I've seen four really, really good slash great films in a row that are part of the Oscar conversation. Four in a row. What did you see? I remember the last time that happened. Pinocchio. Oh yeah, great film. All quiet on the Western front. I haven't seen that yet. I hear it's great though. Bardo. Oh okay. And Babylon. Nice. Boom, boom, boom. Back to back to back to back sixes. Top bun Maverick. You finally did! Oh, I can't wait to hear what you think. Hey, welcome back to our Stupid Directions of Corbin. I'm Tom Cruise. You can also Instagram, Twitter for more juicy content. Thanks to Patreon, follow us on Twitter, and subscribe to the channel, like, button. If I were Tom, we'd be doing this review falling out of a plane. What review? Reaction. So, this is a review because we're gonna hear what Corbin, the last person on earth to finally see Top Gun Maverick. What'd you think? I think it got fun in the end. I was actually bored in the first half. You were? Yeah, I was pretty god. Well, because you don't like Tom Cruise. I was pretty bored in the first half.  Like, I don't... And Tom Cruise just doesn't impress me as an actor. You didn't like when Miles Teller comes in and he's playing the piano and we have the flashback to... The original Top Gun means nothing to me. Oh. That's why. That's why. I thought it was fun in the end.  Yeah, I mean... That's one of my favorites. It probably went way cooler, obviously, in theaters, obviously. In 4D, my friend. Yeah, for sure. Micah and I saw it opening night, 4D. That was the way to experience that movie. But an even more fun film of the year, PS2, is coming. Do you hear about it? We knew it would. I've heard there's something to see in preparation for it. And we've known, he said himself that it was coming next year, which we were really glad about, that we didn't have to wait five years for the part, too. It's coming in April. Wow, I didn't expect it that soon. I think it's April 28th. Oh, that's great! But I believe, currently, is also in Rocky versus Olya and Renvier's film is coming out. Oh. So... Nice. Who knows if Kieran keeps it that day. Oh, I'm so glad that's coming out in April. It's all still fresh. Yes. Wonderful. Which is why you should, if you have multiple films, always film over at once, and so the audience doesn't have to wait a billion years to have a tar. Yeah, it's really... While he's doing it now, that's why he filmed these next ones all at the same time. But anyway, so this isn't even a teaser. I think they just announced it, but I think there's some flashes. Okay. It's just kind of... If you haven't seen our review of PS1, go watch it, one of the best films of last year. And if you haven't seen PS1, yeah. You should have saw it in theaters. Even though it's not like a, don't go in considering looking for Bahubali. No. Go in, expecting the story. Think more along the lines of Joda Akbar than you are Bahubali. Yeah, absolutely. So obviously Mani Ratnam, A.R. Rahman. Yeah. And this is PS, Pony... Pony in Southern. Southern. Pony in Southern. Probably won't get to read the books, but I didn't read the books before. In the first ones, I'm just gonna let the movies tell me the story. Exactly. Even though I would rather know the... A Stupid Baby sent me the books. They're beautiful. I started reading it. I would never in a million years. It'll take me six years to read those books. That's not a joke. All right, here we go. What a score by our toast there. That was like... Dun dun dun dun. Dun dun dun dun. Dun dun dun dun dun dun dun dun dun dun dun. Epic. Yeah, a fitting. I don't even know... You had me at pee. Yeah. Honestly, you don't even really need to release a trailer. I know they will for this film. I'd love it if they didn't. I'd love it if they only released that right there. And everything else is, come see the movie if you wanna see anything else. Cause, I mean, it's... Obviously, I know there was a ton of... It made a bunch of money, right? Yeah. Which is great. But I know there was a bunch of people that also thought this film was so boring. I don't know. Like I said, if they were going in and expecting Bahobali, yeah, you'd probably be bored. But I mean, we knew from the trailer before we saw the film. That's not what this film was going to be. It's a Monty Rottenham film. You're not gonna get as much of Moolie with Monty Rottenham. That's the two things. First of all, no false advertising in the trailer. It set it up for what it was.  It is his kind of film. I do have a request. Don't cut the songs. What do you mean? The first one, they were cut down. Oh, yeah, I agree. Versions of the songs in the film. I agree. Don't cut down the songs again. I don't know why you did that in the first one. Like they were longer on YouTube. They were just half of that in the film. And I'm like, no. I like the whole song. We like the songs. And I bet A.L. Ramondas too. Right? I would love to be able to talk. I'm sure it didn't bother him. He got a very nice paycheck and he's a happy camper. He's worked with Monty Rottenham a lot. I would love to be able to talk to Monty. Absolutely. It's extremely difficult to get people, especially when you start talking to their managers. They call them gatekeepers for a reason. Yes. If I could talk to just the artists themselves, I could get almost anybody. Right. Of course. Unfortunately, obviously that's what the managers are there for, to be the gatekeepers, even though. And then even when you do get through, as we've said before, we've had interviews that were a few years in the making. Yes. Where we did speak directly and are currently speaking. And it's just a matter of scheduling. Yes. So, I've been talking to so many people. Which is the nature of the biz. How many people have wanted to work with other people? And they've take years to finally get to do it. I can't wait to see more of the female characters, especially, obviously, Ashwarya. Yeah. I want to see. Everybody. I mean, everybody was great. Because they were all wonderful. But especially Ashwarya, she's the one. She's the power player, man. She's the one that pulls the strings. Yes. And she looked obviously phenomenal in this film. And so I'd imagine we'll get song releases again. And we're going to get a trailer at some point. But the fact that we came out in what? It was the summer. September? It was late summer. No, I was. Or was it just as we were entering fall? Just as entering fall, because I was in Texas. But it was before Brahmastra. It was after Brahmastra. It was? Yeah. You sure? Vikram Vetta and this dropped on the same day. Okay. And that was, I believe, end of September beginning of October. All right. I think. Yeah, end of September beginning of October. And so the fact that we only have to wait half a year. You know what it's like? It's awesome. It's like a TV show you love, ending their season and starting their next season. Yeah. Yeah.   God, it's so annoying. I mean, I guess Game of Thrones is different because they have so much CGI that they have to. It's so big. It's so expensive.  As opposed to like The Bear, which probably you could film in a couple months and it'd be out at the end of the year. Yes. Because there's not really any CGI. Which a great show, by the way. You haven't seen The Bear. Love The Bear. The Bear was great. Great show. So it was White Lotus. We've talked about that before. Another great show. But very excited obviously for this. Looking forward to it. Looking forward to the new song releases from our Doasty of Doasty of Ramon and the new film, which if. I'll watch PS1 again. Oh, before. Because there's so much to be refreshed about. So much information. Although, maybe we'll do a watch along which might be fun right before this one drops or something like that.  We've already seen it, obviously. No, but you know what would be good to do? We could do a watch along with Ashley, Alexa, Sir Micah, who hadn't seen it yet. Maybe, yeah. Anyways, you guys let us know if you are excited for this. And if you're not, you're dumb. Let us know what you think down below. Just.


The Jell-O program coming to you from the Ritz Theater in New York City starring Jack Benny with Mary Livingston, Phil Harris, Dennis Dane, yours truly, Don Wilson. The orchestra opens the program with Cheerio. Ladies and gentlemen, if I seem to be just a bit excited tonight, please forgive me because Jack and I just got our first glance at a wonderful new recipe book that the General Foods people have been working on for the past year and a half. It's called the Calendar of Desserts and friends, this calendar of desserts is the most attractive, most convenient, most exciting book of recipes ever introduced on the air. In all our seven years of broadcasting, we've never offered you Jell-O listeners a recipe book of any kind. Frankly, we wanted to wait until we had something really outstanding and the calendar of desserts is it. It's not just a small booklet that you'll use maybe a time or two, but a recipe book designed to be used every single day of the year. With a grand dessert suggestion for every day from January to December, charmingly illustrated and cleverly arranged for rapid reference. Just name the day and presto, this convenient calendar, names the dessert. There are 365 different ideas for all kinds of desserts including pastries, puddings, cakes, cookies, and of course dozens of delightful Jell-O desserts too. All of you I know will want this well calendar of desserts and we've made it easy to get. Simply send your name and address to Jack Benny, the care of General Foods Battle Creek, Michigan, in closing 10 cents in Koyuna Stamps. Write for your copy of this new handy calendar of desserts tonight if possible, tomorrow sure. Played by the orchestra. And now, ladies and gentlemen, as you all know, this week our program originates from New York City. Yes, sir. New York, which was originally purchased from the Indians for $24. Yep, 24 bucks. So tonight we bring you a man who could have bought it for $23.50, Jack Benny. Thank you. Jell-O again. This is Jack Benny talking. And Don, I don't mind you're kidding me about being tight when we're in Hollywood. But here in New York it doesn't fit. You see, there's a guy living in this town that makes me look like diamond Jim Brady. Yes, I think I know what you mean. I think you do. This particular fellow whom I shall refer to as F.A. is so stingy that all during the election he wore a Roosevelt button with teddy scratched off. And uh... Now wait a minute, Jack. I wouldn't make any gags about Fred Allen if I were you. Remember he's right here in New York and you might have trouble with him. Oh, I'm not scared of that windbag.  I've got a bodyguard with me that's one of the toughest mugs in New York City. His name is Killer Hogan. So don't be afraid to ask me what I told you to this morning. Go ahead, Don. Ask me. Tell me, Jack, why did Allen say on his last program that your teeth were so sensitive that you had to warm your dental floss before using? Is that true? Uh, no. He just said that because he's jealous. You see, Allen has no teeth at all. Well, I can't understand that. I've often seen him chewing gum. Don, you may have seen him gumming his gum, but not chewing it. As a matter of fact... Oh, hello, Hogan. Everything's okay outside, Chief. Okay. Everything okay in here, Chief? Yes, okay. I'm on the job, Chief. Okay, okay. Well, Don, it's sure great to be back on Broadway. Oh, pardon me, Jack. Was that Killer Hogan? Yes, he may not look so tough, but he's really a gorilla. Uh, tell me, Don, have you had any fun in New York? Oh, yes, indeed, Jack. The little woman and I are having a grand time. Oh, yes, the little woman. By the way, Don, as long as this trip is a sort of a honey moon for you, I'd like to pay your wife's hotel bill as well as yours. Oh, you don't have to do that, Jack. Oh, yes, Don, I insist. Well, thanks, thanks very much. That's darn nice of you. That's all right, by the way, where are you living? At the Ritz Carlton. Oh, oh, the Ritz Carlton, eh? Yes, it's on Madison Avenue. I know where it is, you big fathead. All right, Don, I made a promise, and I'm going through with it. You can live at the Ritz. Thanks. Now, here's a handful of nickels. You know where to eat. Oh, you're standing in line for change. Hey, change. Oh. There's a dame out here. Should I let her in? A dame? Yeah, she looks suspicious. Out of my way, Ecstasy. Mary, aren't you the one? You know, Mary, you've got a bigger reception than I did. You must be. Hogan, what are you standing there for? She took my blackjack away from me. Mary, please return, Mr. Hogan's blackjack. Some blackjack. It's got jelly beans in it. Never mind. Hand it over. OK. Here it is, Hogan. Don't. Jarn you.  You can go, Hogan. OK, Chief. Now, Mary, was that nice? A fine bodyguard. He's OK. I got him from a very reliable employment agency. He must have sent you manicures by mistake. Just leave him alone, that's all. OK. Hello, Don. How's the little woman? Oh, she's just fine, thanks. And you know what, Mary? What? Jack is paying all of our expenses at the Ritz-Carlton. That's great. Jack who? Jack me, that's who. I'm paying all the expenses for Don and his wife while they're in New York. It was my own idea. Can't be the heat. It's cold here. All right, it's cold here. Oh, by the way, Mary, I saw you last night at the Edwin show. Did you see it, Jack? Edwin? And not yet, Don. Well, don't miss it, he's a scream. Tell you, Jack, my side's still age. Edwin, eh? You should have been there.  Oh, he does, eh? What else did you see, Mary? Oh, I saw a lot of swell shows. I've been going every night. Edwin, eh? I saw George Washington slept here and Panama had he, and I saw. Just a minute, Mary. Listen, Wilson, what's so funny about Edwin? Well, to tell you the truth, Jack, I think he's one of the best comedians I've ever seen. Oh, you do, eh? Yes, I do. Well, then get him to pay your wife's expenses at the rent. Jack, you don't expect Don to go to a musical comedy and not laugh at it, do you? Nobody doesn't have to keep raving about Edwin all the time. I wasn't raving about him. I just said I liked him. All right, you like him.  Then he's through. Who said that? I can read between the lines, brother. Talking about it. The minute he gets in town, he's got to run right over and see the Edwin show. Oh, Jack. Then he comes to the program. All he talks about, Edwin, Edwin, Edwin. That's all I hear. Well, what about it? Personally, I can see no reason for paying his wife's hotel bill. Well, the deal's off, Don. Oh, boy, I wish I could get out of my girdle that easy. I'm trying to get out of it, Mary, but. Say, Chief. Oh, fine. There's a young fella out in the hall who claims he's a tenor. Should I give him the old one, too? Oh, let him in. OK. Come in, you. Oh, hello, Dennis. Hello, Mr. Benny. You can go now, killer. Dennis, give Mr. Hogan his blackjack. The jelly beans, too? Yes. Now, get out, Hogan. Who is he, Mr. Benny? My bodyguard. I got him in case Fred Allen tries to have me slugged. Well, you don't have to worry about anyone annoying you at the hotel, Mr. Benny. You're at the Sherry Netherlands, aren't you? Yes, Dennis. Why? Well, my uncle is the house detective there. Oh, is that so? What's his name? Peek-a-boo McNulty. Oh, yes, I meant him. And by the way, I wish you'd speak to him, Dennis. He threw an ant of mine out of my room yesterday. It was very embarrassing. I'll mention it to him. Thanks. Well, Dennis, as long as Phil isn't here yet for his band number, how about doing your song? OK. Wonder where he is, anyway. Mary, did you call Phil at his hotel like I told you to? Yes, and before I could tell him who I was, he made a date with me. Oh, well, he'll probably be along pretty soon. Go ahead, Dennis. Let's have your number. OK. Now what? Come in. Mr. Benny? Yes? It gives me extreme pleasure to welcome you to our thanks, Hogan. Drag him out. OK, Chief. I knew I'd get rolling. I knew you would. Once before I fell in love so blind. Or why? Or where? Let us pray by might. There I go, sung by Peekaboo's nephew. And very good.  Who, me? Yes, you. I don't want to stop you from having a good time here in New York, but I don't like the idea of you're going to burlesque shows and then waiting at the stage entrance for the girls. That is a nice. Well, you do it. Dennis, after all, I'm a little older than you are. A little, he says. I mean, I'm an adult. In the first place. Hiya, Jackson. Look what I found out in the hall. Phil, put Hogan down. OK, well, here I am, folks. Come on, Patty Kay. All right, killer, you can go. Should I give him the old one too, Chief? No, just get out. OK, I'm on the job, Chiefy Boy. Say, Jackson, who is that guy? Never mind him, Phil. What's the idea of showing up so late? Well, you know how it is, Jackson. I only get to the big town once a year. I've got a lot of things to do, a lot of things to see. Uh-huh. Now, take this afternoon for instance. I went to Staten Island. You went to Staten Island? How did that happen? I followed a blonde into a hotel and it turned out to be a ferry boat. Oh, so you went to Staten Island, eh, Phil? Do you see the Statue of Liberty? Yeah, and she waved at me.  Anyway, Phil, it's nice to do a little sightseeing while we're in New York. Oh, boy, Fifth Avenue on a windy day. Don't forget you promised to take me to see Life with Father next week. It's a date, Mary. Wait a minute, Mary. I took you to see Life with Father the last time we were in New York. Yeah, but look where we sat, way, way up in the balcony. Oh, we weren't up so high.  Don't be silly. We couldn't have been so far up. I saw the whole show. Sure, but you hogged the telescope. You had it just as much as I did. There's a man outside that says he's a doctor. A doctor? Yes. Should I get him the old one, too? Yeah, give him the one, too. Where is he? Jack, look at that quack you had in Hollywood. Oh, my goodness. Well, well, how's my little man this chilly, willy day? Dr. Leroy, I told you last week my cold was cured. What are you doing in New York? Now, I've got a cold. Is there any of that medicine left? No, there isn't. Well, as long as I'm here, I might as well look you over. I told you there's nothing wrong with me. I feel wonderful. Now, open your coat. I want to tap your chest. Oh, what's the use? Now, hold still. You see, there's nothing wrong. Let's try over here. Well, there goes my watch. Now, Doc, will you please leave me alone? Just a minute. I want to see if your lungs are all right. Take a deep breath. Oh. Come now, take a real deep breath. Oh, all right. Now, hold it. Ladies and gentlemen, while Jack is holding his breath, why don't you run down to your neighborhood grocer and ask him for a package of jello. It is not only tempting, but economical and easy to make. Jello comes in six delicious flavors, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, and lime. So always look for the big red letters on the box. I thank you. Well, good night, Mr. Benny. I'll see you tomorrow, and then you can exhale. I'm exhaling right now. For heaven's sake, how long do you think I can hold my breath? Look at his face, Doc. It's all blue. Don't worry. It'll go back to gray in just a minute. Goodbye. Wasn't he a different doctor than we had the first show? No, folks, that's what I like about radio. If your doctor gets sick, you can always use one of your writers. Are you coming all the way from Los Angeles? He was here, Mary. He didn't come. I see him every day. Well, it's Rochester, so I told him before we left Hollywood to call up the doctor and tell him I don't need him anymore. Hey, Jackson, where is Rochester? I don't know. I haven't seen him since our first day in town. We got off the train. He came to the hotel with me, unpacked my trunk, pressed my new brown suit, put it on, and that's the last I saw. Now, Phil, play a number while I cool off a little, will you? OK. Well, listen, Jackson, this isn't my regular band, so don't expect too much. Phil, believe me, if they hit just one good note during the entire number, you have not made this trip in vain. Now, go ahead, chiefie. I'm played by Phil Harris and his New York orchestra. Say, Phil, where did you pick up these musicians? Oh, I just stood in front of the Bond building and whistled.  Say, Mary, do me a favor, will you? What do you want? Get my little book out of my overcoat. I got some phone numbers there where I might be able to reach Rochester. OK. I'll find out once and for all whether he's California's ambassador to Harlem or working for me. Hey, chief. Oh, fine. What is it, Hogan? There's a guy out here who says he's the mayor. The mayor? He don't look like LaGuardia to me. He don't, eh? No. Hello, Jack. Can I see you for a minute? What? Well, it's the mayor of Warkeigan, Bidey Tolka. Come on in, Bidey. Prize. I'm glad to see you, Bidey. Listen, Hogan, this gentleman is the mayor of my hometown. Oh, oh, oh. And I'm glad I didn't give him the old one, too. What do you mean, the old one, too? One, too, but my shoe, three more.  Holy smoke. My goodness, Jack, who is that fellow? Well, it's like this, Bidey.  Bidey, you know the gang, don't you? Sure. Hello, Phil and Don. Oh, glad to see you, Mayor Tolka. Hiya, Bidey. What's cooking? Phil, please. Well, well. And there's Kenny Baker. Hello, Kenny. Hello. Dennis, wake up. You're not Kenny Baker. What's the difference? A tenor's a tenor. Well, I've had trouble with all of them, if that's what you mean. Tell me, Bidey, how's the old gang in Warkeigan? How's Julius Sinegan and Stubb Wilburn? Oh, they're around. The last time I saw Stubb, he was on the floor of his garage. Oh, fixing a car, eh? Nope, just laying there. Ah, good old Stubb. Here's your little red book, Jack. Thanks. Oh, Mary, you remember Bidey Tolka, the mayor of Warkeigan, don't you? Oh, sure. Hello, Mary. Hello, Bidey. What's that under your nose? That didn't go the first show, either, I guess. Say, Bidey, don't know why we didn't change that. We were changing. How did I overlook that? Bidey, I meant to ask you, isn't that your gavel sticking out of your coat pocket? Yeah. What do you need that for? You're in New York. I brought some walnuts with me. Goodie, after the show, we'll have a party. Yeah. Now, excuse me a minute, Bidey. Say, Mary, I've got to get in touch with Rochester. Call up this first number in my little book. He may be there. OK. Well, Bidey, I can't get over your being in New York. What's the big idea? I came to see you about the premiere of your picture, Jack. We're all set for you in Warkeigan. In Warkeigan? Why, Bidey, didn't you know the premiere of Love Thy Neighbors being held right here in New York Tuesday night? Well, I'll be dogged gone. Jack, that number's ringing. Give me the phone. Excuse me, Bidey. Hello? Hello. This is the Harlem Social Benevolent and Sparibs Ever Thirsty Club. Can you tell me if Rochester's there? Come again? Rochester Van Jones. He works for me, and I want to talk to him. Are you Mr. Jack Benny? Yes. Uh-oh.  Well, he was here, Mr. Benny. But as soon as he started to win, he left. Was he shooting craps? He must have been. We ain't much on backgammon up here. Where do you think I can get in touch with Rochester? You might try Monument 81700. That's his girlfriend. All right, thank you. Mary, try Monument 81700. OK, Chief. Oh, Bidey. Yes, Jack? I'm surprised you didn't know about the premiere being held in New York. Well, can't you switch it to walk, Egan? Not very well. You see, it's all set for the Paramount Theater here Tuesday night, Bidey. Well, I'll be dog gone. Yeah, well, look, Bidey, there was nothing I could. Hey, yeah, Jack. Give me that phone. Excuse me, Bidey. Hello? Susan Brown, the sweetest girl in town talking. Well, Miss Brown, this is Jack Benny. Uh-oh. I'm trying to get in touch with Rochester. Is he there? He was, yeah. Oh, well, do you think he'll come back? In all modesty, I can guarantee that. He returns. Will you please have him call my hotel? And also tell him he's not getting any salary this week. That ain't going to worry him much. He's got a paradise that must have gone to Harvard. Oh, he has. Well, Miss Brown, where do you think I could reach him right now? Well, he left the number here, Lehigh 25863. Lehigh 25863. Is that another girl? If it is, I'm going to cut your brown suit to ribbons. Thank you very much. Goodbye. Goodbye. They're all gone. That boy's always in trouble. Say, Mary. What?  Well, figure out some way to get it yourself. I'm busy. It's not why I mentioned it. Die Lehigh 25863 and see if he's there. OK. You know, Bidey, I'm awfully sorry about the premiere. But didn't you get my letter? Sure. But I want the opening to be in Walk Keegan. So do I, Bidey. But it can't be done. Oh, why not? Look, Bidey, if I told you once, I told you five times. The premiere is in New York, and there's nothing I can do about it. Here you are, Jack. Give me the phone. Excuse me, Bidey. Hello? Hello to Spin Club. Look, Mr. Ratcliffe Spins Jr. talking to. Now, look, Ratcliffe, I'm trying to get in touch with Rochester Van Jones. Uh-oh. This is Jack Benny. You heard me. Uh-oh, didn't you? What about Rochester? Is he there? He was. I understand he's been very lucky. Lucky, he says. Now, Ratcliffe, please tell me, where did Rochester go? I'm in New York. So you see, Bidey, if there was anything I could possibly do. I've heard a lot of stories about what a swell book this new general foods calendar of desserts was going to be. But honestly, I never dreamed it was going to be half as beautiful and original as it really is. It's a unique dessert book that gives you a new dessert idea for every day in the year. 365 different suggestions, covering every kind of dessert, and a whole host of clever jello treats, too. For example, on page nine, there's a recipe for a grand dessert called current ruby molds, made with rich red strawberry jello, and it's really good. Strawberry jello, you know, like raspberry jello, is now better than ever, with the new improved flavor obtained by using a natural flavor base artificially enhanced. So get your copy of the calendar of desserts and be all ready to make this grand treat and 364 others. Just send 10 cents in corn or stamps to Jack Benny, care of general foods, Battle Creek Michigan, and a copy of this beautiful, useful day by day calendar of desserts will be mailed to you promptly. Send for yours today. Last number of the 11th program in the current jello series, and we will be with you again next Sunday night, still broadcasting from New York City. Say bye to you, as long as you're in town, how about sticking around until Tuesday and see the opening of our picture?  Well, now you're talking. Good night, Johnny. Keep up the o-


Where's your vlog? Miss in the Globe, Miss in the Globe. Guys, welcome to a new vlog. Today, we are vlogging with Valerie. Hello. And tell them where we're going, Valerie. We are going to the Osceola County Fair. Don't we look like fair people? We do. Anyway, so we're probably just going to hang out, get a little snack, see the rides, and all of the tacky fair stuff, and hang out. So I'm really excited I get to vlog this and show you guys what our fair is like. It's only here for a few days, right? I think it's here for like, I think it starts on Friday in the first weekend, which was last weekend. I think it ends on Sunday of the second weekend. So tomorrow is the last Saturday. Saturday and Sunday. Okay. So it's not here for a quite a week and a half. We're going to have lots of fun. Aren't we, Alex? Lots and lots of fun at the fair. We made it to the Osceola County Fair. The line's not too bad and we got pretty good parking. We're only a few rows back. But we just made it into the fair and this is what it looks like pretty much. Just like a normal fair. But I just wanted to show you guys because it's been a while since we've been here. I always like wanting to do a photo shoot, but definitely this is not the right time to do a photo shoot because I'm freezing. It's actually pretty cold here. Oh look, a porta potty. So we got this little map of the fair. It's February 14th through the 23rd. I'm trying to do this with one hand. It's at the Osceola Heritage Park and this is pretty much everything. Not very exciting. Here are the sponsors. Very basic map, but then again it is a fair, guys. So it's not going to be fancy. All right. Well, I didn't even realize that this piece of paper opened up like this, but this has like different events that are taking place on the main stage and in the inside. Oh, Valerie's going to take some pictures too. Who are you going to tag? The fair, the people who do the fair. Oh, you can get yourself a turkey leg. Oh my gosh. So much food. It smells so good. We've come into Osceola Heritage Park. It's like the inside. All right. So this is inside the arena. Oh, Valerie's looking for the concessions, but they have... Oh, cool. They have butterflies here. They have a lot of reptiles and animals. The butterflies, because the butterflies are free. They are? No, I'm just kidding. Oh. There's Legos. There's all sorts of like different things here. It's kind of like an array of things. Are you sure this is the right concession? No, it's not. I don't have anything. Okay.  Anyway, leave a comment down below if you miss Valerie in the vlogs, because I sure have. She's a character. A fan favorite. Here is what Valerie was looking for.  I just wanted to show you guys these really cool lamps. It's very colorful. Valerie and I are just walking the halls. It's kind of like a convention. Wouldn't you say, Valerie? This place is like a convention. There's like competitions.  They could have put by the wall the things that I made when I was in second grade. It won first place. Just wanted to show you guys some of the table settings. This is a competition where you pick a theme and you decorate a table and set it like a dining. Oh, that's cute. Oh, that is cute. A dining table. That was like a long horn. Yeah, it was good. All right. So we got popcorn. Now we're pretty much done with it. I had half a bag. And then I got this Kit Kat because I have to have something sweet after having that really salty popcorn with this bottle of water. And now I think we're going to explore some more. Valerie and I were saying how much we love the fair at night just because of all the colors and light. So apparently this is like student free night. Students got in for free because it's rodeo day in Osteala County. So there's a lot of students here. Probably like middle school, high school age, but they're here and it's like kind of invaded with like kiss, which is fine. I just like noticed that. Oh my gosh, cold and windy. We think this is interesting. This is a Krispy Kreme Jonah burger. Very odd. Thunderbolt over here. This looks like a bigger kid one. The take to ride this ride, but I definitely would not want to ride that, man. This is Valerie's favorite thing at the fair. Yep. And this actually has real money. It's not just like the tokens like at Dave and Buster's or one of those other things. They're doing it guys. Drop it in. Okay. So we were talking about how we hadn't been to the fair in forever, right? Right. And I remember this fry place that they made the fries like super fresh and like from an actual potato and you like kind of saw them do it. We found the place. I'm excited. So I just wanted to vlog about that. We should do a selfie. Selfie. This is the place that they make really good fries. It's called Jimmy Bear's Barbecue. And I should try other stuff. I just know their fries are super good. So that's probably going to be my dinner. Plus other little snackies we had, right Valerie? That's right. I'm going to have a snackie too in a bit. All right guys, look at these. Look at how good they look. They're like fresh, straight from a potato. I know like all fries are from potatoes, but these are special. All right, Valerie, let's try a fry. Are they good? The next day. Sherry looking better than ever in her pajamas. Like normal. Yeah, we need to get rid of the trash here. All right. So I got Valerie these little cupcakes. Sherry's probably going to have the chocolate ones. I am going to have chocolate. Happy birthday. She's 63. Happy birthday to me. Happy birthday, dear Valerie. Happy birthday to you. The next day. Okay, so it's the next day, and Sherry and I are on our way to Disney Springs. Hello everyone. And we're meeting Valerie there. Just probably to get some dinner and walk around. It's a really casual affair. We really want to try, at least Sherry and I, want to try this new restaurant. What's it called? I think it's called City Works. City Works. This is kind of like a smokehouse. Not a smokehouse. A like sports bar? A sports bar. They have a lot of craft beers. Okay. So we made it to Disney Springs. I think we are going to go to the new restaurant. Sorry, it's so loud. But I think we're going to go to the new restaurant Sherry was talking about. Here it is. City Works. Sherry is going to see if there's a wait here. Oh, drinks to go. There is a line at drinks to go. But here is the menu. So if you guys want to take a look at it. It is. I've got a couple tables to see us right now. So I can probably get all seated in like two minutes. Cool. I'm so excited because this is a really new place. So this is what it looks like on the inside. Sherry's Sports Bar Esk. Okay. So we got our food. Valerie and I are sharing this platter. This is over here, cream corn. And these are so good. I highly recommend the ribs. We're sharing it because it's a full rack. It's a lot of ribs. I got a side of fries. So I need to always try the fries. Sherry, what did you get? We got duck nautos. Duck what? Nautos. Nautos. Interesting. We've come into the big Disney store and Valerie just can't get over all of the baby Yoda stuff. I love it. Oh my God. I love baby Yoda. Valerie might get a baby Yoda ball cap because she loves little baby Yoda even though we haven't even started watching Mandalorian. Okay, Valerie, tell everyone what you got. Baby Yoda ball cap. We're going into the spice and exchange. Tea exchange. Valerie loves this store. She gets her smoky salt here. It does smell really, really good. All my favorite pattern hounds too. Show the salt you get, Valerie. Pickery smoked sea salt. One eternity later. Okay, so this part of the vlog is a couple days. Okay, basically a week after the last footage you saw, I am on my way to Disney Springs because I'm going to have lunch with one of my other shaman sisters. She's had a lot of like dedicated videos when it's just her. So her name is Emily and we're going to meet at the boat house and have like some lunch.  And you guys are coming along the adventure. So I guess I will see you guys when we get to the boat house restaurant. Oh, I just took a bite. Oh, no. All right, so we made it to the boat house. I was a little late because your girl took a wrong turn. Long story short. Emily, after this we'll have to show you her little outfit. It's so cute. I'm going to look up the shirt. Look at the coffee sleeves. Look at that. She got the what, the firecracker? Firecracker shrimp. These are our appetizers and then I got the lobster dish. I got a Caesar salad with some jumbo shrimp. You've got a fish sandwich. Those fries look really, really good. Okay, so this is like our thing. We got our sprinkles. Which one did you end up getting? Red velvet. Let's see it. I should get her out there. Oh man. I've got to pull up the sleeves. Oh my gosh. Oh my gosh. She's so cute. She's so cute. Oh, it's white. I like that. And then I got the milk chocolate vanilla one. So good. Clearly I'm home. It's been a few hours. I just edited and uploaded my week six update for my Chloe Teen Challenge video series. Whatever you want to call it. So just did that. Been doing laundry. Kind of like some boring stuff. But tonight we are not going to Disney Springs because we're picking up my aunt at the airport. And then I think we're taking her to her hotel. And then I think we're going to eat. So I have no idea what's going on. Cherry, what are we doing? Tell us the plans. Wow. We are going to the airport to pick up Wendy and Charlie and go have a very late dinner. It's almost eight o'clock. I know. It doesn't get until eight. So we're going to have a late dinner. Maybe just a drink and some appetizers or something. I don't know. Yeah. We're going to find a place near the airport. Okay. So we are at the Hyatt Regency in the airport. It's super pretty. But we're just waiting for my aunt and Charlie to get here. I think we're going to eat at this restaurant. And I don't know. It looks pretty good. It smells really good. So that's a restaurant over there called McCoy's. And this one just looks like a bar area, actually. Cherry and I were reminiscing on going to the airport for dance conventions. There was this one called NYCDA, New York City Dance Alliance, that we would always come to the airport. I know that's kind of weird, but the airport has like a convention center and it has a hotel in it. Okay. So we are eating at McCoy's. This is a little menu here. It's kind of like a, it's like burgers. They have a wide range of things. Sushi. Sushi. Oh, that's interesting. But it's like, it looks kind of upscale, kind of plain, but you know, simple. So the people have arrived. Windy people. The people. Better known as the favorite aunt. Oh yeah. Oh man, stuff might get our feelings hurt. I'm sorry, but. Cherry got a special little something. Yeah. Oh, thank you. It was a lot of something. I enjoyed it. She got corona. You get this joke in a comment down below because I think it's funny. It's perfect. Thank you.  Charlie has a picture. Oh my gosh. We're so bad, but this is so funny. The coronavirus. Here it is. I know. I know, that's true. This is in the glove. This is in the glove. Guys, come on. This is just a light hearted and it's kind of funny. Oh my gosh. Oh god, your father. Oh my gosh, this is so funny. That's good. That's good. And I forgot to also mention we got some edamame for our appetizer. It's like meatballs with a little jalapeno hat. Jalapeno meatballs. Is it in the sauce maybe? I don't know. They got this big plate of sushi. And then I got my usual salmon with the fries and asparagus. Look at how huge these things are. I don't know if you guys can tell. And then Cherry got this appetizer stuff. So three of these and her corona. Okay, so I'm just coming on to end this video. I hope you guys enjoyed it. Make sure to give it a thumbs up. If you did, I know it was like over a couple of days, but it's just kind of how my vlogs go. Anyway, no excuses here. That's just how the blog was. So hope you guys enjoyed. Make sure to give it a thumbs up. Don't forget to subscribe to my channel and I'll see you guys in my next video. Bye.


Depreciation is an example of a deferral adjusting entry. It occurs when cash is paid to acquire long lived assets before depreciation expense is incurred. Let's look at this example. Assume on January 1, Morrissey purchases a tour bus for $200,000. Let's answer the following questions. What is the journal entry on January 1? Is this an adjusting entry? And what are the balances on the unadjusted trial balance for equipment, depreciation expense, and accumulated depreciation? The journal entry on January 1 is a debit to the asset account equipment and a credit to the asset account cash for $200,000. This is not an adjusting entry because there is an underlying transaction that happened on January 1. Let's learn how to depreciate this bus using the simplest method and then record that in an adjusting entry. The most common method of depreciation is known as the straight line method. This method just spreads the cost of a long lived asset evenly over the asset's useful life. The formula is asset cost minus residual value or sometimes called salvage value divided by the useful life in years. In our example, assume that on January 1, Morrissey purchases a tour bus for $200,000 and the bus will have a 10 year useful life and no residual value. That works out to be $20,000 of depreciation expense each year for 10 years. So let's make the adjusting entry. Following the same pattern as our other deferral adjusting journal entries, we might assume that it is something like what I've shown here, a debit to depreciation expense and a credit to equipment for $20,000. But that is not correct for tangible assets with long lives. A long-term tangible asset like equipment still physically exists after it's been fully depreciated. This is different than say supplies, which do not exist once they've been fully used up. Thus, we cannot credit the equipment account until that balance is zero. We need to use a new account called accumulated depreciation. This account's purpose is exactly what the name describes. It is the accumulation of all of the year's depreciation expense. Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset account. This means that it is an asset, but it has a normal credit balance rather than a debit balance like all of our other asset accounts. This won't be the only contra account you learn. So let's define what makes an account contra. A contra account must meet two criteria. The first is that it must have a companion account. In this example, the companion account is equipment. For example, if we never owned any equipment, we would never have an account called accumulated depreciation for equipment. The second is that it has a normal balance opposite its companion account. Since equipment has a normal debit balance, accumulated depreciation must have a credit balance. Finally, let's look at the balance sheet presentation for equipment. Notice here that accumulated depreciation is deducted from the equipment cost to arrive at a net amount. We call that net book value. It's important, you might wanna write it down. The calculation is cost minus accumulated depreciation equals net book value.


For most people, the term cyber security brings to mind security of their personal information, but in this networked world, more and more things are connected and controlled through the Internet. The U.S. Navy's Office of Naval Research is developing the Resilient Hall Mechanical and Electrical Security, or RIMES system, a cyber protection system designed to make shipboard mechanical and electrical control systems resilient to cyber attacks. RIMES is designed to prevent an attacker from disabling or taking control of programmable logic controllers. The hardware components that interface with physical systems on a ship. Shipboard systems that RIMES will potentially protect include damage control and firefighting systems, anchoring, climate control, electrical power, steering and engine control. For more information on this story, visit navy.mil.


So, we begin a new module in this lecture, one on exergy. The first thing that we are going to do is to motivate why we need to introduce a new concept which we are calling exergy. There are some textbooks which also refer to exergy as availability, both mean the same thing. Exergy is I think modern usage, so we will adopt the term exergy. Why do we need a new concept? There are few reasons. The most important one is given here, so let us say that you know we have a piston cylinder mechanism, say something like this and there is a gas or some other working substance inside and it undergoes an expansion process and produces some work. Now one of the things that we would like to be able to do is to actually come up with an estimate of let us say an efficiency for this process. And as I mentioned in the previous module, we would actually like this metric or this efficiency to be in some manner connected to the amount of entropy that is generated in the universe as a result of this process. So that is the total of entropy generated, that is the sum of entropy generated due to internal irreversibility plus external irreversibility. So we want a performance metric for non-flow processes like that. You may recall from the previous course that we have not actually defined efficiencies for individual processes. We have defined efficiency for a cycle, COP for a reverse cycle, but not efficiencies for individual processes except isentropic efficiency, I will come to that in a minute. So we would like to be able to do this. So basically what we would like to do is, so a system starts from a given state 1 and goes to a final state let us say 2. Now we would like to find out what would be the ideal process between these two states. So the work developed during that process would then form the basis of defining say an efficiency. So that is something that we would like to be able to do for non-cyclic processes whether it is a flow process or a non-flow process, it does not matter. For instance, we looked at the example of a mixing chamber in the previous module. So we had flow two streams coming in, one stream going out. Now how do we define an efficiency for the mixing chamber that actually is quite interesting and it is not possible to do this from an energy perspective. So what we need to do is we need to come up with a way by which we can define an efficiency for this device based on the amount of entropy that the process generates in the universe. That is what we would like to do. We already pointed out to the fact that this is a highly irreversible process due to the, I mean mixing is a highly irreversible process and so there is generation of entropy because of this internal irreversibility. If we allow heat transfer to take place then there could be external irreversibility also. We saw another example involving external irreversibility. So we would like to be able to define an ideal process for this case. So we know all the initial states. So this is an initial state, this is an initial state, this is a final state. So what would be the ideal process in going from these two initial states to this final state and based on that we can then define an efficiency. Now as I have written here energy based performance matrix do not account for entropy generated in the universe. So let us see what we mean, what I mean by this. So let us see, we just erase these things here. So you may recall that we wrote down a simple block diagram of an engine. So this is an engine which receives a certain amount of heat, let us say QH from high temperature reservoir rejects an amount of heat QC to the low temperature reservoir produces an amount of work equal to W. Let us say it executes a cyclic process and we wrote down the expression for efficiency as 1 minus QC over QH, again when it executes a cyclic process. If it does not execute a cyclic process then the efficiency would simply be W over QH. And in that case there would be no upper limit on the efficiency mandated by the second law. If it does not execute a cyclic process, if it executes a cyclic process then this is the expression for efficiency and there is of course an upper limit which is a corner limit on this, on the value for this efficiency. Now two engines, let us say we have two engines, both of which are supplied with the same amount of heat QH and they produce the same amount of work rejecting the same amount of heat. However, one engine is given QH from a reservoir at let us say 1400 Kelvin. Another one is given the same amount of QH from a reservoir at let us say 800 Kelvin or 1000 Kelvin. The efficiency for both these engines would be the same. However, for the engine that receives heat from the higher temperature reservoir, the amount of external irreversibility is higher. So although its efficiency based on energy is the same, we suddenly do not like the fact that there is more external irreversibility associated with the engine which is receiving heat from a higher temperature reservoir. So which then points to the requirement that we need to develop a metric which will take into account the amount of entropy that is generated in the universe as a result of operation on this engine. So energy based performance metrics do not necessarily account for entropy generated in the universe. Now exergy, expression for exergy that we are going to develop and the notion of exergy meets these requirements, it is quite general and allows us to calculate a limiting value meaning what is the maximum work possible for this process. So it allows us to calculate a limiting value against which the actual performance of any device executing a cyclic or non-cyclic process may be compared. Remember here this engine is executing a cyclic process. So even for this we can come up with definition of efficiency which takes into account the amount of entropy that is generated in the universe. So exergy in that sense is quite general. It can be applied to any process. Number one, number two, it allows us to calculate the maximum work that can be obtained as a result of executing the process between these and the two given end states whether it is cyclic or non-cyclic it does not matter. So it is very, very general. Now let us turn to the notion of isentropic efficiency. You may recall that we defined isentropic efficiency as let us say in the case of a power producing device as actual work divided by isentropic work. So these were situations. So we defined isentropic efficiency for a turbine, compressor, nozzle and diffuser. So these are situations for which the ideal process is actually an isentropic process. So we compare the actual performance against the performance that would have been realized had the working substance executed an isentropic process. So consequently this applicability of isentropic efficiency is restricted to adiabatic devices. So if it is non-adiabatic. So for example for the same turbine or compressor if the turbine or compressor actually loses heat to the surrounding which is very realistic then how do we define an isentropic efficiency? We cannot because the basic process is not an adiabatic process. So we cannot define an isentropic process as the ideal process for this case because heat loss is taking place. And we cannot extend the notion of isentropic efficiency for devices such as mixing chambers, heat exchangers and as I said even turbines or compressors when they actually have exchange of heat with the surroundings meaning they are losing heat to the surroundings. So isentropic efficiency is very very limited in its utility and so it cannot be used to meet our requirements. So we want a very general definition of an efficiency which can be used for calculating limiting value and is applicable to cyclic as well as non-cyclic processes and flow as well as non-flow processes. To develop an expression for such an efficiency we start with the notion of exergy. First let us define a reference state or what is called a dead state. So dead state we denote the pressure at the dead state as P0, temperature as T0, velocity is 0, elevation above the datum as 0. Now when a system exists in this state it is not possible to develop any work from this system. Normally ambient state at 25 degree Celsius and 100 kPa is taken to be the dead state. So when we have a system which is at 25 degree Celsius and 100 kPa it is not possible to develop any work from the system that is called the dead state. So exergy of a system at a given state so we have a system which is at a certain state maybe some other some pressure, temperature and say elevation, velocity all these things are known. So it is at a given state and the exergy of the system at this state is defined as the maximum theoretical work which is very important, maximum theoretical work that can be developed as the system goes from the given state to the dead state. So let us if you label this state as 1 then as the system goes from state 1 to the dead state which is denoted as state 0 the maximum work that can be developed during this process is actually called the exergy of the system at that state. So exergy of the system at this state is defined as the maximum work that can be developed as the system goes from state 1 to the dead state. Of course it follows very clearly that the exergy of the system at dead state is 0 because we define that no work can be developed from a system which is at the dead state. So exergy of a system is at the dead state is 0. So the exergy of a system that is not at the dead state or any other state for instance is non-zero but is it positive or negative or can it be both that is the next question that we have to ask. It is non-zero but is it positive or negative that is what we will discuss next. So here we have four examples of systems which are at state different from the dead state and they are executing a process to go towards the dead state. So here we have a system which is at the same temperature as the ambient temperature but at a pressure higher than the ambient pressure. So in this case we can actually place a weight here and as the system expands to the ambient pressure the weight is lifted which means positive work is being done by the system. So the exergy of the system is positive. Now in this case we have a system which is at the same pressure as the ambient pressure. Now by looking at these four cases we have not really lost any generality. So this is without any loss of generality it is sufficient if you look at this and we can actually then make a statement about the sign for exergy. So here we have a system which is at the same pressure as the ambient pressure but at a temperature greater than the ambient temperature. So maybe this is gas contained in a piston cylinder assembly at let us say 500 Kelvin. Now I can use this as a high temperature reservoir and operate an engine between this high temperature reservoir and ambient and develop some work from this. That means the exergy of this system is positive because work can be developed as it executes as it supplies heat to this engine and the engine will stop working when this system reaches the ambient temperature. So we start at a temperature greater than T0 and we supply heat to this engine. It develops work and then the engine stops developing work when the system reaches the ambient temperature. This was discussed in the previous course in connection with second law under the topic of finite reservoirs. So reservoirs in the context of heat engines may be infinite or finite. So this was discussed under the context of finite reservoirs. So the exergy for these two cases is positive. Notice that here the pressure of the system was greater than the ambient pressure to begin with and here the temperature of the system was greater than the ambient temperature to begin with. For both these cases exergy of the system turns out to be greater than zero. So here we discuss a case when the pressure same example as this but the pressure is less than ambient pressure. Temperature is same as ambient temperature. In this case by placing weights like this as the system goes towards ambient pressure. So the piston moves up in this case and the pressure of the system increases. So as it goes towards the ambient pressure these weights are lifted in the gravitational field. So work is done by the system which means exergy is greater than zero in this case. So even when the system is at a pressure less than the ambient pressure the exergy is still positive because we can still develop positive work as the system goes towards the dead state. So here we have the counterpart of this example where the temperature of the system is initially less than T naught pressure is same as P naught. In this case we can actually use this as low temperature reservoir and operate a direct engine between the ambient and this low temperature reservoir. So this engine by virtue of the fact that this is a low temperature reservoir can draw heat from the ambient reject heat to the reservoir at lower temperature than the ambient and produce an amount of work which is positive and so exergy of this is also positive. So as this device as the system goes towards the dead state it develops a positive amount of work which means that the exergy of the system is positive. So you can see that whether the systems are at temperatures and pressures above or below the ambient in all these cases a positive amount of work is developed as the system goes towards the dead state which means that exergy of the system we can generalize and conclude from this that the exergy of the system exergy of a system is always positive and non-zero so long as it is not at the dead state. It is non-zero so long as it is not at the dead state and it is always positive. Now let us develop an expression for exergy. So if you take any of these systems that we have considered throughout any loss of generality we may write first law for the system like this delta E equal to Q minus W for the system. So the system is initially at state 1 and it goes towards the dead state which is the final state denoted to 0. So let us take each one of these terms in this in this expression one by one and develop the expression further. So delta E for the system may be written as final minus initial so E0 minus E1 remember the system goes from an initial state 1 to a final state 0. So delta E is final minus initial so E0 minus E1 and by definition the total energy is the sum of the internal energy plus kinetic energy plus potential energy. So internal energy plus kinetic energy plus potential energy and by definition the dead state is at 0 velocity and 0 elevation above the datum so these two terms go to 0 and this is the total energy at the initial state. So we may write delta E for the system like this. Let us take W system next. We decompose W system into two parts one is called the useful part the other one is the work done again in displacing the atmosphere. So if you look at say a system like this piston cylinder mechanism either this or this as work is being developed the atmosphere is also being pushed aside. So there are two things that are happening one is the weight is being lifted and atmosphere is also being pushed aside. So we must do some work in pushing aside the atmosphere. So the system must do some work in pushing aside the atmosphere and it also does work while lifting the weight and the same is true in this case also. So the network developed by the system is the sum of these two work spent in pushing aside the atmosphere displacing the atmosphere and the work done in raising your weight. So and that is what we have done here. So we have written the W system as the sum of two terms this is the work done in displacing the atmosphere this is the useful work this is called useful work because this is what can be used to lift the weight. So that is denoted with a subscript U. So this is W U plus P0 times V0 minus V1 because this is just displacement work. So the exergy of a system if you recall we defined exergy of a system as the maximum theoretical work that can be developed as the system goes from the given state to the dead state which means that exergy of the system is the maximum value for this quantity here W max for this I am sorry W max is the exergy of the system. So we need to develop an expression for W U max.


Good afternoon. The first item of business this afternoon is a statement by Angela Constance on further education provision in Glasgow. The cabinet secretary will take questions at the end of her statement so there should therefore be no interventions or interruptions. I call on Angela Constance, cabinet secretary, 10 minutes. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I'm grateful for the opportunity to make this statement on the important matter of college governance in Glasgow. Members will be aware that this morning, I laid an order before the Parliament to remove from office the chair and members of the board of Glasgow Clyde College and to appoint a new chair and members in their place. The order came into force this morning. Glasgow Clyde College serves students from across Glasgow and beyond. It is a significant enterprise, employing nearly 1,000 staff with anwial budget of nearly £30 million. It's board, like all college boards, is responsible for the overall functioning of the college and the experience of its students. Ministers rightly have high expectations of colleges and their boards because staff, students and the people of Scotland have high expectations. Colleges are vital to the success of our country and its people, and college boards are key to that success. Boards are responsible for governing to the required standards. That includes identifying and controlling the main risks to effective delivery. Governance is also about sustaining and developing the college, ensuring that it thrives and flourishes. The overwhelming majority of boards recognise the importance of their job, the extent of their responsibilities and the impact of their actions. The fact that members are volunteers in no way diminishes the importance of what they do, nor are there expectations for delivery. Consistent with their important role and responsibilities and a priority area of public service, the sector itself has developed a specific code of good governance setting out the standards required. It is important that all college boards adhere to those standards.  Matters first came to my attention in February when the principal was suspended. That is rightly a matter for the college as employer. Concerns were raised with me and the Scottish funding council by students, staff and wider stakeholders. Such was the nature, we took those concerns seriously and we addressed them appropriately. The funding council undertook an investigation having established that there were grounds to do so. My own officials subsequently sought detailed information from the college. A series of meetings took place between May and September involving myself, Scottish Government officials, the funding council and Glasgow Colleges regional board. There has also been extensive correspondence between the funding council, the board and Scottish Government in which we made clear our concerns and sought to understand the facts. We provided the board with the opportunity to make its case and considered its responses carefully. I have concluded that the board failed on a number of counts. Those are set out fully in the policy note accompanying the order laid before Parliament, but I want to highlight the four key areas of board failure. First, the board allowed its relationships with student representatives and the wider student population to deteriorate. It did nothing to address that problem and does not accept that there is a problem. The former board allowed its working relationship with student leaders to deteriorate until they no longer took an active role in the board. Indeed, the relationship with students broke down to the extent that no one was prepared to stand for election to the board, yet the board made no attempt to repair the relationship. It does not even now acknowledge that there has been a breakdown in its relationship with its student body. Secondly, the board incurred significant amounts of expenditure without seeking appropriate prior approval. There are clear rules on how colleges can spend public money. That includes limits on how much can be spent without a competitive tender. Beyond those limits, colleges must get approval from the funding council. At Clyde, those rules were breached. In fact, the board committed to three times more expenditure than the rules allowed—over £90,000. In total, the board has committed over £200,000 on legal and professional fees. In short, it has mismanaged its finances. Thirdly, the board failed to consider serious concerns raised by the principle about governance matters in February of this year, which to date have not been addressed. The board took no action to understand the concerns raised in writing by the principle before her suspension. Yet those concerns covered matters of propriety, process, procedure, conflict of interest and behaviour. Finally, the board did not discharge a number of its functions appropriately. At important meetings, the board operated without proper agendas, without papers and advance of meetings, and without minutes that recorded discussions and decisions. It operated without a board secretary in place. It improperly delegated an executive function to a member of the board. The position of board secretary is pivotal in helping any board to govern properly, yet was not filled for several months. The board also improperly delegated an executive function to a board member in relation to how it took forward disciplinary proceedings. All of this meant that board members could not provide the stewardship that was expected at a multimillion-pound public sector organisation. Consecantly, members missed some obvious signs that their decisions were not robust. In short, the board set itself up for failure because it took decisions without proper consideration. There was extensive engagement with the college to understand the matters being brought to our attention. Those matters were serious and complex. It was right to consider them fully, and we did so. We also provided the board with the opportunity to make its case, and we considered its response carefully. Inevitably, this took time, but it is right that we carefully considered matters and that information provided to us by the board before reaching a conclusion. In particular, it was vital that we took into account the best interests and needs of students and staff at the college. Having done so, I am clear that the board repeatedly breached its grant conditions and mismanaged its affairs through collective board failure. Despite everything, the board showed no sign of recognising the seriousness of our concerns. It refused to take responsibility for the situation that had arisen through its own failings. I could no longer be confident that the board had the capability, capacity or willingness to move things forward, including restoring crucial relationships with students, staff and other important stakeholders. I have therefore removed all of the members from the boards of Glasgow Clyde College today with immediate effect. I have not taken this action lightly. In their place, I have appointed a new chair, Alec Lincston and new members. They have the skills, experience and personal commitment necessary for improvement. I am grateful to them for stepping in. I am pleased that Alec Lincston, the college and its board will have a highly respected and well-qualified leader. I am confident that the new board will forge a positive relationship with its student and staff, allowing the college to focus fully on supporting students to achieve their ambitions and ensuring that Clyde College plays a key role in the life of Glasgow, its people and its economy. That is no less than the Government, the public, the wider college sector and, most importantly, the students and staff at Glasgow Clyde itself should expect and deserve. Clearly, we all have an interest in ensuring that we can continue to build a strong, sustainable, successful college sector. We must consider what lessons might be learned from the situation in terms of good governance across the sector. There may well be lessons for the wider sector, the funding council and, indeed, the Government to learn. I am therefore announcing that I will chair a task group with Colleges Scotland and the funding council. That will be a practical, purposeful and focused effort to provide additional assurance on the quality and resilience of college governance. It will consider and take account of best practice in other sectors, and it will produce recommendations for improvement by early next year. However, today, my focus is on the interests and needs of students and staff at Glasgow Clyde. Colleges like Glasgow Clyde are vital to our aspirations to create a stronger and fairer Scotland with a strong, sustainable economy. Glasgow Clyde deserves and needs a robust, reliable and resilient board. Today, Presiding Officer, I have taken the necessary steps to provide just that. Thank you for that interesting statement from the cabinet secretary. If any member wants to wish wishes to ask a question of the cabinet secretary, please press the request speak button now and I call Ian Gray. Thank you, Presiding Officer, and thanks to the cabinet secretary for early sight of her statement. In that statement and in the policy statement attached to the order, the cabinet secretary provides clear evidence of governance failure at Glasgow Clyde College. It is true that a variety of concerns have been raised repeatedly and for some time by staff, the student association, trade unions and NUS about issues in that college. So the cabinet secretary has made the case for the actions that she has taken today. It is extreme and unusual action, though. It does bear more examination than a short statement allows. The cabinet secretary has herself said that she will form a task group to see what lessons can be learned for the wider FE sector, and it is a sector under enormous pressure as a result of regionalisation, forced mergers and budget cuts. Will she ensure that the unions representing staff and organisations and students are also involved in the work of the task group, along with Collegy Scotland and the funding council? Will she further ensure that this Parliament is fully involved in the examination of those issues through the education committee or otherwise? I thank Mr Gray for his comments and for his acknowledgement that the policy note the statement of reasons for this unusual action. I am glad that he acknowledges that there is a clear case and evidence of continued and repeated failures in governance. I accept that this is highly unusual action. I welcome the opportunity to be scrutinised by Parliamentarians here this afternoon. I have spent this morning engaging with parliamentary colleagues across the chamber and indeed other stakeholders. Of course, the education committee and the delegated powers committee have a very important role in scrutinising the decision that I have made on behalf of the Scottish ministers. I will certainly endeavour to ensure that all interests are represented as we take forward the work in reflecting what we can learn from this incident. Although the incidents that have happened at Clyde College are isolated to this particular college, it is important that, as a Government and as a funding council, we reflect on what more we can learn and also how we can ensure the highest possible standards across the sector. I give a commitment to this Parliament to continue to have dialogue as seen appropriate by Parliament's committees this chamber and members. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I also thank the Cabinet Secretary for Advanced Notice of this statement and indeed for taking the time to discuss the issue with Liz Smith and myself earlier today. I would be pleased to note that the cabinet secretary acknowledges the importance of an audit trail for use of public money. We also welcome the setting up of a task group with Colleges Scotland and the Scottish funding council, particularly given the other very serious issues currently being looked at by the Public Audit Committee of this Parliament in relation to North Glasgow and Coatbridge colleges. Can I ask what are the implications for the way the Scottish funding council operates, given their role in the funding of Glasgow Clyde College? Are there any other colleges known to the cabinet secretary who are fearing to comply with the code of governance and where financial mismanagement is suspected? Can I ask what action will be taken to clear the names of those who have been suspended inappropriately? Most importantly, can the cabinet secretary assure this chamber that the staff and students will get the full support from the Government and all of us to continue to provide the excellent education and training that our colleges offer? What action can be taken to ensure that those who are being removed do not go on to be employed again in our public sector in future? My final question is what action should have been taken by the Glasgow Colleges regional board who had significant responsibilities over the serious issues that we are facing today in relation to Glasgow Clyde? Let me be clear that all members who are members of the board during the relevant period, and that is from February to July 2015, except that the principal has been removed. Recently, we have had elections for the student positions. The student representation is unaffected because they have not been on the board at the time of concerns. There are two elected staff representatives of the board that were elected recently. One was re-elected and has been associated with the past failings of the previous board and they have been removed from the board. The staff representative from the non-teaching side has not been removed from the board because they are newly elected in their position. In terms of Mrs Garland's direct question about the consequences and the repercussions for individuals, it is that those individuals who have been removed from the Glasgow Clyde college board who are named on the order that I have laid in Parliament cannot be a member of any other college board. They cannot be a member of the Glasgow Colleges regional board and they cannot be a member of the Scottish funding council. That has been a big decision and one that I have taken cautiously and I have given all due consideration because the implications to individuals are indeed significant as of outlined. I am glad that Mrs Garland welcomes the task force. I want to pay tribute to the work of the Public Audit Committee and Audit Scotland. They have both produced reports recently that I think are helpful. The Government will certainly be responding to the recent report of the Public Audit Committee and will do so by the end of this month. As I indicated in my statement, although the situation has arisen as a result of poor governance, I have concluded that the people responsible for that poor governance are the people who were vested with their trust in decision making at Glasgow Clyde. Nonetheless, we will all have to look at how we respond to difficulties when they arise. There may well be important lessons for government, for the funding council, the Glasgow Colleges regional board and the wider sector. It is important that we all reflect on our role, but I have to be clear that the reason that I am in chamber today is because of repeated instances of mismanagement and poor governance in one particular college board. That is what we are having to respond to. I would expect to have a large number of members who want to ask a question. Can I ask the questions from now on in a brief? It would be helpful if the minister could be succinct. Stuart Maxwell will follow by John Lamont. I thank the cabinet secretary for a copy of the letter regarding the series issue that was sent this morning. However, given that the cabinet secretary has announced a task group review, can she tell me why the decision to replace the board was taken now and not after the review that she has announced has concluded? Given her comments, particularly in reply to Ian Gray, can I assume that the cabinet secretary will agree to attend the education and culture committee in due course to discuss this matter? Absolutely, Mr Maxwell. I will attend the education committee and any other committee of this Parliament as and when I am requested to do so. I take the responsibilities to appear in front of committee very seriously, as I take my responsibilities of accountability to the chamber very seriously. There are absolutely no issues. I will endeavour to keep Parliament and all relevant committees duly informed as we progress with the work of the task force. We will obviously be working up the remit of that task force. I will personally convene that task force. I hope that that work can continue at a pace, but, obviously, collegially and in partnership with all stakeholders involved. Once we have fully sculpt out the work, I will obviously be able to provide more precise information. Mr Maxwell's question about why now, as I hope I have indicated to the chamber, we have given the matter very careful consideration and taken into account the comments and views of the board. Having concluded that the board is failing, it is not in the interests of staff, students or, indeed, the wider sector to allow matters to continue. We know from correspondence and from meetings that the board's actions have had a negative impact on staff and students alike, and I am, I have to say very grateful to staff for their continued professionalism and commitment and what has undoubtedly been a very difficult time. Thank you very much. I thank the cabinet secretary for her statement and acknowledge the significance of it for Clyde College staff and students who have continued to sustain the work of the college throughout this extremely difficult time. I am immensely proud of the work of former Cardinal Donald, now Clyde College, for the quality of its teaching and support staff and the talents of its students. I am sure that the cabinet secretary will also regret that it is in the public eye because of those difficulties, rather than that proud record. I ask the cabinet secretary whether she would outline how she plans to support staff, students and the local college communities to rebuild morale and give people confidence that Clyde College is a high-quality place to work and learn. I certainly acknowledge Ms Lamatt's on-going interest in the matter. I pay tribute again to the dedication of staff at Clyde College in what has been a difficult time. I know that Ms Lamont, like Mr Scanlon, has raised issues in and around the suspension of the principle. I have to acknowledge that it is entirely a matter for the college board, and it will be a matter of priority for that new college board to take forward. I, as a minister, quite rightly have no locus in those employment matters. Of course, I am concerned about the serious governance issues that were raised by the principle before her suspension, which have not been resolved. I want to say to Johann Lamont that the new chair of the board will start work tomorrow that he will be in college meeting with senior members of staff and others to start that process of rebuilding relationships. The new term for the college has not long started, and it is time to reset relationships and move forward and continue to remember what the priority here is. The priority here is students, and they have to be at the absolute heart of the college experience and all decision making around that process. Alec Lincston, the new chair, will also have an interim board meeting and an informal board meeting next week, but that work starts tomorrow. John Mason, followed by Liam McArthur. Given that the cabinet secretary said that there have been financial mismanagement of the college's finances, is there any on-going impact on the college itself or on the other two colleges in the Glasgow region? No. The policy statement attached to the order that Mr Mason outlines what the financial mismanagement concerns were. They were in and around the board incurring expenditure beyond agreed limits and not acting in accordance with their own procedures, as well as procedures that were laid out by the Scottish funding council. However, the financial issues, as detailed, should not have an impact on the other two colleges in the city. Liam McArthur, followed by James Dornan. I also thank the cabinet secretary for making the statement at an early site of it, as well as her engagement with Opposition spokespeople this morning. As Liam McArthur indicated, this is a highly unusual and regrettable step, but we all recognise the seriousness of the situation and the need to act. The cabinet secretary referred to the breakdown in the relationship with student reps and the wider student population. Can she perhaps give more detail on the basis of that breakdown? Can she offer a reassurance that learning and courses will not be affected? Given the drastic nature of the decision to remove the chair and the board, does she agree that one of the primary tasks for the task group will be to consider what checks and balances need to be put in place to ensure that the sort of issues that have been identified in this case can be addressed without the need in future for a ministerial directed clear-out? Yes, Presiding Officer. I agree that it would be entirely appropriate for the task force to be looking at the checks and balances there. There are very important distinctive responsibilities between non-executive board members and executive employees of the college, and it is important that people understand those respective roles, because, in those respective roles, there are, indeed, checks and balances. We will want the task force to ensure that all is well in that regard. We will also want to look at matters such as financial control. For example, that would be another issue. Mr MacArthur asked for a bit more detail in terms of the breakdown in the relationship with the student board members and the student association. The student association executive has written about the treatment of two student board members who were inappropriately excluded from a board meeting back in February. One student member has stopped attending board meetings. While, at the end of the day, the individuals involved may well have different accounts of who said what and who is responsible for X, Y and Z. Ultimately, board members have a duty of care towards each other, and the board did not demonstrate to me sufficient insight or resolve to ensure that, going forward, they would keep that relationship with students as a priority. It is not an optional extra to be engaging and working collaboratively with the student body. It is, of course, regrettable that ministers have had to take such unusual action. Looking forward, we indeed want to minimise any possibility of ministers having to come to the chamber again in similar circumstances. The cabinet secretary will be aware that Glasgow Clyde College's Langside campus is located in my constituency. Could she expand on the assurances given to Joanne Lamont and Liam MacArthur that that decision will not affect the staff and students associated with the Langside campus or any of the other two campuses? I say to Mr Dornan that a competent, credible, well-led board is fundamentally in the interests of all staff and all students. In the pressure lease that has been issued by the Government today, we list the new appointments that I have mentioned—Alec Lincston, former chief executive of West Lothian Council. We have other members of the newly appointed board who have a human resources background, who have a business background, who have a background in governance, who have a background in the university sector, business backgrounds as well as people who have had previous non-executive experience. I am assured and confident that, once members look into the detail and of the biographies of the individuals of stand-in, Mr Dornan will have confidence that the new board will be able to lead the board and the college appropriately. Given the extraordinary sequence of events that led to the deterioration of relationships between the board and students, is the cabinet secretary confident that relationships with students in the board will return to normal? Have there been any instances in any other boards of examples of students' associations passing motions of no confidence in the chair of student reps being excluded from board meetings or students refusing to participate in association elections? I am not aware of any other examples. Obviously, if members have any examples of concerns of bad practice or poor governance or financial irregularities, I can only encourage them to bring them to my attention. I will not stand by and watch poor governance in the sector. The students have to be at the absolute heart of decision making. I have said that involving students in board decisions in that decision making process is not an optional extra. I have five members who still wish to ask a question and intend to take them all. That will have an impact on the debate that comes afterwards. Can I please urge the members that I am going to call to keep it brief? Ken MacDorris, followed by Fiona McLeod. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Checks and balances have already been mentioned by members. Does the cabinet secretary believe that the regional board has a central role to fulfil in relation to checks and balances and whether there is anything that they could have done before now to provide such a check and balance within the system? The regional board will continue to work closely with Glasgow Clyde College to help it to play a full part in achieving its ambitions for the region. The regional board will do all it can to help to rebuild the governance arrangements. The minister will be aware from the recent staff survey that poor morale and unhappiness is not limited to Glasgow Clyde College. I welcome her remarks that she would encourage people to come forward. A constituent who is a college lecturer in Glasgow came to see me just this week to express his dismay and happiness and his anger at the cuts, the merger process and unaccountable management, but he was worried about repercussions of use to come forward. Can I ask the minister to promise his anonymity and other whistleblowers anonymity if they are to come forward and give evidence to her review? Yes, of course. I have already engaged and answered questions in response to members yesterday in this chamber. I am aware of the unison survey and will indeed be engaged in unison very shortly. I meet regularly with all trade unions who have an interest in the education sector. I am aware from the experience in Glasgow Clyde College that members of staff were concerned about their position and felt vulnerable in raising concerns, but I am sure that Mr Macintosh will agree that ministers always act with utmost discretion in those areas. Fiona Hyslund, I am grateful by John Pentland. The cabinet secretary has alluded to how worrying this time is for students at the college, and I am mindful of the pupils at Buclair Academy in my constituency who attend the Anisland campus of Clyde College. I wonder if the cabinet secretary could outline how this change in leadership in the college will reassure students. I am confident that we have the right mix of individuals, of the right calibre, that are now in position as the new board members who understand the priority that we give to quality learning experiences for students and that they are individuals with a proven track record who respect and understand how to engage with students, staff and the wider Glasgow community. Given the money spent in the breach of rules, and in particular the £200,000 spent on legal and professional fees, a lot of money that we consider, for example, that the total requested for the college's student support funding was £423,000, disappear could have a significant impact on college finances. What does the cabinet secretary do to ensure that the malpractices do not leave the college and its students at a financial disadvantage? I say to Mr Pentland and to the chamber that this Government will do everything to ensure that malpractices have no impact on students. Can I ask the cabinet secretary to confirm that, other than Glasgow Clyde College and the very different situation in Coatbridge College, there is no other college that she is aware of that has any problems about responding to the code of governance or suspected financial mismanagement? I am acutely aware of events at Glasgow Clyde College. I am aware of the colleges that have been named and, to some extent, shamed by the Public Audit Committee—well, not so much the colleges—but the individuals involved, the senior management that received severance payments at quite a shocking level. I am not aware of other concerns, but I will always stand ready to listen to concerns from parliamentarians or individuals in the sector. That ends the statement from the cabinet secretary. The next item of business is a debate on motion number 14437, in the name of Jim Hulman, the smoking prohibition children in motor vehicles. Scotland will members wish to take part in the debate should press request.


It's always concerned me that the majority of the world's population is living in poverty. I've been focusing on grassroots development to empower people to find local solutions and be able to overcome obstacles that are institutional, systemic, through politics and economics to bring a model where local citizens can educate each other and provide solutions with green technologies to overcome the obstacles to development. It's really validated to be able to bring academia into the field and actually put it into practice in innovative and experimental iterative projects with communities on the ground.