Hello hello hello Welcome everyone it's time to start this session So we are not moving into your valuable break time afterwards So this is a droop a late multi-lingual site building hacks I'm Gabo Hoichi and my co-speaker is beach. I asked Chandra money there Although it's the two of us speaking here And we are representing the what the team did There's a lot of people who contributed to this initiative So if you take a look at the list is pretty impressive But it's actually not the complete list. This would be the complete list So it's an amazing number of people who participated in the initiative. We Include everyone in this list who ever commented on an issue on the multilingual queue so this is over 1,300 people on the multilingual initiative. I You think it's pretty incredible and We are not done yet So if somebody wants to get involved and not yet involved, we are very happy To get you on board. We'll be here on Friday and on the weekend So we are happy to involve you in the project. We need experience of all kinds We need people testing you eyes. We need people working on better you eyes for things. We need people Writing tests for things fixes for major issues, etc however, we did make a lot of progress in Drupal 8 and my colleague at Acre a Jeffery McGuire summarized that very well in One of his sessions and he said multilingual in Drupal 8 is a huge business advantage We'll save incredible amounts of time and money and it allows us to deliver better experiences than we were ever able to before So basically he's saying that it's it works better and you get the results faster Which is pretty incredible. I think so it's been a work of these many people for almost four and a half years at this point and We made a lot of changes, but the high-level summary of the changes is as follows So we looked at How we handle your data and how can we know more about your data in terms of? Multilingual or in terms of language in general and then we looked at based on that data What can we do to help you build output? with all kinds of dynamic needs that you have in your multilingual projects and Then based on the output. How can you put that into pages on the site? So so you can make dynamic pages based on multilingual needs And we made most of the progress in terms of the data handling because that's where we focused our efforts if we did not make Enough progress in terms of output building or page building That's a lot of opportunity for contrib to move in that space However in terms of how the data is handled it's very core to how Drupal works So we really wanted to make sure to do that one, right? So for that one We added language information and translation support to practically anything in Drupal that you manage So we have language information on content. We have language information on menus We have language information of the blocks that display the menus and we have language information on the items that are in the menus So we have language basically on every level in the system And then we've added translation support as well So you can not only translate your nodes as it was in Drupal 6 But you can also translate all kinds of other content in the system user profile fields You can translate blocks. You can translate menu items. You can translate all kinds of content with fields And you can also translate all kinds of configuration in Drupal 8 core We have built-in user interfaces and data for that too So you can translate your site name you can translate your blocks You can translate your views like the empty text and the and the labels and and stuff in views The pager text etc. So we put translation support there as well And we made the translation support for the software interface much better, too We automated the translation of that from the community so it now downloads automatically to your system and We improved the user interface there as well So I think that's the most important circle for Drupal 8 is that now we know the language of everything in your system to very granular pieces so if you have a Spanish site and you create a New content type on the site in Spanish and now you decide to make the site available in German as well Then you can translate it from Spanish to German and we still support all the content types that Drupal Drupal came with in English That we also translate to Spanish for you. So all the coexistence of all of those different languages is seamlessly managed So now you have all the data in all of those languages and some of them or all of them may have Translations, it's kind of important to be able to build output based on that and Thankfully there was a nice initiative in Drupal 8 called views in core and They were very successful in getting views in core and they were even more successful in getting a lot of things in core 2b views So a lot of built-in blocks in core are now powered of views the front page in core is now a view The node admin page is now a view your block administration pages now a view. It's kind of cool So now you have all that data on your configuration and content And now you have all kinds of parts of pages the main page content and all kinds of blocks generated by views Now you can use all the flexibility of views to filter the data for specific languages or Display the data in in some other language that you wanted another one that was found So we have that flexibility built in there as well And now that you have that output you can put into pages So that's where a page building comes in and Drupal 8 did not make a whole lot of progress in terms of page building There's no panels in there. There's no fancy layouting in there, but blocks got a lot more flexible You'll see that in our demo We now have language on blocks among other things So you can have language visibility on blocks to hide and show That's that output based on your conditions So basically you can use these three things in combination in core to have data in whatever language You want to translate that data into whatever other language you want and then use views and other tools to pull that data out And display in whatever way you want and then you can use blocks and language visibility to Push that display into the part of the page that you needed it to be So that's the functional overview of what we did in Drupal 8 core And this is all built in in Drupal 8 core. There's no contributing modules involved So how we did that is we looked at Drupal 7 which is the orange circles here And we took local module and broke it into two parts So we said okay, there's a base language service layer that we need that serves everything So that's what handles assigning language to your data Setting up all the languages deciding what language is used on the page And we made all of those options even more flexible. So that's now a base service. That's in in its own module and the interface translation features we broke out to the interface translation module and Made that richer from Drupal 7 by automating translation downloads and making the user interface much easier to use And then putting in a lot more features there too And then Drupal 6 also had content translation in core which we deleted. There's no Content translation module of the same type that we had in Drupal 6. That's not the Drupal 6 and 7 That's not available anymore instead We took the entity translation module from contrib and put that into core and named that the content translation module the reason for that is that allows us To store and manage the translations together and makes it very flexible for you to configure it however you want and Then move between different configurations without needing migrations between your different models of data So that's the that was the most powerful way for us to support translations of all kinds of content on your system And then there was the configuration translation problem that we did not solve in seven And that was the I18n module which tried to provide that feature set And then it required the variable module and all kinds of other glue modules like I18n views and I18n web form and I don't know what there's several other modules That you don't need anymore in Drupal 8 because we have the configuration translation solution in 8 that works very closely With the configuration system in Drupal 8. It's deployable. You can QA your translations, etc So it's very well integrated into the deployment friendly configuration system So that's the high-level overview of the modules And then the reality is that there's a lot of other modules that we took and put into core in whole or in parts So we have the admin language detection module in core. We have a language fallback system for languages in interface translations So you can have Specialized versions of languages we put in the the title module obviously which used to be Translating the title field itself is now not required because we support all the fields and then all these glue modules from I18n We put into core as well and then there were several other smaller changes Like transliteration from machine names and all kinds of other small nice touches that you'll notice when you look around core That's I think not surprising for four and a half years of development But when it really comes powerful is when you combine these features with all the other great things that went into Drupal 8 core. So that's where I want to ask VJ to come over and show you a few things Okay, so So the main like Gabor explained we have like three different set of modules in terms of functionality like content translation and configuration translation which works with the CMI Initiative like the whole configuration system and then we have interface translation, which is something like we had in Drupal 7 So what we are trying to show now is basically we just trying to Set up a small website like a game site where We're gonna we're gonna display, you know, like a few games and we're gonna show How to review it and also like how can you set up the whole site? Without adding any contributor module and you can translate them into different language first this site is a small simple site and so the First page are the landing page. We are planning to set it up like a contact test page with the contact test form and and Then from there you can navigate through the menus and you can go to the different Game page or my account page from there. So first I'm going to change the home page To slash contact. So again the contact is a module that comes with the D8 core So this is the General it's a sorry out of box contact test form As you know in like D7 In D8 also the home page is always said to slash node. So I'm gonna change that to slash contact Yeah, that the site might look something like this So now We are going to use this form as a contact us form instead of website feedback. So I'm going to change the title to Contact us So yeah, so that we change the form now The title is fine, but we don't want to display this just this form We want to have a form that people can fill also we they can find us So we want to put some address and map as a main content and we put the contact us in the site so So here is where the translation of the blocks comes in so like it's a translation But for now, it's just a single, you know, like a site with just one language just English We haven't started translating anything so we're going to swap the main content like the contact us main content as a site block and add a new block a custom block with the address and map to the game store So what we're showing here is the side building flexibility of the new blocks features in Drupal 8 So let's say you want to have your contact information Which obviously will need to be multilingual because if you want to have business You need to have more as many as many people be able to understand what's going on How to get to contact you and what we are doing here is to make that as the first point of information on the site and That's in the main content block on the page So we are going to move that on the site and we're going to get some nice information to people through Our own text means so you want to create a new main page content So what we are showing here is block instances in Drupal 8 you can have multiple copies of your main page content and Move that to the sidebar. So we are Moving this main page content to the sidebar and then creating one For this page only So that allows us to use a piece of content that need that would have been a piece of node in Drupal 7 to Be display in a block and then very neatly be able to move that around and translate if we want and Doing the same to the main page content block as well. So the two things you did now is you move the Do you remove the? No, you did not remove so you've added a new piece of block on the contact us page Which as you may have seen can now be quick edited And you wanted to make that foolish them all right so So we have that contact us block we can go and Make it full HTML It is but you pasted the markup into so you can use this feature with This full HTML block you can use fillable blocks Etc. And the neat thing about it is it has in place editing as well as any other content in Drupal 8 So you can quick edit your block as well as your content and you'll see soon that you can also translate this block Then we have this form here that we wanted to move to the sidebar and we can use block visibility for that Which Will allow us to have multiple copies of this block and show this main content in the sidebar and on other pages Show it as the main page so what you can use this for is If you're building out your site and you have you have some rich type of content for locals in Catalan and Spanish You can use that to To provide them with that kind of information And you can use separate blocks for if you are trying to build out the site in French and German So maybe they are going to visit your site as well You can use a different kind of block and show and swap those blocks based on different languages on the site so that's why block visibility can be very handy and Block instances is very handy if you want to display the same thing at different places on your site So what we are showing here is we're moving the contact block Which is the main page to the sidebar on this page and on other pages would keep it as the main content like this And So the rest of the pages still show the main page content We need two instances of that block and the other instance is going to show on every other page So this is a very powerful cyber in feature in Drupal 8 to use for for layout in your pages and Mixing with language support can be used to provide separate features for different audiences You want to go forward? Yeah, the next one is like we're going to add a menu item. So we can display Notes up before the note project. Yeah before that I would change this to a home page. So Already a home page, so if I go directly To the home page. Yeah, so it will be a home page So now we're going to add Slash note page as a game listing page and for that I'm going to add a menu item to the main navigation And what we are creating here in Drupal 8 technically when we are creating menu items are content entities So these point to other content entities or other paths on the site And when we get them created then we'll have them Have them Translatable and positionable as content entities in the menu and then we can create another one for my account And then we'll show you how to do fun things with menus and blocks and translations So we now have this three item menu We have some of them that only shows for logged in users Some of them shows for everyone and that's a great menu but what's usually happens on a site even in the small site with game reviews is You have languages that are not hundred percent copies of other languages So you need to have some languages that share this menu and some other languages that don't So I think we would need languages first for that, right? So we would need to set up the languages that we want to use for the site Let's do interface translation at the same time So you want to do interface translation and language So we can go faster And then we'll have languages to play around with the blocks in the menus Very good Okay, perfect So that allows us to do a lot of fun things with this so So that's fine So So when we have When we have our languages to deal with we can translate that block to however many languages we want So let's add the languages first and then we can swap out the blocks for different languages as well So because Drupal 8 uses blocks for basically any part of the page We can use language visibility to hide and show those blocks So if you want to have a menu for Catalan and Spanish and you want to have a total different menu for Hungarian Let's say then you can do that with language visibility on your menu blocks So you can use a menu for several languages and then use another menu for other languages So what we just did is we enable language and interface translation modules and when we add a new language Then it automatically downloads interface translations from localized Drupal.org and then it's updating those translations in our database as well So that's what's going on right now. It's importing our importing our translations. There's a percentage sign It's not going very fast here, but it's a big translation. It's like six Thousand translatable strings. So while that's going on we can talk about this happening Automatically if you don't want to have this happen automatically on your site You can disable the automated translation updates and then later on You can push from your staging server to the live server All the updates that happen there and do the quality assurance testing on that server So now we have one language and let's add Catalan as well. And then we should be fine We have prepared sites for every step of the demo In case it goes bad. So we have this site that already has those two languages Yeah If it doesn't have So once you once we have these two languages what we can do is to use language visibility as you can see there and say We want this menu only for let's say this one was set up to be English and Hungarian But locally probably would be a more likely primary menu for Catalan and then set up an entirely different menu for For other languages that we want so what we did here is we did a main navigation that shows for English and Hungarian and we did a menu that was a main navigation for Catalan and We can set up the two menus entirely differently and then swap them out on the page Based on language visibility So if I quit out of the Catalan in their face because some of you would not understand Catalan We can go to the block layout and see that we have two blocks We have a main main main navigation block and a main navigation Catalan block both of them and Instead of showing them both at once what we do is for the main navigation You've just seen it's limited to Hungarian and English and for main navigation Catalan we limit to Catalan So when you switch language on the site It will be for English and Hungarian this menu and for Catalan will be totally different menu So you can combine menu translation and block visibility To have entirely separate menus for specific languages and or share menus between different languages and translate them and What this demo also had in there is the translation of the menu items themselves So that you can do easily on the menu interface Especially if we are not stuck in Hungarian and you're going to understand it net understand it better Yeah so If you go to the main menu itself That's gonna have all your links and What's great about that is? All the links have a translate tab on them translate operation Summarizes which which languages it is translated to we are not using this menu for Catalan So we did not bother translating this item to Catalan We did bother to translate this item to Hungarian though and when we edit it It shows that it that it is translated this way to Hungarian so that's a very powerful way to combine translations on content entities with block visibility and Then you can do the same thing to blocks. So there's our block with that label and You can go and edit the block And then it has a translate tab as well and of course the blocks has their own translations Etc. So this applies to all kinds of content in your system that you create that you place on the page That you put in a menu that you put on a user profile You can go and translate to other languages. You want to show how we configure the translatability for this one? so So, yeah, I think I can go back to the first one So for for configuring the content translation there is a setup under Content land, you know content language and translation, you know, and here you can you can just define Yeah, define the different elements of That that you allow is that that you want to translate So for for blocks We just going to enable custom blocks and then and in d8 the blocks also kind of like nodes like it's like you can create a different type of blocks and And then yeah and under the block types You create a different set of blocks for you know, which is a whole block type and then when you enable the Element then it provides your option saying that if you want to enable for That element and all the fields under the element and you can decide whether you want to translate all of them or you just Want to disable only particular fields So some fields it makes sense to translate some of them It's you know, it's not something translatable So you can just avoid those or you can just leave it back and then At the same place you may have noticed there is a custom menu link item as well so the same place where you enable custom menu link translation and The same place where you enable user profile translation comment translation is a fun thing Etc etc So if you have use case for translating any of these things then you can just go in here and and set them up And I think we are now going to move forward to content types so So Let's say let's say you want to have Let's say you want to have actual games for review, which was the point of the site So what we're going to do there is we're going to create a new game content type And that's very easy is very similar to how you do in Drupal 7 The only big change here is we have new field types now so We can do all kinds of crazy fields on games if we want we can put date fields on them we can put Whatever we want so once you go to add new field There's this whole big list of things that we can deal with and that includes And that includes email Boolean Comments themselves our field which you'll learn soon. How does that work? Taxonomy term reference content reference There's entity reference supporting core etc And the good thing about all of these fields is all of them can vary by language So you can create whatever field you want and then you can vary that by language So let's say I want this game thing and I want to have an image field, which I'm going to actually we use an existing field for that Image is fine. So I'm going to have games with images on them and All the settings are okay for me. I don't care about the details here and then I want to have a Number field that is an integer that would have an estimated price of this game So people reviewing this game have an idea of how much it costs There's one one of them is fine And we want to provide that in Euros and then we want to have Whatever other field you want so basically you can build out this content type with all the Built-in field functionality and now we want to put reviews on games and reviews They should take ratings right because otherwise what what what makes sense to have reviews on games So what we're gonna do is we're gonna create a comment type For reviews, which is also possible in duplicate. So we had a new comment type. Let's say with the review very good We're gonna target that on content in general and save that And now we have a review comment type and what we need in reviews, of course, is the ratings So we manage fields on them and we add ratings Which is gonna be a list field for integers We say rating And they're gonna be able to select from one to five Very good limit them in one So very easy to get around with all these all these fields for you to build off on And now we can just need to relate this comment type to that content type So what we'll do is we go to content types Big game manage fields and we say games want to take reviews. So games want to take comments That are reviews Then we have a we have an option to select which type of comment it is it is a review type of comment so very easy to build this out and then All of these are content entities that are related to each other So now you can go to your configuration and say which one you want to actually translate So you go to your content language and translation and you have your comment types and you can make your reviews multilingual as In support translations or you can say you don't want to support translation was it on reviews But you want to you want to make them in a sensible default language So let's say when people submit reviews on things they will submit that in the page of the language, right? So we'll say it's the interface language selected for the page That should be the default for the review and we don't Expose the language selector for the user because it would just confuse them So it's very very flexible to set up how language works for your content So we say that's defaults to the interface language and then we want to do similar for content But we want to actually translate our games So our game content type and That's where all the fields come in that are supported on notes So we have a title field we track the author by language, which means who translated it We track the time of the authoring when it was changed whether it's promoted to the front page We track separate aliases for them. We have separate body text and then some fields like images We have sub field level detail for them So you can say I want to share the same image file because games Basically have the same photograph somebody playing the game or if it's a board game like in our case It's gonna be a box of the game. That's international mostly and then the alt text and the title text We want to translate and then the price is a good question if you want to keep as a unified price Maybe you want to do that then You can't keep you that way So and reviews we're not gonna Take them separate language. We're gonna take them in the same language As the user wanting to submit them So it's very easy to plug in all those things that you just click together on the field UI to the multilingual settings And now you have a whole input system for games and reviews and it's multilingual and we were done it within like five minutes So if we want to add new games, we go to our content admin page and we say add content We want to add a game. I really like the Hanabi game. I don't know if you know it Submit that in English. I could upload an image now. I'm not gonna do that Let's say it's 20 euros So now I have this game and now I have Comments on it on them which are reviews so I can say I really like this game So it's a five Really like it and submit that and so the multilingual experience around this basically is I Can go and translate this game to however many languages I want here Go in and translate it to Hungarian and Catalan and then on the reviews themselves We track the language that they were submitted with Unfortunately Drupal core does not have user interface to list comments by language So we are not going to be able to do that one more fun thing possible here is Although we have the list of reviews saying reviews kind of a problem here Is that our review submission form still says add new comment? That's not nice. It's not possible to configure in core, but you are at a talk titled Triple eight multilingual hex So we're going to use a good feature in triple eight to make that customized so What happens in duple eight is you can change English interface text if you want so you go to Your user interface translation and that's all the things all the source strings Found on the pages and that's where you will find add new content New comment You can filter for that and there's of course. This is the Hungarian translations. I'm going to change that to to the Hungarian version of review Save that So now I have it properly saying the Hungarian version, but there's no option for English. That's not nice However, I can make it available as an option Because I just go to language lists. I go to English and say okay English Make it available for interface translation. There's a checkbox. So this saves you from installing the string over rides module All built into core. So now you can go back to configuration interface translation and add new comment We'll wait there for you and say English by the way We totally revamped this translation interface. It's much easier now in eight. You can actually translate it here So English filter And now add new comment. I want to change to add review Save And now Here you are you have at review in English and Switch to Hungarian and was gonna say that whatever I changed it to Hungarian, right? So this is very useful to change whatever you want in core basically if you don't like register you want to Add new you don't like add new account. You want to register you don't like login you want sign in whatever you can change that It's very easy to touch up on things and fix problems Yes, so the question was how do you change this when you have six different common types? Unfortunately, this example does not scale to that problem Because this changes it globally The example does scale to login and sign in etc You would need to have it as a field setting. So the reviews label itself is a field setting so if you go to fields then Then that's what I configure it as the name of the field Unfortunately, the add new comment is not yet a field setting. However, when I created this demonstration a month or so ago I created an issue for that So hopefully will be possible to change that sooner or later So reviews is coming from the field label itself and it should have a field setting that says Add new review or whatever label for the form and it should use that sure so so that's So that's how you do the content types and then when you translate your notes you will end up with Multiple versions of this one. So let's say I'm just going to touch up on this to make it easy for you Hungarian save it And now I have two versions of this note. So if you go to your note admin page Now that has two versions of this one. So it has two Hanna bees It's totally indistinguishable because the name of the game is the same regardless of the language If we want to make make it distinguishable because there are translations of the same thing What can we do? We change the page because this page is a view It's a view. So we go to views and we say we want to have information about the language on our content admin page So this is admin content. It's a view It does not tell us the language of the content. So we add a field for the language of the translation Content translation language. We add that field to all displays apply to all displays and Now I have that language information at the ends if we want to make that somewhat nicer we can Rearrange this and move the operations earlier. So what's great about all the views advancements in Drupal 8 is Most things are views. So if you look at some something in the block or look at something in the list It's very likely. It's gonna be a view and then you can just go behind it and change whatever you want In this case, I can customize the content admin view to be an admin translation dashboard and And Have people whatever information they want and have people whatever tools they need So I have a language filter here, which is built into the core view I can filter it down to only the Hungarian translations and then do whatever I want with that So that's very flexible and very very reusable knowledge to have So in views there are two tools for you to use there. There's The filtering for languages And there's the rendering of language. So the filter basically decides Which language the query is going to filter for? So that's the back end of the view and then there's a front end of the view is which language the view is going to render This and there's a lot of options there as well So you can render the result in the original language of the content that was submitted in or the site default language Or a specific language or some things. It's very easy to build views that are like To-do lists for your translators or a translator dashboard like this one where you filter it for things that are outdated in a specific language and render them in your language that you can translate to etc It's very easy to combine those features so So what we looked at basically here is All the data that you can do is Either in your configuration or in your content if it's in your content like all your menu items all your content types all your Comments then it's fieldable and it's configurable as translatable entity so you can one by one Translate every field and configure which one you want to translate it So if I don't want a price I don't want the actual image to be translated they are kept across translations and then we've seen that is possible to touch up on things in the user interface and Make the interface better however we want and then build views based on the data and get whatever kind of output We want with filters and then the views could end up in blocks or the main page content block and those blocks We can move around make separate instances of them and Display at different places and use language visibility to hide certain things like as we did with the multilingual menus We created the menu for two languages and created a separate menu for a third language and Hidden them and shown them for separate languages So I think that really shows that this builds a reusable set of features Where you can work with your data work with your display and use your displays to build your pages in a very flexible way and and only with Drupal core without any contributed modules installed in Drupal 8 today You can go and start doing this for small sites like this one I would encourage you to start now and start building it out and see see what happens And I think that's it for the session and if there are any questions. We would love to answer them Yes, do you want to walk over to the mic that I don't need to repeat the question Sorry That's a sport. No The question was regarding your overriding the English string for instance review instead of add new comment Can you give that some kind of context in core so that this only applies to a game node? so Drupal core So Drupal core when it attempts to display add new comment from the form It does not tell the translation system the context it is coming from So even if in this interface in the translation interface We would be able to provide that context when it is actually attempted to be used that context is not provided So it wouldn't work Unfortunately for strings that need context the only way that's going to work is if developers add that context Otherwise we cannot inject it from the outside because we don't know which component and class and plug-in and whatever It's coming from and how we would be able to like tell that plug-in or something that hey You would maybe want to use this context So yes, ideally it would be possible, but technically we have not found a way yet for that Thanks sure Yes So the question was do I recommend this to in general to change strings or should should you have a module for it It's so there's a lot of work that went into the translation system behind this the strings Actually this week there were performance improvements to make it even faster So it does not translate anything that does not need to be translated So we place in strings in English used to be a performance burden because then then your English pages would start using the translation system It's now not that big of a performance burden anymore. That's the first answer the second answer is It's very easy now To take all these customizations and use it somewhere else because all the customizations that you make are tracked as customized translations so you can take these English Customizations and export them to your computer That's not very Big news for English because for English you only try translated the ones that you needed changed, right? But the same works for hangarian So if you want to take that customization that I made for the ad new comment hangarian translation What Drupal core does is it protects that customization that I made in this UI for being overwritten from the updates from the community? And it also makes it available for me to export that customization and take you to other sites if I want to clone this site So it's as good as you can do with a module because built There's built-in protection for those strings that you entered in this UI if you don't want that built-in protection you can turn it off There is a setting here to To overwrite customized translations or not But the default setting is that customized translations are kept and they are not overwritten by the community updates and all kinds of Imports and stuff that you do so it's as good as a as a custom module could be It has a much better UI to change things So I don't know if you notice but in seven there was no direct input for interface translation here and in eight there is and What's better is if you have something that? As plurals now you can enter that in In a plural friendly way, so it's all in place now you can just translate them You can make changes it marks them so you can go have a coffee and then come back and you still see what you changed Then what needs to be saved? I think it's really great to work on this one Yes in the back The question was if this is exportable through CMI or not No So the interface translations are not kept in configuration However However, as I've said there's a setting here that governs whether the updates actually happen So for some reason the setting in this site And I think his default is to never check for updates and never update your strings so this is a suggested setting for production sites if you want to quality assure your translations that it would never change your translations on the production site and on the development side you can set it to update weekly or monthly or whatever and Then the other good news is that all of these translations that are updated are actually saved in the file system So you go to your configuration and file system settings and that's where you configure where they are so this is in sites default files translations now and On the production server. This is in CMI this string the setting of where the file is So on the production server you can set this directory to someplace that you manage with git and when you push your production stuff you push up the the string changes and And just run a drosh job on the production site when you launch that re-imports those Translations so you can do the updates on a development server staging server and on the live server just Configured this directory to be a git repository somewhere and then then run and drosh import when you when you push live And then there's no updates there and there's nothing happening. So you can do the QA this way the reason it's not in CMI is a lot of data and We did not figure out how to put that to CMI and the same thing as your early access I'm not in CMI the same problem. We haven't figured out how to put that into configuration Yes Hello, hello This is very similar to entity translation When using entity translation previously we had a lot of issues with modules like workbench moderation in line entity form Etc. Etc. Is there a set of recommendation to port this kind of modules to Drupal 8 to avoid those issues? Yes, yes, so there's been so this is very similar to entity translation Yes, because it's we ported entity translation to 8 How we made it better is we made all the base fields available like title author publishing stages without extra modules So all the fields on content are available Why is it going to be better in Drupal 8 than 7 if it was so bad in 7 good question The reason is going to be better is because in 7 it was a contributed module that people did not integrate with and there was a Different core module for content translation that some people integrated with this Contrib modules some people integrated with almost nobody integrated with both And there was no migration path between the two of them at least not both ways So this this time we only have one solution and it's in core and the reason we have this solution is because if you check all The boxes all of them then is the same as it was in Drupal 6 or 7 because then all of your fields are Translatable, so it's practically a different copy of the content, right? So you can you can on a scale reproduce a different solution or the same solution as in 7 But it's always the same API is in the same infrastructure So it's one API to integrate with for contrib and it's a core API to integrate with So that what's going to make it easier to integrate the best practice is that the API was also reworked under the hood Francesco Placella is going to have a session or is having a session at this time or something like that I don't know exactly about the API behind this Is much easier to use in 8? Because now it defaults to handling the default language of the entity and if you want to get a translation It's just a method call There's no like magic arrays and numbers and keys and stuff that you need to remember That was very painful in 7 to support in 8 It's a method call and then you can work with the translation as a Clone of the original entity if it was the original entity same methods same API is etc It's a very easy to deal with and support if your module does not care about translations at all Then your module is always going to work with the default original language submission version of the entity and not do anything with the Translations usually that's the idea, so it's not going to break anything, but it's not going to work with them But but again the the reason we think it's going to be better is it's one solution in core And it's scalable to all requirements that we've seen in seven So it's going to be better and easier to integrate with in fact in an 8th core. There's search module Makes all the translations appear as separate results the core search module Although not a lot of people use the core search module However, if you use whatever country module the search APIs also expose them as separate ones So we have all that information exposed to we have it in the entity access API views note access Etc. All of those are exposed in those APIs as well. So people Interfacing with those APIs will need to or should integrate with language support as well anything else If not, then again Friday We're gonna sprint here and there's mentors available for you to help get started if you've never sprinted you should come anyway Mentor is going to help you get started work on things and if you feel comfortable then Just feel free to come to our to our sprint I will be at the sprint as well as several other people from the multilingual team and we have tasks for anyone We have tasks for usability testing documentation writing demo updating Whatever you want Slideshow translations all kinds of things. So we have we have Tasks for everyone and there is a sprint announced for translating Drupal late to your own language as well but You'll need to be able to find other people who are also translating to that language So that's not that easy. We'll try to figure out some Process for that on Friday. So people find each other easier But now is also the time to start looking at translating Drupal 8 Because there's not gonna be a lot of time before it's out Hopefully and you want to get your translations there sooner than later So that's it for us If you liked the session or if you did not like the session, please provide feedback on the conference site There's feedback form on each session and then you can provide a feedback there Please do so we can improve in the future. We can make things better. The conference is better. We'll be better and everybody's going to be happy Thanks for coming and see you around at the conference Exactly the same So You You


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry MO. So today we have a discussion about the abutment in FVD. So what are the criteria we need to look into when selecting an abutment. So as per GPT the abutment can be defined as a tooth or a portion of a tooth or that portion of an implant which is used for the support of a fixed or removable processes. So this abutment role is very crucial in accepting the load of FVD because if something happens to the abutment, if it is not able to withstand the occlusion force, the FVD will be failed. So there are many factors which determines the failure of an FVD with regard to abutment. So we have some 5 to 6 major factors or major criteria to select an abutment. The first one is the location, position and condition of the tooth. So the characteristics of the preferred abutment that are teeth adjacent to edgeless spaces and teeth with grossly decayed crowns that can be restored with a full veneer crown. Then modifications like double core or pin retained amalgam restorations, they needed to restore crown morphology in grossly destructed teeth. Double teeth are preferred, though endodontic teeth can be used, pulp cap teeth cannot be used as they are always under risk of RCT. So these teeth can be selected for an abutment in FVD that are the teeth which is near to the edgeless space, teeth with grossly decayed crowns that can be restored with a full veneer crown or double core or pin retained amalgam restorations which can be needed to restore crown morphology in grossly destructed teeth, mostly vital teeth are preferred, still we can go for teeth with root canal therapy but never use a tooth with pulp capped because they are always under the risk of root canal treatment. Next factor is crown root ratio. So it is the ratio between the length of the crown and length of the root and it should always be less than 1, that is the length of the root should be greater than the length of the crown. So the length of the crown indicates the length of the tooth structure above the crest of the arvela bone, you can see the picture here. So ideally the crown ratio should be 2 to 3, so length of the crown, 2 length of the root is 3 but ratio up to 1 is to 1, that is the equal length of crown and root is acceptable. So that is the crown root ratio. Next is root configuration. In root configuration the forces acting on tooth are transferred to supporting bone through the root, that is how it happens. So the shape of the root determines the ability of the abutment to transfer these masticatory forces to the supporting bone. So roots with greater labiolingual width are preferred or roots with irregular curvature are preferred rather than the straight one because it can withstand more forces in more directions, that is oblique direction of force and apical, I mean the forces which is acting through the long axis of tooth. So always curved roots or the roots with more labiolingual or the buckolingual with this preferred or teeth with longer roots serve as better abutment rather than the shorter roots. So canines is a better abutment rather than the lateral incisor and tooth with conical roots can be used for short span fixed partial denture. So that was about root configuration. Now we have the root support, the fourth one is root support. In root support the supporting alveolar bone should be healthy without any periapical or periodontal problems. So it should have good trapecular architecture and no which should not show any sign of bone defects or bone loss. So the IOPA should be used to evaluate the bone architecture before we are planning it as an abutment. So this alveolar bone support is one of the most important factors that aid to evaluate an abutment. And next we have the periodontal ligament area. So it can be used as a measure of scale to determine the potency of the abutment. So there is something known as antizlo, antizlo. So antizlo before that there was Thillman who stated that two abutment teeth could support two pontics. So this came before Anti. So Thillman stated two abutment teeth, two abutment teeth could support two pontics. But later Antiput forward this law says that the sum of the perisemental areas of the abutment teeth should be equal to or greater than the two to be replaced. So it is a sum of the perisemental area of the abutment teeth. So if you are replacing three teeth and the perisemental area of these three teeth what we are planning for the abutment should be greater. So this law is simple. We need more perisemental area for the abutment teeth than the teeth to be replaced. So the periodontal area of abutment should be calculated and if it is not sufficient, if it is not reaching with respect to the teeth to be replaced we need to take additional support as secondary abutment. So we need to have more perisemental area for the abutment than the teeth to be replaced that is antizlo. Then lastly the assessment of pulpal health. So usually unrestrode abutments are preferred rather than androendically treated or pulpal inflamed which went for any restoration such tooth should be avoided. So if caries is present the regular preparation can be done. If the caries solutions are large they should be scooped out and can be used for additional retention rather than the primary retention and if the abutment tooth has a caries solution with pulpal involvement where the RCD is advised such abutment should be avoided. So that was all about the abutment selection in fixed partial dentures or the criteria we need to think about before planning abutment in FPD that are the location position of the condition of the tooth where to be placed what tooth to be kept as abutment. Then the crown root ratio ideal it is 2 is to 1 that is the root should be more length here than the crown that is ideal it is optimal one is 1 is to 1 or ideal it is 2 is to 3 that is more root length then the root configuration the curved roots and the longer roots are preferred then the root support we need to take an IOPA and make sure that there is no periodical or periodontal problems then the periodontal ligamental area the perisemental area of the abutment should be greater than the teeth to be replaced and finally the assessment of pulpal health a tooth without any pulpal issues should be selected for an abutment. So it is small concept but usually questions came as a short notes the one is crown root ratio then the anti slow sometimes criteria of abutment selection in FPD. I will come up with a new topic in prosodontics thank you.


Before moving to Florida in the 1970s, the late and legendary crooner Perry Como called Long Island Home and raised his family in a sans point estate that most recently sold for $2.9 million dollars. Built in 1937, this colonial mansion sits on 2.5 acres of land and inside of those six bedrooms and five baths throughout. There are large and spacious rooms inside Perry's former property and while they have been updated to modern day expectations, the home still respects its history. A number of touches Perry added remain including the extension and great room, the 15 car driveway and the Hollywood style pool and more. No wonder!


At Audiology Associates of Prestonsburg, you can live your life the way you want and find the freedom of better hearing. You'll experience patient care that is specific to you with exceptional follow-up care that ensures your hearing and balance needs are being met. Audiology Associates at 1428 Northlake Drive in Prestonsburg. Prestonsburg, Kentucky will be revitalizing downtown after receiving the T-Mobile hometown grant. The grant will be used to make improvements and install a new mural. And so not only are we getting to revitalize it for a place that people can come and gather, but also be exposed to art and education. Part of that new renovation is revamping the mural downtown. So we have quite a large mural that's going to go in a little over between 30 and 40 foot mural that will be right downtown. And so any of our artists out there are muralists that are experienced in this that you think would be a good fit. Please send it to them. In addition to the mural, the Fountain Square will be receiving enhanced seating and other upgrades, which will be announced at a later date. We saw that there was there's not as many spaces to just sit to gather and to just be if you want to enjoy a lunch out to outside, or if you want to have a meeting outside, or if you just want to hang out for a little bit and read a book. That was something we really wanted to enhance. And so we really focused on the Fountain Square and it will be an ongoing project. But we're really excited to have enhanced seating there to have some interactive spaces to be able to create experiences that we won't share just yet till it comes out. And we'll be able to offer some workshops there and special events. And then, of course, with this new mural and interactive art experience as well. All mural submissions must be submitted by November 11. For more information and to view the full proposal, go to Prestonsburg Tourism on Facebook.


What is more idyllic for an American than kids playing on a hot summer day on the lawn whether it's running through a sprinkler Playing catcher tag or a backyard barbecue the stage where all of this is the historic anomaly known as the lawn This is the low-tech podcast Hello and welcome, I'm Scott Johnson from the Low Technology Institute your host for podcast number 51 on July 23rd 2022 coming to you at a low-tech institutes gardens in Cooksville, Wisconsin. Thanks for joining us today We're going to look at the history of problems with and alternatives to the great American lawn We'll also have a few updates around the Institute and don't forget to follow us on Twitter Our handle is at low underscore techno like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram subscribe to us on YouTube and check out our website lowtech Institute org there You can find our podcast as well as information about joining and supporting the Institute and its research Also some podcast distributors put ads on their podcasts unless you hear me doing the ad Someone else is making money on that advertising while all our podcast videos and other information are given freely They take resources to make and if you're in a position to help support our work and be part of this community Please consider becoming a monthly supporter for as little as three dollars a month through our patreon page Patreon comm slash low-tech Institute. Thanks to Ryan W. Who joined since the last episode if you'd like to sponsor an episode directly Please get in touch with us through our website lowtech Institute org Lawns are seemingly everywhere covering up to 2% of the Continental US's surface Recently people have begun to question the worth of this ubiquitous part of the American landscape So today we're going to delve into the history of lawns Briefly summarize the points against them and then go into alternatives that may meet your needs better than you might think So the word lawn comes from the same root as the word land and it referred to a clearing in a forest The word as we know it today as a kept area of crop grass dates to the 1700s From the medieval period onward lawns were really only found among Aristocrats who could either pay laborers to scythe the grass to an even shortness or have sheep rabbits or horses graze carefully over grassy areas to create so-called green carpets in the 16 and 1700s The European aristocracy began to cultivate lawns to emulate romantic Italian landscape paintings This allowed their opulent manor houses to be viewed in a large managed landscape scene By the 1800s the lawns had become a mark of wealth It was a form of conspicuous consumption having a lawn was basically to say that the owner was so well off that he and of Course most landowners were almost always men Could ostensibly waste a large area to maintain a cultivated decorative field in North America early European settlers brought grass and clover seed from Europe After they lost a lot of cattle sheep and goats to poisonous and less nutritious grass and forage That was already native to the east coast weeds were also brought over in ships mixed in the animals bedding fodder manure And even in the ship's ballast Some weeds spread ahead of human colonizers so quickly that when the Europeans moved into new areas They assumed that the imported weeds were natives here as well And I'll note that must have this history comes from Virginia Scott Jenkins book the Lawn a history of an American obsession The lawn as we know it today didn't develop until the late 1800s with the advent of the real lawnmower Reel you know the one with the set of blades that spins as you push it before that the closest approximation of a large area Of crop grass was a pasture or recently harvested field in the early 1900s Lawns were present but not as common as they are today as people either lived in built-up cities or rural areas The real home of the modern American lawn didn't come around until the suburban explosion after World War two in the pre-war Cities only the very wealthy had enough space for well-kept lawns in the smaller towns Most people grew gardens or used green spaces for keeping chickens or other practical purposes a bit of lawn could easily be kept with the Push real lawnmower and the lawns back then were not monocrops, but included dandelions clover and other ground cover It was only after the war with the expansion of largely white Middle-class suburbs and the keeping up with the Jones's mentality that the lawn started to become what it is today and A part of that is due to bomb factories, but we'll talk about that in a minute Over the last two centuries lawns have become such a ubiquitous part of the American landscape that they seem that they seem to have been around forever They're an outward sign of class and an immediate marker of whether or not a household is taking care of its property Just think of the social stigma of an unkempt lawn in the suburbs You can just imagine all the neighbors commenting to one another on what an eyesore and unmowed property is next to all the other cropped masterpieces It's been a part of our society for enough generations that it's become deeply embedded these types of Visceral beliefs are harder to shake than oh say cell phone use which has only been around for less than a generation For example when we moved into the house that is the Low Technology Institute here behind me in the garden It hadn't been lived in for two years and the people responsible for maintaining the house had let many parts of the house languish But a group of volunteers had kept the lawnmode that entire time Now there is a time and a place for social pressure to move people Towards right action, but there's also social stigmas and pressures that push us to do wasteful and downright terrible things Lawns are a class-based adoption of aristocratic ideals from the late Middle Ages. Is that how we want to be positioning ourselves for the future? We rarely question deeply embedded tropes of our society But the next time you see an unkempt lawn and feel a pang of discomfort stop and ask yourself What's causing you to think that way? It isn't logic Let's turn to some of the problems with lawns and we'll see why lawns just to make no sense at all And now this is not meant to be an indictment of lawns Many many people have pointed out the problems with lawns and spent a lot more time on the issue than I'm going to And I've listed some of them in the show notes But to summarize we can sort the problems into let's say six categories the first category of course is ecological Lawns do not appear in nature. Lawns are usually monocultures literally excluding any type of biodiversity Which is inherently unstable for the environment, but also the grass species itself if a single fungal variety could wipe it out It's also less useful for the fungi and animal life that live with the lawn Plus at least in the US the species that are used for lawns are non native and their cultivation reduces the prevalence of native grasses and plants The next category is water and depending on where you live watering your lawn might be a significant waste of a finite resource Americans average 12 inches of water on their lawns each year that amounts to 40 million acre feet to put that in perspective The USDA calculated that 83.4 million acre feet were used in agricultural irrigation in 2019 Needless to say wasting a third of irrigation on a crop that has no real utilitarian value should be seen as a problem a Quotation from the Washington Post sums it up nicely Other folks are ditching their lawns because of the amount of water they soak up nine billions of gallons of it per day according to the EPA think of the miracle that is the modern water supply pristine water pumped through hundreds of miles of Shiny state-of-the-art filtration systems and pipes treated with miracle chemicals that keep our teeth from falling out of our heads and Available on demand at the twist of a knob and then consider that we intentionally dump billions of gallons of that water out on the ground The next problem is chemical. I'll start with a short story Once upon a time before World War two lawn care handbooks suggested clover and chickens were a good way To maintain lawn fertility then the US created hundreds of bomb factories that turned atmospheric nitrogen into explosives using lots and lots of energy It turns out that explosive material also works as a fertilizer And so as the war ended and America experienced the baby boom a white middle class exodus to the suburbs and a strong economy The natural step was for the bomb factories to begin selling fertilizer to one of the biggest crops in the country Long grass now is argued that clover and other so-called weeds should be avoided in favor of chemical fertilizers Heck why not use chemical herbicides to kill those weeds indeed in 1999 55% of households applied insecticides and 74% applied fertilizer Studies show however that whatever you put on your lawn is also tracked into your home Dust on surfaces carpets and floors often contain dangerous chemicals directly linked to lawn care and their location in the house Makes them especially dangerous to young children crawling on the floor and pets For more on this see articles by Robinson Sharp linked in the show notes And then we have to consider the financial investment Americans spend 30 billion on lawn care each year which amounts to $750 an acre from purchasing fertilizers and other chemicals to poison Plants and insects to lawn care equipment that only gets used an hour a week The lawn is nothing but a hole in the ground that you can shovel money into if you own property with a lawn Chances are you're also paying to have access to parks where you can enjoy all the leisure benefits of a lawn without the expense Next up is labor the American Time Use Survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics says the average American spends 73 hours a year on lawn care And remember that this average includes everybody So for those who actually own and maintain a lawn that number is much much higher Since many others live in apartments without lawn chores and others are too young old or otherwise exempt from lawn work And a CBS poll found that 20% of people named mowing their least favorite chore and now I'm gonna get on to my soapbox and talk about fossil fuels the obvious culprit here with Fossil fuels and lawns is the mower because they don't have catalytic converters and run dirty Most mowers emit more in an hour than a car does driving a hundred miles Millions of tons of CO2 are emitted by lawn mowers perhaps Surprisingly leaf blowers are even worse because they are usually two-stroke engines and emit the equivalent of thousands of miles in a car with just half an hour of blowing a Second less obvious problem is fertilizer The 90 million pounds of lawn fertilizer applied each year produce twice that much carbon dioxide in emissions and Another study suggests that because not all fertilizer absorbed by the plants for each acre of lawn microbes convert extra fertilizer into a ton of Nitrous oxide which is a powerful greenhouse gas worse than CO2 But I can hear you asking doesn't the lawn absorb CO2 and the answer is sure But the care and feeding of a standard lawn mean it emits five to six times the amount of carbon that it absorbs I'm tempted to go on with the problems with lawns or go into more detail But others do it better and in a lot more depth I've linked to good articles in the in the show notes And what I really want to move on to is solutions because those are less often talked about What you can do with your lawn depends on a few factors first and foremost ask yourself What your end goal is do you want a lawn that looks like a lawn? But isn't grass do you want a place to spend that time outside with your friends and family? Are you looking to save time and money from maintaining a lawn or are you looking to make a statement against lawns? Or perhaps convert the lawn into something more functional like a like a garden Part of what you must prepare yourself for is not having a lawn and there will be people in your neighborhood Who don't like what you do no matter what you do no matter how nice it is they will not like it It's worth thinking carefully about why people have such deep-seated feelings about them and understand their point of view with a little compassion There's a lot to do with class social position social pressure American worth ethic and many other factors and most of your neighbors will not be at the same point You are in understanding lawns their social history and their ecological damage There's a saying in Japan that the nail that sticks out gets hammered down So if you choose to be the nail standing out on your neighborhood be prepared that not everyone will understand you might get hammered down And with all the options though, you're gonna have to be prepared for some growing pains Part of the allure of lawns is that you can call a company and have a living carpet of grass Delivered tomorrow as sawed the alternative that I'm going to propose are not that quick because they require new plants to germinate take root and grow or you'll have to build up new infrastructure But let's talk about my favorite part about all these ideas how to kill grass I used to work and mow lawns with a crew in high school. I mowed my childhood homes lawn I'm my in-laws lawn and many many others nothing gives me more joy than killing a lawn and putting in something else And of course, we're gonna talk about chemical free ways to do this Now solarizing is the best all-around option Solarizing uses the idea of a greenhouse to dry out and overheat weeds or in this case lawns a large sheet of clear plastic Something like that goes over a greenhouse is laid down flat over a lawn that you've previously mowed as low as you can put weights around the edges to keep it down and Ideally this would be after a few days of dry weather with a few days of hot clear dry weather in the forecast in Just a few days the sun will beat down on this covered lawn and heat the space under the plastic sheeting to well over 120 degrees this will fry the grass or weeds and leave you in just a few days with a dead patch However, if you're just putting in a few raised beds perhaps and want to keep grass walkways between them You can do the same thing with cardboard boxes cut open and laid flat on the lawn Usually two layers is best this cardboard is then covered with mulcher soil to build up the growing spaces The nuclear option if you want to create a truly dead space like a driveway or other dirt path is to use salt The ancient idea of salting the earth despite your enemies works well to kill lawn and other weeds Just look at the side of well salted walkways in the spring after the snow is gone where the grasses turn brown and died This will not work if you want to plant anything here in the next year or two not until the salt leaches out But it is very effective Let's say you want something that looks like grass, but doesn't require any maintenance Clover is really a great option because it only ever grows about six inches high So it never needs mowing it has pollinator friendly flowers and it feeds nitrogen into the soil So it never needs fertilizer So after solarizing you can just plant a monocrop of of clover you can even cut it occasionally and feed it to animals We did this was our house in st. Louis and I really really like the results The main downside though is that it doesn't take traffic. Well, so you'll have to create a path or use Or use it in areas that are not walked on very often You could also go for moss and shady areas or if you don't mind being in being very brutal about containing it Actually, the weed that most people hate called creeping Charlie also covers the ground really aggressively And this mint relative requires no mowing But if it does get into your garden area you are in trouble So use it very very carefully If you live in a dry environment look to native plants and ground covers that have evolved to live where you do now in the southwest Zero-escaping is a great alternative to a green lawn I'll talk about it a little later and I don't have much experience with this So you'll want to consult folks at your local nursery or in your local gardening group Now what if you have a space that's going to get more traffic Clover and other low maintenance ground covers usually aren't hardy enough So just commit to what you're using that space for if your backyard is primarily for entertainment and barbecuing with friends and family Consider making a large paver stone area to hold your grill fire pit and other outdoor spaces If kids play in the backyard consider creating a space covered in wood chips The easiest way to do this is to buy landscape fabric Mow your grass as low as possible and then smother it with the landscape fabric and six or more inches of wood chips a Stone or wood border will help keep things together Outside of these designated areas you can plant clover moss creeping charlie or whatever other ground cover has appropriate applications for your location I Know that some people enjoy lawn sports or just generally playing catch or throwing a frisbee on a lawn So consider moving these activities to publicly maintain lawns to minimize your own personal footprint If you absolutely must have your own space to do it find grasses that are drought resistant and adapted for your area I'm not going to get into the method of reseeding a lawn because that's not what I want to encourage But what I will suggest is that add a good amount of clover seed to whatever drought resistant local grass Seed you can find I know this sounds crazy But it was commonplace before World War two and all the bomb factories being converted to fertilizer factories Even if the clover won't reach its full potential because you're sometimes mowing it It still won't it will still pump a fair amount of nitrogen into the soil To avoid emissions caring for your small area of lawn switch to a real type push mower because hopefully is a small area you won't need a power mower for a smaller area and Some people like electric mowers, but this is probably a lot of embodied emissions To create an electric mower and the old-fashioned real mowers are a lot easier on the environment when they're produced and also when they're used or Learn to use a scythe although that does take a lot a lot of practice And do not water or fertilize this space. That's why you got the drought resistant variety of grass Remember and by adding clover seed this will add nitrogen the biggest change though will have to be mental You need to get away from the deep-seeded feeling that many Americans have about a manicured so-called beautiful lawn Let's say you want to be a little more radical and I already mentioned zero scaping which is turning a lawn into what most of us would Desert type landscape this involves lots of drought resistant native shrubs and succulents and gravel and stones as well as other low-lying vegetation to cover the ground This was once radical in the southwest, but is now increasingly common a lot of places have incentives for you to do this in More temperate areas of the United States turning your lawn into a prairie is a great alternative You'll want to consult with a prairie restoration outfit in your area as they'll know the best local native seeds and plants as well as methods In either case a small sign to indicate why your lawn looks different than everyone else's might go a ways to helping the shock value Someone might find in an otherwise manicured suburb Be sure to check with your HOA or local jurisdiction as some places have restrictions against thinking outside the box If you live in such an area This would be a good chance to raise awareness of the drawbacks of lawns and to agitate for change and Freedom to choose not to be so destructive just to have a green carpet in front of your house Another option is to create a garden where your lawn once dominated raised beds or row crops Are all great ways to utilize otherwise wasted space now while you might be tempted to do this in front of your house Next to the road to make a statement I would warn against growing any food within 30 feet of a roadway as a recent PhD dissertation at the University of Wisconsin Madison showed that the heavy metals and harmful chemicals and car exhaust Settle out onto the ground and the plants within a 30-foot radius of the side of the road So as much as I love seeing gardens in the front of people's houses the food there may be less than ideal Because all because of all the cars driving by and I guess this is why we can't have anything nice Front yards will be a good spot for pollinator plants or sacrificial garden crops to drop pests out of your garden In the backyard as I said before putting down beds is an easy way to kill grass either by Solarizing at first or covering it with two layers of cardboard and then compost and soil in the rows and wood chips between for pathways And I will mention although I don't always live up to the standard myself that the nicer you keep your lawn Alternative in the publicly visible areas the more likely your neighbors are to appreciate it and not notify the authorities about what you're doing It's a shame that people have to put up Sign saying no mo may to avoid fines People who don't mow their lawns should be thanked for reducing the amount of emissions or say they've saved by neglecting their lawns and Maybe if more people stopped taking care of their lawns well-kept alternatives will become even more attractive Lawns are an ecological catastrophe exacerbated by some feelings of conformity to some classist ideal It's such a publicly visible statement about ourselves and much of the US that it's very difficult to change people's minds about lawns By creating something new and different and in every respect better on your own property You can demonstrate to others that alternatives may actually be better than the status quo And now for a brief recap of something we've been doing here at the Institute last weekend We had a half a dozen people out to finish the wheat harvest and Threshold process some of the wheat and rye is great to see folks out here and get to talk about size Sickles moisture content seeding rates and all the ins and outs of growing your wheat At home you can check this out in our video series on YouTube We'll have parts two and three up on our YouTube channel soon But part one covering field preparation and seeding is already up Imagine turning your lawn into a wheat field that would certainly get the neighbors talking and probably would be quite an event as you harvest At the next summer We will be harvesting our flax and having our annual flax to linen events this fall for more details Be sure to sign up for our listserv which you can find on our website That's it for this week the low tech podcast is put out by the low technology Institute the show is hosted and co-produced by me Scott Johnson and co-produced and edited by Hina Suzuki this episode was recorded in the low technology Institute's gardens Subscribe to the podcast on iTunes Spotify Google Play YouTube and elsewhere We hope you enjoyed this free podcast if you'd like to join the community and help support the work we do Please consider going to patreon.com slash low tech Institute and signing up Thanks to our Forrester and land steward level members Maryland Skirpon and the Hambuses for their support The bill of technology Institute is a 501c3 research organization supported by its members grants and underwriting You can find out more information about the low technology Institute membership and underwriting at low tech Institute org Find us on social media and reach me directly. I'm Scott at low tech Institute org Our intro music was get evil off the album orphaned media by Haliza That song was in the public domain and this podcast is under the creative commons attribution and share like license Meaning you're free to use and share it as long as you give us credit. Thanks and take care


session on muscles of the upper limb. In this session, we will be learning about the axio-apendicular muscles. We will be learning specifically about the posterior axio-apendicular muscles. These are the muscles of the back which are included in the upper limb. So, there are two layers of muscles. There is a superficial layer and there is a deep layer of muscle. The superficial layer consists of two muscles. One is the trapezius and other is the latissimus dorsi. In the deep layer, there are three muscles, levator scapulae, rhomboidus minor and rhomboidus major. These five muscles will be covering in this session. Let us start with the trapezius muscle. As we all know, any muscle that we study, we have to study under these headings, the proximal attachment, its distal attachment, the nerve supply of the muscle and actions of the muscles. So, for trapezius proximal attachment, there are multiple points of proximal attachment. Here, we can see this region is the medial one-third of the superior-neutral line, medial one-third of the superior-neutral line and then here there is an elevation which is referred to as external occipital protrobrance and then there is ligamentum nuke, then there is spine of the seventh cervical vertebrae, then spine of all the thoracic vertebrae. And the fibres converge laterally and they are inserted onto the clavicle as well as on the scapula. On the clavicle, as you all know, the lateral one-thirds of the clavicle, it has got anterior border and posterior border. The posterior border gives attachment to the upper fibres of the trapezius. In general, the fibres of the trapezius are divided into upper fibres, middle fibres and lower fibres. The upper fibres gets attached onto the clavicle, the middle fibres gets attached onto the medial margin of the acromion and the lower fibres gets attached onto the spine of the scapula. So, this was about the proximal and distal attachment of the trapezius muscle. Now, supply of trapezius, trapezius is supplied by spinal part of the accessory nerve. Spinal accessory nerve is the now supply of trapezius. It also has certain proprioceptive fibres from C3 and C4 spinal segments. Then actions of the trapezius, since we know there are different fibres of the trapezius, the upper fibres of the trapezius are responsible for elevation of the scapula. The upper fibres of the trapezius acts along with levator scapulae to elevate the scapula. The middle fibres of the trapezius act along with the rhomboids muscle, the rhomboids minor and major. So, they together help in retraction of the scapula, okay? So, middle fibres of the trapezius along with rhomboids minor and major will retract the scapula. The lower fibres of the trapezius along with the upper fibres of trapezius and ceratis anterior muscle together they help in overhead abduction of the shoulder joint. Okay. So these are the various actions of the trapezius and clinical testing of the trapezius muscle is done by asking the patient to shrug the shoulder against resistance. The hand is kept here and the patient is asked to shrug the shoulder or elevate the shoulder then we can test for the trapezius muscle. Okay. So now let's cover the latissimus dorsi muscle. So here we can see this muscle is the latissimus dorsi. So latissimus dorsi muscle has also got extensive origin we will see what are the origins or we can see the proximal attachment of latissimus dorsi. The lower six thoracic vertebrae the spines of the lower six thoracic vertebrae that means T7 to T12 then the posterior lamina of the thoracolumbar fascia this fascia which we can see here white one this is the thoracolumbar fascia the posterior lamina of the thoracolumbar fascia then posterior part of the iliac crest okay and lower three or four ribs then inferior angle of the scapula. So all these are the origins of the latissimus dorsi muscle the muscle fibers go laterally to get inserted on to the floor of the bicepital groove bicepital groove as we know it has got three parts a lateral lip a medial lip and the floor lateral lip gives attachment to the pectoralis major muscle the medial lip gives attachment to the teris major muscle and floor gives attachment to the latissimus dorsi muscle okay so this was about the proximal and distal attachment of the latissimus dorsi muscle now supply of latissimus dorsi it is by the thoracodorsal nerve thoracodorsal nerve also referred to as nerve to latissimus dorsi it arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus root value is C6 C7 C8 okay C6 C7 and C8 is the root value for the nerve to latissimus dorsi then actions of latissimus dorsi actions we can remember by swimming action what do we do in swimming we do three actions one is adduction other is medial rotation and one more action is extension okay so adduction medial rotation and extension then repeatedly this action these three actions together we do while swimming okay so this muscle is also referred to as swimmers muscle this was all about the trapezius and the latissimus dorsi muscle now let's look at some dissected images of these muscles so this right-sided trapezius and latissimus dorsi viewed from the posterior aspect this muscle is trapezius this muscle is latissimus dorsi here also this is trapezius this is latissimus dorsi there is one clinical importance with respect to these muscles you can see a triangular region here this triangular region is referred to as triangle of auscultation okay boundaries of triangular of auscultation include this upper border of the latissimus dorsi muscle then interolateral border of this trapezius muscle and the medial border of the scapula okay this region is referred to as triangle of auscultation when a stethoscope is kept here it is lying over the six intercostal space and lung sounds can be clearly heard from this region okay so now let's move on to the next muscles so these three muscles have grouped together levator scapulae rhomboids minor and rhomboids major let's start with the levator scapulae first proximal attachment of levator scapulae is from the transverse process of the first four cervical vertebrae okay C1, C2, C3 and C4 transverse process of the first four cervical vertebrae is the proximal attachment for levator scapulae and distal attachment is along the medial border of the scapulae above the root of the spine okay this part is referred to as the root of the spine because this is the spinous process of the scapulae this region is referred to as the root of the spine okay above the root of the spine the muscle is levator scapulae it extends up to this superior angle of the scapulae okay proximal attachment is from the upper four cervical vertebrae distal attachment is on the medial border of the scapulae above the root of the spine nerve supply of levator scapulae it is supplied directly by the C3 and the C4 spinal nerves okay it also receives some branches from the C5 C5 this is the root value for dorsal scapulae now dorsal scapulae now also referred to as nerve to rhomboids okay so levator scapulae has now supplied from this directly from the C3 and C4 spinal segments as well as from the dorsal scapulae now that is C5 spinal segment action of levator scapulae it is elevation of the shoulder okay it elevates the scapula because the shoulder is elevated based on the action this muscle is named as levator scapulae because it elevates the scapulae okay so this was about the levator scapulae muscle now let's see this other two muscles rhomboids minor is seen opposite the spine of the scapulae its proximal attachment is from the C7 and T1 C7 is also called as vertebra prominence the seventh cervical vertebrae it also arises from the first thoracic vertebrae okay this T2 T3 T4 T5 this is for rhomboids major so proximal attachment of both rhomboids and major we can learn from this image C7 and T1 is for rhomboids minor T2 T3 T4 and T5 is for rhomboids major distal attachment for rhomboids minor is medial border of the scapula opposite the root of the spine and distal attachment for rhomboids major is medial border of the scapula below the root of the spine okay below the root of the spine is rhomboids major actions of rhomboids minor and major are they help in retraction of the scapula okay when they contract they will pull the medial border behind okay that is referred to as retraction of the scapula protraction of the scapula is done by serratus anterior muscle retraction of the scapula is done by rhomboids minor and major muscle now let's look at some of the dissected images of these muscles so here there is a dissected image of the posterior aspect of the back this muscle is levator scapulae this muscle is rhomboids minor and this muscle is rhomboids major okay so all these three muscles are along the medial border of the scapula easily we can remember with respect to the root of the spine above the root of the spine is levator scapulae opposite the root of the spine is rhomboids minor below the root of the spine is rhomboids major so this was all about the five muscles which we learned now let's quickly summarize what we have learned in this session so initially we started with the superficial layer of the muscles so those were trapezius and latissimus dorsi proximal attachment of trapezius was from the superior nuclear line the ligament and uk the seventh cervical vertebrae spines of all all 12 thoracic vertebrae okay all this was the proximal attachment for trapezius distal attachment was upper fibers were attached on to the clavicle middle fibers were attached on to the medial margin of the acromion and lower fibers are attached on to the spine of the scapula okay then nerve supply of trapezius was the spinal accessory nerve it also resist some proprioceptive fibers from C3 and C4 spinal segments actions of trapezius depending upon the fibers upper fibers of the trapezius along with levator scapulae way elevate the scapula middle fibers of the trapezius along with rhomboids minor and major they retract the scapula and lower fibers of the trapezius acting along with upper fibers and serratus anterior they help in overhead abduction of the shoulder joint okay then latissimus dorsi muscle this also has got extensive origin it arises from the spines of the lower six thoracic vertebrae then posterior lamina of the thoracolumbar paesia then posterior aspect of the iliac crest then inferior angle of the scapula all these are proximal attachment for latissimus dorsi distal attachment is in the floor of the bicepital groove now supplier of latissimus dorsi is C6 C7 C8 from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus the nerve is nerve to latissimus dorsi is also called as thoracodorsal nerve okay then deep layer of muscles from levator scapulae rhomboids minor and rhomboids major levator scapulae it arises from the transverse process of the upper upper for cervical vertebrae distal attachment is along the medial border of the scapula above the root of the spine now supplier of levator scapulae C3 and C4 spinal segments also C5 from dorsal scapulae now also referred to as nerve to rhomboids then rhomboids minor and major rhomboids minor arises from C7 and T1 spinous process and T2 T3 T4 and T5 is for rhomboids major distal attachment is along the medial border of the scapula opposite the root of the spine is rhomboids minor below the root of the spine is rhomboids major okay and actions of rhomboids minor and major include retraction of the scapulae okay action of levator scapulae is elevation of the scapulae okay so this was all about the session if you all have any doubts then you all can ask in the comment section below okay thank you