to live a long time Because they have a good space and they become too large to be dislodged if you're a big oyster and a little egg lands and Becomes a small individual oyster. It's not going to be able to knock you off You're you're just you're too big for that So once you're established you tend to survive a long time, but mortality is massive in the earliest stage the squirrels They tend to have a likelihood of survival across time That doesn't the rate of of death doesn't change much over time If the start of the season there are 50 squirrels, maybe half of them will survive to the next year and Then the following year well half of those are going to survive no matter whether you're two years old or four years old Your chance of survival across the year is maybe 50 percent because once you get to a certain age You're You're equally likely to get nailed or to die of freezing as you are at twice that age humans and many large mammals follow a different pattern where Although there is higher mortality in the very earliest stage of life During birth immediately after birth perinatal Once Established the end of the likelihood of survival is quite good until a certain period of senescence after which the likelihood of survival becomes quite less good and One of the reasons why human Demographers were so important in the development of these fields is this is important for life insurance companies, right? They need to know this schedule of death in order to in order to schedule The costs and returns of insurance So three types of survivorship curve, and we will call them types one two and three that's traditionally the case and Some examples of these different curves showing the difference in females and males In homo sapiens ourselves Types one two and three the fact that many songbirds also follow a more or less type two configuration or a more type one configuration in a flowering plant and Reproductive tables where those are real the the life tables are focused on Our focus on survival and death Reproductive tables are more focused on the birth process and natality. We'll get into those more tomorrow when we look at population growth just a Little introduction there hang with me for five more minutes, please a few of you need to leave right now I guess but I'm going to fill up the time here. So please hang with me trade-offs in life history We always need to be thinking about about trade-offs Again, we're not building on the evolution section But in general it behooves an organism to leave as many Viable offspring as possible in a Darwinian context in the context of natural selection We increase our fitness by leaving as many viable offspring as possible and in and Magnify our genetic contribution to subsequent populations by doing so But you can't if you're a kestrel just Produce a massive clutch of eggs and the more eggs the better you can't Perform that way For one thing it's expensive to produce eggs it takes energy to make them and for another Who's going to feed the young well you have to and so You can't feed 30 young in your nest with the resources that are available in the local environment Given the constraints of rainstorms that are coming through and the competition from other individuals There are many constraints acting on these creatures energetic competitive biotic and abiotic that limit the capacity their capacity to to reproduce and so in this nice study taken from the book it is an experimental manipulate manipulation study where investigators went in and actually reduced the number of eggs in the nests of males and females or enlarged the number of eggs in those nests or Left them untouched and then followed the survivorship of those parents the following winter during the the season of dearth the difficult season where if unless they have enough energy themselves they won't make it through that season and When the number of offspring were reduced males and females had higher survival than normal in that subsequent year showing the energetic cost of raising a brood of eggs and a brood of young and for Eggs that were added to the nest for broods that were artificially enlarged the parents and maybe the males in particular Had difficulty surviving that following winter having raised that many young Or attempted to do so they depleted their own energy and weren't able to survive the following winter So we got to always think about the trade-offs in in these processes Finally, I'll just introduce you to a couple of new terms in terms of demographic traits Because some organisms reproduce repeatedly throughout their lives humans do These scorpions do they repeat they they reproduce produce this this brood of organisms send them off on their way and In this case perform some parental care send them off and then do it again the following year But others will only reproduce once in their lives and you can call this semoparity or big bang reproduction They've they put all of their resources and it may take decades into one massive reproductive bout and I want you to think about Why the conditions that might give rise to these different strategies? Famously the salmon that run in the rivers in the Northwest they spend their Their youngest portion of their lives swimming down river Get big in the oceans and then migrate back up river to spawn at the sites in which they were born The males and females congregate at those spawning sites as original spawning sites Having made it there past the sea lions and the fishermen and the grizzly bears. They finally make it Put everything into the they're completely exhausted put everything they have left into their reproductive effort, and then they die That's semoparity, okay, and you can think about rhinos and coconuts as opposed to dandelions by looking at the slides Thanks everybody


I'd like to welcome everybody to the Columbia Economic Development Podcast. For this episode, we've got a very special guest, Mr. Scott Garvin, who runs Garvin Design Group here in Columbia. Garvin Design Group has been a fixture of the community for the past 15 years, and so we're really excited to have him on board today to talk a little bit about the history of his company and the background of Columbia, how he's seen things change over the past 15 years, and then, you know, kind of the plan for the future and where, you know, we can expect to see Columbia go over the next 10 years. So, Scott, thank you very much for coming and joining us this morning. Absolutely. We're excited to have you. Thank you. And so, first off, let's just dive right in. Congratulations on the 15-year milestone. So you've got a very successful and storied career here in Columbia, and a lot of active projects going on right now, but tell us, for those folks who don't know, tell us a little bit about the background of the company, how you got started and the evolution over time. Sure. It's hard to believe. It's been 15 years. I went by really fast, which is great. 15 years ago, I was a partner in another firm here in Columbia and had been practicing architecture for 15 years, actually, ironically. That must be my number. So you're 30 and you're already pretty much ready for retirement, right? No, no. I have four daughters. I will never retire, so that's a given. But I'd come to the point in my career where I was ready to do my own thing for different reasons and had just finished up the Stromtherman Wellness Center at USC. And that was an important project for me to finish. I just wanted to complete it. A lot of us, a lot of folks in our firm worked on that project, so it was just important to get it done. And then I jumped out in June of 2003 and had no clients, no employees, four little kids, a wife who thought I was crazy, but it's been an awesome experience. The community really rallied around us from the get-go. We had humble beginnings, of course. We were doing screen porches and houses for friends and just anything we could find. Within several months, we started getting, receiving pretty significant projects. And there was some controversy around my leaving, which there always is with companies, but the marketplace responded in a very positive way to us. And most of the folks that came my way in the first year, we worked together at the former company. So it was a great start. We ramped up fast, got a lot of work in the first year, and the rest is history I guess. Sure. And so as your company has grown over 15 years, you have also watched the Vista and the City of Columbia grow as well.  Well, it's been fun to be sort of in the mix of all the ramping up and all the changing that's been going on. The Vista was a much different place when- The Vista was scary. Yeah, it was a very scary place. And when I first opened up my office on Lincoln and rented space in that building, you really didn't want to be around at night, it just wasn't considered safe. But now, I mean, as people walking around every night, going to restaurants and bars, it's really cool. One of our first significant projects was the Olympian Grammy Mills, which was in the first year of our business, and look at the change there with the mills being renovated in 701 Whaley, which we were also involved with. That community has completely transformed. The Vista has, Main Street has, and it's just neat to be involved in those projects. A lot of historic buildings that were empty now are full of people. It's just great to be part of that process. And so you talked about a few of the key projects that you've worked on, but is there like a defining project that really puts you all on the map, or a couple of marquee projects that you've done over time that really stand out to you? Well, I think, without question, the Olympian Grammy Mill project put us on the map as a firm. We had done a lot of significant projects as individuals with another company, but that was the first real marquee project for us. And I think we were eight months old as a company. And Ron Kaplan from Philadelphia came down and gave us that project after we chased him for a little while. And we worked on that for three years, and then it just built from there. We've done a lot of projects at the university, Honors College, Residence Hall, Patterson Hall, Women's Quad, a lot of housing projects, a lot of athletic projects. Then we started branching out around the state. We did the Peace Center in Greenville. We're doing a lot of projects on the coast now for Hilton. So it's a statewide focus as a company, which works really well for us. And I know, here locally as an architect, you're very well regarded for working with your clients and making sure that you've really provided them with space that encapsulates their entity and their design and feel. So as you're working with people, how do you help them design space that really fits who they are as a residential or a corporate entity? How do you bring all that together? Good question. Well, it starts with the people that I work with. I have amazing talented people around me that are all great architects and interior designers, and they know how to draw that information out of clients. And the first thing we try to do is understand what the client wants physically. What are the square footages and the program needs and the physical spaces that they want? More importantly, what's their vision? What's their personality? What's their flavor? What's their identity? And then that's the fun part. You can take all the pieces and parts and design something that fits their personality or what they want their company vision to be. And that's the fun part. And if you involve them in the process all the way through, which we do, they feel like they designed it. And there's been many times, many occasions where we've been at ribbon cuttings and you hear the client say, well, I designed this, they just drew it, which is a huge compliment. I mean, that's what you want them to think. It's what you want them to say. A bit of an oversimplification. Yeah, well, you don't want to sell somebody something that they don't really need or want. And that's what you don't want to happen, especially when you're building a building. You don't want to be there at the end and go, this is not exactly what I had in mind or I didn't know it was going to look like this. So we try really hard to make sure they understand what they're getting. And it's fun. It's very rewarding. And the greatest compliments we receive are from clients who say, you spent a lot of time and you really understood what we were looking for and nobody else has done that. And I'm very proud of what we've ended up with. It sounds like a very involved process, but you want the clients, you know, when you're designing workspace, you want the workspace to feel like home, to feel like an extension of their business. Right. And you don't want every building that you designed to look the same. None of them do. That's because they're a reflection of who you're designing for. So whether your style is modern or traditional, it's more about the person who's going to occupy the space and what's their style. So that's what you target. Cool. You talked a little bit about your time and growing your business and you mentioned community support earlier. Over the past 15 years, how has the community in Colombia supported your business? Just, I guess, the excitement that you find in the community when you do something. The positive comments, the press that we've received, especially renovating old buildings, those seem to be the crowd favorites. When you take an old building, it was falling apart, like City Market on Gervais and put it back together. It's just incredible how excited people get about seeing that happen, which motivates us. Because, you know, we want to create nice places for people to hang out and do things. And when they react that way, it's just very fun. And how have you, I think you've been recognized and received some awards lately. Any of those you can talk about? Well, I mean, our firm has received a number of awards from Historic Colombia, AIA, South Carolina, AIA, Colombia, and others. But the way we look at awards, if we get an award, it's because the process worked for the awards committee that's looking at the project. We don't design to get one. They're nice to have, they're nice to hang on the wall. But it's not what we shoot for. And also, the cool thing about an award is there's not a project in our office that anybody can say, well, that's mine. It's a team effort. So there's usually four, five, six, seven people working on it. So you sort of celebrate that together. And that's just a cool thing about our company is we all enjoy each other, we have fun, we work hard, but we really have a good time working together. And I think that comes out in our work. Our clients tell us that all the time. You guys just seem to have a really good time, and we do. We like what we do, we like who we work with, and I think it makes the buildings better, to be honest with you. That's more important than awards. Well, and I like the emphasis that you put on that. The real reward is having a satisfied client at the end of the day that is happy with the space and the product they've received, but receiving recognition from other avenues for good work that you've done is kind of icing on the cake as well. It is, and it's nice. And we definitely appreciate it. I don't want to say that we might not get anymore, but yeah, we definitely love to receive you. I'm sure there's plenty more to come. I hope so, I hope so. 1649, Maine is one of your current projects you're working on. The Hendricks Market is in the process of going in there, and so that's kind of a hot topic right now for everybody. A lot of excitement around the old Hennessy's building. So talk with us a little bit, just how the development of that space has been as an experience, and then if you've got any plans for what's coming down the road for that, so that you can share. And that's a building that, with a group of other people in developing, so I'm designing it, and also the developer. And whenever you buy an old building like that, you can't have everything completely figured out. So the first step is to purchase it, and then try to put it back together. Hennessy's was important to me, because I used to eat lunch there with my father all the time, and that was the place to eat in Columbia in the 80s and 90s, so there's an emotional connection for me. And people in Columbia love Hennessy's because of the history of it. So we purchased the building, and then we started cleaning it up, cleaned out all the junk that was in it, ripped out the mezzanine that was put in in the 80s that created the really low ceilings, and it's a beautiful building inside and out, so we basically stabilized the shell, and then you sort of throw your lines in the water and try to find tenants. Sometimes that happens really fast, it did at City Market. In this case, we've been very patient. Colliers is our brokerage group, and they're doing a great job. A lot of people have looked at it. We said no to a lot of potential tenants because we want it to be the right fit for that building and the right fit for the 1600 block. And Hendrix is a great concept. It's gonna be a full service restaurant, occupies the second floor and also the roof, so they'll have a rooftop bar component with a chef that's well known for motor supply. It's gonna be awesome. It's gonna be a great restaurant. The other two spaces are not least yet. Again, we have a lot of interests. We're kind of weighing our options, and we wanna make sure that the next tenant is a good fit with Hendrix, so we're just being very careful about it. And it's just, those projects take time, they're messy, they're scary, they're risky, but they're very rewarding again when you put an old building back together. The other unique thing about that one is the sidewalk. They had, in the early 40s, roof hardware had expanded underneath Blanting Street sidewalks, so there's a huge basement under it. The city allowed us to open up that sidewalk, so we cut holes in it to create an outdoor courtyard, which also allowed us to lease the basement to a tenant because now we have daylight. That's gonna be really cool. There's nothing like that in Columbia at all, so looking forward to seeing who occupies that space. That sounds really awesome, so I'll be excited to eventually get over there myself and check that space out. You better, you need to spend some money over there. Oh, I'm sure they'll get it. So, we've talked a little bit about past and present, but as a business owner, how do you see Columbia reshaping over the next 10 years? There's a lot of activity going on right now. We've had a couple years of good development, very university-driven, but a lot of activity around the city. What do you see happening over the next decade? Hopefully the momentum continues because we have a lot and it needs to push forward. I think our main challenge has always been we have so many different areas that we are developing in Columbia, and the overused phrase is we have to connect the dots. I think they're starting to connect. I think if you look at the Vista as a region, from the top to the bottom of Jirai down toward the river, it's starting to connect, which is good. Same with Main Street. We've got to bring Main Street and the Vista together, and then we've got to connect to the river. So that may be 10, 20 years. I don't know how long it's going to take, but if we can connect Main Street to the river with development in hotels and shops and restaurants, I think Columbia is there. We've arrived. The challenge has always been trying to connect those dots and working with all the different political entities in the state capital with all the local governments who all have no politics at all. It's gotten better though, and even I've said this before, but the city and the university are working together, which 10, 15 years ago that wasn't the case. So I think if all those folks can come together and push Columbia forward and we reach the river and actually have something exciting down there, it'll be a success. And I think Columbia also benefits from being kind of on the grid structure that we are. Even when you expand out from those districts and you look at where Bull Street will be and where Five Points is, everything kind of ties into those same high traffic corridors. And so you can kind of almost see like a box forming around the downtown area. It could probably be a little more pedestrian friendly with things that would attract people to walk a little more through the city, but Main Street and Vista are the most well positioned for that type of growth. And the main change you've seen in the last 10 years is it's become more walkable. And you see people walking around at night. Except in the summer. Except in the summer, it's really hot. The more it becomes walkable, I think the more successful it will be. And Colombians have to start using garages. I know we hate to, but we've got to park in a garage and quit looping around the block and walk to where we're going. And I think that's something we'll do eventually. We'll grow up and do that. Cool, well that's all great to hear. Again, can't say it enough. Congratulations on 15 years of business. And we hope y'all have 15 more years of very successful work here in Columbia. Just great contributions that y'all have done to the city and businesses that y'all have worked with here. So thanks for your time coming in and talking with us today. And for anybody that's watching the podcast, if you get the opportunity to go check out the Hendricks Space 1649, please do so. I believe they'll be trying to make some more tours of that space available here over the next few weeks or months. So thanks a lot. Thanks, Ron, appreciate it. Yes, sir.


Now so far we've been talking about different types of searches specifically this idea that again I have this sort of starting point and I have this goal point and Everything that we've done, you know a star the breadth first step first all of them They spent this or they use this notion that specifically each Action right was leading me to a new state Say this is action one. This is action two moving to some new state And then we will eventually lead into our goal The big issue though is specifically this idea of an adversarial search now this sort of first move sure that was sort of my Move but one of the things we have to think about is maybe there are other agents in the environment And they are also working on the same environment and in fact we can think about this second action as Your move or their move their Move and so we have to actually kind of think about this We have to start to plan when someone else is moving and doing actions and Specifically we have to think about this idea that they may be working against us, you know They're they're Potentially looking at their own goals that they want to work through and some good ideas some ways to kind of see this are through Some different types of games Specifically we can start to kind of model these in different kind of terminologies You know we have sort of the ones that we typically see inside of a AI course the deterministic perfect information type Exercises these are easy to map easy to model The entire idea is you can see for example every potential move that's going on in chess You know my agent gets to do a move then maybe the another agent gets to do their move and Specifically when we think about this idea of it being perfect all of those moves can be modeled now That starts to change when we start to get to imperfect information Because maybe I can't model all of the information my agent sure has their battleships Down on their board, but I don't know where the battleships of my opposing agent Are and so I would have to kind of make some assumptions about what their side of the board works with Then when we start to get into the idea of chance well now We're adding probabilities to this dice rolls for example when we think about say for example monopoly or Shuffled a deck in poker. I don't know what card is going to be placed down next I don't know what the agents dice rolls are going to be and so it's a little harder to model those types of games But like I said specifically when we are at least kind of in this class The idea is we're working off of this idea of a deterministic fully observed and then a new fancy $5 word Zero sum game. So what is a zero sum game? the idea here is that What we're looking at is our agent. So We'll call them agent one our agent is specifically attempting to maximize a And end value if we're thinking about something like the linear search or the linear assignment problem That we've kind of talked about previously. This is I want to get the biggest value out of the configuration I want to get the biggest value out of my actions But like I said, there's an adversarial agent also in play and so that agent They're Specifically wanting to work off that same value, but they want to shrink it down as best as they can so again thinking linear assignment They want the smallest value possible and it's sort of this combash combat of Our two agents on whether or not we're gonna get a big value or a small value specifically again when we think about Our agent we are always kind of looking at it at least from our kind of perspective of we want to maximize our our value There are some other little terminologies You can you know learn about like this idea that we are dealing with a ply So agent one does a ply and then agent two does a reply All right. Uh, either way, let's start to formalize this out So when we think about things if we say for example worked off of just a simple tic-tac-toe board That'll be sort of our easiest way to kind of visualize this The big idea is this blank board. Well, you could consider that to be state zero The board is empty. We know whose turn it potentially is, you know for our sake We could ask that question we could say well, what is or who is? The player at s zero and we might you know say that that's oh player one Or for our sake since we're playing with tic-tac-toe player X player X is getting to go first It may be player. Oh, you know It's whoever's the oldest and tells you which one for tic-tac-toe I think but for our sake We'll say player X is going first. Well, then we ask that same kind of question Well, what are the legal actions? What are all the valid actions that can happen at S zero. Well, if we're again thinking that it's only X's turn, there are three potential or sorry Nine potential moves, right? We can go to the top corner. We can go to the top middle We can go to the top corner again on the other side Etc. Etc. Etc. Until we get to the bottom corner. Those are all again valid moves. Okay, fine So now what we're looking at is given these different actions. So I'll call this one a 1 a 2 a 3 all the way to a 9 What we're looking at is now finally the finally this idea of what happens as Result so think of this like when we were kind of talking about this idea of Perceiving the environment when I do an action. What happens to the environment? So In that case if I'm at s zero, right? What if I gave it the action of a nine and so again, this would produce some new state That's one that is in our case this position Fair enough, but as you can sort of see well the same kind of song and dance would happen who is the player? At s1. Oh, well now it's O's turn. All right. Well, what are all the valid options for? Or all the valid actions from this state? S1 all of them except for this a nine are available to it So we'll scratch that one out for our sake and then if we're looking at that. Let's say what is the result of? s1 with action why not Let's see six And well that would turn this into its own new state state to with an X at the bottom and an O here And you'd continue to play this out over and over again and eventually you're gonna reach Terminal states so the idea of a terminal test is when there are no possible moves or a winning condition has occurred so you can again think about this as What makes the game over in tech-tech toe? There's three different sort of ways or There's X gets to win there's Oh gets to win or we get into that weird situation where Let's see. I'm doing my best to X Oh and X so we've got X wins O wins or there is a draw Then we've got just this idea false the game is still playing. This is not a terminal state But specifically you notice that sort of second section here this idea Of a utility if we're looking at all of our different states We may want to ask this question. Well, what's the value of this particular state? So if we're looking at say for example this first notion, right where we have X is here. Oh is here X is here. Oh is here Right. Well again, we could look at that next action, right the difference between Sort of placing our X. Let me change colors here Or let me draw out just three different versions so we can sort of see them all playing out If we look at Now this notion of well, what if I did this move? What if I did this move and what if I did this move? Well, again, we're looking at this from the utilities perspective given this state for this player How well is this move? So for our player X The utility for this first one is a one or we could assign it some other value But we could have say that we are giving this winning state a one This would be a zero for our player and this would also be a zero because those are draws Now again, you could play these out differently depending on your game But this is sort of the general theme that you're looking for that same kind of idea can come into play And let me just make a different color real quickly If say for example, we were sort of again playing that same notion X is here Oh went here X went here. Oh went here for whatever reason the agent chose to go down this route Oh, that's actually perfect. I get a There we are. All right There there I'm gonna pick there there Here here, okay now so again, we're looking at the two different possibilities for X So if X Takes here and oh takes here you could say that this is a losing state for Player X again This is a bad move because I'm going to lose or my player X agent is going to lose And again, you keep on choosing different values depending on what you're looking for But this is where we start to get into this notion of something known as the minimax search Which will dig into a little later This is that idea that let's assume that there is to there are two agents We have our agent that we're gonna call max and then we have their agent That we're gonna call men and so again this notion is that if we're looking at the tic-tac-toe board What are all the possible actions that max could be working with and again? We're typically thinking about this as a recursive method So we don't immediately make a decision. We're planning. It's like oh if I Do this Dot dot dot Then it's men's turn and oh well then Men Will Do this Dot dot dot So again max has placed in that top corner men places into the top middle, okay? So now what would I do if again? I'm playing out as max. Oh well in that case I Do this Dot dot dot and so you keep on playing this out and I won't do it for the entire time You can see that it just keeps on mapping out and so what happens though is Each one of these is given this men max node And so once again just like we were saying as we move towards Terminal states where the game is in fact over you can see that if we find ourselves in a situation where our Agent aka max is the loser. Well, that would be a state that we give a Negative one two in our case our agent draws So again, that's okay. It's better than not it's better than not losing or it's better than losing. There's the word So, okay, you know, maybe that's the best we can work out towards but again You notice it specifically that negative one is less than zero and then specifically if there is a winning condition Well, we can see that our agent one Sorry our loses Our hours here we go there we are now we now we got proper English So we've got the negative one where we lose We've got the zero when we draw and then we've got the positive one when we win And so it's through these combinations that in our next video. We'll talk about the mini max search You


Good afternoon. I'm Andrew Stewart. I'm the subject librarian for life and physical sciences here at Alden Library and I'm happy to welcome you to our first scholar communications conversation. What is an arcade ID and why do I need one? And the format of the workshop will be basically be a workshop. It'll be I have a short presentation about the various author IDs, and then there'll be time at the end for folks to actually register for an ARC ID and move forward with using it. And as I said in this workshop, I'll discuss the reason for the development of author IDs and why these IDs are important in their uses and for major IDs, the ARC ID, Google Scholar ID, Scopus, author ID, and Web of Science researcher ID, and I'll show examples of the materials that folks can see from that. And I'll give folks an opportunity at the end to create and register for your ARC ID. Our author ID is basically developed from the need to standardize authors, the what was Science Citation Index, now Web of Science indexes authors based on the article with no standardization because the materials are input into the database through optical character scanning, so whatever's on the article is what's there. You get different authors, for example, W. Smith, W. E. Smith, William Smith. Problems developed, obviously, with common researcher names like William Smith and Robert Doe and Jane Doe. And also there are problems for international researchers due to cultural differences in name order and inconsistent uses of middle initials. Research growth over the years with more and more and more articles published and the growth of monitoring author impact called for name standards or some standardization, I think librarians and publishers particularly moved in that direction. And author IDs offer the solution of a standard ID that distinguishes one researcher from all others, both globally and in particular systems. The ARC ID is a specific system that's researcher agnostic and worldwide, and the other IDs are based on a particular system such as the database Scopus or Web of Science or the Google Scholar Database. And they allow for verification and tracking of your institutional affiliations, update, up-to-date author publication records because they can automatically update your publications when they're added to the databases. They can connect existing publications and research and track existing grants and allow you to build collaborations with other researchers by searching in those databases. The ARC ID, the Open Research and Contributor ID, is an open source single ID that to link all scholarly work together. Individuals register for the ID which is free and then can use it in publication submissions in their email signature and other places and share it with other authors. It can be added to your email signature, put in your publication and grant submissions and placed in any profile on the web. And the system allows for automated linkages and updates for activities and affiliations. And the ARC ID is free to the researcher and is supported by a consortium of research institutes and universities and publishers around the world. And you can basically search the ARCID.org for ARC IDs to build collaborations. And here is an example of an ARC ID for an Ohio researcher, Alicia Stigal, in the Department of Geological Sciences. And we can see in her record the ARC ID. And also alternative names that she's known by links to her lab website and her Ohio University faculty page, research keywords for her research, other IDs. And she has the researcher ID and the scopus author ID and her ARC ID record. It shows her education and her current affiliations as well as, in this case, the screenshot I took showed the first 50 of the 62 publications she has so that that makes that information available. It also shows the search box up here where you can search for other researchers in ARC ID. The Google Scholar ID is a little bit broader. It's created from your Google Scholar profile after searching in Scholar. You can gather all of your publications and then have your most cited publications listed first. And your H index is automatically calculated. The H index is an author-level metric that measures research quality. H stands for the number of articles that have been cited H number of times. And H index of 30 means that the author, for example, has published 30 articles that have been more cited more than 30 times. And the H index that's in Google Scholar may be somewhat higher than other IDs as Google collects a broader range of materials and has different definitions for citations than scopus database or web of science has, for example. This is an example of a Google Scholar profile for Sarah Wyatt, a faculty member in environmental and plant biology. And we see that her most cited article is from 1999 and it's been cited 258 times. It also shows the number of citations over the years. And we can see that Dr. Wyatt's research H index has dropped a little bit, probably because she's now chair of the cellular and molecular biology program here at OU and isn't doing as much research. It also shows the collaborators that she has as well as a link for you to get your own profile. And the Google Scholar ID and the ones following web of science and scopus are both based on records that are in the databases. So if you don't have publications yet, you can create a profile, but you may not be able to create an ID from that. The scopus author ID is automatically created for every author indexed in scopus so that you have to have publications that are indexed in scopus in order to have the ID. You can claim your ID and correct your publication list, make other corrections in the record. And the ID provides linkage to scopus site score and other impact measurements. And this is an example of a scopus profile for Brian McCarthy, the associate dean for research in the College of Arts and Sciences. And we can see here that the scopus ID, it also would allow him to, if he had an ORC ID, connect it to this ID and it shows his research metrics that he's been, had 101 publications cited 3,088 times and he has an H index of 32. And it graphs his publications and shows the most important topics that he's talked about. And also begins the list of publications. In order to claim your scopus ID, you actually have to create an account in scopus, which is not a particularly onerous detail. And the final ID is Web of Science Researcher ID, which was formerly Researcher ID, but it's been absorbed in the website, which also deals with peer review and scholarly impact called Publons, which was purchased by Clarivate Analytics, the company that produces Web of Science. And authors can create their Publons ID and integrate your Web of Science index publications. And it includes links to citation metrics from Web of Science. This is an example of a Publons record for Peter Young Distinguished Professor of Physics here at Ohio University. And it shows, I've focused on the metrics page, which shows his impact over time and his publications and citations and his H index of 48. And the reviews that have been verified in Publons for his peer review. So there are other author IDs in academia EDU and Research Gate, which are primarily social network sites that also share articles, but they also collate index, impact, excuse me. And you can also create an ID and linked in for your publications as well as your activities. So that's really the end of my publication presentation. It's really relatively short. For more information about the IDs, you can go to my and Hanish Millen's Scholarly Research Metrics LibGuide