Okay, hi everybody. Let's let's wrap it up tonight with the talking about tomatoes and I'm gonna give this talk. So my name is Tom Cobb and I am a horticulturist for North Dakota State University. My background is I am from a farm in Minnesota where we were had a commercial apple orchard and we raised about 15 acres of vegetables including tomatoes. I support the horticulture activities out here especially in the western part of the state. I'm based in Bismarck and I coordinate North Dakota home garden variety trials and I also help assist with North Dakota junior master gardener program. So let's get started and start talking about tomatoes. Beautiful tomatoes while they're so lush. They were so in the old days they were so beautiful and luscious that they were the Puritans banned them because they looked too sexy. Did you know that? And then there's that old belief that they were poisonous because they're a member of the nightshade family but Thomas Jefferson and other gardeners dispel that myth. Tomatoes are wonderful in all kinds of foods like pizza and pasta and I just like eating cherry and grape tomatoes by themselves. So let's talk about how to grow them starting with the best varieties. I think the best varieties are early because we have such a short growing season. We want our tomatoes to be productive. We want them to resist diseases naturally so we don't have to be using the toxic fungicides. Of course you want them flavorful and we want them to grow well here locally in North Dakota. There's all kinds of tomatoes out there. There's black and green and gold and red and yellow and there's round ones and pear shaped ones but when I look for tomatoes I first of all I look at the vine type. There's two major types of vines. Determinant and indeterminant. The determinate ones are compact and bushy. They stop growing once the flowers start to appear and set fruit. You don't prune them and you don't have to trowel them if you don't want to but they do do do well when they're staked or caged. They'll give you an early yield and a concentrated yield. Now you can grow the indeterminate types too here but the vine never stops growing. It can be six feet tall and they must be pruned. They must be trellised. The benefit about an indeterminate type is it has an extended growing season, extended harvest season. So maybe someday when I retire in Florida I'll grow more indeterminate types. These are some of the most popular varieties in North Dakota. Early girl is popular especially because it's an early ripener. Celebrity is popular because it resists a lot of diseases. It has a good quality fruit. The number one tomato variety for growers in the Midwest is Mountain Fresh Plus. It has a beautiful crack-free fruit and it's productive. If you're like a beef steak type, a meaty beef steak, big beef is very popular and Roma is a very popular, paced tomato. Okay everybody's got their own special preferences. I, my preference if I could just grow one, I would try, I would grow orange cherry tomatoes. I especially like sun sugar. This is sun gold and actually in the beginning I wouldn't grow these type of tomatoes because I always kind of feel like they didn't look like they're ripe but after enough gardeners convinced me to try it, I did and they were right. It is a very intense flavor and fruity. It's, and it cracks less than most cherry tomatoes. So I would encourage you to try an orange cherry tomato. I think you'll really be delighted about it and if we have time at the end I would love to hear about other tomatoes that you guys like. That's so nice thing about these forms is just by seeing all these questions and comments, I'm learning a lot and I'm sure everybody can learn about from the experiences of others. So I can't wait to find out what tomato varieties you like. As far as the varieties that I'm really excited about this year about these new varieties, first is Big Beef Plus. So again, Big Beef is a great beef steak and now Big Beef Plus it resists more diseases, it's sweeter and it has more a redder interior flesh. So this really looks exciting to me. And another one that I'm really excited to try is Mountain Merit. It won the All America award because it's reported to be the best slicer or sandwich tomato there is. It's from the Mountain Series. Those have come from the mountains of North Carolina and they take cool temperatures and the Mountain Series resists a lot of diseases. Really looking forward to growing this one. Yellow Pear, a lot of us have grown yellow pear, that's a once you grow it once you'll never forget it. It's a giant bush that's lord of these mild tasting fruits. This year I'm going to try some of the old fashioned North Dakota varieties and one is called Fargo Yellow Pear and it's a cross that we made in at Fargo and the vines are less vigorous and the fruits are a little bit bigger. So and there's other varieties developed in North Dakota made for North Dakota like Cheyenne and Allstate and Cannonball and we're going to be testing one of those this year in our trials. I'm not a fan of heirlooms in general because I think heirlooms are heirlooms. We moved on. Heirlooms are generally speaking not that productive, they're not reliable, they're susceptible to a lot of diseases, they're thin skin and they crack easily so but still heirlooms have good taste, good flavor and I think a strong trend now in tomato breeding is trying to breed tomatoes that that look like heirlooms and taste good but have more disease resistance and are more productive and I think the chef's choice exemplifies this very well. It's won a lot of awards and there's all kinds and there's orange chef's choice. This is the by color type that was just developed. There's red, green and black one and pink one too but you might want to try these for a very flavorful variety. Okay let's talk briefly about fertilizing and nothing really that special about tomatoes. General speaking for gardens we put about a pound of 10, 10, 10 for every 100 square foot to get it started. The second number, the phosphorus promotes root growth and so some of our commercial growers when you plant their tomatoes they'll plant them a little bit deeper than what they were in the cell pack because tomatoes can form roots along their stems and then give them a drink of a phosphorus fertilizer to get them to root quickly. Then as far as tomatoes you got to go careful, you don't want the vines to get too lush so I sidress after the fruits are set okay. If you get too lush too too much fertilizer you're going to get all leaves and a delayed flowering so in general keep your eyes on your plants I always think that's a good idea. The vines look a little bit pale and yellow they need a little bit more nitrogen but if they're very lush with all flowers you got to cut them off there's there's too much nitrogen going on and that tells me what's the best thing you can give your plants and that is your shadow.  Tomatoes like mulch it accelerates their growth rate tomato can be protect from the mulch can protect against soil diseases a lot of tomato diseases come from the soil and like when you splash when you irrigate them then that's that soil fungus will splash onto the leaves so if you have a layer of mulching between that that can serve as a barrier we all know that mulching concerns moisture and some mulches the reflective types can repel insects actually because like the reflective types an aphids flying down onto the tomato and it sees the sky is reflected on the mulch and so it sees the sky above it sees the sky below and it doesn't know which way to go and so this crashes right into the mulch and dies so aphids can be used can be controlled using reflective mulchings or it's partially controlled. I don't have a picture of tomatoes growing in clear plastic but I do have it with cucumbers and this was in Fargo I saw and you see the difference clear plastic really generates a lot of heat this tomato vine under the clear plastic it's about two weeks ahead of schedule of the one right next to it in the unmulched area see this this one's already blooming but also under clear plastic you see it's got some weeds going on there and that that can be an issue. Here's black plastic with peppers and if you you gotta have the black plastic like tight or taut onto the soil so it can help absorb heat and bring that to the soil and you see this helps to control weeds and studies actually show that the the light reflected off red mulch will lead to the highest yield of tomato about 10 percent higher yield if you use red mulch so just to summarize red plastic gives you the highest yields the clear plastic gives you the more heat the nice thing about black plastic is you get some heat but it will stop the weeds strong mulch can moderate the temperatures usually I like if I use strong mulch I'll wait until the ground is very warm and then I'll put it on because I want that the ground to warm up quicker and landscape fabric is getting popular as a mulch because it's reusable trellising can be important for tomatoes there's pros and cons the good point is when you get the plants off the ground you get better air circulation in the tomato patch you'll have fewer diseases because there's a lot of diseases from the soil and you'll get better fruit quality if you trellis your plants but on the negative it costs money to trellis your plants and the ground's exposed so you're gonna have for it's going to require more irrigation and you're gonna have more blossom and rot here's a staking plant just using a bamboo stake or here's a here's a method that I used a string weed system in which you pound a stake between every two plants usually and then you just wind some string around to act as support here's a quick picture of that and this person actually did the stakes between every plant but most people do it every other plant and you just just wind the twine around and it supports the plant up keeps it up and you just bought every eight to ten inches you put a new layer of twine on as the plant grows up so you might want to try a string weed system there's been studies comparing different types of trellising and as far as what's the best way for each if we found that for earliest if you stake that's the best way as far as getting the tomatoes to ripen earlier because the ground warms up as far as fruit size also staking does a very good job but again you see you see the thing about sprawling and no trellising really is negative doesn't really get the job done for marketable yield caging and string weed is a good way to go fruit quality there's you know you'll get good quality fruit any type of trellis system just not with that sprawling and the only thing that's good about not trellising is you save money so there's pros and cons for this pruning pruning is is not that hard to do it really isn't and if you have an indeterminate variety you've got a prune and so you got to find the suckers and usually what we do is for each plant we want to have two main vines so one is the mother vine that's in the soil she comes up that's you know that's the mother vine and then the other vine is going to be a sucker that's strong and what I do is I look for the first flower cluster and right below it there's usually a very strong sucker that grows right right in that leaf area right right right between the leaf and the and the main stem and I will use this as my second vine and then everything below that all those suckers are coming out and everything above that all those other suckers that grow above are coming out too so look for that sucker just below the first flower cluster that's usually a strong one that we can keep as a vine okay talk about pest control I you know here's uh I I just hate seeing uh like this is a dust with seven carburel dust and we just don't have that many problems with tomatoes I would just say really the only guy is this guy right here this is what I would this is what is a manduka the evil manduka which is this the the tomato horn worm this is an amazing pest this is a pest that increases in size by 1000 times in three weeks that's like a cat turning into an elephant in three weeks just by eating so it just eats constantly it eats four times its weight every day just keeps shedding off its skin and so when I see a tomato horn worm what I notice is like when I go out to the garden in the morning I'll notice oh my goodness I just look what happened that tomato vine I lost a third of it overnight and then you just look carefully and you can see that horn worm was right there just had a great meal of tomato vine and so then I'm going to get my revenge that's this that's the sweet part so there's different ways to get revenge on insect pests maybe you like a slow torturous death and so B.T. best cells during genesis that's good you spray you can spray the plant spray the pest and when the when the pest eats that plant it'll get a stomach ache and it'll get a stomach ache for two days and die so that's a nice slow death if you like to have a quick death that spinocid is a is a will kill quickly and paralyze the pest. Neem has kind of an interest reaction in that when you spray neem on tomatoes it will it's a repellent so the insects won't want to eat the vine anymore and also neem if it does eat it gets a little neem then the neem causes the insect to not develop it doesn't and then it doesn't become an adult doesn't want to have sex and it just slowly dies just a terrible way to go pyrethrin and is a quick is a quick killer and insecticidal soap you have to spray the bug itself for me what I do I I believe in a dirty hairy Clint Eastwood approach to killing horn worms and that is okay you just ate a third of my plant you're gonna make my day I'm gonna kill you right now and so I can spray it at that time or dust with carburel or use a seven pyrethroid and then you then you spray the past and you can just fall right it falls right down before your eyes and then it has nerve spasms for about 10 10 or 10 seconds and then it just dies right before your eyes so it's like an easy sense revenge or often what I do if I have a lot a lot a lot of work to do all I do is I step on it I pick off the horn worm throw it on the ground and I step on it with my big foot that's the end of that nice texture to the bug just kill it right away that's what I do when it's on my tomatoes are flowering tobacco plants those horn ones are there I just gonna step on them nice thing about tomatoes is bunnies usually they'll eat tomatoes but not the vines they don't really like it so we don't really have to worry too much about bunnies in the tomato patch compared to others but we all know that in the garden patch the bunnies the bunnies are not soft and cuddly and huggable but bunnies are actually evil they are our enemy and really the best way to deal with bunnies in the garden is there you go that's the lead solution but if that another way if you don't want to do it that way is always put up a barrier between you and wildlife that's the best way a physical barrier like a fence and you know this this bunny kind of you kind of feel sad for look at those soft eyes but actually you should not feel sad for this bunny this is like a a garden mobster just plotting his next attack on your garden so show no mercy to bunnies okay then not too many insect pests but there are a lot of disease pests and this is early blight and that's a very common one and I would say one of the best ways to prevent early blight is don't do this don't do overhead watering because I always thought this was good for plants you know I thought I feel good when I take a shower so I think they like it when I give them a shower and the leaves are all glossy but if I could speak vegetable they would be cursing at me right now they say Tom why are you doing this to me now I'm going to get disease tonight and I'm going to I'm going to die from this and and then I remember when I when I got older I was my first big job was I work I was I worked at a Sunfar research place trying to they trained they hired me to kill plants so what I would do is I would turn on the irrigation at night and then I would I was like the grim reaper trying to kill and I would I would spray rust spores or the plants and our goal was just to spread that disease everywhere so we did it at night with the overhead watering and we hope to find one plant that didn't have that rust disease so as far as the proper way to water don't use overhead irrigation keep the plants dry irrigate in the morning the plants will absorb all the water they need and anything that gets on the leaves will dry quickly before night you should water deeply not frequently when you water deep the roots grow deep when you water shallow the roots are shallow because the roots grow where the water is and again mulching can help conserve moisture again avoid soil splash again to wrap it up with fungal diseases there are resistant varieties try to reduce the humidity by maximizing the spacing the sunlight and the air movement don't splash the soil because that's where diseases come from you can use fundicides that prevent disease like a shield of protection so chlorothalonil is the common one in every almost every garden center the fundicide will be chlorothalonil in the active ingredients or if you're organic copper can help and then remove or bury any diseased debris and like any was saying with with potatoes rotate your crops if you can in the garden gotta talk about blossom and rod for a minute that's such a problem but this is not a fungus this is a calcium deficiency that causes the fruit to collapse just like our bones collapse if we don't have calcium and solar the cell walls of a tomato fruit but the thing is the answer is not to add more calcium to the soil because our soils in North Dakota generally have plenty of calcium but somehow we got to get that calcium to the fruits so one thing is you know we need the roots to bring the calcium from the soil to the plant so be careful when you when you cultivate you know tomato roots are shallow don't damage the shallow roots try to maintain uniform soil moisture or soil moisture and mulching can help with this so by doing that there's always be some calcium in the soil solution for the plants to absorb and then avoid too much nitrogen because you know you may not notice but like when plants take up calcium the leaves and the fruits do not share it they fight each other for it and so if you have a lot of nitrogen you have lush plants lots of leaves and those leaves are going to take that calcium from the fruits so that's right because it's about over fertilization if you and that's why again I only I fertilize after my fruits are set unless the plants look pale calcium sprays some university studies seem like they work but sometimes they don't work so they're not reliable but if you want to try you spray the fruits when they're dying size spray the fruits directly with about four tablespoons of calcium nitrate per gallon of water okay what I always do is I just take I just spend some time in my garden and I look at that first fruit cluster that's the one that's most likely going to get the blossom n-rot because because there's just there's there's too many leaves they're fighting on the plant you but usually the subsequent clusters have much less blossom n-rot so if you see a green tomato with blossom n-rot pick it off well asking and talk about its herbicide injury this is my number one question every summer is how come my potatoes and tomatoes are all curved curled up and it's usually because of herbicide injury the herbicides drifted from when the lawn was sprayed for dandelions but then sometimes people swear I swear that there was no herbicides used nearby then the next question I ask is how about did you put any manure in your garden okay because what we're what's happening is that farmers spray their their hay fields or their pastures with these persistent herbicides and when the when the horse there eats that that pasture grass the pasture grass is loaded with herbicide and the and the herbicide does not break down when it goes from the mouth to the butt and so it just poops out herbicide-filled manure and then when you use that you can be spreading the herbicide in your garden and the other common way has to do with lawn clippings you got to be careful because in the good old days they said you can use lawn clippings just mow three times from the time the spray between between the time you use the lawn clippings for your tomato plants but today's herbicides are stronger and more persistent and if you read the label the label will tell you do not use lawn clippings for your tomatoes otherwise the chemical will will volatilize on the tomato leaves so I want to thank give the photo credits and one last thing is we are testing tomatoes this spring in our home garden variety trials we're giving out these seeds this week we're testing a lot of new promising varieties like that big beef plus and there's a new celebrity called celebrity plus we're testing mountain merit and all kinds that we're doing peppers and eggplants too if you are interested in participating in the trials again we're sending out the seeds right now you can sign up and go to the you can google the North Dakota home garden variety trials or just go to this website you can go to the catwalk and order the seeds that you want we'd like to have a big team of gardeners testing these different varieties okay with that I wish you all a happy spring and I am going to stop sharing okay I see a comment about the Fargo yellow pear tomato yes that is offered by prairie road organic prairie road organic is is uh that's at the North Dakota seed company it's taking the leadership role as far as preserving the the old North Dakota tomatoes of the past and so they're a great source of seeds for North Dakota tomatoes I I order from them myself that's actually that's where I got my Fargo yellow pear we're testing that in our trials this year let me get to some more questions here we answered about growing tomatoes and potatoes on the same to ketchup and french fries plant that's just not a good way to go okay someone planted mountain merit tomatoes last year and they were tasty there's a there's a question about the night shade issue tomatoes and potatoes and eggplant they're all in the night shade family and night shade can have toxic fruits and so that's a weed that has toxic fruits and so because we're in the same family there there was concerns that well if the night shades are poisonous then the tomatoes may may be poisoned but it's a different species and so tomatoes are safe but don't be eating night shade weeds are there varieties of tomatoes that are higher in anthocyanins um there's the the big one that made a big splash was called health kick health kick um I personally don't believe in buying varieties that are high in anthocyanins I because a lot of times they have a bitter taste or they that's or their only good point is that they're high in anthocyanins there maybe they're low yielding they taste better like those uh we tested those indigo tomatoes and a lot of our gardeners did not like the flavor of them so I think instead of getting a little bit extra boost with a certain variety I think it makes more sense to find a variety that you like to eat and just eat more of them and you'll be happier okay someone so like sun gold's so good okay pair it with sweet million where do you purchase mountain merit tomato plants you gotta well you go to your local garden center and especially the local one might be a good way to go a local garden center like maybe not the national the national brands um I haven't seen I haven't seen mountain merit locally that's why we're gonna grow it this year this person likes cherry fox it's a bigger fruit just like sun sugar um these people like silets and saucy paste sun gold's great what's a good seed catalog or website um you have to be careful recommending if I could just pick one seed catalog it's right here in my desk and that's johnny selected seeds and I know this is like maybe you're seeing this reverse but there's a lot of great places to get your seeds including our local garden centers but I like the johnny seed catalog because it's a great educational resource it will teach you how to grow the tomatoes I'll tell you the bugs that are a problem and the diseases that are a problem how to space the plants um what's a good grape tomato variety I haven't ever tasted I I've never I haven't compared great tomato varieties um I can't I can't tell you what's a great a great one um this person got a lot of tomatoes but few of them ripen from green before the frost how do you prevent that these were indeterminate varieties you gotta find an early ripening tomato like she tried pineapple and Cherokee purple tomatoes just they want the heat so you could use black plastic to generate more heat but I think start with an early ripening tomato look look at your choices when you're at the garden center look to see how many days it is when everybody's got a smartphone go online find out about if you see a variety find out how many days and look for the early ripening types the Cheyenne Cheyenne tomato seeds are getting harder to find and Prairie World Organic sells them but um they're actually Prairie World organics out of Cheyenne seeds right now but they're making a big seed increase next year so you can look for them I think Cheyenne has a great reputation what does heirloom seed means it comes it comes it's it's generally it's kind of a loose definition but it's generally an old variety that's non-hybrid so you can save seed from heirloom tomatoes most tomatoes tomato Fridays will self pollinate so you can in most cases you can get away with not spacing out the plants too far um so this you can save the seeds it's easy to save tomato seeds you just scoop out the flesh you put it in a plastic bag and you let it sit under in that bag for about a week and then you can just flush out the flesh comes right off the seed this person also likes to burp you see come there's so many good companies don't apply the mulch until the tomato start to appear as recommendation that's a that's an entry again the whole idea don't put don't put straw mulch until tomatoes start to appear I support but there's nothing wrong with using black mulch or clear mulch before you uh before the tomatoes appear because we want to warm up the ground any specific mulch that you recommend no I don't whatever works for you whatever that's what garden's all about whatever works for you I've you I've used uh black plastic mulch the most for tomatoes or a landscape fabric I know it's popular now because it's readily available and it warms up the soil this person likes juliet grape tomatoes me too it's one of my favorites but it's going to be hard to find those plants this year there was a seed shortage does mulching help stop blossom and rot yes because mulching helps keeps the soil uh moisture in what's an example of a reflective mulch these are a type of a silver type of a mulch that that literally reflect the sunlight it's what's a silver based mulch it's like a almost like aluminum foil ish those are mostly used in hot countries like in Asia they're not because we need the reflective mulch it doesn't really generate the heat and we need to generate the heat that's why the we use black plastic or the or the or the clear mulch this person likes chocolate cherry buffalo sun is a nice tomato that has a nice uh buffalo sun has a beautiful marbled flesh pinkish orange flesh this person puts old tires around every tomato plant is there anything negative to that uh i i'm a little bit concerned about that because i'd be i'd be concerned about something leaching out of those tires why do you have more blossom and rot when you trellis because when you trellis the plants are brought up and the soils exposed to drying more often so again to to minimize blossom and rot we have to conserve the soil moisture maintain soil moisture so if you trellis the plants up the soils exposed more to drying so he just had to be a better had to just irrigate more often how deep do you plant a tomato you planted tomato well you don't you don't want to plant too deep because the ground's cold okay in the springtime but you can get away with planting at this time like an inch deep than what the cell pack is because again tomatoes will form um roots along their stem so just a little bit deeper than that cell pack don't plant them down the china because it's cold yes these blossom man are out where can you find fargo yellow pear plants i i don't know where maybe somebody has found the fargo yellow plants yellow pear plants this person like fourth of july tomatoes that's a burpee variety i've heard a lot of people like fourth of july this person hates bunny rabbits too oh this person takes tomato horn worms and beats them with her whole wow i got big feet so i just step on them how big are the horn worms at their smallest they're just they're an egg at their smallest they're an egg it's late as an egg there's a black beetle with yellow or tan spots sat beetles oh like a black yeah those are sat beetles or also called picnic beetles black beetles with tan spots and so the way the best way to control them is they're attracted to overripe fruit so the most important thing is pick your tomatoes on time and if you do have a rotten tomato don't throw it down on the ground pick it up and get it out of the garden that's what causes sat beetles they're attracted to that fermenting yeast this person likes neem oil is it better to water like with us with a soaker hose keep the leaves dry when you water so our soaker hose is great or a watering wand anything that or a drip irrigation when transplanting in spring should half of the vine be buried again i would just bury a little bit deep and it will sprout better because it's uh it forms roots along its stem do eps and stalls help tomatoes when planting in the ground eps and salts are magnesium sulfate and um i i really don't a lot of people use them for blossom and rock control but it doesn't work for blossom and control i don't know i don't i i can't save eps and salts help i i would say i'd question that but there's only one way to tell you and with these kind of uh these kind of um fairytale solutions is like you get a six pack of of tomatoes and on three of them you put the eps and salts underneath when in the ground in the soil when you when you plant them and three you don't and see if it makes a difference maybe it's better maybe like uh you get your husband to do it and then and and don't tell the wife or the other or whether when don't tell your spouse and so that way it's a blind study and then at the end of the year you both can compare which three plants were the best and maybe it's the one with eps and salts i doubt it the crushing eggshells help uh eggshells have very little good i mean it's a little bit of organic manner but the for the calcium itself you'd have to crush into a very fine powder to be available this year and again most first worlds have enough calcium to begin with so eggshells are a source of organic matter and it doesn't hurt but it's not really going to be a good source of calcium same with tub tums tablets um i just questioned the usefulness of tums tablets i again work with your spouse and do a scientific experiment um what about the liquid fertilizer agro thrive i never heard of it so i can't say but you know there's nothing wrong look at the label look at the numbers like is it nitrogen phosphorus potassium is it a balanced solution but you know liquid fertilizers can be very effective they're they're generally quick acting okay i gotta keep moving can wood chips be used as a mult wood chips can be used as a mult but when the wood chips decompose the microbes um they need they need nitrogen to decompose the wood chips so the microbes will steal the nitrogen out of your soil so when you use wood chips you'll have a short term nitrogen deficiency because the microbes will steal it i don't know where you can get mountain merit tomato plants are there sprays that can be used that won't kill bees yeah i think when we're talking about insecticides i just say just don't use insecticides unless you see the pest itself there's so few insect pests on um tomatoes but in general target for bees the natural insecticides um are shorter lived in the environment and preferably spray in the evening hours when the bees are not actively working how do you control slugs in tomato like iron phosphate is the way to go uh sluggo is a commercial name so that's an organic control iron phosphate escargo is another uh trade name of that read the label carefully another comment about uh when planting planting pick off the leaves up to the top i think it's a good idea after the plants are well established the leaves any leaves that are touching the soil you can trim those off because that will prevent the spread of diseases okay i promise we're gonna get out of here lots of good comments what nightshade weeds are we talking about black nightshade has these black like huckleberries and there's orange nightshade this person says garden center in minot has mountain merit we talked about the difference between determinant and indeterminate what herbicide you recommend for weeds including nightshade in a garden i recommend a garden hole that's the best way use a hole it gets you good exercise and cultivate shallowly a black cherry tomato that was at peace gardens probably it was it was probably indigo gem it's an indigo variety how about uh stink bugs on tomato fruits uh stink bugs again that spindle set is really a remarkable insecticide i would i would look at that first just uh we want to okay can you top off indeterminate vines late in the season if you want to you can top off indeterminate vines okay that's it for tonight i want to get you out on time uh just so you know if we didn't get to all your questions just fire me off an email i'll be happy to answer them for you via email uh also i want to thank scott for his work tonight so helpful and scott his recording this and we will post these videos on the spring fever website so we'll get those posted in a few days so if if you missed anything or you want to tell your friend about a good presentation you saw tonight and then you can watch him uh on the spring fever website so this is our first of four monday night so next night next monday night we're going to be going again 6 30 to 8 30 central we're going to talk about landscapes we're going to talk about some new trees and shrubs that you can find at your garden center we're going to talk about some common mistakes that people make when they care for trees and also we have a presentation of how to design a beautiful perennial flower garden so i'm really looking forward to next week i hope you see you next week on the spring fever garden forums everybody have a good night


The Edo State Governor, Mr. Godwin Obaseki, has charged Christians to imbibe the virtues of love, sacrifice and tolerance as expounced by Jesus Christ in commemoration of Good Friday. Obaseki gave the charge in his message to Mark Good Friday, a Christian holiday in preparation for Easter celebration. Well, the role of leaders is to overcome challenges and to give hope to the poor people. As being here tonight for myself and the deputy, it shows that in Edo States we do not see that religious divide. We are Christians and we are here to fellowship with a Muslim leader. So, religion cannot, I shall not, be a basis for dividing us as a people. We all just believe that we know and we should understand that those who are playing the religious card are doing so for very very selfish reasons. We've always had people of different faiths living in this country as one and the world is interacted as one. When you go to your markets to trade, to transact, you don't ask whether the person is Muslim or Christian or Hebrew or Hausa. You do your business and try and get a deal out of that. So, why is it now when it comes to politics, we now want to begin to emphasize our differences, our divisions, which are really unreal when they are being heightened by those of us in the political class. So, I agree with the Edo Statesmen and that we as leaders need to do more to unite our people and together to see that the issues in Nigeria help beyond ethnicity and religion. It's about good governance. It's about responsible leadership and holding people accountable when they have duties or responsibilities to stop. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


So, we're here with your latest demo here with your Kanatu. Yeah, hi. So, what are you showing here? This is a demonstrator of a 3D-shaped touch display for automobile use. What we have here is a display and then over display there is a touch which has been produced by Kanatu with carbon nanobots materials. So, it's a transparent touch here? Yeah, it is a transparent touch and it was first made on a substrate and then the substrate was then patterned to make the sensor and after that the whole device was thermo formed to give it its shape. So, this is just a prototype to demonstrate that you want to be inside cars, right? Is this for the market? Yeah, this is a prototype dedicated for automobile market.  Yeah, and this will be like a touch device for the center console for automobile. And I would like to mention that this has been done in collaboration with Shuster Group and display solutions to prominent partners in Europe who are already supplying for the auto industry. Alright, so how soon is this maybe mass production? Well, the next steps will be to make customer-specified dedicated prototypes for the car makers and then we will be ready to design the scene and it will probably take still a couple of years before this will be mass production because of the longer sign cycles in also. Can you show this is the previous also a demonstration that you've been showing around? So, this is also still a prototype, right? Just demonstrations of the technology what it eventually will do, right? But how far is it from real products? What stage are you in right now? Yeah, so this is a prototype that we have shown here previously and then this also touch on 3D surface with a slider function, with a switch and with a wheel. And this is something that technology which is available today we are now in several discussions with companies for industrial and household equipment in the field to put this into products as early as this year. So, this is about replacing ITO, isn't it? Not exactly because ITO cannot be formed into this kind of 3D shapes. So, it's a new touch system. Yeah, it's a new touch something that has not been possible before. How big is this going to be? Well, it's going to be big because imagine all the user interface panels in wash machines there are tens of millions of household machines being made annually. There are 60 million cars made annually. If this gets to be a prominent design, this would be a huge market. How reliable is the input? Because it's important in the car, no? You want it to work every time? It's going to work? Yeah. As good as a normal button? Yeah, this is of course like a must otherwise there will be no change. But the capacity of the touch technologies is quite well established in tablets and mobile phones. So, now it's a question of time. It doesn't lose strength after time, it just stays perfect the whole time? Yeah, yes. So, this has been tested for operations. We have a customer in Japan who has tested operation of our touch for one year for automobile applications. So, what do you think about the show? How is the show? It's over right now, but how is the last couple of days? The show has been busy as it should be and I'm happy to have observed that the show has been getting bigger and bigger all the time. So, this is almost as large as in the USA last year. So, this is printed, right? We're talking about printed technology? Yeah. Printed electronics. Yes. You're in the middle of that? Sure, yeah. So, this is, we are physically in the middle of the hall and we are now witnessing how the printed electronics business starts to take its shape. And I'm very happy to see that it's really taking off now. Thanks to you it can take shape, it doesn't have to remain flat. Yeah, that's exactly true.


So in Catalonia, I had this set up just as a proof of concept. I didn't have any load attached It was just to see What kind of voltage I was getting what kind of RPMs and just that it would work basically the turbine is currently putting out 192 watts with a 2.5 meter drop and About I still need to measure the flow rate, but it's about 35 liters per second The sweet spot like the top of the power curve is around 60 something volts at 3. something amps for 200 192 200 watts the cost of this is still about 40 euro I call it the $50 water turbine just to be safe. It's actually less than that depending where you get it But all of these materials are available Pretty much everywhere in the world. It's just standard PVC, which I've found everywhere that I've ever been like, you know in cities and towns and that sort of stuff It's a hoverboard wheel as an alternator. That's not going to be so available in developing countries It's super easy to get in Western countries. Yes, like like on the like secondhand Online or something eBay or local classified side. You can get like a whole hoverboard for like 20 or 30 bucks And it's like two wheels battery charge control or that stuff like they're very good units And that's the alternator is working very well. It should be good for 300 to 400 watts total and Does really good voltage per RPM and then the impeller is just a computer power supply 120 millimeter plastic fan and that's it. That's some bits of PVC. It's nuts and bolts and an alternator into fan So just a quick walkthrough of how I've been testing this It's really basic I've got the three phases from the alternator coming through a three phase bridge rectifier to convert it to DC and then I've got a voltage meter just across the DC output and in parallel I've got a Amp meter in series coming through to the load and then this goes back to the other DC channel In like testing like wind turbines and other things I need to test I'll be basically doing exactly the same setup because it works really well the Liquid Rio stat is just a plastic bottle with a water and washing soda mix and then Two stainless steel cable electrodes basically one of which Just stays all the way in the water And the other one I can pull in and out to set the load And that's so and then the the one that's static just has tape along it so that only The very end is in the water. So when This electrode is just touching the water. It's some maximum resistance mineral current And then when it's like all the way in Almost touching here. It's minimal resistance maximum current. I don't need to know I don't need to get it exactly the right homage I just need to be able to set it to varying points And I read the current going through it and the voltage going through it directly with the meters And that that lets me calculate the power basically so All of this is not part of the turbine This is just the test rig so obviously you wouldn't use this with like a container in a window that you have to pump full This is meant to go in a river. It's just that there's no drop in Berlin. It's all completely flat So here at the Cardis like workshop letting you use it's been a perfect situation just because I can have like all of this right next to the window next to the river and Do it on a really super controlled Scientific kind of like way like changing one thing Testing it. I'd never have this kind of luxury like usually unlike me deep in like a river or somewhere with everything exploding in the strike trying to Hold it together. Let alone like getting, you know, good data. So this has been really good So the good thing about hydro turbines is that they produce power as long as it's like a water supply 24-7 so this doing 200 watts means it's doing 200 watts Constantly which is about five kilowatt hours per day, which is enough to power About a third of a Western suburban home like entirely. So three of these will power your house That can be like in parallel if you've got enough volume or in series if you've got enough like flow enough drop In a global self-developing country kind of situation this will power a lot more houses than that Maybe, you know ten or something depending on like the power needs So what's happening here is I've got a submersible pump in the water Which is filling this bucket which I'll describe in a second and then use that to fill the tank And then use this to fill the turbine To this tap here and when this all fills up as it has now Turn off the pump Close off this valve here just a tape and then the purpose of this bucket Which I've had to reinforce because like I imploded like five of these things like the amount of pressure That's now so as this water drains back out of the system into the river because there's no valve on the pump That sucks this air the last bit of air that was here out of the system Close the tap you can see like the pressure. This is under like it's doing a surprisingly good job But that's what all these like reinforcements are for otherwise it Has happened five times So this is full.  I've got at the bottom Like just like a plastic funnel as a sort of like shape to keep the water in basically So I crank this back to that block at the bottom when I pump the water in here fills up from the bottom fills the system and Then now this is ready to start the siphon like it's in the field in like how this will actually be used by people Like what I had in the last video in Catalonia and here with this all like up over and down style like full siphon That was because in Catalonia I was going over a wall out of a mill run that was being fed by a river here. I'm coming out of an IBC I think I'm losing a lot of power to that full siphon system and in the Like actual use case It's probably going to be more like just like a straight pipe a little bit of a bandit at the end Which basically plugs into like a bit of a river like some drop in a river Which means that all of this will be unnecessary All you're gonna have is gonna have like the turbine assembly with the fan and the alternator and then like some feed pipes in and out And that's it. So it's gonna be simpler than this. It's not gonna have any of this testing stuff You just plug it into a river fill it up let it go and it'll Do more power than this is doing the next phase when I'm back in Scotland We'll be plugging it into like an actual river I'm using it like in the end the field find it how it does over time Like people have sort of like raised concern the plastic fan might not be strong enough and they might be right so far It's holding up really well haven't had any problems with it at all But it's not been going for months and months if it does break under actual 24 hour use then I've got options To reinforce that And I'll see if those are necessary to see how they work, but this is not the field test This is the power test Let's just see. Let's see fall apart and it's under Basically, so essentially, there's only one moving part of this. You've got your turbine directly on a shaft Through the back to the alternator. Let's drive in that direct drive. So this is a 120 millimeter of standard computer cooling fan Just plastic but so far is dealing. Okay. Haven't had any breakages with it at all. We'll see how it goes over time Here so the assembly method here is quite quite simple and works quite well That's the shaft. So this is coming out of just like a little connector nut here in here is A bush bearing which keeps it centered at the front. This is basically just a circle of Plastic chopping board. So nylon or PTFE or whatever it's whatever kind of plastic they use So just like cut a circle cut a circle out of that Just bolts through just to lock it into the center That's strong. It's good and strong You want to recess your your bolt heads here Pipe can come over that the one that connects to it and then here You just got just a stack of washers around the around the the shaft around the thread and so that sits inside That bush So there's like this slip between the shaft and the washers and between the washers and the housing So it's really low friction nice and centered doesn't rattle round too much super easy to make Costs basically nothing and won't corrode. So using like a bearing or something in there You'd have to use like a ceramic bearing or something which I mean So the method for attaching The fan onto the shaft here. I've just got like a circle of plastic Draw to make mill hole through both of these. I'll be doing a full build tutorial on all of this So all the step-by-step how to make it Everything so the method here is I've got Circle of plastic to go nuts and bolts those are just so that those heads Come into contact with the wings of this wing nut So the wing nut is locked tight as tight as I can get it to this lock nut here so that basically can't slip and then That just hits on there. So as that turns it drives the whole shaft that sits in the housing And the whole thing turns nicely. So the other end here is just got a couple of wraps of insulation tape and That just goes through there There's a gasket here to show you in a second. So that just comes out. We have a washer Underneath there That goes into there and then that just winds in basically so I've taken the front plate off the alternator and I've drilled a hole in the center of the face and put like a countersunk bolt facing outwards onto that I've locked tight a Wing nut and lock nut and then a connector nut and then if you see I've drilled two holes into the face here to take the wings of the wing nut so That as this turns it turns the whole assembly The reason the main reason for that is that this can wobble a bit So this gets pulled out and tight by the weight of the water on the fan But see none of this is like precision engineered. So I don't want to have to align everything perfectly So this have being a little bit wobbly and with a little bit of give means that it basically makes it into a universal joint So if there's any misalignment between this front bearing and like the the alternator then it's accommodated for in the the slight give of That connection there, but it's also super strong and can't slip against the alternator and you can make the whole thing with nuts and bolts Super easy for basically no money. So under here I've got like the gasket to stop air getting into that system I've got like an 8 millimeter shaft going through a 10 millimeter hole. That's so The shaft again doesn't have to be perfectly aligned with that hole There's some give in that and then just to center the shaft in the hole Here at the back. I've just got this connected Super simple just onto the shaft of the alternator the hoverboard wheel With just two bits of steel on these two threads. I can set this by winding these nuts on and off and I can set like the y-axis by Releasing one side and then just like forcing this over like a couple of millimeters By squishing these two together winding them together and then locking it off again So I've got basically like XY positioning on The alternator assembly just with again just some nuts and bolts We'll show you the gasket and to try a couple of different options for getting this to work nicely And now it's super low friction super low air intake In future versions, I will glue this down rather than using tape, but it's a test So basically under here, there's the hole coming out of here This is an old hole that I was using as a air intake ignore that so the shaft comes out comes through the washer and Then there's a O-ring that goes on to there That sits on the tape That's on there and it's like it's eaten into the tape a little bit But that's a good thing because it just forms like a nice sort of like housing for the O-ring on the on the shaft otherwise the thread would let air slip in through the O-ring and Then I've just got a square of closed cell has to be closed cell if it's open cell. It'll just suck air through itself Square that'll just like foam rubber type stuff which sits over that and that just would like seals on To the O-ring on the top and just stops air from being able to get around it or under it or something The gate is fairly simple, but works really well. This is just a plastic funnel with the Nose cut off which happens to be exactly the right size to fit up inside here You've got this the gasket which is built into the pipe assembly which grabs on to it And then these strings just pull that tight and that locks in and that takes the weight really well It's just got a cloth hinge on the back so that it doesn't fall off and so that the In and out in this can like vary like a little bit This lever system works quite well just for giving this like a good amount of Tension I can get like nice and tight But then it locks in so that it can't get pushed out by the weight It's about 60 kilo So one of the main kind of improvements that I made on this so imagine this is like vertical pointing down to the water was to move the assembly from At the back where I had in the last video in Catalonia directly over the drop This seems to help. I increased the downpipe from 125 to 160 millimeters This was to have more water go through the system But it didn't really increase that by so much because the 125 sort of throttles it down It's kind of like a lowest common denominator kind of thing. It kind of goes as fast as the thinnest amount of light in that diameter of pipe will allow it, but it increased the flow a little bit the main reason for increasing that is that I was getting quite A lot of cavitation coming off the back of the fan So I've played around with like nose cone nose cones and tail cones of here This is the cap of like a bottle of spray on antiperspirant which goes on to the front there That doesn't seem to make too much difference. I've tried it with and without it doesn't really seem to help so much But it did cut down on the cavitation But it didn't really increase the overall power so much the purpose of this sort of increase of diameter here was that when the water passes the fan and Enter this large diameter section of pipe it slows down So the liters per second stays the same but the meters per second is reduced So the the faster the the water is moving the more it like tears off surfaces That's where the cavitation comes from so as soon as it leaves this fan It slows and that stops it from separating out from the fan separating out from the wall And then it's got to like a straight drop to the water another improvement that I made was Dropping the pipe into the water because as soon as I increased the the diameter of the pipe Basically if I put under any load air would get in Up inside the pipe and climb to the top and then break the siphon And the whole thing would stop very quickly So having so I increased the length about two and two point five meters which gave me some more power Just because of that but also that means I could have the pipe under the surface of the water So there was no way for air to get in so I experimented with a few Attempted improvements on this one was to put like a stator turbine in front of the impeller To kind of like direct the water onto the blades Tried a few things none of them were pretty this being an example of How ugly these things came out so taking this out actually increased the power So this is either not a good idea or just needs to be done a lot better than this horror show I've got here the nose and tail cones as I say Probably help a little but I don't know that it's enough to make it worth doing although It's a bit of plastic so it's easy also in here I had some polystyrene sort of like just cut to shape to kind of like block up this sort of back section Just so that the water would come through Smoothly and cleanly. I haven't had a chance to directly compare with and without that to see how much help it makes But on this build I will and those are the most of the improvements that I sort of tried The ones that the ones that helped and the ones that the ones that didn't as it is now I can probably squeeze like a little bit more efficiency out of it But I'd say it's pretty much good to go So this is I'm happy to broadcast this design now. I'm happy to to start working on the tutorial on Full step-by-step which will be on the website open source low tech org and I will Put one of these in the field and have it running for for months and see how that goes but This is ready to make just doing the power that I wanted it to do It's some costing what I wanted it to cost so with this compared to like say a hundred watt solar panel is that this does twice as much power also a Solar panel will produce power for maybe five or six hours a day So if you've got a hundred watts coming out of it, which means it's running, you know pretty optimally You might get 500 watt hours per day This will do 200 watts 24 hours a day so about five kilowatt hours per day So ten times the amount of power per day as opposed to a solar panel a solar panel in a lot of places will cost you 60 to 80 euro this will cost 40 to 50 so it's Half the price and we'll do ten times the power


3 things that motivate students, and how you can apply them to your teaching. As with any subject, a student's motivation can affect their interest in the subject matter. English is no different. In fact, I believe that motivation is the key difference in students, who continue to progress and improve in English, and those who don't and discontinue English in their future. Now, this is not to say that all students with low motivation do not pick up any English through their learning, nor does it mean that a student with motivation will find English learning to be easy. However, I believe that motivation plays a key role in ensuring that a student remains engaged with the English language, and eventually progresses into fluency. I would like to present ideas that can add to students' motivation, and improve their English learning experience. 1. Understanding Learning Goals First and foremost, I believe that to really ensure a student develops and maintains motivation with English, they must be given a reason to as why they are learning English. In some cases, reasons for learning English can be tied down to wanting to better communicate with the people around you, and learn how to read and write to make life easier for oneself. However, in other situations, particularly in the case of English being taught as a foreign language, students might be coerced into learning English by their school, city, or government. In those situations, English learning is treated as a subject matter in which students, with a lack of motivation show no interest in wanting to learn English, and have no interest in participating in activities. They may feel, that there is no need for English to be used, since they don't plan on traveling or being in a situation where they must learn English. In these cases, teaching English will come with problems, and could also affect the learning of other students. For this reason, I believe that students must be given a reason, as to why they are learning English. For young students, you can accomplish this by showing, how fun English can be, or how English can be, or having them interact with children their age who speak English. Giving them a perspective of learning language, as a form of fun playful engagement can build motivation, since they will associate the learning of English to being able to play games, and communicate with children near their age. For slightly older students, motivation can be derived showing movies, games, books, or YouTube videos, memes, and etc. in English. In addition to seeing people of their age speaking English, showing that English gives one access to a larger world of entertainment may help build some motivation in students. This will also give them perspective on how English is used. 2. Understanding the opportunities. Another key way to motivate the students is through showing the many different ways in which English can be used to benefit. For younger kids, they need a sense of accomplishment so being able to play an easy game, sing songs, learn about animals or plants, and read and understand basic stories in English can keep young learners of English engaged and entertained. Being able to use English in fun and creative ways to describe animals, to talk about food, or play games, and learn about people and places can be very engaging for kids, who want to know more about the world around them. For students slightly older, while songs and games can be fun, they might need a more personal reason to be using English. In this case, showing video games, movies, YouTube videos, comic books, or other forms of entertainment can be more engaging to these students learning English. Older students need to know that English can be used to appeal to their desire to be entertained. 3. Learning with pleasure. In addition to these points, students need to be taught English in relevance to their interests. This is especially true of older students who can become easily bored and uninterested in English if they find the lessons to be pointless or not relevant to what they would like to learn. While younger kids can be entertained through songs, chants, and fun games, older students might find these types of activities to be condescending or cringe-worthy. However, making use of multimedia entertainment showing things like, English pop idols, video games in English, movies, comics, and YouTube videos that maintain relevance to a topic they are learning, can ensure that they remain motivated while learning English. The activities must also allow them to be seriously engaged, and allow creative freedom in how they want to use the language. Skits, making a group video or finding songs, that they like in English are all ways that can effectively engage the students, and allow them to feel comfortable and in control how their learning process. In other words, older young learners of English, need to know that English can fit within their own personal interests. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course now and get certified for more opportunities. While motivation in kids is not an easy task, it should be always taking into consideration. There are times where no matter what one does, a few students will still feel unmotivated to learn English. This can derive from the student's own personal experience with the language, or a matter of not having found their purpose for learning English yet. In any case, one must always try to ensure that students know why they are learning English, what English can be used for, and how it fits within their own desires. By doing so, one can effectively engage students with English, and help ensure their process of learning English either as a second language or as a foreign language remains interesting.


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That's a bot team Gunner Henderson rookie That is not a bot team Dolphins, yes There's man named a shot of the 190 on rowan skylar tomson was starting for them last year See you knew they were waving the white flag Refractors one soto Headliners of randy johnson masataka Yoshida refractor rookie auto Congrats red socks Nice one there You michael and kody picking up spots for later Alvarez rookie and zack wheeler picking up a team all spot and a division into 81 Andres hymenes refractor austin riley and base There's brice harper refractor oscar gonzalez and hunter green There's headliners of ichiro bow nailer joey vato Christopher morrell shohei to 300 kodaisenka alex pregnant Legendary number seven masataka Yoshida Josh young refractor rookie base and gabriel morino base purple oscar gonzalez to 250 erin judge and mani machado headliners aronato devours and trout refractor of goldy tovar and jram again phonest breaking next eric with a spot in spectra. Thank you, eric spectra t ed All right, we got two pristines now. I'll finish with tribute Seen olympus or an urn stripes and tributes. Let's see uh, see a big rookie out of here That would be cool. Williams. He killed tovar refractor rookie for the rocky masataka Yoshida Peewee Reese purple james outman tonight on this card as far out man You've darvish and erin judge. It's very necessary at this point. Fortunately for you my friend. We got an orange It is kyle schwerber going going on for the fillies to 25 david orteez andre dawson gold rod carude of 50 Yeah, if any one case at the end of the night, I sounded three to go now, which is awesome james outman rookie and one soto Say loves the chain Blue mic trout to 75 The chain stinks andrew Hey, you know how to show hey otani Watch yourself Got a gold paul goldschmidt for the cardinals to 50 around the diamond jersey auto Is oh snap francisco lindore freddy freeman and vladimir groho jr brady singer to 75 cold to 50 is um cj crone for the rockies uh to cannon smith and jigba refractor rupee auto for the pirates And for the pagerais that is going to be a gold zander bogart's 12 of 50 on the auto Nice one there. Got this guy eating a stale bagel out there Those are a couple of thoughts out there teamers Shane beiber gold hideki matsui to 50 for the yanks Nice one there new york You darvish and jock peterson showed me the gift he sent him when he was Getting pissed about the app that he used for fantasy. He'd sound like the baby There's riley gree. Donnie looks me and goes look at him. Giffy sent me Cody bellam shirt gold carry carpenter to 50 Francisco alvarez Jason barathek popular demand byron buxton for the twins nice one there in minnesota Big crew watching all of this dude it was like two million Not expecting that as well. I have the yips. Michael harris. Oh snap. I know that's What i'm thinking too. It was the gallery. That was really what was causing our our down for uh Bray singer and max mire Rizzo Huh, I don't know. I don't know if it's there on purpose I don't know if that would do right. Logan ohapi refractor rookie uh blime address to 99 astros rookie michael harris rookie And ken grippy junior. All right in case now Ernie banks and tim anderson ron santo to 75 twisty tree after Yeah, honestly zinner bogart's to 50 Hit wall. I'll get it There we go There's triton gossis refractor rookie auto for the red signs. I know they put those things out at midnight The next morning. Yeah, they'll hold blue to 75 is shea langlairs for the Yeah, two is 75. I might have been there from last thursday. Yeah Yeah, they only put a time of day. They don't put a date on it. They say he's about 8 30 Stop tribute. Good luck Yeah, it's not it wasn't good. I agree disappointed All right luke garig Joey vato and a green mike piazza the pizza man 75 a 99 nice one there schmitty from on marquez and kasey mys the 150 for the tigers Congrats the trait jram Cedric molens and a gold craig bijio and jose al-tube dual jersey for the astros Grats houston alex rodriguez looks like we might have an olympus here. It is Ozzie smith the wizard to 199 going to st. Louis on card olympus auto nice one there congrats Yeah, as you said, there's like ink on that jersey patch of the fiance weird jose al-tube to 99 green Jack peterson Uh bass nice one here josh young rookie otter to 99 congrats on that rangers Very nice Kyle talker that is jersey to 199 for the astros Kyle talker randia rosa rana Jackie robinson and jonathan india for the reds 69 of 75 Congrats cincy All right, let me drop you a link again to finest and then we will do the recap Six to go breaks now Uh jerseys we had kyle talker for the astros to 199 We had the triple with ink on the patch. It looks like of uh mike piazza Say it could have been a signed game you use jersey very cool And then as well as the bijio and al-tube dual to 75 Autos we had josh young to 99 ozzy smith kasey meyes a jonathan india We had biren buxton masatake yoshita michael grove Justin steele neat eaton michael massie tommy henry to 299 steele walker uh michael massie and bryan Serban auto 150 ethan small to 150 gold schmick gold to 50 we had canon smith and jigba A trish and cos this auto shea langlears to 75 and gold zander bogart to 50 I'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the bill up next is finest. Let's fill it up


Preface of the Romance of Modern Chemistry The Romance of Modern Chemistry by James C. Phillip Preface. Probably most people, when they think of chemistry, suppose that its fascination and its practical bearings can be appreciated only by those who have access to some sequestered laboratory, the doors of which are closed to the uninitiated. This is a mistaken view, for in countless wonderful ways, unknown to the general reader, chemical science is supplying the ordinary needs and contributing to the conveniences of modern life. In the present volume, an attempt has been made to deal with this aspect of the subject, and the points of view adopted are different from those of the ordinary textbook. The author ventures to think that those readers who have no technical knowledge may be convinced that radium and other things which figure so largely in the newspapers are by no means the only scientific matters of thrilling interest, and perhaps even readers who are already familiar with the elements of the science may be helped to see afresh the many unsuspected and marvelous ways in which chemical forces are at work beneath our very eyes. The chapters are so arranged that the reader who takes them in order will understand what is brought before him much more easily than if he were to pick out subjects here and there. Only by such consecutive reading is it possible for him to secure the maximum of interest and instruction. End of preface. Chapter 1 of The Romance of Modern Chemistry This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. The Romance of Modern Chemistry by James C. Phillip Chapter 1. The Dawn of Chemistry In this twentieth century chemistry has become a veritable storehouse of wonder, a cavern of marvel and mystery. Many generations of scientific workers have done their share in the exploration of the cavern and in the discovery of keys to its innumerable chambers, but much that is obscure or unknown remains. Today there are more explorers than at any previous time, more eager spirits than ever seeking to gain an entrance into those chambers which have not yet yielded up their secrets. Ever and anon some worker, more ingenious or more fortunate than his fellows, makes a notable advance, and his name is on everyone's lips. But all the time, unthought of by the outside world, the rank and file of the explorers is steadily pushing forward and conquering nature's mysteries for the ultimate service of man. In this volume we shall take a peep into some of the chambers which the workers of the past have opened up to us, as well as into some of those which are still partly unexplored. We shall see how the subtle chemical forces which are at work all around us.


So we said, we need to define what is the right technology for where we are. And result of this thinking and exploring and researching is what the Simputer was. One such initiative is being implemented in the state of Chhattisgarh. They distributed 900 simputers in 11 panchayats or block-level village centres. They contain data on most government schemes for villagers. These are then communicated by the surpunch or village head to all villagers. The Simputer is also used for data collection. So typically a surpunch will collect details on population, land holdings, crop details as well as village requirements on the Simputer and send this data online to the relevant government department. There is also this innovative medical diagnostic kit priced at just $300. It has given a giant boost to telemedicine efforts connecting doctors from large cities to remote villages over a video conferencing link. To me the most exciting thing is what it can do for empowerment. The fact that somebody sitting in a village somewhere, a remote village can access information about what schemes the government has not just to benefit from them but what is being used or spent in his or her name. You are now able to participate which is what democracy is all about in the process of decision making and to shape decisions. This is what ICT can do. Since I have spent 12,000 rupees a month, I don't have to ask my husband to maintain my family. I can buy whatever I want, I have the ability to maintain my family. We have ensured that all our village knowledge centers function on the first fundamental basic principle of social inclusion in access to knowledge, access to technology. Take this touch screen machine at a knowledge center in Ambalam called the Life Stock Guru. It's an electronic guide on animal husbandry. The villagers can simply walk in and receive information on breeding, animal feed and disease prevention. We learn to draw power points. We want to become policemen, we want to catch thieves, we want to catch thieves, we want to catch thieves. Before, I didn't know anything about computers. Now, I will experience it first after I came here. In a month, I learnt all this. I learnt computers, I learnt the internet. I took training for a month to teach the kids. Your sister Kaushalya, you are invited to Chotpal Radio. We would like to know if you have any expectations of becoming the owner of the dollar chain or not. First of all, I would like to ask you to listen to this story with your family. As far as the question of the dollar chain is concerned, this marketing team will answer you. Cost, however, plays a major part in scaling up initiatives. Today, there are barely two or three initiatives that fulfil their goals out of the 40 odd at present.


Hi, I'm Juan Garcia, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower Reserve Affairs. Congratulations on your participation and attendance in the 41st NNOA Training and Development Conference. More than 11 years into the longest sustained combat operations in American history, the operational tempo that you and your family have operated under has been demanding and you've performed at every turn. And now with a new national defense strategy that looks to the West and rebalances towards the Pacific, we know that this is a defense strategy that will focus on the sea services. So it's very little reason to believe that the operational tempo for the Navy and the Marine Corps will change anytime soon. That's why we hope that you'll focus on and ensure that you and your families are availing yourselves of the programs available underneath the 21st Century Sailor and Marine Initiative to ensure that you have the tools you need to succeed and excel in the coming Navy decade. The work you're doing and the Sailors and Marines that follow your orders has never been more critical. I want to share with you a recent real-time example of the global impact that a 19-year-old Sailor can have on world events. A year ago, January, when the Stennis Battle Group outchopped through the Strait of Hormuz left the Persian Gulf, if you were following the news at the time, you'll know that elements of the Iranian leadership threatened that this would be the last U.S. Navy ship that goes through the Strait. World's leaders went into a heightened state of alert. A day later, an Iranian general doubled down and said, this is no joke. That's the last U.S. Navy ship that goes through. The Iranians threatened to bottle up the Persian Gulf, and with it, close to a quarter of the world's energy and oil supply, with all the implications that has for the world economy, for the American economy, for fuel prices, for employment, for the heating of the American Northeast. The world's leaders go into a heightened state of alert. While Stennis and its support ships were now outside the Strait, the Ghout, the Gulf of Oman, and they received intelligence that there was an Iranian fishing ship exhibiting some odd behavior, Stennis sent over one of its destroyers who interacted, reached the Iranian skipper on a bridge-to-bridge common frequency radio, and that Iranian skipper suggested there was no problem. They were transiting in accordance with normal operations. What we couldn't have known at the time was that that Iranian skipper had about 11 weapons trained on him from pirates who had hijacked his ship, and were using it as a mothership to conduct pirate operations in the Gulf of Oman. The destroyer skipper kept an eye on it. She knew something wasn't quite right, and she played a hunch. She called up a young 19-year-old snipe, an engineman, who she knew happened to be a native Urdu speaker. When he came up to the bridge, and they again established bridge-to-bridge radio comms with that Iranian skipper, he was able to convey that in fact they were hijacked and under distress. The Iranians speak Urdu, the pirates do not. Pirates didn't know what the message was he was sending out. Subsequently, Stennis sent over a VBBS boarding group. They secured the pirates, they rescued the Iranians, and saved the day. And with it, depressurized an enormous pressure-packed global geopolitical situation because it became very difficult and awkward for the Iranian leadership to threaten to torpedo a U.S. Navy ship when we were rescuing their own people. A 19-year-old sailor changed the course of a world of events. My favorite part of the story was after the pirates were transferred over to the carrier, Corman came aboard and did a medical check-up on all the Iranians, provided them with MREs and water, and sailors checked the sea worthiness of their ship. The Iranians were now ready to sail home. Keep in mind, the photo behind me is a photo of the Iranian skipper.  Despite a lifetime of that indoctrination, this is the reception he gives the first U.S. Navy sailor he's ever met in his life. And the best part of the story to me is as the Iranians are getting ready to go home, their whole crew is on the bridge, they're waving, they're smiling, they're heading home, and they're all wearing U.S. Navy ball caps. I'm not sure what kind of reception they got when they got back to Iran. But the bigger story is this.   Take care of them, be responsible for them, be accountable to them, set the example. We're strongest when we draw from every sector and corner of the country. We're at our best when we take advantage of the entire American fabric and all everyone who can bring to it brings. That's what NNOA is about. Thanks for your work. Thanks for your leadership. Be safe and we'll see you in the fleet.


We're all ready. I don't know if we can head to our seats. All right, I'm going to get started here. And hopefully, everyone can hear me. And I don't have any particular slides here, so we're just going to go through things. All right, yeah. We've got till 10.30, so I just want to make the most of the time. So sorry, everyone. We advertise Matthew, and then pull the bait and switch on everyone. You get me for negative dentaries now. So I'm sorry about that, but I'm Steven. And I think a lot of us are familiar with this problem. I'm going to go over it very briefly. I just want to be able to lead a discussion. So imagine you've got a big server, lots of memory, and a workload that's not using all of its memory, say 500 gigabytes and only using 100 of that for whatever your workload is. And your workload's also looking up, say, unique identifiers a few times a second in some directory, some file name. And it's doing that for months on end, a year on end, something like that. The issue we get is each of these lookups creates a negative dentary. Each time, frequently, those don't get used again. And what you end up with is a cache of dentaries full of negative dentaries that may have only been used once or not at all since they were created. And normally, we would see that those things are going to get freed up by memory reclaim when we have memory pressure, but that doesn't happen if you're in this situation where you've just got tons of memory and you don't know what to do with it. Linux will never say we need to clean these up. So to convince you that this is an issue, there's a couple motivating examples that we've had. Soft lockups, when you're iterating over the list of children of a dentary, but there are others. Page fragmentation can happen as you keep on using more slab pages, and then even more concerningly, I think, is the idea of slab fragmentation. Say that you have 500 million dentaries and then you end up deleting some directories, freeing these up. Now you have so many half full slab pages. There are a lot of issues that come with negative dentaries. And so what I'd like to do here is kind of follow up on the discussions we've had on the mailing lists and talk about a couple goals that I think we'd want to have in a solution for this. And yeah, we'll go from there. So some of the goals I want to, I think that we've all talked about, one is a generic system for managing these caches. We have a lot of LRUs in the page cache, in the file systems area, and they are interesting. We, in the modern idea of an LRU, I think of it that you move something to the end of the list once you've used it, but instead we mark it as referenced and we leave it up to a shrinker to decide to move an item to the back of the list. So some problem that I think this is generic to all of these LRUs, I know LRU, Dentry LRU, we don't actually do anything about rotating items to the back of the list until the shrinker runs, and at that point we're in memory pressure, and so two problems there are with that. Number one, a referenced dentry might have been marked referenced a year ago if we had no memory pressure, and it's not referenced anymore, it's not useful, but the shrinker's gonna have to go through that anyway to just to move it to the end of the list before it can even free it up. And similarly, well, those are the two issues in a nutshell right there. One, really old dentries and a lot of extra work for a shrinker. So one of the things I wanted to talk about, I think Dave Chinner was especially interested in this, that what we want is an API that is generic enough for multiple different caches to use, and I don't know if anybody wants to, I'm happy to take comments here at any time. What we want to do is, something I have at least is some work on the list LRU side of things, and this is something I've been thinking of as the best way to go forward. Say every time, I think Matthew had also discussed this, every time we add an item to an LRU cache, we should consider rotating through that LRU, something that the shrinker would have been doing. So go through one item in the LRU, if it's referenced, move it to the back of the list, and in the case of maybe a negative dentry, we can apply some sort of cache aging rules at that point as well. So this would be done at the list LRU side of, the list LRU add side of things, but there are some other options as well. We've got some information on the Kmalik side of things. We can, when a dentry is allocated, we now know what list LRU cache it belongs in, and we can do things like track the number of dentries that are currently allocated, the number of dentries that are currently in the LRU, and we can use that information. So, mm-hmm, yeah, yeah, yes, okay, good question. So to restate that, what is the problem here? We have bound dentries that are positive in the LRU, we have unbound negative dentries. Is this a problem of redoing the shrinker infrastructure, or is it a problem of looking at negative dentries in particular? So, yes, negative dentries, in the systems I've looked at that have this problem, you dump dentries on those systems, you see 99% of them are negative dentries. So in that sense, yeah, this is a negative dentry issue, and we don't need to be, we don't necessarily need to do this in the shrinkers, but what we do need to do is have something that is addressing the issue, specifically with an aim towards negative dentries. However, I think that using the shrinker, the existing LRU framework, and the existing shrinker framework can benefit that quite a bit. Matthew, yes, yeah. And there's something to be said for, so what Matthew's saying is it's, negative dentries are one of them, but inodes also have a used once problem. And I think there's something to be said for, this is what LRUs are built for, but the ones that we're using don't do this well. When we mark, when we decide to use a dentry, when we use a inode, all we're doing is setting a bit on that data structure. We're not moving it to the end of the LRU. And so that means that this list of used once dentries is pretty evenly scattered throughout the LRU, despite what you would say is at least recently used cash. That's not what we have right now. And so in the case where there's no memory pressure, you have some unreferenced dentries sprinkled throughout. You have used once dentries, maybe used once inodes, just throughout this list. And that makes it hard to say two things. First, if you're in memory pressure, I'd like to clean up as much as possible, and those are the best items to clean up, things that were used once and never again. So that's an important question. But separate from that, you have the issues of workloads that are creating stupid amounts of negative dentries that don't need to be there. They've been used once and won't again. And so outside of that, when things are spread throughout the LRU, it makes it much harder to find them. If we had a way to keep the LRU better organized, keep the lease recently used things at the beginning of the list, even without memory pressure, then that might go a long way to solving our issues with negative dentries. So that makes sense? Mm-hmm, mm, no. Yeah, and I don't think it's excellent for a lot of workloads because you don't want all that contention on those spin locks. I think that's why that optimization came into place. But one issue with that, I love this idea that was just brought up of not marking items referenced the first time but waiting to the second time. One thing that that's great and then the next problem that comes up from there is say that you do have a great list of unreferenced, ready to free items. Then we have a different question. How much is too much? With memory pressure, we have a great signal to say we have too many dentries and we need to clean these up. But with negative dentries, the problems that they can have those soft lockups, I'd estimate they occur around 100 million dentries in a single directory, give or take. I imagine you could use some magic with a Bogo MIPS calculation to figure out where your issue would come up to. But I'd like to not see us using some sort of magic threshold, but we need a mechanism to start shrinking at least these one use items. These things that you can have a debate over whether how frequently you rotate the referenced items to the beginning of the cash, this cash management policy. But for these single use items, maybe there's a better way to start the process of just getting rid of these single use items before. Yes. I've heard this, and this is an interesting thought, the bound cash, essentially thinking about managing positive dentries or dentries that are useful or bound to inodes separately from negative dentries. And that's a neat idea that I actually haven't considered until this morning. Amir brought that up to me. Yeah, one thing you can consider about, yes, easy, special, yeah, yeah. And I don't know, memory management folks can correct me, but I don't know that we have that sort of feedback from SLAB right now. We don't have a way to say I would really like to relocate one object in particular because, or a few objects in particular because they would free up this page. Matthew, I've seen these patches, yeah. That's a really good point. So you're saying tracking this by PID, by task struct and by PID, and hopefully trying to identify a bit somewhere that says, hey, I'm a negative dentry creator and my, or so something, yeah, something to point out about this is that this isn't necessarily a fast problem. We're not necessarily talking about a task that's every allocating negative dentries at a rate of hundreds, thousands per second. This could be a slow trickle, talking about system D services starting somewhat regularly, but we're not doing thousands and thousands per second, but over the course of a years up time, if you're doing one or two per second, you're adding up to hundreds of millions still. Yeah, and yeah, there is some other, we create dentries in a couple of ways, right? We have them for lookup, we create a negative dentry, turn it into a positive, or we just leave it negative during lookup, but say I delete a file, then we're going to have two options. Either if there are other users for it, we keep the inode linked and we take it out of the hash table, or if the file is not being used by anyone else, then we just convert that dentry to a negative one right there. We set inode to null, we leave it in the hash table, and we use that for negative lookups in the future. So we've got a couple places where workloads are different, just because something is creating dentries a lot by looking them up, another workload might be creating them a lot by a temp file that gets deleted quickly. And so I see tracking these things, tracking these things, oh gosh, probably not a lot. I actually don't have that number, but I know that's our favorite benchmark in this group, but I don't have that number. What I have are customer systems where I see the problems start happening around 250 million, and that's a count of all dentries, but at the end of the day we're, like I said, we're looking at 95 or above percent of these are negative. And yeah, in the back here. Yeah, that makes a lot of sense because with dentries, just to restate your point for the microphone, I know we're a little crazy on that right now, but to restate your point, this is one I wanted to bring up. Linux believes all memory should be used if possible, but there's a cost to reclaiming this memory when we do need it and we're not always great at doing that. And while it's pretty easy for a negative dentry, this is actually a really happy place to be and to have a problem with a negative dentry because we just get rid of it, but any improvement along that line will help, yes. True. All right, yeah. Let's see, what I'm looking for you guys is really this discussion that we've had. We've had some really good ideas between tracking negative dentries, separately between trying to improve these caches in the way we maintain them, improving the way that we migrate or making it possible to migrate some of these data structures. What I'm looking for is more eyeballs on patches that I send out and hopefully some people who care about at least solving this problem in a generic way that can start helping these other caches, these one-off caches while still getting rid of the negative dentry problem. So, certainly the dentry cache has some constraints with RCU and with trying to be as fast as possible for the common cases. I will say, having worked in it, I haven't found it to be the biggest constraint. There's locking ordering that's very difficult. There's RCU is an interesting world to live in, but we can kind of manage with some of those. At least that's my opinion, though. I see that it is a pain and it does add constraints compared to, say, inodes or something else, so yeah. Quite familiar with that code and have looked at it and reviewed it and we're using it in some stable kernels. So what I think of it is we don't want more CSTL knobs unless the user really understands, sees a reason for it. This is something that the kernel should know how to do. It should know that some negative dentry that I looked up on the server a year ago once isn't important and the 100 other million of those that I did the same thing with aren't important and it shouldn't take a CSTL knob for the user to say, don't keep those. So, yeah, on one hand it's a great fix and it's something that sees use, but I don't want, I don't know that many of us want to see something like that upstream and I think this is the last one and let's try to wrap up here. And we can, yes, yes. I think you, that's a good point and that's probably my favorite point that's come out here is that we can consider some negative dentry specific caching, some handling. There's a lot of options that are outside of the box of the way we do things now and we shouldn't let that be our constraint. Can I, you think it's best to take anything else out to the hallway track or it is break time? Yeah. I'll stay here.