Well, thank you everybody for attending this talk About using OpenStack for extreme data durability. I'm here together with Florin Flamon. I let him introduce himself So hi, my name is Florin Flamon. I'm I'm working at CloudWatt on an OpenStack basically, I'm I mean, I'm trying to have OpenStack working at CloudWatt and Here are my details if you want to contact me Yeah, my name is Christian Schweder. I'm a developer working at Innovon's Red Hat Mostly working on Swift automation testing and developer tools. I'm also one of the Swift Core developers So there's a very good chance to meet me on IRC channel from Swift OpenStack Swift and of course using email address and my Twitter handle So before talking about the durability and availability and Swift Let's first have a look a small look into the architecture in Swift Swift is an object storage that means it's not in block storage. It's not a file system most of the time or all of the time you're accessing your data in Swift is a URL where you just send a put command or try to get data with a get command and These commands or these operations are executed against a proxy node This is one part of a Swift cluster the proxy node This is a part your users are talking to and in the back end you have some storage nodes that actually store your data on disks Now if you want if you start with a very small cluster Let's say only two nodes and you configure Swift to have three replicas of every object that you start with these objects Land on different disks in your cluster and on different storage nodes And in this case on three different disks and two storage nodes But well, that's not the recommended way to operate a Swift cluster So the documentation says let's start at least with five different storage nodes So let's add a few more nodes If you add more nodes and if you have more nodes and replicas configured your data ends up on different storage nodes So Swift always tries to move the rep each replica inside your Swift cluster as far as possible from each other So if you have more disks then replicas configured it ends up on different disks If you have more storage nodes than replicas it ends up on different storage nodes now There's some well, I would call it failure domains in your data center So for example your network uplink power both or Network switches something like that. So you might want to Ensure that each of the each copy of your objects end up in different areas in your data center and To ensure this there's another concept and this is called the zones. So for example, you can group different storage nodes into Different zones Let's say you have three racks with a bunch of storage servers in each rack. You can ensure that When you put an object into Swift All the three replicas end up in in different racks in your Swift cluster now What you also have to keep in mind is that each time you put an object into Swift Swift only confirms a success if the object is written at least Well a quorum times and in case of three replicas it means it only confirms the operation if you have two successful write operations Now maybe you are hopefully you have a really large Swift cluster and You also want to ensure that your data or a part of your data lands up in a different data center and you can extend this concept and add more regions or group a bunch of servers and zones into regions and In this case where we have two thirds of the storage nodes in one region and one third of the storage nodes in another region You end up with data or with two copies in your one data center and a third copy in your second data center And of course, you're not limited to two regions. You can have five regions or three regions for example one in the United States maybe one in Europe and another one in Asia, but Swift needs to know where to place the data where to read the data where to write you and This is done with a ring with a hash ring and Florence will tell us a little bit more about the ring Okay, thanks Christian So the ring is something three developers are always talking about because Basically, it's one of the main components in Swift It's the it's a map of the data you have in your cluster So basically you have one file per type of data in Swift For instance, you have one file for containers one for accounts and one for objects and And this files map each copy of each data on a physical devices through a mechanism that we call partitions So what's a partition a Partition is a number that is computed from an object's name Including the the container and the accounts name actually, it's what we call the full path of the object so the The partition number is computed from a fraction of the hash the md5 hash That is computed of this on this full path and the number of bits considered and interpreted by Swift Depends on on your cluster. So it's a setting that you do during the creation of the ring and this setting is quite important because Once you you specified the number of bits that will be interpreted you cannot update this number So there are recommendations in the the Swift operation guide On open stack documentation that will help you to to have to choose the best number so Basically in the ring file, there are three Three elements There is one big table which which associates each partition for and in each copy to a device ID Then you have a second table, which is a devices table that associates each device ID to And provides all the information that a swift node that requires in order to reach this device And then you have the number of bits to consider in the hash in the hash of the object So there is a little tool that I linked there that is called swift sense that allows you to to visualize the ring So that the common representation that we would do although I would rather represent this structure as a table So here is a little example to make it clear what the ring is So this is an example of of eight partitions Three replicas cluster So on the left top left you have the two dimensions table that allows to find the device ID of an object For instance, if you have an object whose partition number is two you select column number two and And if you want to know where the replica number one is which is a copy number one You go to the intersection of the row number two and sorry row number one and column number two I've got the device ID three So this is a device where the object is stored at least the first replica So you go to the devices table and here you see that this device Is located on on the on the host which IP address is <IP_ADDRESS> and the port to reach this service is 6000 and the device name is sdc1 and Finally the you have the last information in in the ring file is a bit count The so the number of bits to consider in the in the hash of the object Which is a three in that case because you have eight partitions, which is two to the power three So still about the ring that there is a new feature in in a swift which which ended in swift 2.0 It's what we call storage policies so it allows operators to to let users choose between different storage strategies and This is you so this is made possible with the use of several set of files Several ring files actually so one set of ring files per storage strategy. For instance, you can have a basic storage policy where Where each object we have two copies stored on on spinning disks in a single data center Then you can have a strong storage policy with three copies of each object in three different data centers And and then you can have for instance the fast Policy where all data is stored on SSD devices So I let Christian talk about Availability and durability. Okay. Thanks very much. You're welcome So availability and durability. What do I mean with this? So with durability I actually mean that you don't lose an object with availability I mean that you're able to access that object Now for example, if you power off your storage notes your objects are still there, but they are not accessible so let's first have a look at durability and inside swift and What you see in your data center during a given year is a lot of disk failures So from my experience and from others You most likely see two to five percent of disk failures per given year, which is quite a lot and Doesn't match exactly the number of meantime between failures that are given by hard disk vendors But it's actually what we see in operations You also have a very good chance to get a read error during Operations of a swift cluster because your disk is not able to recover from from a corrupted object for example on your disk and The vendors specify most likely a probability of 10 to the power of minus 15 per bit read and If you make the calculation That means if you read about 12 terabytes of data, you will have at least one corruption during read operations So let's assume you have three replicas of an object Actually, when you have two to five percent probability that you lose one of these discs the object is stored on Then you have a degraded cluster for at least for this object. You only have two replicas left Now swift has some built-in mechanisms to recover from that. One is a one of the replicators that try to what I try but they are recovering from the remaining two objects or replicas and Recreates a third replica in this case the other one is object auditors which Go over your objects and see if there's a bit read error and in case the object is corrupted They're moving these objects aside and the replicators later on will recover the third replica now if you Have only two replicas left There's also a chance that you get another disc fader This the probability here is now much smaller because you're not longer looking into one year for example, but only Let's say 10 hours or 20 hours. This is a time until the normally the replication recreated the third copy And if you're really unlucky, then you lose another disc where your object is stored on and Finally, if you continue with that and if you don't for example, if you don't let the replicator run you might end up with some data loss So if you only take this these numbers into account and calculate the probability to lose an object You get a durability in the range of 10 to 11 9s was in a given year for one object With three replicas So if you're interested in the numbers and the calculation itself There's a small web site Okay, you can see it Looks like this you can put some numbers into that and you get a number and you get a graph. I Will come to that in a few seconds again. This is public and You see the link here So as I said, it's important to keep the number or the hours between Or the hours for replication quite low So normally what what are you doing when you have a disc failure? Let's assume you have only six discs and on the six discs. You have five partitions for example and The disc on the right side. It's marked red with a colorful dots It's now going to fail or is already has already failed now Normally you just replace the disc, right and after you replace the disc you need to replicate the now missing partitions back to this disc Now if you have a disc sized, let's say five terabytes or six terabytes or maybe even more in the future This will take a long time. It will take well if you're lucky it will be done maybe in 20 hours But if you have billions of objects with one bite size, it will take even more time So and during this time span You're already at risk to have another disc failure, right? So to keep this low you can Do something different you set the weight of this device to zero in the ring Rebalance the ring and push a new ring now. What now happens is that the remaining discs inside your cluster Each get one or more new partitions But only if a subset of the partitions so each of these discs get only a one new partition the example and You need only to replicate much less data to the remaining disc and this is much faster So and once you have done this of course you can add new discs afterward and Replicate and distribute the data more equal to your remaining discs Now let's have a quick. Well, let's let's think about the durability number. I gave you just two minutes before a Chance of one in ten billion to have data loss Because of a disc failure does that make sense at all? I don't think so Because it's much you're the chance that you actually have Real disaster for example that you lose a complete data center because of fire or well maybe an earthquake a thunderstorm whatever else it's much higher and To get to these numbers you really need to distribute your data across more data centers and As far as possible from each other And as I said earlier, this is done with a concept of regions So for example in this case where you have two data centers and so one data center is a little bit smaller Stores only one sort of the data You can actually lose one of the data centers and you're still able to access your data You're also still able to write new data to the Swift cluster and once the second data center comes back online The data that is now placed. Let's assume in data center number zero region zero is replicated To the second data center because Swift now recognize. Okay. These originals are accessible again This also increases availability. So Network outlinks for example are quite well quite often a little bit This is a wrong term, but let's assume you have five hours on of network outage in a year That decreases your availability for your swift cluster for your data and the swift cluster if you distribute it this across multiple data centers for example, then you have a much better chance to deliver the data to your customers and your users and And of course You may want to Well upgrade your swift cluster or distribute your swift cluster now to two data centers or even more and How do you do this? Flora will tell us. Yeah, thanks Christian. So I will tell you what we did at cloud water in order to take into account what Christian told us about having several data centers But just one word about about a peculiar written swift It's that swift Has a good habit of splitting the complex task of of storing safely your data into two simple tasks because there is Basically two two steps when configuring a swift cluster a first you've got a standard tool that is called a swift ring builder That allows you to to manipulate ring files and then create them actually and so this tool Has all the the architectural architectural information of your cluster in in files that are manipulated by this tool which are called builders for instance It has all the information about the relations between your devices and your your notes your regions and your zones and And this tool is in charge of smartly assigning the partitions that we told about talked about before as As far as possible in your cluster For instance an object the different copies of an object will be if possible stored on different regions then on different zones and then different devices and also in different nodes if it's possible To this this tool at the end generates the ring files that can be checked by an operator They are flat files and once this is done These files who store the map of your data can be uploaded to the notes to the swift notes and On the other hand you have the processes running on your swift cluster That are in charge of ensuring that your data is stored uncorruptedly on the appropriate location so as christian told earlier if you want to to take into to benefit from from the Durability of swift it's better to separate your data into different clusters and At what we we have been running a near hundred nodes a cluster in a single data center for for a few years and We recently decided to to split the cluster in in two regions in order to avoid the loss of data Because of of the crash full crash of a data center because of a fire for instance or a plant crash So in order to do this we We decided to follow a bunch of guidelines in order to be sure that we won't lose any data of our users And also we wanted to limit the impact on the performance of the cluster For our users to be able to use our service So in order to ensure that no data is lost We wanted to be able to move only one replica at a time at each step Because we wanted to have An operation done in separate separate steps So we wanted to be able to to do the Disoperation of adding a new region in small steps so that if anything goes wrong It doesn't impact the the whole the whole cluster and all the data We wanted to be able to check for data corruption during each operation So in order to to see if there is any abnormal amount of corruption that appears and we wanted to be able to check that the location of the data is correct at the end of each step and We wanted to be able to roll back in case of a failure And so the second second Second aspect is the impact on the performance of the cluster. So we did we wanted to be to first have an idea of the The load on the cluster according to different days of the week and also different time of the day in order to be able to to do our operation during the The periods where the load is the lowest for instance during the night We have less users that during the day and we wanted to be able to assess the Load that will be incurred by your cluster during our operations For instance, we wanted to know the the network bandwidth that would be used for each step and We wanted to be able to to do small enough steps So that it fits in time frames where the load our on our cluster is low from the users and Eventually, we wanted to be able to control on which notes are accessing our users in order to be able to to have notes with low weight that our users still access and use and We have notes that are stressed by our operations, but users shouldn't go there so what is nice is that all the The items that are in blue are already implemented in in Swift for a while For instance moving only one replica at a time Actually, it's something that is already integrated in Swift ring builder the rebalance command Normally you if if we do only one rebalance operation at each step We should only move one copy of each object at a time So we are sure that two copies of our objects are untouched if something goes wrong checking for data corruption is done by By a process which is called Swift object auditor with which computes consistently continuously the the hash of each object on the notes and If the hash is incorrect compared to the hash that has been set during the creation of the object If this hash is incorrect, the object is quarantined and it's considered as deleted and The object is replaced during the the replication mechanism of Swift Then to check for data location. There is a tool which is called Swift dispersion report that is shipped with with Swift so it allows to check the percentage of your data that are is at the appropriate location and If you do for instance, you push a new ring you can follow the state of Of your cluster you will see that 80% of the data are the correct location and then when you relaunch the tool Several hours later. You will see that the percentage of of object will be increased for instance 90% and running back is something that is made easy by Swift because the The Swift the ring files that are a copied on the Swift nodes Reloaded automatically by the processes without the need of being restarted So if you push if we push new ring files and something goes wrong We just push the former ring files and the data goes back to the former location And eventually to control which Swift nodes are reached by our users There is a mechanism which is called read and write affinities that we call we can tune inside a swift configuration files though the new thing is that since Swift 2.2 Which landed in last month's actually we have to We have the ability to To move the data to a new region smoothly Step by step. This was impossible of before Swift 2.2 actually so if I wrap up this The thing about adding a new region So we want to be able to to smoothly move our data to a new region when we add this new region And this is really possible since a swift 2.2 In the end if we want to have at least one copy of each data to the new data center We want we must have a total weight of the region of at least of one third Because actually the weight is a mechanism that is used in Swift to Specify to tell Swift the amount of data that we want in a in a region or in a node or in a device So as an example complete example to add a new region we can add New devices or and new nodes to a new region with a very very low weight for each device that only one partition is Assigned to each device in the new region and Then with subsequent steps we can increase the devices weights in the new region by steps of five percent for instance In order to move five percent of the of the data of the whole cluster to the new region and so on and so forth And so we can increase the weight of the new region progressively until we reach one third of Of the total weight of the cluster so I Provide more details about how to compute the weights in order to have a given percentage of your data in the new region In in an article whose link is there and also I provide some scripts as example in order to To be to compute these weights Okay, Christian. I'll let you provide an outlook and summarize. Yeah, thanks for welcome. So A quick outlook what's coming up next in swift and a little summary for this talk So one of the hot topics in the swift developer community is a razor coating and the people over at Swift stock in the land box are really pushing hard for this feature and Well, it's coming real soon now hopefully So what's the idea of a razor coating a razor coating the idea is so instead of storing for example three replicas of each object you only Store well you apply a razor coating to an object and this means that you split your object in multiple smaller fragments for example 14 store these on different discs and nodes and so on and now you are able to Recover rebuild an object or order a subset of Fragments for example 10 if you configure to use a 10 over 14 scheme So what does it mean? It means that you tolerate a lot of four fragments and you can recover from that So you have a higher durability of your objects. You can tolerate more losses in your cluster but the important part is That you only have well roughly 40 percent overhead in this example compared to 200 percent if you have three replicas Which means that you have much cheaper cluster or the operations are much cheaper in your cluster For the durability calculation So what I want to do is a more detailed calculation to take into account the number of discs for example service and partitions and Add some calculation for a razor coating and this is also a community effort We started this other discussion on this about a month ago at the last swift hackathon There are people involved from entity code. I was involved here people from a swift stack IBM Seagate redhead. Well most of the community And we want to do an ad hoc session at the end of the week so if you're interested in this just drop me a line on by email and Maybe it's even well possible to include a sample calculator in the swift documentation itself, which would be great. I think Just to wrap up this talk So what's swift is giving you very high availability even if large parts of your clusters are failing and What I forgot to mention earlier on is Using the zone zone concept. You also can ensure that or avoid that you have That you have data loss because of for example Upgrades of your cluster. So if you're upgrading your cluster for example, let's let's say a kernel upgrade or firmware upgrade of your discontroller or whatever else do it zone by zone and Between each upgrade or between each zone watch the cluster for a few hours and see if everything works fine if something is failing then you can stop your upgrade and Well remove the zone whatever you need to do that your remaining zones are not affected by the upgrade at that point in time The automatic failure correction mechanisms inside swift also ensure a high durability of your data so and Depending on your cluster configuration You can even exterior non-industry standards. Well, let's say you have some data That is well a billion dollars worth Maybe you start in five different data centers at the same time if you have the money for it. What go for it? The latest swift release a Juno release As far on terror told us just a few minutes ago There's a more smoother and more predictable way to upgrade and enhance your swift cluster by very fine-grained steps when adding new zones or regions and The storage policies also allow you to give your users more options to start data. So for example, you don't want to have Your complete cluster running on for replicas because it's too expensive But it's subsets of the data you need for replicas So provide a storage policy for for replicas and you users can select the storage policies that they need for the data and Rager coding finally it will increase the durability inside your cluster even more while at the same time lowering your operational costs which is great feature and With these words I'm done. So thank you very much for attending the talk and if you have any questions feel free to ask now No questions There's a question. Could you please use a microphone because? Thanks, so actually I have two questions. Yeah, so the first one has to do with Reducing the weight of a failed drive to zero and then push the ring back So from your experience that makes sense. It seems to me like a lot of pushing of rings to do So does it make sense in large? deployments where you were two to five percent of the discors failing Well for my experience what? Pushing a new ring is a day-to-day operation from my perspective because you always have disc failures And from time to time you're upgrading your clusters. You're changing IP addresses of nodes stuff like that. So For the clusters I I'm aware of and I know Most of the time people have some automatic automated mechanisms For operation for operations like this so to push a new ring and stuff like that From my perspective, it's fine to push new rings even if you have a failed device Okay, so the second one. Can you elaborate a little bit more about the new feature in 2.2 that allows you to do the more fine-grained? controlling the yeah, so When so before 2.2 when you had for example a single region and You added a new region Swift always tried to very hard to ensure that you have at least one copy in the new region Which actually means if you have a cluster only with a single region before 2.2 and add a new region One sort of the data will actually need to be rebounds That's still true that one sort of the data needs to be really balanced But it's only one step and you have no control about the amount of data in a given point of time with 2.2, let's say you add a new region and You add let's say 100 discs in the new region You set the weight of the disc when you add them and add the new regions to zero So there's no data movement at that point in time because now the swift ringbird announced Okay, there's not enough weight in the new region to hold all the data Now you increase the weight of the devices in your new region for example to 1% total weight in that region and Swift will not only move or the swift ringbird actually will only move a Frag a subset of the partitions to the new region which actually means that you only move a little bit of data and Not all the data that needs to be stored in that region at a time and Finally, you need so in the example before where you have two data centers One data center with one sort of the data and another data center with two sorts of the data you need to ensure that the total weight in The regions is two thirds or one third of the total weight in the cluster so by using the weight parameter was with ring builder, you're now able to Control the data flow much better than before Yeah, you're welcome There's another question So hello my question about this any new region But why you can't just add new region and said to sweet what please we slowly slowly sync it Why why you need to add five persons ten persons if you need about 50 persons at the end? Well, it's mainly based on the swift ringbird because the swift ringbird is actually just a small tool that operates on your ring and Well, of course, we could add more features like let's say You add your you tell your swift ringbird. Okay, move some part of the data only without calculating the amount of data on yourself but you need to be in control of which rings are pushed to your cluster actually and so It shouldn't be done automatically. I think Because thank you. Well, you want to tell yes Just a typical case that I think about is the if if you Have a terapetabytes of data and if you move one third of your data in one row It will take several days or weeks maybe to move all your data and during this this Period your cluster will be heavily loaded and your users will be impacted and by by splitting the Movement the operation in small steps. We can do this for instance with by Hundreds of gigabytes per hundred gigabytes which will be done during the night and you won't impact your your users as much Maybe maybe we can just specify a speed of syncing data. It will be easier. I think this is this is an option also and it has is Yeah, it has his pros and cons and The things that we wanted to be able to do was also to be able to to roll back if for instance at At a giving step giving step given steps, or if we have a failure or devices that are not good or Part of our network that doesn't work We want you to be able to be able to roll back to only one step and not to cancel everything and And redo it again. So so if you're limiting the amount of data or the is a replication traffic the network level for example or on the storage level This is fine if you add a new region because you can just say okay Let's replicate at 10 megabytes a second or whatever else But the problem at that point is if you have actual failures in your cluster You want to recover from these failures as fast as possible So you you would need a concept to split the traffic so Instead of this let's keep a high number of replication traffic actually and control the data that is moved For example, if you had new regions of zone with with this with ring files Yes, but when we fail if a lot of amount of disks will fail and it will and it is to none we have Were where is low speed for for customers then once we will sink it So we need to set up speed not only you know, not only any Yeah, sure, but now you have more control points So if you're you of course you can set your replication traffic on the back end network because now we do We do the same thing. Okay. Thank you. Okay. Thanks Did you a durability calculations reflect the probability of losing a specific object or losing some object in a cluster? specific object because if you think about this, let's let's Let's think about a cluster that stores 10 to the power of 50 billion objects The probability will be one or even bigger than one that you lose objects in a given year but To compare it to other existing public cloud vendors, they are always Look at her into one object. What's the probability to lose this object? The probability that you lose actually one out of your objects in your cluster The bigger the cluster gets at one point in time You have at least one object per year that you will lose or even more maybe but that doesn't mean that the Probability for a given object is increasing. It's just for the old whole set of objects in your inside your cluster Have you done anything to document or calculate how that probability changes with the number of objects in a cluster? Or was this your Yes, but it's in progress. It's something we have in mind for the next steps And to maybe to integrate it into Swift documentation itself. Thank you. Yeah Just another quick durability question. I a lot of research has indicated that there's a Pretty strong correlation between disc failures If whether it's manufacturing lots or for a number of reasons that I'm just curious if I've you included those kinds of risks of Correlated, you know chain conditions in your calculations our experiences that those are a pretty high impact and your durability numbers seem a little high No, not in this calculation, but So from my experience, it's well if you create a new Swift cluster from scratch Of course, it's much likely that you use the same kind of discs on your on all your storage nodes But if you create a Swift cluster from time to time and you add new storage node with different kind of disk and stuff like that Of course, you can just start with a Swift cluster that involves different vendors to lower this problem But then at the same time if you look into Publications for example from Google or from back place to large storage Operators, you will see that this number two to five percent of disk failures per year is actually quite a good number and a reasonable number and day-to-day operations. This is nothing that Correlates to the number given by disc vendors because disc vendors will give you for example in meantime between failures for one million hours One million hours. So a year has 8,760 hours. It's unlikely that you see the first failure in a hundred years So two to five percent disc failures in a year is quite a reasonable number reasonable number from from my point of experience Yeah, I was mainly asking about the risk once you've lost another disc of losing a second disc or a third disc that was so one of the things If you lose discs and in the probability calculation because it's a simplified model actually is If you get to a number of ten nights or even if you get seven nights maybe in the calculation is it's unlikely that You have this that you have data loss because of an object Because of a disc failure. It's much more likely that you have some other kind of disaster in your data center As I said fire aspect whatever else So you need to take take care of that too. It doesn't make sense to optimize to only optimize for the disc failures You need to take into account other failures as well at that point Okay, okay. Yeah, thank you very much


Okay, Bolo buddies, I'm super nervous, super excited. I'm trying something new. Are you ready? I hope that you'll watch to the end of the video. This video is totally different than all my other videos. I normally talk to you about items to be on the lookout for, items that are Bolo's, items that you can pick up cheap and sell for a profit. So if this type of video does not interest you, go check out one of my other videos. But thanks for being here and I hope you'll watch till the end. All right, Bolo buddies. So in this video, I'm gonna talk to you about something new I'm trying.  I don't know why, but I'm gonna have to do a voiceover. So my lips are not going to match over on the side, but you probably won't notice it because you're gonna be looking at something else. So let's get started. All right, here we go. So I have a show scheduled for the 16th. And on the 16th, I did pre-loaded bundles. And these are styled by Bolo buddies. 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If you want to pre-bid on the item, you just click pre-bid and it will allow you to put your highest offer in. And then if you win, you win. You don't have to be present at the show is how I understand it. So I'm super excited about this. I do have some pre-bids if that's you. Thank you so much. I appreciate the support. If you guys have not come over to what not, I do have a link down below. If you join with that link, you are gonna get $15 to shop. So that is free money. That's my referral link and you can use that money towards this. So, or you can use it with somebody else. The $15 is yours to spend however you like. But these are the bundles. Again, this is for Sunday the 16th. I have 41 bundles coming your way. There was a lot of heart and a lot of time put into these bundles and it was really relaxing and fun and I really, really enjoyed it. But as all of you know, I am super, super busy. So extra time is not something I have. So I'm really, really hoping that this show is a success. I'm planning to have another one on the 30th. At the end of this video, I'm gonna show you eight bundles that I have set up for the show on the 30th. So you guys can check that out also. I'm gonna have all three links down below. Friday night, the 14th, that's today. I am having a broach show. So I will just be pulling broaches and showing them. I'll do pick twos, pick threes, pick one. It'll just be a variety of broaches. So that is my Friday the 14th show. Nothing is preloaded. It is just a big old mystery of what I'm gonna pull. I don't even know what I'm gonna pull yet. This show on the 16th on Sunday is preloaded and I'm bringing all of the items that you see here and I'm also going to be pulling miscellaneous items and selling them as we go as well. So super excited, super fun. Hope you all can join in at 10, 15 PM Eastern Standard Time. If not, I hope you'll go over, check out the bundles. If you like something, I'd love for you to pre-bid. If you don't like it, don't feel like you have to pre-bid. And if you come to the show, never, ever, ever feel any pressure to buy. I would love to just see you guys at the show hanging out in the chat, joining in and just having some conversation with friends. Super, super fun. So I appreciate everybody that has already come over to my what not shows. You guys are awesome. Even if you haven't bought anything and you've just come to hang out, I appreciate you so much. Those of you that have bought from me, oh my goodness, the support has been overwhelming and I just, I can't even thank you enough. So I hope to see you all Friday night at 10, 15 PM Eastern Standard Time. That's the 14th that is tonight and Sunday night, the 16th, that is this Sunday. And I'm trying to go on every Tuesday, Friday and Sunday. That's kind of my schedule right now, 10, 15 PM Eastern Standard Time. I don't know if I'm gonna keep it like that or not, but for now that's what it is. So you guys just check back. You can bookmark the shows. You bookmark it by hitting the little bookmark at the top and that will let you know when I go live. Also, I have a link tree down below and if you subscribe to my link tree, I push out notifications before I go live on whatnot. So it's another way to get a notification and I'm trying to put it on Facebook and Instagram and everywhere, but that also takes a lot of time. And if I have a pop-up, I may not do all of that. So anyway, what do you guys think about my bundles? Do you like them? Oh, I'm so excited. I am so excited, but I am nervous. I am. It's a lot of pressure because it's like, what if nobody likes it? And then I'm like, I've gotten good feedback so far. Some of the items have pre-bids already. So that's super exciting. And I don't know. It's just something different. It's something new. And whenever you try something new, you want it to be successful. So if it is successful, it is something that I will continue to do in the future. And if it's not, I may still continue to do it just because I enjoy it and it's fun. And I have to look through the jewelry anyway. So putting together these lots and with the different little themes, like this one has fish, it's super cute. Just really, really fun. Okay. So this is the last bundle for the 16th. So there's 41 bundles coming. And like I said, I'll be throwing in some other items that I'll just be pulling and maybe showing. Now this here starts my show on July 30th. I believe that's a Sunday as well. This first lot is vintage and incredible. Love, love, love this lot. So there's only eight bundles available right now as I'm doing this video. I am going to be continuing to add them until the time of the show. Probably keep it around 40 or 50 lots because I do want to show the items during the show as you guys are bidding on them. So yeah, so there's eight right now. So check back for more. Thank you guys so much for the support and just for watching my channel and checking out all the Bolo's. And I know this is new and some of you don't want to hear about whatnot. So if you're watching this video and you've made it this far, thank you. Your support is very much appreciated. And here are my upcoming shows. So go ahead and bookmark those with the links down below and I will be scheduling more shows. So I hope you will come back and bookmark those as well. I know some of you have bought some items and flipped them for big money. And I'm excited about that for you guys. So thank you so much for those of you that have shared those Bolo's with me. And just keep coming back. Thank you so much. I appreciate you all. Okay, Bolo buddies. That was all of the bundles. Let me know down in the comments what you think.  I want a bundle with cats.  Feel free to put requests down in the comments. And I will do my best to try to get those ready for the 30th. It is hard trying to find certain things but I do have tons and tons of jewelry. So super excited about this. Again, thank you all so much for the support. Let me know if you have any questions and pre-bids are welcome. So I'm excited. I'm nervous and thank you again. Thanks for watching.


Friday, and welcome to a brand new episode of Perspectives on Global Justice, Think Tech Hawaii. This is your host Beatriz Cantelmo. Approximately 0.7% of the US population is behind bars. This makes the US the country that has the most incarcerated people of all developed countries in the world. All the states are shrinking their prison population. In part due to investments of community-based restorative programs, rather than continuing to use a punitive and outdated criminal justice system model. Where is Hawaii in this process? Data from the Department of Public Safety indicates that from 1978 to 2014, the Hawaiian prison population has increased 654%. Yes, you heard it right. Such increase is largely driven by heavier penalties from non-violent offenses. As of July of 2017, 999 of the people, up to 72% of the people in prison at O3C will classify at a community or minimum custody level. When we look at the total number of individuals who are under custody at O3C and their classification levels, these are the findings. Security would be 879 individuals, and minimum offenses would be 120 individuals, and that minimum security would be 394 individuals, and the maximum security, 3 individuals. One in three people incarcerated at O3C were homeless at the time of their arrest. That was a total of 465 people. And at the end of November of 2017, 14% of the population at O3C were women. 60% of O3C's population is between the ages of 80 and 39 years old. This is how much it costs to imprison a person in the state of Hawaii. $145 a day, or $4,350 per month, or $52,000 per year. The data from the Department of Public Safety, again, also indicates that the Hawaiians and part Hawaiians are significantly overrepresented in the prison population. 38% of the population are native Hawaiians and all part Hawaiians. And this number also represents 26% of the general Hawaiian population. So in all the rules, one in four native Hawaiians are in jail or prison. It is important to mention that one out of three incarcerated individuals at O3C were houseless at the time of their arrest. We have a long ways to go until we can become a state that transitions from a punitive model into a rehabilitative criminal justice system. And as criminal justice advocates plead for comprehensive review of Hawai'i states to justice system policies and practices from the Hawai'i state legislators and implement the much needed reforms that can address mass incarceration in the state of Hawai'i and overrepresentation of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals in the Hawaiian criminal justice system under Hawai'i prison conditions, harsh mandatory minimum sentences, and discriminatory profiling by law enforcement in the state of Hawai'i, under unnecessary and excessive use of force and brutality used by law enforcement in the state of Hawai'i, under law enforcement corruption and misconduct issues in the state of Hawai'i, and racial and economic disparities that exist at every stage of the Hawaiian criminal justice system. In that, we also need to deal with Hawaiian school to prison pipeline educational and disciplinary policies to send our youth to our criminal justice system and severe solitary confinement use in the state of Hawai'i and overcharging and over sentencing disparities impacting Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders. Well, on that note, today we are very gifted with the presence of a very special guest, Atani Keriwacho. He is a criminal defense attorney and for the past 28 years, he has his practice in the state of Hawai'i for 12. And we are very fortunate to have you here, so thank you so much. Thank you Beatrice for inviting me to be here. Absolutely. So, well, not very gory details and data, but I wanted to make sure that we had someone of your calibre, not only in terms of criminal defense law experience, but also somebody who has been in the front line for almost three decades, you know, doing this walk. So to all of you who do not know about you, just tell us a little bit about your background. Where do you come from? Where did you grow up and how did you decide to become an attorney? Well, briefly, my dad was in the military and I lived all over the United States and actually I was a little boy here in Oahu and as I grew up, Hawai'i was always part of our life. And when my dad was stationed in Kansas, we had Hawaiian nights and food. So how does that work in Kansas and Hawaiian nights? Well, I was very interested in my dad. We put up the tiki lamps and got pineapples and make meals. It was really a lot of fun as a kid, but that always stayed with me. My mom always used to say, my lay will return. And so after I actually was a newspaper reporter after college for about six years. So what did you do as a reporter? Like, did you focus on a specific area? Well, I did a lot of criminal and political news as a newspaper reporter, both in Oregon and in Alaska. But at my heart, I'd always been interested in doing criminal defense because of the constitutional issues involved and also with helping people out. And so I decided to go to law school and left journalism and then have been happy ever since doing that. I practiced in Seattle King County. Right. So how long were you in King County? Did you start with private practice or did you start as a public defender? I actually was a public defender in Seattle King County with the associate counsel for the accused and did that for about 17 years. And then I decided to make the spring and come back to come to Hawaii. I'd been coming back and forth quite some time by then and set up my own private practice on Maui. And so I've been in private practice in Hawaii for the last almost 12 years. Right.  It was like, I'm going to do this transition and do private practice. And do you do private practice or do you take court-appointed cases? Well, I actually do both. Most of my practice is in state court in Maui, but I do other islands as well and also practice in federal court. And in both places, I take court... When the judges asked me, I'm happy to help out with doing court-appointed cases as well in state case and also in federal court. So, okay. So you've been a public defender for almost 17 years. You definitely paid your dues in terms of providing that social justice backbone into the system and decide to do your private practice. What is it about your decision to continue to also serve those who otherwise would not have had representation without a court-appointed case? What is it that's appealing to you? Why do you still do it? Well, I think the most important role of a criminal defense attorney is keeping the system on us, keeping the cops in check, keeping prosecutors from overcharging stuff. And also just a genuine, I think most criminal defense attorneys that I know have a genuine concern, a passion in their heart to want to help people. And the people we help is often, I get questions all the time, how can you do that at work? But actually, a lot of the times that I'm helping people out is, it could be my neighbor, it could be an acquaintance, it could be a person down the street. Just happened to get in trouble, either because of substance abuse issues or poor choices. Right. So let's talk a little bit about that because I know that our criminal defense law is not for the faint of the heart. There's a lot of judgment and there's a lot of the assumption that people are guilty, is charged, which what do you find in your practice? You know, are people really guilty as charged? Are there issues with overcharging and over-sentencing? Not just in the state of Hawaii, but like, you know, what was your experience also as a criminal defense attorney in the county of Seattle? I would say, I think that most of my peers would agree with me in saying that, you know, the police make mistakes and then that gets sent up to the prosecutor's office and it takes a life of its own. And someone can be falsely accused or falsely charged. And it takes a while for the defense attorney to be able to get that other side of the story to the prosecutor's office and see if we can't get the charges dismissed or the charges reduced. Most cases, there's something that happened. It just may not be what the police said or what the prosecutors think it is. And so a lot of the work that a criminal defense attorney is actually involved in negotiating the case with the prosecutors, seeing if we can, and then talking and helping the client out, seeing what the client wants, what they hope will happen in their case and then hopefully getting them either out of jail or back home and with their family with a minimum of consequences that they have to face. So let's talk a little bit about that because I think that a lot of people have this misconception that a criminal defense attorney will try to get somebody get out of jail, free card or that people don't have to be accountable. And just a couple of minutes ago, you were mentioning big social issues that we deal in any state in any society in the world such as mental health and substance abuse issues. And so when you talk about how do you really mitigate not only perhaps a crime that might have been allegedly a part of the case, but also making sure that there is some advocacy and considerations for that person to be in rehabilitative programs that will really not only address the core issues of what perhaps might have contributed to them to allegedly commit a crime in the first place, but also to be rehabilitated and be able to be integrated in society after they sub their sentence. Or if they go through a probationary period. OK. There's a lot of that. There's several ways of approaching that. Unfortunately in Hawaii, I would say close to over 90-some percent of my cases, there's a methamphetamine addiction, whether it's a property crime, a burglary, a theft, a car break-in. We see a lot of tourist cars being broken in and almost all of those cases, you know, they're driven by an addiction. Usually it's methamphetamine. We're starting to see heroin addiction in Hawaii now, in Oahu, and also in my federal cases. And it's starting to hit some of the outer islands. I had a couple of cases now coming into Maui, for example. One thing that Hawaii does very well at the state level is they have drug court programs in each of the islands. In fact, and they've just expanded it in Maui, for example. For example, if you have a fourth DUI or a third DUI, because the fourth DUI in the state of Hawaii is a felony and carries up to five years in state prison, but you can go to the drug court program. And for most people, it takes about 18 months to complete a drug court program. And when they graduate, the case can be dismissed. Or if they win an approbation violation, then their probation is terminated. But the goal is intensive treatment to help that person get back to a situation where they can live a normal life and be free of doing the substance abuse addiction, whether it's methamphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, or whatever. So I think our state has done a really good job of making that model available to a lot of our clients who want to get help for a substance abuse addiction. Otherwise, if we're not going down that track, then we're going down either to the track in which we're trying to get clients charges dismissed or they're being reduced. And that takes a lot of work in terms of being to interview and the client, talking to witnesses, because witnesses make mistakes. You know, they think they may have seen someone done something, but they may have identified the wrong person or it got exaggerated as to what happened. And so a big role of the criminal defense attorney is to get the client's story that helps that client to the prosecutor. You rarely see anybody getting a just get out of jail free card in a case being dismissed without a defense attorney doing a lot of work to get help at that person's story there. For example, we recently had a trial in Maui that was attempted murder. We finally got not guilty, but we had to get it from a jury because the prosecutors were not willing to compromise on the case or reduce the charges or dismiss it. And the person ended up staying in jail for over a year until we got there. We're going to take a quick break on the right back. OK, sounds good. Hi, my name is Bill Shaw, our post of Asian Review coming to you from Honolulu, Hawaii, right here in the center of the Pacific Ocean. Asian Review is the oldest of the 35 or so shows broadcast by Think Tech Hawaii. We've been in production since 2009. Our goal is to provide you, the viewer, with information, breaking information about events in Asia, Asia being anything from Hawaii west of Pakistan, from the Russian Far East south to Australia and New Zealand. We hope to see you every Monday afternoon at 5 p.m. I'm Jay Fidel, Think Tech. Think Tech loves energy. I'm the host of Mina, Marco and me, which is Mina Morita, former chair of the PUC, former legislator and energy dynamics, a consulting organization in energy. Marco Mangostorf is the CEO of Provision Solar in Hilo. Every two weeks, we talk about energy, everything about energy. Come around and watch us. We're on at noon on Mondays every two weeks on Think Tech. Aloha. Aloha. Welcome back to Perspectives on Global Justice. Think Tech Hawaii, this is your host, Beatrice Kudamal, and now we are back with... Thank you, Beatrice. I'm your defensive attorney, Keri Wachu. So, as you were saying... Yes, I wanted to mention something. One of the issues that we have a major problem in the state of Hawaii, it's pretrial detention. We have an inordinate number of people that are being held in custody. And you mentioned in your opening statement about the number of people being in jail. And it's driven by economics, in the large part, and also some of it is what's being charged. There are things in work which could help alleviate jail crowding. I have clients that have to share a jail cell with three or four other people for a cell that's only built for two people or three and they're sleeping on the floor. It doesn't need to be this way. And they just started in Maui, for example, in the juvenile department, allowing some of the teenagers who come into the system to go home to their family with electronic monitoring. That's a bracelet a person wears on their ankle. In federal court, that's done quite extensively with cases that qualify. So, someone isn't taking up a jail space at $145 a day, as you mentioned earlier. Especially if that person is not really at high risk to society. Correct. And I'd like to see that expanded into the misdemeanor and into the circuit court in Hawaii. And I think there's been talk about doing it. There was a committee that was meeting in Oahu about bail reform. There's many aspects to that. One of them that they could do to help alleviate jail crowding is initiate, for example, the electronic monitoring I just mentioned for adults. Those are people ages 18, they're a senior citizen. Another area that I think should be addressed is the bail bond system. In Hawaii, we have a two-court system. We have the state courts and we have the federal national court system. At the federal court level, there's no bail bond. So, if you get in trouble by the police and they say, hey, in order to get out of jail, you have to post $20,000 bail or post 10% with a bail bondsman. In federal court, what you do is you sign. They don't use the bail bond system. There's a hearing with the magistrate or the US District Court judge. And you can sign an unsecured bond and you're released from custody to go home to your thing. In Hawaii, if you don't have that 10% with a private bail bonding company, you stay in jail. Whether it's a trespass case or a minor theft case or something major or something even major. And I think a lot of attorneys that practice criminal defense, that's not fair because if you're rich, you get out of jail. But if you're poor and can't afford it, you're stuck in custody. Right. And not only that, in addition to being stalker in jail or prison, there is also so much of that cast also that's reabsorbed by the community and taxpayers. Right. This person could have perhaps continued to do a walk or start addressing mental health or substance abuse issues or other issues that they could have gained the more transferable skills that would really help. Well, there's another cost, too. And that is families are separated. For example, jail crowding is so bad on some of the outer islands, and Maui I'm quite familiar with, is that some of our clients are being shipped to Oahu. The state then pays to house them at the Federal Detention Center, which is by the airport, or at OCCC. And in some cases, the clients are sent to Halawa State Prison, which is not even meant for pretrial detainees. It's meant for people that have been sentenced to more than a year in prison to go there. And then there's another cost and a difference. So that means families who are particularly families who are on the outer islands are being separated from their loved ones because it's expensive to fly over to Oahu to see them. And if you're a teenager and you get in trouble, for example, the only detention center for a young person, between 12 and 18, is at Kapolei, which is on Oahu. So I'm hopeful that by using electronic monitoring, we'll see less of our youth being shipped to Oahu, which means they're away from their mom, their uncles, their auntie, and we'd be able to stay on island to be closer to family. Right. So yeah, we touched base on the reality of what we are faced with as a criminal justice system here. Why? And it boils down to a lot of times money, the privilege of money that will open doors and opportunities for different ways. And I guess the question I have for you, and I know this is really hard sometimes to touch base on it because nobody really wants to address this issue. But when you are a public defender in King County, Seattle, for example, versus now that you are a private criminal defense attorney, when you think in terms, not maybe in terms of case law, because I imagine you might have continued the same way. But when you're thinking in terms of resources that you have available to be that advocate on behalf of a client about what the situation is and what the options that the client has, do you think that there is a big difference between when you do criminal law as a public defender versus as a private criminal defense attorney? It depends on the office and the individual. I have seen their public defenders do terrific work. And I've seen some really excellent work done by public defenders that went 1,000% for their clients. And they don't have to worry about paying the office bills and stuff like that and dedicate their whole life to it. I've also seen the situation where that hasn't happened. I think this is a private attorney. One of the things I really enjoy being in private attorney myself is as soon as someone comes in the door, whether it's a Saturday or Sunday or a week day, if they need to get in touch with me, I'm going to call them back, talk to them. They need to get down to jail, see them at the jail. And public defenders can do that, too. But it depends on the office and where I practice public defense in Seattle King County. That was one of the top public defense firms that I've ever experienced or seen. And it was really well run. I think there's a lot of, I think in Hawaii, we have a good public defender system as well. But like all public defender systems, they get overwhelmed with caseload. In fact, one of the national dialogues going on right now in some of the cases that are going on is, is it fair to the clients to have a public defender that might have to do 200 felonies a year when really they should only be doing 120 cases a year? Because there's only so much that any individual can do. But if the state isn't willing to pay for a good public defender system, then what's going to happen is the system breaks down. We have people with really good hearts that want to do a good job simply getting overloaded, simply not being able to get down there. And I was a private attorney, I have more control over my caseload. So hopefully I'm not in that situation myself. But and so it really depends on the situation and the persons involved. But I would like to see the state of Hawaii put more money into the public defender system and help them really increase the quality of service they provide. Right, and provide them all that support also for public defenders so that they can really continue to do what their hearts believe in. But really with the infrastructure, the foundation, it will help them thrive. And it will help their clients as opposed to just soak their life out of them and just hear it. So 200 felony cases a year deal with it. So do you see a difference in terms of criminal defense between federal and state criminal cases? There's a huge difference, not so much in how attorneys practice, but in the type of law. For example, in federal court, it's a national legal system. And what it has is they don't have parole, for example, in the federal system. In the state case, for example, if my client gets sentenced to 10 years at a lava or a state prison, you have a second hearing to go to, which is with the parole board, six months after sentencing, where you can ask the person to get out of jail less than the 10 years, maybe less than even half that time. So you get a second bite at the apple of trying to get a person resentenced and get back home to community. In the federal system, you don't have that luxury. If your person is, for example, is convicted of methamphetamine and it's 50 grams or more, the mandatory minimum in the states and the federal system is 10 years to life.  And you don't get good time. You don't get parole. You're gonna serve almost every day of that 10 years that you're sentenced to. So it's a far harsher system. And now with the Trump administration and the culture of being harsher on drugs, I think the situation is in your wolves. Well, it is because Jeff Sessions, the U.S. Attorney General is putting a push out, put an order out to all the U.S. attorneys throughout the nation to try and charge the most they can, don't negotiate cases and try and sentence people to ridiculous amounts of time as much as they can get. And it's just terrible because it completely brought to a halt the sentencing reform discussions that were going on in Congress and have basically come to a stop at this point. And I think it's really hard to not think about what is behind the policies that we have already in place and that's been supplemented by this new administration and not to think about the profit margin that it is to actually incarcerate people. So there is private jail system. There is a business behind that. And I think it takes a big commitment, I think as a nation, not only as constituents but also government to decide we need to do that shift so that we can actually invest in the human being so that that person can have the tools under the foundation to be able to fulfill another life legacy as opposed to being in jail for most of their lives and especially if they are real thing dads. So, could it be you to continue to believe in justice and in restorative criminal justice in the system? So when you wake up in the morning, what drives you to say, I'm gonna go and I'm gonna walk 40 hour days even though I've earned my belt and I've been doing this for 30 years, what gets you going? I just, seriously, it might sound a little corny but I honestly like to see justice done where someone is set free and they get to go home to their family. That is real, I think most criminal defense attorneys would be pleased with that and also particularly if you can go to court and get a case dismissed right off the bat. If everything is conducive to that too, right? And so I can't believe that we are so close to our end but I have one last question for you. Actually two questions very quickly. If you had a magic wand and you could change anything in the federal, under the state and in a criminal justice system in Hawaii, what would that be? And if you could share one part of wisdom or a few to perhaps a new person who's in law school who may be considering criminal defense as practice or even with people who are already in the trenches and they're like, I'm gonna switch to a patent or family law because this is just too hard. What would that be? In the federal system I would advocate for getting rid of the mandatory minimum sentence on drug cases because it is harsh. It is really harsh. I see folks that basically have an addiction but they're not criminals being going away for 10 or more years and that's wrong. So that would be in the state system. I'd like to see a lot more funding into mental health programs and in the substance abuse addiction issues to help our clients out because mental health is a huge, unfortunately the criminal justice system is also a backup for the mentally health people who don't get treatment and they wind up in jail and then through the criminal justice system get something. So I'd like to see the legislature put more money into rehabilitation programs like in mental health and also in drug substance abuse programs for sure. And then your other question was? The power of wisdom to a new law student or a attorney who's considering criminal defense a law or somebody who might be in the trenches and burned out. Well, remember that you're keeping the system honest no matter how hard it may look or how tough it may get on certain days. The criminal defense attorney is the only person in our constitution system that helps keep the police in check from overcharging, overstepping their authority and helps keep prosecutors at bay because otherwise they'd run a muck over our clients. Well, I have so much gratitude and respect for you as a professional and also as my mentor. And as my boss, I have learned so much from you in this 17 months journey, it's not easy, but I think for me who have a streak in social justice, I cannot see a better way to put into practice everything that our hearts believe in to be able to be and help facilitate the changes we wish to see in the criminal justice system one person at a time, one prosecutor at a time, one police department at a time. Well, we are out of time. I hope that you'll come back many times to continue this dialogue. Thank you so much. Thank you Beatrice. And this concludes our episode of Perspective to Global Justice in Tecabai and I see you in two weeks and we hope.


Welcome to Toffee TV. It is the Everton News Daily. Everton have signed a player today It is 37 year old Andy Lonergan who's coming as third judge goalkeeper This is ahead of Jal Virginia's move to Sporting Lisbon which looks to be a loan with a view to move Lonergan has had a very very long career with a very long list of clubs. One of those clubs being Liverpool where he played no games for them He recently played for West Brom Stoke Liverpool. Rottsdale, Middlesbrough Leeds Wolves the last club he played really any competitive game for was Fulham in 2015-16 when he played 29 times before that he played for Bolton Leeds and Preston with Lone Moose the Darlington Blackpool, Wickham and Swindon in his time making one having one cap for Ireland as well. So a lot of experience as the back-up goalkeeper obviously third judge goalkeeper behind Jordan Pickford and has me a bigger bitch as well So he's in for the rest of the season. It's due to Harry Tather having an injury as well which is going to keep him out for a considerable time as well. So Everton have decided to bring some experience in as back-up So yeah, that was revealed today at Rafa Benitez's press conference ahead of tomorrow's game for Leeds United and his signing was made ahead of the deadline as well So he'll be in the squad for that game as will Moise Keane who is available to play tomorrow Rafa Benitez was very coy about the plays who were going to be available for tomorrow's game But he did say Moise Keane would be available He basically said he was going to be the only one available for tomorrow's game who was missing last week But John Philippe Gabamon has trained this week and did say on an Instagram post that he was looking forward to tomorrow So we could have John Philippe Gabamon back tomorrow as well in contention in the squad But Rafa Benitez was very very coy in his press conference ahead of that He was asked obviously about Moise Keane and about Hamas Rodriguez's future at the club He said well until the 31st of August they are Everton players Which is a bit of a weird comment really because it sounded like... I know what he meant but it just came across really strange Almost like on the 31st they'd be leaving but I think what he meant Up until the 31st they will be and then you know whatever happens happens but I'll have to wait and see won't we next week or week Tuesday Could be very very busy in terms of that transfer deadline day But at the moment there's absolutely no no takers for the two players and Moise Keane will play tomorrow I think Hamas Rodriguez is still isolating so Obviously Tuesday we're playing Hudsfield time in the league cup and I expect Moise Keane will probably start in that game Where the Hamas Rodriguez does will be a different matter But it's gonna be interesting to see what Everton's stance is with the two players going forward Everton you know rejecting a loan deal from Paris Saint-Germain they've now brought in obviously Messi so would they come back for a loan would another come back from a loan would Everton take that now Hamas Rodriguez you know the Everton wanted in the region is £12 million for him Has that gone down would Everton be prepared to take less and just get him off the wages I'm sure he'll be hoping that and maybe a couple of clubs would be hoping that as well So we'll have to wait and see on that one In terms of being linked to the play we continue to be linked with Crier If that's I say from Latio the Latio forward has been linked again 28 year old um linked with a move between 25 and 30 million Yeah, he's trying to get it moved to Inter apparently and it looks like Everton are being used as a Alternative destination to probably get into to hurry that up. So I can't see anything in that everton need First of all need a right back probably need a midfielder and if Moise Keane was to go would need a forward but until that happens um I can't see them being in the market for 28 year old Italian second strikers at the moment. So Yeah, we'll have to wait and see we have to wait and see what happens on that one. There you go. Uh, yeah, three o'clock here for tomorrow Ellen road Um Tough tough game. Make sure you check out the match preview. Make sure you check out the start at 11 joe if you're on page And we've got an opposition match preview as well. Check that out. Don't forget to download the ultimate fan app Play that ahead of the game tomorrow I would take fantasy football meets um Ultimate team on FIFA you pick your team from a pack of cards You get better players with better packs. You pay for the better packs The link is in the description if you want to check that out. You can play for free Um, there's a chance of winning eight and a half a thousand pound for the most points over the weekend every week The points reset you keep the players you get another pack every week And you make your squad better and better and better as time goes on and as the season goes on So make sure you check that out. The link is in the description. It's well worth playing You can play for free and then there's a couple of pay Subscription packages as you go up So make sure you check that out as well the links in the description for that and our page Give this video a like. Don't forget if you haven't subscribed, please do and I'll see you later


We are discussing radiative and non-radiative relaxation pathways of semiconductor nano crystals. As we said there is a vast body of literature on this and there are differing opinions as well. So the limited scope of this course will not be able to discuss everything that I leave to the interest of few people but what we are discussing now is one single paper published in ACS nano in 2011 by Wies and her group where they had taken a very rigorous approach towards understanding these rate constants or amplitudes also obtained in time resource studies of cadmium selenide nano crystals in particular. Now what I would suggest is that one should try and see go through the papers that I have cited her paper because if you do that you will see that there have been people who have supported this approach there have been people who have opposed this approach we are talking about science that is evolving now not science that is established 100 years ago. So to be honest the jury is out but the reason why we still discuss this paper is that this is a I would say it is a little bold approach but a thorough approach never the less to try to understand the temporal parameters obtained in ultrafast studies. So we have discussed this already in the previous module what they did is they worked with 5 nanometer cadmium selenide particles they did work with a little bigger particles as well just to verify whether whatever they say is applicable for another set or not and it turned out that they were applicable this as we discussed is absorption spectrum and we have already talked about what these bands mean this is the most prominent band edge absorption that we get and the photo luminescence that we get is more or less mirror image of the band edge absorption quantum yield is only 5% and then the unique approach of this paper is that when we talked about earlier about these data fitting and all we have said that if you use a sufficient number of exponentials you can fit even an elephant. So here they have used a large number of exponential functions and as we will see they have tried to make use of all the time constants that they get make sense of all the time constant that they get. So first of all they performed an ultrafast experiment you can see the full scale here is about nanosecond and from there they obtained 3 time constants 0.73 picosecond, 4.5 picosecond and 48 picosecond and from TCSPC experiments they obtained 1.4 nanosecond, 13 nanosecond, 45 nanosecond. Point to note is that there have there has been a lot of work on semiconductor nanoprystals where people have done only TCSPC and have happily lived with these 3 time constants. But as is very obvious in this work it is not enough to do just TCSPC. One should look at ultrafast time scales as well because as you see the photo luminescence is decayed to about 10% of what it was at the beginning in a matter of a nanosecond. In 500 picosecond it goes down to maybe 20%. So there is a very very prominent ultrafast component that one cannot neglect. Of course when you look at photo luminescence perhaps it is a nanosecond components that dominate at least in the steady state spectrum. Because PL that gets over in tens and hundreds of picosecond do not contribute sufficiently. If you remember contribution to steady state intensity is ai tau i where ai is the normalized amplitude. So it is not only ai tau i also contributes. So if you have 2 tau i's one is 10 picosecond and one is 100 nanosecond that itself is a factor of 100,000 by 10, 10,000. And let us say we have a picosecond component of 90% of the decay is in 10 picosecond and well time constant is 10 picosecond. Amplitude is 0.9. What is amplitude multiplied by tau here? 0.9 into 10 picosecond. So to bring everything to picosecond. So that is 0.9 multiplied by 10, 9. And 10% 0.1 multiplied by 100 nanosecond. How much is that? 10 nanosecond that is 10,000 picosecond. So 10,000 divided by 9 is how much? Let us say 10,000 divided by 10 is 1000. So contribution of the long component will actually be 1000 times that of the ultra short component in the steady state spectrum even though its amplitude is only 10%. You can have other examples where you can tweak these numbers and see that this thing actually holds but we take this a little bit. So 3 time constants from ultrafast experiment, 3 time constants from the T6 PC experiment and then they had done a visible transient absorption as well in picosecond time scale as well as nanosecond time scale. And from there they got these time constants the only difference was 1.4 and 0.7. This was the only component that was different otherwise more or less everything was same and that is remarkable. And that is why they got encouraged to probe this further. And as you see this 0.7 picosecond component does not even show up in transient absorption using visible probe. It does have indications of showing up when the probe is NIR. I think we have discussed all this in the previous module. In NIR we see that as one goes from probe wavelength of 900nm to 1400nm decays get faster and faster and it is very clear that the long time constant decays are all tail matched. Long time decays are all tail matched. In short time the difference is there as you go to the radar side you get the decays becoming faster. And when fitted just as such this is the kind of data that we had shown you. This 4.7 becomes 2.5. But then that does not explain anything. In fact what they also try to do is they try to use things like state exponential model. But what they found is that even by using state exponential model the number of terms does not decrease. So state exponential model in this case does not teach us anything. That is why they embarked upon the analysis that we are discussing now. So another thing that was known from earlier work of Wies and coworkers as well as Klimowen coworkers is that if you look at this NIR probe transient absorption this is ascribed to bandage to higher energy state relaxation. Well higher energy to bandage relaxation or rather I can say that this absorption is from bandage to higher energy. How does one go from bandage to higher energy? One thing is that electrons can go higher up. I mean electrons might have gone higher up or might go higher up when you excite by the probe or the hole can keep going down or both can happen. So what is it actually? To understand that one thing that is known is that this higher energy side is dominated by electrons lower energy side is dominated by holes. That was established in the papers that I have shown. So this seems to be mostly a hole contribution because it goes up there. So what they did was they had done a global analysis but not really global analysis because they have fixed the lifetimes. They fixed the lifetimes because they already see a very good match between PL and transient absorption data for 5 of the time constants. And this 0.7 because second time constant was also well resolved. That is why they fixed it but this is one step that can be questioned. So did this global analysis and this is what they got. All this time constants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and then they worked with the amplitudes. They plotted the amplitudes and you get this kind of a plot. So look at which one is C1 out of this. You can see the color I hope. C1 means the amplitude associated with tau 1. This is also called A1 in later discussion. So which one is C1 out of this? This one right. And see what happens to C1? It is not there is 0 and then it goes up in the NIR range and goes to saturation. Why does that happen? Because this 0.73 is associated with ultrafast hole relaxation. Remember as you go higher energy to lower energy side in the NIR domain, NIR probe domain you get signal that is more and more predominated by holes. What all things can happen? So as you go from higher energy to lower energy side it is dominated by holes right. What all things can happen? First of all it is important to have this very clear because we will need it in the subsequent discussion. So you have an electron and you have a hole. You have created an exciton. Now first of all they can recombine right and go back to the ground state. And that recombination is the only process that contributes to emission of light. You can perhaps have non-radiative recombinations also. But when an electron hole recombines that is the only time when you get light out of the system. That is is that clear? Other things can also happen. You can have the electron going up the energy ladder. You can have the hole going down which also the hole going down means essentially increase in energy right. That can happen independent of each other. The electron can go up higher in energy irrespective of the hole right or let us put this I think we will all understand. Electron can be say trapped or hole can be trapped independent of the other carrier yeah. So these are the different things that can happen. In trapping process electron and hole one of these are one of these is usually affected. But in recombination both are involved and that is the process that is that gives you light. Remember this will come back to this okay. So this 0.3 picosecond component is ascribed to ultrafast hole relaxation. And we will see by the time we have done what that means. You understand what hole relaxation means. It essentially means that initially the hole is in one of these lower levels it floats up to the highest level in conduction in valence band. That is hole relaxation. Electron relaxation means electron is in a higher energy level it sinks to the lowest band lowest energy level in the conduction band. That is electron relaxation this is hole relaxation. So this 0.3 picosecond is associated with ultrafast hole relaxation. Why because in NIR in the lower energy side this 0.7 picosecond is observed to a greater extent. And the lower energy side as shown is dominated by hole relaxation. Then another important thing to remember and we said it earlier is that each component is really 1 by kr plus knr. Every tau every time constant is equal to 1 by kr plus knr. There can be a situation where for a particular component kr is much much larger than knr. So you can neglect knr. We can have cases and we will have a case at least where knr is so much larger that you can neglect kr. But those are special cases. The general case is that every component every tau is 1 by kr plus knr. This holds for everything not just nanoparticles. And this is something that somehow we have already talked about this knr can be associated with electron trapping, hole trapping, auxiliary combination right. And kr can be associated with radiative electron hole recombination. So but then how to make any sense of this. Now we start discussion of this rather rigorous and sometimes and possibly questionable treatment of the amplitudes that this group had done. And I want to tell you by the time we had done what you think of this analysis. And when I say I want you to tell me what you think of this analysis I do not mean I want you to tell me what I think of this analysis. You should feel free to say that this analysis is rubbish if you feel so. Right. So this is what they did. First of all they define well there is not much to define here it is quite straight forward. The fraction of the total normalized amplitude of a given component that is accounted for by electron decay they defined to be eta ne equal to chi ne by chi ne plus chi nh where the chi's are the fraction of total population of electron and hole respectively in bandages that decay via cn. It is important to understand this statement. You understand what they are trying to say. What does n denote of cn what is n? What is c? Normalize coefficient amplitude okay. And it has also been used as a okay that might be a little misleading. What is n? What does n tell you? Which component you are working with? So the 0.73 picosecond component is n equal to 1 component. 4.5 picosecond component for that n equal to 2. 48 picosecond n equal to 3 and so on and so forth okay. So this subscript of the tau's that are given at the top the subscripts are the n. Now understand what they are saying. chi ne and chi nh are the fractions of total population of electrons and holes. E for electron H for hole in the bandages. So in this study we complete neglect things that are not in the bandage for now at least in the initial definition that decay via n right. You have say avocado number of electron avocado number of hole right. Different electron hole pairs will do different things right. We can only work with statistics. We can only work with fractions that decay by this component or that that is all they are saying. And eta ne is given by chi ne divided by chi ne plus chi ny that is very straightforward. And of course then the fraction attributed to hole decay would be 1- eta ne. The 2 eta's have to add up to 1 okay. What is eta? It is the fraction of the total normalized amplitude that is accounted for by electron or hole depending on what subscript you are using. Are we clear? Then they started trying to simplify this problem. What happens for so one more parameter is there which we have not really talked about here and that is wavelength. They are doing transient absorption all right. So different wavelengths are there. So is there can you think of a wavelength where there is no contribution from either electron or hole. If you can do that then the problem becomes a little simpler. Can you think of a wavelength from what we have seen already? Probe wavelength where the hole does not contribute. I will make things easy yeah. Higher energy side of course. Actually let us remind ourselves where do we see the hole dynamics very prominently in NIR right. So if we just go to that visible transient absorption there we will reach a situation where hole dynamics is not even there. So what they have done is they have taken this position of absorption maximum right or transient absorption minimum 572 nanometer. That position they said there is no contribution from holes okay. So a and v is equal to chi ne that is the starting point. They have defined this wavelength to be lambda v's okay. Of course there is many other lambda v's why 572 even 500 is lambda v's. But here they are defined is you can treat it as a proper name not as a generic name. They are defining 570 nanometer to be lambda v's okay. So a and v's is equal to chi ne. So what they are saying is chi h chi n h equal to 0. For which n? For which n? For all n? All n 1 2 3 4 5 6. For all the n's for probe wavelength 572 nanometer which is given the name lambda v's there is no contribution of the hole. That is what they are saying. And what is the basis of saying that the hole dynamics is seen in this NIR okay. Then what they do is in fact you can now take this and any other wavelength where you know what is the contribution of electron what is the contribution of hole. So just to keep the calculation simple they have looked for a wavelength where there is 50-50 contribution from electron and hole. How does one find it? That is what we will learn now okay. But perhaps it is better if you take a break and discuss this in the next module from here onwards.


All right, Vivek, Vivek, oh Vivek, Vivek, Vivek. So Vivek was on all the talk shows of course this weekend. He had lots of opportunities to make a fool of himself. And basically he was asked on one of the talk shows, he was asked what he would have done if he had been Mike Pence on January 6th. And this was a great opportunity for him to solidify his mega credentials, to solidify his support for Donald Trump. I, you know, in the hope I guess that Donald Trump is not gonna be the nominee in that he fills in his shoes. This is to quote Vivek, I would have done it very differently, I think there was a historic opportunity that he missed to reunite this country in that window, really reunite the country. What I would have said is, quote, this is a moment for true national consensus, unquote, where there's two elements of what's required for functioning democracy in America. One is secure election, and the second is peaceful transfer of power. When those things come into conflict, that's an opportunity for heroism. Yeah, which Mike Pence I think exhibited. Here's what I would have said. We need a single day voting on election day. We need paper ballots and we need govern issued ideas matching the voter file. And if we achieve that, then we achieve victory and we should not have any further complaints about election integrity. I mean, really? This is your answer? He also talked about the fact that the election was stolen by big tech and the Democrats, basically. He went on in that same line of thought. And this is the thing about Vivek. He doesn't believe a word of that. So this is Vivek, not that long ago, in his book, writing about January 6th, same Vivek. Throughout the entire book, he marks January 6th.  And he talks about the United States, including those protesters in January 6th, becoming a nation of victims. He writes, quote, the Republican Party seems to be moving towards the position that all races, it wins a legitimate and any it loses was stolen. It's just the preferred conservative brand of victimhood. A need your kind of sore losing, more common of playgrounds than great republics. This is Vivek.  He is Vivek on Donald Trump, not that long ago. Again, not right now, would never say this right now, but not that long ago. Quote, but while Donald Trump promised to lead the nation to recommit itself to the pursuit of greatness, what he delivered in the end was just another tale of grievance, a persecution complex that swallowed much of the Republican Party whole. He wrote that, that's Vivek. So, yeah, he's changed his mind. I mean, people are allowed to change their mind, but isn't it convenient the way he's changed his mind?  And then on the Jacksonville shooting, on the Jacksonville shooting, he says the reality is we've created such a racialized culture in this country in the last several years that right as the last few burning embers of racism were burning out, we have a culture in this country largely created by media and establishment in universities and politicians that throw kerosene on that racism. I've been saying that for years, I think that is a driving, driving sadly, a new wave of anti-black and anti-spite racism in this country. So, I mean, that's all in a sense true. I agree with it.  It's true that this is ultimately the cause. Racism begets racism. There's no question about that. So, he mixes just, he mixes stuff that's true and often good with just BS, BS.  Liars know that there's truth and they're trying to deceive you, but they know that there's a truth and there's a lie and they're lying. And they realize that. And that's why they often feel a little bad about it. Maybe they feel guilty about it and maybe they feel like they have to protect themselves, backtrack about it or whatever. Like Bill Clinton was a liar through and through.  And what that means is, and this is Trump's contribution to the American political debate. Maybe truth exists out there, but they don't care.  Not caring about reality. And therefore you say whatever. And yeah, it's a lie, but it doesn't matter. It holds no difference than anything else you say. It's not, it doesn't hold this versus reality because reality, who cares? It doesn't matter. Pure, true pragmatism. Where reality doesn't matter, isn't significant. What matters is what I say, achieve what I want it to achieve. And Trump mastered this, and Vivek I think is following in his footsteps. What he really thinks doesn't matter. What is true doesn't matter. All that matters is what I'll get him elected maybe, what will appeal to the make America great again crowd, what I'll get him the most visibility. I don't know, I don't know what drives Vivek. It's hard to tell what drives Vivek.


First-order logic also known as first-order predicate calculus and predicate logic is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects and allows the use of sentences that contain variables, so that rather than propositions such as Socrates is a man one can have expressions in the form there exists X such that X is Socrates and X is a man and there exists as a quantifier while X is a variable. This distinguishes it from propositional logic, which does not use quantifiers or relations. The theory about a topic is usually a first-order logic together with a specified domain of discourse over which the quantified variables range, finitely many functions from that domain to itself, finitely many predicates define on that domain, and a set of axioms believed to hold for those things. Sometimes theory is understood in a more formal sense, which is just a set of sentences in first-order logic. The adjective first-order distinguishes first-order logic from higher-order logic in which there are predicates having predicates or functions as arguments, or in which one or both of predicate quantifiers or function quantifiers are permitted. In first-order theories, predicates are often associated with sets. In interpreted higher-order theories, predicates may be interpreted as sets of sets. There are many deductive systems for first-order logic which are both sound-all-provable statements are true in all models and complete all statements which are true in all models are provable. Although the logical consequence relation is only semi-decitable, much progress has been made in automated theorem proving in first-order logic. First-order logic also satisfies several methodological theorems that make it amenable to analysis and proof theory, such as the Laoh and Homs-Golem theorem and the Compactness theorem. First-order logic is the standard for the formalization of mathematics into axioms and is studied in the foundations of mathematics. Peno-Harrif-Mettichanser-Mello-Friegel set theory are axiomatizations of number theory and set theory, respectively, into first-order logic. No first-order theory, however, has the strength to uniquely describe a structure with an infinite domain, such as the natural numbers or the real line. Axiom systems that do fully describe these two structures that is, categorical axiom systems can be obtained in stronger logic such as second-order logic. The foundations of first-order logic were developed independently by Gottelab Fridge and Charles Sanders Pierce. For a history of first-order logic and how it came to dominate formal logic, see Jose Ferreros 2001.