start with a new topic lab on a CD. So the motivation behind studying this chapter is to talk about a microfluidic platform which is low cost and which can be used for many potential applications using medical diagnostics. So how does it look? Let me just try to show you that essentially how the product looks like. So this is a typical example where you have a disc. Now this disc has several channels. I mean the camera will not be able to capture all the channels but this disc has several channels. Cross-radial channels and there are various holes which are like reservoirs. So through these holes you can inject samples of blood or other chemicals and there can be reactions taking place on this. So just like a big pathological lab you can have all the activities like say for example mixing, reaction, valving all these types of activities you can do on this disc. Now how will you actuate the fluid flow? You will actuate the fluid flow by rotating this disc and that rotation will create some forces due to rotation. By virtue of these forces the fluid will start moving and there will be some aiding forces, there will be some opposing forces and as an interplay of all these forces the final motion of the fluid will be decided. So we will try to understand the fundamental science that goes behind this particular technology and then I will try to demonstrate the fabrication process maybe through a small video that how these devices are fabricated and then we will talk about some research issues. I mean it is not that we will be resolving all the research issues but I will just discuss that what are the important research issues that have been going on. And many of these discussions for many of these related discussions I acknowledge the support of Professor Mark Madhu of the University of California at Irvine who has been our collaborator in this particular program and with his strong and active support we have been able to establish the CD fabrication facility in our own lab. So with this little bit of note we will start with different micro flows a comparative study. So pressure driven flow we will compare 4 types of actuation not that these are only types of actuation pressure driven acoustic, electrokinetic and centrifugal. Pressure driven acoustic, electrokinetic and centrifugal out of this you will see that electrokinetic is a little bit different from the others because in electrokinetic transport we will see later on the transport is strongly dependent on the chemistry of the sample that is pH concentration all these. Now on the other hand the other mechanisms are not so much dependent on the chemistry or electrochemistry scaling of these forces like pressure driven flow the head loss scales with inversely as 4th power of the characteristic length scale for a given flow rate. For acoustic it is L square instead of L to the power 4 electrokinetic also L square centrifugal quite intuitively it is also L to the power 4 because it essentially generates a pressure gradient by the driving rotational force. So it is another way of perceiving a pressure driven flow but we have to keep in mind that when we are talking about the rotational forces the rotationally actuated microfluidic platform the channel may be of small size but the rotational force may be strong enough so that inertial effects may be important. So we may not always trivially neglect inertial effects just as we commonly do in low Reynolds number hydrodynamics flow rate in pressure driven flow these are very typical. So one can get from nano litre per second to even litre per second but you know I mean there I mean if you want to get flow rates as high as litre per second you have to have very I mean powerful driving actuation. Acoustics typically of the order of 10 microlitre per second and these are just orders of magnitude rough idea. See as practical engineers say I always wanted to when I try to design this course I always try to make a balance between what is engineering practice and what is fundamental science. So if you make a balance between these two then it becomes better and becomes easier for you to implement these ideas into practice. So electro kinetic flows typically 0.001 to 1 microlitre per second centrifugal actuation see the range of flow rate from less than 1 nano litre per second to greater than 100 microlitre per second this wide range of flows can be covered and you can understand very easily why. Because I mean you can vary the rotational speed in a wide range and if you vary the rotational speed in a wide range you can vary the flow rate. The materials used for pressure driven flow common materials are PDEMS poly dimethyl siloxin that is PDEMS plastic for acoustic the material used acoustic actuation the material used is commonly piezoelectric material electro kinetic plastic glass PDEMS centrifugal also commonly plastics and PDEMS associated problems pressure driven flow dispersion like I mean I have discussed this earlier little bit that if you have a parabolic velocity profile then it might be possible that if you want to achieve a reaction at the wall of a micro channel then because of the big difference between the centre line velocity and the wall velocity what will happen is that the fluid will try to carry the sample along the centre line and the wall may be depleted or the wall may be deprived just in a very simple term the wall may be deprived of the sample which will react with the reactants present on the wall. Acoustic streaming is little bit an expensive process electro kinetic flows we will see that like joule heating is a very significant problem in electro kinetic flows we will see later on. In centrifugal also see we are studying lab on a CD but that does not mean that like I mean there is always a tendency that whenever we are studying something we always tend to talk about the positive points but there are shortcomings associated for example if you want to have a very high throughput what we will do you will try to rotate that CD at a very high speed and if you are rotating the CD at a very high speed then there can be vibrations in the setup and these are purely mechanical vibrations and these vibrations can disturb the transport processes significantly. So as I told you that you have a motor on which you mount the CD on which you have microchannels engraved you can control the fluid flow by rotational speed and design of microchannels see you by looking into the CD that I have shown you it is it will not appear to be of made of a material which resembles with the CD that you use for external data storage in computer it is it is just the shape but if you can somehow combine the optics that you commonly use for the CD platform with the fluidics that you have in a rotational platform then you can use this for detections of several things in a very smart optical environment. So it is possible that you can take the CD based micro fluidics I mean to a new level where you can combine optics with the rotational micro fluidics. So rotationally actuated micro fluidics so I will start with a very simple example then I will derive the governing equation for the rotational platform but I will start with a very simple example. Let us say that just look at this picture so there is a rotational disc there is a rotating disc and there is a fluid and you can see that this fluid meniscus is such that the surface tension force in which direction it acts? Can you tell is it radially inwards or outwards? It is radially inwards just draw the tangent to the interface you see the tangent to the interface is inwards. So the surface tension force so this is like a typical hydrophobic type of meniscus where the surface tension force is inwards and when the disc starts spinning there is a centrifugal force which is acting on it and that force is radially outwards. So there are 2 forces which are I mean there might be other forces we will come into the picture but these are 2 major forces one is a surface tension force. Surface tension force might also be radially outwards and if it is radially outwards then the there is no control that means then the fluid will spontaneously flow on the disc radially outwards there is no need to have actually such a platform because then surface tension will spontaneously drive the flow but you can use it as a control mechanism when the surface tension is opposing the radially outward force. The radially outward force will increase beyond the critical angular speed and it will increase sharply because it will scale with omega square or square of the rotational speed. So beyond the critical rotational speed what will happen the centrifugal force will overcome the surface tension force and at that speed the fluid will start moving. Why are we not bringing the viscous force in that analysis? The reason is simple that the fluid has not yet started moving we are thinking about the forces acting on it and when the fluid has not yet started moving viscous force has no role to play. Viscous force will start playing his role when the fluid has started moving. So we can understand from here that you can use this as a smart bulb the rotational speed can be used as a parameter to control the onset of flow. So you only if you rotate the CD beyond the critical speed then the flow will start and that critical frequency if the speed is omega angular speed then omega is equal to 2 pi f that f is called as frequency and the critical frequency at which the disc starts spinning that is called as burst frequency. So we will try to see we will try to establish that how we can derive an expression for the burst frequency. So the final result is given in the slide but we will try to derive that by a very simple type of analysis. We will try to make more involved analysis as we progress in this particular lecture. So let us say that you have a micro channel whatever channel I mean it is it may not be micro channel you have a channel which is rotating. So there is a big platform and this is say one of the radial channels. So because of the rotation so assume that there is a small fluid element of length dr and width of the or area of the cross section of the channel is A. If it is a of rectangular shape then it is the width into height but let us forget about the shape. Let us say that the cross sectional area of the channel is cross sectional this is A. Now when the disc is spinning there are several forces but we will first discuss about the interplay of the centrifugal force and the surface tension force and then I will discuss that what are the other forces and I will show you technologies where we have utilized the other forces to achieve some task. So in this kind of a situation the let the pressure here be p and the pressure here be p plus p is a function of r only say. So p plus dp basically p plus dp dr into dr okay. So the force is p into a here p plus dp into a. So how do you estimate that what should be this pressure gradient when this disc is spinning? See it is not necessary that you bring the surface tension force in the picture because you have taken a small element where it is expected that on the both sides it will be neutralized. So when you are talking about the pressure distribution what force you should bring in centrifugal force. So it depends on how you are looking into the problem. See let us consider it from the fundamental mechanics point of view okay. So when you are referring to a fundamental mechanics point of view you can consider 2 types of reference frames. One reference frame which is inertial, one reference frame which is non-inertial. So if you are there watching the entire proceedings from an inertial reference frame you will see no force, no question of centrifugal force. What you will simply see? You will simply see that there is an acceleration which is radially inverse which is called as centripetal acceleration. However if you are yourself sitting on the disc which because of its rotation is a non-inertial reference frame you will experience a force which is a pseudo force and that pseudo force is called as centrifugal force. So I mean centrifugal force is one of the examples of such a pseudo force. So if we are so what is the difference between the between the these choices when you are considering the inertia force you can write the equations of static equilibrium by referring to the inertial force as a force. However if you are considering the inertial reference frame then the resultant force will be mass into acceleration. So in other words if you are writing resultant force equal to mass into acceleration that must be from a inertial reference frame and there no question of inertial force. However if you are writing resultant force equal to 0 it is as good as writing resultant force plus minus m into acceleration equal to 0 that minus m into acceleration is the inertial force and here the acceleration is because of the centripetal depends on how do you interpret it if it is it is a centripetal acceleration if you are talking in terms of acceleration. If you are talking in terms of inertial pseudo force by being located on the rotational reference frame then that is manifested in the form of centrifugal force. So let us choose that second path. Yes, yes pressure is in in what is right pressure is in what is right of course. So let us write the inertial force which is so they say this is the radially outward direction. So just to indicate that is inertial force I am drawing an arrow with i across it to mean that is not actually an applied force. It is a pseudo force that is experienced because the observer is is located on a non-inertial reference frame okay. So this is what m omega square r right. So m is rho a dr into omega square r right. So all these forces must be balanced that means p into a minus p plus dp into a minus rho a omega square r dr is equal to 0. So you have this is plus right plus right this plus rho a omega square r dr equal to 0. So that means you have dp dr is equal to rho omega square r. So dp is equal to rho omega square r dr. Let us say that you are interested about a length of a capillary of finite dimension delta r not a infinitesimally small dr but some finite dimension delta r. So let us say that this is 1 this is 2. So from 1 to 2 this is 1 to 2. So delta p is equal to p 2 minus p is equal to rho omega square r 2 square minus r 1 square by 2.  So by rotational force what you are doing? You are actually inducing a pressure gradient. Now if this pressure gradient is sufficient to overcome the pressure gradient due to surface tension then and if the surface tension was opposing the radially outward flow then the fluid will start moving radially outwards. So what is the pressure difference due to surface tension? Sigma cos theta into what is the total force? Sigma cos theta into perimeter right. So in this particular chapter in the slides also I have kept c as the perimeter. But the reason is many times we commonly confuse between the symbols of pressure and perimeter. So this is perimeter but we have used c as the symbol. So this is the force divided by area. So the fluid will start flowing when you have rho omega square delta r into r bar is greater than or equal to sigma cos theta into c by f. Omega is 2 pi f. So omega square is 4 pi square f square. So f is greater than or equal to sigma cos theta c by pi square rho r bar delta r. 4 is also there. 4 then a to the power half. So by this simple formula you can calculate that what is the expected speed at which the fluid will start moving? What is the expected rotational frequency of the disc? This is a very basic design parameter right. You must know that what is the speed at which you should rotate the disc so that the fluid will start moving. Otherwise you cannot do any fluidics with it. If you want to do a fluidics with it, you must first make sure that the fluid moves. And this is the very simple design consideration that can tell you that what is the... So you can see that when the fluid is designed to move radially outward you can see that what is the... So you can see that when the fluid is designed to move radially outwards depending on at what speed you start moving it. And why you want to have micro channels on the CD? You want to have micro channels on the CD because you are trying to utilize an interplay between the pressure differential due to the centrifugal force and the surface tension force. And surface tension is important only over small scales. So that is why you want to have micro channels on a CD. Otherwise you could have ideally had large size channels on the CD. That would have made the fabrication may be easier but that will have the effect of surface tension less and less fail. So what you can do here is that you can make the CD acting like a smart centrifuge. So it is possible that depending on the rotational speed you can start a particular flow on a CD. So let us go to the slide. So that is what we had summarized and the expression for the bars frequency. So you can see here that in the final expression 4 area by perimeter is written as the hydraulic diameter DH. So just an alternative way of expressing the same parameter. Possible applications, biochips I have started with that example that you can use this CD as a platform for medical diagnostics. Nano and micro scale water power systems, diagnostic devices, other optically powered nanomachines in aqueous environments.  So if you make use of the CD as a technological platform I mean there is no limit to which it can be exploited for microfluidics applications. And many of the applications in microfluidics where you can have the CD, I mean the challenge that it gives is that one is a technological challenge and but the other is also scientific pleasure, scientific challenge that the science of fluid flow over such a rotational platform where micro scale forces in addition to inertial force effects may be important. It is a very rare combination that you get. Now question is why do you use CD as a microfluidic platform? First it is biocompatible, biocompatible means you can use it for biological purposes. It is an effective substitute for standard consumables which you use in biological laboratory like slides, micro wells, centrifuge tubes. These are very common consumables that you will find in biotechnological or biomedical applications or even in pathology, pathological diagnostics applications. It is having versatility in handling a wide variety of sample types. So lots of different types of samples can be handled. Non-mechanical valving, ability to get the flow of liquids just by controlling the rotational speed you can use the rotational speed as a valve. So you do not require a mechanical valve to control the flow. Simple rotational motor requirement, the motor that you commonly use for rotating this disc, I mean it can be a simple servo motor. So you can have a very simple motor by which you can rotate it. Economized fabrication method, I will say that this is one of the big, big advantages that I mean after we complete this chapter, we will study the chapter on micro fabrication that how micro channels are fabricated. And we will see that there are many micro fabrication processes which are very sophisticated, but they require expensive environment, expensively maintained environment. On the other hand, this lab on a CD is for making micro channels on a CD, you can use very simple apparatus, low cost apparatus in a very, in a sort of unquote unquote uncontrolled environment. An environment where the level of dust particles is not that strongly controlled. So for that purpose, you can use simple mechanical manufacturing processes. Possibility of performing simultaneous and identical fluidic operations. So this point is like if you have a CD, on a CD you have many channels. So identical but simultaneous operations, on each channel you can do one thing. For example, if you think of a CD with 100 channels, then if you take one blood sample, one small drop of blood, in each of these channels you can make one test. So technically by using one drop of blood, simultaneously with a single rotation of the disc, you can make 100 pathological tests. So that is a very unique advantage of this. So for making the fluid flow through different channels, you do not have to use different actuation. A single actuation will be able to transmit flow in all channels. Features of centrifugal actuation. See the actuation is centrifugal, but once the fluid flow gets actuated, other forces in a rotational platform come into the picture. And I will show what are the other forces which come into the picture. Flow rates ranging from less than 10 nanoliter per second to greater than 100 microliter per second. Pumping is relatively insensitive to physicochemical properties, which I have mentioned that it does not depend on pH ionic strength or chemical composition. In electro-kinetic flows, there are many advantages. But this is one point, I mean this may be actually used as an advantage, but it sometimes very tricky because it is sensitively dependent on the pH of the solution in electro-kinetic flows. But in centrifugal fluidics, you do not require that. Different solvents, surfactants, biological fluids like blood, milk, urine have been pump successfully. Already these have been technologically established. Miniaturization and multiplexing easily implementable. So that means you can make microchannels on the CD quite easily and you can do multiple reactions, you can study multiple reactions on the same CD platform, which is called multiplexing. A whole range of fluidic functions including valving, decanting, calibration, mixing, metering, samples, splitting, separation I mean what and what not can be implemented on the same platform. So it is just like another form of lab on a chip. Instead of the chip, you have the CD and analytical measurements may be electrochemical, fluorescent or absorption based and informatics embedded on the same disk could provide test specific information. So as I told you that just like optics, you can embed informatics on the CD because CD is a natural like data storage type of platform. So if you can use the CD material that you use commonly for external data storage, then you can combine the informatics of the CD with the fluid flow on a rotational platform. So there are tremendous possibilities in these regards. Unfortunately, the picture here is not coming properly, but I will better use this figure, I mean which is showing that how to establish the equations of motion, equations of motion on a CD. So how to write for example Navier-Stokes equation with respect to a platform that is rotating. We have derived Navier-Stokes equation with respect to a platform which is inertial platform. So far that is what we have done. If you recall that the Navier-Stokes equation that we derived in our one of the Aldi lectures or a few of the Aldi lectures, there we did not consider any acceleration of the reference frame. But how do we modify the equation to take care of the acceleration of the reference frame? That is the first thing that we will be doing. So to do that you refer to this sketch, I will reproduce this again in the board. So you have a reference frame capital X, Y, Z, this is inertial. And you have a reference frame small x, y, z which is non-inertial which is accelerating. So there is a vector, this red color vector r is the position vector in small x, y, z. And with respect to capital X, y, z it is capital R and the position vector which demarcates the or which specifies the origin of the small x, y, z coordinate system with respect to the origin of the capital X, y, z coordinate system is r naught. So now even if r is fixed, even if small r is fixed in small x, y, z but small x, y, z is rotating then there will be an acceleration. Why there will be an acceleration? Because you will see that this vector r is continuously changing its direction even if it is fixed. So what we will do is we will try with a generic formulation. We will consider a fixed vector in a moving reference frame. We will consider a fixed vector in a moving or rotational reference frame and we will try to find out the derivative of a fixed vector in a moving reference frame. So we will start with that. Derivative of a fixed vector in a moving reference frame, fixed quote unquote. That means fixed if you see from the moving reference frame. So if you see it on the moving reference frame, you see it as fixed. But if you look from a rotating reference frame, when we say moving reference frame it may be rotating, translating. But if you think of rotation then if there is a vector let us start with a sketch that you have a vector a fixed on the small x, y, z which is a rotating reference frame say. But because of the rotation after some time the a will come here. This is a at t, this is a at t plus delta t. So you can see that although the vector is fixed on small x, y, z but if you see from outside you will see that the orientation of the vector has changed as it is rotating. So over a small time delta t the change in the vector is delta a. Let us say this angle subtended is delta theta. We are thinking of purely rotation. Then if there is translation there is a translational component added. But we are thinking of purely a rotation. So when we say moving basically we are talking about a rotating reference frame. So movement can be moving can be an arbitrary motion. But I mean here this example is specific to rotation. So what is dA dt as you see from capital x, y, z. You know I mean when I am writing in the board with a pen it is I mean sometimes my handwriting may be confusing. So I will tell what is small x, y, z and what is capital x, y, z because it is difficult to distinguish between small and capital when we write in the board. So please be alert about this. So dA dt capital x, y, z is equal to limit as delta t tends to 0 a at t plus delta t minus a at t divided by delta t. So limit as delta t tends to 0 delta a by delta t. Delta a is the green colored vector. You can see that a plus delta a is equal to nu a. So what is this delta a? Delta a is the magnitude of a times delta theta because this delta theta is small. So this is as good as a small arc of a circle with radius of magnitude of a. So you can write this as limit as delta t tends to 0 a delta theta this is the magnitude and what is the direction? Direction is see it is it is the direction which is tangent to a. So let us call it epsilon theta unit tangent vector which is which is tangent to a divided by delta t. So this is a limit delta t tends to 0 delta theta by delta t. What is that? Omega that is the rotational speed epsilon theta. You can write the angular velocity omega as omega into epsilon z. So this is the arc coordinate arc direction. This is theta direction and perpendicular to the plane of the board is z direction. So omega epsilon z epsilon z is unit vector along z. What is a? A epsilon r. What is omega cross a? Omega a epsilon z cross epsilon r. What is that? This is epsilon theta right just like k cross i j. So this is omega cross a. Very important result that if you have a fixed vector in a rotating reference frame then it is dA dt with respect to a inertial reference frame is omega cross a where omega is the angular velocity with respect to the inertial reference frame angular velocity of the small x, y, z or non-inertial reference frame with respect to the capital x, y, z or the inertial reference frame. Now if it so happens if it so happens that a is not fixed that is a is moving in small x, y, z. Why such consideration is important? Think of fluid. If you consider a particle in the fluid that particle is continuously moving in the CD rotation CD reference frame. So you do not you are not actually dealing with a fixed vector but you are dealing with a ready with some vector which may be a position vector that is continuously changing in even with respect to the rotational reference frame.  This takes care of the first term takes care of the derivative with respect to the moving reference frame. So this is derivative of a vector any arbitrary vector a with respect to a fixed or inertial reference frame expressed in terms of that with respect to a moving reference frame. This is known as Chezel's theorem. Let us get back to our scenario of finding the acceleration on the disc.  Let us say this is r0 consider a point on small x, y, z which is r and the resultant of this is capital R. So we can write capital R is equal to r0 plus small r. What is the acceleration with respect to small x, y, z capital x, y, z? First we start with velocity. What is velocity with respect to small x, y, capital x, y, z? dr dt. This is dr0 dt with respect to small x, y, z sorry capital x, y, z plus dr dt capital x, y, z. Now in the experiments with CD you are observing everything with respect to the rotational reference frame. So this term you have to transform in terms of dr dt with respect to small x, y, z. To do that you can use the Chezel's theorem. Replace capital A with small r. So if you replace capital A with small r then this is dr dt with respect to small x, y, z plus omega cross r. Look at this. We have just used this formula. Replace A with small r. Now to get acceleration what we need to do? We need to differentiate it again with respect to time. So A x, y, z this is the acceleration capital x, y, z is equal to so this term differentiated this entire thing with respect to small x, y derivative with respect to small x, y, z plus omega cross this entire thing. So plus, so this is now like capital A. So d dt of this is small x, y, z plus omega cross. So A capital x, y, z is equal to this capital x, y, z plus what is d dt of dr dt small x, y, z this is acceleration with respect to small x, y, z right.  So let us clean it up and write at the top of the board.     So this is the centripetal component of acceleration this is called as the Corioli component of acceleration that means you can see that if there is a translational velocity with respect to a rotational reference frame then there is a component of acceleration and this component of acceleration is not just there in such a small scale system it is there even in a large scale geophysical system because of this ocean currents in the northern hemisphere will move in a certain direction and it will move in the southern hemisphere in another direction. So this is the Corioli component of acceleration. So remember its origin is translation relative to a rotational reference frame and then this is called as Euler component of acceleration angular acceleration, Euler component of acceleration because of angular acceleration force sorry because of angular acceleration of the rotating reference frame. So if the rotating reference frame is rotating with a constant angular velocity this term does not come into the picture. We will discuss more about these terms in the next lecture. Thank you very much.


Good morning. If you are just joining us, this is Why in the Morning only on Channel Y254. Now we have a very special question that may or may not trigger you on social media platforms. But I suggest you just go over there and just answer as honestly as possible. Jutuone nwa pitu na faku hamia at Y254 Facebook, Y254 channel on Twitter, Y254 underscore channel on the gram. My name is Valentine or at Kalamival, but ukitaka tukunita tu smart nani jweni unani mimiunita joseval, okay? And I'll know what to do. Now we are on the health segment of today's show. And we started with a very heated conversation with Bransako one of one on mental health. It may or may not trickle down here, but of importance we'll start with the actual aspect of health.  But before that, let me allow my guests to introduce themselves. Good morning. Good morning. You caught up on the session with Bransako. Yeah, sure. We'll get into that later, but please introduce yourself. Maybe I'll start with you, Sandra. Okay, so my good name is Sandra Maluka. The CEO of Yawanu One. Also the vice chair of mental health, the Vibe. Yes, yes. You can catch me on Instagram at casting Maluka, Facebook as well, LinkedIn as well. Yes, and you also. Good morning, everyone. I'm Jin Omondyamina. Most people refer to me as Amina, actually. I'm one of the founders of Yawanu One and a UIUX designer by profession. Alright, tell me about your profession first before we get to how you found it. Okay, interesting. It's a new profession, actually. It hasn't been there for the past... Let's say the last 10 decades it's when it has grown. UIUX design we come up with experiences that people have when using mobile apps or web apps. So if you say on Instagram when you click on that like button and then it pops up, actually a UIUX designer did something there to play with how you feel when you are using these apps. We get to decide what fonts, what colors we use on the app and also the language that we use is appropriate to what is being displayed. So basically that's UIUX in nature. So you're responsible for that for Facebook? Ya, exactly. It kind of produces some chemicals that make you feel good. It does, it really does. Are you also responsible for the emojis that now instead of just liking you can give care? Ya, exactly. We strive to give people better experiences while using the app. So that they can actually express themselves. You feel good about yourself when using an app. And actually most of it is to direct you to achieve what you want to achieve on the platform. I want to involve Sandra in the next question but it's still directed to you Amina. Have you ever noticed Ushayongelia took it to randomly? You haven't searched it on your phone. Nothing. But the next time you open an app it's giving you suggestions for that particular thought that you have. What's that? That's creepy. Okay, it's not really creepy. It depends on how you view it actually. Because just as I said we strive to give people better experiences. Let's say you're looking for address on Jumia, right? Google will actually store your data that you tried to look for address on Jumia. And Facebook too. We have something called Facebook Pixel which can store your data when you visit a certain site that connected to Facebook. Then this data will be used by Google to display the adverts that come to you. So it makes it easier for you to be able to identify, get the best deals out there. So it depends on how you view it. If we restrict ourselves too much probably it won't be helpful at the end of it all. So it's a feature that kind of helps us get whatever we want. That's impressive. A little bit into my privacy but very impressive. But funny enough you concentrate when installing these apps or Google. Only that probably the script is too long. I agree. So you don't go through it. But you need the app at the end of it all. That's a conversation for another day. Please tell me about what you found it and what it's all about. It's a health checkup campaign. And we want to have this routine among the youth that they go for checkups regularly. We want youth to go for checkups. But the last time we went to checkups, they said, oh, checkup is a baby. Oh, it's a baby. We want to take it to NSG. We want to have it. So we are trying to make it a routine among the youth. Like 20 checkups. We think we have a lot of years. We are curious. So I was born in June 25. I was 15 years old. I was in the 40s, 15 years old. But no, I was born in the 50s. But I look healthy. Why am I going to the hospital? Sikuhoi. Certainly I have a trauma. These are questions I'm asking. I am assuming you get a lot. I look healthy. I'm not in a hospital. It's not expensive. Pia, checkup, that's another reason what we get. I think checkup is expensive. It's not even expensive. For instance our platform, it's only $170 to get you body weight, height. Imagine you are going to get a height.  It's not expensive. It's $170. Nasi zitu na pima, weight, height, that is the BMI, Para mtpissu fama Kwa rei na milipatu na milipatu Pipumpi milipatu na milipatu Umi kama. Anu hansu na kwa Oda Ya Na ui na mkufa Hubu mdipatu kwa Umi na mkufa Tapo Hmu prayer to sort things being thrown about at the blood pressure situations, youth whattsане tvome, my home you may tell me later miku twen India you are thinking in line with most youth thinking that kini talia wa kweni tawati maida. Hauga spliti, 30% slova yaresiyama yaw ahuili kwa kwiye na koroni. Tata kuni kwa hwari matua, kwa curva, kwa nimu. Yaresiyama kwa hwa na oho maido na 5% maida. Nako, yaresiyama, nimi na yaresiyama, hiya uza miteru ki nanapunio kwa hwari maida. That is Venetumika Apa, or the way it took us to the studio. Three of us probably work on one chronic disease and I don't think we want to get there. I don't think if we want to get there because those statistics are scary especially in Africa because of negligence, ignorance has no defense. We'll get old. So we just need to start taking care of ourselves while we are still young because we have big dreams. We have dreams, I have dreams, sandias dreams and for us to be able to achieve this you need to take care of your body to even eat the fruits of your labor. Okay and this is just me again throwing possibly something that you've also had before. No it's not only time. No it's not only time. Kuna ingine ni hereditary. Ineza kwa ni genes, ya family enu.  So ime kupaata, ama diabetes. And you don't know. Nya utajua je kamo jenda check up. So maybe your time sasa umeza kwa old, sasa imeza kujio nyesha. And then you're like sasa, nikom old, so manizima gonjus na nita futa. But no. Kuna tu old na kwa very healthy. Ya, these things could be underlying. Ya, instead of kuzifixai nanda. Where? And I just want to add on that. You said you eat healthy, right? But probably you're visiting social media and you have stress. You are stressed, you have pressure. And those are the kind of things that when your heart blood pressure is up, you can get hypertensive. And when you're hypertensive, probably you can get stroke. So it's not only about eating. You have to look at your health in all aspects, in all angles. Okay, now this is very, I don't want to say amusing, but it's very interesting to me that mental health can now actually connect to your actual health. So there I was in my own business to say, for all I know, I eat right, I exercise once in a while. And then boom, nimenda Instagram, nikona venya ambare na tesa. Amas juni muna nani akfa ni ni, oh my God. Nia zew kujuliza sasa what am I doing with my life. That is a problem. Okay, it can be a problem, it depends with you. Because people have, we experience different things according to mood, according to situations that we are in life. I might have a job but my relationship is not working. Let's say some other person might have all the money and they can't be happy or they can't achieve their dreams. So stress comes at different levels and it's involuntary. Let me say that. You can't really control when you get stressed. That's what I usually tell people. When someone says that being depressed in Ujinga, it is not because it's involuntary. Just as I've said, when you are in it, you won't even know that you are in it. And that is something that we need to create more awareness about. So it's social media and these things, they affect us in ways that we don't know. Me as a UIUX designer, as we develop apps sometimes, we can introduce features that make users want to stay more on the platforms. So you actually know what you are doing? No, actually, it's not with bad intentions. Sometimes you want people to stay more on the platform. It can be a business decision sometimes, but then it can affect people negatively. Not everyone has that self-control. That's why Google is introducing Google WellBean, where you get to monitor screen time. You can set which apps you can use, which times. They are also trying to introduce YouTube for Kids so that they are not traumatized while they are still young. So these are some of the steps that tech companies are taking so that we can be able to come to a situation. We're still on mental health, Sandra. We were talking extensively with Brian Sakwa a few minutes ago, and we're talking about the different kind of pressures that life has. First of all, to me, when I was growing up, I was still growing up. They asked me, this is a way, I was not stressed at all. I was not stressed at all. I was not at the time paying rent. I was not at the time paying rent. So already there's a stigma for when you are certain age, you're not supposed to be even saying you have stress of any kind. That's why I took a bus. How do we take that stigma away? Because clearly people are going through stress even at a certain age. So how do we deal with that? No, we deal with friend first. That is the first thing. Self-esteem. When it comes to mental health, things to do with your own being, you being. We are human beings, we are progressive. We are being. So self-esteem first. Know yourself first. The moment you know yourself, these other things won't pressure you. For instance now, I am in my 20s. I'm a CEO. The same. I'm in my 20s. But I have this life. And then that's what I do. I travel a lot. I have a lot of jobs. But I don't understand it is not yet my time. I don't have any pressure. I don't think about it. I am not even a wife. And all these things. I used to get that a lot. I used to get that a lot. I used to get rents. I used to get stress and all these things. It's because I don't understand. There is a lot of pressure. There is a lot of pressure. In every age, in every group, in every season, in every age, there is a lot of pressure. For instance, there is a high school. There is a lot of pressure. There is a lot of pressure. There is a lot of pressure. There is a lot of pressure. So it's... You are under by knowing yourself. Yes. I'm really glad you touched on that. Yesterday I had a guest. His name is Joffy. He's a motivational speaker. So he's been in high school. He'll be going to especially girls high schools. He has teenage girls himself. So he knows what to tell these girls. I'm like, what do you guys talk about? I'm like dating. I'm like, what exactly do you say? I'm like, no. Just have self-esteem. Learn to love yourself. Having a boyfriend is okay. I'm like, you say what? Having a boyfriend is okay. Where that version of mother is not available in your country? Why are you going to come here? Why are you going to come here? Why are you going to come here? Why are you going to come here? Why are you going to come here? Why are you going to come here? What are you going to do? Why are you going to come here? So clearly our generations are so different. How can we find a way to speak life into them but also understand that yes we went to the same things but they dealt with us a bit different. How do we bridge that? Okay. We are in an era where we have access to almost all information.  And now that you can get our parents never had that. I don't think in the era they didn't have the internet to look for things. That was mobile phone. Yeah, exactly. And they never experienced the western culture the way we experience in it because we see it every day.  This is how you should live your life. And that brings in a lot of pressure. So it's actually up to us to actually talk to our parents and the elder people so that we can bridge the gap both of us. I understand that some of them can be difficult because there's so much enrooted into what they believe in. The statistics has it that within the generation that we are in the rate at which people get divorced is so high. Why? Because the culture is eroding. Kichambo, when your parents had problems they would fix it, probably they would go and visit them. Their parents would meet and talk. And nowadays we have Kamu Stay. So if you have Kamu Stay, I don't think how will your parents even recognize your marriage to even start negotiating.  It has come strong and we shall revisit that. We men are really struggling and that's here again. We are really struggling to cope. It's not necessarily a bad thing for a girl to be able to support themselves but then you also need to have an understanding that that relationship is also important, understanding each other. So if we can be able to sit down and get an understanding that you know what, these men that we have we can actually support each other I think that can also bring another understanding and that can bring that element of culture also. If you have an understanding you'll adhere to culture and if you adhere to culture probably you'll be able to solve most of the issues that you are experiencing. And that's where we have a gap between us and our parents, the culture that is eroding. I was under to revisit your Storina empowerment because I have questions, I have follow up questions. I feel like a long time ago female empowerment or girls' empowerment was very fitted for the people in very remote areas like sanitary towers. When your time when it's time to have your men's is it was very cave like, cave man like. So I feel like it started there. I don't know how it ended up affecting the boy child to the fact that now they are intimidated by us. I really don't understand that out of five gentlemen only possibly two of them will not be afraid of you. The rest will not be afraid of you. I don't know what happened in between I think it came very innocently. We're just trying to enable someone to go to school even when they're having the menses, we're trying to stop female genital mutilation, we're trying to stop early marriages, early first marriages that's what it was then. How has it become now an issue? So I think up on the and then now since we were having kum kukwa ilezileza najwa ni ni yes we can muna ni waotu na na fanya that is why we have conductors waatu engini niwa mama waatu waandu ziwa nani ini niwa mama nani ini niwa mama mama azein lila erezeziralkuwa nani za bue chalde unapata uz nususi to shende jiarafo dani like when I wasicaol aya came as leadership for an instant dan bee없이 wana �ome now we have ladies, I am a leader no I am and I am a lady and I have my solution Even older than me Uw dichti uabu na kugoka emaku照hisha when she came over to Dance We are doing it now. That is what may be in our fanya. Confirm? It's rooted in our DNA as men. We are born leaders actually. And when you see someone, the other gender like thriving, it's not normal to you. It's a new space to you. People adapt differently. And some men can find it intimidating actually. Because let's say for example, we grew up, you saw your dad doing everything, buying food. Your mom was always there cleaning, cooking, and making sure that you guys go to church. And then you grow up and things are different. You find that now your wife is even earning more than you. And she's not in the house every time. Anakuja leti. Ya, exactly. In your mind you used to think that, ok, my wife will be coming home, cooking for me. And I come home, I find we have food. But ya, you come home then. Ya wife, ya mikuja na chakula kif, see you or something. Because they are busy. It has its positives, girl empowerment, it also has its negatives. Because at times ladies can get ahead of themselves. Not all, but I believe when some of them get ahead of themselves, it tends to bring in some friction. But then if we can have an understanding, I think we can solve everything. I'm not saying that girls are bad or women are important. We also have men who are rigid. We have new terms. We have referred to people as modern woman, modern man. And the true definition of a modern woman is to understand that relationship is also important. And whatever we earn, whatever positions we have, they are just to help us achieve what we want to achieve in a relationship. At the end of it all, your relationship is what matters. Ya, you don't want to grow old, you don't have children to play around with. You don't want to get to that point where I would judge a kid too. I don't talk to people who have grown up, that can be one of your legacies. Ya, you might give birth to a president or someone special. Okay, in regard to Jandal, who do you think is more likely to go for health checkups? Is it the females or the males? And possibly why? That's a good thing. Why? Women, they are kind of, they want to get it, like they put the whole family together. Ya, they hold, if you look at a family where people go to church, it's usually the mothers. They take care of the children, so they kind of care about health. They also experience their cycles. So that's also a big factor. Ya, for us men, we don't experience most of these things. Ya, kwa kwa kwa. Ya, kwa kwa. Ya, and then, like, it's more enruta than women, so they are most likely, they are the most likely to go to have their checkups than men. But that is something that we want to bring to their attention, because health checkup is important. And you don't want to grow old, kwa se kwa chiv dreams, na you can't enjoy it. Na you're spending it all on bills. Ya, and it would have spent, let's say for example, the platform that we have, checkups, we've made it basic because we want it to be affordable and accessible to everyone. When I mean accessible, we have agents, you can work into any chemist or pharmacy, kupime, BMI, blood pressure, blood glucose, and those are some of the basic checkups that you can do. And it will actually tell you if there are other underlying issues. Then we have also the thing we called Reminders. Ya, when you sign up to our platform, you can get reminders because you don't get to see who's house and that's one thing we are trying to advocate for. We remind you when to have your next checkup. And in terms of affordability, we are trying to be affordable. Ya, it is. It's cheaper than onga as we are speaking. Ya, exactly. Sanda, I won't wait for you to ask me a question. At WhiteFive on Facebook, Y254 channel on Twitter, Y254 underscore channel on the grand hashtag of the day is one morning. We are asking you a very simple question although it may trigger you small, but please do answer as honest as you can. And then we will get to you in a little bit. Ya, suza. My thoughts have been disarranged. Alright, first of all from the ground, they are asking how to... Ah, umesimabeya skari. Now producer, look, I am talking to you and they cannot see you. I am introducing someone you cannot see to the scene. I am so sorry. Ah, wow. Alright. Ya, na ulezabeya skari kweno ni how much? Ula klaga skari. Kwa hani? Hani babes. You had, ya. You had, ya. Ya, ya. Ya. Go ahead. Alright. How easy is it to... I want to say without going for a checkup, how easy is it for me to know that something is wrong with my body? Let's say I am very sensitive like that. I want to know if something is wrong with my body. I want to know if something is wrong with my body. We are self-diagnosed a lot. Go go first of all. Once I had, nili nili I must cure too. More than I should have, na kukakitu. Nili jwa bass. I have raptured something in my ear.  So I am quite sure a lot of us self-diagnosed a lot. So how easy is it? You are self-diagnosed. You know what? You are self-diagnosed a lot. Like I said many times maybe I will get it. I have high chances of getting it out of my mind. But I am normal. Ya, I am ninja. Ya, I am in school of Zuri. I have a camera, I have a panadol. I am sure I will get it. But you see now I have something else. Ya, I am up here story of weight and height. I am sure I will get it. I am sure I will get it. Possibly. Underweight and overweight. I will get it. Nona. Was it the BBC? On how it is I thought it was very ridiculous actually because Africa is known, our continent is known for its nutrition or lack of lack of lack of but now they are introducing something called obesity into the picture that we are almost there into the bracket of concern for obesity. First of all what is obesity? Nasi kuna na tu Musi semeni head space ju ni kuna Taya more than one. What is obesity exactly? Yes.  Niza pata na mutua na nona niko tu sawa. Daki ni mombia kimbe tu kido go Knoins business and also also a common misconception is just because when mndo go kwa mimi to seme because I am tiny honestly if you see me in person that instantly that means I am fit but I am mimi wukini and maybe from here to there I will have a very big problem So kuna misconceptions all over the place So tuangali we too and actually just to add we have BMI body mass index and this is what we use to determine if you are underweight overweight or obese and it usually ranges between 18 to 25 past 25 30 you are getting overweight The reason why we need checkups is because you can't tell if it's under my sema Like you can just say this person is fit or not fit. Someone might be lean but they are lean on muscles and someone might be but they are lean on fats The reason why it's important we create awareness because for us don't just take your BMI for what it is and you don't just when you do your checkup we don't just measure your BMI alone we have to factor in the blood sugar blood pressure and also we measure your waist those kind of things so that we can also tell the amount of fat percentage Is it more than 11% or less than 11% So that's when we call it a full checkup So you can't just pima wait pile one 16 next time Pima wait Pima wait Ya exactly So I think most people will agree that it's not that won't tell you the whole story You also need to know the percentage of fat in your body and you also have to put them together with the blood sugar blood pressure so that you have the general checkup you'll have the true sense of what's going on in your body Ya, without that you're gazing Ya And you might be guessing very wrongly kama suji wrongly niwa but you might be doing it very off So we've talked about lifestyle we've talked about mental health and how it kind of marries into health How does tech affect our health checkups or just health in general That's a good question We are in an area where tech has given us so much that we can take advantage of to better our lives as much as it has some negative effects but we can actually use it to our advantage Let's say for example we have chat GPT which has been developed using open AI It actually passed a test where most medics would fail and it's been trained You talk about you when you're sick you go online kisha kikuuma na maybe tumbe kikuume but apart are signs of cancer and now you start paniking and you start paniking Those were some of the shortcomings of tech before but now with machine learning machines can learn just like human beings and they can do things better Mentioning that here in Africa probably we are slow in adapting tech We have many different fields in tech like cybersecurity UIUX Not all companies have embraced these things and we can take advantage of them So let's say for example the platform that we are developing Most people they don't have smartphones but they have phone numbers that's the beauty of it all We just make sure that someone registers on the platform and they'll be reminded via SMS because no one will check email in Africa Do you check your emails? No you do actually It means your job is it requires you to check but most people actually they don't So we decided we can leverage on SMS or WhatsApp to be reminding people on when to do the next check up because even SMS nowadays we don't have 149 messages but on WhatsApp but on WhatsApp you're always there it's like adrenaline so we try and leverage on that we use WhatsApp to send you reminders on when to do your next check up and from our research you also believe that Kama mutuana WhatsApp most probably you are talking on messages on WhatsApp you get reminders via SMS and then another thing we're also able to come up with the platform so we can actually do a study on how your health is progressing let's say I'll use a case of our platform when you go for check up we actually record your vitals every time so we are able to study the trend and why is this trend important we said 25 year overweight 30 euro base maybe blood sugars when it reaches 5.6 more for something then maybe there is a problem so we are able to know that you are nearing that threshold you are nearly crossing that border to be either hypertensive or diabetic so we take, we are able to study your health and notify you ma perma that you know what you need to control you need to take control of this maybe probably check on your diet because of BMI and actually we can sign up nutritionist on the platform and they are able to let's say give their services online so it's easier than ever before it's accessible you can consult online so those are some of the ways you can leverage and take literally at the touch of a button you are going to save my life exactly just by having that data on the system and us studying it we are able to know that you are headed in the wrong direction let's say your BMI today is 22 after 2 months it's 23 then the next 2 months it's 24 you haven't gotten to 25 but something is wrong somewhere it's growing at a very fast high rate so you need to do something about it so tech can actually do that because we have to if I'm coming to be underweight while I was okay there's also something wrong you might be working out and you're getting fit so we can't assume but then it's with tech we are able to know it's just to alert you to make you know how that something might be wrong now it's up to the experts to take over from that analysis that the system has done or the computer has done alright Sanda I think as we are running this up I'll ask you a question I think is important to females out there good morning I hope stash out yam too with my next question I'll just be being very concerned for our livelihoods and well-being tuniaza tumia pesaya kubaiwe tuniaza tumia pesaya skin care products what I see over here your skin is flawless tumia suji pesaya kukavizuri but atu takiku tumia pesaya kujeka should I do it again? do yourself niazu na social media na whatever simbaya not bad at all but you see the problem is ila priority misia me make come on make a priority akwa ni kwenakupilanga kfc mind it to mind it akuna spinach apokatikati akuna kuna call slow ni choice at the end of the day ni choice at the end of the day so what I can say is priority what comes first is it wig amachekap tosa watu ato rale kitesanku kula kersi once in a while akuna je utesesahi nona chari sita apo akuna je utesesaya lafutia ni ashtunu nisa nabailalia ndanga that hit close to hall na alilah matye stu na kwen explanation we check up priority like health is wealth first priority kusikakata fifindifint cleanse us in the face Buddhist inksile nai inksile non tukiata outsid Ute hanga nganga pupo atawana esu tafumimepa kwe kapuna but tumitola wangala kwenu kwa ukasawa kwenu We have a very, very good time today. It's a very important culture. How can we advocate for health check-up culture amongst our society? It starts with us youths. Youths we are trendy. We trend on TikTok, we trend on IG, everywhere. So it's up to us youths to create awareness. We want to change the culture. Do you know what this thing is cheap? It's affordable, not cheap. It's affordable and it's accessible. But just doing collaborations with clinics and chemists. Naju kenda nyumbani. How many clinics do you meet? You come across many of them. So if we can actually have an agreement with them to act as an agent to be able to do check-ups for people at 170 Bob and then that will actually change the culture. And even for them it's important because here's an hospital. Would you rather have like 10k sure check-ups per month or you treat 10 people with diabetes? So if you do let's say the March 10k times 170, that's 1.7 million. These other one, let's say 50 people in your kuna diabetes, they only give you 5,000. So we just need to shift our energy to more positive things. Like hospitals we do more check-ups so that we kind of lower the rate at which people are being get affected by these things. And they'll still be able to earn, they'll still be able to do their jobs only that they're focusing their energy on positive stuff doing check-up preventive measures than key worrying. So that's the mentality that you want to instill. You guys should have influencers on it. Ya. Influencers on it. Atanis yung evo but you should have influencers on it. Any last words Sandra before you wrap this up? We have a game in itwa Afia Lupa's league. We had a game very easy. Imagine to me kaboel tu ala fukandu opali wuna rusa wimodili inga kwando. Visit our social media platforms afiawanowind.co.ke utapata everything there. So come on we play and you'd like to register. And come on we take a look at what is this Afia Lupa's league. You never know. Nyotayapu eleza kwandu yukio. So it's just a small game that we are trying to create awareness with because you see youth going up in that, you know, games, entertainment and all these things. Ya. And they said Jack without play makes... Adalpo. Ya. Makes Jack Adalpo. So ya. In as much as we are campaigning for health PM Cheswani fitness. Ya. Kukuza urukeruke. Ya. Uki skiau na umo wuna juan. Ya. Not fit enough. Kiyo adogo. Kukaka kwa nyu mbe li kwa very difficult thing. Like atuna ashwa atuna kaja kwa nyu mba how, doing what, doing although di kwa mdogo TV badoka li kwa nakahaga po. In a get home when you touch it. But now it's like complete opposite. Everyone stay at home and use all their gadgets. All at the same time. And watch TV kwa kwa simu badoka kwa tabu badu. But anyway. Your last remarks, Amina. Wow. I'm so impressed with the reception that we've got as Afiwa Noa. The youths that we've interacted with are actually embracing what we are doing. And they are starting to see the importance. And I'd like to add the other youths that didn't know what we do. They can visit afiwanoa.co.ke. We get to learn about what we are doing and join the bandwagon. Not a bad one. But yeah, join the bandwagon so that we can actually make sure that our generation we get to live to achieve our dreams. Yeah, we get to enjoy and be part of this revolutionary era where we are coming up with interesting things like machine learning. Kilom to attack when there is mass. So mass can attack like a mass. You'll only get that if you do checkups and you're able to take care of yourself. So join us Afiwa Noa so that we can push this good narrative. You cannot add or take away from that. So all I'll do is tell you to keep it wide to 5.4. Add to 5.4 on Facebook, wide to 5.4 channel on Twitter. Hashtag other days. White in the morning. Brian Soko 101 is coming up next. You don't want to miss that.


Hi everyone, Mark is about to close Tiger Financial News Network 4 p.m. Update, Basel Chapman here and we're looking at the Dow down 35 points at $35,259 and what a big move it's had over the last three sessions. It made a slightly higher high than Friday. It went to $35,327. It looks very much like it's going to try to get real close to the all-time high, maybe this week. The weekly chart has started to improve as well and the monthly chart has a peak D. It's just it bumped up against that inside track repellent zone and pulled back but it's trying to climb back. So the key support now is between $35,000 and $35,800 if there's any sudden turn down. S&P, the S&P 500 is trading right now at $44.86.39 up 15 points. That was a lovely move. Look at this. It comes from the 43-40s. Boom! All the way to $44.86. This is an incredible move. A nice one-to-one to the upside and now we're going to be able to extend that and it says that this is leg C. It should go to a D because the technicals are improving. So the key support is at $44.50 right now but if it's able to touch $4,500 in the next two days that'll be a big positive especially for the weekly chart. The QQQs are the laggards but they are having a good session here of $376.00 at $372.00. Can they continue that? That's going to be the issue. Is it a matter of having a rotation where the Dow is starting to lead and the S&P is next and the QQs are really lagging together with the Russell 2000? We're going to find that in the next few days. $368.99 say $367.00 is key support short-term and certainly in the $375.00 area that'll be really good action. We're also looking at the IWM, the Russell 2000, ETF trading vehicle. It's really struggling here. It's just gone sideways. What is interesting is gold is trying to claw its way back into that $17.64. If we can touch the $17.75, $17.80 area in the next two days that'll be a good sign. You don't really want to see it back in the $17.45 because the Dow so far is holding okay. It's not great but it's up near the recovery high at $93.94. What's going to be very important here is the Crudel. It looks to me from a visual standpoint that this leg D in the Crudel is suggesting there could be a little bit of a pullback here and that might just help some areas. We'll see what happens. This is Balzerchappen signing off. Have a wonderful day. Don't forget, Tommy Jr. starts us off 9am in the morning. Fabulous show with a great program all the way through. Check out my webinar coming up tomorrow at 4pm on the front page of TFN. Have a wonderful evening. See you tomorrow.