As Salaamu Alaykum, welcome to lecture number 40 of the course on statistics and probability. Students you will recall that in the last lecture I discussed with you the t distribution, a very important distribution in the theory of statistical inference and having discussed its basic properties we applied it to internal estimation regarding mu. In today's lecture we will be proceeding with the application of the t distribution regarding hypothesis testing and also interval estimation not only for mu, but for mu 1 minus mu 2. Going back to what I said last time, students you will remember that in one particular situation the Z statistic is no longer valid and we should apply the t test or the t statistic and what is that situation? The parent population should be normally distributed, the sample size is small and the standard deviation of the population is unknown and this is the situation where we apply the t statistic. And what was the formula for the confidence interval for mu students? As you now see on the screen, the formula is x bar plus minus t alpha by 2 at n minus 1 degrees of freedom s over square root of n, where s itself is defined as the square root of sigma x minus x bar whole square over n minus 1. I.e. Arge subse pehle, let us consider hypothesis testing regarding mu in this particular situation when our parent population from which the sample is drawn that is normal and the population variances are known and the sample size is small. Let me try to explain this with the help of an example. As you now see on the slide, just as human height is approximately normally distributed, we can expect the heights of animals of any particular species to be normally distributed as well. Suppose that for the past 5 years, a zoologist has been involved in an extensive research project regarding the animals of one particular species. Based on his research experience, the zoologist believes that the average height of the animals of this particular species is 66 centimeters. He selects a random sample of 10 animals of this particular species and upon measuring their heights, the following data is obtained 63, 63, 66, 67 and so on. In the light of these data, test the hypothesis that the mean height of the animals of this particular species is 66 centimeters. We will approach this problem in exactly the same way as we have been doing before. That this is going to be a two-tailed test. Why? Because our null hypothesis will obviously be that mu is equal to 66 and the alternative will be that mu is not equal to 66. Obviously, if we are saying that it is not equal to 66, then there are both possibilities that either it is less than 66 or it is more than 66, so it will be a two-tailed test. The second step is the level of significance and as before, we can set it to be 0.055 percent level of significance. And what is the third step students? The test statistic as you now see on the screen. The test statistic to be used in this particular situation is x bar minus mu over s over square root of n and s is the one in which the denominator is not n, but n minus 1 as explained earlier. Students, you remember that last time I discussed this in detail with you that if parent population is normally distributed or you draw a sample from it, which is not of a large size and after you draw the sample, you find x bar and s. After that, the next thing is that if there is not one sample of this type, but all possible samples, that is, crore-ha samples, then for every sample, x bar or s. And then I said to you that the quantity x bar minus mu over s over square root of n, this type of quantities will also be crore-ha, and whatever hypothesized value we have, we will keep that. And you will recall that I said to you that it has been mathematically proved that this quantity follows the t distribution having n minus 1 degrees of freedom. I have repeated all these things in your mind that we use this formula in any particular situation. The mathematical background of this formula is why we are using it, it does not come out of the air. Now that we are confident that this is the formula to be used, because in this situation, our three conditions are being fulfilled, because we are talking about heights, so we know that heights should be approximately normally distributed. Sigma is unknown because all the animals of that particular species, we did not control all the animals, we just have a sample. So, because all the animals have not been measured, so sigma is unknown, and the sample size actually that we have selected in this problem, it is only 10, we have controlled only 10 animals and measured their heights. So, you see that all three conditions have been fulfilled and that is why I am going to use this particular statistic. The fourth step of course is to compute the statistic and as you now see on the screen, the x values are 63, 63, 66 and so on and when we add them, the sum is 678, also when we take the square of every value and add these squares, we obtain 46,050. Substituting these values in the formulae of x bar and s square, students we obtain the sample mean as 67.8 centimeters and the sample variance comes out to be 9.0667, so that when we take the square root, the sample standard deviation comes out to be 3.01 centimeter. Substituting these values in the formula of t, students we obtain t is equal to 1.89 and please do note once again that instead of mu, we have put the number 66, which is exactly what we hypothesized as the mean height of the animals of this particular species. What is the next step? Of course, it is to determine the critical region or you remember that this is a two-tailed test therefore, half of the level of significance to be taken on the right hand side and half on the left hand side and what is the procedure? You remember that t table, I have introduced last lecture and you noticed that in the very first column you have the degrees of freedom and in the top row you have the values of the areas that you would like to have to the right of the t value that you would like to determine. So, what was the definition of that? That you would be looking against n minus 1 degrees of freedom under alpha by 2 if it is a two-tailed test. So, as you now see on the screen in this problem there are 10 values and therefore, we have to use 9 degrees of freedom n minus 1 being equal to 9. Therefore, when we look against 9 under the value 0.025 students, we obtain t equal to 2.262 and as you see in the diagram in front of you since this is a two-tailed test therefore, the critical value on the right tail is plus 2.262 whereas, the critical value on the left tail will obviously be minus 2.262 because as explained in the last lecture the t distribution is absolutely symmetric around 0. And what is the last step? Of course, the conclusion in this problem as you just noted t is equal to 1.89. Our t value i that is 1.89 and obviously, it is very much in the acceptance region. Therefore, students we will accept the null hypothesis, we have no reason to reject it and we can say that the researchers claim or his idea about the mean height of the animals of this particular species seems to be supported and justified by this data. All right, students now that we have applied the t distribution to inference regarding one single population mean mu, why do we not proceed to the application of the t distribution in the case of two populations whose means we are wanting to compare mu 1 and mu 2. So, we will proceed to hypothesis testing regarding mu 1 minus mu 2. Let us start the first one with the help of an example as you now see on the slide. Record company executive is interested in estimating the difference in the average play length of songs pertaining to pop music and semi-classical music. To do so, he randomly selects 10 semi-classical songs and 9 pop songs. The play lengths in minutes of the selected songs are listed in the following table. For the semi-classical music, we have 3.80, 3.30, 3.43 and so on minutes whereas for the pop music songs, the play lengths are 3.88, 4.13, 4.11 and so on minutes. We would like to calculate a 99 percent confidence interval to estimate the difference in the population means for these two types of recordings. You have seen students, this is a very interesting problem, very musical. We would like to see that the play lengths, the time duration for the songs are more than semi-classical songs or pop music. This person has decided to do a statistical analysis which is one of the most wonderful. He has drawn random samples from the pop songs and noted their time durations. And on the basis of this data, now we are wanting to construct a 99 percent confidence interval for mu 1 minus mu 2. And what does mu 1 minus mu 2 represent? As we indicated last time, obviously we need to first identify what will subscript 1 stand for and what will subscript 2 stand for? As we said last time, students, this is up to you. You can say semi-classical 1 or pop music 1. So suppose that in this particular problem we decide that we are going to use subscript 1 for semi-classical music and subscript 2 for pop music. Now the level of confidence students is 99 percent, a fairly high level of confidence. So, they want to adopt this estimation procedure with a higher probability. Then the next question is obviously what is the formula for the confidence interval for mu 1 minus mu 2? Or what is mu 1 minus mu 2? The mean time for the semi-classical music minus the mean time for the pop music. That means for both the types of music, the play length, the time duration, the difference is on the average. The formula as you now see on the screen x 1 bar minus x 2 bar plus minus t alpha by 2 n 1 plus n 2 minus 2 degrees of freedom multiplied by s p into the square root of 1 over n 1 plus 1 over n 2. Students, you must have started to get confused again. But just see that the pattern is so similar to the one that we had last time. When we talked about mu, then what was our formula? x bar plus minus t alpha by 2 n minus 1 degrees of freedom into s over square root of n. And now, because we are talking about the difference of two things instead of x bar. So, we have x 1 bar minus x 2 bar. After that, like before, plus minus t alpha by 2 with so and so degrees of freedom. And before that, it replaces the s over square root of n over n. That means that it is exactly the same fundamental pattern. If you understand these things, then believe me you will not have a problem. If I would like to apply this formula, first of all let me compute all these quantities. So, as you now see on the screen, for the semi classical music, the total number of observations is 10. Adding them and dividing by 10, we get x 1 bar equal to 3.465. Also, computing the standard deviation by the formula in which the denominator is 9 and not 10, we obtain s 1 is equal to 0.3575. Similarly, for pop music, the number of observations is 9. Adding them and dividing by 9, x 2 bar comes out to be 4.064 and s 2 comes out to be 0.2417. Now, the weighted mean of s 1 square and s 2 square gives us s p square, which we call as pooled variance.  And it is obvious that we can write in this way that in the denominator we have n 1 plus n 2 minus 2. Students, I have just presented this formula for s p square. You have seen that this is exactly what I said last time. It is very similar. You will remember that when we were computing the PC hat, it was n 1 b 1 hat plus n 2 b 2 hat over n 1 plus n 2. That means, the basic formula of weighted mean is w 1 x 1 plus w 2 x 2 over w 1 plus w 2. This is exactly what we have seen at this time. It is just that n 1 minus 1 and n 2 minus 1 are acting as the weights.  Now, the next question is that the basic formula of the confidence interval formula. Why are we going to look at the t value against n 1 plus n 2 minus 2 degrees of freedom? See, this is the same number which is coming in the denominator of this pooled variance. As I said, what is the denominator of pooled variance? n 1 minus 1 plus n 2 minus 1. Or we will write it in short, n 1 plus n 2 minus 2. So, this number acts as the degrees of freedom of the t distribution that you have to follow in this case. Now, the thing is that in reality, for everything, we can go into the detailed mathematical logic and we can do the mathematical derivation. But I am in this course because I want to emphasize more on the derivations, applications or concepts. So, I will just say that you should note that the interval that we made last time for that empty mu, what was it? x bar plus minus t alpha by 2 n minus 1 degrees of freedom and multiplied by s over square root of n. So, the n minus 1 degrees of freedom there was also the denominator of that s square which we were using at that time. Small s square given by sigma x minus x bar whole square over n minus 1. So, to remember this, this is the easiest way to remember that the variance sample variance we are using, the denominator of that is our t distribution, vote distribution is our statistic is following that particular t distribution which has that many degrees of freedom. So, applying this now in this particular problem, here our variance pooled variance or this may our denominator n 1 plus n 2 minus 2. So, then value canically students n 1 is equal to 10. So, substituting these two values in this expression, what do we obtain? 10 plus 9 minus 2 and that is equal to 17. Lehaaza, we will have to look in the t table. So, we have to look in the t table against 17 degrees of freedom. So, as you now see on the screen, if we look in the t table against 17 degrees of freedom under 0.005, we obtain 2.898. Students, why did I say we have to look under 0.005? You remember, case problem may our level of confidence 95 percent, but 99 percent. And if we are keeping 99 percent area in the middle, then obviously half a percent in the left tail, half a percent in the right tail. That is only half a percent and half a percent obviously means 0.005. Now that we have the t value and we have the pooled variance and we have n 1, n 2, x 1 and x 2 bar, I think we are ready to finally construct our confidence interval. And as you now see on the slide, the 99 percent confidence interval for mu 1 minus mu 2 on substituting all these values that we have comes out to be minus 0.188. Students, you can interpret this confidence interval. You can say that on the basis of the semi-classical music, the duration on the average is more compared to the pop music or you can say that it is over. You remember, subscript 1 stands for semi-classical music subscript 2 stands for pop music or mu 1 minus mu 2 ki. Or answer our result that is negative. That on the average, the semi-classical music songs are of less time duration as compared with the pop music. And how much is that difference? Us ke liye you have just constructed the confidence interval. And since our unit was in minutes, lehaza ye jo answer hai, isse bhi aap minutes mehi interpret karenge. If you now have a look at the interval again, it is minus 1.010 to minus 0.188, to agar aap uski ek extreme dekhain. To agar aap uski ek extreme dekhain, to wo hai minus 1.01 minutes agar minus ko chhorein.  Aur agar dosri extreme pe chale jain aur uski absolute value ko dekhain, to 0.188 ya 0.19 minutes ki baath ho rahe. To goya hum ye karenge, ye jo difference hai, time difference, ye on the average, yani mean difference jo hai, that is in this range. Students, aap aap ek bohat ahem point note karenge. Main aap se ye kaha tha, ke T statistic us situation meh valid here. When the parent population is normal, the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small. Aur ye sari baathin us case meh, when you have one population and you are drawing one sample from it. Abhi abhi hum ne jo kuch kia usme to humare pas doh populations hai na. To ye jo bunyadi sharaith hai, they will be applied in this case also iss tara se ke hum ye karenge agar humare dohno populations normally distributed ho, unke variances unknown ho aur aap ke jo sample size jo aap ne doh sample draw kiye wo agar small samples ho, then you will be applying this formula. But what I have just said is not complete until I add one more very important statement. In the case of two normally distributed populations, if we are drawing small samples, if the population variances are unknown but equal, then students we apply the formula that we just applied. Yani iss meh ye addition hai ke wo jo population variances unknown hai na, although they are unknown, but we have reason to believe that they are not going to be different from each other and we assume that they are equal. To wo jo common unknown population variance sigma square hai usse ko hum estimate karte hai by computing, estimate the number of samples in the sample variance. Aur ye jo abhi hum karethe problem of the semi classical music and the pop music students, iss meh the time duration of the song, ye hai humara variable of interest aur agar aap goaar karen to I think you will agree that made be classical music, semi classical made be pop. Aap socheenge ke agar hum unke time durations ko record karen of all the songs of that type aur uss date ka histogram draw karen, to it will be approximately normal. Why? Because most of the songs will have a time duration close to mu 1 in the case of semi classical music and close to mu 2 in case of pop music. Zyada tar jo songs hote hain unki duration to takriban utni hi hoti hai na jo uski average duration banti hain. To aap ki jo distribution hain uska jo hump hai that lies in the middle. Thore se songs aise honge jin ki time duration come hain. And so in the tails your frequencies will fall and this will happen in a more or less balanced manner and then you can assume that these populations of time durations of the songs are normally distributed. Now that we have done the construction and the interpretation of the conference interval for mu 1 minus mu 2 students, let us proceed to hypothesis testing regarding mu 1 minus mu 2. According to the example that we now have on the screen, from an area planted in one variety of a rubber producing plant, 54 plants were selected at random, of these 15 were off types and 12 were aberrant. Rubber percentages for these plants were for the off types 6.21, 5.70, 6.60, 6.60 and so on and for the aberrants 4.28, 7.71, 6.48 and so on. Test the hypothesis that the mean rubber percentage of the aberrants is at least 1 percent more than the mean rubber percentage of the off types. Assume that the populations of rubber percentages are approximately normal and they have equal variances. Students, to case problem apir though populations involved hain, the population of all the rubber plants of the off type and the population of all the rubber plants of the aberrant type, then of course we need subscript 1 for one of the two populations and subscript 2 for the other. So, suppose that we say that we have subscript 1 for the aberrants and subscript 2 for the off types. Then our null hypothesis Cabaniga and what will be the alternative according to our problem as you now see on the screen. In this case H naught is written as mu 1 minus mu 2 is greater than or equal to 1 and H 1 mu 1 minus mu 2 is less than 1. Students, I is that I should be working. Our question is that, we test that the mean rubber percentage of the aberrant type is at least 1 percent more than the mean rubber percentage of the off types. So, this means that the difference in the means that has to be greater than or equal to 1, 1 percent which I have said. So, students here you are not confused that you think that now this percent means that we are not talking about mu, but we are talking about P. I know it is a bit confusing. For the first time, there is some confusion that we are going to talk about P or mu, but you interpret it in such a way that the rubber removed from the plants comes out in a mix, and that mix is measured in percentage form. So, our unit is in this case percentages of rubber. So, that is our unit. What we are going to test is average type of the aberrant type or off type. So, on the average, how much is the average type? We will say it in common words. So, when the average color is said, then it is obvious that we are talking about mu. And I repeat that we said that we want to test that the type of the aberrant type on the average, 1 percent is more compared with the off type. So, the null hypothesis will be that mu 1 minus mu 2, the difference of the two means is greater than or equal to 1. At least 1. And then it is obvious that the average type the alternative will be that mu 1 minus mu 2 is less than 1. Yad hena hamesha wo hypothesis null mein place kia jaan chahi the 1 which has the equal sign. What is the next step? The level of significance, the probability of committing type 1 error, the probability of rejecting H naught when it is actually true or agar hamuse 0.05 rakhene then students will my critical region lie in the left tail or will it be lying on the right tail? You remember last time I explained to you that you always look at the sign that you have in the alternative to decide about the critical region. Our alternative is that mu 1 minus mu 2 is less than 1. So, less than sign ki wajah se the critical region is going to fall in the left tail. And if the level of significance is 5 percent, then I will have the entire 5 percent area in the left tail to the left of my critical value. Z to hai nahi it is the t distribution having in this case again n 1 plus n 2 minus 2 degrees of freedom. So, I will be looking at the t table for 12 plus 15 minus 2 that is 27 minus 2 that is 25 degrees of freedom. Let us consider the formula which is the test statistic which is going to enable us to test this particular hypothesis. As you now see on the slide the test statistic for this situation is t is equal to x 1 bar minus x 2 bar minus mu 1 minus mu 2 and this whole thing divided by S p multiplied by the square root of 1 over n 1 plus 1 over n 2. Students, mai chahungi ki aap is formula ki similarity jo last time formula mu ki testing ke vakth isthimal kiya tha uska saath dekhain. Last time we had t is equal to x bar minus mu over S over square root of n aur tabh chunke ekhi population thi ekhi sample draw kiya gaya tha isliye we had x bar minus mu in the numerator is vakth doh populations hai doh samples hai aur difference between means ki baath ho rahe isliye in the numerator rather than having x bar minus mu we have x 1 bar minus x 2 bar minus mu 1 minus mu 2. Baakh hi rahe gaya denominator to aap note kane ke agar aap S p ko square root sign ke andar le jayin you will obtain S p square into 1 over n 1 plus 1 over n 2 inside the square root sign and if you open the bracket you will have inside the square root sign S p square over n 1 plus 1 over n 2 plus S p square over n 2 and this S p square is the estimator of the unknown common population variance sigma square agar sigma square hume known hota to shayad hum yaha pe likh rahe hote sigma square over n 1 plus sigma square over n 2 jo last time huma n 2 plus sigma r statistic tha us vaak huma re denominator me kya tha S over square root of n agar hum chahthe to usko bhi hum kisthara se likh sate the S square over n under the root aap aap usko is ka saath kumpear ki jhe. Pichli matabha huma re paas tha denominator me S square over n 1 plus S p square over n 2. So, the point to understand students is that the formula that you have now is a kind of an extension of the formula that you had last time. Or agar aap in thamaam tizon ko ghor se study kare or thoda sa time in pelagai tha aap yakinan ek basic pattern usko understand ka link. Alright, let us now do the fourth step the computation of our test statistic. As you now see on the slide in this problem for the aberrant kind of rubber plant the sample mean comes out to be 6.74 whereas the sample mean for the off types is 5.62. Also the sum of the square deviations of the observations from the mean for the aberrant type is equal to 15.9697 whereas the sum of the square deviations for the off types is 5.62. So, of the observations from their mean for the off types is 5.7737. Now S p square which is equal to n 1 minus 1 into S 1 square plus n 2 minus 1 into S 2 square over n 1 plus n 2 minus 2 students this can also be written as summation x 1 minus x 1 bar over n 1 plus n 2 bar whole square plus summation x 2 minus x 2 bar whole square over n 1 plus n 2 minus 2 and substituting the values that we obtained just now our S p square comes out to be 0.8697 so that S p is equal to 0.93. Now in order to compute t we will be substituting all the values that we have computed x 1 bar x 2 bar S p and of course n 1 and n 2 are already known but students the question is what do we substitute in place of mu 1 minus mu 2. As I indicated in the last lecture we must take that value which we get from the null hypothesis because we always begin a hypothesis testing procedure with the assumption that H naught is true. So, in this example according to the null hypothesis mu 1 minus mu 2 is greater than or equal to 1. So, equal sign we pick up 1 and we put it in the formula for t then as you now see on the slide t comes out to be 0.33. The next step of course is the critical region and as I indicated earlier this is a left tail test and we will be looking at the t table against 25 degrees of freedom under 0.05 because our level of significance is 0.05. Hence the t value that we obtain is minus 1.708 the minus sign being there because it is not the right tail but the left tail of the t distribution. Students the last point is the conclusion. Our t value I t 0.33 or our critical value here minus 1.708. So, what is the conclusion? Is my value falling in the left tail or is it not? Of course not. Therefore, we will not reject the null hypothesis and what was the null hypothesis students that mu 1 minus mu 2 is greater than or equal to 1. That is the difference on the average that is greater than or equal to 1. So, this is equal to 1 percent. All right students the next topic that I would like to discuss with you is the application of the t statistic in the case of paid observations. This is the situation in which we can say that both the populations are independent of each other of type 1 type, are different type and they are two independent populations. Paid observations situation was, where two different observations that you might take that are they will occur in the form of a pair. Let me explain this point with the help of the example that you now have on the screen. Ten young recruits were put through a strenuous physical training program by the army. Their weights were recorded before and after the training with the following results. We have three columns. The first column gives us the serial number as far as the recruits are concerned 1, 2, 3, 4 so on up to 10. The second column gives the weights of these recruits before the training and the third column gives the weights of these recruits after the training and students we note that for the first recruit the weight before the training was 125 pounds but after the training it became 136 pounds. For the second person the weight before the training was 195 pounds and after the training it became 201. You can study all the ordered pairs that you have and do note that the weight is not increasing for every single one of these recruits. If you look at the third recruit it was 160 pounds and after the training it became 158 pounds. If you look at the ninth recruit the weight before the training was 195 pounds and after the training it became 190 pounds. Using a level of significance of 5 percent would you say that the program affects the average weight of the recruits? Assume the distribution of weights before and after the program to be approximately normally distributed. I hope that this problem has clearly indicated to you the situation where we will be dealing with paired observations. So this is what we would call natural pairing and then there are situations where we have to compare the two fertilizers. What we should do is to apply both types of fertilizers on the same type of soil and then we can get a yield for fertilizer one and a yield for fertilizer two and now they are comparable because it is because of the fertilizer. This is actually taking me into the area of experimental design which is a vast area. Sometimes the pairing is natural and sometimes it is by design. How will we test this hypothesis that does the physical training affect the weight? Students the basic procedure is just the same the formulation of the hypothesis, the level of significance, the test statistic and so on. The point to note is that the test statistic in this particular situation will be d bar minus mu d over s d over square root of n. Exactly the same pattern as before but the only thing being that our variable now is not x but d where d denotes the difference of the weights before and after the training. In the next lecture we will be discussing this point in detail. In the meantime I would like to encourage you to attempt a few questions of the type that we have discussed today. My best wishes to you and until next time Allah Hafiz.


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Save 10% with my code Bobby10 on raw, organic, grass-fed and grass-finished, freeze-dried organ meats from grassland nutrition. Link in the description box. Alright guys, welcome back to the channel. If you're new, my name is Bobby. Guys, today we're going to react to famous people who accepted Islam in 2022 by the channel Muslim Convert Stories. I personally do not care at all which so-called famous person converted to Islam. What we see in this day and age is idol worship. They even call those celebrities idols. People do not realize that they create gods out of those people. If you look at concerts, for example, young girls fainting because they saw their stars. This is one of the biggest mental illnesses of our age and of course, this is a spiritual sickness as well. But nevertheless, yes, yes, I do understand that people look up to those people and therefore if they convert to Islam at least the rest of the peasantry gets interested in Islam and has a chance to take a look as well. Anyways guys, with no further ado, let's have a look. Model Marine has appeared in several runway shows and walks, including the well-known Le Princesse at Le Princesse de la Mour. Well, that makes sense. Of course, as he just mentioned, now she's 29. Thank God. Absolutely. Thank God she found religion, but it just shows you that women in this day and age get away with being promiscuous, exposing their skin, going on to dating shows, dating multiple men at the same time and not being judged for it by our cucked society. But then when they hear the ticking of the biological clock, then they're gonna stop all of that degeneracy and out of a sudden their faith for women. I hope that she's sincere, but I have to stress that men allowed this. Men are involved with the promiscuity, men are involved with the adultery, and they go from one woman to another, the women are going from one man to another, and then when they turn 30 out of a sudden, hey, it's all forgotten, now I'm gonna be a housewife. It doesn't work like that. She's a Muslim now. She claims that since becoming a Muslim, her life has been filled with happiness. Thank God. Marina used the Instagram platform to share this wonderful news with her followers. Although she made the announcement on November 4th, she really converted earlier. Since then, she has thought back on what she did and changed how she sees the world. Himera said in front of the public that she had previously converted, but had needed some time to grow in her beliefs. She donated iqab and completed the iqab two days after Marina. I mean even this picture, sorry guys, I have to be critical, but this picture itself is already yet again self-portrayal. You can clearly see that she comes from a model background and now she's exposing herself yet again. Of course in the hijab, therefore it is modest, but nevertheless, she is exposing herself. Hey, look at me touching the kaba. It is believed that her biological father played a role in the conversion. Basically, what happened was that she conducted an extensive study on her father and it was at this time that she received the genuine guidance which led to her conversion. She thanked all of her supporters for her unwavering support and called this change of life a choice of soul, heart and reason in her description. Andrew Tate, age 36. Yep. Andrew Tate, a well-known American British kickboxer, recently converted to Islam. He made headlines earlier this year for his controversial remarks, but only a few weeks prior he converted to Islam. His viral video startled the entire globe. He was observed saying the namaz in a mosque in the United Arab Emirates.  The person who actually broke his fantastic news to the globe was Tam Khan, an MMA fighter who is Muslim. Tam Khan declared to the world that sharing Tate's Shahada video was not his objective. But rather, he wanted to convey happiness and urge people to wake up. This video was released on 24th. Yeah, as I said in the beginning of the video, I personally really do not care for the fame of people, but nevertheless, of course Andrew Tate's conversion led many other people to convert as well. Yet again, I can only stress that I hope that those people are genuine and that they're not doing it just out of fanboyship. Ober, which happens to be the official date of him becoming a Muslim. After his conversion, he was blocked from a number of social networking sites. So he used his sole active account left, getter, to confirm rumors that he had converted. Tate has been opposed to false assumptions and acceptance of the glitzy lifestyle. Because Andrew Tate believes that this ideology is imposed on individuals, especially youngsters, he has the greatest level of doubt for those who accept homosexuality. He has been firmly convinced for the past two years that Islam is the only religion that upholds its belief with a serious commitment.  Yes, with that statement, I agree. However, Andrew Tate as well mentioned that he had so much respect for Islam because Muslims defend their religion. Of course, it is beautiful to see that Muslims still defend their religion. However, I wouldn't say that this makes a religion true because you can have a bunch of followers, they're absolute hypocrites, but the ideology itself could still be correct nevertheless. I personally research the theology of Islam and Christianity and by looking into such things as the Trinity or icon veneration, saint veneration, etc. etc. This is when I draw my conclusion which theology is the stronger one. Paul is prohibited in Islam.  There are differing opinions about Andrew Tate. Some say that Tate's conversion to Islam is nothing more than an act or a performance and that his sole goal is to get people's attention. These folks ought to believe that he has been questioning his views for some time and is aware that Christianity is in the solution to his problems. He encountered Islam as his savior during these trying times and it gave him the solutions he needed. Muslims all throughout the world are aware that mistakes are... Yes, the thing is this man, if you look into Christianity and Islam, they're extremely similar. 99% of the rules and laws are actually really identical if you would look into the Bible and would practice it. However, within Christianity you have the issue that the law has been abolished, right? And because the law has been abolished, people think, why would I obey the Bible then at all? And they're right, of course, if the law has been abolished, you don't have to do that any longer. However, if you look at the scripture of Christianity, yes, you will find those laws within it and therefore there is still a minority of Christians that actually practice what they preach. However, within Islam it is simpler because you have Haram and Halal. It's very easy actually to follow and this is what resonates with many men, of course. When we seek spirituality, spirituality is very vague and men are rational, objective. We like to put things into boxes and therefore when the spiritual aspect becomes very vague as well, we cannot resonate with it. We need a clear structure, a clear guideline and Islam provides it. He's well known for his rapping which helped him score a number of successes. He became so well known that he worked with musicians like Stormzy. However, when he revealed that he had finally embraced Islam, all of this was forgotten. The news made his followers known as 00 very happy. A public video emerged showing the rapper reciting the shahada following the imam at a mosque. The rapper addressed the rumors of the news on his Instagram stories by confirming them. It is thought that Stefan recently started reading and comprehending the holy Quran. This drew him even nearer to the faith. Even dropping the stage name dachaveli, he underwent a complete transformation. The rapper's conversion serves as the ideal illustration of Allah's wisdom. Up until he was charged with a firearms offense in 2018, he was doing pretty well in his line of work. After a two-year hiatus, his career resumed in 2020, peaking once again. However, he was given guidance on how to practice the proper religion which gave him inner peace. This is absolutely amazing to hear because when I grew up in Germany, I saw a lot of so-called Muslim rappers. They were even talking about how they are Muslims, simultaneously in the same breath talking about drugs, girls, partying and whatnot. It was absolutely repulsive and I thought that this is what Islam is. As a teenager, I was listening to those rappers and I believed, okay, if they are rappers apparently talking about their religion, then I will have to assume that this is what the religion is about. It is about many women, it is about drugs, about violence, etc, etc, you name it. But then when you actually research Islam yourself and you find out that the majority opinion is that music is haram altogether, what about rap then? You only have to count one and one together, of course, to understand that rap is absolutely haram, absolutely prohibited in this style. Motivational speaker Sabri Malaji Akunthan is from India. She formerly taught high school, but she announced her resignation after saying that nation needed her more than ever. Recently, a video of her appearing in front of Kaaba in Makkah, appearing on social media through her own account, she announces her shahada and at long last, lets the world know about her conversion. Her opinions on Islam are glowing. She began her conversion to Islam by asking herself the most important question, why do people despise Muslims? She started reading the Holy Quran with an open mind to find the right answer. She discovered the truth about Allah and the prophet peace be upon him in the Quran and it was so compelling that she felt like it was incumbent upon her to embrace and practice the faith. Since then, she has advised her listeners to read the book since it offers advice on many facets of life. She went so far as to suggest that rather than people that are the most hateful about Islam, myself in the past included, have not read the Quran. I talk to many Christians and this is where the most hate comes from nowadays, unfortunately, and they have no clue about the Quran. They saw a couple of YouTube videos and therefore they like to point the finger. They are despising Islam without ever reading the Quran. Keeping the Holy Quran in their homes, Muslims should urge non-believers to study it in order to give their lives the actual purpose for which they were intended from the beginning. She changed. Absolutely man, let them read the Quran. If it resonates with them good, if not, okay, then they have another path. But nevertheless, I would urge the Christians, if you hate Islam that much, simply read the Quran from cover to cover and then after that, you can go on and debunk it. Turning to Fatima Sabri Mala upon her conversion. Fatima. The teachings of Islam particularly impressed her since they do not view the menstrual cycle as an holy and the prophet peace be upon him forbade any kind of discrimination against women. A guy who lived by such moral standards 1400 years ago could hardly be disregarded as everyone should follow Allah who led such a man. Dr. Mark Thompson converted 8th April age 62 following the completion of his undergraduate and graduate degrees in the UK. Dr. Mark Thompson relocated to Saudi Arabia at the King Faisal Research Center. He is employed. On April 8th, he sent out a tweet expressing his embrace of Islam. He tweeted an image of himself entering the mosque to recite the Shahada. He accepted Islam in the month of Ramadan. Thompson may have had sufficient time to fully appreciate Islam if he had remained in Saudi Arabia for more than 20 years. His friends in Makkah and elsewhere as well as many other Muslims greeted him for converting to Islam. That's beautiful man. Clarence Seidorf age 46 one of the most well-known football players. Clarence Seidorf played for a number of teams including Real Madrid, Ajax, Inter Milan and AC Milan. His wife Sophie was the key one standing by his side and she guided him in the proper direction. The fact that his wife Sophie is an Iranian Muslim and Muslims only wed other Muslims drew the two of them closer together. Now he is a devout Muslim who prays and lives the faith to the fullest extent possible. Seidorf though has stated that he would continue to go by the name that his parents gave him. His Muslim brothers and sisters all around the world have shown him their affection. His tweet about how Islam is being accepted has 346,000 likes and about 32,000 or more comments. He has stated that he is overjoyed to embrace Islam and walk the noblest path. Thomas Partay age 29 Thomas Partay an arsenal and Ghana football player said that he had converted to Islam just a few days after Clarence Seidorf did. The fans were horrified as the news rapidly became public. His image in which he was shown carrying the Holy Quran in his hand quickly became popular. His girlfriend Sarah Bella who later became his wife after his conversion had a big influence on his choice. According to an interview with Thomas those football players are easily influenced by women. He spent most of his upbringing among Muslims and picked up a lot of knowledge from them. When he eventually met Sarah he made the decision to convert to Islam. He adopted Yakubu as his new name upon his approval. Although he was then reported by the media that he would wear his arsenal shirt with the name Thomas but go by Yakubu. Yakubu is basically an African name whose resemblance is to Jacob and James. His father's name is Jacob as well. All in all the celebrities mentioned in this video need support from Muslims around the world and we should welcome them to Islam as our brothers and sisters. All right guys and this is it for today's video especially the ending was beautifully set and we should welcome them to Islam as our brothers and sisters. I believe that this is truly the beauty of Islam because once you enter into the Dean you become a brother or a sister and therefore your past sins are forgotten actually they're all wiped out. Nevertheless me here on this channel doing a reaction video of course I will be critical. Hey in the end I do not know the heart of those people. I only judge what I see of course. Ultimate judgment is to God. This is nothing but an observation that I have in this moment and time and therefore ultimately I can be swayed differently if I would talk face to face to some of those people. Anyways guys if you liked this video leave it a thumbs up if you haven't subscribed already guys please do so and if you want to support this channel all the links are in the description box below. Thank you so much for your ongoing support guys as always may God bless you all much love and peace.


The convener of the Big Ten for Obidati renowned economist Pat Utomi has cautioned electorates from voting in either the APC presidential candidate Tinubu or his counterpart in the PDP Atiku Abu Baka. He said a vote for either of the presidential candidates would mean reducing Nigeria to radical in the world. Professor Utomi spoke during the cleanup Nigeria project held in Leku Lagos. Akoispondent, Love Ikuku o Yedokun brings you the report we could not bring earlier on. It was a Big Ten's grassroots engagement for the Obidati movement. The cleanup Nigeria project aims at promoting a culture of cleanliness of mind. According to Professor Pat Utomi, the program is aimed at bringing the spirit of a new Nigeria to the fore. And use that solving of the problem to signal the new Nigeria that is coming. If you look at what the Big Ten Labour Party have been doing last few weeks, it shows capacity to get things done. Utomi took a swipe off the presidential candidates of the all-progressives congress APC Bola Tinubu and the People's Democratic Party PDP Atiku Abu Baka. He lashed out at the manner of their campaigns stressing that democracy is all about rational confrontation and not trading of insults. Labour Party is really the party offering the candidates. The PDP and APC have now ensured that they don't have a candidate.  This is why we talk about this instability business. It's so important. In separate interviews, the chairman of Labour Party in Lagos state, Pastor Dayo Ekong, and the party's governorship candidate, Wadibo Roswevo, declared that the party represents the new hope of Nigeria. Every other party, they are moving people by money, by gari, by rice, what they are sharing. The only party that is moving people based on their passion, who are sacrificing their own money, 20 t-shirts, 20 face caps, attending meetings, look at this, clean up Nigeria. We are moving around cleaning up Lagos, myself and my state chairman here, right? All these people will not give them money to come out, they've come out by themselves, and this is the energy that will change Nigeria and change Lagos. People want a Nigeria that works for the people. People want a Nigeria that our youths are carefully employed, and they have hope for tomorrow. People want a Nigeria that when we are passing on the road, the roads are clean, the roads are properly tied, the roads are maintained. People want Nigeria that is free, that is safe for everybody. This is the country we are talking about, a new Nigeria. The clean up Nigeria event which held simultaneously across the country, so labour party enthusiasts, supporters and followers of the Obidati movement participating actively in the program. Love you Kuku Uyeduku. Last evening. Kuku Uyeduku


Good afternoon everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Armo with the stocks. What should I'm here to review the spy? Why?  We had a huge rally huge rally Okay, all the way up into the close here to 12 really big move after hours big move into the close in the big move after hours and Then all of this is a news reaction with an expectation of what would have been a positive I'll vote for a great Britain to stay with the EU, but that's not what happened when I woke up this morning and saw It's all on my phone that that that was not the case I knew we'd be down and in my mind I pictured us being down around the 200 period moving average We we were there at one point this morning on this bouncy thing here 202 202 right in here. We were at one point this morning. We were underneath it. Actually the low this tail here Look is 225 So my expectation when I get up is that we'd be here and actually at one point We're all the way down here in the tail, but we ended up opening here above the 200 period moving average Which is a red line, but I knew the market would hold today In fact, I wrote in the real market outlook bullish today and everyone questioned me and thought They didn't know what to say, but I knew that the market outlook today would be very very bullish It's exactly what happened for the morning at least how we close will be interesting to see because this market is a very volatile today Hugely volatile today, but the morning move I called writing the gap which was to rally. So what happened? Market open open a 20363 and literally ran all the way up to 207. I think 20584 Yeah, 20584 and then we ran up here a little bit after 10 o'clock almost to 207 Okay, so we'll just see what happens here today in the clothes I'll have to look at it, but things won't get back to normal until next week for sure But all of this is buying this is huge massive buying that came up into the market this morning and massive buying that was in the market last night So last night the market was getting bought this morning the market's getting bought. We're holding the uptrend You know all of this is is is it's very interesting because it's all buying all of this is signs of strength the massive move that We had this morning to rally and home and the massive move we had up yesterday even overnight is All signs of buying that are in the market gives me a hundred percent conviction that we won't make it over the high Which I've been predicting insane. I know we gap down today, but this is not a gap I would have shorted and trust me if I would have thought it was sure this gap today I'd have been sure at this gap and a million other gaps. Okay. That was not the case So the reality is that today's day just gives me more confirmation of the bullishness in the market that institutions are supporting the market They're buying it up at every chance they get last night yesterday today This is what it is. Okay, we will get up over the high. I have no idea when I can't predict timing of things in the longer term For the exact date, but I will tell you that to the live date minute by minute I can when I watch the trading this morning I call this long for anybody that wanted to do it and it went Huge in 14 bars here. There wasn't one red one. You're gonna just bought the market and a power trend did right up Incredible, okay, and I can't wait to see where we actually close today. I Mean target for the market today is 208 dream targets to 210 that sounds insane, but it's actually not So I think we're gonna actually have a huge huge huge big market close today huge I won't know till we do it and the market so volatile that anything gonna happen. This is actually this is actually I think it invisible tick I think it's a real print But anything can happen here, but my call for the market today my prediction for the clothes is we close very bullishly Very bullishly in the clothes today and again this tail is that this is real. This is not an invisible ticket It's a real tick that went off that came in that was buying it was a machine generated buying that came in here You can see it a lot better here. I mean I cuz I watched this I watched it late last night and lied this morning in the pre-market to and that's what I when I saw it I was like wow, and I knew we're gonna get bought then today. I knew we're gonna get by in fact I just I just called it. I just called it when I saw it in the run live This when I saw this it's hard to show now because it's stationary and it's flat But if you watch this go off, you would have been like I mean it was amazing And I never saw you like it and they're selling like them buying us all last night in the post market committed the market Like it did last night in the post market Excuse me, but this was huge This was this is buying and it was real people and that's why you ran up like this So look for the market to follow through today, and we'll see where we go Email me at Melissa the stocks wish calm if you would like more information Today is the last day to sign up for the golden gat class Which is this weekend June 25th and 26th, and it's the last class before third quarter earning season in the market Have a great day everyone


I would like a world where every instance of a bandana is replaced with a banana. The word sounds similar enough to me anyway, and then every time Zoro gets into a serious fight he would have to peel a banana and wear it to terrify his enemies. Which would at the very least work on Kaku, due to his crippling banana phobia. Hello and welcome to the Grand Line review or source for everything One Piece. My name is Liam and I actually own two, count him two of Zoro's swords although sadly they're the ones he doesn't use anymore so you know what good are they? What they're not, they're not any good at all, get out of my sight. But today we are here to talk about swords that Zoro does use and more specifically what he may or may not be using them for. Because I recently made a video detailing the hilarious history of the One Piece Croco Mom Theory, however within that video I made reference to a prominent thought of the modern day. Being the concept of Zoro kills Kaido, which gets abbreviated as ZKK for short. Yes it is Z, not Z. Even Canada agrees with Z and Canada usually doesn't agree with British English on anything else so that's how you know this is pretty serious business. Now if you're a person, a person who doesn't spend a lot of time online you may hear the phrase Zoro kills Kaido and look at it like some sort of perplexed Border Collie. Because you know all of these words and yes some of them even excite you. However together they form a confusing mush and you're just not really sure what's going on anymore but you hope it's kind of tasty. Never fear dearest Grand Fleet members because that's why my mouth exists. To explain things. To explain things to you. And we'll get right on that after a quick round of crazed Kaido, a very simple minigame the rules of which are as follows. Kaido has been sent in for a psychiatric evaluation from the Beast Pirate's HR department and it is going to be your job to guess whether he is deemed an ordinary dragon dictator or a crazy koi fish.  And if you are correct then you will be awarded with an honorary doctorate of dragon psychology. But what will it be? Ordinary dragon boy or crazy koi fish. Make your choice now and we shall reveal the answer in 3, 2, 1 and bam it's a koi fish. Oh no. So if you guessed incorrectly then you know the thing to do and please do say hi in the comments below if you are a new member of the Grand Fleet. Welcome. But onwards with like the actual topic thing. Now if you type Zoro kills Kaido into YouTube you will be bombarded with all sorts of thumbnails that all kind of look the same because there's no shortage of them as this is a super-risingly popular thought. And the one that really does take my eye is this one from a YouTuber called Fiji like the island. And I mean usually I would scan right past something like this however you see this video happens to be a One Piece mega theory which is like a whole new genre of video and I'm now seriously considering adding the word mega to all of my future titles. I love it. And honestly Fiji does a pretty decent job of laying out the thought process behind Zoro kills Kaido and if you want to check it out I'll throw a link in the old description. And it is compelling but what you need to remember with One Piece theories in general is that more often than not it's not so much about people delving down this rabbit hole crafted by Oda and just waiting to be discovered. Because a lot of the time it's more about people digging their own holes and then claiming that the hole that they've dug is infrastructure that was planned by Oda all along. And Zoro killing Kaido is the latest of these idea things which if you look at in isolation makes an awful lot of sense. So TLDR a major theme of Kaido's character is death. His introduction was a failed attempt to kill himself and he believes profoundly in achieving a glorious end in this world. This leads to the reasonable thought that Kaido's character arc will end in death. Meanwhile happening in tandem with this Zoro has things. Firstly he has a confirmed connection to Wano through the Shimotsuki village and he has also inherited Enma and along with that potentially the will of Kozuki Oden as a result. So what happens when these two threads meet? Well that means that Kaido is destined to die and Zoro is destined to be relevant. So clearly that means Zoro is going to kill Kaido because that would be a neat way to kill two birds with one stone or Bediette one dragon with three swords. There's a lot more to it than that though which we will get to but this is the very basic gist of things and it already shows the power of digging your own hole which naturally results in a bit of tunnel vision. The mathematical equation goes as follows. These two things may be possible. Therefore they will combine and result in this particular outcome. Potentially ignoring that maybe other things are also possible. Like as much as I am on board with the idea maybe Kaido doesn't die. Because that's what he wants and since when do we give the villain what they want? Never. If anything as punishment we should make him live a long satisfying and happy life. Yeah that'll teach him. Or if Kaido does get killed why is it at the hands of Zoro as opposed to the litany of other characters who have a claim to that right or if Kaido does die once again. Could it be finally successfully via committing suicide that would bring his arc full circle as well? Or will Kaido's fight with Luffy change his entire philosophy like he did with Kartakuri or crush his ambition for spectacular death and world war? Just as Luffy has crushed the ambition of every pleb defeated thus far. The further we dive into any particular thought the more peripheral vision we lose. Which to be fair that is the entire fun of theories. To see how far certain ideas can be pushed and in the case of Zoro kills Kaido there is a very major thought that I have not stated until now. The prime evidence rests in a very intriguing P word known as parallels. Now parallels are also very dangerous and we will get to that but the big one here is Zoro's parallels to the legendary samurai Rima. First up you may or may not know this but Rima and Zoro look pretty much exactly alike. In one piece no it's not quite noticeable because Rima he sort of forgot to put his skin on that day but when you look back on the monsters one shot Rima is basically blackhead Zoro and he has further parallels that fans can highlight including the following. Both were accused as murderers and blamed for crimes they did not commit. Both met a girl traumatized by a dragon Rima goes on to slay that dragon. Both are capable of producing a seemingly demonic aura and both of them have the ambition to become the world's best sword guy. And stuff like that is pretty compelling to hear because yeah it seems like Ota is very purposely replicating Rima's path just for Zoro. Until we realize the parallels are pretty dangerous and they can be used to prove just about any argument in a series as long running as one piece. And to demonstrate this instead of Zoro let's use Luffy. Luffy and Rima both meet a girl traumatized by a dragon. This girl feeds Luffy and Rima and they feel the great sense of debt as a result of the meal. Furthermore both characters actively encourage food as payment for any good deeds committed.  Rima's epithet is the king whilst Luffy is striving to become a king. Rima and Luffy are both incredibly goofy and often straight up moronic and as a bit of a bonus they both share this key character trait of often picking their noses in public. So weirdly enough I could probably make the argument that Rima shares more parallels with Luffy than he does with Zoro. And as a result surely that means Luffy is being set up as the dragon slayer as opposed to Zoro. And I'm not saying I believe that it's just that patterns and parallels all they kind of suck. And anyone with even mildly decent media or analysis skills can use them to make a convincing argument about anything really. And this often occurs in what I would refer to as reverse engineered theories where a theorist starts out a conclusion and then very selectively sources and presents evidence to support that particular conclusion. And they do sound pretty great and amazing when you just tunnel in and state only what supports the idea. But once again by doing so you omit that important peripheral vision. So for example if I really wanted to hard sell you on how ridiculous the Zoro kills Kaido idea is then I would not state this next piece of information. I would omit it from the video entirely and just pretend it doesn't exist because it honestly does not support my argument. However it does exist and so it must be said. And it is an article from Volume 5 of the illustrious One Piece Magazine. This article is all about dragons really. You got your vagapunk dragon, celestial dragons, daddy dragons, all the dragons and as such this article does touch on Rima as well. Because fun fact the events of monsters are canon in the One Piece world, which I love. But now let's read some fun words. The opponent that Zoro defeated in Thriller Bark, Rima, is said by legend to have cut down a western dragon with his sword. A sword that is now in Zoro's hands. In Punk Hazard, Zoro already killed a western dragon as well. And now you see that's a very fun parallel. Zoro's actions on Punk Hazard were a nice subtle nod to monsters. However these words go on to become even more profounder. Now Zoro and the straw hats are in Rima's homeland, Wano, to take down the Yonko Kaido. Now that Zoro has obtained Shusui from Rima after their duel, the possibility might arise that a new legend of slaying an eastern dragon might be born. Which is an awful lot of words basically meaning maybe in a single sentence. But it's still pretty wow. And to be honest at face value this would appear to be almost a spoiler for the future of One Piece given that it was printed in an official magazine and all until you remember that it was not written by Ichiro Oda.  It's really fun. I quite like it. There's lots of funky details get released in it like people's ages or food preferences or even early One Piece sketches. But we do have to be real. Here it is a bit of a cash grab by using the One Piece name to just sell more things. Things that admittedly we buy because we like things. But as such the articles written here should be taken with an extraordinarily healthy maybe even an unhealthy dose of skepticism. You know, except for this one. This one's pretty cool. It's sort of like a little maze where you need to guide Luffy to Nico Robin without encountering any CP9 members. I love it. And just look how happy Robin is at the end here. It's very delightful. However, when it comes to, you know, actual information, I would not trust this because it is basically an officially sanctioned fan theory. Because the most hilarious thing is that what this article is is just someone pointing out parallels and then stating some fun ideas that you may not have specifically thought about. This article is basically a Reddit thread printed on glossy paper. The writer even specifically mentions this possibility because they're a wheelchair swee which he no longer has. Although I still have it. So look, there are even parallels between Rium and myself. So maybe if we're going down that road, perhaps I will be the one to slay the Kido. Although probably not because he's fictional and I hope I'm not. So instead of relying on this sort of shaky, shady information, how about we ask someone with a bit more credibility like say, oh, I don't know, the Microsoft Store Twitter account. Because that did happen. Twitter, Denizen Geo decided to shake the magic eight ball and cut straight to the chase by asking Microsoft whether it thinks Zorro will kill Kido. To which Microsoft responded with, we hope not, and then further elaborated with, we still want Zorro to win, but nobody dies in One Piece except in Flashbacks or if you're the son of the pirate king. Hmm, Microsoft still getting in a pretty brutal hit on Ace there, but that aside, Microsoft does have a very, very good point. I guess the biggest issue I have with the whole idea of Zorro killing Kido is that it goes against so many core principles of One Piece. Firstly being that death is extraordinarily rare, even in the case of primary antagonists. In fact, even if we're not including flashbacks, more primary protagonists have died in this series than antagonists. And sure, Kido could be the exception to that given themes and things, but our overwhelming historical data on this matter, it's not great. Secondly, Zorro killing Kido seems very out of place for his role in the series as the second in command of the straw-hattered pirates. In fact, even Luffy killing Kido seems, it seems really off to me. Luffy just doesn't do that sort of thing to anyone. So we'd need a situation where Luffy defeats Kido and then he's finished off by Zorro, in which case he's not really fulfilling the realm of parallel of slaying a dragon and saving a country. At that point, it would be more like Zorro putting down a wounded animal. And in the end, there may be an even more fundamental flaw to the theory in the whole killing idea, because maybe there is a universe where Zorro delivers the final finishing blow, and maybe that happens in full view of the one who citizens, thus leading to a similar legend developing, but without Kido necessarily doing the death. Admittedly, that would be a lot less catchy because that would change the Zorro kills Kido abbreviation to something like, Zorro defeats Kido in full view of one who citizens, thus resulting in legend, or ZDKFEWCTRL for short. Now, with all of that said, I'm not saying it's an impossible thought because this is one piece and technically everything is possible. Maybe it just goes against the grain in such a radical way, and there really is no evidence that makes me sit up and pay attention because it mostly relies on parallels, which as we've explored, are generally just a little less than great. But who cares what I think? I'm some lunatic on the internet. What do you guys think? Will Zorro be killing Kido? Let me know somewhere convenient like some sort of section dedicated to use the comments, and then allow me to take you on another adventure examining the idea of the lurking legend in one piece. A pretty perpetually hot topic, so I look forward to seeing you there.


Welcome to the show. It's me JP. It's time for John Park's workshop. We have arrived. It is Thursday And I'm super excited about today's show. It's gonna be a bit of a deep dive into some audio cassette tape silliness and Let me pause the little preview there so I don't see an echo of myself. Hey, stop that me. There we go Yeah, so we're gonna dive into some cassette stuff in honor of that I wore my cool amulets t-shirt amulets is a music artist who does a lot of cool cassette manipulation Go look him up What else to say? Thanks for stopping by if you're over in the YouTube chat. Hello I see you over there as well as our discord and I bring up our discord because if you are over on Twitch or one of the Other platforms Facebook, you don't know where the people are where the chat is it's happening over on our discord It's just to consolidate things and so that way I don't have seven chat windows going at once Hi, everyone. Hi see Grover So I apologize in advance see Grover this this episode is gonna Drive you bonkers with all of the bad things I'm gonna do to cassette tapes as a as an audio engineer type of person It'll make you shudder probably But all in the name of good fun and science I think so What else have we got going on? I'm excited to have somewhat permanently posted my Sony CRT over there with the video shank nub running the clock running the vaporwave clock I don't know if I'll keep that forever. It's a bit of real estate And also sometimes it's a pain to actually have a clock in your video frame if you want to edit stuff But I don't know it's fun. It's cool looking What else is happening? So We have a jobs board you may have heard of it It's at jobs dot Adafruit comm and if you head on over there You can find people looking for People to hire there's contract freelance full-time internship part-time remote and volunteer work all of those are valid Things to post it's free to post. You don't need anything other than an email Address in an account with Adafruit you submit and lady Ada and Phil take a look and post all the good stuff So it's vetted And these are all positions that people are looking to hire for and you can also click up here in the available for hire section I think I'm not logged in right now when you're logged in you can see people's Resumes and CVs and other important information about them. So that's at jobs dot Adafruit comm Excuse me a little something in my throat. I'm gonna grab a sip of water Hi, Johnny Bergdahl over in the YouTube chat. Good evening to you Let's see. What else is going on? Did you know on Tuesdays? I've got this show which is JP's product pick of the week and on it I like to take a product Slice its price in half not always, but usually 50% off show you how it works do some demos and Let you enjoy it for 15 minutes or so throw it in your cart buy it no coupon code necessary and get up to 10 of Them and I like to do little demos that I then excerpt down to one minute. So here was This week's product pick. It's that joy feather wing that I love so dearly and here is my little recap It is the joy feather wing, this is a PSP style analog joystick So it's a potentiometer that goes from zero to ten twenty three zero to ten twenty three for X and Y axis and It also has the four AB XY buttons. It also has a select button at the top. This is the original seesaw board a little seesaw chip that is taking care of finding out what's going on on the board in this case Collecting the analog input and those five button presses and then sending all that info over I squared C What I'd said do is make a little game console using the feather wing and you can see there It's just connected over I squared C's thumbstick there to rotate the little ship and Then I can use the B button to thrust get away And then I can do the old death blossom Fire off. I think a maximum of five shots. It is the joy feather wing That's right. It sure is. How many of you went and got some I know there's some there's some cool projects that people have have done out there some good things to go and check out. I Really am interested. I mentioned it the one where someone put two of them side by side one flipped like this and it's exactly the We not we the Nintendo switch layout with those two little Switch controllers that slide off the size of the joy cons. Hey joy feather wing joy con Kind of cool. And in fact the Ruiz brothers just did a neat little Project using one of our displays and building a 3d printed switch style ratio controller, so Check it out What else is going on? Hey, this is a good time to do Something I like to do each week. It is the circuit Python parsec All right, I'm back. I disappeared there for a second So for the circuit Python parsec to do I won't today. Let's try that again for the circuit Python parsec today I want to show how you can use a random integer and a random float With our random library to play some simple tones that equate a sort of bleepie bleepie The computer is thinking type of sound. This is in my series of computers are thinking projects So look how simple this code is first of all, let's do an audio demo. I've got it hooked up and running I'm just gonna enable the speaker. All right. That's probably enough of that I'll pause that and so the way we're getting those cool little bleepie sounds is Importing the board library and simple IO simple IO is going to be used with this simple IO tone Which just requires a frequency and a duration so you'll notice I don't even need to import time Then I'm importing two things from the random library Rand range which we use to Set a random range of integers and uniform which is used to give us a uniform Distribution from zero to one of a float or a decimal number all I do in my main loop I set the Frequency to be a random range in this case I'm using anywhere from 40 Hertz to about 1200 Hertz And then the duration is anywhere from 0.2 seconds to 0.125 seconds Then every time the simple IO tone is called it plays over the pin a zero analog pin Whatever that frequency and duration are and then it repeats that over and over again, so Play that again And you can see here if I raise the pitch. Let's say we'll get some higher Now it's going a little bit higher. I can also set some longer durations. Let's say half second ones so that's hanging out for half a second on some of those tones and That is how you can use random range and uniform to play some really simple tones using the simple IO tone library and make your computer Think and that is your circuit Python parsec. All right So now I think it's a good time to get into some of the aforementioned cassette tape shenanigans so First of all what I want to do is a bit of a gear report on a item and this is called the human controlled tape transport The reason I'm bringing this up is it's a really fundamental cassette playback device because all it has is the read head of a cassette the amplifier part of the circuit and then a Manual control to turn the little take-up reel on a cassette tape so I'm going to head over to my workbench and Let me describe this the there's a lot of stuff. You're seeing there The item in the center that's silver looks like it's in a stompbox sort of this is the human controlled tape transport right here And I'll head over there and make it play but essentially I'm going to feed a cassette into it And you can use a regular cassette or a specially prepared cassette tape loop I'll show you a bit with both of them and then as you turn you're simply moving the tape across the head in an incredibly uneven manner and you know one of the keys with a cassette playback to sound good is it has to be locked into a Speed that is consistent. Otherwise you get variations in frequency. We're gonna get lots of those because this is a manual Tape transport. So let me head over there and we'll take a look at Where's the right camera there it is and That's the one I'm looking for. All right, let's head over there okay, so What I'll do first is Take a cassette and I will start with About this one right here Okay, so this is a mix mix cassette My wife made years and years ago and I'm feeding it into the tape transport and now the Tape itself is touching the reed head that's back here I don't know if you can see that there's not a lot of light In there, but you see a silver thing actually let me let me zoom in you might be able to All right, so there you can see there's the little tape head And this knob here is connected to a little shaft with a sort of rubber end a little bolt vinyl bolt protector Kind of end that is going to go into the take up reel here And then I'll be able to rotate the cassette to drag it across that That take up out again a little bit Okay, so I'll feed this in And then I have this running into my little blue box Mixer here so we should hear it Oh gone the wrong way So you can almost hear a little drum line there and then some garbled lyrics and things happening And actually I'm going to check the chat. Let me know I can pull it up on here. Let me know if you Can't hear at all The samples that I'm playing over here the examples that I'm playing because I want I want to make sure you can hear those So let me Open up discord on my phone here so I can see any chat and that would be really helpful if you Can let me know Let's see Do do do where is our server there you are there's live broadcast chat. Okay, so I'll keep that Keep an eye on that so let me know so I'm gonna Bump up the gain on this a little bit and do that again Sounds good there. Okay, great Okay, so you can of course add effects to that and stuff These sound much better with some delays and echoes and bit crushers and things like that attach them But that thing is really cool. Uh, and in fact, I wanted to take a second This one is the the version one of this that came out a number of years ago and they've Moved on to a version two. I just wanted to show that Since I'm talking about it here. It is by landscape FM you go to landscape f m dot com and the new version is this you can see it's got a pcb Fiberglass pcb as the enclosure now and there are a bunch of Improvements and add-ons with the main improvement is that there are now two Shafts going into both sides so you can go in both directions because the thing with a normal cassette is going Backwards on just one of the take-ups is just going to create a bunch of slack and and cause problems for you So you can't scratch that one with a with a normal cassette But anyway, this is the this is the new one you can see there It's got it's got a couple knobs on it also has like some capacitive touch things for Kill switch and some other other functionalities, which is pretty cool If we head back over here, I'll show you a little tape loop I made which allows me to Go forward and backwards. So this is Your typical cassette I'll take the one out of here Actually, this is a good one as an example so you can see With a typical cassette if I go The wrong way I'll grab a pencil here It's just going to create slack so you can see that little Little slack happening there so you can only go in the one one direction and it pulls pulls the tape across From the other reel so if instead You take a part of cassette You can make a short little looping section So you can see there I've got this little tape loop I made just by pulling apart a blank cassette Taking all of that off. So there's there's the main Amount of tape there and then you can make a little three four second loop here Depending on the playback speed The trick with these is one you've got to splice the tape so you have to use some tape splicing tape or some Some decent scotch tape if that's what you have I've never tried capton tape that but that might work pretty well too. It's pretty sticky and quite flexible and thin and The other trick with these is the amount of tension. So when a tape head Presses against the tape it pushes it into this little Felt dudad here official term You need to make enough contact there So this can't be stretched so tight that this doesn't depress in it also can't be so loose that the Take-up reel there which is just A little piece of plastic like this Let me zoom in a little closer and focus better on these things. So That on its own is quite slippery Not not a lot of friction there. So you can see on the one I made here I added a little Sort of tire around it. I super glued a rubber band a thick rubber band Which gave me some grip on the tape and it also Increased the diameter of that a little bit which I needed so now you can see If you look at the tape there either direction I go It drags across which means if you tape something on there, ideally you'll tape something like a drone sound on there to get sort of consistent sound you can pitch and go get variations in both directions without it sounding super weird like voices or drums But those are fine too I have put sort of a Droning sound on here that I recorded It has gaps in it, which is a problem. You actually don't want gaps in it because you can hit dead spots, but let's uh Let's get this going here and I just want to Figure out why this is so quiet. Why are you so quiet that I lower? My main output volume Yeah, the gain is way low So you can see I have these big gaps, which is a bad idea Um one thing too It's a little better. Uh is to mention there's a bit of slack in here and Pending on how well your tape is seated If it's a little High or a little low as it comes across the the head there you can Get a mix up of tracks. So a typical cassette has Two tracks going let's see. Does this work right now? Yeah, uh typical cassette has Stereo pair going one direction and a stereo pair going the other direction So it's actually four tracks on a tape when you flip the cassette over you're you're playing in forward Uh on the other side. It's actually like this. So I actually have a little four track here four track cassette recorder that I got back in the 90s This treats all four tracks as individual tracks. So it's like having a four track recording Set up without having a big reel-to-reel expensive thing. These were pretty cheap So if we take for example Uh, what's a good cassette for this? Is there one in here right now? Okay, this I think has My drone on it on one side and some spoken word stuff on the other. Let's see if we If we can hear that What am I doing? Let me put this in properly got distracted here I just wanted to bring up my discord again to see if you you can hear anything Yeah, thin man says sounds good here So maybe a stepper motor down the road right if you want to turn this back into machine controlled add some sort of Motor to it. So here on this one if I play So that's the side B stuff or the flipped side stuff playing because I've asked tracks three and four to play if I go And turn the first two tracks on that's something I recorded in the other direction so kind of cool that you can Grab those other tracks, but it's just to explain that that thin little piece of tape has these four Um sort of sections that are just where it writes to a stereo pair and a stereo pair going into opposing directions Um, so that's kind of a gear report right there just with this cool little human controlled tape transport. Um I bought that used off of someone on a online forum. Thank you so much for that. Uh, super cool what I want to do now is Uh Take this into the realm of a project I want to work on and so the project I want to work on is a variable speed cassette playback Using a combination of either manual control like a potentiometer Microcontroller control so using maybe a digital potentiometer And then feeding that microcontroller either midi or control voltage from a hardware synthesizer so that you can maybe Make a little droning loop or something like that or it could be could be a full cassette's worth Of one pitch. Let's say a c and then depending on your playback speeds you can pitch it into different Not quite in tune, but maybe depending on how lucky you get Frequencies, which is kind of cool This is a popular project. You'll see it out there. There's some products made just to do this and then there's a lot of hacks one piece of gear that's really popular for this is this Byron statics I think that's its name Byron statics Cassette, this is like $15 online. They're new. They're they're newly made and they're kind of cool. This has a usb Mini for power or two double a's And it has a radio a mfm radio built onto it And then it has a speaker built in a microphone So you can record right to it as well as the playback for reverse Stop and the record there you can also record directly from the radio internal radio onto the tape So it's got a bunch of features, which is pretty cool Very cheap and not a bad place to start with some hacks because it's so cheap. There are cassette players that are really great for this As far as getting in there really quickly and easily and that's because there are cassette players that have variable speed playback Already built into them and these kind of fall into two categories really one is dictation Machines and it could be cassette sized could be larger size But dictation cassettes will have variable speed just so that someone who is transcribing it can slow it down or speed it up After someone has recorded notes into it And then there are also ones that are made for just adjusting the pitch of music that you're practicing to I don't know of any examples other than this one, which is the Ebonaise rock and play Stereo cassette player for guitar rp 200 and I think they had another model of this and maybe some other brands did But even as who makes guitars and amps and things they made this And it's a pretty cool gadget in its Own right I think I've shown it on the show a couple years ago when I got it at a thrift store for I think five dollars or something like that but this has if you can see here a tape speed control Switch Lower that a little bit So this switch is between normal and half speed and then you have this pitch control Which is a potentiometer that will give you more fine-tuned changes So if you're let's say your band is playing it in a certain key You might be able to practice to it in that key even if the original wasn't written in that key and then it also has Two guitar or line inputs so you can or instrument inputs So you can plug in a guitar at a base or something like that Hear them in your headphones along with the tape mix between those got a little three channel mixer there And it even has a two headphone out so two people can be using it They thought everything and it also has some effects on the Input so you can add a chorus or a chorus and a distortion, which is pretty wild So what I want to do is I'll put in My little droning cassette Is that the one I want? No, I want this one here Move this out of the way a little bit And zoom out. So this is just on battery power right now. So I'll take that and I pulled the door off just to make it easier to see what's going on and I'm gonna take One of the headphone outs and go into my little mixer there. So Set it like this Okay, so this is a little droning synth thing I recorded So you can see here this is just using this pitch control And you can see there if we aren't sliding Between those pitches and instead if we could jump there, I was just trying to jump really quickly between some Some settings you could play it like sort of melotron, which is a an old keyboard that had essentially a tape loop per key So getting rid of that sort of sliding thing that would be the idea behind using something like a digital potentiometer Where you could just go directly to a different resistance level for the speed controller on the motor And get it to play back the way you want it to without all that slide. This one does have that Full half speed playback. So I'll go back to Normal So that's half speed All right, so that's the idea. That's what we want to try to replicate Instead of this is just a lucky find. They don't really make these anymore. I had to replace The main belt in it. It had just turned to goo, which is kind of the problem if you want to get used Walkman Generic term I'll use it as on ebay or other places It's not a bad idea. Look for ones that say they are tested and works because if not you will have a job Ahead of you of getting inside. Sometimes it's a pain to get where you need to get Sometimes you have to take a lot of things apart to get a new belt on there You also have to buy a pack of cassette belts. You don't want to try to use Hair bands or rubber bands or anything. You got to kind of get the right right stuff Rubber bands will again just kind of give you trouble and stretch and turn into goo again So rather than that the idea is Start from this one even though this one wasn't built to do any of the speed control It is possible to add different resistance levels to the the dc motor to get some primitive control. So Let's first of all just plug this one in and check out how it sounds I guess i'll steal Is that the one I want? Oh, this red one. Okay. I'll steal this one here and I'm going to plug that into phones So let's just test this one out Uh, we can put our same actually let's take this little tape loop I made so you can hear it better what it actually actually does I'll see how well that works Okay, some players won't like a tape loop. I'm going to flip it over. Sometimes that fixes it Uh, it senses a problem with the tension and it stops so it doesn't eat your tape Let's try it this way Okay, yeah, it's not good. This one's not going to like like this loop. Um, it might be possible to overcome that But I'll use a regular cassette, which is this one here Let's just adjust the amount of gain and volume I'm giving it in the first place Okay, uh So there it is a normal operation. We'll go ahead and rewind Okay, good. So now let's take it apart and have a look, uh, and I went I just Got inside of here a little bit earlier to Take a look and see if I could find uh based on some projects. I looked up online. This one's really popular You'll you'll see people selling them on etsy already modified. You'll see some some Nice close-up photos of mods people have done already and I'll show you a few of those in a second What what I'll do is I'll go ahead and pull out my batteries first And then there's just four screws on here and a little uh pair of latches to Overcome with a little spudger guitar pick kind of thing. So I've already I've only put two of these screws back in so I'll go ahead and Take those out and let me go ahead and zoom in here should do Uh, yes, he grover said in the chat sometimes both hubs need to turn Otherwise it thinks it's at the end of the tape. That's a good point And I I have not done much, uh cassette loop building some people. I know do it with a pair of uh Rollers or take up hubs still in there whatever their name is. Uh, I think that may help All right, so to get this apart it kind of Hinges off of here a little bit, but there is uh A pair of clips to defeat down at the bottom here. So I'm just going to take this little guy and Click past one Click past the other now it's loose enough to lift up and over the little volume knob there that was caught on All right, so now that we're inside, let me see. Can I get any closer? That's about as close as I can get We can put some batteries back in it And yeah, one of the wild things about this is such a coming together of modern and ancient where you've got a usb micro in here for power, and I'm assuming some little voltage regulator here to convert the five volts down to three that it runs off of and uh so Just looking at one of the guides I saw online um I'll Yeah, I'll let this play. I might actually go forward to some of the voice playback That'll be easier to hear it in so let me let me fast forward this a couple minutes I just recorded a couple minutes of that drone on there So this will be a spoken word audio book kind of thing Further this is not a fast the fast forward and rewind are not super fast on that compared to my little task cam here some more That is and you said everything's changing used to be in the old days The media image roughly corresponded to reality, but now it's all reversed The media image is so there's a ground here and a existing resistor on the motor excitement So now day-to-day life is false and the media image is true Sometimes I look around my living room The most real thing in the room is the television. It's bright and vivid the rest of my life looks a drag There we go. Oh, sorry. My head was in the right turn the damn thing off That does it every time Get my life back Basically continue to pet the dog She saw a headlight from the darkening night swinging around the corner and come up the street toward them She got to her feet walked to the current Okay, so uh that is Sort of the basic foundation of figuring out, okay, where are we going to go in and connect up to um Be able to adjust this motor control you could do it by following the motor and seeing where it's uh plugged in I didn't have to someone had done this exact one already So I I didn't need to explore but you could also approach it kind of like circuit bending where you Find a ground and then just start prodding around bypassing resistors and or changing the resistance value To see what happens. So That's a start what I think i'm going to use uh to do it is our Little linear digital potentiometer. Uh, and in fact, this is a good time to show you, uh, this was a Project that liz showed me uh that she found online And It is This one from guide to pont. You can see it looks a little familiar. Uh, and what he did is really neat, uh grabbed the voltage off of the USB so I think it's still powering the cassette player from usb power and powering maybe even data Uh to the little cutie pie in here, which is great and there's that uh, Dallas semiconductor 3502 i-squared c potentiometer. So that is connected up to those points ground and then the two Uh, there's there's the wiper ground and voltage. I'm presuming and then digitally changing that position of that wiper, uh to adjust the The motor speed so that uh, you can check that out just on twitter guide to pont gvy underscore dvpont Has some info about that if you also look around. I mentioned, uh, amulets. This is amulets music.com and there's a lot of great info about cassette tape manipulation making your own Tape loops and so on and I Saw here. This is someone on etsy who's just taking these and adding a little manual speed controller or control voltage input, which Is pretty cool dual cv and line ins bunch of options you can get on those that are built into it and Here's an example of someone making a full euro rack module based on a cassette transport that's been Built into this little panel. It has control voltage and gate I think in it has a speed controller on the front of it and a couple other Things so if you if you google around there's a lot of really neat Um projects that are out there using Cassette players as well as that particular Inexpensive one, which is pretty cool So let's see what else I think The plan with this will be next steps will be i'm going to take my Where did I put it? take my little digital potentiometer and A qt pi which work great together and start Coding that to be able to just do some sweeps back and forth to change change the timing Or change the the playback of the the motor speed and then look at doing some midi input So it'd be kind of cool to send midi notes to the qt pi over usb Which it then converts to different values for that potentiometer so that it plays back at different speeds And then I think a It's actually easier to set up something like midi than it would be The control voltage because a control voltage coming off of something like euro rack can be anywhere from negative to positive 10 volts So it's a little bit more circuitry needed to Bring that in and then convert that to resistance values of the digital potentiometer, but it's totally doable I'm not sure about gates because often a gate impulse could be used You could use that maybe to just do a full stop or some kind of a muting Of the player so it might be neat to have both gate and control voltage In there So let's see any questions or thoughts over in the chat. Let me know Um People are referencing the Beatles with with the uh cassette playback and and backward masking and all that for sure Uh And let's see. I also want to mention I will be out next week returning the following week So I wanted to give you a preview of this Uh, Lamor and Liz and I just talked about this yesterday So, uh, the fact that that little teal colored cassette came in less than 24 hours is kind of amazing kind of scary Uh, but I obviously I've got a lot of other tape stuff to goof around with But I'm looking forward to trying to modify that one in specific because it's nice to be able to recommend something Do a project guide where people can actually go and get this thing which may have a bunch of different names I'm not sure sometimes you'll find products that are made in one factory and get a bunch of different names put on them But uh that one I'm not sure that one may may just be one manufacturer Uh, and Liz and I will be collaborating on that. So, uh, also look out for some cool Other cassette players. Liz has a has a neat one. She just ordered that. She's looking forward to showing off I can only imagine she's going to add some colorful leds to it, which will be cool And I may pick up one of the g e There's a general electric g e um sort of Walkman with speed control built in that's really popular very available The sony ones that are super nice, but less available or more expensive But you can for 10 15 20 dollars get Some of these super popular g e ones and just look for one that works or be prepared to to swap out belts Uh, I think that is everything I wanted to Uh show you and bring up and get started today. So look forward to um Follow up on this in a couple of weeks and I think that's going to do it for today. So, uh, again, thank you everyone for stopping by Uh, that's going to do it. Thank you for it for industries on john park. This has been john park's workshop Yes, uh, sorry thin man. No show on tuesday next week. No show on thursday for me So there will not be a product pick of the week on tuesday and there will not be A, uh, workshop on thursday will be out the full week Uh, so thanks everyone for stopping by. I'll see you next time. Bye. Bye