Hello everyone my name is Andrea and today I'm going to walk you through a tiny part of the RASVMM security journey. So for those of you who do not know about RASVMM I will just give a really quick intro because we don't have a lot of time. So RASVMM is an open source project that is providing virtualization components written in Rust. The focus of this project is to provide high quality virtualization components and sometimes this comes at the expense of features. We are also looking at providing code and components that are easy to extend and easy to use and that is because we are serving a we are serving different customers that have different needs. The main RASVMM customers are virtual machine monitors such as Calc Hypervisor and Firecracker. Now just to give you a few examples of components that we are having in RASVMM. We offer Hypervisor support through KVMI optals and KVM bindings crates and recently added the Microsoft Hyper-V crates. We're also providing implementation of the devices and here we have a few categories. So we have the legacy devices which are incremented in VM Superio and then we also offer some primitives for working with devices such as the MMIO bus, PO bus and device managers. Another important part of RASVMM is the implementation of virtual devices and here again we have primitives if you wish and these are the queues and the virtual devices. Also we have device implementation such as the host user and the host user I2C and other primitives. These components are in various states, some of them are already published, some of them are in implementation. So now with this short intro we can just go back to the security story. For us security is very important and we are trying to apply security at multiple levels starting with the organization setup and ending up with operating in production. So now I'm just going to walk you through these levels, these security levels and how we are applying them. In terms of organization setup, well, people have said it multiple times and I'm just going to say it again. But, well, we're called RASVMM so we're writing components in Rust and actually this helps a lot because writing in Rust already eliminates complete sets of vulnerabilities from your code. Then the other thing that we are doing is that we are, we offer one Rust package which are called crates per component. This helps because customers of RASVMM can import only what they need so they can reduce their code base by only importing the components that are actually needed. Another thing that we are doing is that all components run the same set of tests. We really want to make sure that all components are at the same level in terms of quality and these tests include unit tests, build and linters. Something that is also part of the testing is auditing for security vulnerabilities, independences, but I just mentioned it as a separate thing because I just want to talk a bit more about it as it is important. Auditing for security vulnerabilities is done through cargo audit and how this cargo audit tool works is that it checks for vulnerabilities in dependencies of a component. To do this check, it checks a Rust vulnerability database. There is a vulnerability added there, you're going to be alerted when you're running cargo audit. So there is a catch. We are running this at the RASVMM level, but it is really important for customers of RASVMM and any other people that are writing Rust code to run these cargo audit checks in their products as well. Because RASVMM is providing library components, which means that we do not actually fix the dependencies. These dependencies are only fixed when releasing binaries. So again, it's really important for customers to also check for vulnerabilities. In terms of development, we applied a few things. So one of the things that we are looking for is to reduce number of external dependencies. And this whole thing can start a long debate. But let's just say that what we are trying to do is to use common dependencies that we can trust. So most of the RASVMM components have dependencies on a few crates, and these crates are Lipsy and Serdi. Serdi is the serialization and the serialization crate that is widely used in Rust. We also have zero dependency components, and here there are a few examples of that. So we have a FlattenDevice 3 implementation that needs no, that has no dependencies. Then the crate that is providing implementation for legacy devices has no dependencies. And that's the same for VM device, which is the crate that is providing device abstractions, let's call them. So the bus implementations and device managers and so on. Another thing that is important during development and especially before declaring a component to be production ready is to add negative testing. And that is because we really want to take assumptions. So another thing that I would recommend people to do when they are consuming RASVMM and when they are consuming anything else is to run the unit test and the integration test of the component that you want to consume. Because that's a safe way to check for assumptions that might not hold in your environment. And thirdly, we are trying to reduce the usage of unsafe code. And again, this is an important topic. So let's just look a bit more in depth at this. It is like the path of risk resistance here is to just open a huge unsafe block and just write everything in it because it's easy. You don't have to check for anything and you don't have to actually go in depth and look at what exactly is unsafe. We do not want to do that. What we do instead is that we are trying to limit the unsafe code and make sure that we only open unsafe blocks where they are needed. Then another thing that is really important is to check the return of the unsafe code blocks where this is possible and document why the way that you are using this unsafe block code is actually safe. This one, this documentation really reduces the risk of being misused. And this is only one advantage. The second advantage is actually that when you're starting to write this documentation, you really figure it out. And you really understand why this code is actually safe. And who knows, maybe you're going to get the surprise and realize that this code is actually not safe. This function is probably my favorite topic. So one of the things that trust us is that it is making you document unsafe public functions. So if you have a public function you will need to add a safety section in which you document how this function can be used safely and why this function is unsafe. And something that we added recently is threat model documentation. This one is particularly important because with this threat model documentation, we also found a way to document expectations from consumer products. So when writing the threat model documentation, we did a few things. So what we did was to try to understand what is trusted and what is untrusted. We also tried to identify the actors that are involved in a component, and then we also tried to identify some threats and mitigations. And now I'm going to give you an example of how I wrote the threat model documentation for the serial console. But in order to be able to do that. I just have to quickly explain how the serial console is implemented in RSVMM. But I will just let you know that this is overly simplified. So we are implementing an overly simplified serial port with a 64 byte FIFO. And if we were to simplify the operational mode of the serial console we would say that the serial console is just receiving and transmitting data. And I have here three main areas of ownership. We have the VMM code, which has the ownership of the serial input and the serial output. Then we have the serial code, which basically knows how to handle read and write operations. And then we have the driver code, which is just receiving and transmitting data. The host is considered trusted and the guest is considered untrusted. So a read operation, how it would work is that the VMM would have a serial input and it will forward this input from the input from the serial through to the serial console through the NQ bytes method that is defined in serial console. And what happens in the implementation of the console is that we take these bytes and we add them to the FIFO. And this FIFO is consumed whenever there are really requests from the driver. For the write operation, how it happens is that the driver is just transmitting data in the serial console, we just received your request and we directly forwarded to the serial output. So here we didn't actually implement the FIFO we are just like writing directly to the serial output. So, now you might already think about a few problems with this implementation. But before I start, I just wanted to let you know that this threat model is already available in REST VMM VMSperio on GitHub. And that these threats that we are talking about here are already fixed. So the first problem is that a malicious guest could generate large memory allocation by flooding the serial input. So this already has a CV allocated. And for this we have to fix this. So first of all, the serial input can be forwarded to untrusted parties. So that is why we consider this to be a security vulnerability. And the problem is that we did not have a limit on this in FIFO. So this in FIFO could have grown unlimited. So the fix was relatively straightforward. What we did is that we limited the input FIFO and we returned an error whenever the FIFO is full because this vulnerability also needs cooperation from the VMM because at the VMM level we should check for FIFO full errors so that we don't get spammed with events from the serial input. So a second threat that we identify is that a malicious guest can fill up the host list by generating a high amount of data to be written to the serial output. So now if you remember the previous slides, the serial output was in full control of the consumer. So in the serial console implementation, we didn't have a FIFO output or anything like that. So the mitigation is only possible at the VMM level. And here we are recommending the consumers of VM square IO to rate limit the output. And for that, you can use a ring buffer because that has a fixed size and it will just overwrite data or name pipe, which again has a fixed size. So this is an opportunity for unlimited growth. So, how I imagine this presentation is going to look like is that I'm going to come here and say I ran fuzzing and I discovered I don't know how many bugs. But actually here I am telling you that I just basically looked at the code and discovered these bugs while looking at the code. But there's an important lesson here. So I read the serial code multiple times but didn't identify this problem from the beginning, but only when I actually get to read the code with security in mind, putting that security hat on I was able to discover these problems. Now, another lesson for me was that it's really important to follow the input and output and understand what is trusted, what is trusted and what are the side effects. In terms of fuzzing virtualization components here things are a bit more complicated. Well, fuzzing other virtualization components. And so what we are trying to do and I'm going to be completely honest and tell you that continuous fuzzing is not yet implemented in Brazil mm. What we're trying to do is do component based fuzzing. And this has a few advantages but then also a few disadvantages. One of the advantage is that we are fuzzing library code. So it is relatively straightforward to pass the input from the father to the target interface. And then these components can be tested in isolation so you don't have to build a whole monster to just this tiny component. The other advantage is that you can actually test directly the low level interface and you don't have to go go through multiple other higher levels. These are the advantages. The problem is with the problem with low level testing this low level testing is that testing side effects becomes harder because you only know the effects of of this particular component, and not what happens in the big picture. Another problem is that the issues that you want to identify might not reproduce in, for example, a VMM because maybe you actually don't can't get that malicious input. One of the challenges with with right with running fuzzing that we identified is also that mocking the driver code is not really straightforward. So what we did so far is that we identified what are the target interfaces. And here we have the cues and the device implementation. One of the first targets is the virtual block implementation. And then what we did so far is we started writing this framework this mockup framework for virtual devices. This was partially implemented as part of Google summer of coding 2021. What we already have available is a framework that can create descriptor chains and what is particularly important for fuzzing is the is the ability to write arbitrary data in those descriptor chains that we are creating. So, next, what you're looking at doing next is to create a specialized mock framework for devices as well. But here we have to pay a little bit of attention because we really need to find the correct balance between the random data from the fuzzer and useful data because we want to look at what coverage can we get with the fuzzing but also we do not want to send only valid data to the device because then we wouldn't call it fuzzing. And another thing that is important for us because as we have problems with fuzzing, the same problems are with testing just the normal behavior of devices. What we want to do is actually to reuse this the mock framework, we are already doing that to reuse it in unit test integration test, and we're also having some benchmark benchmark test where we are going to reuse this mock framework. Another thing that is super important is reporting vulnerabilities. So, I'm saying this because we are already operating RASVMM in production, there are multiple VMMs that are using RASVMM in production. So if you find a security vulnerability, we would really want you to follow the security policy. The RASVMM components have a security policy attached. You can find this by going to the repository and then their security dash policy. So you have here a few examples. So if you look at the policy, and the too long didn't read version of it is that you will have to send an encrypted email to RASVMM maintainers, and then we are going to work with you to assess the issue and start an embargo if that is needed. I know that a lot. I know that, but if I want you to have three things from this presentation, this would be that it is important to apply security at all levels from projects set up to development and operation. Then security vulnerabilities don't only get discovered by fuzzing, you could also discover them by reading the code and having the security hat on. And once you do that, it's really important to write that threat model and read threat models of the components that you are consuming. And the third thing, and this one is really important is that please, if you discover a security vulnerability in one of the RASVMM components use the security process for reporting them. So, that is all. Thank you for joining this session and if you have any questions you can just contact me.


Welcome everyone to the September 1st 2022 City of Columbia Board of Zoning Appeals. I am John Gregory, vice chair for the board and will be serving as chair for today's meeting. At this time I would like to introduce the other members of the board. Got Marcellus Promise to our right, Celia McIntosh to my right, John Guignard to my left, Catherine Finner to the left of him, and Sherar Duvall to the left of her. I would also like to introduce the staff that assists the board. Hope Hasty, zoning administrator, Erica Jean, deputy zoning administrator, and Skye Robinson Barnes. The board is charged with hearing applications for special exceptions, variances, and administrative appeals. All testimony is recorded for the record and anyone wishing to speak will need to be sworn in and come to the podium to speak. No testimony can be taken from the gallery. When the when you come to the podium, state your name and please speak clearly into the microphone because this meeting is being recorded. Applicants with cases before the board are allotted a presentation time of 10 minutes. This time does not include any questions asked by the board or staff regarding the case. Any member of the public may address the board in intervals of three minutes or five minutes if by a spokesperson for an established body or group of three or more. The applicant then has five minutes for a rebuttal. The board reserves the right to amend these limits on a case by case basis. Those of you who plan to speak must be sworn. So if you if if you are here as an applicant or here to speak in any case, please stand at this time and raise your right hand. You affirm or attest that the testimony you will give today is the truth and nothing but the truth. Thank you. At this time, I will turn the meeting over to the staff. Good afternoon. First thing I want to announce today is that the item on the regular agenda 2022 dash 0027 SE, especially exception for a daycare at 2312 Liberty Street has been withdrawn by the applicant. First item on the consent agenda is the approval of the August 4th 2022 meeting minutes. And the next item is 2022 dash 0029 V 1628 Browning Road. This is a variance request to the required front yard setback. Would anyone like to have a case this case removed from the consent agenda? I see none. If no one requests an item to be removed, chair asked for well, I'm sorry. Do we have a motion? I move that we approve the consent agenda subject to staff comments. Second. All those in favor? Aye. All those opposed? Motions approved. Moving on to the regular agenda. We've got one item it's 2022 dash 0030 V 5618 North Main Street. It's a variance request to the minimum form and design standards for a commercial kitchen use. And this is a new section of our ordinance. So I have provided that in the presentation for reference. There we go. And the applicant is here to present their case. Okay, great. Should I ask the applicant to come up? All right, Marshall. What we are looking for is a variance from the zoning requirement for 40% glazing on all street frontages. And we feel like this building qualifies as an exception on a couple of grounds. One, it's an incredibly small and tight site that we're only doing a 1000 square foot building. It has two because it's on the corner. It has two street frontages. The function of the building is a commercial kitchen, which really doesn't lend itself. Basically having 40% glazing on each side. So we're Dale, can you step closer? Not picking me up. All right, we are a we're looking for the variance from the 40% glazing requirement on North Main Street and on the side street. And again, the hardship is the sides of the building, the nature of the side and the nature of the use and the fact that it's a commercial kitchen not lending itself to that. We have put about 19% glazing on North Main and we have put a significant amount of glazing into the one public entrance to the building. But the other functions on the building are there are two commercial kitchens for Miss Jones and just doesn't lend itself to have walls of windows. I mean, it would end up being there would have to be some sort of fake fenestration in order to pull it off just based on the requirements and the side street elevation is only 20 feet wide. And again, it's a hood and other functions. They're just not really a practical way to get that amount of glazing. I'm gonna let Miss Jones tell you a little bit about what she's planning to do with the business and you know, the function. Hey, welcome. I'm Karina Jones. I am a new small business owner here in Columbia. I have a food truck that I just started this year. And so all food trucks have to be attached to a commercial kitchen. And so I purchased this property with the intent to open up a commercial kitchen for my use as well as other food truck owners in the in the area and you know, just kind of piggybacking off of Dale, you know that the use of this building will just be for a commercial kitchen. It will have two full kitchens, one in the front and one in the back. And there will be a lot of equipment.  Any questions? I'm happy to answer them. Yeah, I have a question. Just before you purchased the property, just do you know what the prior use was or what the history of that lot was? Just can you explain that? Yeah, there was a restaurant building that had been abandoned on the side. You're seeing it on the screen now. It I think it was tore down before you closed. Well, I purchased it and then I demolished it. Demolished it. It was in unrepairable structural condition, I guess, would be the best way to describe it. But we feel like, you know, we certainly have more glazing than the building was replacing. We've tried to, you know, push the building more into the corner and recognize the street more than the building is replacing, tried to reorganize the parking again, more into an internal parking. So it feels like it's a an enhancement over the building that was there. But again, the building that was there, I didn't get into it before it was torn down, but it was structurally unsound. Did you consider marrying the building to put more of the entrance on the corner? Part of it because of the sides of the site, the fact that we have the draw, you know, we're trying to get a loop drive off North Main and the only because of the width of the frontage on North Main, the only place you can have the drive coming in is on the far right edge of the side. If you're going to have one, and we were trying to address, you know, the sidewalk and the drive coming. There are no sidewalks on the side street, but the traffic coming in is more off of North Main. I mean, it's not an impossibility, but it was pushed up against like one foot eight off the property line on the side street. So we would not really have significant area if you came out the door. And when we can't, we can't not push it that much up and maintain a drive with based on the narrowness of the property. So the goal was to try to take advantage of the width that the drive is taking to also use that as a way to funnel people up because the other side, the side that's on the corner is going to be right there and there's no sidewalk on the side street. So that was why we oriented the way we oriented it. I guess I was thinking more of just the building, not necessarily the drive as well. But if we if we mirror it, we keep the drive, then you're, you're pushing all the traffic, you know, all the way to the other side. That's why we didn't. It's not an impossibility, but it definitely does. Doesn't lend itself. It's tight. If you look at the corner, it's just tight. Regarding the building, regarding the building materials itself, what are what are you looking at here? We're seeing a semititious semititious or baton siding painted. I have a question. I think maybe more for staff and that is when I'm reading about the nonconforming use of neighboring lands and structures in the same zoning district. Mr. Marshall has presented us with an awful lot of similar looking structures. Are those structures nonconforming or they're not subject to it because they're not their houses. So they're not subject to the UDO. So are you referencing these pictures that were provided? Yeah, so yeah, they would be just I guess you could say grandfathered in or nonconforming because I mean, this is a section of the code that was added in with the new UDO in August of 21. So their residences, are they or not? They're mixed. Some of them are being used as you can see little signage. Some of them relate. So regardless of the use under the new UDO, they would have to have adequate more fenestration than they actually have. It appears at the time. Well, what we're referring to and now with this case is for commercial buildings and multifamily. Okay, so the single family house would not be nonconforming because it didn't have a whole wall windows. Right. And also, if you if you took an existing building and simply changed issues, you wouldn't trip the learning requirement. It only be if you did a project that was greater than 25% of the building or something like that before you trip into the What kind of equipment and I'm looking at the floor plan here provided. I guess you've got a bathroom right there between the two windows. There's a hood in each of the kitchens. They're showing a three compartment sink on the front under the window and each of the two kitchens. There would be equipment under the hood, which is the the element on the bottom left corner of each kitchen screen orientation. So there would be ovens and potentially fryers, different things under the hood. And then you know, there will be a refrigerator that's not shown that will probably be sitting basically behind the door or to the side of the door. And there's there's it's a small building.  But some of it some of the equipment she hasn't purchased yet is the idea to I mean with two kitchens like this, you do have the common passageway. But is the idea to have potentially two different operators there? Do you need the two different kitchen or tell me a little bit about that? Her goal is to be able to have to lease out the top kitchen, at least in terms of screen orientation would be her kitchen. And that would be just for the support of her food truck. Kitchen number one, which is kitchen number one kitchen number two, the goal is to be able to lease it out for a day and potentially have four or five different people in there on different days. Yeah, the way DHEC works, you simply have to do all of your prep work. Each food truck has to have an anchored kitchen that's you know, DHEC approved. And you have to do all your prep work and packaging in that DHEC approved kitchen. So someone would be able to come in, prep their stuff, then put it in their own cooler and use it for there and then some you could potentially even have two different people in a day coming in, they just can't be in there at the same time. But it's it's a it's a real need. We did one of these about decade and a half ago for David Roberts on Maine right where it turns into North Maine and same thing. I mean, they constantly had people that that come in and use it because and some people tie in with a restaurant and do that. But you've got to have a you know, even if you're a vendor that's selling stuff that once you get a certain volume, even if it's not a food truck, once you just hit a certain volume DHEC requires you to do all the prep and a certified kitchen. Yeah. Now I'm not an architect. So I don't know.  There. The challenge is, is they mean, and their examples of them around town. I know they're ugly. They're never going to convince anybody they're real, because there's no light coming in from behind them. And it it frankly, in the scale of the building becomes a little at least from an architectural standpoint, I thought, you know, from the scale of the building, it becomes not help not really helping the overall design. But if for some reason, you all can't see your way to an exception, that probably would be our recourse is that we will, you know, we will make something up. But I don't think it helps. I think you're if you're looking at it from a standpoint of what's the best solution for the neighborhood and what's the best feel. And I do think that because of the scale of the site, the function of the building, and the surrounding community character, I think there's reasonable grounds for y'all to find a hardship or exception to the black letter law of the ordinance. And I think that's what that's what y'all are available for is to be able to make those kind of interpretations. And I don't think that you're setting a precedent. If you do it for this building of saying every other building in a new zoning would do it. So I mean, I think it's a legitimate request for a variance. Yeah, the only thing I stumble on because I'm I'm a lawyer, not an architect is the the more about the non conforming use doesn't doesn't qualify you. But I certainly can see that when you go down the list. Otherwise, it does seem like a reasonable reasonable request. I mean, it seems like it's a worthy business. It seems like it's going to add an awful lot to the neighborhood and overall value. And it doesn't seem like as you're saying, no, that we are not the DDRC. And I understand that it doesn't. It does seem like it would, in fact, be more in keeping with what's around it than if it were a series of plate glass windows. I've got a question for staff. Should I ask it now? Just want to understand the intent of the change the the for commercial kitchen use in the one district. With the requirement being 40%. I mean, this is more this is pretty much exclusively a commercial kitchen. Was that change meant for like restaurants where they had more in like more dining plus the commercial kitchen where it'd be easier to have this the general the change in the code to add the form and design standards. Yeah, it applies to all commercial uses. Okay. Not okay. Right. I mean, I can see that if you were talking about, I don't know, a restaurant, a convenience store or something like that, having lots of glass would be nice. You want that. Yeah. I mean, if you Yeah, well, this one for board discussion, but I guess I'm just still hung up on like, if you think about what the building might be after it's yours, you know, hopefully you're there forever and ever. And you do really well. But it's just that it seems like the building is turning its back on that potential corner and the long term sort of development. I know that's not a, you know, the most beautiful walkable neighborhood now. But you know, I mean, that's the goal of overall with Main Street. Yeah, similar comments. Did anyone ask if you may have asked it with the mirroring question? I understand the the windows on the on the, is it the Oakland Avenue side? Did you did you try to put windows on that side too? The current layout, there's basically a hood that backs up to half of the Oakland Avenue side. So it's not really pragmatic to have a window over it. I mean, the challenge for us is even if even if we were to mirror the building, even if we were to mirror the building and what's now the driveway side with the Oakland Avenue side, we're still not anywhere near 40%. We're more, I mean, the front has four individual windows and a door and it's at 19%. So it's only it. We're only halfway there. The right side would be somewhere in that approximate 19% range too. So we're we're not at a we're not at a threshold where just mirroring it solves, you know, it doesn't get us to 40% glazing. With dormers. I'm just trying to think of ways to get dormers and gable windows, I suppose. Yeah, really, if you look at the order, if you look at the ordinance, I believe it measures from the cornice line and achieves its wall area based on the below the cornice line and the glass below that. So you're not the dormers won't even get you there. The first glazing standard. First floor. I mean, I think the risk of moving into board discussion. But I think the idea is that it's putting eyes on the street and like activating the street. You know, if you can't see what's happening in the building, you don't know what's happening in the building and vice versa. So I mean, that's kind of the point of a commercial kitchen, right? I mean, I mean, it is kind of getting in the board discussion now. Yeah, I think we're appreciate y'all coming out. Yeah, any more questions? Okay, good. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you. All right, at this time, we'll move into board discussion and sure. Yeah, this reminds me a lot of the commercial kitchens we already see for food checks that are already in Columbia, specifically thinking about dirt kitchen, which is on Main Street, which finished station is almost because the point isn't really to attract, not even really to attract kitchen because the building is like this for a specific purpose, kind of like a more industrial use. It's just kitchens for the flip side of that being is now that Vino garage occupies has really activated the street. Right? Yeah, well, that's true. But the original, I mean, that but that's just one of the that's just one of the commercial kitchens that's in the same vein. I mean, there's another one, not even not even that far away from that location, that kind of such a same purpose. And it's really low fenestration on those to me, it seems more of a suitable for more of an industrial type use like this. And the outside, I honestly think they've done a good job of the design actually lending itself to look like it would fit in a neighborhood because usually when you see commercial kitchens like this, it's just a box. And so I think that the fact that they thought about it looking similar to what a house would look like in a small neighborhood like this with a lot of small structures like that, I think Yeah, the overall character is nice. I mean, I hear what you're saying, Celia, because I mean, I'm learning a whole lot about planning principles in another context. But the idea that that, you know, we want eyes on the street and all that in, you know, animation on all those things are wonderful things. That said, we're so far away from getting there at that place. And to the extent there are houses that nearby that are in fact houses, which do provide some eyes on the street. And this looks like one of those houses.   I think that's the worst choice. And yet that would be what they could do, which would check all the boxes, but actually be a less appealing structure in the long run and less blending in with what's there as you point out. So I'm inclined to go with it. And I think I can see where, you know, I think I think I can go down the variance criteria and make it feel comfortable. I mean, the extraordinary and exceptional conditions are the fact that this is going to be a commercial kitchen and not.  I think that's good. Doesn't generally apply to other properties in the vicinity because they are doing their own thing and they either have windows or they don't have windows or whatever. I suppose to some extent they are the result of the applicants actions in designing the building. But that's why they're coming to ask for some relief. So that's sort of a circular thing. I think it does unreasonably restrict the utilization of the property in an attractive way, which feels sort of DDRC ish again. But the fake window problem of, yeah, I suppose you could put fake windows there.  Certainly no, I don't see any detriment to the adjacent property of the public good. You know, I think it's probably the minimum variance they tried. They put some windows in. And I think it's I think it's in harmony with the general purpose. I mean, the fact it's certainly not going to be injurious to the neighborhood.  Yeah, I like it. I just wonder if we're setting ourselves up. I mean, this is the first time we've come before a case like this. We set ourselves up for other cases to sort of ask for this. I mean, this will be an exception. It's a precedent. That's right. Well, I'm no good. It's a variance. It's a variance. And we look at each one individually. If somebody else wants to come in with a commercial kitchen under exactly the same circumstances, I suppose I wouldn't even have a trouble saying okay, fine for you too. But depending on the properties around it. Exactly. Exactly. This is an exception for this. But I like the fact that the rhythm matches the rhythm to some extent of the properties around it. Yeah, I mean, my only concern with that is the fact that if the intent of the ordinances to get away from that rhythm, but we're allowing variance to continue the rhythm, then we're not upholding the ordinance. But I think, you know, you bring up a good point with the dirt kitchen like if we're trying to make the area nicer and build it up that even though that thing has almost no windows, maybe none that I'm aware of, it still doesn't look bad. It's, you know, so because it's such a small building, that's their extraordinary and exceptional condition that allows potential for a variance. Yeah, it's a small lot. Right. Small lot, small building, where you got to place the hoods. Small lot, small building specific use takes up a lot of wall space. I think that the proposed landscaping is going to on Oakwood Street. It's going it's going to also make it a much more attractive site than it's been for sure. Absolutely. And then any likely use is going to be. Alright, do we have any more discussion? Sounds like we're someone will make a motion. Or wait, do we have to ask for public input or? Yes. Okay. Do we have any emails? Yeah, do we have any callers emails? Any public input? No. Okay, good. Alright, gotta be in person. Just here. Alright, perfect. We did not receive any calls on this case. Okay, good. Anyone want to make a motion? See if I can try this. I make a motion to accept the requested variance to the minimum form and design standards for a commercial kitchen use in the Mu one district or case number two zero two two two zero zero three zero V. Second. Or do we? Well, do we want to make that subject to staff comments? Yes. Subject yourself. I have to restate that subject to staff comments. Second. We have a second. All those in favor? Aye. Any against? No. One. Okay. Alright, well case approved. Thank y'all. That's all we have on the agenda today. That's all we have. Okay. As there is no other business. Do we have a motion to adjourn? Move to adjourn. Second. Second. Alright, all those in favor say aye. Aye. Aye. Any opposed? No. Alright, meeting adjourned. Thank you. Thank you.


The relationship you develop with the patient is one of the most loving, giving, honest relationships you can have. That person has entrusted you. You've shared the worst and you share the best. I grew up wanting to be a nurse, never wanted to be anything else. I was probably three years out of nursing school and I was working in a cardiac intensive care unit. One of my patients had suffered a large heart attack and I was in her med room, which was open to her nurse's station. And I was laughing and talking with my co-workers and not really paying a lot of attention to what I was drawing up in this range. I went into her room and started injecting the medication and one of the nurses from the desk called out and said, Gwyn, look at your monitor and her blood pressure had just plummeted. I looked down at my syringe and I realized I had double-dosed her on this very powerful blood pressure medication. I was crying and the patient actually took my hand and comforted me and said, honey, everything will be okay. I'm standing there in the back of the room watching my teammates try to salvage a patient that I harmed. I had potentially killed another human being simply because I wasn't paying attention.  I'll never forget it. We were able to stabilize her. It took about four hours. Stay there about six days and then she did go home. I questioned whether I was fit to be a nurse. You know, was I morally fit to take care of other human beings if I could be so careless? So I went into grief counseling. I felt renewed. I felt like, okay, this is my fate to be not only a nurse but a champion for patient safety. We built one of the first quality circles in my unit and we looked at medication administration, how we care for patients, fatigue in nurses. And when a nurse made a mistake, we had a team that would talk with her. We experienced less errors. We developed more processes around checking. We built in redundancy into our systems that we didn't normally have. It took about three years to get all of that set up. She came back to our unit about six months later and she was dying. Her heart was so damaged that it just could not sustain her. And I said, remember we in the hospital before? I'm the nurse that gave you too much medicine.  And she reached up and kind of cupped my hands in hers and said, honey, I told you it was going to be okay. And as long as you learned something, that was great. You know, her name was Shirley. And every time I start a new project, I think about Shirley. She has inspired me for a lot of my 30 years in nursing. I'd like to thank Wen for sharing her story with us today. None of us go into healthcare to harm patients. We choose medicine so we could heal and support those in need. Like other high-risk industries, we need to find solutions that trap these errors before they cause harm to our patients. For the last five months, I have been walking across America to raise awareness of those who have lost their lives due to preventable medical harm, both patients and healthcare workers. I have now walked over 1,300 miles on sidewalks, trails and paths on my way from San Diego, California to Jacksonville, Florida, and have logged in over 3.5 million steps. More than 500 people across the world are also walking and exercising in solidarity with our mission of achieving zero preventable deaths by the year 2030. Together, we have walked a collective total of over 6,000 miles for the equivalent of walking twice around the world to bring awareness to the 200,000 people who die needlessly every year from preventable medical harm. If you'd like to see the real-time view into the miles we've walked together, click on the link below in the description. Dr. Dave Mayer is walking to each Spring Training Park to bring awareness to the Patient Safety Movement Foundation. My wife looked at me and said, you've got to be crazy. Every day that I walk, I walk in memory of a caregiver or patient that's lost their lives due to preventable medical harm. I think people don't realize that healthcare preventable harm is the third leading cause of death in the United States. We need to improve the systems and processes to allow the workers at the front lines to do their job as best as they can. We need your support. The video you just watched, my walk across America to all the Major League Baseball stadiums, will encourage you to join our team and dedicate your steps to raising awareness about this important issue. Thank you. I would like to thank you for inviting me to this very important event when I'm going to talk about mental health and burnout of health personnel. These problems are not unique to healthcare personnel. We are just human beings like all of you who are watching this and we have the same human reaction. The difference is of course that we are caring for life and we know that if we don't go to work, lives are at stake. Our colleagues will have extra workload and so on and we are trained and motivated to save patients. It's also interesting that some of the traits or the properties in human beings that make us more prone to being burnout are the same that attract us to becoming healthcare personnel, like sympathy, like feeling of obligations and the responsibility and so on. But as mentioned, we are just human beings and nobody can go on forever without sleep, rest, food and exercise. But if we try to push our own borders, it can work for a while and then it doesn't work anymore. We try to, with coping strategies, it could be for instance that we have visual thinking, we think that if we just work a little bit more things will become better. It could be that we blame ourselves for not working hard enough, just work harder and so on. And some would even use alcohol and the drugs to get that rest and everybody understands that's not the solution. The symptoms could be emotional fatigue, we feel that small tasks are very, very strenuous now. We could get detached from our work, even cynical and also that even smaller tasks are just so intensely hard to do. If it goes that far, it's really important that you are stopped to move on and move on because if it goes too far, too far, then you will be out of the business for a long time. It takes months to recover and build yourself up from scratch so to speak. And that's why we have an obligation to help each other, support each other, recognize the symptoms and make sure that people get that rest so they can come back sooner and being stronger and better carers for the longer term for their patients. We are normal human beings, react like normal human beings, but we really want to be there for all of you. Thank you. Hello, I'm Robin Simon, the producer and director of Do No Harm. It's a documentary film about the hidden epidemic of physicians' suicide and burnout and the link to medical errors. And it's an honor to participate in the United for Safe Care campaign. In 2014, someone sent me an op-ed piece from the New York Times about these two young doctors who jumped from the roofs of their hospitals within a week of each other. And I come from a family of physicians, so I was shocked. And it set me on a mission to not only find out why this was happening, but why no one was talking about it. And what I discovered was that physicians have a suicide rate almost twice that of the general population and a depression and burnout rate of about 50%. Now these kinds of stats, if this happened in the airline industry, this would be considered a major crisis for air travel. But because of the stigma about mental health and potential financial liability, it's often swept under the rug. This problem even starts in medical training. One physician told me, it's like a time bomb. You have these young medical students who are isolated, they're bullied, experienced sexual harassment in hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt so they can't quit. And then on top of that, they're sleep deprived. So I started to wonder, well, if physicians and medical students aren't able to function physically or mentally, what kind of care are we getting as patients? And when I was able to link the high rate of medical errors to physician suicide and depression, it was stunning. I mean, it's said to be over 250,000 preventable deaths due to medical errors. What we need is regulation. And that's why this campaign is so important because it's bringing together policy holders, healthcare workers and patients to push for change. What we need is an independent investigation, independent oversight and legislation that protects healthcare workers that allows them to get the mental healthcare that they need and also reduce the number of medical mistakes. So the film is being used across the country to open a dialogue at medical schools and hospitals about what to do. And talking about it is the first step. If you'd like to get involved, what we need to do is keep the pressure on and make sure it's a priority for this country. Lives depend on it. For more information about the film, you can visit www.dunoharmfilm.com and it's also available on Amazon. Thank you so much. The COVID-19 pandemic was and is challenging in multiple ways. Personally, one of the hardest things was caring for patients in critical conditions while their family members were not allowed inside the ER. It is really hard to imagine the fear these patients must have gone through. I remember a 30-year-old female who was about to be intubated due to respiratory stress and shortly before that she asked me to step outside and talk to her husband. I quickly went outside to look for him and explain to him what was happening. This event really marked me and reminded me that behind every case or patient there are lives, humans, families. I would say that the early scientific uncertainty was probably one of the most difficult obstacles in the pandemic. We as medical professionals are used to acting with some degree of knowledge, especially in this era of evidence-based medicine. But we have to remember that at the beginning we didn't know much. All we knew was that this was almost an exclusive respiratory illness. It was later on that we started to understand about the damaging effects of COVID-19 in the coagulation, cardiovascular and central nervous system. Patients felt frustrated and understandably so about not having any answers as to why this disease was causing multiple problems in their family members loved ones. Our safety is your safety. Right now we live in a continuum where society and the healthcare system are inextricably intertwined. My biggest plea for the public is to share scientifically accurate information. Fake news as you know are rampant, but if we work together we can stop this trend. You can help us tremendously by amplifying the voices of the scientific and medical community. We can definitely help each other. Being a pharmacist today is very different from what has been traditionally thought historically. Our roles are expanding globally and our important role is increasingly being recognized as patients needs have become more chronic. Pharmacists are exceptionally underutilized resources for many patients. We have an abundance of knowledge not only in medications but in disease states, public health issues and the understanding of patients needs as we are the most frequently visited healthcare professionals in their lifetime. Patients can access community pharmacists at local pharmacies but there are many pharmacists who practice outside of the setting including hospitals, drug companies and some pharmacists have their own practices to counsel patients on many different areas including nutrition, lifestyle coaches and many others. It is very frustrating when we have to advocate for our own worth and value to get our points across. We are not recognized as providers in United States federally and this limits us to getting access to tools and resources to help patients appropriately. It is heartbreaking to watch patients suffer with loneliness in the pandemic while at their death bed. Although I myself haven't had a chance to be like a guardian when patients die many nurses and other caring healthcare professionals have literally held their patients hands. I have been privileged to watch these while we attend Codes which is a reviving effort of a team of pharmacists, nurses, doctors and respiratory therapists working together. Suddenly we couldn't really take care of patients the way we would normally do so. It was hard to speak. You're wearing three masks and a welder shield and they're wearing masks and the sound of the high flow oxygen and the ventilation system made it impossible to do all but the most basic of communication. And it's not enough just to give the patient the right treatment, the right oxygen or the right antiviral medications. We also want to be taking care of them and taking care of them is attending to all their needs and being able to talk with them, comfort them, answer their questions, explain the treatments and we realize something we didn't have at our disposal, how limited we are and we can't communicate the way that we want to. And particularly we saw this at end of life care. There were so many patients who died in the hospital, who died without their family, without their loved ones close by, without being able to communicate. And for us, the doctors, the nurses, the nurse aides, the technicians, the respiratory therapists who are with the patients at those moments, all we could do would be to hold their hand at best, talk to them as best we could and hear their final words. It's not the way we'd want to do it. It's not the way we want it for ourselves, for our family or for all of our patients. I think we realize that in the absence of full communication, including touch, including listening and speaking, we really can't give the care we want to give. We can't give the quality care we want to give and we can't give the safe care we want to give. And so of course we're all anxiously awaiting a vaccine so we can go back to giving medical care the way it should be. Being able to attend to the details of observation of communication, of touch, of nonverbal communication to pick up on what's going on with the patient, what's happening medically, what's happening psychologically, what's happening spiritually, to be able to be there in all the dimensions for our patients. What I've seen so far is the fact that in order for the public or us to be engaged in patient safety, it really comes down to the people who are cradling patient safety right now and that would be the healthcare facilities, the healthcare management. They have to really think about opening the door and allowing the patients to come in. One of the facts that is quite evident in patient safety and healthcare is the fact that according to the WHO, we are at about 7.7 billion people in the world and out of those 7.7 billion people in the world, there are only 59 million healthcare workers. That's right 59 million healthcare workers around the world and you can check that up on Google as well. It may have changed but very, very slightly indeed. So when you're looking at 59 million people trying to take care of 7.7 billion people, there is an absolute disconnect there. They can't take care of all of us and we can't expect them to take care of all of us. What's important is to have healthcare facilities and healthcare management open their doors and allow the expertise to come in in non-clinical areas to assist them taking care of the rest of us. Now there's many of us who are constantly being trained and receiving other kinds of training in healthcare but we do bring to the table as well our own expertise in our areas of work. Mine for instance happens to be in communication. I'm sure there are many others who have different experiences as well. I'm currently working with our patients around the world who have experience in safety measures in other industries that can help healthcare as well. So my plea to healthcare professionals is to think about the help that we can give you and it is essential that we are able to do that on a regular and systematic way. So please do open the door because us patients we are wanting to come and help you. So please enable us to be able to do this on a regular and systematic way. Thank you.


Okay, can we start now see the next the concept we are going to study is molecular orbital theory. So first of all we will try to understand that what is the use of this theory and why do we need this? Tell me what is the structure or Lewis structure of oxygen molecule O2? The Lewis structure of oxygen molecule if you draw it is O bonded with another oxygen with a double bond and each oxygen atom has two lone pair on it, has two lone pair on it, okay? So according to this structure you see the oxygen molecule is paramagnetic or diamagnetic because all the electrons are paired, okay? So according to this structure to this, okay? But experimentally it has been observed that that oxygen is paramagnetic in nature. It is slightly attracted towards the magnetic field so it is in nature, okay? This is the experimental fact. Obviously there is something which is missing in this theory when we do the sharing of orbital or VBT theory that we have, okay? Now to explain this the behavior of this oxygen molecule, the exact behavior we have got or we got the new theory of bonding that is molecular orbital theory, molecular orbital theory. Now this, what is this molecular orbital theory? When I ask you to draw the electronic configuration of carbon, okay, you will write what? 1S2, 2S2, 2P1, okay? So this is for an element. If you remember the electronic configuration we draw only for an element, right? Not for a molecule, okay? But if you consider a molecule like suppose any general example I will take AB molecule, right? So in this we have two nucleus basically. One is the nucleus of A and another one is the nucleus of B. This B will have certain number of electrons and A will also have certain number of electrons. The electrons of B when these two are close enough in a bonding state, the electrons of B is attracted towards the nucleus of B and the nucleus of A and the electrons of A is also attracted towards the nucleus of B and the nucleus of A, right? So what we can say in this, in a molecule the electrons are considered to be associated with all the nuclei in the molecule, right? So when you take any molecules, so in a molecule, trons considered to be associated with all nuclei, whatever the nucleus present there with all the nuclei, the electrons are associated. Like in atoms we say like carbon atom we are talking about, we say the electrons are present in atomic orbital, atomic orbital. In molecules we say what? That the electrons are present in molecular orbital, molecular orbital. And this molecular orbital are forms by forms by the combination of combination of atomic orbitals, combination of atomic orbitals, right? Now if you talk about the combination of atomic orbital, there are two different ways for atomic orbitals to combine. There are two ways of, two possible ways of combining the atomic orbital. The first one is linear combination of, linear combination of atomic orbital and the second one is united atom method, united atom method. This united atom method is not in our syllabus, okay? So this is not in our syllabus, we have to study only linear combination of atomic orbital. Now you see in this linear combination of atomic orbitals, when suppose the two atoms we have A and B, A and B are combining and forms AB, a molecule, right? So this A and B when combines, so it has its own wave amplitude function that is psi A. This is the wave function of atom A and this is the wave function of atom B. And when this combines, it forms psi AB, that is the wave function of the molecule AB, right? So this kind of combination when A and B are combines, because the orbitals are nothing but the path of the electron, right? We can say if we say the electrons is in P orbital, it means what? The electron is moving in this path continuously. That's why we are calling it as P orbital double shift. S orbital means electron is moving into this path continuously, spherical shape, right? Here also like that. So the wave orbital is nothing but the path of the electron, right? And since electrons are moving, so they have wave function also with it, because when electrons move, there are, you know, waves associated with it. That is you must have studied a deep loggy wave length, right? Lambda is equals to h by mv. Means what? When m mass of velocity is moving with velocity, m mass of an object moving with velocity v, then this is the wavelength produced by that particular object. Now, since wavelength is inversely proportional to mass, so for a higher object, the wavelength is negligible and hence we neglect that. But the particles like electrons, subatomic particles like electrons, this wavelength is quite significant and we cannot neglect that, okay? Because mass is very small for these kinds of subatomic particles. So when electrons move, there are some waves associated with this with a particular wavelength, okay? So when the two orbitals, atomic orbitals are combining together, so they are nothing but their waves are combining, okay? So when we have wave, so wave can have same phase also, same phase. Or different phase also, right? Phase may be same or may be different also, both possibility we have. So when the same phase orbital combines, they form bonding molecular orbital, BMO. When opposite phase orbital combines, they form anti-bonding molecular orbital AB MO, right? So if I write down this psi AB, that will be equals to N into CA into psi A plus CB into psi B. N is the normalizing factor and CA-CB are constant. You don't have to worry with all this, what is CA and CB. We don't require this also, even in solving the questions to solve these questions. So this is not for our purpose, it is just I have written here, right? So when the bonding molecular orbital forms, when the wave or the orbital combines with the same phase, then bonding molecular orbital forms, so for that the psi AB of the molecule, the wave function of the molecule will be the sum of the wave function of the individual orbital, psi A psi B, right? But when anti-bonding molecular orbital forms, so obviously the phase is different now, so that wave function of each orbital will get subtracted, okay? Psi A minus psi B, okay? Right, this is how the two wave forms, okay? Anti-bonding molecular orbital, we write down star mark here. This star mark represents anti-bonding molecular orbital, right? If you see the energy diagram of this, anti-bonding and bonding molecular orbital, the anti-bonding molecular orbital has higher energy than bonding molecular orbital comparatively. This is energy diagram and this is the axis we have, okay? Now here you see, we can have SS combination, SP combination, PP combination and there are many things. When same phase combines, bonding molecular orbital forms, when different phase combines, anti-bonding molecular orbital forms, right? So here you see the next thing here, which is important shape of orbital I can draw, but that is not important, so I am not doing that one, okay? Only thing you see when 1S, 1S orbital is combining, we are getting two different orbital here since SNS combining, so we will have a sigma bond first, right? So for that we will write sigma 1S when same phase and sigma star 1S when opposite phase. This is anti-bonding molecular orbital, AB, MO and bonding molecular orbital. So we have basically both possibilities depending on the phase of these two orbital, okay? Similarly, when 2S, 2S orbital combines, it again forms sigma 2S and sigma star 2S, anti-bonding. When 2PX, 2PX orbital combines, it forms pi 2PX and pi star 2PY. 2PY, 2PY combines, pi 2PY and pi star 2PZ, sorry 2PY. And the last one is when 2PZ and 2PZ combines, this gives sigma 2PZ and sigma star 2PY. You see in some of the book they have written here, sigma 2PX, sigma star 2PY, sorry it is X only, X. Sigma 2PX, sigma star 2PX and pi 2PY, pi star 2PY, pi 2PZ, pi star 2PZ. So any one of these you can take along, see actually when sigma when forms, when the overlapping takes place along the inter-nuclear axis, which is along the inter-nuclear axis, right? Then only sigma forms. Generally assumption is what will take PZ along the inter-nuclear axis, so sigma will write with PZ only. But if you write with here sigma and here if you write on pi here, then also it is not wrong, okay? You will get the same answer. So that is not the concern we have. But if you have to write on better, if you write sigma with PZ and pi with PX and PY, okay? So when these orbital forms, so these are the orbitals present in any molecule, in any molecule. Like when we draw the electronic configuration of an element, we should have the energy order of those orbitals present in an atom. So similarly here also we should have the energy of these orbitals and according to the energy only, the electron will fill into this orbital from lower to higher energy orbital. Like we have done in electronic configuration, N plus L rule we have done over there, right? Lower energy orbital will fill first and then higher, the next higher and the next higher like that will go. So here also the same thing, but for that you should know the energy order of these orbitals, okay? So that is the experimental order we have, okay? There are some, you know, logic behind this, but that is again beyond our syllabus. So we are not discussing that. If the number of electrons in a molecule, number of electrons is less than equal to 14, right? Then the energy of these orbitals, which has anti-bonding and bonding molecule orbitals is given as this. Sigma 1s, then we have sigma star 1s, sigma 2s, sigma star 2s, then we have pi 2py, pi 2px, then sigma 2pz, sigma 2pz. N is greater than 14, the value of N greater than 14 and less than equal to 20.  Here also, if you write down, we have pi star 2ppi, pi star 2px, and then sigma star 2pz. This is the order of orbital we have. Now, these two orbitals, see, these orbitals are degenerate orbitals, these two, these two, these two, and here also, these are degenerate orbitals. Degenerate orbitals means what? Degenerate orbitals means equal energy orbital. Energy will be equal, right? Equal energy orbitals, so when you fill these two orbitals with electron, they follow Hans' rule. This orbital follows Hans' rule, this one, this one, this one follows Hans' rule, okay? So now, if I take the example of oxygen, which has 16 electrons, which has 16 electrons, so 16 electrons will be there in this range, right? So this is the orbital we have. Now, we'll substitute or we'll try to distribute the 16 electron into these orbitals, which has bonding also and anti-bonding also. So one of these orbitals can have maximum two electrons only, which is true for this case also. This sigma 1s can take two electrons, then two we have here, 4, 6, 8, 10. Since these two are degenerate orbitals, so 11, 12, then 13, 14, 15, and then 16. We cannot put two and two here first, like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 we cannot do, 13, 14, 15, 16 like this. Or 11, 12, 13, 14, then 15, then 16, okay? You see here, there are two unpaired electrons present and because of this only, the oxygen is paramagnetic in nature, magnetic in nature, okay? Now we have one again bond order formula here. It is the number of electron in bonding molecular orbital minus number of electron in anti-bonding molecular orbital, this divided by two, right? So for this one, if you calculate the bond order of O2 here, that will be all these are anti-bonding, anti-bonding, anti-bonding and anti-bonding, right? 2, 4, 6, 10, 10 electron in bonding, 2, 4, 6 electron anti-bonding divided by 2, 10 minus 6 by 2, 4, so it is 2 only. So 2 is the bond order of oxygen molecule, right? If you calculate O2 minus, O2 minus will have 17 electron, so now this one extra electron, 16 we have already done, so one extra electron will go into any of these orbital, right? So number of electrons in anti-bonding orbital will increase by one, okay? So bond order if you calculate for this O2 minus will be 10 minus 7 by 2, that will be 1.5. What with O2 2 minus bond order electrons will be 18, so that will be what? 10 minus 8 by 2, that will be 1, okay? So like this we can calculate the bond order and this is the molecular orbital theory we have. What is the bond order of H2? HE2, H2 plus, tell me, what is the bond order of H2, HE2, H2 plus and N2? HE2 is 0, H2 is 1, H2 is 1, H2 plus is half, what about N2? N2 should be 3, yeah? So we also know the number of bond present in H2 molecule is 1, so bond order is 1. HE2 does not exist at all, H is the noble gas, so it's a monatomic gas. HE exists, HE2 does not exist, there is no bond into this, so it is 0. H2 plus you can find out you are getting half, maybe it is correct. N2 we know N triple bond N is the molecular formula we have, so number of bond order will be 3, number of bond is 3 into this, okay? In this also they have asked question many times in JMAs, okay, regarding the stability of these compounds, okay? They have asked this question, like one question you see that they have asked in JMAs, actually three questions we have, I'll give you all these three questions, last three questions I think we have 10 minutes, okay? So right on the first question, in which of the following pairs of molecules are ions, which of the following pairs of molecules are ions, the species does not exist, okay? Which of these species does not exist, that's the question we have. So first option we have H2 plus HE2 2 minus H2 minus HE2 2 minus H2 plus H2 minus HE2 2 plus, which of these following pair does not exist, this was asked in JMAs, option D, what about others? Don't think you calculate simply bond order, if the molecule does not exist, bond order should be 0, that's a simple thing. HE2 you see, option C, HE2, HE2 does not exist, we know that, okay? You check for H2 plus, sorry H2 plus, option C you check first, bond order should be 0, if the molecule does not exist, bond order should be 0, find out the bond order and tell me the answer. I think C should be correct, see H2 plus, H2 plus, how many electron this H2 plus has, one electron, total 2 plus 1 charge 2 minus 1 equals to 1, so bond and this will be sigma s1 then, only one electron, I don't think for this bond order is 0, bond order will be 1 minus 0 by 2, so we are getting half for this, okay, C is not correct I guess, what about H2 minus, 2 electron and then 1 for the minus charge 2 plus 1 3, so it will be sigma 1 s2, then sigma star 1 s1, this is also not 0, right, bond order of H2 minus will be 2 minus 1 by 2, that is 1 by 2, I think the option is wrong, yeah let me check something, yeah the option is wrong, some mistake is there, this should be H2 2 plus, then it will be 0, okay, see for H2 will be 0, just now we have calculated, it does not exist that it is monotomic gas, if you write on H2 2 plus then you see, H2 2 plus should be what, how many electrons total we have, total 0 electrons, right 2 minus 2, so that's why this does not exist, bond order is also 0, so this does not exist, option C will be correct if we have H2 2 plus, the option was wrong, yeah according to the given option initially that I have given here, with this H2 plus, only H2 does not exist, all other molecule exist, so if this question will be correct, if you write H2 2 plus here, okay, so basically if this kind of question they ask, you have to find out the bond order of the molecule, if it is 0 then molecule does not exist, okay, now one question they have asked on this only, which of these molecule exhibit diamagnetic behavior, diamagnetic behavior options are C2 N2 O2 and S2, which of these molecules are diamagnetic behavior, tell me, maybe more than one correct, okay C2 is correct, what about N2, C2 and N2, what about O2, O2 is paramagnetic just now we have done, okay, see O2 and N, O2 we just now we have done, O2 is paramagnetic, correct, you don't have to check S2 also, because these two belongs to the same group, if this is paramagnetic, this is also paramagnetic, right, so these two you can rule out easily, these two you have to draw the electronic configuration of from molecular orbital theory, sigma 1 is sigma star 1 is like that, and then you have to check whether the electrons are paired or unpaired, so when you draw the configuration of these two, you'll get all electrons paired, so C2 and N2 both are correct in this, right, O2 and S2 will be paramagnetic, understood, one more question, last one, the question is the stability of the species Li2, you have to find out the stability order of this, Li2, Li2 minus then Li2 plus, stability order of this you have to find out, all these three questions they have asked in GE mains, okay, molecular orbital theory, tell me what is the order, Li2 then Li2 minus then Li2 plus, Li2 plus and minus, see Li2 has greatest stability, okay, see first of all the option if you see I did not give you the option, in the option there is only one option into this, Li2 has maximum stability, right, only one option we have, so with that you can easily find out, okay, so when Li2 is maximum then answer will be correct, okay, so Li2 has greatest stability then we have Li2 plus and then we have Li2 minus, okay, so I am here to check your calculation, see, just you have to find out the number of electrons in this which is 3 plus 3, 6 electrons, okay, there will be sigma 1s2, sigma star 1s2, then sigma 2s2, bond order will be 4 minus 2 by 2, that will be 1, Li2 minus will have 7 electrons, so sigma 1s2, sigma star 1s2, sigma 2s2, sigma star 2s1, so bond order will be what, 4 minus 3 by 2, that will be 1 by 2, right, Li2 plus, that will have 5 electrons, so sigma 1s2, sigma star 1s2, sigma 2s1 with 3 minus 2 by, 1 by 2 I am getting, oh sorry, it has 3 into 2, 5 now, 3, 2, 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, 7, 4 minus 3 by 2, see one thing here, see one thing, Li2 has maximum bond order, so obviously Li2 will have maximum stability, right, now when Li2 minus and Li2 plus you compare, the number of the bond order is same, right, but in Li2 plus there is only 2 electron in anti-bonding orbital, but here we have 3 electrons in anti-bonding orbital, so if more number of electrons present in anti-bonding orbital, its stability will be less, right, so the order will be Li2, then Li2 plus and then Li minus, okay, so that's the answer we have into this, understood, so this kind of question they ask in molecular orbital theory, all questions you can solve, previous year question you see, they have asked this question only, only bond order formula you have to find out, there are many questions they have asked in JEMNs and then other exams also, so you can go through with that, so today we'll stop here only, okay, next class we'll see what will start probably Tottenberg's and all we'll do next class, okay, you understood this, okay, solve some question onto this, okay, so that you as only archives you solve, previous year question that would be better, okay, hello, thank you all, we'll see you next class.


Hey guys, Realistic Gaming here. Welcome back to another video. Today, we're going to be reacting to some scary Five Nights at Freddy's videos because you guys suggested me this channel down here below called Squimpus McGrimpus. Now, this channel is dedicated to all types of Five Nights at Freddy's stuff. So, if you guys like FNAF, you're going to love this video. Alright, so for our first video, it's called Fast Bear Entertainment Video Manual. Welcome to the Fast Bear Entertainment's maintenance video manual. Hey! Alright, so, it's a manual to clean up your animatronics. Oh, Freddy. I remember this in FNAF VR. Very terrifying. Oh! Bro, put the mask back on. Dude, it's freaky. Okay, the arms are off. Now comes the chest. Dude, it's covered in blood. Climb inside the torso and accept your death? What?  Yo, they removed the chest plate and as you guys can see, there is blood all over him. So, this dude just like, he just ate someone. Oh, man, I don't know about these videos, man. I know we just started them, but they're already like, they're already like, what the... Alright, so for our next video, we got birthday boy.mp4. Okay, why did we just see his eyes? I'm telling you, man, these videos are something else. This is like some psychological horror type of thing. Oh, man, alright. So, we got, for our next video, we got Bonnie joint movement testing. Dude, I'm kind of freaked out by these already. Arms, we're starting off with the arms.  Fingers. Okay, so we're moving from the arms to the fingers. What's next? Okay, his fingers seem to be good. Legs. Wow, that is kind of scary how you could just lift them and move them like that. Ears. Wait, uh... His ears didn't move. Eyes? Why isn't his eyes or ears in jaw? Dude, he's gone. Where'd it go? Oh, man, he's alive, isn't he? He's right there. Yo, Bonnie, what's up, man? The heck is going on? Oh, his jaw's open. Okay, so at least we know his jaw works. Um, that was pitch black that I could barely see anything. My God, bro. Really? The magnet? Over in blood. Did you guys see that at the end? Bro, they snatched us. Oh, my God. Oh, man, all right. Wow. Oh, man, bro, these videos... I don't know if I can keep watching these videos, guys. These things are frightening. All right, so far, next one we got sound response check. Please make sure that the left and right speakers are correctly placed if you are unsure. Okay, audio will play in three seconds. It's on my left. That seemed like bowls. If she can't respond correctly, she should be looking to the left. Okay, so our right is her left. Well, she has lucky... Wait, was she looking to the right? What? Audio will play in... I am confused. If she can't respond correctly, she should be looking to the right. That's her left. She's looking that way, bro. What? Audio will play in three seconds. Okay, now where is she going to be looking at? She could respond this correctly. She...she... should be staring right into her freaking soul? Bro, why is she staring right at us? Audio will play. Oh, this is not going to be good. No, do not play the audio. Why are you just staring at us? We're about to die, aren't we? Yep. I like birds. They are pretty.  Not even supposed to be speaking. One time I saw a bird sleeping in the snow. That's what bad dreams are about. I feel like I'm sleeping in the snow. And I can't get up. It's too cold for me to do that. This is getting freakier by the second. Bro! I can't breathe. I don't know how to feel about this, man. Dude, these videos are like cursed. What the heck was that? That was a bird in the snow. I'm trying to pause it, but I can't. Wow, there we got the nightmare that she was talking about. Oh, man. Alright, and for our final video, we got this one called non-existent video. The following video is not going to be for photosensitive individuals and contains content that may not find disturbing, but you're going to watch it anyway. You have to. You got to watch it, man. Alright. Fredbear's family diner. Oh, trippy. Oh, I'm glad to see all of you wonderful people. What is the spring lock costume? You can check inside now since. Portage hidden inside the room and found the fifth. So what's the fifth? Let me tell you something you might not know. Is the fifth like all of them put together or something? Before your brother died, something else happened at that place. Something was wrong with the suits. Did you talk about William after him? Watch. Well, I have another choice. I'm going to tell you a secret. No, thank you. I had a while to know your secrets. The same thing that happened to your father. It killed him, but only for a while. He is still out there. Wait, how do you only die for a while? Do you want to find him? Possibly not. Oh, I'll show you. Fastbear's fright. Don't worry about time, dates or locations. You'll know when it happens. There will be a gasoline canister in the back next to the second exit. Now, you're on fire. Your father will be there in the building with you. You might want to put it out. He will look different, but you'll know it's him. Then you can end this. Oh, man. Oh, no. For good. Alright, so let's see what happens. I know how you feel, Michael. It's a lot of responsibility. But when this is done, we'll all be free. Free then, Michael.  Yeah, after I freaking died, it may not seem like it, but I believe your brother will forgive you. I've forgiven you too. You are good, Michael. Despite what you might think, you deserve this happy ending. I've been working all this time to give you that opportunity. I love you, Michael. Oh, man. Why he got stuck in the washer machine? Alright, you guys, well, those were some scary FNAF tapes. If you guys want me to continue this series, let me know in the comments below. Let's try to get this video to like 1,000 likes. I would totally appreciate it if we do. Well, thank you guys for watching. Thank you guys for the amazing support, and I will see you on the next one. Peace.


The Maritime Theater Missile Defense Forum wrapped up its at-sea demonstration 2015 event. The MTMD Forum is allowing partner nations to improve their defense capabilities against ballistic and cruise missiles. Cybersecurity is a constant threat to the Navy and its mission. The Navy established a cybersecurity division which will oversee the Navy's approach to cybersecurity. The most critical member of the Navy's cybersecurity team is you. Naval Supply Systems Command wants to remind sailors of holiday mailing dates for delivery of holiday cards, letters, and packages. All classes of mail address to FPO addresses must contain the new Navy standardized format, which includes ship or mobile unit number, virtual mailbox number, and five-digit zip code to ensure delivery. To learn more about holiday mailing and shipping costs, visit the United States Postal Service website. For these stories and more, visit navy.mil.


Russians mass surrender in the Zaporizhia sector after inhumane treatment and heavy losses. A second group of Russian occupiers from the 71st Regiment of the Russian Armed Forces surrendered on the Zaporizhia front, reporting mistreatment by the Russian command and significant losses OC West Telegram Channel reported. Russian military personnel spoke out about the inhumane treatment by the Russian command and significant losses. The prisoners claim that the command deploys groups of recently mobilized and untrained soldiers, along with those who have signed contracts for daily assaults according to the OC West Report. Commanders of the 71st Regiment are accused of deploying groups of recently mobilized and unprepared soldiers, including those under contract for daily storming operations. Prior to deployment, commanders allegedly mislead soldiers about their proximity to the front line, resulting in a lack of essential supplies and prompting surrenders, the OC West said. The Russian command reportedly compelled soldiers from the 71st Regiment to pre-record New Year greetings before storming operations possibly to conceal losses from the Russian public. President Volodymyr Zelensky said on December 19 that the exchange of prisoners of war between Ukraine and Russia has slowed down due to very specific reasons on the Russian side, suggesting potential diplomatic challenges.


We're going to go ahead and get started. Thank you for showing up a little bit early today. There'll probably be some other people that'll be mosing in. So we have four presentations today by some of our visiting medical students. The first one's going to be presented by Anthony Leonard. He's coming here from Storm Eye in South Carolina, and he's going to be presenting, as you can tell, on management and staging of care accounts. So I'll turn it over to you. Thank you for the introduction. So I'm going to present a little bit of work I did today in conjunction with our cornea department, specifically George Wehring, Dr. Wehring. So I have no disclosures, but Dr. Wehring is a consultant to Visiumetrics who makes the double pass scattering device investigated here. So as you know, caroticonis is a primary corneal ectasia or bulging of a cornea that's relatively common. About 1 in 2,000 people will develop caroticonis. It's asymmetric yet bilateral and is characterized as progressive and is not associated with any inflammatory condition. It is, however, associated with Down syndrome, Ternors, as well as Leber's congenital amaurosis, mitral valve prolapse, retinitis pigmentosa, as well as Marfan syndrome, and in those who are chronic eye rubbers, such as those with allergic eye disease. In our interactive slide of the day, hopefully you didn't read that, what physical finding is being demonstrated here in the lower right panel? Anyone can, has to be a resident. So that's correct, this is Munson's sign. So what you should appreciate here is that there is a cone shaped depression of the lower eyelid when the patient is instructed to look down, and this is simply just a deflection of the cone shaped cornea. So ocular double pass light scattering in this instance by an Ocus II instrument, or Optical Quality Analysis System II, uses an infrared laser diode shown through a collimator and then through a pinhole, which then enters through the visual system, reflects off the retina, back through the visual system once more, and then through a second pinhole to a camera, which collects this double pass image. And in doing so, this collects the forward and reverse scattering of light by the patient's visual system. So in essence, you're able to see what the patient's retina sees. Now to contrast this with reverse light scattering, which is a more familiar concept to most of us, in our day to day slit lamp biomicroscopy, reverse light scattering is quite easily observed. You can just shine a light in someone's eye and you'll see it, whereas opposed to forward light scattering, which really you need some sort of instrumentation to observe. Reverse light scattering, as you're well aware, is not representative of how an aberration in the visual system affects the patient's vision. We've all seen this when we look in a patient's eye and we see a really dense cataract that apparently they're able to see fine through and it doesn't seem to bother them that much. This is opposed to forward light scattering, which really defines the quality of that patient's vision. Reverse light scattering is, again, not directly related to the image cast in the retina, but forward light scattering actually has the ability to reconstruct images which are cast on the retina using some mathematical tools. So shown here is an example of an output from an Oculus 2 machine with a reconstruction of a patient's vision alongside their objective scatter index or OSI, which is simply just the ratio of scattered light to the central unscattered light, multiplied times a constant. And you can see here for this patient who has an OSI of 2.5, they do have some blurring of their vision and this is associated with the SNL and I visual acuities of approximately 20 over 30. So the clinical questions we had were, does ocular double pass light scattering increase in keratoconus and can we use a representative of this, the objective scatter index, which I just previously mentioned, as a diagnosis and staging tool. So this was a retrospective study. We included both patients who were being considered for refractive surgery, as well as those who initially presented for keratoconus. We excluded children as well as those who had previous ocular surgery or lens opacities. 43 eyes were included in the study, 22 keratoconics and 21 controls and everyone underwent a clinical exam including evaluation for best corrective visual acuity as well as imaging on the double pass light scattering device, placididus topography by the atlas and shine fluid tomography by the pentakam. These patients were then with just their topography, tomography and clinical exam categorized using the Amzler crew mic scale for keratoconus severity as well as the keratoconus severity scale or KSS. So to jump right into the data, if you look at panel A up here in the top right, you can see that the objective scatter index or OSI is increased in keratoconic patients in comparison to corals. However, there is a large amount of variability within these data. When you split it apart by keratoconus severity score, that is grades one and two which are suspect topography, whereas grades three and four are mild and moderate keratoconics, so frank keratoconus, you can see that really only KSS grades three and four have an elevation in their OSI values. This is to be contrasted with the Amzler crew mic older scale but still clinically used, which has elevations in all grades examined. So the next question was, well, how good of a diagnostic test is this OSI? To answer this, we used receiver operating characteristic studies generated these curves. So for a perfect study, you would expect the line to go all the way up the Y axis and then straight across, whereas for a coin flip, you would get a horizontal line or diagonal line directly across from the origin here. A perfect test has an area under the curve then of 1.0, whereas in imperfect test, a coin flip has an area underneath the curve of 0.5. So anything in between is better or worse depending on how close it gets to one. Just kind of as an example of a good, not perfect test is tear breakup time for predicting dry eye symptoms has an area under the curve of about 0.79, whereas a particularly bad test, prostate specific antigen, quite poorly named if you ask me, to predict progression or presence of prostate cancer has an area under the curve of only 0.68. So just to kind of give you some, rule of thumb type measurements to compare these studies. So what we observe is in comparing controls versus any KSS grade, any keratoconic grade, including the suspects, we get an area under the curve of 0.86, telling us that this is a fairly good test for being able to determine if someone is a suspect or keratoconic. In comparing whether or not, but when we break this apart to looking at just the suspect eyes, KSS grades one and two, we can see that the AUC fall significantly, telling us that really, this test isn't very good at detecting suspect's topography, that is KSS grades one and two. And as expected, if you limit the test to only looking at the mild and moderate keratoconics, this is a great test, you can see it has an AUC of 0.99. But most interestingly, and this is probably the most important piece of data I'll show today, is that when you look at keratoconics or suspect keratoconics, KSS grades one and two, versus people who actually have frank keratoconics and KSS grades three and four, we get an area under the curve of approximately 0.95, which is great. What it's telling us is that we're able to discern suspect topography from people who actually have keratoconics as determined by the KSS scale. Yes, sir? They could develop, that's right. So in the next series of slides, I'm going to display our data where we look at the point spread function, that is the double pass light scattering where a single point of light is then scattered along with the OSI values, the objective scatter index, which again is just the amount of peripheral light intensity versus the amount of central or unscattered light intensity. So higher OSIs mean more scattering. I'm gonna show this in conjunction with Atlas topography, Placidodys topography, as well as Shineplug pentakam tomography on the bottom row. And as you can see here in this control patient, there's a symmetric bow tie type appearance, which is indicative in this case of some against the rule astigmatism, regular astigmatism. When we look at KSS grades one through four, we can see that there is an increasing amount of light scatter as evidenced by increasing widening of this cone. Of the point spread function. So you can see this is wider than the control group, KSS two is wider and more irregular, KSS three and KSS four in actual care to cone. So you can see that there's a significant amount of widening and these are associated with increasing OSI values. Similarly, when we look at the KSS grades one through four, we can see an increasing amount of steepening as evidenced by topography. And as is common in large aberrations, courting elaborations, topography isn't terribly good at picking it up. Where however this is picked up by tomography. You can see that these inferior steepening patterns in KSS one and KSS two progress to even greater amounts of inferior steepening in KSS grades three and four. So in summary, combined with topography and tomography, this objective scatter index provides a decent diagnostic tool. It was found to be significantly increased with KSS grades three and higher and had a significantly large area underneath the curve in comparing controls versus these grades. Double pass light scattering is probably even better as a tool for following care to cone as patients. So when comparing those patients who had KSS grades one and two versus those who had three and higher, we actually got an area underneath the curve of 0.95, which is a phenomenal test. So with that, I'll open the floor. These are my references. I'd like to acknowledge my co-authors including Dr. Waring, the principal investigator on this study, as well as my sources of funding there at the bottom. So with that, I'd like to open the floor to any questions. I don't have that number at the tip of my tongue, but I did note that there was some apical scarring. So one of the criteria for the KSS scale is apical scarring or clinical findings, such as Rezoudi's sign or, I'm blanking on the name of it right now, be a vertical striate, vote striate. So there are, I just don't have that number. I'm sorry. It was a great question. So he's asking, did we follow patients? No, this was just a cross-sectional kind of retrospective type study. I think that's an important study to do to see if this actually becomes a good predictor. So we were able to discern from KSS grades one and two and three and four here, but that doesn't necessarily mean that it's the same as following a patient who had KSS one and two for a period of time. I didn't do that analysis specifically, but there was no significant difference, so I would expect it's a pretty low area underneath the curve. For grades one and two, the area underneath the curve was 0.6, so the clinical utility would be to follow patients who you think might be developing careticoanus or to look at patients with careticoanus or mild careticoanus who you are afraid of might have bad visual quality since this is able to reconstruct the quality of vision that they are able to observe. No, sir. Dr. Petty? You see a lot of new things. Right, in the rare instances where we have nonverbal patients, this would be an excellent way you need to measure their visual acuity. But I will say that you get on a slippery slope when you want to do this for every single patient who's able to tell you that the vision is terrible. I think it's more useful for clinical studies, so if you are doing some sort of optical system intervention in ocular lens implant, in tax, what have you, this would be a great way to tell if to compare interventions, because it then gives you a continuous variable which you can test very readily with statistics. Yes, they've done those studies in the past. Pablo Artal is one of the developers of this technology. Dr. Wehring was actually just at his lab yesterday. They have done a lot of the studies which give those relative correlations of OSI values with BCVA. They haven't looked at it specifically in careticoanus, but they have looked at it extensively with lens opacity. So wavefront aberrometry, if I'm not mistaken, measures the way that the cornea will, it's a ray tracing type tool where you shine a ray and then you see where that ray goes. So that is a form of forward light scattering analysis. What it doesn't pick up is the continuous any aberration continuous in the optical system. So if there's any vitreous or interior chamber opacities or lens opacities for that matter. If there are no further questions, thank you for your attention.


Okay folks Larry Pesseveno for your mid-morning update actually it's one o'clock in New York and we're going to take a look at the markets. I posted where they were two hours ago and as you can see it looks as greens a grass on an Irish Sun side. Folks it looks absolutely fabulous everything is green but now if you look at it right now you'll see that the Dow Jones has dropped a thousand points folks from we really we dropped a thousand points believe it or not I'll cover that when we get to my show. The other market that's down a tiny bit is the cattle market and also the wheat market are down just a tad but everything else is still up very strongly. We had a wonderful Christmas present from the Federal Reserve today or excuse me Bureau of Labor Statistics by way of the Federal Reserve and that is that we have stopped inflation dead in its tract and it's dropping so fast it's unbelievable the fast track that it's on its way. No more interest rates increases or any of those things are going to be happening. It looks like everything is wonderful here in Camelot once again so we want to thank everyone over there in Washington for this wonderful deal on inflation today. It hasn't quite hit Tucson Arizona as of yet but we're hoping someday we'll get some of these across. We're finally seeing gasoline folks at $2.99 a gallon here in the old Pueblo out in the desert but that's a lot better we were at 502 just a few months ago so thankful for that. Also folks we've got the Christmas holidays coming up and remember one of the reasons for this wild activity here is December is really a tough month for traders because the volatility is increased you can see if you don't use a stop what will happen. Can you imagine being in that Dow Jones and seeing it go a thousand points against you and let's say you didn't have a stop in of course you came in now that was really smart putting the stop in not taking the stop but boy the day that you don't have that stop in it's Sayonara folks or Viocon deals whatever you want to call it it'll be over for you so remember that so we're going to have a great show coming up here remember folks today is I believe the last day to register for no two more days for Basil Chapman's December 15th soiree five and a half hours of the master himself the best gift you can give yourself for Christmas hands down $295 of the best information on the web hands down so try to get into that show if you possibly can Basil is really good at it and he does live trading and he's just a lot of fun hey we'll be right back 877-976648


Vasinova Reveal Somiza Still Loves Mohal Mzansi singer Vasinova teased his bestie Somiza might long go about still being in love with his estranged husband, Mohal Motong on an episode of his reality series on June 1. Vasinova teased Somiza might long go about still being in love with his estranged husband Mohal Motong on an episode of the reality series. You're still in love, said Vasinova. This came after the media personality revealed that he got his first call from his estranged husband Mohal Motong since the infamous audio clips leaked by Sunday World and abuse allegations. It is exactly 13 minutes past 12, 2022 January 1. I'm on snap, chat, I'm taking a video then I see my husband. I'm like what the ff, he said. Somiza revealed that his friend and dude blocked Mohal from his WhatsApp. So and dude blocked him on WhatsApp. A video call of all things. The caller ID said husband. I said never, not today. But anyway they shouted at me for still having him saved as a husband. It doesn't matter to me, because I don't go looking for his number. I have never spoken to this person since day one of everything, he continued. So, how does Vasi feel about his bestie's estranged husband? Well, it turns out the singer never liked Mohal from the start. Did I like Mohal? No I only tolerated him because Somiza loved him so much and that love he never got back, said Vasi in his piece to the camera. The singer also feels like Somiza lost himself during the marriage. Because for me I felt at some point, you kind of lost yourself within the relationship.   I can't even tell Somiza to be strong because he is strong, one of the strongest people I know. I know he is going to continue doing great things and I am always going to be right behind you, always, he continued.