Hello guys, a fun video today. For today's video, I'm going to be doing a full face using the number one bestsellers at the drug store. A lot of these items I already had and then there is also a number of items that I am trying for the first time today. So let's just get into it. Hi guys, if you're new here, my name is Morgan. I am a product knowledge enthusiast. I just love knowing anything and everything about all the new makeup on the market and sharing my thoughts with you guys. Now, a few weeks ago, I did a video where I tested out all of the number one bestselling high end makeup and this time I wanted to try the drug store version of that. It was really fun. Now, I do want to preface this with, I actually purchased these products a few weeks ago. So some of the things in certain categories have shifted but I checked today. Most of them are pretty much the same and if not, these are like the second bestsellers. Now, what I used to determine bestseller is I went on the Ulta website. I searched through each category, the bestseller and I either bought or I already owned the number one in the drug store category. So that's where we're at. I have some items that are quite known on TikTok. So I feel like TikTok runs the makeup industry right now. All of the best sellers I've seen kind of trending on TikTok. So I'm gonna get us up close and personal and we'll get into the first item, okay? So let's start off with primer. The number one bestselling primer was this NYX Marshmallow Primer and luckily they had a little small size because the full size was kind of expensive. So I'm happy we have a sample now. I haven't tried this yet. I've been wanting to because of how popular it is but I'm telling you guys, for the most part, the trending products on TikTok were trending a long time ago like YouTube did it first but not this. So if you've been wanting to try this, they do have a smaller size. It's not a lot of product but this feels really nice and hydrating.  I guess it's supposed to be like a marshmallow. Okay, now that I've put it on, it's more sticky than it is hydrating. I prefer a more hydrating primer and this really isn't doing that for me. It's very, very fragrance. You can see it gave me a little bit of a natural glow, not super hydrating. I don't know. It's not my favorite. It's not hydrating enough for what I prefer. So yeah, there's that. I don't know, why is this trending on TikTok? Like what's the big deal about it? I guess it kind of smoothed my skin. I don't know. Anyways, first impressions? Not that impressed. I was really excited about this foundation being the number one bestseller because I was looking for a reason to pick it up. This is the Morphe Filter Effect Soft Focus Foundation. Now the main reason that I was very intrigued by this is because Denessa Myricks helped out with the color range on this one and it looks really expensive for what it is. No clue if this is gonna be my shade I picked up medium nine. I usually try and pick the color that has a neutral undertone and hope it's close shade wise. This is made in Italy. So yeah, love that. Interesting pump. And if you're new to my channel, made in Italy makeup, I swear, it's always amazing for the most part. Actually, this is a little bit light and yellow. How is that considered a medium? Anyways, you can just never tell with these brands. You know, sometimes medium is way too dark on me and in this instant, it's way too late on me. I normally consider myself a light medium. So it does blend out to be a decent match though. That looks pretty. It's a little bit thicker. Like it's not a really watery foundation. I've learned or maybe haven't learned, but lately I've really been liking almost the watery consistency kind of foundation. It's just very, very lightweight because I mean, I don't wanna jinx anything but my skin has been rather behaved lately which is an odd occurrence but it has been kind of behaved. So I've just been like in the lighter coverage because I don't need too much. So it can be a little bit thicker in some areas. Like because it's a thicker consistency, it's kind of giving me a little bit of an uneven spread. Like I don't know if you can see, it's not even really on my cheek here. I'm gonna try and see if I can even that out. Yeah, for some reason, it's just not looking good right here. It's looking uneven. Okay, so taking a closer look, like I said, it's not really liking my cheeks. It's not sitting on my cheeks very pretty or my nose. The actual finish on the rest of my skin looks really nice and natural. It gives a light medium kind of coverage. It feels really light as well. If it weren't a little bit patchy on my cheeks and nose, I would really like this but for some reason it's acting weird. I'm gonna fix it with concealer but kind of disappointed in that. But it looks so good in the other areas. So that's what I'm confused about. Like my forehead looks fantastic. So I guess this is one that I'm definitely gonna need to continue playing with. We're gonna move on to eyebrow pencil next just because that's the order that I apply my makeup. So the number one best selling eyebrow pencil was the NYX Professional Makeup Micro Brow Pencil. This has been around forever. It is really good. One of the best pencils that you can get at the drug store. It is extremely comparable to the ABH and the Benefit that are so popular. I have mine in the shade Brunette. It's a little bit too warm for me but that's just the shade I had in my collection already so I wasn't gonna purchase another one. I'm trying to reshape my brows. I've, you know, quarantine brows. I haven't been getting my brows done in over a year now. So I've been the one shaping my brows and I'm not doing a good job you guys. So I'm on mission, grow them out a little bit more. I'm gonna need some privacy to work with these. So one second. Eyebrow pencil, this one is so good. It's been a while since I've used this one. It doesn't deposit too much color. It's not too creamy. It just works really good. I'm just saying, if you don't wanna break the bank with an eyebrow pencil, NYX is definitely the way to go. Now this is not a best seller. It came in a little kit that was like a gift with purchase. It's the Ulta brand brow gel. I'm just gonna use it because I need to tame these brows and wow, this is actually a really good brow gel from what I can tell so far. I really like the spoolie on this. Random, but awesome. All right, let's keep it moving with concealer. So the number one best selling concealer at the time was the Elf hydrating camo concealer, the Titan finish, not the original one. Now I checked today. Actually currently it's the Maybelline. I can't remember what it's called but it's someone with a little piece of foam on top. That one is also really good. That was one of my rediscovered favorites in the most recent year. I use it in my makeup kit, but I'm just gonna use the Elf one because that's what it was at the time that I went shopping. So I have the shade medium sand. I'm gonna cheat a little bit and mix it in with the original camo concealer because the colors are much lighter. These need blended because this is not gonna work on my under eyes, but this concealer is absolutely bomb. I love it. I'm just gonna put some right here and honestly mixing it with the original one, I find it to be so much better because the hydrating one is really, really nice but I feel like the original one, it just adds more coverage. So I'm just gonna put both of those on. So these two are a great mix. Nobody asked for it, but just so you know. And I'm putting a lot on because as you saw, the coverage from that Morphe was super weird on my cheeks and nose. So I'm using that excess to kinda make the complexion look better. Concealer, super bomb from the drugstore. Definitely some high end quality. Now we're gonna move on to powder, which guys, this is my favorite powder of all time. No wonder it's number one. This is the Maybelline Fit Me Loose Finishing Powder. Genuinely, it's the best of the best in my opinion. It is so blurring. It's a little bit of a heavier kind of powder. So I know sometimes for more mature skin, you might not agree with something a little bit thicker. But on my skin, it just really agrees with it. I'm gonna show you the difference from side to side. So this is with the powder. Do you see how much more blurred that looks? Oh my gosh, it's so amazing. It is better than my high end powders. I'm telling you, it is one of my favorites. It's amazing to bake with if you're into the baking game still. I'll do it occasionally when I'm doing like a really super full glam. Love this stuff. It is the best. Bronzer, it was definitely a classic as well. The Physicians Formula Butter Bronzer. I have not dug in mine in a while, so I was really excited to use it for this video because it blends onto the skin like a dream. I mean, no surprise that this is still the number one best seller in drugstore after all of these years. It'd be interesting to see like what the number one best selling drugstore products at like Walmart and Target are and if they're different than Ulta. I just go by Ulta because I feel like that's really a good measure since so many makeup lovers buy their makeup from Ulta. Not that they don't buy them from everywhere else, but Ulta is my standard, you know? Anyways, do you see how effortlessly I've kind of blended on? It's beautiful. Blush is a product that I've never tried before, so I'm really excited. This is actually the Ulta Beauty Mineral Blush. Never heard of it before, but it was the number one best seller, so I had to give it a try. It was super affordable and I picked up the shade Sweet Pea. It's kind of like a mauvey baby pink. It has a little bit of a satiny finish to it, so I'm just going to apply it. Oh, it's a really sweet color. It has a little bit more shimmer than I would personally prefer.  It doesn't really keep the color. I'm sure they have other finishes, but you can definitely see that I'm just lensing my texture, right? Blends on really beautifully. I think next time I would try and get a not shimmery one, it's pretty, but I have other blushes that I definitely prefer even from the drugstore. I think the drugstore has some great blushes, but I actually really like how shiny it is, though. It's a bit texture emphasizing, but that's what you get when you get a shimmery blush anyways, but it applied really, really nice. I mean, it's cool, it's made in Canada. I just had never heard of this before, but hey, okay, Ulta brand. I do want to do a video one day of a full face of Ulta brand makeup because that would be really cool. They come out with a lot of cool collections. The best-selling highlight, oh, I'm so excited about this, were the ColourPop Super Shock Shadows. I'm kind of shocked that they're the number one best sellers, but they were, so we're gonna use them. I'm gonna use the shade Lunch Money, and I'm gonna use my sponge to apply this. This is the way that I like to apply these, and mine is kind of old, honestly, but you can see how pretty that is. You see that? It blends right into the skin, and I mean, the highlight of the blush is kind of doing most of the work, I feel like. You guys see that? Just blends into the skin. I think I applied too much of that highlighter, though. Now I like a little bit crazy. It's just a bit much with that blush. The blush is really reflective. If you get this color in the Ulta blush, my recommendation would be not to apply a highlighter that day because you don't need to. Like, I'm looking a little bit tin manny. I'm gonna apply just a little bit of the pink over top to make myself more shiny, but I want more of that color because that ColourPop highlight almost had coverage there where it covered the blush. So we're gonna have a really glowy cheek today. All right, let's move to the good stuff. We're gonna get into the eyes now. And again, really surprised by this, but the number one best-selling eye primer was the Ulta Beauty Matte Eye Primer. I do think I needed to get acquainted with a good, affordable eye primer since I normally only just use, like, Too Faced Shadow Insurance. So I'm excited about this. I'm kind of broadening my knowledge on products, and I like how that it's matte. You see, it provides just a little bit of coverage, blending out nice and easy over the eyelid. All right, cool. Seems good. Can't talk about much about it. But let's talk about the number one best-selling eyeshadow palette. Now, like I said, I ordered the products for this video weeks ago. At the time, the number one best-selling eyeshadow palette was the Morphe and James Charles palette. And I actually had bought this when it first launched and I have not even used it once. So I was happy that this was number one because I already owned it, so I didn't have to buy it and I never used it. So it's still like a brand new palette to try out. Now, obviously, I really don't want to acknowledge it on my channel, but he's under hot fire right now for good reason and his palette, when I checked today, was pushed down to number two. And the number one best-selling palette is now the Morphe and Nikita palette, which, okay, it's kind of not pretty to me and a lot of the colors are similar to the ones in the James Charles palette anyways. So I was not about to purchase that. So we're just gonna use what I already had, save myself some money. I'm not gonna do anything too colorful today. I hate to break it to you, but I just wanna do something more simple, like a neutral glam smoky eye. So I'm gonna start off with this shade right here. And I like Morphe palettes. I think they're really great for the price and for the everyday person. I don't use the Morphe palettes too often on my channel. I do every now and then. I actually really like buying them. I think they have very pretty color stories. And like I said, I am not against Morphe palettes. I think that they are great for everyday people, but, you know, they aren't the best quality in the world. They definitely aren't the worst. Okay, I'm gonna take this cream color right here. I'm just gonna put that right there, right here. We're gonna start deepening up. I'm feeling like a bit more, we'll do this shade next. This palette is so big. I can't even fit it onto the screen. This is like pretty orange, much more orange than I was expecting. Now I've only used these two shades and it's been a while since I've actually grabbed into a Morphe palette in general. Not super pigmented, which is fine. Again, everyday person, everyday use, especially great for like a teenager getting into makeup. I like these big wells of the neutral shades. And I'm kind of gonna repeat the steps with the darker colors and put it all along my lower lash line. So I'm not doing the halo eye on the lower lash line, but I am using those colors down here.  So I'm like super lightly gonna dip into the black shade. And make sure you put the black along the lower lash line because we are gonna do some work with the black eyeliner down there. So I really like to emphasize the smokiness by putting on some black really on the lower lash line. I am keeping the black away from the inner corner though so that it doesn't close my eyes up too much because the black really adds that depth. And then all over the lid, we're gonna go in with this shade right here. Because yeah, I think every other shade would be kind of weird. We'll do that shade and just put it in there. And then we're just gonna make sure everything's blended. Now, just speaking on Morphe's quality in general, I think they have a very decent formula, especially for the price. Obviously they are not a high-end brand. They don't have high-end quality, but I definitely think the quality is workable. And I do think that Morphe palettes are great for the everyday person that just wants some more colors in the collection, teenagers, and obviously if you don't have the money to afford a high-end palette, Morphe is a great way to get a lot of colors without breaking the bank. I mean, I will say though, if we're speaking true quality, my favorite affordable eyeshadows are probably BH Cosmetics. I think they do it better than Morphe, but I do love the large array of colors and palettes that Morphe has to offer. All right, let's get into eyeliner. The number one best-selling eyeliner was again from our girl, Ulta Beauty. I picked up both a, did I pick up two of the black? I did, whoops. No, okay.  We're just gonna go in with black, especially along the lower lash line. So I'm going to put this down here. Oh, I'm not a big fan of this. I don't like how it looks on my waterline. I had to go over it way too many times. It is not black enough for me and it's not doing well with the wateriness of my eyes. Mm, yeah, I'm not a fan of this. I've definitely had better waterline eyeliners. Okay, and then just because I already have it, I'm gonna line it in my upper lash line as well. It is very, very smooth. It gets applied nice. There's a touch of drag, but it's pretty creamy and you still have good control. It's just not as black as I would like and it didn't go over my waterline very well. It's just not black enough for me.  All right, before I put on eyelashes and mascara and all of that, I'm going to set my face. The number one best-selling setting spray was the Mario Badescu Facial Oil Rosewater Nothing. I don't know if you're able to tell, but I also like this quite a lot. So here we go. Very nice, very nice. So while that dries, let's talk about the number one best-selling mascara, which if you're on TikTok, you should know is the Maybelline Sky High Mascara. Now, Maybelline sent this to me a couple months ago and I have not been that in love with it. It's impossible to take off. I don't even have the waterproof version and I cannot get this off my eyelashes. Now, I think if you have naturally good eyelashes to begin with that this is something that you will like, I do not have very nice lashes to begin with. So it does add length, but it's just not the best. I feel like the wand doesn't put a lot of product on my lashes. It just doesn't distribute enough. And it does give me length, but it doesn't give me enough volume and it just makes my lashes look uneven. I just don't really like this mascara, but everybody else likes it. So it seems to work for most people, just not me. Anyways, I mean, it does make my lower lashes really long, but I feel like it is such a journey to get there. Let's go on to falsies though. The number one best selling drugstore falsies are the Ardell Demi Whispies. These are truly a classic. I have about a billion of these in my stock right now because these are one of the lashes that I use for bridal. I don't use them on every buy, but I would say probably 70% of my clients I'll use this style on because it's just a good one. It flatters so many different eye shapes. It fits so many eyes. Okay, let me put some glue on and you'll see, but they're just a great false lash that's not too dramatic, especially for those who aren't as used to wearing false lashes. These are really great beginner lash. They're very readily available pretty much in every drugstore and they are a goodie. So I'm gonna pop on some of my duo lash adhesive and just kind of show you the final product of these. Okay, falsies are on. You can see they're very, very natural. Obviously the glue is still drying, but honestly though they can be more dramatic if I had applied them a little bit more turned up like that. So it's all about application. I kind of put them on a little bit downward which gives them a more natural look and if then you want something more dramatic just kind of apply them more like this. See this mascara is not dried yet and that's bothering me. Anyways, these lashes are bomb. That's my point. Let's move on to lip liners and NYX. NYX runs the drugstore lip game. So the first ones that we were gonna talk about are the NYX lip liners. These are amazing. They've been very known for many, many years now. I'm putting on the shade soft brown. I use these in my makeup kit because they're super affordable and they're just quality lip liners like you see. They're a little bit more, they're creamy still but they're more waxy compared to a lot of the more trendy lip liners but I prefer this. I like that they're good old school classic wooden pencils with a nice precise formula where it's just so easy to get a precise application. This one is more trendy but it is also from NYX. This was a crazy TikTok thing I think. This is the lip color, what are these called? They're called like the Shine high pigment lip shines and so essentially one side is like a liquid lipstick and then the other side is a gloss and these are supposed to be pretty smudge proof. It's not supposed to move at all. They did not have much shades left so I ended up with the shade, I don't know. It is not on here or I'm missing it. I do not see a shade. I will write it down if I can find it but we're gonna, this is not how it's supposed to be, right? What the? Something tells me this is not how it's supposed to look. I'm gonna make it work though. That's why I chose the eye colors that I did because I feel like they would look good with this. Okay, give this a second to dry, pretty color. Let me get a brush. Yeah, my thing did not come in good condition. It's fine but it was certainly bent. I don't know if you can see but look. As it's drying, it's like sticky. Okay, we're gonna put on the gloss side now. Now this gloss side, the color is not supposed to pick up at all, this is supposed to be very, very transfer proof. Oh, I love this brush. It is so bend-o-y, so soft it doesn't press into the lips and it didn't get on the brush. It's not gonna make the clear gloss color and the gloss is really, really shiny. I mean, this concept, believe it or not, is not new to makeup. There have been products that are like this to have come out but from what I've seen from everybody's demo, it really does work. It's great for the mass squaring environment that we all live in now. I did wanna finish off with the number one best-selling lip glosses, which I'm not gonna put on today but I'm telling you, Nix is running the lip game. The Nix butter glosses are the number one best sellers. I remember when I was first getting into makeup and I was like starting to have my own money and I remember going to Ulta and picking up all of the butter shades that I could. Honestly, I'd argue that these are probably still the first ones. This Tiramisu and Praline are have to be thrown away. They have to be super old but these are really bomb lip glosses. These are my favorite formula to keep in my purse because they're so affordable. If you lose them, it's not that big of a deal and they are just a solid gloss. That's a really good formula. So here is the final look using all of the number one best-selling drugstore products. I'm gonna back it up and I'm gonna kind of tell you what's a hit and what is not a hit. So I mean, as you probably saw, I've tried a large number of these products and there are some that I didn't. I wasn't too impressed with the Nix Marshmallow primer. I don't think it did much. Not in love with the Morphe foundation either. I think I would be if I didn't have that little spell on my cheeks and my nose just didn't adhere there. Everything else looked really great but I am in only the what, the first 30 minutes of wear so I'm gonna have to use this some more. It feels really luxurious as far as the packaging and all of that but it was doing some weird things on my face. Nix Micro Bow Pencil, long-time favorite, absolutely awesome. Same thing with the Elf Concealer and the Maybelline Fit Me and the Physicians Formula Butter Bronzer. Those have been long-time favorites of mine. The Ulta mineral blushes are nice. I think there's a lot of other great drugstore blushes. I'm not sure about this being the number one best-seller but the color I got was pretty so we got a lot of texture that's being emphasized because of the shimmer in here so I'm just blaming that mostly on the color so I like it. I don't love it. The Colourpop Super Shocks, I'm shocked. These were number one. Again, I feel like the drugstore has some really great highlighters but nonetheless, these are very nice. Love Me, my Mario Badescu Setting Spray. I really do think I like this Ulta matte primer. I'm gonna have to continue using it of course because I've only had eyeshadow on for about 20 minutes now but I really liked how it blinks out my eyelid and I'm looking forward to using this some more. The Morphe Palette, it's just solid for the price. I was able to create a really beautiful look and they just have so many palettes in their line that are going to fit whatever color story you feel you need in your collection so I really like Morphe Palettes. I still stand by that. I think they're really great for the price and you guys know I've dealt with some of the best of the best eyeshadows. These are not the best of the best but you can certainly make them work. I feel like they're pretty easy to work with. Not a fan of these Ulta automatic eyeliners. I didn't like the way that they applied to my waterline. Not a big fan of the Maybelline Sky High but I'm definitely in the minority for that. Demiwhispy's classic, classic NYX lip liner. This thing, it's good. I don't normally like products like this though. The actual base product is really, really drying but it works.  So there we are. Those were my two cents and then some on all of the makeup products that are the best selling at the drugstore. Let me know what some of your favorites are. I would love one day, I probably won't do this but to rework this and tell you what I think should be the number one best sellers. I don't know though, I did a video like that once and people were getting weird and offended in the comments. So yeah, anyways. If you guys aren't subscribed to my channel already I would love it if you would consider taking the time to do so and I will see you all in the next one. Bye guys, have a good one.


You're watching FJTN, the Federal Judicial Television Network. Oral history projects are one of the most popular activities of federal court historical programs. They're an excellent way for a program to involve judges and other members of the court family in its activities, and a modest project is within the means of all but the smallest program. This video illustrates some of the unique contributions oral history can make to the history of the judicial branch. It also offers practical suggestions to court staff and members of court historical programs seeking to establish, expand, or improve oral history projects. There are three basic steps to establishing a court related oral history project. First, the goals or goals of the project need to be defined. Common goals include providing biographical information about the men and women who have served on or appeared before a particular court. And offering insights into events in which the court played a central role. Defining the project's goals will help in deciding whom to interview. Second, the project must determine who will conduct its oral history interviews and what skills and experience they need. Though it may be preferable to use professional historians, a project may, for financial or other reasons, rely instead upon volunteers from the local bar association or former law clerks, for example, and provide them with a short training session on the craft of oral history. Third, the project must decide how and under what conditions to make its oral histories available to researchers. What type of releases will it need to obtain from interviewers and interviewees? What medium will it use to record the interviews it conducts? Where will it deposit interview tapes and transcripts? Will it post transcripts on the internet? These are just a few of the questions that we'll consider today. Judges are by far the most popular subjects of court-related history projects, local clerks, marshals, lawyers, and litigants are all excellent sources of information about the third branch. Senior judges or those who serve for long periods of time are particularly well suited to shedding light on some of the more interesting and otherwise neglected aspects of judicial history. Consider, for example, the reflections of retired US Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmon on his drafting of the court's majority opinion in a 1971 case, recognizing the right of major league baseball players to become free agents. Well, many times if I'm given to speak somewhere particularly to young people, some youngster will say, is it any fun writing opinions? Have you ever had any fun and which case did you enjoy working on most? And I always say it's blood against coon because it was the baseball case. And their eyes light up right away. They seem to know about the baseball case and I was always interested in baseball and it gave me a chance to indulge in a sentimental journey in part one of the opinion where I tried to cover the history of baseball from the time the New York Knickerbockers played in the Elysian fields on down to a point of some years ago. And I remember Potter Stewart calling up and he said, I like that history of baseball that you have in there, but why didn't you name Eppa Rixie? And I said with embarrassment, didn't I name Eppa Rixie? And he said, no, and you know what a famous player he was for the Cincinnati Reds. If you will add him, I'll join your opinion. Another historical oddity of that case was that Justice Arthur Goldberg argued for Kurt Flood and you were occupying his seat now, at least twice removed. Do you remember anything about that argument? It presented a little bit of a problem for the court. How do we address Mr. Justice Goldberg? Do we call him Mr. Justice? And if we do, is that an act of disfavor to the people on the other side because it gives him a title? Or we can't call him Arthur, although among ourselves, we're always on a first name basis. So I think we all ended up being rather neuter and spoke only of addressing him as counsel or something like this, which didn't answer anything. But I think it was a difficult argument for him as it would be, I think, for anyone in arguing to a court of which he had been a member. Do you have any sense of why you were chosen to write the opinion? Only because I probably talked off too much baseball during the discussion. I was glad I caught it. I never asked for it. I never asked for any case, but it was fun writing it. This clip gives a sense of the lighthearted negotiations that shape one part of a well-known Supreme Court opinion. It also provides an interesting aside about former Justice Goldberg's appearance before the court. This glimpse is only a brief excerpt from Justice Blackman's oral history, however, which comprises 17 interviews totaling 38 hours. They were conducted between 1994 and 1999. As you can imagine, there is a wealth of information contained in these interviews, which in accordance with the provisions of the justice, were made available to researchers in March 2004. In today's program, three experienced practitioners of oral history, especially of federal judges, share some thoughts about the craft and about designing and executing such projects. Professor Jack Bass of the College of Charleston is a journalist turned historian. He's written several books that incorporate oral history interviews he conducted with judges who were involved in some of the great civil rights cases of the last half of the 20th century. We'll hear an interesting excerpt from Professor Bass' interview with one of those judges, Frank Johnson, who spent a quarter of a century on the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama before being elevated to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1979. Sarah Wilson, a former Supreme Court Fellow at the Federal Judicial Center, documented the experiences of women federal judges through the medium of oral history. We'll play a brief clip from one of her interviews. First, however, we'll hear from Attorney Stephen Pollock, Director of the D.C. Circuit Historical Society's Oral History Project. Currently, the project has completed 44 oral histories and has another 31 in progress. Here are his reflections on the society's decision to embark upon such an ambitious undertaking. We asked ourselves, well, what does an oral history add to the history of a judge who's written a whole volumes of opinions and who speaks and writes articles over the time they've been on the bench? And the answer is that the life of the judge, the formation of the person who became the judge is really not revealed in that body of work. The operations that create opinions that a judge goes through aren't known. The focus on the crafting of opinions is not explicated. The views the judge may have of the court process, of the members of the bench, of the bar, of the ethics, of the changing of the practice of law, of the efficiency and integrity of the administration of justice, of legal ethics. Those are not explicated, generally. And in addition, judges generally don't look back on their opinions and comment on the process that led to the conclusions that they reached. As we heard in the clip from Justice Blackman's interview, oral history can offer details about the judicial process that aren't available in the documentary record. Our experts provide their own examples of the unique contribution oral history can make. First, let's listen to a short passage from Professor Bass's interview with Judge Johnson whose decisions enforcing the Supreme Court's order to desegregate public schools, angered segregationists in Alabama and elsewhere. The judge's comments on how public criticism affected him reveal an aspect of his personality that is not disclosed by his judicial opinions or court records. Then, Professor Bass recounts an anecdote evoked during his interview with another judge whose decisions furthered civil rights in the South. Judge Albert Tuttle of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth and then Eleventh Circuit. The story adds to our understanding of the forces that helped shape judicial decision-making during an important era in U.S. history. What would you have said ten years ago if someone said, ten years you'll be in the Alabama, which is the Academy of Honor? Oh, yeah. Yeah, I'd say, man, you must be smoking thoughts. Well, you suffered a great deal of abuse during that period. Well, that's not about right. I was subjected to a great deal of abuse, but suffering's not the right word. I wasn't as vulnerable to abuse as people that social things are important to. Judge Reeves, for instance, he was a lifetime member of the Fenechine Presidency and Church, and it really hurt when he walked down the street with his friends and his children. I wasn't vulnerable. I was a kind of a hillbilly that came in and moved in here, I've said it a lot of times that I'd rather be fishing for speckled trout than chewing the bucker and maybe drinking a beer than being at the Phantom Bowl. It's a matter of values. It's hard to ostracize a fellow that does his own ostracizing, and that's what it must do. And I didn't do that just because I was a federal judge. I was subjected to a lot of criticism. I did that when I practiced law. I'm the only lawyer from the North Alabama that ever resigned from the rotary club. Judge told us a wonderful story. He was five years old, and at the time his father had a job in Washington, D.C. and he was just sitting in the house with his mother on the porch. And across the street was a streetcar stop. And an African American woman was waiting there and the first streetcar just didn't stop, just went right past her. The next streetcar came by, same thing. So his mother, without saying a word, put on her hat, walked over to the streetcar, stood there beside the woman. The next streetcar stopped, the woman got on and his mother came back to the house. And it made a real impression on him, though. She never said a word. And I think that really helped shape his views as a judge, just that childhood experience. It helped shape his character, I think. The revealing story is told by the first generation of women federal judges about their job search after law school underscore how oral history can illuminate experiences that aren't contained in official records. Sarah Wilson comments on what she learned, followed by an excerpt from her 1995 interview with U.S. District Judge Ellen Burns of the District of Connecticut, who graduated from Yale Law School in 1947. Most of them had a really good time in law school and excelled academically. And it was only when they went out into the workforce and started to look for jobs in various avenues of legal profession that gender discrimination hit them like a cold bucket of water or a wall of bricks. And I found that interesting that they didn't seem to be aware that discrimination would be a big issue while they were in law school and felt that it was pretty much a meritocratic environment. But when they looked for a job, the reality hit them and they ended up invariably having to seek employment outside of the private legal community. When you graduated from law school, were you interested in a particular area of law? What I had wanted to be really was a general practitioner. But I didn't find that there was very much opportunity for that when I was graduating from law school. Can you tell me a little bit more about that? Well, the law school, I regret to say, was not particularly helpful in finding openings for you. I recall they sent me someplace that didn't even have a position open. So it was more or less a struggle on one's own. I can even remember some time later after I had already taken my first position that a friend of mine had asked me if I wouldn't want to be interviewed by the then Attorney General of the State of Connecticut. And I went for an interview with him. And he was very pleasant, very polite, and what he said was that he would be just delighted to have me on his staff. But he was pretty certain that the men would find it too difficult to work with a woman. And did you experience that kind of treatment at private firms as well? Not less, or I should say, not as overt as that, but I think it was there. And when you say that Yale was not particularly helpful, the law school was not particularly helpful in? Well, they had a placement. Was that for all the students? No, I can't speak for all of the students. And I can't even speak for the other women students. I can only speak for my own experience that in seeking their assistance, I didn't feel that I got very much help. But my first job was with a special commission revising the Connecticut statute. Oral histories can also shed light on unknown aspects of the politics behind judicial nominations. I think the oral history interviews also offer important historical information about the judicial selection process. What role presidents play, what role senators play, what role members of the community play in the judicial selection process, which of course has become quite a controversial subject. And I think that most of the interviews with women judges that I did offer interesting stories about how it is that they got on the bench. The goal of an oral history interview is to have the subjects speak as freely as possible about their life experiences and opinions on various issues. This isn't always easy, and there are particular challenges when the person being interviewed is a judge, as Sarah Wilson notes in the following comments. Then Professor Bass discusses some techniques he's found effective. People tend to sort of freeze up and sort of worry if they feel that something they're saying is going to be recorded for posterity. With judges, that difficulty is compounded because judges obviously are restricted by ethical canons. They can't, for example, talk freely about cases that are in the middle of deciding. And therefore, I think it was extra challenging to get the judges to be spontaneous and be free in their recollections and under discussions of many of the issues. I tried to come as close to the line of propriety as I possibly could and found that some judges were refreshingly candid about certain aspects of cases that had been decided long ago. For example, whether a particular case might have affected the support of a particular group or individual for their nomination to a court in the future. I was concerned that they might not want to speak freely. And yet I found somewhat to my surprise that they were fairly candid. And one of the ways that I laid any concerns that they might have is giving them the ability to embargo, hold back from public consumption or publication any part of their transcript of their interview. That rapport is important in any kind of interviews, I think. And so that's why it's good to ask sort of background easy, non-threatening questions initially just to help establish that rapport. And to learn to sit, usually roughly about three feet, about a yard apart. Just to get much closer than that, you're getting somebody invading their space. I found out when people told me something I thought was less than a full answer or perhaps a bit misleading, I would just sort of look at them and not say anything. And usually after five or ten seconds they'd say, well, there's also this that happened or whatever, so they would begin talking. Identifying the right people to conduct, transcribe and index the interviews and finding the resources to pay for these services are also challenges. Hiring a historian or a professional transcription service can be an expensive proposition. Steve Pollock explains that an ambitious oral history project can be run on a minimal budget. Our interviewers, our volunteers, the transcribers of the tapes that take the oral history are volunteers mostly from the law firms. And in the end, the out-of-pocket expenses that we're paying are primarily for the indexing of the oral histories, which we have to purchase from a professional indexer, and the binding, which here to fore has been provided by the federal court but we are turning to a hardback book-like binding and we have to purchase that at about ten dollars a book. We thought some about approaching persons trained as historians, but in the main we had to reject that idea because we had no general access to such persons and we had no budget in place and still don't to hire anybody. So there is a great tradition in the District of Columbia Bar of lawyers volunteering their time for public service and we've drawn on that for our oral historians and been satisfied, I think, with their performance. Anyone chosen to conduct an oral history interview should have some training in the craft. The DC Circuit Historical Society offers its own training sessions, which Pollock describes. We've begun the last three with about a three-quarter of an hour presentation by Don Ritchie, the Associate Historian of the Senate History Office. Don is well-versed in taking oral histories of senators and staff and has published a book, Doing Oral History, which certainly anyone mounting an oral history program would want to refer to. In advance of the training session, we supply all the candidates to be interviewers with a booklet an outline of an oral history of the donation instruments of do's and don'ts and a lot of the raw material that you could get by reading. After Don Ritchie's part, we've had a mock interview right there in the training session with the tape running. Not every federal court oral history project will be able or want to train its own interviewers, but each must take certain steps to assure that its oral histories become part of the permanent historical record. First, it must obtain releases from interviewers and interviewees, both of whom retain rights in the tapes and transcripts until those releases are executed. Examples of releases can be downloaded from the Federal Judicial Center's website and may be tailored to the specific needs of each project. Second, each project must select a repository or repositories for the interviews once they've been edited, transcribed, and properly donated. Steve Pollock suggests that in addition to having interviewees sign releases, they should be encouraged to state their intention to donate on the interview tapes themselves. Wilson offers some thoughts on appropriate archives for oral history materials. We encourage interviewees to put on the tape early their intention to donate. Some of them express that intention and say that there may be portions of my oral history that I would want to put under seal for a time. I will put that on the tape while doing it and anything that I don't so indicate will be donated. That's my intention immediately on its completion. We have all manner of donations. Most, the vast majority, are immediately donated in whole. Some have a portion under seal until the death of the interviewee. Some have a three-year waiting period. One obvious resting place for oral history interviews is a research institution located in the community that the court is in. A local law school, the judge's law school, for example. I believe that one obvious place for transcripts of oral history interviews of a judge would be the library that accepts the judge's papers, ultimately, if that's something that is ongoing. If the plan is to put the judge's papers in a particular research institution, then certainly the obvious place for the oral history transcript would be that same institution. To ensure the broadest possible public access, a project should consider posting its oral histories on the internet. Wherever the interviews are archived or posted, researchers should be alerted to their existence by having them catalogued in one or more of the sources scholars normally review for such information. The primary index of oral history interviews nationally is the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections, maintained by the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Finally, there's this question. Should interviews be audio-taped or videotaped? Wilson and Pollock give us their thoughts. Of course videotaping and oral history interview is another possibility as well as tape recording, and there are some advantages. It's nice, I mean basically think about the difference between radio and television. You get additional information from actually being able to see the person, their expressions and body language and all that are interesting sources of information. The downside is cost, and I think that videotaping can chill the interview subject. If they're worried about the way they look or in addition to what they're saying, that it can be a distraction. I think it's clear that if one had one's druthers, history would be best served if we videotaped the oral histories. But we have no budget for that, so we audio tape them. Even though it would be wonderful to see these histories on videotape, the historian wants primarily two things. The transcript, which should really reflect what the interviewee said, not a lot of the editing afterwards, and a good index. The transcript of former Chief Judge Mikva runs 360 pages. Someone who wants to use the transcript, other than someone who would be writing a book on the judge, would want to dip in to the particular subjects indicated in the index. So the tools for use of our oral histories are there. The videotape would be frosting on the cake. As we've learned today, it takes a small amount of money and a great deal of planning to establish and conduct an oral history project. Once the goals of the project have been defined and the subjects identified and convinced to participate, interviewers must be hired and trained and recording equipment procured. When the taping of an oral history is completed, the tapes, whether audio or video, must be transcribed and edited, releases containing any restrictions on the interviews must be executed, and tapes and transcripts should be made available to researchers. The fruits of oral history are well worth these efforts, as this program has shown. There are a number of publications and national and regional oral history associations that can assist with the nuts and bolts of conducting an oral history project. For a list of these publications and associations, along with a collection of useful forms and agreements, please visit the FJC website. Thanks for joining us.


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with Layton Sports Guards. We are ripping 22 Paninian National Treasures Collegiate Football Hobby 4-Box Case Break number 25 random division style. I'm gonna take a look at our divisions right here. As always, you can find these random results on the results tab of the website as well as the link that is currently in the chat. So good luck here, everybody. Let's do it. Yeah, we'll have personals available for it for sure. Jeremy and yeah, everything's hobby. All right, guys. So just so you know, anything that has multiple divisions on the card, if it's like a patch card or something, it'll be random to those divisions represented. And if it's a guy who's still in college, it'll be random to everybody at the end. To all eight divisions at the end. So good luck, everybody. National Treasures Collegiate Football. Here we go. Of course, man.  There's the top cam. Empty case. Four box case. Here we go. Good luck, everybody. See something crazy. I see a one-on-one Brock Purdy. Why not? Brock Purdy's in this. He's got patch autos. Really? Yeah. I think he has like those moments autos, I want to say. I think he's got one of those. Also, any veteran who's retired will go to whatever team they spent the longest time. Like longest tenure. Herschel Walker to 99. Sixth of 99. First hit is going to be going to the NF- There we go, dude. Got going to the NFC West. Kenneth Walker, the third. There you go, Michael S. How about this next one, dude? Already magged. Got to mag these now. We've got 15 out of 25. How about a Brock Purdy? NFC West. Michael S. You literally could not get this car today. More perfect time.  That is college jersey number two. Look at that right there. Brock Purdy. There he is. Congrats on that. What a perfect time to get that, man. Iowa State legends. We've got NFC North. That's going to be Heiler Gordon, 26 out of 99. He is a... Yeah, we really did speak that into existence, Justin. Always happens, dude. Always does, man. Always happens. Nice one there. 71 out of 99. NFC East. That is going to be Nikobi Dean. Nikobi Dean for the NFC East. Chad W on that one. He is a Philadelphia Eagle. There you go, Chad. No, this is random division style now. Random division style. All right, we've got... Going to the AFC West. We've got Zameer White. Nice one there. This next one is going to be nasty, too, if I can already tell you. Nice one there. Zameer White, AFC West. Gabe. Congrats, Gabe.  All right, going to be a nasty one for sure. Holy cow behind it. That's a monster. Dude. What a box, man. We've got... How about five of five? Christian Watson with half of the North Dakota State. We'll go on now. Not that one. I'll take a pick of this one, the next one, and the birdie probably. Nice one there. Sweet Watson. There you go, TikTok. Take a little look at that one. This next card is insane. That's absolutely insane. We've got... Going to the AFC North. Stephen B. How about a Kenny Picket? One of ten on the bull patch. Boom. Holy cow, man. What up, Kyle, lady? What's up, Kyle? Kyle. Nice one there. Congrats, AFC North. Look at that. I believe that's the Chick-fil-A bowl right there. BMO. Link is in the bio. Latinsportscards.com. Click on break schedule and LSC main. Chick-fil-A patch right there, man. Congrats. That's what a way to start, man. We'll get that magged up, too. Holy mackerel, man. That's what I like to see right here. Unbelievable episode. That was a fantastic first box. It's a magical treasure to lead you. Could not really get much better, I have to say. You think? Yeah, we should, real. If we don't have it up front, just ask whoever's working, be like, hey, do you have... We have it available, so yeah. Yeah, we'll have Absolute. Yeah, you know it, Ken. Kind of set ourselves up for failure here. Insane. Got Barry Sanders. That is going to the... What is it? NFC North with the Lions. Nice one here. How about 44 out of 49 AFC East? We've got Bailey Zappie. Nice one there. Western Kentucky legend. Nice, Vernon.  I'm assuming Pitt, maybe? North Dakota State. Going back to the AFC East.  Look, we've got 27 out of 75, Khalil Shakir. Now, these are all... This is a group break. These are all owned by customers. Yes, group break. We don't own these cars. Nice one there, Khalil Shakir. Now, Justin H. getting into the fun. Two of ten. How about a Hassan Haskins on the bull patch. Boom. Wow, let's go, man. There you go, Justin. Such a clean card. This one right here, the Haskins. I would say. Such a nasty patch on that. Congrats, Justin. There you go, man. Next up, it's going to be NFC North. Jameson Williams, 18 out of 99 on the rookie jersey card. Two dogs needed. We've got NFC East, that's going to be Johan Dotson, 30 out of 99. Yes, sir. Justin, getting on the board with Stiles is correct. A couple nice jersey cards there. Next up, we've got 61 out of 99, that is a Breeze Hall for the AFC East by way of the New York Jets. Nice Breeze Hall. And then we've got 28 out of 49 AFC South. That's going to be Traylon Burks on the booklet. Arkansas Razorbacks. There you go again, Justin. Congrats, man. Another nice hit for everybody. On to our next box. Solid start right there for sure. It's going to be number one of five. We've got a Mack Jones. There you go, AFC East. That is Jason B. There you go, Jason. Just got in contact with a couple of people at this company and the rest was history. True RPA. That's going to be numbered. No, yeah, 80 out of 99. We've got AFC North is Kyle Hamilton. Hey, there you go. Quack. Why not, man? You finished basketball for the day, Phoenix. We're on to football for the rest of the night. Going back to the AFC South. Nice one there. How about a Travis ETN Jr. 95 out of 99? Yeah, I know, right, Ken? Honestly, dude. Nice one there again, Justin. Next up, we've got, that's going to be 79 out of 99. Carson Palmer. That's going to the AFC North. Should be game used. Yep, game worn Carson Palmer. Next up, we've got Team Quad Materials. Derek Stingley, Joe Burrow, Justin Jefferson, Leonard Fournette. So that's going to be AFC South with Justin, AFC North with Steven, NFC North with Steven, and NFC South with Jacob. So you need to own more than 50, you need to own 51% or more majority. So this will be random. Next up, we've got another team, Quad Materials, Devonta Smith, Jalen Waddle, Jerry Judy, Jameson Williams. So we've got NFC East, Chad, AFC East, Jason, AFC West, Gabe. Yeah, so that'll be a random. Next up, we've got, that's going to be Aidan Hutchinson, 72 out of 99, NFC North. There you go, Steven. Nothing happened to Russ. Kid was a troll. Russell Wilson, I'm sure, unless something happened in the last 10 seconds that I didn't see, Russell Wilson is fine. Yeah. Honestly. Nice one here. This is going to the NFC South, Jacob P. How about a Drake London team logo signatures? Again, four out of 25. Nice one there, man. Congrats on that. Last box, the break guys. Good luck. Good luck. Good luck. Very solid Drake London there. Congrats on that, Jacob. So a lot of people got yelled at. So a lot of people got yelled at. Where does it come from? Not now, man. Very, very strange. Another nice one here. This is going to be going to the NFC West, Joe Montana, four or five. Yes, pick it was out of 10. It was one of 10. We'll be doing a recap after as well. Nice one here. AFC South, two colored RPA, 16 out of 25. John Mechie. Nice one there again, Justin. We've got, that's kind of nasty. Hassan Haskins, 77 out of 99. Hey, what's up, Shorts? Shorts. Nice one there. Nice book. Hassan Haskins. Next up, we've got 29 out of 49 going to the NFC East. That's Kennedy Brooks on the team logo signature signed in silver ink. That's pretty sick. Nice one there. There we go. Looks like my dad on a card. Oh man, does it ever. Next up, we've got going to the NFC North. That's Dalbin Cook, two out of 25. Yeah, I'll show it again, Hearts. It's not going to be Game War, and I can tell you that. No, it's not Game War. That's probably Player One, right? Yeah, Player One. Next up, we've got between the AFC South and the NFC North. Jameson Williams and John Mechie. That's Stephen and Justin. So that'll be a random. Next up, we've got eight out of 39. That's going to the NFC East. Sam Howell on the three colored RPA. Nice one there, Chad W. And then to finish it off, we've got 10 of 10. AFC South, Traylon Burks. Nice one there. I'm a buyer on the Howell because he's got my last name. Nice one there again, Justin. All right, guys, got to do a couple of randoms here. Then we'll do a quick recap. So give me one second. You get these typed in. So again, guys, we're going to be randoming off this Alabama Quad, this Alabama Dual, and then this LSU Quad. So we'll start with the Alabama Dual. Take you guys over to the random screen. You're going to roll the dice. Whatever division is on top after five times, we'll receive the card. We will do five times on each. So good luck. One, two, three, four, five. That's going to the AFC South. That's John Mechie and Jameson Williams, right? Perfect. Okay, cool. So that's five times there. We'll do the Quad. That's between Devonta Smith, Jalen Waddle, Jerry Judy, and Jameson Williams. I'm going to go five times on that. One, two, three, four, and five. NFC North on that one. We got the Alabama Dual or the LSU Quad. Not even close. We've got Derek Stingley Jr. AFC South, Joe Burrow AFC North, Justin Jefferson NFC North, and Leonard Fournette NFC South. Five times on that. One, two, three, four, and five. Going to the NFC North. Let's do a quick recap here, everybody. Had the LSU Quad, Alabama Quad, Alabama Dual, Jameson Williams, John Dobson, and Kenneth Walker, Hanein, as he's called. Got our booklets. Got to say, it's going to be Hassan Haskins, Traylon Burks, and Khalil Shakir is really nasty Christian Watson. You don't believe so? Probably not. And Zemir White. Then we've got Autos is Traylon Burks, Sam Howell, Kennedy Brooks, John Mechie, Drake London in Hutchinson, Carson Palmer, Travis Etn, Kyle Hamilton, Breece Hall, Bailey Zappie, Nikobi Dean, Tyler Gordon, and our Mags Cards. We had a Hassan Haskins on the bull patch. We had a Brock Purdy. Talk about a perfect time to get this one, the NFC West, and then a Kenny Pickett bull patch, one out of 10. So nasty. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the fill. And next up, we've got, that is Select.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casewrakes.com coming at you with a pack of upper deck allure hockey. Pack number eight Our last filler. So coming up in the next video will be that hip-raid hockey break But first we got to give away 14 spots within the pack break itself Then we'll do the break then the third and final dice roll will be the final giveaway big Thanks to this group for making it happen So we only sold 18 spots outright Most of you are gonna get extra spots Let's roll it randomize it One and three four times top 14 after four one two Three and once more fourth and final time There you go after four Tyrone rec Stephen K. Kevin Peter Scott Eric Raymond Raymond Kevin M. Kevin K Stephen K. Kevin K all with extra spots going your way And we'll put those little rooftop symbols next to your name. So you know you won those spots One of those extra spots. All right now, let's do the break itself All right, so now the break itself. Let's roll it randomizer one and two three times for names and teams one two and three the first tab there for the pack randomizer Three times for this one. All right, so there's the first half of the list right there and Then there's the second half of the list right over there. All right now. Let's see.  The crazy thing is who's gonna win those spots in that hip parade So let's gather everybody's names one through 32 third and final dice roll top ten after Ten good luck six and a four ten times top ten after ten one two Three four five six seven eight nine and tenth and final time So after ten from eleven through 32 sad times Very close Scott, but just not quite appreciate everybody taking the risk on this With the top ten you're happy because you're gonna be in the next break Rex is happy last Bob Mojo Peter is happy So is Kevin Kelly Kevin K again Eric Kevin K Raymond Eric Kevin M and Kevin K Kevin's on top There you go gang. I'll see you in the next video for the break itself. You ask these case breaks calm


We have looked into quite a number of issues involving investing in shares or buying shares of listed companies. We have explained different Sharia screening methodologies. We have highlighted some of the issues and points which may arise as part of trading in shares. And at the end, we presented a very simple process for setting up an Islamic equity fund. Now all this discussion must have some relevance to our daily life. Islamic contract discussion on them and discussion on Islamic boards of financing, their applications to business and finance and so on, all this must have relevance to our general Islamic dealings. Universities made technical knowledge for the students to acquire it and they should be getting some job. This is something very good, everyone needs it. However, there is another aspect, Talim is one and Therbiyat is another one. We have studied Islamic contracts now. We have gone into a lot of details of Islamic modes of financing. We have looked into some technical aspects of applications of these Islamic contracts and Islamic modes of financing. It would all be absurd and futile if we cannot get implications for our daily life from this conversation. So I would like to spend a few minutes to highlight some of the issues which may arise in our daily life. And they have relevance or this has relevance for the use of Islamic contracts or Islamic modes of financing. First thing which I must highlight is that all of us whether this is our family life, this is our social life or this is our employment, our business life, etc. We must ensure that we fulfill contract. A contract between me and you that is the document which must determine my behavior. In certain cases, these contracts are not there. We call them implicit contracts. We must observe those implicit or in some cases explicit contracts but not written. We are very casual in our lifestyle.  He says, give as much as you want. This is not Islamic behavior.  You give 500 jeeps and that is less. So it's important and this is a requirement of Islamic law that whenever you are buying a good or service, you must identify it. What are you buying? And then you must agree on a price. Without agreeing on price, there is no contract. If the taxi driver tells you whatever you want, you sit there and try to go there without paying anything, that taxi driver could not have any right on you because the price was not agreed. So this is very, very important that we should identify what we are getting and what we are paying and there should be an agreement on that. Sometimes people say that this is very petty behavior. No, this is an Islamic requirement and it's not petty. It has huge implications for social behavior. If everyone is going casual, then you are not creating social discipline. So this is absolutely important for you, for me and for everyone that we should understand the sanctity of contracts, whether they are written, they are unwritten or they are implicit. So this is a good implication from this course for our general behavior. Today, whenever you want to do a dealing price, an object of sale must be identified and agreed upon. Now, delinquency is a form of injustice. We have been referring to default penalty. Default penalty, of course, if someone is defaulting on loans, then in Islam there is no penalty and if someone imposes a penalty, that would be given in charity. So at the same time, there is another injunction. And in Arabic, in Hadith, it says, matlul ghani dulmun. Kisi ke paaseh hain, ameera admiyeh desakta hain, usne kisi se debt liya hua hain, wo waapas nahi karta. This is called zulm, aahazrat sallallahu alaihi sallam ne, isko in injustice kaha hain. So delinquency, jo aapte zimme tha wo na karna aur aap kar sakte hain, this is injustice. To ye nahi karna chahiye. Now there are small acts of injustice. Usually we refer to small acts of kindness but there are small acts of injustice as well. Islam puts huge emphasis on avoiding these small acts of injustice and they are relevant to Islamic business, they are relevant to Islamic banking and finance and we must keep in mind that these small acts of injustice are not small. Aap ne kai dafa, ye aayat suni hogi, tis me pare ki, waailul lil muthafifin. Kya matlab hain? Iska matlab hain kye chhoti chhoti cheez hain jo aap ke zumme thi wo aap na karin. Naap tol me thori thori kami karin. Inke liye halakat Allah taala ne kahin. Now this is not just naap tol, this is in so many other things as well.  Aap ne ek maheene me, ye jo chhoti se aap kayaate na sref 10 minute ki baat hain. Aap ne ek maheene me agar 20 din aap office jate hain, to aap ne apne employer ke 200 minute khali. So these small acts of injustice, they are not small. They have relevance to Islamic law and they of course are relevant in Islamic contracts as well. So next time when you are negotiating a contract with your employer, iss baat pe ek tifana karein ke namazon ke awkaad ke liye time diya jayega. Namazon ke awkaad ka time lehain, zohar ka 15 minutes honge ya 10 minute honge, asar 10 minute and if you happen to be in the office for Maghreb as well, 10 minutes as well. So 30 minutes per day you are actually negotiating for the observation of your religious duties. Aap agar ye nahi kya gaya, aap ne zohar ki namaz padhi uske baat damba zikar shur kar diya. Wo aap apne employer ka time khaar hain and that is not acceptable in Islamic law. So all these things we have studied, we have studied murabha, mushar ka mudarbha, what is the valid sale and so and so, these must have implications for your general behaviour and of course for my general behaviour as well.


Right, again, let's welcome Kim his first time. Defconn, welcome. Hello. Let's hear it. That's it. Good afternoon. Thank you for coming to the session. I'm very excited to talk to you about our research here, watch and watch you. The broken privilege defaults in the Samsung Gear smart watch. Before we begin, let me introduce us. My name is Dongson Kim, and we are a security research lab called HIT from Songinpo University from South Korea. If you have any questions or comments, not the other one, please feel free to contact. So, yeah. First and foremost, let's start with why we did this research and the motivation behind. As you may well know, the Gear series includes Samsung's smart watch products, but apparently a few days ago, they changed the name to the Galaxy Watch. So, for now, just let's pretend it didn't happen. They are advertised as offering many useful features, including like tracking fitness, or receiving or replying to calls, tax emails, and even paying for stuff using your NFC. Well, typically you pair it with your smartphone and via Bluetooth, and it comes with Wi-Fi or even LTE. Samsung also operates an app marketplace for the Gear within Samsung Galaxy Apps, where anyone can just develop for the watch using the SDKs. To achieve all this, we share our highly sensitive information with the watch, your contact, your calendar, your locations, emails, notifications, it's more all come from your smartphone or vice versa. And access to such privileged resources must be permitted based on proper access rights. So, the former for Gear smart watch consists of two parts. So, one is the wearable version of Python OS, open source components. And the other is Samsung's closed source components built on top of vanilla Python. So, Python, probably most of you don't know, is a Linux-based open source OS developed by Samsung. Since the OS was envisioned to serve all kinds of devices, it has been shipped with many of Samsung's products, including your watches, including your smartphones probably, TVs, cameras, and even refrigerators. Previously, many researchers actually took a look at Python. In 2015, Abram revealed many problems with Python at the time. In 2017, Netherman disclosed 40 zero-day vulnerabilities and which made some media splashes. PVS Studio also analyzed a portion of the Python open source code base. So, they claimed there would be more over 20,000 code errors. But this research circled around the Python as an OS. However, we decided to take a look at the Gear as a smartwatch where the smart things actually happen as an extension to your smartphone. So, that was the motivation. So, we need to get right into the internals of Python's security concepts. In this section, we will highlight Python version three, in the latest version, publicly shipped with the Gear smartwatch products. The first concept is objects, obviously. So, since Tizen is based on Linux, there are typical stuff like files and directories and sockets and utilities. But in this talk, however, we're gonna focus on two types, applications and services. So, applications use Tizen's public or private APIs to access the subsystems, including framework and services. And services are special privilege, and Tizen's statements each dedicated to a specific resource like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth and GPS and messaging sensors, et cetera. These resources are, by nature, sensitive. So, some sort of control should be in place to reject unauthorized access. So, Python achieves this by introducing the privilege. Services must validate if the calling app has this proper want. So, similar to Android, app developer type in privileged strings in the manifest file. For example, the right side of the slide, you can see the manifest file. And there are some privileges, like HTTP, Tizen, ORG, privilege, internet, or alarm set, these are the privilege. The app market, or Samsung, signs the TPK application package and sells it. On installation, user accepts the permissions on the screen and then the installer checks and registers the policy in the database, and finally, at the runtime, access is controlled by the policies. Well, Tizen defines many privileges, internet, Bluetooth, network set, or more. However, only some of them are public to app developers. There are also partner and platform-level privileges, not for public use. So, to enforce this kind of privileges, to enforce this kind of policies, Tizen implements three plus one security mechanisms. The first is the classic deck, the UNIX user ID, group ID, that you probably are familiar with. The second is SMAC. SMAC is Tizen's choice of kernel space mechanism, like SE Linux. The specifics are a bit complex, but conceptually, they work like this. An app receives a unique label at installation, like user package sample app. And for every kernel object access, the current label or context is checked against the rules in SMAC database. The third is Sinara. Sinara is Tizen's user space privilege management daemon. Services ask Sinara to check if the calling application has the privilege. Sinara identifies the application by its SMAC label, then validates it against the policies within its own Sinara database. And finally, the plus one security manager is a policy configurator, and it reads the policies from the file system and the manifest file, and here and there, and it fills the database as we talked about. So, deck, SMAC, Sinara can recognize them. Now, let's talk about how applications actually talk to services. Debus is a widely implemented IPC system for Linux-like OS that also offers useful built-in functions like discoverability or insurrection. To put it simply, each service daemon registers itself to the Debus daemon, then clients dispatch request messages over a virtual channel. Tizen relies heavily on Debus for IPCs, as a risk. So, let me give you some Debus concepts using an example on the right, a typical Debus method call. It works like this, so we wanna send a request from a client to a service, but the service process already has a set registered in this case, and the client process opens a connection to the bus and the connection gets assigned a unique bus name. It looks like colon something 1.7 in this case. So, now the client sends a request message to the bus, and that message reaches the service whose connection also has a unique bus name, but also an optional well-known bus name, ORG, example, service. This is a service name. Then, the request is to invoke set foo method of the object slash ORG slash example slash object one. The object implements the interface ORG example interface which specifies methods like set foo and get foo. And finally, the service responds with a message, oh, sorry. So, to recap in one sentence, the client process sends a request from a bus name colon 1.7 via the bus to a bus name ORG example service to invoke set foo method of the object ORG example object one of the interface ORG example interface. Yes. So, the asterisk, that's because Tizen's Debus is Sinara aware, meaning it is patched to natively perform privileged checks. So upon receiving a message, the Debus statement in the middle asks Sinara for validation. But this approach allows the Debus statement to control access on messages. On the right example shows the Bixby assistant bus configuration file. And you can see there is a check element with destination, interface, member method, and importantly, privilege attribute, Bixby agent. So whenever Debus statement receives a message, it calls Sinara to see if the sender has the privilege then decide to accept or deny the message. Let's dig a little deeper with an actual code example, how an API calls sends a request to service and its privilege gets validated. So we're gonna start with location manager API with proper location privilege. So let's separate code shows that the privilege string is in the manifest. So the client process logic function below creates a measure handle, starts the manager and then prints out the result to the log. On the right in the shell of the actual device, we can see the result is zero as expected, which is a success. Then what happens if there is no privilege? Then let's try this the same thing. Then the result will come out negative 13, a failure. The log shows within the same PID, the process ID with written within the parenthesis shows a failure, Sinara check failed. Location library LBS location is responsible for this log by calling location check Sinara function. Now this is the first privilege check down the chain of a service request. Now this happens within the same PID. So by reverse engineering the location library, we can pinpoint where this happens. Since the library is linked to the client within the same process ID, client can simply live patch the instructions. So remove the code and write zero to register zero. Then we bypass the first check. The left code shows the live patch and protect to enable write then simply just overwrite the memory. When we run this, the result is still negative 13. However, the log changes. A D-Bus access denied message. Still within the same PID is printed out in violation of the privilege, HTTP, something location. So we can see the D-Bus library LBS D-Bus client sends a request to LBS server and the error shows the request access is denied by D-Bus statement, which of course Sinara in the middle. This is the second privilege check down the chain. So to recap, on the top on app using location API, links, the location library, then the library queries Sinara for the first time. If that passes D-Bus request sent then the D-Bus daemon in the middle queries Sinara for the second time. If that passes the location daemon receives a request which could potentially queries Sinara for the third time. Then finally the request reaches the hardware below. Now we didn't discuss the third check. We'll talk more about this in the next section. So what if the client is malware? So if the client is malware, there is no first check anymore. So there are two points that can pinpoint that can actually secure the service. The second point D-Bus daemon on request is a middle and the third point service daemon after receiving the request. If the OS or service developer fails to implement both of them then the violation can happen. Now we know the background. Let's move on to actually finding violations. To do so let me introduce a simple tool developed named Dan, the D-Bus Analyzer. The idea is simple. So let's say we send a D-Bus request to a safe service like LBS server we saw with no argument given without a privilege then access denied is gonna get returned. But with the privilege though invalid arguments is returned then when you think about it the error suggests privilege validations always happen first ahead of any other validation of the request. Then how about we send a non-privileged request to all of them, all possible methods then gather ones that return any other errors that is not access denied that would imply the policies, at least the D-Bus policies accept non-privileged request which could lead to violations. So we developed Dan. Dan automatically evaluates privilege verification of D-Bus services. It spawns a test process on a remote device and then recursively scans the D-Bus structure it then tries to read every property of every object also calling every method of every interface. After one round of analysis, Dan writes three files. One is the whole D-Bus structure flattened into JSON file and the others are properties and messes that require further attention. Let's discuss how this works step by step. So first we gather all possible bus names of services. Notice that as we discussed, we one service can have multiple bus names one unique or one or more well-known names. So from the extractive farmer, we gather all names from files under user share D-Bus one. So as shown on the left image of system D-1, the service. From the runtime, we call the built-in method list names to list all currently available bus names as shown on the right image. You can see some are unique, some are unique, colon, something, something and some are well-known like some in this case who are board, parse, pulse audio server that can't think. Second, we recursively introspect the services that means gathering their structure, objects, interface, method, et cetera. Per the D-Bus specifications, each service can respond with its object structure when the D-Bus standard method introspect is requested. The response is well-formatted XML as shown on the right example. And this is the root object of system D and you can see the interfaces, methods and method arguments and child objects. Now in this step, we try to read every property value. To do that, we use the D-Bus standard method get all on every object, but then uses the utility called the D-Bus send it which is one of the default utilities. But however, the responses from get all method as shown on the left, they are not quite well-formatted for an easy processing. So we made a custom bison parser, basically a compiler, get all that JSON to convert the strings to into JSON compliant form as shown on the upper right. Next step, the most important one, we try to call every method of every interface for all the objects. When doing this, we use random arguments, it's the worst thing so that the actual logic is not get executed, is not executed. As shown above, something like several strings of just one. Then an error would be returned. As we discussed, since the privilege gets validated, the validated first, we ignore the methods that return access denied. So they are actually checking, so they are safe. But with any other error, we assume the methods are callable. Finally, we hash every object to remove duplicates, then print out the readable properties and callable methods. That was then. Now we got that out of the way, let's move on to the fun part, the vulnerabilities. We ran our Dan with the target device, Samsung Gear Sport. It took about an hour, then the results are like this. And there were 269 bus names from which there were over 130,000 readable properties and over 2,000 callable methods. This does not include the default interfaces such as the bus. That's a lot of methods, but we do have some false positives because of the third check we mentioned. The log shows some services check Sinara, some services themselves explicitly check Sinara. You can see on the right Sinara check fail. But the method call itself does not return any debas error, so then the tool categorized them callable. At this point, we started manually examining each method, the 2,000 of them, and it turns out it was worth it. So we discovered many system services that allow privileged violations. A malware without any privilege could take over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, screen, notification, email, and so many more. Sounds a bit scary, so now let's take a look at them one by one. First, we found the debas API for WPA subsequent was fully exposed. For those who don't know, this is a free software implementation for 802.11i, which can be easily found on Linux systems. Python builds its own APIs and daemons on top of WPA subsequent. So we found every method is callable and every property is readable. That includes create interface, removing interface, scan WPS, start, get pin, P2P fine, connect, and more. Now this exposure violates Tizen's many network-related privileges and also location-related private ones too. Now let me give you some more example on that. Well, many companies run a database from which GPS coordinates can be publicly obtained if two components are known, BSSID of nearby Wi-Fi networks, and their signal values. So even though location privilege isn't granted or even the location daemon is itself completely turned off, the malware can track the device by taking over Wi-Fi. On the right example, we acquire the BSSID of the first known Wi-Fi network, starting with 98D78, and the signal value of negative 51. So using Google's geolocation API, we have the GPS core or coordinate, which is our lab. Next, we have Bluetooth. The project X dot BT and project X BT core are two of Tizen's own services for controlling Bluetooth. And these services partially expose methods where a malware can silently accept incoming Bluetooth pair requests or silently force Bluetooth discovery mode or prompt a pairing request system UI to do phishing. Now on the right, we have an example. So whenever a malware calls the method in the background or at any time the UI in the first image pops up. So when the user scrolls down, they see the actual name of the paired smartphone. This system interface is supposed to be one of the Bluetooth pairing methods where the user manually types in the pin. However, if the user sees the UI without any initiation or without even entering the Bluetooth discovery mode, then user would think like, that's weird. What does this pin mean? Well, that's my phone, that's the name of my phone. So I guess I should punch in my pin. Then the value just gets returned to the malware. Now besides project X, there is another daemon for Bluetooth, BlueZ. BlueZ is the underlying Bluetooth stack for Linux and we found that its APIs are partially exposed as well. A malware can silently force devices to disconnect, gather information as one. There is a bonus though, then that's HCI dump. We found on some devices, there is no restriction on HCI dump utility as you can see on the right. What that means is that any malware or any user can simply dump the incoming outgoing Bluetooth packet with no super user privilege. Now by combining the two, a malware can start dumping HCI packets and force the paired device to disconnect which will automatically reconnect with a new link key and then extract the key from the dump. But this list to say, this problem is violated as Bluetooth related, also private privilege. Next we take over the screen too. Tyson's choice of Windows Manager is the Enlightenment Project. Among many exposure methods, dump top view wins. Somehow, this method dumps the Windows into PNG files as you can see on the right. Now this problem violates Tyson's screenshot, private privilege. And then we have the notification service. This service doesn't only manage notification data, but also can do stuff on behalf of users, tap on the screen. So this service is also partially exposed. As a result, a malware can remove all the notifications or launch an application on the phone, read all the incoming messages, internal data, and so on. Now in this case, privilege like notification and push are violated, but there is no privilege assigned to this kind of invasive behavior. No application should actually be able to do this. Then finally we have emails. The email consumer manages the user's mailbox data just like the notification. It also lets anyone do stuff. A malware can launch the email app on the smartphone, modify email messages, and most importantly, send any email using the user's email address. So messaging and email related private privileges are violated, but the most problematic thing is how the service actually handles private messages. Actually sending an email request does get rejected, but how? On the right we have the code. First we have the string we mail, private send mail, no T. Then it does string compare and nothing more. If it's not a match, the error shows up, ID is different, but if it's a match, then we're through. There is no proper privilege check in place, and the only security here is that one string check. Now let me give you an actual demo that combines many of the problems we discussed into one neat little package. Here you can see our malware has no privilege. Then we are building it and launching it on the target device on the right.  There you go. Now the phone receives a Google Hangouts notification that the data is handed over to the watch, that. Then let's say the user puts the app in the background and after a bit of waiting, the malware will start to run the code. Then the user is now checking the email. It's waiting for a while. Then the first, it disconnects the Bluetooth connection to the phone, then executes HCI dump for Bluetooth package for a while. Then, yes. Soon the connection will re-establish with a new link key. Then the malware will log the data like that. Then it also acquires the notification data. Now it starts to send the data to the attacker's email using the user's email account. It also captures the screen then sends the image data. Now we are at the attacker's screen. Emails should arrive soon, there you go. It's taking a while. And one thing to notice is that the emails are coming from the phone. You can see the notifications start to pop up on top of the phone and the watch. Like that, and the watch, yes. Now we are receiving the images. Each image is a window, this one, and there's a code. And this data is one part HCI pick up file and the other part a JSON object. So let's just parse it. The JSON object is the internal data of the notification service. So you can see the message in the middle. So my room password is something in the middle. Now, finally, examining the HCI pick up file shows the new link key, like at the bottom. And that's the demo. Then why did all this happen? So we went through the configuration files to get a glimpse of it. First, we have the notification service. You can see there are only three checks elements listed. They try something, but many other messages are simply missing. In the case of Wi-Fi, we can get a clue from the Tizer wiki. The left diagram shows where, how it was designed. On top of WPA supplicant, there are Tizen's Conman daemon and NetConfig daemon. And then on top of that, there's the application. While the middleware is protected by their configuration files, WPA supplicant configuration simply doesn't exist. And why is that? Because how it actually works is on the right diagram. The bus is not in hierarchy, like the supposed design on the left. The services are on the same bus, so they all need to be secured. And it was neglected. Finally, we went to the Galaxy app store. Since Diva's client API are officially supported through the Enlightenment, we were able to develop a proof of concept. We were able to submit an app called BitWatch. The app watch face app only has internet-related privileges, but it dumps the notification internal data and sends it to a remote server. The app was submitted with some obfuscation to hide some strings and went through the verification process undetected as a malware. It went on sale for a brief amount of time until we took it out. We reported this research to Samsung in April. They were quick to respond with many patches committed to the Tizen open-source repository and some firmware updates were leased. Now, let's wrap up. To recap, in this session, we discussed the Tizen security internals. And around the objects and privileges, we focused on where they are valid. We talked about the three checkpoints, the client process, the scenario-aware demo statement, and the service process. Then we discussed then, which uses access denied, error message as an oracle to discover potential privilege violations. And finally, we disclosed the privilege violations that impact many system services of the Gear Smartwatch, Wi-Fi Bluetooth, screen notification, and email. Additionally, we showed up the possibility of distribution via the official store. So where can we go from here? There may be some questions. Can this tool be applied to other Tizen systems like TVs or refrigerators? Or how about other Diva systems like Linux? We can also think about some more advanced workaround techniques to bypass future mitigations enforced by Galaxy apps soar. That's it for the session. I would like to thank Professor Humpley-Tread for his guidance to us, Lee, for the insurance research, Betty Bae for the proofreading, and Goan Hong for the part into Steinbach for the advice. And that's it. If you have any questions, I would like to answer them. Thank you for listening.


and now we're on the bubble as the Seahawks big matchup against against the night again against the Niners what it what do you mean how do you if you were to go in the locker room and get to talk to the Seattle Seahawks team which you could do any moment you'd like to and you Pete Carroll says will would you like to say a few words what are you saying to these Seahawks I'd say guys we're gonna pun on third down every series and we're just gonna we're not gonna control the ball let's not worry about it I don't know I don't know what I don't know what you do about the 49ers right what do you do I mean they're they're loaded they're loaded offensively defensively you just have to I don't know you just the Seahawks are always gonna have to you know play with defense running the ball and you know playing cut they're not a flashy team so I think it's just you gonna have to get a a number of turnovers and and hold down their offense and hang on for dear life that's my that's my that's my role hang on for dear life they're low they're loaded like the 2001 SNL cast stars and stars and CMC and IUK and everybody