So, I was asked to speak about completing banking union challenges ahead, so we'll spend the rest of the week and the weekend here in order to enumerate all of them. But if I thought I'd speak a little bit on what got us into the crisis, not about Ireland, or in general, and how we might emerge both in institutional structural terms and in terms of how this will be affecting our economies. So, obviously, things are considerably better than they were a year ago, as evidenced by our meeting on Monday next, which will be the final, final meeting of the Irish program. And that's the last thing I'll say about the Irish program unless you ask me to do so. But how did we get in to all of this? And there are people who tend to think that we are in some kind of isolated incidents of over indebtedness. But if you look in that it's a Portuguese issue and a Spanish problem, and of course a Greek problem, and yes, a Cypriot problem. But if you look at data for all industrialized economies worldwide over the last 15, 20 years, then you see immensely rising debt levels. In some countries, debt levels of the sovereign, in some countries, debt levels of corporates, in some countries of households, and in a few unfortunate countries, many of them together. And this is not just something that happened out of the blue. It is very tightly correlated with how we are affected by globalization. And globalization is a phenomenon that came on stream with full force in the 90s. And very, very few politicians were capable and able to deal with this change in comparative advantage in the way that it would have required. In many countries, as more and more sectors felt competition from, let's say, China. People got unemployed, wage, relative wages, the curve went from flat to steep. They started throwing money at the problem in order to try to cover it up. Not to solve it, but just to cover it up. In other countries, you had a huge increase in mortgage-related household debt, which enabled private households to smooth their consumption patterns over 10, 15 years, despite all the challenges to their nominal income due to globalization challenges. And in other countries yet, my prime example is Italy. You had a huge increase in corporate debt. If you look at the last IMF Global Financial Stability Report, you will see that they calculate a corporate debt overhang, however that is defined, of around 150 billion euro in the Italian corporate sector. And so this is not a euro area crisis. It is rather a crisis of how industrialized countries dealt or didn't deal with globalization. There are very few examples. Norway, Canada, Australia, Switzerland. Usually the resource-rich countries, Switzerland, of course, having a natural resource called banking secrecy. That combined with, I think we don't reflect often enough on the role of U.S. monetary policy in creating the crisis, that combined also with bad regulation and even worse supervision landed us in a situation where most economies of the industrialized world were over indebted. And then we indeed had a specific add-on-euro area twist because exchange rates as a matter of equilibrating external imbalances did not work any longer, and our societies, our policies, our economic policies were not used in order to have the requisite internal adjustments instead of the disappeared exchange rate adjustment possibilities. So how did we then end up in Europe with a financial system which still has not adequately restructured, which has not adequately deleveraged, and which has not recovered? And I think the problem goes back to early 2009, when we still thought that we had a banking crisis because of those Americans. And there was the first realization that there is an important euro area dimension to it. And the then EU presidency, President Sarkozy called for a meeting of the, I think we were 17 at the time, 17 heads of state and government. There is always a surprise visitor there whenever, at the first meeting of the Eurogroup in 1999, the surprise visitor was Gordon Brown. At the meeting of the euro area heads of state and government, the surprise visitor was Gordon Brown. But they discussed what can we do in order to coordinate our response to this important banking crisis. And essentially what they said after lengthy, lengthy discussions, they said, well, let's just respect the EU state aid rules. I'm being only slightly nasty.  And the example of how things then went in capital, I'm not saying it went like that in Dublin or that it went like that in Vienna, but the stylized facts, I'm afraid, are correct. The CEO of a bank then went to the prime minister or the finance minister and said, minister, I've got to be recapitalized terribly sorry. The minister said, all yours, have as much as you want. And the CEO said, you must be bunkers.  And Almonia will tell me to change my business plan and my business model. He will tell me to sell my subsidiary in Romania, Portugal, wherever. The blighter will even tell me to stop giving forex loans to unsuspecting foreigners. I said, the finance minister, we don't want that, do we? Okay, so we'll just recap you a little. But we'll give you nice core tier one equity. Come to that. Give me just some other kind of capital and why is that? He said, well, in five years time, you're going to sell your shares in my bank. And I know you're going to sell them then on the stock exchange and then some German will come along or some Russian will come along and buy up shares in my nice little Sparkasa, Kacha, Kess DuParn, Kasa, Dirich, Sparemio, what have you not? Good grief, can't let the foreigners into our market, can we? So the whole thing was very much an industrial policy type approach to recapitalizing national banking systems.  Even the German pillar was a little pillar standing next to each other. And what was the result? They recapitalized by just the bare minimum. What did the Americans do?  And lending restarted a couple of years later to the economy, which is not the case in Europe. And it was because we had 17, 18, 28 very, very national strategies of supervisors cooperating with their politicians because banking was the industrial policy darling of the last 15 years. Many decades ago it was steel, it was automobiles, then it was electronics, now for 15 years it was banking. This industrial policy type approach to the crisis in the first years will stay with us for quite a couple of years because it will color the way how we come out of the recession, out of the problems, and how we will be able to generate lending again to the economy. However, here comes Banking Union. We'll see if it helps. I believe it does. So what will change? As of late next year, we will have a single supervisory mechanism, a single supervisor in Frankfurt supervising directly 128 banks and indirectly the other nearly 6,000 banks. Just as an example, what does this change? Had we had a single supervisor four years ago, the CEO would have gone to Frankfurt to Daniel Nguy and said, dear madam, can I have a little money? And she said, you'll take a hell of a lot of money. They said, no, but then I have to change my business model. And she would have said, that's the point. Things would have been totally different. The banks would have sold their subsidiary in Romania and in Portugal, they would have stopped doing this. They would have written off very much of the assets that are still in their balance sheets four years after. And lending to the economy would have started again. So the single supervisor, I think, will be the largest change to the economic policy landscape in Europe since the introduction of the single currency. And over time, it will completely change the way monetary union functions. And if I say monetary union, it is, of course, intellectually wrong to say that because a single supervisor is something that is very closely associated with an internal market. Our financial systems are so closely intertwined that having 28 different financial supervisors sitting next to each other, sometimes with each other, sometimes next to each other, 28 for banking, 28 for insurance, 28 for securities markets. This simply does not work well. However, an island to the east of you which is slightly larger than this one decided that it had something to do with monetary union and therefore, we are all pretending that the single supervisor is something to do with monetary union, but it is internal market in reality. And that is also why there is a possibility to opt into that single supervisory mechanism for those countries that are not part of the euro area and some of them I am very sure will tell us next year once our legal situation has become clearer, they will tell us that they will want to be participating. Now, if you are a single supervisor newly setting up shop, unfortunately, I shouldn't say, but I'm not a friend of central bankers doing supervision. Having the ECB do it is a very good solution, it's a very good second best solution. In an ideal world, you would not have a central bank doing it, maybe with the next treaty change one will be able to not physically but legally change the situation. Anyway, if you're a new supervisor and have a very, very good reputation and your interest is in retaining that very, very good reputation, what do you do when you get a present? You open it up and have a very, very close look at what the present looks like. You have an asset quality review. An asset quality review, as it says, is a snapshot in time of the assets of the 128 banks it's supervising, going to supervise. And then they run a stress test on that and then in the autumn of 2014 the single supervisor will tell each and every bank one figure, the one figure can be zero or it can be larger than zero and if it's larger than zero then it's the shortfall of regulatory capital which they've got to fill. Now, we've had a history of stress tests in Europe and the history has been an unfortunate one and why was it unfortunate? Well, largely because EBA who was designing these stress tests started out very ambitiously saying we need a stringent, transparent, etc. stress test always adding like the Americans. And then national politicians started getting worried. Banking industry started getting worried. You can't do that because then the recapitalization needs will be too large and it's all at the same time and markets are stressed and the finance minister would chip in and say I'm not going to spend any money to recapitalize you. So all of a sudden the standards went down and markets made fun of us. So the stress, the past two stress tests simply were not credible. It was not the supervisors running the stress test. It was the people sitting on EBA and the supervisors. But this time it is different. How do you sit on the ECB? My experience is that if you try to sit on the ECB it gets harder, not softer. So maybe if you want a very stringent stress test sit on the ECB. It's very unsit on a bull. And simply psychologically it is in their interest to have as stringent a stress test as they believe is necessary. And out will pop then this one figure of a shortfall of regulatory capital and it's my expectation that they will then tell the bank you've got half a year or so, cover it in the markets. And then they turn to us, the ECB did and said, Backstops, what's a backstop? A backstop is if somebody, if I run out of money and you're my backstop I turn to you and ask you for a little bit. So we clarified about two weeks ago, three weeks ago how the waterfall of events would be once a bank had been identified as having such a capital shortfall. First it goes to the markets. If it can't raise the capital there it turns to the government which may recapitalize it in agreement with the European Commission following state aid rules which say that as a minimum equity and junior bond holders need to be bailed in. If the sovereign in question has impaired access to markets then this sovereign can ask for a program, an ESM program analogous to that of Spain. There the jury is out. We have not finished discussing it. If the bail-in also need to go as far as senior bond holders we will know more about that early next year. And if all of that fails because of even more impeded complete loss of market access then there can be a direct recapitalization of the bank concerned by the ESM in which case there would be mandatory bail-in of equity, junior bond holders, senior bond holders. Now the bail-in and this is a source story of how this has developed maybe too slowly for the taste of some is of course that there has been increasing political political realization and pressure to minimize costs to taxpayers and that was one of the main areas of negotiations in recent months in the so-called recovery and resolution directive which intraalia prescribes how as the name says the recovery and resolution of banks in problem are dealt with and in which sequence bail-in and up to where bail-in of creditors is to happen. The European Parliament has been working on its position which we will be confronted with early next week and they have completely different views on bail-in at present than the Council of Ministers. So but if you have all of these instruments then obviously you want to have a mechanism which prescribes how resolution of a bank is done and as we are speaking negotiations somewhere on the continent are ongoing and we will be negotiating that next Tuesday, Jim and I will be there and hopefully we will emerge Wednesday 5 in the morning with a result on the single resolution mechanism. In the Q&A if that is of interest to you we can go into the questions which are still open but such a mechanism also of course needs money and it needs the money in order to put into banks to be restructured once a certain level of bail-in has occurred and whenever money is concerned people start getting extremely nervous the idea is to fill up this so-called single resolution fund which may be composed of national resolution funds or be one big European thing by filling it up with 55 billion euro over 10 years. What happens if we have a crisis in the first 10 years? So we are negotiating how should we fill it up more rapidly than that possibly by giving loans to resolution funds either from the ESM or from sovereigns that will be decided on Tuesday. Then you also need a backstop in the steady state i.e. if in the year 2030 the single resolution fund is completely emptied because of major banking catastrophe in Germany and if there's zero money in there who's at who's around in order to help out this fund and if you say well it's the member states who jointly and severally guarantee and would fill up the bank then all of a sudden you are with more than a big toe in fiscal union because you have taken away the prerogative of the sovereign to decide exclusively by himself on how his budget remains are utilized. So this will not happen but we will have I think as a backstop for example the ESM which still keeps our constitution ensures the respect of our constitutions and all of that to be complimented by agreement on deposit guarantee directive of which I will say not very much because as you know in the crisis deposit guarantee schemes played if at all a very very minor role. So the question is then when and if we complete nearly complete banking union in the coming year and years what will change? First as I said the address C of concerns of banks will not be the national supervisor the direct address C of the large banks will be the single supervisor also for only indirectly supervised banks the national supervisors will have to act in agreement with a single supervisor in Frankfurt. There will be developed a single handbook on how supervisors should be acting and behaving and sitting in a country with a high standard of governance you may think this is not necessary. I can tell you there are a couple of member states who would profit enormously from having considerably higher degrees of standards of governance than they have at present. You would be able to do away with supervisory action at the national level which ring fences liquidity within a single market. You may think that this is not important. Go and ask which is not one of the smaller European banks. Baffin the German supervisor has been ring fencing liquidity of the German subsidiary for years in Germany and therefore has a significant positive balance with the ECB. The parent company in Italy has a significant negative balance with the ECB so in a normal firm in a normal internal market liquidity would flow from Germany to Italy and only credit would have a more or less balanced balance liquidity balance with the ECB this is not the case and is of course a direct if you compare what they get at the ECB and what they pay at the ECB it's a hell of a cost element for only credit many other such examples exist I will not go into them because it is I take I like to take this example because it shows it's not only the south which are doing things which impede the internal market and lead to market fragmentation as things then unfold and we have cross board emerges and acquisitions as liquidity can flow without any further impediments between member states we will I believe not overnight and not within a week but we will be able to see a defragmentation of the of the internal market of the European Union at least for those countries which are under the single supervisor however of course that still begs the question where will growth come from where will credit come from in future years and we are faced with a very difficult situation that banks have to build up capital they have to deliverage whole sectors of the economy will continue to deliverage for the foreseeable future this is with us for the next for the rest of this decade balance sheets of banks will shrink and where will lending to the economy come from obviously we will all have to shift much more to an American model of funding via the capital market many of the large corporates are already tapping capital market so that means that many mid caps SMEs will have to go that way which means that they will have to turn to investment banks there is not a single investment bank in Europe that can afford so we will have to have a totally different business model for investment banking cheap off the shelf investment banking in order to ensure that these firms can actually finance their investments where will long-term financing come from not from commercial banks not long-term financing of normal investment projects but infrastructure financing and more risky R&D financing and the finance ministry here in Dublin has been leading an expert group for the past year approximately which has been dealing with exactly these questions so at present I think we have lots of questions and some but not very many answers but very much of this will simply lead to structural and behavioral changes within the European banking industry and therefore over all financial markets and therefore all for all of us as consumers as savers as investors and as taxpayers but I believe coming to an end but I believe that what we are doing in Brussels and what we are doing in Frankfurt and what we are doing in all capitals by complimenting the currency union that we have even though it's an internal market issue by complimenting the currency union that we have with a banking union we are moving a very very very significant step towards stabilizing the Euro area as a whole have we there will done everything that needs to be done my personal conviction is that no you still need to move further you have to move further into some elements of fiscal burden sharing and risk sharing if you don't do that there's still more work left we'll leave that to our successors Jim thanks very much


Let's solve a couple of questions on coherence and interference in Young's double slit experiment. For the first one, we have two coherent sources S1 and S2 and a point P which lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment S1 and S2. So it lies right at the center of S1 and S2. What is or are definitely true about the two light waves? And we have five options out of which more than one can be correct. Why don't you pause the video and try to attempt this question on your own first? All right, let's get into this. Now we have two coherent sources of light. So these two sources are coherent. What could two coherent sources of light really mean? So two coherent sources, it means that the two sources, they have the same frequency. They have the same frequency, which means that they have the same wavelength because all of them, they are sources of light, they are traveling with the speed of light. So if they have the same frequency, they must have the same wavelength. And that means that the color, the color of the light must be the same. Color must be the same. So if we read the options, option A is definitely right. They are of the same color. Option B says they have the same phase at the sources. Now it is entirely possible for these two sources to be out of phase or to be in phase or to have a constant phase difference, maybe of pi by three or two pi by three, pi by six. And it is not at all necessary that they need to have the same phase at the sources. There can be a phase difference between these two coherent sources of light. So option B is not right. Option B is wrong. Option C says phase difference at sources equals the phase difference at P. Now, if there is some phase difference at the sources, let's say pi. The option is saying that even at P, it has the same phase difference. If you look at the part traveled by the light from the source S1, that would be this path right here. We can see that this is the same as the part traveled by the light from the source S2. There is no extra path traveled by any of these two sources. There is no extra phase difference added between the two sources of light. Whatever is the phase difference at the source, it is the same as that at point P. This can only be true if they are traveling the same amount of path. So option C is right. Now, option D says they have the same intensity. Again, for two sources of light, which are coherent, they need to have the same frequency and also they need to have a constant, constant phase difference. It doesn't matter whether they have the same intensity or different intensity. If they have different intensity, we won't get entirely dark fringes because they will never be the case when I1 minus I2 is equal to zero because they are not equal to each other. There will be some brightness between the bright fringes as well. You will never get a completely dark fringe, but that does not mean that the two sources of light are not coherent. They are still coherent because you are getting an interference pattern on the screen. So option D here is wrong. And the last option says they have the same phase at P. Now, this can be true, this can be true for some cases, but it is not a necessary condition for two sources to be coherent. The only two necessary conditions are that it should have the same frequency and a constant phase difference. Okay, so for this one, we have A and C as the right answers. Let's move on to the next question now. Here we have two coherent sources of light, S1 and S2, which emit light of wavelength 600 nanometers. The light waves, they have a phase difference of pi by three at the sources. And they interfere constructively at a point P. R1 and R2 are the position vectors from S1 and S2 respectively to P. And the question is, which of the following is most likely to be true? And we have five options out of which one is correct. Again, as always pause the video and give this question a try. Okay, let's get into this. Now the question says that there is a phase difference of pi by three at the source. There is a phase difference of pi by three at the source. What would this mean? We can try and think about this in terms of wavelength, because then we will be able to plot the two waves from these two sources. So as a general rule, we know that if the phase difference between two sources is two pi, then they could be zero or lambda distance apart from each other. And if the phase difference is pi by three, then we can say that they could be lambda divided by two pi into pi by three apart. So this is lambda by six. This is lambda by six. So now if we draw the two sources of light, they could look somewhat like this. Let's say that this wave is from S1 and this wave is from S2. These two sources of light are out of sync. They are not in phase. They have a phase difference of pi by three. So that corresponds to a path difference of lambda by six. Now that means that the distance between these two waves, that would be lambda by six. So the distance between the peaks right here, that is, this is lambda by six. Even this distance, this distance between the peaks is also, this is also lambda by six. Similarly, even, even this distance will also be lambda by six. Now let's say if we had a screen at this position, at this position right here and our point P, our point P is this point. This is our point P and we have a screen at that point. We can see that the wave from S1 is at its peak, right? But the wave from S2 is not. This is where the wave at S2 is. It is not at its peak. So we will not be getting a constructive interference if these two waves travel the same distance, same amount of path from the source. And when this is the case, these two are traveling the same amount of distance. But we are getting a constructive interference at point P because the peaks are not matching with the peaks. They're not on top of each other. So maybe one wave has to travel more or the other wave has to travel less so that, so that these two peaks, they are on top of each other and you get a constructive interference. Let's look into this some more. Let me make some space. So now here we have a wave from S1 and this is the wave from S2. And a screen was, a screen was at this position, this position right here. We can see that the peaks are matching with the peak so there won't be any constructive interference. But let's say if the wave from S2, that is a red wave, if it looked like this, then we can see that the peaks are matching. So now there will be a constructive interference at this point, the point P. But what happened so that the constructive interference is happening? We can see that now the wave from S2, it is moving an extra path. It is moving some extra distance so that there is some constructive interference. And what is this extra distance? This is exactly equal to, this is exactly equal to lambda by 6. Because we saw that a distance between two adjacent peaks or two adjacent points, that would be lambda by 6. Part difference of pi by 3 corresponded to a distance of lambda by 6 between the two waves. So even this distance is lambda by 6. And that is the extra amount of distance that the wave from S2 has to travel so that the peaks coincide and you get a constructive interference. But it's not just lambda by 6. Even if this point coincided with this point, then again you will get a constructive interference. So for this point to be able to coincide with this point, the red wave will have to travel lambda by 6. It is already traveling lambda by 6 more, plus lambda more. Plus lambda more, one complete wavelength. That is the distance between the two crests, right? So it has to travel lambda by 6 plus lambda. And similarly, if you extend this red wave further, there can be one more crest, there can be one more peak, which can coincide with this peak, and you can get a constructive interference. In that case, the wave will have to travel 2 lambda more. Apart from traveling lambda by 6 more, it has to travel 2 lambda more than that. Now let's come back to our question. Let me bring the question back. So we see that the part difference has to be lambda by 6, plus 1 lambda, 2 lambda, 3 lambda. So we can write this as n lambda. And we know that the wavelength is 600, so this would be 600 divided by 6, that is 100, plus 600 into n. Now let's look at the options. Now let's look at the options. The first one says that mod of r2 minus r1 is equal to 100 nanometers. Here we need to be a little careful, because we know that r1, r2, these are position vectors. And r2 minus r1 will actually be this distance right here. This is r2 minus r1. This is according to the rules of vector subtraction in a triangle. This is your r2 minus r1. And this is the distance between the slits. It has nothing to do with the part difference of the light from s1 and s2. So we can write away ignore option A, and with a similar line of reasoning, we can ignore option C as well. That leaves us with B, D, and E. Let's look at option B. Option B says mod of r2 minus mod of r1, that is equal to 700 nanometers. This kind of makes sense, because now if in place of n, in place of n, if we place 1, then this would be 100 plus 600. And that will give us 700 nanometers. The part difference has 700 nanometers. So option B makes sense. This is right. Option B says this is equal to 1, 2, 5, 0 nanometers. This will never be really possible, because no matter what value of n we place here, we will always get the final part difference as an integral multiple of 100. We can get it as 100, 700, or when we place n as 2, we will get it as 1300, and then 1900, so on and so forth. So it will always be a multiple of 100. Option D is wrong. And again, with similar line of reasoning, option E is also wrong. So for this one, the right option is option B.


Two injured in an I-43 rollover crash. Walker plans to stay involved in politics. Walker Shaw-Man stumbles into neighbor's home and passes out after New Year's celebration. These stories and more are coming up on this edition of Community News Review. This is Community News Review, a service WSES-TV news content provided by WHBL. I'm Maddie Fister and this is the first show of the New Year at Community News Review for January 2, 2019. Investigators say a good Samaritan killed while helping at the scene of a crash on the Belt Line was Lake Mills Firefighter, a vehicle crashed on Eastbound Highway 12 Monday evening. Lake Mills firefighter Chris Truman stopped to help and another vehicle hit him. Truman died at a nearby hospital. Truman 46 was a fire department captain in Lake Mills and he had been with the fire department for 13 years. Police arrested the driver and he is accused of homicide by intoxicated use of a vehicle. An eclair teen is in custody after allegedly stabbing her ex-boyfriend. Police say it happened shortly after 1 p.m. on December 30th at the YMCA on Graham Avenue. 17-year-old Ashley Gadke is accused of stabbing her ex with a box cutter when they met up in a parking lot. Prosecutors say the two met in the parking lot to return each other's things after a breakup and the stabbing happened after she questioned him about a new girlfriend. Police say the victim was stabbed in the head, torso, back and face. Gadke forced him out of the truck and tried to speed away from the area. She is being charged with battery disorderly conduct, reckless endangerment and criminal damage to private property. Some are hoping that the 2019 will be the year that Wisconsin gets tough on first-time OWI offenders. During his campaign, Governor-elect Tony Evers remained open to the possibility of changing the law that currently allows first-time OWI offenders to avoid criminal charges instead of only paying civil fines. I think, personally, law enforcement would be for a stricter penalty for first offense and I think the legislature has looked at different avenues to proceed with different penalties, said Sergeant R.J. Lurkwin with the Dane County Sheriff's Department in audio obtained by W-A-O-W-T-V. The concern with increasing the penalty is an increase in the jail population, which Evers says also concerns him. During the campaign, he said if a first offense does bring jail time with it, he would like to see more programs put in place to allow those offenders back into society following their sentence. Outgoing Governor Scott Walker said he was not in favor of increasing the penalty, however, did sign legislation during his tenure that beefed up penalties for repeat offenders, including an automatic felony for a fourth OWI conviction. Two people suffered minor injuries after a rollover crash on I-43 on New Year's Eve. The Sheboydon County Sheriff's Department says a Jeep Renegade was northbound on I-43 near Garten Road in the town of Mozo when a driver lost control on the ice left the road, causing a vehicle to roll onto its side. The driver was uninjured, but two passengers, a 20-year-old white-law woman and a four-year-old were both taken to a manned walk area hospital to be treated. Firefighters from over a dozen departments were called out to a New Year's Eve to fight a shed fire along Highway 57 in the town of Rhine. The Sheboydon County Sheriff's Department says the 911 call came in at 9.45 and the shed had tractors and vehicles inside. Scanner reports indicate one firefighter may have been injured due to the icy conditions on the ground at the time. Most firefighters had cleared the scene by midnight and there is no word on what might have caused the fire. Outgoing Governor Scott Walker will not completely leave the political realm while he hands the position over to Democrat Tony Evers next Monday. In a message on Tuesday, Walker announced that he will be part of several organizations including a Speaker's Bureau that will provide new and exciting opportunities. Walker said he intends to work towards broadening our scope with an additional focus on returning power to the people in the states from a federal government grown out of control, adding that it is the best way to drain the swamp on a permanent basis. He also spoke of lowering taxes on the hardworking people of the state. Additionally, the walkers intend to stay in Wisconsin, but did not provide details of where they would be moving once they vacate the governor's mansion, which has been their home since they sold their house in Wauwatosa three years ago. Walker did say that he and his wife, Tonette, will be working to re-elect President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence in the 2020 election. A Waukesha woman had an unexpected start to her new year after one of her neighbors stumbled into her home and passed out next to her dog. Police say they were called to the woman's home on Cardinal Drive at about 5.30 a.m. on New Year's Day after the woman found the man passed out in her dog's bed. They interviewed the man and determined that he had no ill intentions. He simply had too much to drink at a party and stumbled into the home that he thought was his own. The man said he entered through the unlocked door before passing out. After he was questioned by police, he returned to his own home, which was just a few doors down. And finally, the winner of a million-dollar Powerball prize sold at the woman's in Waukesha has still not stepped forward. Someone brought the winning ticket on the day after Christmas and there is no rush. Winners have 180 days to step forward and claim their prize because of the amount it needs to be claimed at the state lottery offices in Madison and the store gets a $20,000 commission for selling that ticket. There was a grand prize winner in New York for the drawing and that ticket is worth $298 million. The winning numbers were 5, 25, 38, 52, and 67 with a Powerball at 24. And that is all we have for today. Join me again next week for another recap of our local news on Community News Review.


I am happy to share my feedback on NPTEL online courses. I am Chandra Mohan, Vice Principal, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research Coimbatore. I have 30 years of experience in teaching and I strongly believe that faculty members have to learn continuously. NPTEL online courses are offered by IIT process. NPTEL courses are provided free of cost by Ministry of HRD Government of India. NPTEL is one of the best platforms for students and faculty to learn engineering courses through online mode. I have undergone five NPTEL courses during last five semesters, one in each semester. I got top rank in four courses. I really enjoy learning through NPTEL courses. Assignments given in NPTEL courses which we have to submit during each week are really interesting and challenging. To solve the assignments, I go through the video as well as text material. If you don't find the answer, I will be googling and I will be getting the answer. These assignment problems are given to my students and they too enjoy in solving those assignment problems. As an administrator, I have requested all my faculty, supporting staff and students to do NPTEL courses. 60% of our faculty members do NPTEL online courses during each semester. Three of our supporting staff have studied NPTEL courses and they scored more than 70% mark. Two of my students have taken the course material science and engineering and they got top 5% rank in the subject and I was the mentor for that course. Our PSG management provides incentives for the faculty members who score more than 70% apart from providing the examination fee reimbursement. Happy learning continuously is the mantra to be followed by all faculty and students. I congratulate the NPTEL team for providing excellent service to the society by providing 300 plus engineering courses during each semester. Enjoy learning.


Have you had some fresh local asparagus yet? I picked some up at the farmer's market the other day and we grilled some, which was delicious, but there were some really skinny mini pieces of asparagus that were a little too thin for grilling. So I took those out, put those on the side and I wound up blanching them a little bit. I put all the skinny minis in a flat baking dish. I poured boiling water over them and just let them sit for a few minutes and drain them and just pop them into some ice water just for a minute, just to cool them down right away. And now I'm just storing them in the refrigerator in a covered glass container. And today I'm going to make a quick lunch with this asparagus that I blanched a little bit, the skinny mini asparagus. So I've chopped a little asparagus and I've got some ingredients already prepped ahead of time and what I'm going to do is make, it's kind of like an avocado toast, but it's also like a deconstructed salad. So the base is actually one big crouton, piece of toast. And then I'm going to scoop out half of a nice ripe avocado that's nice and creamy.  When the avocado is just nice and ripe and creamy like this, it's very easy to mash up with a fork. And I just want to mash it because it'll be easier to spread onto the toast.  And then I'm going to add some of that chopped asparagus and I'm also going to put some chopped chives in there from my garden. The reason that I'm stirring them into the avocado is because they'll stick onto the toast much easier than if I just tried to sprinkle them over the avocado after I spread it onto the toast. So I'm going to transfer this to the top of my huge crouton and then just spread it around so that the top of your toast is covered. That looks good and beautiful.  Now that's a lunch, isn't it? Give this salad a try. I'm Sudodin sharing good food for Good Life 365.


Hi everybody, it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft. Thank you for watching today. I've got something a little bit different. I'm actually going to be sharing some product that I received from the lovely guys at Arteza. They approached me and asked if I'd like to choose some product and review it. So I was super excited. They are an established company, well known and they sell quality art and craft supplies. So I'm just showing you some pictures here of the product I chose and I'm going to go through that in a bit more detail through this tutorial. I will also be making some cards so you'll get to see what I've made at the end and I also have a discount code for you to use at the end as well if you choose to. So I got to choose this lovely collection of product here. So here I'm showing you the four water brushes. So these ones have two fine tips, one medium tip and one broad tip. They're nylon brushes and they've got a really easy barrel. Now these are very soft. So when I was using them, and again I'll talk to that talk about that in more detail, they are very very comfortable to use so that was nice. Then I've got here the watercolour 12 half premium pans. These are really rich in colour. I was actually very surprised with these ones and again I'll go into those in more detail. These here are the 15 miniature brushes. This was what I was most excited about believe it or not. These are perfect for if you'd like doing nail art as well which I'm trying to do a little bit more of but yeah nail art, painting dolls, just the real detail parts. You get liners, rounds, flats and you get a variety of sizes and again you'll see them throughout this video but I'm just pointing out some of those really tiny ones and they're perfect for when I'm colouring in those details on my stamps or the images that I you know or the little critters and stuff that I like to colour. Then I got the water paints. These are the 24 which I've just put to the left there but you'll see them again in a moment and then I got two bumper packs of these watercolour papers, 32 sheets, cold press, acid free, yeah really nice, really smooth one side and then obviously textured the other so it's perfect for stamping and you can drench them with water with very little warping which again you will see throughout the tutorial. So I've taken all the packaging off of everything here just so you can see it a bit better and you can see now all of those colours, real nice variety. I do do some swatches that seems to be what everybody does, however for me I just it's more about actually using them for how I will use them rather than doing a swatch but I do it and you will see that and then I show you the pants here as well just so you can see how they are. Again I was just really surprised with just how heavily pigmented they were, a little goes a long way so they will last a very long time and they've got that lovely little compact tin, you've got a little kind of overview of the colours and just yeah really easy to use and again you can see all the brushes there. Now when you use these give them a little wipe in water first because there will be like a almost like a slimy residue on the ends, you get that on a lot of brushes that's obviously just from the factories so just go through kind of rub it between your finger and your thumb and just take that off and again when you get through get any of these pens here the water brushes you'll always find some of them are quite stiff to start with just break them up again it's just where they've come from the factory and just give them a kind of wipe through some you know clean water and they will be as good as new and ready to use. So now I'm just swatching all of these colours because that's what everybody does when they do these videos so I thought I best do it as well but I will start making a card after this so you can just see here all of the colours and I've named them all above there as well all of this will be shared in my blogs you'll be able to get a better idea but I found them to be highly pigmented really nice colours yeah I mean what more can I say what my needs for them is very different to a watercolor artist you know somebody that does this on more of a professional level I like it for stamping my stamped images and then coloring them in so watercolor is my preferred medium I find it easy to use and easy to manage and work which is why I chose these when Arteza approached me so I'm giving it to you my review is more on a I guess a kind of a beginner level in the sense of knowledge towards watercolours but for my needs it's very different to a artist's needs because I don't class myself as an artist because that's not what I do I don't paint pictures freehand with these I just stamp images and then I like to colour them in and I think these are going to be really nice there's a really good variety of colours they blend really nicely which you will see when I start to use them and yeah that's that's my needs so for you guys that follow me who are stampers and papercrafters and you like to you know do the odd bit of watercolouring then that's what I'm showing you here because that's how I'm going to be using these so I love that colour there that rose that was one of my favourite colours that you can just see there that I swatched now also what I did do is the what was it I have I had scarlet red and then I had yeah vermilion red vermilion red and I when I started doing it I thought that's really brown that's not right well anyway I ended up putting burnt sienna there instead so you'll see I popped it to the right hand side the the true red that was meant to be there and I will swatch that on the next page in a moment so again I also loved the violet and the pale mauve colour there they were really nice as well and all the blues really nice they are slightly different shades sometimes they didn't pick up that different here I guess in this video but I really liked them and I think the next one I do on this the follow following page or maybe it was this one the aquamarine blue I found that to be really nice no it's the cobalt blue you'll see that one in a moment I really liked this one just thought it was really rich again it's kind of hard to see in a video you know in true life it's much different but really did like that one and then yeah just doing the other ones here they had some really nice greens I start bringing in as well so I think there's enough variety in that 24 pack for you to get a really nice mix of you know tones different colours and stuff so yeah the sap green the light green and the deep green just thought they were really nice so perfect for when I'm doing my backgrounds and I want to do like a grass and then going into like the sky backgrounds I do a sky one in the card in this tutorial or this video but I will certainly be using these greens and it's just easy to use I put on my silicone mat very small amount I've literally squeezed out the tiniest amount it goes such a long way and then afterwards I can just wipe that mat down roll it up and I'm good to go again so yeah it's just my chosen way to to use these and then this is the noir which again was a really nice yep very deep black you can see you get full coverage there and then just pull it out and you go down into a nice you know gray colour and then this is that red that I put in the wrong order but you can see the difference it's so much brighter but yeah if I just bring them up there you can see all the different ones I guess the browns were a bit like the raw umber the burnt umber and then I think I could show you next a comparison not a comparison but I put it next to the other yeah I'm just bringing it up now what one was it yeah burnt sienna and burnt umber didn't really see much of a difference but that's just me so the raw umber burnt umber burnt sienna oh yeah a bit of a muchness really didn't really see too much of a difference there but the greens the reds the yellows orange and the blues and even those pinks the reds yeah everything else really I thought were really nice mixes so certainly tons to use and play with there you can just see in a bit more detail those other colours so yeah that's my swatches that's how I look at them I did cut them all down and I've put them on a little ring pool just so I've got them there at hand just so I can kind of see you know when I do go to use them if there's one I want to match up or something so now I'm going to start using them how I want to use them so for me this is the real kind of test and how I feel if they're going to work for my needs so I've stamped out these really lovely stamps from the creative stamping magazine and for me it's all about blending and being able to lift the colour once I've laid it down so I don't know if you saw just at the beginning on the dog to the left hand side I actually went over the outer line and I was able to lift that colour up quite well there's a very small faint kind of brown that's over got you know that's overlapped but I will be able to cut that out so that for me is a bonus and something I like in a water colour is to be able to lift it well off of the card so that's something I like to others that might not be something but I think if you make a mistake when you go over the edges it's nice to be able to lift that colour off again so yeah they do lift and also when they go dry you're able to go back into them again add some water and you'll be able to you know play with them again so that's always good so now I'm just going through all of these I'm not going to talk over all this now I'm going to leave it with some music just so you can see me colouring and then I'll be back again after water colour and I've just got the one of the smaller of the premium brushes there and they are exactly what I wanted they are so small to be able to really add that detail to the images and it just really finished off these stamp sets so this is the card that I made I love the chair I really like how that's come off and you can see that isn't highlight on the chair on the arms that is just me lifting it off so yeah for me I found that to be really really good and these paints worked well for the need and for what I wanted so now I'm going to do a swatch with the 12 premium half pan watercolours so these are really really rich in colour very highly pigmented so much so that this next yellow now that I'm bringing in just kept going going and going it was so much now I will say that these water brushes compared to other water brushes that I've got these really like they control the waters controlled but you only need to very slightly move that brush and the water comes out so I do have to kind of play with them a little bit more just to get used to that I think I'm so used to the other brushes I use where I had to maybe squeeze them a little bit too much to get the water out whereas with these all you need to do is just squeeze them ever so slightly and you can see that paper is saturated but it was yeah it was still fun to use and you can just see how much colour comes out of them but I was really kind of moving them around but look at that lovely blend there you've got that deep blue at the top going down to the lighter perfect for backgrounds so again these brushes this took me no time at all to do and you can see how saturated that kitchen towel is on my left where I was just rinsing out the brush each time so yeah I thought the colours were really nice I think there was a yeah a decent amount of a mix there you can see there was nothing really I guess too similar they were all quite different I really love the green on the right hand side top right which is the jade green which you'll see in a moment that I think is going to be perfect for when I do my underwater themed cards because I'm always looking for a really nice more of that aqua green that aqua green yeah blue colour I guess you can see here this one there on the right hand side love that just seeing that it's such a nice colour so that's definitely going to be used and again perfect for quick backgrounds so you've got that grey brown on the left there so yeah again seems nice enough so now I'm going to make a card so this is a woodware I can't remember the name of this one but again all the links to everything will be shared but I'm just stamping this in some fursafine in black and then I am coming in now with all the different colours so I'm going to try and use every colour in the pan maybe I wouldn't use all those colours for this particular stamped image but yeah still fun to do so again I'm going to stop talking now just leave the music going and you can just watch me watercolor this one and I will be back at the end so now I'm just finishing off this image with the fine paintbrush this was pretty much the smallest one I will look back and I will share the links to the the ones that I preferred the most in my blog post but you can see now I'm just coming in with more of the raw watercolour so I'm not adding so much water anymore it's just that heavy pigmented colour and it I think it looked great and it really did make this image pop you can see I'm bringing in the the dark green now just to start to create some more depth to the image and start blending that out slightly but this brush just gave me so much control I absolutely loved it and there's the final card so I done a wash behind with the with the Prussian blue which looked really nice and that was so easy and quick to do and then just um matt and led that on my 5x7 card base added the image with some foam adhesive and then some of those crystal embellishments and I think that turned out lovely so here's my little kind of swatch ring that I made up so it's just handy I've got a little overview now of the colours and I can just keep that hanging on my desk and it's just a good little thing to go to I guess if I need to and I want to match anything up and then just kind of a last kind of overview of everything um that I've used today so this is the 24 of those watercolours these are the 12 mil tubes so they're quick dry reusable they're ACMI certified so it makes them 100% safe as well if that's all things that you would like to know again Arteza have so much information on their website it is packed full of inspiration and the guys are always there to help as well so they've been great with the run up to this video helping out with any queries that I had so yeah thanks a lot guys and again thank you for sending me this product and there is the 12 of those premium watercolours as well I do really like this it's going to be handy for when I'm traveling and when I'm going to visit family I can take that with me with the water brushes a couple of those little detailed fine line brushes and you know I'm good to go again there are four I think that must have rolled off my desk and I forgot but you get a real nice mix you get the the large then this medium size then there's one in between that and then that small one but found them really easy to use like I said very very soft you do need to just get used to the control of that because all it takes is a little squeeze and the water does come out so just bear that one in mind and then these quite possibly are my favorite thing from everything sent to me because I just love the variety of sizes that you get with these and they've been brilliant and I think they've just given me that extra bit that I needed now when it comes to the detail in my stamped images so love them and then this watercolor paper I go through a lot of watercolor paper because watercolouring images is my kind of thing I'd maybe do more off-camera it's not something I share heavily because I like to do that in my downtime so this will be something that I use a lot and then again just bringing up those two cards very different I wanted to show you two kind of different styles you've got that floral blended look and then you've got that that fun one with the dogs there but I love both of them equally and they were both really easy to do so like I said if you're unsure about watercolors or you don't you want to start doing coloring but you don't know what mediums to use for me it's watercoloring I'm not an alcohol marker person oil paints just I'm just too impatient they just take too long to dry acrylics yes I don't mind but for me it's all about the watercolors and I really enjoyed using these so I hope you found this information helpful in some way if if if anything it's just giving you an introduction to our taser now there will be a discount code shared below so if you click in the description box you will find all the links and the discount codes so if you do want to go and look on their website please pop that in and yeah that's everything from me today guys and I'll be back again soon with another tutorial thanks for watching bye


This is a robaba. It's an ancient instrument from the Middle East. This version of its shape stylistically and the music being performed is courtesy of the ancient Egyptian Bedouin tribes of the Sinai. The oldest of Bedouin instruments, it had a long neck and was single-strength and perhaps at one point in time even the inspiration for the subsequent Western string instruments of the Renaissance. The robaba itself came in various shapes and forms as did the Arab Bedouin tribes themselves who have kept alive the robaba's relevance up to this point in time. But Bedouin tribes in the Middle East are currently a population and culture and decline. Bedouin ethics, societal structure and tradition that have been unchanged for several millennia are now disappearing with an evolution into a completely sedentary lifestyle. Bedouins have roamed the Middle East for many millennia, originally from the heart of the Arabian peninsula. The Bedouin tribes went unchanged throughout history, especially in the way they lived their life. Bedouin's practice nomadic pasteurism, which kept them moving due to the harsh climate and a constant search for food and water for both their own survival and that of their livestock. This saw them expand north into what is today Syria, Jordan and Palestine and westwards towards Egypt and all the way west to Morocco. Only well into the 20th century did the Bedouin premise for survival and existence cease to apply any longer. Humans could now overcome the environmental conditions of pretty much any place on earth, even in the hot scorching desert of the Middle East. Modernity and its by-product technology made sure of that. But who were the Bedouins and how did they differ from the rest of the Arab populations? Bedouins were and still are the last regional remnants of a pre-Islamic Arab societal structure that still exists to this day. Their way of life was focused on beating the odds and reflected the hardships they had to endure and within these circumstances did their unique qualities such as ethics tradition develop into an extremely well-structured existence. But to get to know the Bedouins better, let's start with the name, Bedouin, or more accurately its Arab pronunciation Bedouin, which is a name that refers to another Arabic word, Badiya. Badiya is the word for desert and hence Bedouin means a person that dwells or originates from the desert. One important aspect to clarify is that sedentary Arabs and Bedouins shared many things such as language, religion and ethnicity and the significant split in their way of life back in ancient history came when some Arabs kept on moving while others stopped, committed and civilized a certain location. As I said previously, there's nothing physically that separates urbanized Arabs from those who are free-moving Bedouins. The major differences come in the form of behavior and beliefs and these I will split into three main categories, morality, strength and expression. The moral qualities can further be broken down into honor, courage, hospitality and justice. For Bedouins, Shalaf, honor and Arabic was a thing that can be acquired, lost and regained. It seemed to have an almost tactile value and Shalaf involved the protection of the honor of family, property and the tribe. Another quality, Murua, an Arabic word that has a cocktail of meanings including courage, dedication, endurance and patience. Bedouin males of the tribe had to be at the ready for any challenges that would confront them, be it a physical confrontation within or outside the tribe, an imminent battle, obedience to the chief and ultimately one duty called for the avenging of any wrongdoing. Liyafa or hospitality was a duty that was intertwined within the Bedouin honor code. Living in such harsh habitats, this virtue demanded that any stranger, even an enemy, must be shown the utmost of generosity and given shelter and sustenance. Even poverty would not exempt one from such duties. And the final element within the moral qualities was the Bedouin's strict justice systems. As mentioned previously, the Bedouin honor code predated Islam. Yet even after Islam, Bedouin society had been non-compliant towards neither Islamic Sharia nor national penal codes. A couple of examples of Bedouin justice are blood feuds and the trial by Ordeal. Blood feuds are based on a principle of dham butlum dham, meaning blood begets blood in terms of how punishment might be exacted. Whereas the trial by Ordeal is a lie detection test that uses a scorching metal object in contact with the tongues of the involved parties to telepart the guilty from the innocent. Sounds harsh. If you know, you know and if you don't, then join the chronicles where we present content about Middle Eastern history, culture and heritage. The second element that characterized the Bedouin nation is their strength. And in strength, I mean the discipline, resilience and tolerance both physically and mentally. Daily dealing with harsh climates like extreme heat, sandstorms and torrential rains compounded by constant relentless seasonal relocation was a very difficult way to live life. And only with the strength of mind and body can such Bedouin societies have survived and prospered throughout the ages. The other complication that needed constant strength of character and determination was the reality that Bedouin tribes were always under threat of a razu being raided by another tribe, a state of being that would have exhausted the mind and the spirit. The third quality is expression. Even though Bedouins are a very reserved society, quiet and not wasteful when it comes to useless words, song and oral poetry had an important place in their daily lives. Songs came to life during the long and exhausting daytime herding and uncoincidentally in sync with the rhythm of the camel's hoofs and steps. While in the evening, oral poetry entertained the tribe and accompanying the words of the poet was the rubabah, resonating in the cool air that was warned by the bright central coffee-laden hearth, words that reflected themes of love, social justice and suffering. You could argue that all these qualities are also found within the urbanized Arab societies. True, but what must be noted is the context and mindset in which these qualities were shaped and formed for the Bedouins. For example, tribalism is a common trait between Bedouins and all other Arabs, but for Bedouins its importance due to their isolationist desert lifestyle was so extreme and evident that the interdependence between family and tribe manifested itself on a totally different level. This can be explained by a very famous Bedouin saying, The all-encompassing desert life historically had a substantial impact on the fabric of Bedouins. Their loneliness as a tribe within the network of other isolated tribes shaped a larger society that applied a different set of codes for living life. Their installation had helped their survival and virtually guaranteed an unchanged and untouched existence up until the mid-20th century, but since then the Bedouins population has been in sharp decline. With the establishment of independent nations and borders it became impossible to move across these invisible lines that were unfamiliar and unrecognized by the Bedouin nation. For them it was always God's lands, but freedom of movement was now no longer a possibility. And so the expanse of lands for grazing diminished and so followed the sizes of the herds of livestock and then onwards the population of Bedouins. Today from Morocco in the west to Oman in the east and everywhere in between, the number of Bedouins that still follow a migratory lifestyle are well below 10 million. 30 years ago this number was above 25 million. Yes, three decades ago. And there's no doubt that within a generation or two the Bedouin society as it has been known for thousands of years will cease to exist. The question is, which unique Bedouin qualities will survive, be protected and retained? Morality, strength or expression? Tell me your thoughts.


and thank you for being here for this talk the picture that you've been seeing all days the picture of peak actually so this this was one of them in the in the MSF setting so MSF France has been working in Coutiala in Mali since 2009 and we have a pediatric project that has that focuses on curative care for underfives at hospital level at health health center level and in the community through community health workers a big part of the focus is on malaria and another big part of the focus is on nutrition we also do preventive care with a project in in Contagela where we do vaccination nutritional supplements bed nets and general follow-up and since 2012 we've been implementing at district level so outside of the in the five health areas but also outside of them seasonal malaria chemo prevention which is being transferred to the Ministry of Health this year we also do operational research it's it's our biggest pediatric project with transversal surveys the Ronnie that I presented before research attached to see to SMC antibiotic resistance and peak which we did in 2014 so what is peak it's portable eye examination kit play on words form from the ophthalmologist side it was developed by LSH TM and Stuart Jordan and people at the University of Strathclyde to help in and diagnostics for eye disease and low resource settings basically what it is it's a sleeve and I'm sorry that I don't have a sample here but it's a sleeve that adapts to a smartphone and that helps channel the light from the torch of this of the smartphone and amplify the image to give a an accurate image of the retina of the back of the eye there's also a software part with an app that serves as a that serves as a database and also helps capture image there have been trials in Kenya and in Botswana and use for adult eye care mainly for diabetes care so why why would we need to use peak in in MSF settings well any tool that can help more accurate diagnosis will be an interesting tool for for us to use especially if it's simple and if it can be a point of care tool funders examination for all of us clinicians is something quite difficult we learn how to do it in a residency or in medical school and then we'd never use it because it's hard to do when it's yeah it's hard to do and we don't really know what we're looking at a lot of the times the and the retina is an accessible window to what's going on in the brain so a lot of the changes that we see in the retina is actually what's happening in the brain and allows us not to have to do a brain biopsy which is not very plausible in our settings or in any settings for that matter so this is how peak comes in we had a few of the sleeves here so okay so now to the malaria side so what is malaria retinopathy so in the late 90s a group of clinicians and ophthalmologists saw that in there were changes in the retina that happened in cerebral malaria so the definition of cerebral malaria is patient with a positive malaria test and coma that cannot be associated to anything else as simple as it seems as a definition in the field we find a huge range of conditions that get classified as cerebral malaria without us being able to really discern what was cerebral malaria and what wasn't so what they saw was that there were three main changes in the back of the eye that happened only and there were pathognomonic so that happened only in people who had in kids who had cerebral malaria and these were hemorrhages white patches and abnormal vessels so these are the hemorrhages quite easy to see here and in these nice pictures so these pictures are taken with special cameras and using quite expensive materials that of course is not available to us in the field these are the white patches and also the hemorrhages and in this one you see abnormal vessels if you're not trained in seeing these it's not very easy to see and especially not with the tools that we usually have and if you have to look at it you have to look at the patients back of the eye while the patient might be my what while the patient's eye might be moving you can only get a peek at that point in time and then try to assess what that what what you think what you think you actually saw without being able to compare with any of your colleagues so what they saw when they did the studies was that there were there were some kids with cerebral malaria who didn't have these changes but that some that that the other changes were quite were present quite frequently and this obviously doesn't add up to 100 but it's because some kids presented with more than one change so what's interesting with this is that they there is an association between the presence of these changes and the and the risk of mortality so in terms of prognosis it is quite a good tool to use so yeah so 36% of the kids with papillodema and malaria retinopathy died 15% with only malaria retinopathy ended up dying and 44% of the kids with papillodema ended up dying I will explain a little bit of papillodema if I time at the end so yeah so another study this is more for the background also showed the 25% of the kids who had been diagnosed with cerebral malaria and who died did not have cerebral malaria on autopsy which means that maybe they could have been treated for another condition and they weren't because they it was just assumed that they had cerebral cerebral malaria because they had a positive malaria test this was one of the this is one of the algorithms algorithms that was proposed after that study all of the cases when they're positive for malaria they're treated for malaria but other causes will be looked at if there's no malaria retinopathy so now coming to our study what were we trying to do we were trying to see whether using peak as a tool as a simple ready-to-use tool by non-ophthalmologist clinicians was as sensitive and as specific as using the binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy which today is the gold standard and which is a tool that's used by ophthalmologists and relatively it's relatively expensive but not only that it's quite difficult to to use and difficult to have in the field we did this in in Mali where we have in in the hospital where we have approximately two thousand cases of cerebral malaria diagnosed per year mostly during the malaria season we had 61 inclusions we did this in 2014 had 61 inclusions and we were trying to validate peak as a as a tool we were also trying to assess what training needs the non-ophthalmologist clinicians would need to be able to use peak and then eventually think about other potential uses of peak if this was a feasible tool so the inclusion criteria were kids from six months to five years presenting at the Kutela district hospital with either a coma or repeated convulsions that required administration of diazepam and were assessing the coma scale was not was not possible and with consent provided by a guardian they did not need to have a positive malaria test because we were trying to see if the non-ophthalmologist clinicians would identify malaria retinopathy in kids that did not have malaria and the exclusion criteria was kids that with hypoglycemia that and coma that resolved quickly after administration of glucose so all of the kids received if they were positive from from malaria they received injective laureates in it and usually they received septraxon which is part of the of the guideline with today we give kids in a coma with a positive malaria test treatment for malaria and treatment for meningitis the pupils were dilated and then there was an examination done by Susan the one in who's one of who's the ophthalmologist who first identified first described malaria retinopathy and the two non-ophthalmologist clinicians and data from peak was registered in the app and from bio it was registered on on paper and then all mixed up together so this is Susan using the indirect ophthalmoscope it's this device that she's wearing on her head and plus a lens that she needs to use needs to use in her hand see whatever she can see only she can see and it can't be compared with no other colleague can have a peek at what peak sorry sorry for that at what she's and what she's looking and this is her doing this is when we were doing the training and looking at peak and having the other the the other doctors look at what she's looking and it's also recorded so we can look at it afterwards so the results which you can't really see I can see it here this the this is the these are the sensitivity so this is clinician number one and this clinician number two they received a two and a half day training and this is the sensitivity that we found comparing their their outcomes with those of Susan's and that's the specificity so quite oh great quite high specificity and sensitivity above 80% which for people who have never looked at the back of the eye before is pretty good so continue with the results when when comparing and that was for all types of malaria retinopathy when we compared each one individually the the the highest agreement was on the hemorrhages which is probably the easiest to see papillodema which we were hoping would have a better result because then it would help papillodema is a sign of intracranial hypertension so we thought if we can actually help identify this it will mean that we can decide whether or not it helps you decide whether or not you can do a lumber puncture so we thought if we get good results on that we can also use it for clinical changes but we didn't get very good results and the images are still being reviewed today by at morefields eye hospital in London for for further assessment and so we will have we will refine the results a little bit more so this is well this is not a test but if anyone wants to shout out what they think they're seeing you can go for it that's the back of my eye for yeah this is a video that we put together to try and show the rest of the clinicians in the hospital what was what we were looking at because everyone was very curious of what and what so that's normal I hope that's a child's disc which is also normal one of the things that was very interesting is that we were also teaching or reviewing anatomy which sometimes we forget about so that's a hemorrhage which is quite easy to see now if you have the time and the the time to look at it and to discuss with other colleagues it might not be so easy to see if you have a couple of seconds you also see that these are some of the the hemorrhages and some whitening which is not so easy to see but when you can look at it after having looked at the child it's yep there you go makes it a little bit easier there nobody's guessing it was all it also showed that it's sometimes it's quite difficult some of these kids they're in a coma but they they have quite a lot of nistag most so it's quite difficult to see and at least this can capture it for longer period time and the vessels were the most difficult to see but right it's not even even with pick it's not so easy to see right there there you go okay so in conclusion it seems like peak can be a good tool to improve our our diagnosis we've been talking a lot about data but data is only going to be as good as whatever you introduce in it so if we're making if the clinicians are making a wrong diagnosis of cerebral malaria we're going to think we have huge amounts of very little cerebral malaria when when we actually don't know what what we're actually looking at it will not change the clinical management of cerebral malaria any child with a coma with a positive malaria test will still be treated with injectable artesanate and with and with septoriaxone but it will help refine the diagnosis and help us talk the diagnosis in the prognosis and help us communicate with the family and see what we're what we think we're seeing and what we think the patient's outcome is going to be and it can also help improve the epi follow-up of cerebral malaria like I was saying before if we're seeing in some of our projects with the introduction of some preventive measures that it seems like the proportion of cerebral malaria is increasing which is one of the reasons why we did why we did this study we're not really sure if that's true or if that's just something that's just what the what the clinicians are diagnosing so having tools like this that help refine our diagnostics will be will be of use in these in these kind of follow-ups and we also found that the two-day initial training was insufficient and a four-day training would be would be more appropriate and recommend it and what's most interesting I think about this is that a peak seems to be a feasible tool for us to use in the field so hopefully once once the tool is available we will be able to use it for diabetes follow-up and for for HIV and probably for more more conditions in the future and that's it I think so thanks a lot great thank you