Hello, everyone. My name is Charu Lee. Thank you for joining my presentation. Today I will share my experience about rebuilding security critical program binary in Linux with compile time hardening options like safe stack and CFI. Introduction. Why compile time hardening is important. Think about zero day. When program developed, some vulnerability introduced. The problem is that until the security patch, some security hole period happened. Security hole starts from exploit released in the wild and in the end patch deployment completed. The problem is that many attackers knows the vulnerability and they make exploit code. And they use this exploit code to corrupt some new system. If set attackers, nobody knows the vulnerability. So this means in that period, the program remains under attack. And how we can protect a program having exploit the compile time hardening provide protection mechanism. So by compile time hardening, the binary have some security technique inside, so reducing some attack possibility and actually remove attack point. In the end, we can raise the bar for attackers. In this chapter, I explain why I choose safe stack and CFI compiler hardening option. First, we have to understand what is control flow hijacking. Left picture. You can see the control flow hijacking flow chart. For helping understand, I prepared some memory map. For control flow hijacking at first, the color data pointer. Data pointer is BOF buffer with size 10. If we want to corrupt this data pointer, BOF buffer, we input oversize like 15. And next step is modify code pointer. In this slide, code pointer is return address. So we modify return address to some address of a shell code. This is step two and three. And for executing injected shell code, we use return instruction. At the end of function, return instruction is called. So if we override return address by shell code address, we can jump to address which store a shell code. Of course, shell code is in a executable memory area. Finally, we change the original flow of the program. In this page, you can see the some protection mechanism against control flow hijacking attack. There are many, many research and techniques, but we only choose mechanism, fully implemented as part of GCC or CRAM. First is memory safety for preventing corrupt data pointer. The address is used for memory safety testing, modify option, modify code, more secure, or we can develop some system programming by memory type safe language like Rust. Second, for preventing modifying code pointer, check stack check code pointer integrity, specifically in the back of the edge, like function return. Third, for making hard to search or address of gadget or shell code, which can be used to attack or we can use randomization, ASLR or SAP LANDO. SAP LANDO is not fully implemented in GCC or CRAM, but check stack tool, check the SAP LANDO, so we include it. And fourth, for preventing using some pointer, like return pointer or indirect call pointer, the bad guys or attackers using this point, bad purpose, called control flow integrity technique is needed. The backward edge stack gallery is widely used, but control flow integrity, specifically in indirect call, is not popularly to use for hardening. Finally, for preventing executing abnormal code, we can set memory property to non-executable by NX-BIT or VELO options. This is the default compiler hardening option in Debian package. For memory safety, Spotify is enabled. For randomization, ASLR is enabled. And for control flow integrity, stack analysis is enabled. And for non-executable data, NX-BIT, VELO option is enabled. So, what is the problem? By this default Debian hardening option, we can only stop this path. This, this, and this, and this. We cannot stop this path, modify your code pointer and use point by indirect call and jump. So, Debian default option is not enough to prevent control flow hijacking. For raising the bar for attacker and reducing possibility of attack success, we add more, more hardening option at this point, this point, and this point. Save stack option make awesome bar at this point for preventing modifying a code pointer and save by make a bar for preventing some indirect call violation. There is one question. Where is the bar at this point? Making harder for preventing, executing available gadget or function. This is very, very difficult problem. So, purely practical solution is not yet implemented in GCC or CRAM. Let's talk about what is safe stack and control flow integrity. This is important to understand how build error and testing error arise. So, we first understand a safe stack and control flow integrity. Safe stack is part of code pointer integrity project. So, theoretically, GPI is stop all control flow hijacking attacks, but overhead is very, very high and not implemented in GCC and CRAM. Safe stack is only to stop backward edge, but overhead is almost none and only implemented in CRAM. Let's see the concept of LFM safe stack. Safe stack divides memory stack into two. Unsafe stack and safe stack. Safe stack object is stored on unsafe stack and other object like RIP, IEP, functional argument, or a safe object is stored on safe stack. Let's think if there are buffer which can be overplowed like this. The buffer is decide unsafe object and stored on unsafe stack. Two stack, unsafe stack and safe stack is separated. So, unsafe object server flow doesn't impact safe objects like return address. And then reduce the ability of attacker to redirect program execution to an attacker controlled destination. The full control program is constructed in link time optimization. A perfect control program is undecidable problem so we can get approximately CFG. If program go abnormal flow, CFI impulsements mechanism detects a violation according to the generated CFG. CFI is fine grained CFI. Intel CTIBT technique is also coarse grained CFI but precision is low so fine grained CFI is better and precision is better. LVH CFI is used type-based control flow integrity. This is concept of LVH CFI. LVH CFI make CFI jump table like this. In this source code there are function but, but, but, but. When link time optimization for making CFI jump table, functions are founded with same function type. This is function pointer have type void to void. And CFI have to find void and void type function type. But, but, but have to excluded because both are not assigned in the program context. But, but and but is assigned in the program context. So more precisely function pointer analysis performed this work. By this function pointer analysis removed the but's choice. So in the end, final CFI jump table have but, but functions. Now we only check whether a function pointer is between but and but functions. If buzz function is assigned in the context and buzz function is defined in dynamic library. How can we deal with this situation and what if it does program link dynamic library. LVH CFI support to protect indirect core across dynamic shared object boundaries. But this option is experiment but work well. But honestly many build errors are non-symbol problem. Target packages. Practically, rebuilding all packages is impossible in Debian 10.9 1363 packages installed. So there are so many packages. So we set higher priority in a aspect of security. In Debian community provide some guideline higher priority audit guideline. So there are four categories. The first one is CIG binary which is installed send UI or CIG and anything which provides a service over a network and any remotely accessible CIG PHP script. Anything which contains a cronjab or other automated script which runs with root privileges. But we defined higher priority because we focus only focus executable binary. So this is our redefined higher priority. Any binary which is installed send UI or CIG and anything which provides a service not only over a network. So for send UI and CIG we found 29 binaries 28 packages. And for service we found 123 binaries and 36 packages. And let's rebuilding with hardening option. Generally Debian package building process have three part. One is this part, the package source. This command get we can get by this command we can get source code. And second is MK build depth by this command we installed dependence packages. This difficult build package command actually building Debian packages. For enabling compiler option. And we can append like this. The package build package is option. Depth, she flags up and and CXX flags up and and LD flags up and the first two one is safe stack build a safe stack compiler option. And at the last, last one is CFI compiler hardening option. Our first target is a system the package. As you already know that system these very, very important. And they have PID one. Now I'm talk about how we build a system D and solve the build error and testing error problem. The first problem we meet is link time error. During the link time CFI related function can't found. This CFI slow pass undefined the reference. So this is this error is alright by no undefined the defined option. This is Mason default option system D use Mason deep build system. So when building shared library undefined symbol will be shown as link error. For this for solving this error, we append on reserve the symbol option link. This is link linker option. And we can disable no undefined options. So we solved this problem. But there are another problem testing error. After solving build error we encountered so many testing failure error. If we do not pass this testing we do not get Debian package files. There are many 52 fail and that commonly related to CFI violation. For example, the testing of system D TMP files is cute like this command and this output STD error, but this is Python script error. The actual error is illegal instruction error. This illegal instruction error is realized by CFI violation. If the CFI check fail, the UD2 instruction is cute. On the right side, you can see where violation arise. In this case, base bucket hash is the location function. In the base bucket hash function, hash is called the hash is function pointer. At this point hash refers to string hash function. The string hash function is the target function. At this time, CFI check whether the string hash is in the CFI jump table like this. hash has hash function type hash have hash function type hash function t type hash function t type have some function type get two argument void structure and return void type. But string hash function have function type character and structure argument and return void. So, this is time mismatching. This is CFI violation. Also, string hash function is not in CFI jump table. Let's think about this is really wrong. This is general interface design in C program language. This callback architecture is broadly used in C programming. But in aspect of security, void type argument is not recommended. The table shows the headers related to CFI violation. Many callback functions are in the header. Most of the CFI violation arise in the header hash function h. There are 46 violation. These are all related to CFI violation. And there are many, many callback function like string hash function. And last, this is testing error with save stack. And 74 fail happened. Like CFI case, no pass, no depth. This is this error of segment fold. This error arise in RD land function. Simply said, this assembly code is very, very old. Follow me. RD land save random value to register RAX. And set B instruction save the result of RD land fail or success to some address saved in register RAX. This is a strange point, RAX used as address, but RAX is random value. So segment fold arise. This RAX register must be replaced to another register. Why this happened? This is because of instrumented code by save stack. In some reason, when compiling through save stack instrument pass, register replacement problem remain unsolved. Actually, this is save stack problem, not a system problem. And how can we fix CFI violation? Simply, we modify time mismatch part, character time to void. But this is not a good solution because the source code have to be modified. Or we have another option, we can change callback architecture, but it also have many cost issues. So we handle this problem by using LFVM sanitizer special case list. This is blank list, which have function and source code name. The function and source code written on blank list doesn't be checked by sanitizer like save stack or CFI. Right side is syntax of sanitizer blank list, a function name or source code name. Right side is sanitizer blank list for system D. Finally, a panned blank list option like this, we can pass the all test case, which is failed by CFI and save stack.  Additionally, and we checked whether the binary is really compiled with CFI save stack compile option. The tool is, it's a bash script to check the security properties of executables. Many attackers or security support use these tools. And you can see the check set result. C length CFI and save stack is implemented in the binaries. And now we rebuild packages in virtual environment. And each package have each one virtual rebuilding environment like this. APT, bash, color D, call utils. After building package comparatively, we snap shut the virtual machine, especially D bus package have dependency on system D library. So we have to rebuilding process after building system D and after installed hardened system D library. We building, rebuilding D bus library, D bus packages. This table showed the result of our result. And we identify 123 services. Each services have a binary. And each binary is included in some packages. We rebuild each packages and reach almost 87% and 86%. And another option 90, almost 100%. But that is not a 100% result. There are many reasons failed to rebuilding with the CFI and save stack. The reason explained later. This is a senuide set GI the result. And there are 20 29 senuide set GI the binaries. And we reach it almost 90 93%. And in CFI, save stack, another options are reached almost 96%. Last chapter. We have been get many, many experience from rebuilding lots of packages. If you try to hardening this package, you may meet the following problem I already made. First is GCC dependence problem. Some packages that default CC is GCC. So we have to modify default CC to C-Lang. And another problem is build error by C-Lang. Some features are not compatible with C-Lang. As you can see the Debian Wiki, this Wiki, Debian community continuously revealed testing with C-Lang. And there are many types of errors actually to solve the problem. In some case need to modify source code. That is so hard to modify source code. So this is hard to do. Another issue is testing error. In the back system case, if there are callback function and indirect call, CFI violation arise. Yes, this can be solved by Sanitizer blacklist. But we have to choose. We use blacklist or we modify source code. Blacklist is another security hole. So we have to decide. And another problem is not all packages have test case and test suite. System have a lot of test suite and we can find many errors before install and execution. But if there are not test suite, after install packages error may occur during execution. So these errors, these issues, just dependency issue and testing error issue, you may encounter during rebuilding packages with CFI and safe stack. Conclusion. Most packages can be revealed with safe stack and CFI. But that is not perfectly rebuilding error. But it was a try. And for more secure Linux system and raising the bar for attacker and reduce some possibility of attack success, you have to try an error. Thank you.


So I guess by now you are quite aware of this big plastic waste problem. But all of this isn't really waste. With some love and care, the right machines and with the right techniques, you will see that it's a precious material. This new precious material can be turned into big colorful sheets to make stuff with, a brick to construct walls, small functional objects, or fancy furniture. We the precious plastic community develop tools and machines to recycle plastic. And we've been doing that for six years, open source for free. And now it's time to take it to the next level. And we all need to work together fighting this massive problem. But how do we start? First we need you to collect, clean and remove the label of your own plastic waste. And then bring it to a local precious plastic collection point. If you don't have a collection point or recycling community in your area, you can start your own recycling business and grow the community. Starting a business might seem scary, so we created starter kits.  We created different packages for different workspaces. You can, for example, start a sheet press workspace, or shred plastic into small flakes in a shredder workspace, or build machines and sell them to others. And they all work together on a local scale and are globally connected sharing knowledge. We call this the precious plastic universe. So if you're an entrepreneur, you can start your own business. And if you're not into business, share it around with your neighborhood. Some of them might want to start a local recycled network. Visit preciousplastic.com for more information.


So, I think the issue that the local people in the Delta region of Tamil Nadu are justified in being anxious and upset about the hydrocarbon extraction proposals in the Delta region. The reason why their anxiety is justified is because of the past track record of ONGC and other players who have been operating hydrocarbon extraction wells and pipelines and facilities for effluent treatment and refinery etc. The overall experience has been that this has been done with absolutely no regard for the environment and has been done to the detriment of the environment. The fact that ONGC does not have any regard for law or for the environment is evident from the fact that all its operations in the Delta as of 2018 we had conducted a six month long RTI campaign to get information about licenses that have been obtained or not obtained by ONGC for its oil installations in the Delta. And we applied through RTI and looked at public sources with the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. We find that the Pollution Control Board has records of 219 hydrocarbon wells in all the districts of the Delta and out of which Pollution Control Board believes that 71 are in operation. Out of the 71 only eight have been issued a license at some point. Those licenses have long since expired which means that as on the date that they gave us the information 71 out of 71 wells had no license and 219 wells have no license. On the other hand the ONGC claims that it is not 71 wells they are operating they are operating 183 wells. So they are operating wells that the Pollution Control Board is not even aware of and if they are not aware of it then they cannot give a license which means all of ONGC's wells in the Delta region were operating without a license. That might just be a technical issue but there is also very strong material consequences of that kind of irresponsible operation. There have been numerous leaks of oil that is oil spills there have been explosions and fire there have been illegal wells that have been dug and so as a result of this I mean if you look at just between 2011 and 2018 we have recorded at least seven major dangerous incidents roughly one a year. So if you look at the year 2017 which is particularly problematic in June they had oil leak a major oil leak in Kadiramangalam then they had an oil leak in Matri Mangalam then they had another fire in Pudukote. So about four incidents just in that one year. Similarly in 2012 there was another incident in a place called Aane Mangalam and there was again a massive oil spill and the spill contaminated farmland. The Central Pollution Control Board came and visited and said that it looks like the ONGC does not have a disaster management plan. So this is not some villagers saying it it is a country's topmost scientific body which is a Central Pollution Control Board that has said that the ONGC does not have a credible disaster management plan. So for ONGC to first of all tell people that it is running a clean operation is a lie in the face of the facts. ONGC claims to have dug about 700 wells and when you dig a well there are very high possibilities that your well will contaminate the groundwater surrounding groundwater with toxins that come out of the oil well. There is no clear indication of what is the extent of damage. We hear of stories from Tiruvaroor, from Nannilam, from Vepangudi, from different parts of from Meme Matur. We hear from different parts of the Delta region that water has turned black, that there is rotten egg smell, that there are blackish floating things inside the water. The water table has gone down and the water quality has changed. Another problem that people have been talking about is the constant flare. So the excess gas that they are not able to pipe to somewhere else, they set it on fire by using flare towers. So those those flares are burning 24, 7, 365 days a year and that of course causes tremendous air pollution in the local region. But local people are also saying that in places where there are clusters of these kinds of flares the monsoon rains don't. So there is a small little dry zone just in the area where the flares are and they say that it doesn't rain in those areas. Another problem they talked about is there are no insects and insects are very important for pollination.  So you have throughout the day the fires are burning. So there is a range of impacts but then in order to identify what is the extent and the nature of impacts you need an honest agency to be able to do a credible study. But honesty is in short supply both with both with ONGC and with TNPCB.


Hi everyone and welcome back to another episode of our Road to Ranked Roulette series, my name is Leigh also known as Osiris and today we're going to be finishing up sadly with this team that we kicked off with at the start of the week kindly nominated by your good cells from your nominations and remember the nominations for next week are now up on our community page. Get over to that post I guess and make sure you get your nominations in because it will be the last week of the Road to Ranked Roulette series before we move into more serious content after that so it's going to be very exciting hopefully moving into the new 2020 season rules pending they get released this weekend and of course this weekend is World Championships it will be starting today so very exciting for the the whole of the community and I wish everyone watching a great event I wish everyone over there just an even better event I hope you all have a really nice time over in Washington DC last time I was there it's a really nice one for myself I'm sad that I couldn't be there this year but I got seventh in the world that year so that was pretty nice but haven't been able to replicate it since but you know 2020 is the season to be jolly that's what I've heard anyway we'll be trying anyway next season obviously I won't be able to commit to as many events as I would like to in a really competitive season but I will be going out all guns blazing to the events I can and I'm really looking forward to it already so we've got a lot of dates of course and I'm just rabbiting on so anyway getting back to this series this is the team this has been the best team so far we've had on the road to running through let series it's been amazing I haven't activated any buttons I'm not going to start activating buttons today we're seven two at the moment with the team let's see how we can finish up today it would be amazing to go nine two I'm not holding my breath because we peg our hopes on these results and it doesn't quite happen sometimes so we're just going to go into the games and see what happens and just have some fun with the team and give it a really good send off hopefully and I hope you all have enjoyed this week on the channel it's been really good and I'm really looking forward to end up with something really fun next week so make sure like I say get over there nominate those Pokemon and we'll have a really great last week and this is the bar remember we've set the bar now we've got to do better than this next week it's going to be hard but without further ado let's get into it today music is on we're looking good and as always if you enjoy this sort of content my friends please remember to drop a like on the video do subscribe to the channel for more pokemon content which I can guarantee you there will be a boatload of in the future we're sitting on a rating of 1512 which you can see right here which because we had a little bit of a loss yesterday we'll go with max in arch we never have this track so change it up a bit and do leave your comments down below let me know what your favorite match has been from this week our favorite moment from a match this week I've got some gems I think Porygon Z has been incredible every time every grad on we faced I think it's knocked out so big props to Porygon Z the salamence has performed well and I know Johnny has said that we can take the reins off it but I thought now we're not going to change it we're going to keep it as it was it was stated at the start we're going to go all the way with it and see what we can do but we got one as our first point of the day so let's hop over into team preview and see what we're going up against have we played one I just I see an Umbrian and I'm like have we played him but probably not but we might have done such maybe a rematch but we've got salamence Tapulele Duskmen across my the Umbrian Kangaskorn and the Groudon so we've got the jewel mega on the team between the salamence and the mega and it's probably depending on what my opponent faces obviously and then you've got the Tapulele that supports that Dawnwing's Duskmen across my sorry and the Ultra and across my when it does ultra burst the Umbrian there nice snarl support user sometimes has snatch I'm sure I was worried about that the last time we played it and then the Primal Groudon to make up the restricted core between that and Ultra and Duskmen across my so what are we gonna do here what are we gonna do I think salamence is pretty good again we have to be a bit careful about the Tapulele they don't have a lot to they do have they've got ways to hit the shinninger so maybe shinninger is not the way for us here mercurial is just generally good again isn't it because mercurial just causes all sorts of havoc have to watch out for that tapulele but I think covering it with the sogaleo is not a bad idea we can get a tailwind up 100% so we've got a Groudon we'll bring Porygon Z for sure and I think salamence might be a nice pick as our last one we could go Zekrom but salamence feels like it's probably a little bit better so good luck to one and hopefully we can pull out a victory to kick us off today I'm feeling good about it it's so nice actually coming into this series and we're sitting down to record again you think the pressure's on we're doing well this week let's not mess it up and I haven't had that for a long time it's always like oh man it's been going so bad this week please give us a victory give us a break but no it's been it's been amazing this week's been great so I can't complain at all and we're going to see the tapulele and the dusk me and the cross mark come out so we can guarantee our tailwind up for sure it might mean sacrificing our little Mercro um do we stay in the Sougaleo that's the problem um hmm if we lose Sougaleo what have we got to deal with the I mean the Ultranocrosm is not too bad if we get targeted down in a Sougaleo slot then it means Mercro is not really taking any damage so it's not the worst thing in the world I go for a sensual strike we haven't got protect on Sougaleo so um it's just one of those things we can't protect this turn it would be nice to I think here we go and we should survive just uh an earth power so I think to get rid of the Sougaleo you really have to kind of commit and double into that slot to get rid of it there's a little Mercro going for his tailwind here and we're going to see Mooblast so Sougaleo save this turn um at least we should take this oh just about three HP Mercro is the tank of all tanks earth power coming out we should survive this just out of very range we'll be able to get rid of that Lele and we're in a nice position this next turn where we can go for the foul place and she'll strike into that Ultranocrosm or we can double into whatever comes in if it is the Groudon though it makes me a little bit annoyed because I'm like we need Horygan Z out we need PZ on the field right now to uh to deal with it um and with that in mind it might be better to just double into the Ultranocrosm maybe although if you bring in if you do bring in the Groudon you've got to think yeah we'll probably better off I mean I'm quite happy at this point losing both I think the one thing that gives Salamence a like a big headache is the the Tapulele um and maybe an earthquake and a foul play into the Ultranocrosm and we'll do the job the problem is always going to be if the Ultranocrosm protects in the Groudon just goes for a precipice blade um but then Mercro comes out it's got three doesn't it so swings and roundabouts let's go for that earthquake we'll get damage onto the Groudon the Crosmer as well and maybe an earthquake plus foul play is enough to get it I don't know you've got to think like it does have no no protect coming out so let's see what the damage is like doesn't affect Mercro because we are a little flying type I mean the damage isn't great is it it's not too bad foul play let's see come on Mercro let's pick up the knockout if we can yes the bird the bird is back the bird is so good I literally love Mercro it's one of my favorite Pokemon I think I like of all time after this series it's so cool just a badass it's got like a hat on it's a bird with a hat come on we'll get better than that so we lose so go go out but it does open the door for ah easy to come in and here we go the madman himself salamence ooh tasty tasty tasty right we go for the z move into I think we'll be fine we need to like I just worry about the Groudon protecting here that's what I worry about this is the last turn the tailwind um I don't really want to lose Mercro because we do get our tailwind I mean one one thing we could potentially do is just foul play the salamence uh it potentially goes for let's go for the z move into the Groudon I mean let's go for the turkey I just worry about the Groudon protecting here so salamence gonna mega evolve okay here we go come on let's have a triple triple peasy yes come on peasy like the shout the call for worlds and I'm saying it now if you if you're worried about Groudon going into worlds it's a morn of world championships if you need anything there's no more better evidence than this week on the channel every time this little peasy has come up against the Groudon it's kicked its butt it's like literally literally not even giving it a chance to get an attack off it's fine it's like it's gone it's done Mercro coming out get that nice foul play let's see hyper voice makes sense but um it's all right because we've got Portagon Z and we've got salamence in the back Mercro man putting in the work such a beast we've got our own salamence in now we've got giga impact we've got tailwind we've got ice beam as well we can just double into the the opposing men's um just yeah we'll go giga impact giga impact oh did we go hyper beam we've not really had much we've got both double hyper beam out on the field let's go I'm not gonna click hyper beam with Portagon Z we've got a bit more ice beam a bit more reliable but we're gonna see the full fit so we do pull out a victory for our first one today I'm happy now I'm happy eight two we are this week eight two can we finish nine two that is gonna be the big question it's uh it's been I can't believe it I can't believe it I'm saying it I really can't um it's been really good so yeah I'm just gonna we're just gonna go into the next one not gonna get too excited about it all I'm I'm like literally I'm like screaming inside with excitement I'm like literally I love this series so much you know there is I think the thing is with it let's go alternate cross my version two we're sitting on a rate in 1532 those dizzy heights we've never hit before um yeah I think because so many weeks it's such a struggle so when we have a week like this and I kind of knew that we'd get a team eventually that would really click and it would work and we'd have a really smooth run but I think because of how grindy it was in some of those earlier weeks and previous weeks where we're just getting absolutely bopped every game and then you come across this gem of a week and it just makes it and I think that's what it does it just makes it even better than it would be normally like normally if we're in a competitive series and we're playing a serious team we're playing like this we're getting these kind of results it's fine it's normal and we're not really making anything of it but when you're struggling so much all of the time and then you come across like a little streak like this you feel on top of the world and you feel like yeah ash catch him eat your heart out this is the this is a real anime where it is here we go it's going to take a little bit longer to find our next opponent but I'm going to cut it right here and we'll be right just like that you're gonna do that to us come on so rude rude okay so we've got an ex-opponent let's hop straight into team preview okay so we've got a bit of psychic spam coming from the opponent and this next team we've got stack attacker tapu lele and mandibus a groudon incinero and a mutu so we're probably looking at mega mutu x with the tapu lele there scoff tapu lele I would imagine um stack attacker gonna give the team some tail rare trick room support for that groudon and a trick room kind of counter as well the mandibus offers tailwind support you gotta imagine it's probably psychic seed on this team although you can't count on that it would make a lot of sense though um with that tailwind support there and then the incinero there with this fake out support which does conflict a little bit with the psychic terrain if that does come out but again mercro does have to be a bit careful around the stack attacker of course but other than that I think it can do its role we'll definitely get a tailwind off and we've got nice taunt options here to shut some setup down um so we'll go mercro do we go so go leo again I feel like I want to just go the same for again you know to be honest and bring the the ments in the back but maybe not the ments maybe no we do need the ments for the groudon just in case things go a little bit pear shaped um uh it's just zekrom might be better I'm gonna actually throw zekrom in in the last slot just because it gives us a better answer against the mandibus we've got earth power as well for the stack attacker for the groudon for the incinero so it kind of it can do a decent job it's just that flying type bonus that salamence gives us that we'll be missing a little bit we just gotta make sure that poigonsi deals with this groudon like we know it can yeah okay so we're gonna lead off again with our mercro and so go leo I'm gonna say stacks come out with tabulele perfect um now what would we do here do we want to go for a tailwind do we want to go for a torn do we want to go for a superpower into the stack attacker now we could go superpower into stack attacker I worry about the stack attacker being sash though that would be my my only worry I think um I do want a tailwind for sure uh so we'll go for that we'll go for a superpower because it's more likely the stack attacker in my opinion to have the shukaberry than the chocoberry um and the only other issue would be the sash but we're gonna go for it no no no no why didn't they consider ally switch we've done that thing what we always love to do to our opponents look at that damage pathetic okay oh it's just going for the rock slide so we're not getting actually we're not getting caught out that's good but mercro man mercro mercro you did well you did well there's a beast boost we don't like to see those defense okay um it's time for pz to hit the come in ah this is really really not great because um it's all the mind games now isn't it it is the mind games do we catch my opponent out could go hyper beam into the lele and go for the superpower again into the stack attacker it's just the defense is so high now that's the thing I just don't know if we'll be able to get it with the superpower um we might be better off doubling into it with a nice beam and a superpower we could go earthquake that's the other option but I think at this point we need to try and get as much damage as possible onto it lele protects okay hopefully this will be enough right there's the ice beam come on just do I don't know if it's going to be enough after the defense boost so go to the rest crit there we go get that crit return yes okay I'm pretty sure we might not have actually picked up the knockout there now we want the ground on to come in we still got to worry about the the ally switch as well um I guess one thing we could potentially do I like are you worried about ally switching now or would you prefer your lele to um I don't know because we could precipice blades and just go for the z the z hyper boys how many turns of tailwind do we got left because does it make sense for them to protect now no makes sense for them to protect on the next turn really go for the breakneck blitz now do we go right into that slot I could just be a bit more wary and go for a wide guard here I think that's what I'll do I think I'll go for the the z move wide guard just in case we see an ally switch might be a waste of a turn we're not gonna see it and we're gonna take down the ground on four in a row I'm telling you I'm telling you all the ultimate ground on the ultimate ground on killer it is look at this four times this week this thing has been incredible MVP of the whole series I'm gonna I'm just gonna say it now MVP of the whole series bye bye ground on see you later sayonara okay so oh no we're gonna lose pz no okay depends what the last pokemon is as well because our tailwind is pittering out pittering out if it's me too which I presume it is this might be difficult our attack isn't as good as it potentially could be with sogalail and then zekrom in the back it would have been better to have potentially would have been better to have salamence here if it is me too it's mandibus called it called it okay that's good um but we need to be careful against mandibus I don't think the mandibus has protect so we can I think doubling into it here is definitely our best option um since your strike fusion bolt should be enough to get it it's fine it's fine because as long as we get the lele and zekrom still alive and kicking we'll be able to get the mandibus with zekrom it's fine it's the if we lost sogalail here and a zekrom was left against that lele that's when it would be bad but it looks like yeah gonna be enough um the mandibus what are you doing now tailwind okay I mean I don't mind this at all because it's not really gonna help the mandibus add too much it's kind of knackered against zekrom to be fair like big bad zekrom gonna steal the show end up this week nine and two we haven't won yet of course something drastic could happen where you going and it's kind of paying off being more specially built as well now with the zekrom like a hundred percent because like if we've been physically that would have done at least 50 percent that does a lot of damage since steel strike I don't know if we're gonna pick up the knockout here after the the drops that we've had be surprised if we do but you never know nah and there's the berry okay but I think we'll be we'll be fine yeah weirdness disappears and I don't think mandibus as good as mandibus is can take on these two restricted pokemon by itself so I'm pleased now that we did pick the zekrom the last minute change has definitely paid off here for us oh great so we do get the berry activated get all that nice health back just guaranteeing that we'll be able to beat this this mandibus once the tailwind pit is out we'll probably not take it down this turn oh we will because zekrom's like nope let's do it so my friends nine and two nine two we finished this week that is incredible that is incredible I mean we wanted to give the team a great send off I don't know how else we could have done that like in any better style it's been amazing this has been the best week we've ever had on the rods rank roulette series and like I say it's setting the bar now for us for other weeks this is what we need to beat and it's going to be a tall order it's going to be really tall order the team's been incredible there's always a team is down in the description below there's a raw paste of poker paste immortalize it in your minds put it frame it up on your wall I'm going to do it I might actually do it I might do it I don't know should get a t-shirt made with it on the team the team the mvp mvp and polygons on the back there just beating down on groudons just loads of groudons beneath it anyway we're going off on a tangent you guys need to get yourselves away because the world championships will be starting very soon if you are sitting around watching it today I hope you enjoy the event if you are at the event I hope you have an amazing weekend we'll be back on Monday make sure to get your nominations in guys and I'll see you all for another one on Monday and hopefully we get another great team like we've had this week have an amazing weekend thanks so much for tuning in and I'll see you for the next one so until then take care and bye bye


We have a problem and it's a big one.  Obviously that's not helpful, but the question remains When people believe in wrong-headed or terrible things How do we actually persuade them to stop believing the bad ideas and get them to start believing in good ones instead? One incredible man named Daryl Davis might have the answer Daryl is the subject of a fantastic documentary called Accidental Courtesy directed by Matt Ornstein For the past 30 years Daryl has been traveling the country as a musician Engaging in conversations and even forming friendships with members of the Ku Klux Klan What is it that compels someone to sit down and talk to their worst enemies instead of fighting? How can you hate me when you don't even know me?  I've been looking for an answer to that So I began seeking out members of the Ku Klux Klan It's a great question and to find out Daryl went on a mission to seek out and engage with high ranking members of the KKK He's invited them into his home. He's had countless conversations and as unlikely as it seems now Considered a number of them to be his friend Tom Rob will tell you that he is not my friend He'll make that very clear to you. I am Tom Rob's friend and I feel that one day he will come around Daryl might say that he's not really even doing anything special besides treating people with respect and kindness. I Guess that's true Yet it's still something almost no one else has the courage to do even when the risks are considerably lower But Daryl's approach has a lot of empirical support from the neuroscientists and psychologists who study persuasion Just like how we know from psychological studies that people's amygdalas The part of the brain that processes raw emotions can actually hijack their rational minds and Create a fight or flight response when they feel threatened or attacked And how we know that presenting facts or arguments that directly conflict with people's core beliefs or Identities can actually backfire causing people to cling to those beliefs more tightly after they've been presented with contrary evidence We also know a lot about how to talk to people in ways that are actually persuasive In Robert Chaldini's book Influence he describes what he calls the principles of persuasion one of these principles is called reciprocity and It's based on the idea that people feel obliged to treat you the way you treat them So if you treat them with kindness and humility Most people will offer you the same courtesy On the other hand if you treat them with contempt Well, what do you think? While I don't support Any race racist agenda or supremacy agenda whether it's black supremacy or white supremacy or whatnot I do support their right and their freedom of Speech and their right to express their views and in doing so guess what they reciprocated Another principle Chaldini describes is the idea of liking It's almost too obvious But it turns out that if someone likes you personally and believes that you like them It's easier to convince them that your way of thinking is worth considering One easy step towards being liked is to listen to others and find common ground through shared interests This can be a bridge or a shortcut to getting other people to see you as a friend Or even better as part of their tribe Now you might think somebody like Darryl Davis would have nothing in common with a KKK member, but That's not true. If you spend Five minutes just five minutes with with your arch enemy You will find that you have something in common with them or her and if you spend 10 minutes you'll find you have something else in common and The more you find in common and you build upon what you have in common The things that you have in contrast like skin color begin to matter less and less Over time forming relationships with members of the Klan has had an interesting side effect in the last couple decades Over 200 of America's most ardent white supremacists have hung up their robes and hoods for good Many of those robes now hang in Darryl's closet And in a lot of cases these individual conversions have much bigger consequences and may end multi-generational cycles of bigotry My name is Aaron and I'm 12 So, what do you think about your parents belonging to these organizations? I think it's fine. Why sweetie? Well, I mean they're allowed to like their race. They're allowed to be proud of who they are too Are you going to be a member of the group also? Yes So now both daughters are in the Klan And their father he got sentenced to 10 years in a federal prison. So I thought you know what I'm gonna call Tina the mother I flew with them to Chicago and drove them out to to Marion, Illinois to the federal penitentiary Their father was in prison so they could visit him And nobody in the Klan had ever done that for them before And so they had a turnaround Well, my little girl came a long way, you know, no thanks to her father and I. We really did our best to destroy our kids Me and my husband Harley would like to extend our best wishes to the city of Rockwell, Maryland As you celebrate the life and legacy of Dr. Martin Lieber King Neither me nor my family are members or are affiliated with the two clubs plan anymore We live in a time when a lot of people are saying that the only answer to hate and awful ideas Is to meet them with even more hate more anger outrage And even violence Recently Dan Harmon creator of rick and morty community and one of my favorite comic books ever Even said that the time for talking was over We have sat we have talked we have argued we have pondered the discourse is over but I disagree Most of human history is filled with people allowing their arguments to turn into bloody horrific warfare It's only the commitment to dealing with our adversaries peacefully through free speech and conversation That has allowed us to become more civilized I did not respect what he had to say. I respected his right to say it And if these techniques can work to convince diehard white supremacists that somebody like Daryl Davis is worthy of respect Imagine how effective they can be with your friends neighbors and co-workers who don't actually hate you or the things you stand for Who knows if you have more genuine conversations with people outside your bubble You might even find yourself changing a little bit for the better as well The way to deal with wrong or Evil ideas isn't shouting them down or starting a fight It's having the courage to do what Daryl did And making a friend Out of an enemy Hey everybody, thanks for watching this very special episode of out of frame If you have an idea for a video you'd like to see me make in the future Let me know what you think in the comments and if you want to see more video essays like this Hit that subscribe button and check us out as at fee online on all the social media


Nika mamutwato koka leo It's like, it's as if You're still watching the ladies back for show In this hair town, in this hiziri Why in the morning Where we serve you good vibes Every day Where this happens, Thursday And the hashtag of the day is Thursday And we are on our last interview Of the day Makofi The only boy child We're on our last interview Hey, wala Alright, please introduce yourself to the people My name is Fidhampa Kenya Instagram Fidhampa Kenya Twitter What's up with you? Facebook You can find me at Fidhampa Kenya Yes I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker So I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker And I'm a tiktok worker I'm a tiktok worker Is it natural because you say so In rhymes In rhymes The word for word You can say that You can say Yes No My business is landscape During warming When you forgot una ne clapo na ni kote na izo s basketball k baka hiwa hammereami una kiksiku kumomia ma Virus AnMr remember Uwa花at in Uwa m لم Iza Uhu�� nus' farmers I like that. So where is he assistant Jesus? I can see you have empathy. He is the deputy Jesus. Where is he at the Shnokitutupiliya Bible? I love who is behind the scenes. I like that. Tell us about Univai. Univai was my second song actually. My first song was Ujjana. Ujjana ilu kukuliti aju. Ujjana ilu kukuliti poa. Video around 80, audio around 20. But I could do poa. But now Univai was different. Univai ili nengizakwa say. Ili nengizakwa say. Ili nengizakwa say. Ili nengizakwa one of the biggest DJs actually. Gospel DJs in Kenya. Univai nesain. Then from there I think, vitu zili wak zikakwa easy. So as much as vilikuliti aki, lukwachi niki doge. So as much as vilikuliti aki, lukwachi niki doge we believe ili nipelakale voleni si kuwana mi-expect at that time. Yes. I'd like to think the content is more important than what we are seeing. Ok nilifani auki Univai. Una jupi oki le loa kwa shida sana kuna. It is so personal yani. My background, si poa. Una ka very fine thank you. So kisemu me le loa kwa shida. It's hard to believe a bit. But previously I quite mend Ivo. Ima kwa kwa sana. So it reached a point. I came to God, I just want you to take control yani. Mali mi mi fika nimi jari bui angu. As a human being. But now I just need you to take control. When eva itu alafu, yani kenyo onada itu fanya wachat fanya yai. Nisha fanya angu, wachat fanya yai ako sahai. I think that is the basic meaning of Univai. Yes. I attempted kuli za testimony. Okay. But in all honesty I think ama ni mi misi juhiku jaj na machu, evi wene na yon na kusmi isi professional. But I think the quality is quite all right. Kwanza fufu for that time. Kamali kwa 2 song ya kui apili. I think the quality kwa 2 sas. Juhim bono nongi. Don't see it. Na bije, na bije wene misha kando. Na bije wakisha se me kuchini. So wakitutafanya, nitutafu tepe, sofini anekstu wana evu leta ku. I like that you're not bitter about it. I like that you will be stronger. I had to give fast forward to your latest hit, Enaji Itaji. I'm a listed song in itu wa Shukurani. Actually it is the first song on my EP. EP yong on itu wa sounds of the soul. Sounds of the soul. Oh that's deep. I've done it with my brother in itu wa Jamiya. Tuna kongatak ma doo, but not evil. Neza fanya kama Fidempa, neza fanya kama Jamiya. But for the EP, tuli fanya kama Jamiya na Fidempa. So we have like eight songs. Na kolabo. E yo ni album pwana, but eh? Ni album.  Nandi peya ni filimba raga ita. So we fanya eight songs. E na jita sounds of the soul EP. So Shukurani is the first song on the EP. And on the first video to matter. Yes. Tell us about Shukurani. Uli pwana peya na Shukurani ya? Kwa moka moka. Kwa moka moka. E na o. Fanya Shukurani, at least I had a taste, mom. So sometimes it is good to give thanksgiving. That's why it is even the first song. Kwa EP. So it was in a thanksgiving. And Lafizu was in a to Shukisha to Kisong. So just basically I was just giving thanks from Mali Goda li Nituwa to Mali Goda mi Nuiakasai. I'm grateful. I know if you're so impressed na kwende li ambeli ya kiku toa pana kupele ke kwingini. So ta toa song ni Nituwa. Na kusumbwa. Na kusumbwa na kusumbwa sa. All right. Tell me about why moka moka kufanya kolabu kwa EP since it's a toa view. Did you want to remain as individuals badotum kiki kwa miki tengene sijusi kolabu miki tengene zaya EP amani ni? Na jwa personally na believe Saigo Spell Music ni more of winning sold and numbers. On elewa alafu you know different people have different spirits.  Now mi anji mitu kuna similar background ya kachach niki kwa biata wafansong tulifanya tulifanya na wapast diya li li pa video na audio. Ne elewa. So kuna kuna certain kuna spirit such as me tu kuna kuna marokilam siya na kwa gana wiliu mi ni ambi eo me bini kwa apana kukemi alafu chinia majipi eo kuna mitu na fanya. Ono na izondo mitu na eleza. So kwa EP tu kuna takatu kuna one spirit. Ne elewa I don't know what that artist na fanya nga BTS. Ne elewa. Diko spi a title ya EP Miss Towns of the Soul. So wim buki ima lazima mi say I feel. Isim bambi lazima I feel. Ono na. And for that to happen lazima mi na jemi tuge kwen one spirit. So tu luwe o gopaku compromise bringing a different person maybe na tu junini na fanya. Alafu na jewa squeeze itu gospe. Mi say maybe na imba kupa na numbers na shift to the other side. So wuju intentions. So basically intentions na elefanya maybe to say kwa sa ni kwanza kwa EP. We try as us first. Then tu kimalizapu ututafi niya kolabu kwenji. Tazi fi niya sa. I like that you said. Okay. Time constraints are real guys because I think I've enjoyed this particular Thursday a little bit too much but we need to say kuna watua li kwa gospe la mesunga kusikila. I'd like to also believe that people who've been in the secular for the longest time na mesunga kwa gospe. In this shift should we judge them as fans, as people, as viewers, as listeners na faku point mi say ma ah undu ali okoka kwa li amas masasi ui ali kwa mokoka ni ni ni tena sasashu ali. Alafu kujajaj batu na jewa once usha kwa public figure any decision ni make kuna consequences na elewa. So unafaw rate wana ni ki switch saedganita kwa jiniku niya wakosa waka wakosa waka bisa maybe they are switching because they need to pay their bills waka virulite. Lakin na now we have these people when you are on our fold upon dumali sasabigest challenge na kujya wana na because when it's a switch u switch na now kuna mitua na kwa mkufi amasani ni vi baya mi nisha unafana mkufi amasani ma kuna jwilze we akosa waka weli na elewa. To say matter li koka jwilze? e kuna ata awa like for example kuna msi nili skeli sema nili kuji okuji ya gadi na enjo wana na yo statement ya ya ya akuna kiki ni na limlata si god si mungu ni gadi na limlata wana elewa so kama gadi na kama gadi na mo koka kuna high possibility umdwa me o koka wana elewa so the same same chukwa sasa gadi na atoke ente sa kelo na jwa tenda na wiyu so that is that's when kwa bia kogo spell see about views ne about souls zeni wana win so i believe apoka souls na kuna challenge yoku switch apoka souls na kuna challenge apondo shida iku uliyoko kawen just out of curiosity ama niliwa charge na ukweliya ukweliya me liya kitama na diyo me nili zaliwa mamangu ni nipuwa charge so nili zaliwa tunka jipa na nga nenda charge na tini liyoko kakaround lemi say itu 20 18, 17 apa? what changed what nini nili kuambia e by the way achani ukweliya samu e what were they talking about? pastal tuketua ziwa zikunam tunza kwa nenda charge apa me liya liya na fsikuya kiyama siya de binguni e nika se mawe nika maliwa ita bidit waka ana tuftaka wakitaba mawa atu nisa wunet wana ni atendansi ya kani so maipiga miya kaya ko lakini na nika maatendansi ya binguniya wiyu kwa wana waka waka too actually it was easy because asa yu background ni kwa tuwiyo so njiye li kwa tuwi li ili na nga fwata yes okay all right would you like to tell your fans both old and new when you are in kufuata since alikwa dancer by the way since you've been a dancer sayuwe umekwa msani eni waka wimba what would you like to tell them? continue supporting me guys kwa spell nungumu but tunaji kaza tuwa po one day one time iles kuna skia munguana iles kia DJ Flanix yama God is anasha fwata kwa gosbe alafs juwata leta wengini so continue supporting me iles kumunguana leta wata upi miya tani let hey okay apu kwa shafo all right kum tanda repeat fidem pa kenya instagram fidem pa kenya youtube fidem pa kenya tiktok now you can stream my song on each and every digital platform fidem pa kenya kuna ka challenge kwa goma apu kwa tiktok to join wami pono ka bando bando awe tesa boa tesa tesa I have okay I don't have two left feet but sometimes these challenges zuni zun changajaki dogo but if you say we do we will do tata fanya mahoji fanya mahoji ake miki how many time you've gassed me thank you so much fidem pa for coming and thank you for watching but we're not done with you sefeni yata na kujen dotu kafungi vizuri remember keep it hashtag Thursday vibes


Do you want to know your specific calling? Simply follow God's general commands and he'll reveal your specific calling. Here's what I mean. Every believer is called to live holy, evangelize, worship, pray, know God's word, demonstrate love, serve in the church, and so forth. Don't wait for your feelings to confirm what God's word already commands. Begin with simple daily obedience and the spiritual basics. And as you live your life according to God's word, your specific calling becomes clear. Then you'll begin to see how your specific gifts can serve God's general purposes. But you have to get moving. God guides as you go. The practicals bring promotions. Leave a like if you agree.


In this lecture, we will be talking about ion sources which is the most important part of the any accelerators, so this information will be useful to all types of accelerators. Now a point which I want to discuss is that since you have seen that in the case of tandem accelerator and the palleton accelerator, negative ions are injected, therefore you should know what is negative ion and how they are generated. So proton accelerators use charge which is plus electron accelerators use charge which is minus u. Heavy ions will depend on how is the, what is the charge state. Now at this moment I would like to point out that in the case of negative ion, the only singly negative ions are have been obtained. It has been a lot of experiments have been done to see if W negative ions or multiple negative ions can be formed and it has not been successful. Otherwise suppose the W negative ions are also formed then it would be possible to accelerate ions to twice the energy in the first column itself. Therefore you can get higher energy but unfortunately it has not been possible and therefore the positive ions it is easy to remove. Suppose you take oxygen 16 which has 8 electrons remove all the 8 electrons then it will be oxygen 8 plus so Q becomes 8 times. So energy in the case of tandem or the palleton will be 1 plus 8 means 9 times of the voltage. Now what is this negative ions? How you get this negative ions? You can see that atom for example we can get additional electron then for example if you take H then it has only one electron and that will go to 1S1 that is the orbital. And suppose you have H e helium then in ground state neutral and it will be another electron will go into the S orbital and it will become 1S2 and S can have only 2 electrons so it will have this. While if you add one electron to hydrogen then that extra electron can still sit in the S orbital and it can easily accommodate one more so it will be 1S2 which is a stable configuration. While in the case of H e minus you try to add one electron then 1S2 is full so it will go to the next. Unfortunately this H e minus is not possible in ground state. However there is a metastable state where the negative ion of helium is possible and it is formed for a short period about 360 microsecond. In the case of for example oxygen if it is a neutral atom then the configuration will be 1S2 2S2 and 2P4 it has 8 electrons. So P can have still 2 more electrons therefore O minus is possible without any problem so if O minus if you take then it will have 2 plus 5. Still one more electron but unfortunately binding energy does not allow this to happen. So helium is an inert gas and has 2 electrons in the orbit, configuration is this. H minus should be 1S2 2S in ground state but it is not formed. Binding energy calculation show that. However simulations as well as the experiments have shown that there is a state is called 1S2S2P that means these electrons they get distributed to 1, 1 in L, 1S2S2P and that state is called 4P5.5 metastable state which has a lifetime of 359 microsecond. So the binding energy of 77 milliliter volts is very loosely bound. However in the case of ground state the binding energy is very very small so it is not possible to. So here I want to emphasize that the lifetime of this metastable state is about 359 microsecond and that has been measured very accurately and earlier by mistake I told by 70 microsecond. 70 microsecond is for some other state here for this metastable state it is 359 plus minus 0.7 so very accurate measurements have been done. However this time microsecond is good enough to accelerate the power. So in the case of in the case of pelatrons or even tandem this helium is accelerated further and so first column section the h e minus will be accelerated there in the terminal in the stripper it is possible to remove both electrons which were not possible in the case of bandegra and because of power limitation here it is possible so you get three times energy rather than two times. So that is the advantage of pelatron and palatron. Now this has tremendous amount of this negative ion formation thing in pelatron has tremendous amount of advantages because there are many atoms which do not form negative ions and that gives tremendous amount of advantages. All the negative in ground state all the inert gases do not form negative because their outermost orbits are completely full so the and if you want to form the negative ion that extra electron which you are putting in has to go to a next orbital which is the has a binding energy machine. So all inert gases do not form none of the none of the inert gases form negative ions for example inert gases are helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton so on and in addition to this inert gases another atom this is nitrogen 14 also does not form negative ions and this is a bonus for scientific communities because this allows us to do a very accurate measurements as far as accelerator mass spectrometry is concerned where we measure the let us say for carbon 14 to carbon 12 ratio and since nitrogen is not forming negative ions so it does not interfere with the carbon 14 dating and we are able to do good measurements on this and not only that there since these inert gases do not form negative ions so that is again a advantage for various kind of measurements where carbon 14 negative and aluminum 26 or iron 55 or iodine 129 they are they are used in this because there is no interference from these isobars which are shown below that carbon nitrogen 14, magnesium 26, manganese 55 or zero 129 so because there is no interference from isobars that is why we are able to get much higher accuracy in measurements carbon 14 formed in the atmosphere for the reaction between cosmic rays, neutrons and nitrogen 14 this is the reaction and this nitrogen carbon dioxide with carbon 14 is taken by the plants as long as they are alive and so there will be a certain amount of carbon 14 there and as suratic plant dies this intake of this carbon 14 stops so by measuring the carbon 14 by carbon 12 ratios you can easily find out what is the age of that plant or living being similarly by measuring the ratio of iodine 129 to 127 you can also measure whether in that area any nuclear activity has taken place whether it could be nuclear leakage in the reactor or some device testing has been done in that area so by measuring this iodine 129 you can measure that so this whole process where we measure this is called the X-light or mass spectrometry and this tandem and palatons are used in fact these tandem and palatons are known as ultra sensitive mass spectrometers and this is a field which is very widely used and now dedicated palatone small energy accelerators palatone accelerators are built they are in thousands in number which are used for AMS work and very accurate measurements are possible. Accelerators now it is even 500 kV to 1 mV palatone accelerators are also built explicitly for AMS purposes and they are very effectively used for this purpose. This is as I said that this is a very important component of in fact 80% of downtime in any accelerator is because of malfunctioning of ion source therefore it has to be properly designed built and tested before it is installed in the accelerator. Now in earlier lectures we have discussed different kind of ion sources and in fact not only in basic research but also in applied research these things are very important for example negative ion sources are very useful in the field of accelerator mass spectrometry where the identification of various elements can be done with almost 10-15 sensitivity and therefore these negative ions some elements form negative ions other don't form and that is the characteristic of the property used in the case of tandem and palatone kind of accelerators and sensitivity of detection of many elements in accelerator mass spectrometry depends on that and since we have to inject negative ions in the case of tandem and palatone accelerators therefore they are called ultra sensitive mass spectrometers because now coming back to ion sources different techniques are used for different times and this is the field I think which has been studied and research R&D has been done to the maximum level on the ion sources so there are very large number of ion sources have been built and their performance has been improved considerably over the period of time. Now we talked about that there are main three kinds of ion sources one is electrons and they are not ions they are electrons and positive ions and negative ions. Positive ions are used in Vendigraf or anywhere including the Cockrope Walton but negative ions are used in the case of tandem and palatone accelerators and that is why these there is an advantage in using these and this I have discussed earlier then there is another kind of ion source is called neutral beams and these neutral beams are very useful and they are required for system like Tokamai. Recently in the recent past another kind of beams are required and they are called P var anti protons or anti particles so these beams are available for nuclear reaction studies or particle physics studies and they are available at few places for example in Tebatron as at Fermilab USA one Tv anti proton beam anti proton is P var that means P var it is defined like this so it is P var you can call it these are the reactions or the interactions which people study and that is available at Tebatron where the one Tv by one Tv beams are studied reaction and there is another facility and where again the anti proton beams are available for this facility itself is called facility for anti proton and ion research that is called Faire at GSI Germany where these beams will be available. Now coming to details of ion sources the easiest one and most studied one is electron sources and that is a very simple source and there are two techniques which are used one is thermodynamic emission that means you have a flammant here you can see flammant and if you pass the current then it will get heated temperature will go up and the electrons will come out and then you can focus them or you can guide them another way of doing is that you have a like a sharp point here and apply a voltage then as the gradient of the electron will come is inversely proportional to the tip radius so since it is almost like zero so it will be very high so field ionization will take place around this and lot of electrons will be coming out and of course different kind of crystals and different kind of things are used for depending upon their properties and then you can get lot of electrons so electron beams in even in amperes have been possible and they have been achieved so either by increasing the temperature of this or by field ionization field emission these electron beams are and they are as I said that they are the most studied sources among all the others and the reason being that electrons are used everywhere whether it is medical or it is national security of food irradiation and therefore they are studied well. Now let me just give a overview of ion sources how they are produced and what kind of ion sources are available mainly in addition to this electrons electron beams we have positive ion sources as I mentioned for example in the case of in the case of Vandy graph accelerator or Cockroach Walton they are positive ion beams ions are used we can also use negative ions there if the terminal is raised to the negative voltage or you can have a peloton and the tandem kind of things where negative ions are injected so what are the various techniques and what kind of ion sources are very famous for these two things see for example you can see a list of various types of ions so I am not going to discuss all of them but I would like to discuss few of them which are most popular for example there is one called Dioplasmatron which can produce both positive as well as negative ions see you can see they are listed at both the sides so Dioplasmatron is one which can create which can give you both positive and negative ions and then there is another very important ion source which is called Isniks ion source which is a is a must for any peloton accelerator and it is a source of negative ions using cesium sputtering and then there is another ion source which is called Alphatros which is again a source of negative ions and particularly developed for peloton accelerators and this is also pretty famous there are many other kind of things there are target ion sources for radioactive ion sources production and things like that so there are different techniques have been developed and lot of R and D has been done to develop this kind of ion sources for example charge exchange also is another in fact this is Alphatros ion source also is nothing but this charge exchange type


The gut microbiota converts cholesterol into caprostinol and bile acids into secondary metabolites through various conversions such as deconjugation, oxidation, epimerization, 7D hydroxylation, esterification, and desulphatation. These metabolisms have been known for decades but their consequences on human health and disease are not well understood. This article was authored by Philippe Girard.


Yes, it's another case for that most famous of all man hunters. The detective whose ability at solving crime is unequaled in the history of detective fiction, Nick Carter, master detective, presented by the three great Linux home brightness, Linux clear gloss, Linux cream polish, and Linux self-polishing wax, created by ACME, America's great producer of ACME quality paints. Today's curious adventure. Murder goes to college, or Nick Carter and the mystery at Spring Lake. In just a moment, we'll hear how Nick Carter solved the mystery at Spring Lake. But first, a Christmas suggestion. There's nothing that adds more to hospitable cheer than a bright, well-kept home. American homemakers have learned how much surroundings can mean. That's why they've come to depend on ChemTone, the miracle wall finish to beautify their walls. And for your floors, woodwork and furniture, it's those three great Linux home brightness. Linux clear gloss varnish, the durable super varnish that dries to an elastic transparent surface which protects all wood and linoleum in your home. Linux cream polish, which cleans as it polishes, leaving no oily film on your furniture. And Linux self-polishing wax, which beautifies your floors with a satiny yet tough, non-skid finish that resists wear, water and dirt. Get the three great Linux home brightness at your hardware, paint or department store. Your headquarters also for ChemTone, the miracle wall finish. And now for today's mysterious adventure with Nick Carter. As we start our story today, we find Nick and his assistant Patsy in Nick's car racing toward Mount Albans College for girls in response to a hurried phone call from the dean of the school. But if this girl killed herself, Nick, what are you supposed to do? A girl kills herself, there's no criminal to catch. If it was suicide, Dean Collingwood wants me to find the reason for it. Oh, isn't that a little out of your line? Well, yes, it is Patsy, but she's an old friend of mine, so I said I'd do it. But why does she care why the girl killed herself? Oh, she thinks that if some of the parents felt that the girl disliked the school enough to kill herself to get out of it, they'd take their own daughters out of Mount Albans and droves. The school would be ruined. How did she die, Nick? The dean said she found a box of sleeping capsules at the table beside the girl's bed, together with an empty water glass. She thought they might be the cause. Well, when Nicholas Carter gets on the scene, everything will be all straightened out. We'll all know exactly what happened and why. And this, Margaret, is my assistant and severest critic, Patsy Bowen. Patsy, Dean Collingwood, head of Mount Albans. How do you do, Miss Bowen? Fine, thank you. Have you notified the police yet, Margaret? Why, no, I wanted you to look things over first, Snake. I see. Well, who found the body? When Miss Jordan failed to appear for breakfast, one of the maids was sent to see if she needed help or if she were ill. When no one answered the maids' knock, well, of course, she came back to me. Then you found her? Yes, I found her dead. How many people know about the tragedy so far? Oh, only the maid, myself, and of course, you two. Good, let's keep it that way for a while longer. Now may I see your room, please? Yes, of course, it's on the next floor. This way, please. What can you tell me about this Jordan girl? She was an only child.  Did she have any close friends? Yes, she and three other girls were together quite a lot. They were Miss O'Han, Miss Grinnell, and Miss Brown. They all interested in the same things? Three friends were interested primarily in young men and good times. But Miss Jordan's hobby was amateur photography. Did she have money? Yes, she did. Her mother gave her everything she wanted. This is her room, Nick. I'll say she had money, Nick. You don't get rugs like these with cigar coupons. Are these the sleeping capsules, Margaret? Yes. Hmm. You can't buy these in this state without a prescription. She had a prescription. The number of it and the physician's name are on the box. So I see. And I'll check with him later. Patsey, suppose you look over the things on that side of the room while I go through her desk here. See if you can find anything that might help us to learn what's happened. Right, Nick. Any letters, bills, notes, and so on, you know. Because I know. Oh, you rarely shouldn't read her letters, Nick. They're private. Well, if any reporters happen to get hold of them, they'll be as public as Central Park. Reporters? What have they to do with this? Everything. You can't hide suicide or murder. Nick, please, this mustn't be murder. Well, I hope not, Margaret, for your sake. Oh, this is interesting. Letter to a mother. Started but never finished. Darling mother, I hope you will remember always how close we have been and how much happiness we've had together. You've been so good to me. And that's as far as she got. I wonder why she didn't finish it. That sounds like a farewell letter. It was a farewell note, of course. Well, why wasn't it finished then? Well, she was probably overcome with emotion. I don't think so. She hadn't been crying. Her eyelids aren't red or swollen. Good girl, Patsey. Oh, Margaret, will you ask your chemistry professor to analyze one of these sleeping capsules? Very well, Nick. Although I still think that this is all nonsense. Also, I'd like to use your study. I want to talk to this Jordan girl's three friends one at a time. Very well. But don't tell them anything about the Jordan girl's being dead. All right, Nick. I'll send the first girl in to you in a few minutes. I wanted to see me, sir. I'm Erie Grinnell. Yes, Miss Grinnell. Come in, won't you? Yes, sir. Miss Grinnell, I'm afraid I have a shock for you. Your friend, Edith Jordan, has just killed herself. Oh, no. Edith wouldn't do that. She just wouldn't. No? Well, at any rate, she's dead, I'm sorry to say. Can you shed any light on the situation? I'm afraid not. I'm sorry. Well, do you know anything about her actions last night? We studied together for our mid-year exams. In your room or hers? In mine. She went back to her room early, though. Said she wanted to write a letter and then turn in early. That must have been the letter we found there, Nick. Probably. Can you tell me anything else, Miss Grinnell? No, sir. Nothing. All right, then, run along. And please don't mention what I've told you to anyone. Miss Ohern, I'm sure you'll be sorry to learn that your friend, Edith Jordan, has killed herself. No, she wouldn't. Well, she couldn't. She wasn't that kind of a girl. What makes you say that? Oh, oh, lots of things. And especially because we plan to go to a matinee together on Saturday. She even got the tickets for us. Tell me, Miss Ohern, in your opinion, did Edith ever seem morbid or unhappy? Oh, no, never. I'll accept. Accept what? Well, when Edith first came here, she was very gay. Lately, she's been very quiet. I don't know why, though. Well, thanks very much, Miss Ohern. Ask Miss Brown to come in, will you? Yes, sir. You can go in now, Alice. All right. You wanted to see me?  Killed herself? Why do you say that? Edith wasn't that kind. Lately, she's been afraid of something. Afraid? Afraid of what? I don't know. But for the last month, she's lived in fear of something. That might account for the sleeping capsule, isn't it? Possibly. How do you know she was afraid, Miss Brown? We girls never lock our doors here in the dormitory. But she did. Perhaps she was just timid. She wasn't timid when she first came here. No. What do you know when she first began locking her door? Yes. It was right after someone took a shot at her in the woods. What's that? Someone shot at her. Are you sure? Edith said she knew it was true, but she asked me not to mention it to anyone. Was she alone when this happened? Yes. She often went into the woods alone with her camera. And did she go into the woods after this someone took a shot at her? Oh, no. After that, she used her car and took pictures from the highway. Oh, she had her own car? Yes, sir. Well, do you happen to know whether Miss Jordan was taking a sleeping remedy lately? I don't think she was. She had some harmless preparation the doctor gave her, but I don't think she ever used it. Well, apparently, it wasn't entirely harmless. Unless I'm mistaken, she died from taking it. Well, thank you, Miss Brown. And, Mr. Carter, Dean Collin would ask me to let you know what I found out when I analyzed the sleeping capsules she gave me. Oh, yes, yes. What was it? I found nothing unusual about it, just a sleeping remedy that's in common use.  Oh, no, indeed. Nonetheless, they were accompanied by something far more deadly. Well, thank you, Professor. Thank you very much. It's quite all right, Mr. Carter. Oh, hello, Margaret. Come in. Well, Nick, have you learned anything yet? Only that I'm sure Miss Jordan didn't kill herself. But, Nick, that's the one thing I don't want to find out. Yes, I know, Margaret, but I can't help facts being facts. Well, what now? I think I'll take her running to town and talk with a physician who prescribed the capsules for her. Oh, will you do something for me, Nick? Certainly. Will you take the bus into town and come back in Miss Jordan's car? It's being repaired there, and the garage phoned a short time ago that it's ready. I promise to send someone in for it. Of course. Thank you. Now, Patsy, while I'm gone, I want you to go over Edith Jordan's room with a fine-toothed comb. Notice every little thing. I'm looking for anything special, Nick? No, Patsy, just looking. You've heard what these girls have told us. See if you can find anything to explain the Jordan girls' actions during the past few weeks. I'll see you when I get back from town. Dr. Steele, according to the label on the package, you prescribed some sleeping capsules for Miss Edith Jordan. Edith Jordan. Oh, yes, I remember her now. Plucky kid. Ah, not a whimper out of her when I said her collarbone, even refused an anesthetic. Did you say she broke her collarbone? Well, yes, it was, uh, well, about two months ago, I should say, but there were no complications in the injury healed rapidly. Do you remember how it happened? Well, yes, an automobile accident. Yeah, that was when I prescribed the sleeping remedy for her, just as a precaution. I don't suppose she needed a very strong dose. No, no, it was a very small one. One three-quarter grain capsule, and, well, a second one an hour later if required. What would be a deadly dose, doctor? Oh, from 40 to 50 times that much, probably. Did you give her the prescription? No. No, I phoned it into the drugstore, and he had it ready for her when she got there. I often do that. I see. Well, thank you very much, doctor. You've been very kind. Now, if you'll tell me which way the drugstore is, I won't bother you any longer. So Edith Jordan had a broken collarbone a few weeks ago. That's something no one but the doctor had ever known about before. What else is Nick going to uncover in his search for the real reason why Edith Jordan was found dead in her bed in exclusive Mount Albans College? We'll see in just a moment. If you're a homemaker, you have every reason to take pride in a home that fairly gleams with the evidence of careful attention. And every wood and linoleum surface in your home will gleam when you use Linux Clear Gloss Varnish. Because Linux Clear Gloss lends a lustrous finish that keeps its beauty a long, long time. It lessens your housework amazingly, too, for it's so easy to keep clean. Dirt stays on the surface where you can wipe it away in a jiffy. And Linux Clear Gloss is so simple to apply. You just brush it on and it dries without brush marks to an elastic, transparent finish that wears and wears, a finish which protects every surface to which it's applied. Yes, it's a fact. Linux Clear Gloss protects all the wood and linoleum surfaces in your home against damage by boiling water, hot grease, fruit acids, perfume, even alcohol. In every way, it's truly the supervarnish. Ask for it by name at your dealers. Linux, L-I-N-Dash-X. Linux Clear Gloss Varnish. You'll find all three great Linux home bright news and ChemTone, the miracle wall finish, at hardware, paint, and department stores, everywhere. And now back to our story. As we left, Nick, he was learning things about the dead girl, Edith Jordan, that not even Dean Cullenwood, Dean of Exclusive Mount Albans College for Girls knew. Did she commit suicide or was it murder? Let's pick up, Nick, as he calls at the drug store where the sleeping capsules the doctor prescribed for Edith Jordan were made up. Yes, sir? I'm sorry to bother you, but would you be good enough to allow me to see the prescription for a sleeping remedy prescribed for Miss Edith Jordan by Dr. Steele about two months ago? I'm sorry, sir, but our records are available only to the police or the doctor. But I can assure you that the prescription was filled exactly as ordered. Very well, I understand. I thought you would. Sad case, isn't it? Yes, very. Oh, did you fill the prescription yourself? I believe I did. I remember thinking that college girls these days use far too many sleeping preparations. Yes, of course. Thank you. This is her car, Mr. Carter. Well, I should have expected a girl with her money to have a more expensive car. Oh, she wasn't no show-off. Yeah, too bad her luck ran up, finally. Luck ran out? What do you mean by that? Her accident? Look, but that was no accident. How do you mean? Why, someone sawed the gadget on the steering wheel almost through. First time the car went around a sharp curve at high speed, it gave way. Only as luck had had it, instead of going over the embankment, the car just turned into a hill of dirt along the road and buried its nose in the dirt. As Jordan got off with just a broken collarbone, instead of being killed altogether. Did you tell Mr. Jordan what you just told me? You bet I did, and didn't worry her at all. And I told the cops, too, only the boss said it was none of our business if she didn't want to report it. I see. Well, thanks very much. We'll be seeing you. What can I do for you, Mr. Carter? You're running a story on the suicide of the Jordan girl at Mount Albans College? Sure we are. That's big news for this town. Well, could you add one little paragraph to your story? What kind of paragraph? Mr. Jordan left a diary. It's locked in a steel box for which we've not been able to locate the key. May take a day or so to have a new key made, as it's a very special type of lock. But we expect the diary to clear up the motive for the suicide. That's very interesting, Mr. Carter. May I quote you on that? Well, if you don't mind, I'd rather you'd use that well-known phrase. It is understood. Oh. That should cover it. I see what you mean. I don't know what you've got up your sleeve, Mr. Carter, but we'll play along with you. Your little item will be understood in this evening's paper. Thank you. Thank you very much. Should help us immensely. Well, Petsy, find anything and eat at Jordan's room? I don't expect it amounts too much, Nick. And here it is. Exhibit A, a hat with what looks like a bullet hole through the crown. Yes. So Miss Brown was right. Someone did shoot at her. Anything else? The only other thing I found was this. Exhibit B, a picture that Edith Jordan took just before she was shot at. What? She didn't have any enlarging apparatus, so she gave it to Alice Brown, who does have an enlarger.  But why? Look, Nick, it's a picture of Spring Lake that's just north of here. Here in the center of the background is a figure. Neither Edith nor Alice knew who or what it was, so Alice made an enlargement of it to see if they could recognize it. But beyond the fact that it seems to be the figure of a man, it doesn't mean much. You can't see who he is. Petsy, where did you get this? Alice Brown gave it to me. She had it in her room. She and Edith thought there might be some connection between the shooting and this picture. But they couldn't seem to find any. Doesn't mean much, does it? Uh-uh. And yet? Did you find out anything in town? Well, yes and no. The way things look now, this is a situation. Edith Jordan, perhaps unknown to herself, knew something that placed her life in danger. What? She was shot at, and she was in a phony auto accident in which she got a broken collarbone. I don't think she ever used a sleeping capsule she got from Dr. Steele until very recently. No. She'd probably been getting more and more nervous about things until at last she felt she had to have something to put her to sleep. So last night she took one or more of the capsules and they killed her. And yet the physician who prescribed them is a reputable man. And the drugstore, where they were made up, also has a good reputation. So far, that's his first.  Of course not, Sheriff. Come right on in. Thank you. Howdy, ma'am. Hello. Hey, look, Mr. Carter, you got some theory about this kid committing suicide? Only one theory, Sheriff. She didn't kill herself. Ah, can you prove that? Expect to be able to? When? In the next 24 hours. 24 hours, huh? Won't you give me that long without interfering? Yeah, yep, you got it.  What was the murder? Why do you ask? Thought maybe there might be some connection between the two killings, that's all. Oh, heck no. Notice this college girl and the woman we found out at the lake are two different kinds of people. No connection at all. Well, what was it you found at the lake? Yeah, a woman. Been dead a couple of months. I was a waitress at the roadhouse near the lake. And what happened to her? Oh, slugging the back of the head, skull crushed, then almost buried in the brush. A hunter found her yesterday. Too bad. By the way, Mr. Carter, what's the idea with holding evidence? What evidence? That there diary. Oh, the diary. Yeah. You know, I'm going to break somebody for overlooking that this morning when they search that girl's room. Wait 24 hours, Sheriff. Remember, you gave me 24 hours. Yeah. Yeah, I remember.  It couldn't be because you haven't any clues and you think that I might have one, could it? Huh? Well, could be, Carter. Could be. Then you're correctly, Nick. You want to spend the night in the girl's dormitory? That's what I said, Margaret. I want your permission to spend the night in Edith Jordan's room. Nick, that would be most irregular. Margaret, murder is most irregular, too. You're sure it is murder? Absolutely positive. And I hope to solve it by spending the night in her room. But if it was murder, how was it done? Probably the contents of one of the sleeping capsules was changed to a deadly poison. But, Nick, that means that no stone must be left unturned to catch the murderer. It's time for lights out, Nick. I just wanted to see if you needed anything you don't have before I leave you. No, Patsy. I'm all set. Well, what are you going to do, Nick? Just sit here and wait? That's it exactly. Just wait. I have all the evidence I need for a conviction, except the name of the killer. I could guess at that, but I couldn't prove it. I expect the killer to prove it for me. Why do you suppose Edith Jordan never told anyone about her fears? Probably she didn't want to worry anyone. She had only suspicions, and no matter how strong those suspicions were, and if I guessed correctly the kind of girl she was, she wouldn't want to burden anyone else with her troubles. That's too bad, isn't it? She might have been alive now if she'd only told somebody. True enough, Patsy. And hindsight is always better than foresight. Well, Nick, I'll say good night. Happy hunting to you. Thanks, Patsy. I'll just sit here in the dark and wait. There, Hans, I said I can see you plain enough. Now for some light. Well, so it's you, the mechanic from the garage. What's all this about anyway? You came here to get the diary, didn't you? Oh, did I? I thought so. That was your picture, Miss Jordan. Got on her snapshot of Spring Lake, wasn't it? Oh, was it? Prove it. I can do that, too. In the picture, the cap on the head of the little figure has two white dots on it, in the same place where you wear your two white union buttons. You can't call that proof. Anybody could have those.  You were afraid she'd identify you as the one in the picture, so you took a shot at her. But you missed. Then you tried another stunt. You worked late at the garage one night and weakened the steering gear or car. When that failed to kill her, you were very careful to be the first to point out to her that the steering gear had been tampered with. In that way, she'd never think to blame you for it, which was very clever, my friend. But then you were stumped until you found out that her doctor had given her that sleeping prescription.  How do you know that? I saw your arms the other day, and I recognized the scars of the needle. OK. OK. You got it on me. You win.  Yeah. I knew she couldn't take that much of a dose. By the way, how did you find out about that prescription? She told me about it herself when we were talking one time. But if you knew all this stuff before, why didn't you pull me in down at the garage instead of laying and waiting for me like this? I could prove it all to myself, but I couldn't prove it to a jury. However, now I can. Because by your coming here, you've confessed. It's a shame killing her like that. Because she never had the slightest suspicion you were the Spring Lake murderer. Yeah, don't try to kid me. She knew right enough. That's why I had to get that diary. The whole story would have been in that mable that girl I killed. She was in love with me. She wanted me to marry her. So if I didn't, she'd tell the cops where I bought my dope.  And you were burying her by the lake when the Jordan girl came along and took that picture. Yeah. Then I knew that when the body was discovered like it would be someday, this thing would remember seeing me out there. So I had to get that diary before the cops got it. Well, as you go to the electric chair, I want you to remember one thing, my friend. There is no diary, huh? I invented it to smoke you out in the open. Why, you? An imaginary diary in a guilty conscience could have done what clues and detection could only do with great difficulty. You've convicted yourself. A man's own conscience is a better detective than the greatest detective on earth. Always. In just a moment, Nick and Patsy will bring you a preview of next week's exciting case. But now, a thought for this holiday season. Holiday time is hospitality time and nothing reflects more clearly your hospitable feeling than the sparkling holiday look of your home. The look it has when you depend on the three great Linux home brightners. Take Linux Cream Polish, for instance. In one easy application, it gives your fine furniture a lovely luster, leaving no oily film to attract more dust and make more work. And Linux Cream Polish is so quick to use for it cleans as it polishes, cutting out one whole step in your cleaning day routine. You see, Linux Cream Polish removes the cloudy accumulation of previous dust and polish, banishes messy fingerprints, and helps conceal ugly scratches all at once. Here is your real shortcut to furniture beauty. Get Linux Cream Polish now at your dealers. Get all three great Linux home brightners. Linux Clear Gloss Varnish, Linux Cream Polish, and Linux Self Polishing Wax. Remember, Linux is spelled L-I-N-Dash-X, Linux. So ask for these fine home-making products now at your hardware, paint, or department store. And now let's hear from Nick Carter himself. And now, Nick, what's the story you're going to tell us next time? Well, Ken, next week, I want to tell you about an adventure I had just because I went to a party to meet a famous man. And the famous man never showed up at all. It doesn't sound as if the party was much of a success. As far as I was concerned, it was a total flop, socially speaking. But there were three murders as a result of that evening's get-together. And Nick himself was almost added to the list, all due to a decanter of whiskey that turned out not to be whiskey at all. I think that's about enough for now, Petsy. Let's save the rest for next week. And on behalf of myself and the rest of our cast, our organist, Lou White, our sound effects, Walt Shaver, our engineer, Herman Berger, and our writer and director, Jack McGregor, may I wish every one of you the season's greetings in the biggest possible way. And that goes for me, too. So long, everybody. So long to you both. We'll be seeing you again next week. Next week at the same time, listen to another curious experience of Nick Carter, master detective, entitled... Death in a Decanter. Or Nick Carter and the mystery of the missing brother. Nick Carter, master detective, is featured in Street and Smith magazines. Lon Clark is starred as Nick with Helen Chote as Petsy. Original music is played by Lou White and the programs are written and directed by Jack McGregor. And now, Acme, creator of the three great Linux home brightners, Linux clear glass varnish, Linux cream polish, and Linux self-polishing wax, wishes you the hardiest greetings of the holiday season and invite you to be listening next week when Acme will again present Nick Carter, master detective over these same stations. Ken Powell speaking. This...