Hey, welcome to Stand Energy Man. I'm Stan Osserman from the Hawaii Center for Advanced Transportation Technologies. And we're here today to talk a little bit about the reality checks of renewable energy transportation. You know, like, can we really do it? Are we just dreaming? How fast can we do it? So we've got a guest today that's going to help me sort through all the data points and all the motivation and all the realities of the engineering and production that come into actually making renewable energy transportation a reality. And before we get started, actually, I don't know if Zuri can see this, I'm going to put a plug in for this article in Hawaii Business Magazine. It's a great article and it gets right to the topic we're talking about today, which is transportation energy. We're doing great with our 100% renewable by 2045. The governor's locked onto that and everybody's stepping up to do that. But the real question is, what are we doing in transportation? Because that's the other 65% of the energy, carbon-based energy that we're using that's holding us back from meeting our real clean energy goals and getting Hawaii's economy back on track where we're not sending all of our money out of the state to pay for energy sources. So we're going to talk about a lot of stuff, but if you can check out that article, it's a really great article. I love it. It came out last month in the magazine and Dennis Hawyer, who did that, did an outstanding job. My guest today, though, is Dave Rolf. Thanks, Dave, for being here. Thank you, Stan. Thank you for your second trip. I need my year now so I can go around and invite people on for their second go around. Thanks for being here today. It's a pleasure. We're going to talk a little bit about energy stuff, but let me put that first picture up. I want to remind people that in the old days, when we first started developing the horse and carriage and the horseless carriage, we had vehicles that looked like this. Most people would be surprised to learn that that's the very first porch that ever was built and it's run off of an electric motor. And why is that? Electric motors are super efficient. They always have been. They always will be. And that should be the future we go back to. The problem is we could never store the energy. So battery power and electric vehicles just kind of never made the cut once oil was discovered. And actually, oil, oil oil, then a fossil fuel oil from the ground pretty much took over and we ended up with internal combustion engines. But we're heading back. We're heading back to electrification of the transportation sector and rightfully so because it's definitely more efficient. So I'm glad you started with the old Porsche there. You know, I was up in Detroit at a meeting with all the automobile manufacturers and we stayed at the Dear Bernin, which was right there that Ford started and got to go over to the Ford Museum. And as you go in the museum, by the way, Ford was a very close friend of Thomas Edison involved in so much production of electricity and things. In fact, he kept a lock of Edison's hair there and also kept the last breath that Edison had in a test tube. It's at the front of the museum as you go in. The Ford Museum.  I say that because I looked at the cars there in the Ford Museum and it said that in the beginning, there were 500 different car companies and most of them were electric. And so you're so right that it all began with sort of an electric car idea.  But I think what we're going to talk about today is a different version of the electric car. That's the hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle. We'll talk about all the electric cars. All right. And let's start off with what it takes to get us there. You know, we kind of got driven into the internal combustion world with diesels and gasoline engines. And they've gotten more efficient. And but they didn't just do it all on their own. So what are some of the impetuses for for getting people more efficient? You know, I think public policy really helped way back when Linda Lengel back in around 2008, a governor here gathered people together and they had this vision called the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative. And it was it was a fascinating vision. And everybody kind of said, we'll all get behind that. She said at a news conference, you said Dave, you and the auto dealers aren't going to like this because we're going to mandate it. And I said, Governor, I don't think you can mandate people to buy cars. We can't mandate them to buy them from us. I said, but we'll do everything we can to help voluntary compliance in this. And so now we lead the nation along with California. We do it voluntarily, even without the huge credits that California has. I think because our people have stepped up here in Hawaii and really earnestly and ardently, that's a that's a adjective. People use about auto dealers. They are ardent. They're certainly trying very hard to make this all work. So that's what brought us this far. And we had a very influential senator and Senator Daniel Inouye, and he was head of the Commerce Committee in Science connected to that. And so he was the one in charge of determining how the corporate average fuel economy standards would be set in this country. And I had just come back from China, where I looked where they were going for like a 60 mile per gallon standard.  And they were going to bend that up pretty hard up towards 60 miles per gallon. And the question was how high could then how fast could they bend that curve? And they wanted to do that by combining cars and trucks. And I had a Ford dealer with me and he said, you know, I don't think they can change their manufacturing that fast and have been that that quick. Senator, would it be possible to extend five more years separating cars and trucks so that Ford Motor Company and others could help develop an electric car and get into the hydrogen thing and all that. And he initially a staff really wasn't interested in doing that. But we showed him how, particularly here in Hawaii, we're such a predominantly truck based economy because the SUV and the pickup truck and the van are all in the truck category. And now that's almost 60 percent trucks versus 40 percent cars. It was about 50, 50 for a while, but for a little while, while the gas was so expensive. But nevertheless, he gave us those five years. And I think the auto manufacturers stayed true to their word of trying to develop that. And they came on and every one to one signed on to those cafe standards. Those 54.5 mile per gallon by 2025. What's fascinating about that? I'm a journalist by trade. That's my background. So I go, they signed on to it. Let me see what they signed. So I went to the Department of Transportation. I was the only state auto executive that had ever gone in there and wanted to actually see the physical documents. And they brought him out for me. Actually, all the manufacturers signed almost like a Xerox copy of one same document, except for BMW. And BMW said, here's five pages that says you want us to do this. Possibly it can be done, but it'll take an awful lot of movement toward making the car a lot lighter with carbon fiber. And they said, we'll have to do hoods. We'll have to do, you know, roofs at bonnets. BMW they call. Anyway, the carbon fiber is so expensive that they questioned whether it could be done that people would then buy these vehicles because they'd be so expensive. And that's what's the question now as we have to reevaluate the cafe standards. It's a midterm reevaluation. So will the country say, OK, it's going to cause the cost of cars to go up maybe $3,000, maybe $5,000. If whether they have that that whole in economics, you know, the cold price elasticity of demand. So if you raise the cost 10%, you'll lower the adoption by 10%. So you have to really ask yourself what's going to cook. So we're at that very we're at that juncture now. So it's great to have a think tech with you. The cafe standards also include diesels. Yeah, it concludes all vehicles. So so did that. I mean, we had an issue with Volkswagen not too long ago where they they were trying to press and make those standards and kind of pressed a little bit over the line, as we say. A little bit of a software modification there. They they they've worked through with customers and they've it's been fascinating how they've they've got back to the table and kind of work that through. That's one of the largest amounts of money I've ever seen for a fix of anything. But nevertheless, they've moved forward and Volkswagen's remained a strong product line. Yes. Yeah, and I didn't mean to pick on them, but they definitely stepped up and it's got to get on the table. They faced the music and and they they definitely went through the court system and every state and every customer got relief in some way, shape or form and got some choices out of it. But my point was basically diesel engines were already pretty efficient compared to gasoline powered engines side by side. I thought you were driving a diesel for a while, weren't you? No, I don't. But I maybe a forklift caterpillar tractor and stuff. Yeah, these played a role as did flex fuel and a lot of other things. But in the end, it's going to have to be electric or hydrogen. I think I think so, too. So we've got a whole lot going on in the state. And, you know, as you know, you're on my working group for hydrogen and we've got a lot of things happening. And hydrogen vehicles are essentially electric vehicles.  But pretty much what everybody's looking at is the is the electrolysis to make the hydrogen. If we can steam reforming, maybe. And if if somebody besides the states doing it, we I don't think the states can ever steam reform and then electrolyte fuel cells in the vehicles to run the vehicles. So they're more efficient. They're cleaner, only water out the tailpipe. All that good stuff. But there's always that big dollar sign out there. So what are some of the issues with the car companies that as they try and because Hyundai and Toyota and Honda Ford, Mercedes, BMW, they're all looking in the 2020 ish range of actually having production models. And Toyota, of course, and Hyundai already have production models. Talk to us a little bit about how the industry is making that shift. Sure. Let's walk it back from the big public policy, you know, that public policy of 40 percent. So can we we have a chart that shows that we're trying to have 70 percent renewable renewable, but 40 percent from hydrogen or from electric or alternative fuel, yeah, plug in electric. And so what we did is at the at the capital, we went and showed that the big mosaic in the center of the capital has about 650,000 blue and green tiles on it. Yeah. But it coincides.  And so you could just look down there and you could see these different circles and you go, well, there's the Chevrolet and, you know, there's Ford and there's Volvo. And so you go, OK, now you've got to take 40 percent of those and turn them into electric or hydrogen cars. Well, we have this graphic that shows that we have this massive number of ways to produce electricity here from renewable sources. And this graphic shows that, you know, in almost the yin and yang type thing, you have to have by 20, 30, 40 percent of all those cars in the circle be electric or hydrogen. So how would you create the hydrogen or put the electricity in the battery? Well, you have all these sources. We have finest wind source in the world. And they're thinking about putting all those huge wind machines, you know, right off Kyena Point and certainly way off beyond the horizon out there at Diamondhead, putting it into cables and then helping power our electric grid here in the islands. But when the wind is blowing and there's no need to go on the grid and they've got access capability, then they could make some hydrogen with that. Same way with our waves, there's some of the finest in the world and there's tremendous wind energy there. There's a geothermal that we have, just unlike, let's say, Missouri or, let's say, Florida, but no, we have it right here readily available again to make electricity and then to make hydrogen. We had that ocean thermal energy conversion. The difference in the temperature differential from about 1,000 meters down that helps turn those great turbines that produce a lot of hydrogen. And then we have finest solar that we all know. And then, of course, there's all sorts of rubbish to energy and all sorts of biomass that can create. So when you look at this chart, you go, oh, my goodness, you know, Hawaii is blessed with this massive number of ways to create electricity and thus hydrogen and thus change all those cars on the road. What would happen? Well, that oil barrel up in the upper right-hand corner there, 500 million gallons of oil that we use every year has to be drained down to 150 million gallons. So it could be done as you activate all those things. And we had this vision where, you know, during the APEC conference that the President of the United States, who was going to be out here, would throw a big switch and all these things would start working and the oil barrel would drain and all the world leaders would be right there to go see in 12 seconds. I've kind of shown you how to kind of change everything here with a few, if you take all the assets that you have and turn them into something that helps solve a problem. I didn't really give you a heads up on this topic, but I don't know if you have the data in your database, your mental database, but, you know, hybrid vehicles, for me, have always been a big plus in terms of meeting cafe standards and also just starting to clean up and going electric. Because what you've got in a hybrid vehicle is an electric vehicle also, but it's either plug-in electric or it has a small gasoline engine or an internal combustion engine that runs a generator, but then the drivetrain, the rest of the drivetrain is electric. And that's actually increased mileage. I know my niece rented a mid-sized car and she goes, hey, uncle, I'm getting 45 miles a gallon on this thing and it's a mid-sized car. So she was expecting, you know, 26, 27 miles and she's getting 45. Have the auto dealers in Hawaii actually seen a marked increase in hybrid sales? Wow, it's amazing that you asked me that question because we had a discussion on this yesterday at our executive committee meeting. And I feel a little bit like Samson, the biblical Samson, tied to the pillars with my eyes poked out because we don't have any data any longer. Our data has been shut off here in Hawaii as to how many hybrid vehicles are selling in Hawaii, as to how many diesel vehicles are selling in Hawaii, as to how many vehicles that are anything selling in Hawaii has been shut off for 10 months. And no other state association has had their eyes poked out so that they can't see. I was an able aviator for 10 years and I imagine flying without any instruments. I mean, you just don't know what's going on. And so consequently, because there's no data that the dealers have, they know how many cars they sold and they know how many cars in brand I think they sold because the manufacturer will share that with. But let's say a Ford dealer won't know how many Chevy's have been sold in the market and so consequently, they all have hybrid category vehicles and let's say that the fuel situation because it's gone down, it was a 259 today as I filled up gasoline, but if the fuel is coming down like this, hybrids will also kind of, it's a direct relationship. So they're blind and don't know how many are selling out there in the marketplace and they see maybe some of their sales withdraw a little bit. And so everybody gets overly cautious because the state withheld the data for not making the contract agreements with Experian and RL Polk and now called IHS Automotive. So they had- That's one of the bills you were pushing last. I've been pushing it for months and months and months that they solved this problem, whatever it was. I think it had to do over metadata with how the data would be used. So the registered owner information which had been renewed for 14 years then was not renewed. And so this languished on for months and months and months and we didn't have any data to actually, that's what I publish in the magazine. I publish all this data when the media called and said, how many cars are selling because the economists use it to tell how the economy's gonna go and shippers use it to determine how many ships to schedule and bankers use it to figure out how many contracts are gonna write on cars and almost everybody uses the car data hasn't been around for 10 months. And to have 40 of that other states have that and to have everybody running business as usual and for us to operate totally in the blind or their eyes poked out has really been rough. Well, we've somewhat resolved that as of July 3rd but it went from October 1 in 2015 all the way to July 3rd, no data because the state and those two contract companies had not reached agreements. Now those agreements had been renewed for 14 years but for reasons that come somewhat inexplicable, you know, they weren't. Okay, well maybe between, we'll hit Louis Salvario, my boss over in D-Bed and the legislature again this session, see if we can smack some sense into that. I think we got the problem solved. So going forward, anyway, it was a long answer as to, you know, when people ask me how are things doing I really don't know. I mean, all I know is that the dealers are saying, you know, they haven't been selling quite as well and we don't know how everybody else is doing so we're getting a little cautious. And then inventories are building in that category. I bet you there's an awful good deal on the car right now. I hope so, they're great. I mean, the hybrid's a good way to go. We're going to take a quick break here and be right back with Dave Roff and talk a little bit more about the state of electrification of our transmission grid. Hi, I'm Ethan Allen, host of Likeable Science here on ThinkTechHawaii.com. I hope you'll join me every Friday at 2 p.m. to discover what's likeable about science. Aloha, we invite you to join us on our keys to success show, which is live on the ThinkTech live streaming network series weekly on Thursdays at 11 a.m. My name is Danilia, D-A-N-E-L-I-A. And I'm the other half of the duo, John Newman. Our goal for keys to success is to provide a platform for professional and personal development tools and profound insights on how to achieve success in life, career and or business. We have incredible guests from all walks of life, including politicians, successful business owners, leaders, entrepreneurs and authors. As this is a live show, there are live mess ups as well, which are fun to watch. Aloha and we'll see you on Thursday. Hey, welcome back to my lunch hour. If you'd like that background there, that's courtesy of the Big Island.  Anyway, Godday, we're all here today talking about electrification of our transportation sector of the grid. And I'd like to point out to people that once upon a time, we had gasoline powered and diesel powered cars.  But the first time we plugged in a car to the grid, we started on a road that's a different track. And that track means pretty soon you're gonna have so many electric vehicles on the grid that you could use them for storage or you can have so many hydrogen vehicles out there that you could use hydrogen to help stabilize your grid and have a double solution for not a, we can't absorb all renewable energy right now because it's too intermittent and it's destabilizing for the grid. But if you had hydrogen electrolyzers to use as a load and if you had fuel cells out in the grid instead of pumping power all the way from the power plant to a local community, you could actually make the power right in the community off the hydrogen you made from the community. It would be a lot easier to stabilize the grid. So we're looking to get in that grid and the transportation sector a lot closer in the next few years. So Dave, you know, you've kind of done the crystal ball stuff here for many years on autos because that's your job. And we have a chart coming up that you put together. And I understand that it was based on a lot of real sound assumptions that some of them haven't quite come to fruition but amazingly enough, your chart seems to still be tracking pretty well. The chart's dead on, it's spot on, we did it in 2008. You know, it was a little bit like Nick Cutter once said that it would take as long to transition to the electric car and the hydrogen car as it did for all of us to go from regular phones to cell phones. And you know, that was over kind of like a 28 year period the regular phones started back there in 1984. I mean, the big old brick started in 1984, I think about to roll out at 8,300. Anyway, in 2008, I created this chart which people now call the Golden Gate Bridge Chart because it looks like the iconic San Francisco Bridge. But what it shows was that you would have electric cars climbing and then eventually hydrogen cars would overtake them. And this has been spot on. The number of gasoline cars has followed our projections almost precisely and I said that there would be 300 electric vehicles brought into the marketplace. Now this is three years earlier now, in 2008, from my desk I said we'd have 300 here when they weren't even in the production line yet and lo and behold we had 311 so I hit that almost to a fairly well. The next year I said there'd be around 625 and I missed it by about 10 or so. So the chart has been right on in the electric vehicle adoption. It will start failing to continue the way it is because it would need a gigantic amount of cooperation on all parts of Hawaii. Not just the customers buying it but electric companies stepping forward with the infrastructure things and an awful lot of education to the public though which is something we're doing right here to keep that chart growing with those dark blue bars. And then lo and behold we said in 2015 I could have very well said the date March I could have said March 14th which is Pi Day I could have said that would be the day that you know the first hydrogen car would be here and again this was seven years before it was here so it wasn't even in production anywhere and lo and behold the good folks at Servco and Toyota brought in the Mirai and we were one of the few auto shows in the country I think only one of two of 22 motor-train auto shows to have a hydrogen car so if you're a person in Hawaii and you want to see what the future is and Mirai means future you could have come down to the Hawaii Auto Show and the first one in an international auto show and seen the whole future right there in the middle of it. I was there. So a lot of people were crowded around that car sometimes as many as five deep and they had product expert there one of the best telling about that so we had the privilege to see what the future looks like and it's going to start right here in Hawaii. And then the chart is you look at the 2016 bar in the chart you won't see a whole lot of red it's just now starting but we do have several fuel cell vehicles on Island including the ones that we have at Hickam that we're doing with Air Force and we have more vehicles coming by the way we have a van coming that's also a portable power station we have a big towing tractor that blows 747s and C17s and C5s coming out and then we have a dump truck getting ready to come online and we're actually looking with the Air Force Research Lab at not doing another hydrogen vehicle but our next vehicle in production is actually a hybrid it's a diesel electric what we call payloader and it's a big scissor lift that lifts the pallets up into a cargo airplane and slides them in but they can do like 12 pallets at a time it's a mass production mobility piece of equipment but all that gear is like 20, 30 years old and it burns a lot of diesel makes a lot of noise and smoke and eventually it's going to be all electric and hydrogen powered but we're showing that the progression may be diesel, electric then hydrogen and federal government funding to do all this just like there was federal government funding to go to the moon and then subsequently now we're having a lot of private enterprises going to space I think that's what's happened the federal government brought hydrogen vehicles here in 2010 the Equinox, General Motors Equinox I got to drive the first one off the boat to JN Chevrolet where they parked it and so a lot of that initial thing was done by the federal government and now privately people would be able to buy them five years later well you know why they let you do that why? because you're a former fighter pilot you knew you were fearless yeah and it was the first hydrogen vehicle and they weren't sure if it was going to blow up like they did right I wasn't so fearless driving that million dollar vehicle I mean it was one of those prototypes that I was looking around with my head snapped all around all I had to do was take it from the boat to JN Chevrolet I tell you, I flew those in multi-million dollar jets but I was more worried about driving that expensive prototype car on the highways than here in Hawaii well you did a great job I got it there so what are the things you see production wise when you look at the manufacturers because they're really the key I mean we can have all the demand in the world over here and all the infrastructure ready to go but if the vehicle manufacturers haven't got that signal yet that I mean Hawaii's a really small market I mean we have a little over a million and a half people maybe in like you see six hundred seven hundred thousand cars on a wahoo a million cars in the whole state and so we're looking at I mean we're a miniscule market compared to other countries or other other continents but a perfect place to test anything absolutely that's why I called it a Petri dish right and so you have a car company Toyota who had a visionary leader the head of it, Akira Toyota who said I'm going to just go all in on this hydrogen idea and they really pushed that heavily and so that's why I think the Fukunaga's with Servco made a great similar investment and they have brought that vehicle in and now they're putting in some infrastructure you know for fueling and the legislature you worked so hard on that and as did so many others asking for funding and now you're going to see a 1.25 million to help study a hydrogen fueling station had a meeting with Ford last week there you see it's so it's all begun and so that chart will fulfill itself if everybody kind of keeps shoulder to the wheel but it's going to keep everybody with your head down and pushing because it doesn't happen automatically I mean Hyundai is already in California with 500 vehicles how can we get Hyundai over here Servco got Toyota to bring some vehicles in how do we get the Servco you know is a distributor and so they had an awful lot of influence I think in working with Toyota out of Japan and they get a lot of their cars directly from there I understand we asked the Hyundai people and they're good folks too but that's a Zev state and they were working on fulfilling their zero emission vehicle requirements they're being Zev driven and we said that that patchwork Zev idea wasn't going to work very well and frankly it hasn't worked and my mind or but I will say this in credit to the Zev people we wouldn't have gotten as far as we've gotten probably without that big push from them it's just that they don't seem to be able to hit the goals and whereas we've hit everyone that we've done so far just voluntarily I think we could have kept doing that if we all now put the shoulder to the wheel but we'll see now whether that veers off just because of gas prices well I wish that Hyundai would step up because they did with the plug-in vehicles and they were the first ones to bring in plug-in vehicles here and work with H-CAT and make those a reality in the state so I hope that they join forces and bring them in but we're going to get ready to close here and we're going to throw up on my last pictures and I like this picture I took this picture over at the foreign trade zone when one of our participants in the working group brought over a Toyota Mirai and the reason it's important for me and I'm glad Zuri's zooming in there is when you open up the hood and you look under the hood you can tell this isn't a Radio Shack piecemeal put together vehicle it's a purpose-built hydrogen fuel cell vehicle everything's made to be a production model it is hand assembled right now by Toyota but this is the reality this is the real deal right here it's made to go into production it's made to last probably 10 or 15 years a little bit longer than internal combustion because the components just won't wear out like an internal combustion engine but I like this vehicle it's a great start I'm really glad CERFCO brought it in and I really wish that some of the other auto companies would look at Hawaii the way you do as a place to start off with these renewable vehicles alternative fuel vehicles because it really is we've got the resources and we ought to be doing it I'm really proud of our members in the Hawaii Automobile Dealers Association they've stepped up they've ardently tried to fulfill that initiative well, I'd like to thank you for being on the show today, Dave you're welcome, thanks for the invitation and also thanks for all your help with the legislature and also with the auto dealers and help and keep them focused on the target at the end of the day which is helping clean up our transportation sector so thanks very much so until next week can stand the energy man we'll say aloha and see you next week on Think Tech Hawaii


I thought I'd give you a slightly different perspective on energy and approach it from a biological end. And this actually stems from a project that we're doing with Ellen Yee. And it's on an alga called Batriacakis. And Batriacakis produces a huge amount of hydrocarbons. And those hydrocarbons actually go to the exterior of the cell. And they're packaged in certain way, but they're outside the cell so they're accessible. Now, of course, as most of you know, we're emitting way too much carbon based on fossil fuel use. And I think it's about four gigatons of carbon extra that's going into the atmosphere every year. And of course, CO2, which is most of the emitted carbon, is a greenhouse gas. And of course, there are other greenhouse gases like methane, which we heard about a little bit. Nitrous oxide, a number of hydrofluorocarbons. So there are many greenhouse gases that are emitted through industrial processes. And so I guess the country in general and the world in general is trying to some extent to get off sort of the energy obesity orientation that we have and move towards sort of carbon neutral types of technologies. And even in biology, people are thinking about that very seriously. So I thought I'd show you a picture of algae. There are many types of algae. In fact, it's an incredibly diverse group of organisms. They come in all colors. If you notice, plants come in green more or less. And that's because of chlorophyll and that's the photosynthetic pigment in plants. Algae, of course, have chlorophyll, too, to do photosynthesis. But they have many other pigments which help them do photosynthesis. So they can absorb light along a broad spectrum of wavelengths and use that light. Some of the organisms that I'm showing you here are green algae like chlorella and chlamydomonas is another very popular green alga that's used. There are diatomes and dinoflagellates and many, many different groups. Porphyra is one that you may know as Nuri. That's the wrapping of sushi. And that's a commercially viable alga that's used. So there are literally hundreds of thousands of algal species. Many still not characterized. Some that have been actually lost over the last number of years because of extinction and because of contaminated environments. So algae actually is the source of most of the fossil fuel. The algae were buried and under the pressure and heat, they developed long chain polycarbon chains of carbon. And those are basically what we call petrol or petroleum. And this gives you some of the characteristics of algae and what they can be used for, how we think about them, how they can be incorporated into a carbon budget. So some algae grow under very extreme conditions. So you could grow them in deserts. You just have to bring the water to the desert, of course. And you have to worry about evaporation and many other things that go along with that. You can use various qualities of water, including waste streams of water. So they'll grow on waste streams. Once you get the oil out, you could use the biomass that's left over to co-produce other things. And in working with a company, one of the things that we did is we extracted oil from an algae that makes a lot of oil. And we did have a lot of biomass left over. And that biomass could be bleached. It could be made into flour. It could be incorporated into human food. It has more fiber than regular flour. So if you had 20% of the algal flour, you get a better product, a healthier product. The oils, there's still a little bit of oil in there. And the oils are generally healthy oils that the algae make. And in fact, the algae make some of the best oils that I've actually ever tasted. And they can be used for a lot of purposes. So for food, they're used quite a bit. Now, to get to the point where you're not emitting much CO2, you have to develop a process whereby you actually generate the oils in the algae, you extract them in an energy efficient way, you use them, and you recycle the CO2. So you're trying to make a net carbon neutral process. Of course, it'll never happen because you have to have energy to move some of the things around. You have to have processing going on. But if you made an 80% net carbon neutral, it might be very useful. And if we got off carbon fuels, liquid fuels all together, which I don't see happening in the near future. But if that did happen, of course, these algal oils are incredible food products. They make their use for many things. And I think the next slide shows some of the things that we use algal oils for. These are many of the projects that we use algal oils for. Now, there was a mad rush to actually use algae to make biofuels. And the field itself, I think, hurt itself very much in that mad rush because they oversold the process. And it's very hard to make it in a way that's carbon neutral and that's worthwhile. But it's also hard to make it in a way that's cost effective. This is an old slide, actually. So these prices, priceings are not right. But the bottom line is, if you're making fuel, it's the least expensive product, just about, that you could make out of these oils. So the orientation, of course, of many of the companies was we're going to make clean oils with a smaller carbon footprint. And we'll have a huge market for those oils and we'll make a lot of money. But in fact, I always thought the way to go was to start at the top. And of course, people do use it to make cosmetics. And I think if you appeal to people's vanity, you always could make money or usually make money. But also, nutraceuticals and various cooking oils, incredible cooking oils could be made out of algal oil, soaps or factants, detergents, lubricants. So there are many, many projects that could be made. Now fuels, of course, are the least expensive of those. This is just to give you, again, a biological perspective of how these are actually made, how these oils are made. And they're made through the generation of what's called triacylglycerides in most algae. And that's a glycerol backbone with fatty acids coming off of that backbone. And the algae are interesting in that they could use many feedstocks. What you want to use generally is light. Light is free, there's a lot of it, and the algae can use that light fairly efficiently. But you'll see later on that you might want to use other feedstocks like cane juice or cellulose or industrial byproducts that could feed into this process to make triacylglycerides. So algae can make large amounts of triacylglycerides. It can be extracted. It can be converted easily to biodiesel. The oil companies have done that for years and years. So the technology has been around, it's easy to use. But you could also make many other products from that. The remaining biomass can be used for energy or for other products. But this is probably the difficult part. You're converting lipid production from laboratory growth under optimal conditions because when you see reports, this is the way it's usually done. And so you generate the optimal conditions and you get high yields, right? But that doesn't necessarily translate to large-scale production, which requires really the identification of the most significant challenges to tackle when you're dealing with biofuels. And I wanted to really give you a feel for what some of those challenges are and how you think about them from a biological perspective. Now, here's a typical large-scale pond. And in this raceway pond, you could see there are a lot of algae. It has large volumes.  So you have to harvest a lot of algae to get the amount of oil, a significant amount of oil. There's problems with light delivery and utilization. And this is something that many people don't realize. It's difficult to control culture conditions in switching from conditions that generate biomass, that allow the organisms to grow and fill up the pond relative to generating oil, to making oil. And we'll talk a little bit about that. There's heavy contamination of some of these ponds and cultures. And you could have a pond that looks beautiful one day and the next day it'll be decimated. There are problems in growing genetically engineered organisms in the open environment. It's costly to harvest something like this and to process it. And so is it economically feasible and how can one make it economically feasible? There are ecological difficulties, water utilization, evaporation, percolation into the ground water, changes in local environmental conditions. So there are all sorts of other ecological problems that are associated with this. It's better to use probably outdoor photobioreactors but it's much more expensive and it's difficult to operate sometimes. The use of light energy itself can cause significant production problems. And you have to remember that algae haven't evolved to produce biofuels but to survive under a range of environmental conditions. They don't care as much about energy. They generally have plenty of energy. What they care about is survival. Biological challenges with respect to biofuel production include fluctuating levels of light energy, delivery of light energy into the algae and the ways in which the algae use that energy. So let's look at that a little bit more. This is actually a picture of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and we actually have incredible molecular information about photosynthesis. We have crystal structures of all these complexes. We know where all the pigments bind. We know where the proteins come together and the interacting surfaces. And this shows you electron transport. Now most of you probably when you think about photosynthetic electron transport you have light coming in and it's absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll and it's shunted, it's passed on to a reaction center. And that reaction center does a charge separation and electrons are transferred through the system and they're used to reduce NADP to make NADPH and ultimately to reduce CO2 to make fixed carbon. And of course they get the electrons back by extracting those electrons from water which is a very difficult process to do. Now that's what probably most people think about when they think about photosynthesis but there are other things to think about because the system itself just like you have leaks in industrial platforms you have leaks in photosynthesis and the leaks are electron leaks and you'll see or energy leaks and you'll see photosystem too when it can't use the energy productively that's absorbed by the pigment molecules you often get excited oxygen molecules you get singlet oxygen here and singlet oxygen is highly reactive and it could interact with components, proteins, lipids and you basically destroy biological processes in the cell. You also from photosystem one get super oxides formed and again those are highly reactive and you could see that plants know how to protect themselves against high light but you can go too high. For example, here's I think this is cute melon this is melon leaves under high light and maybe slightly starved for nutrients they start to photobleach and they die. This is a coral reef, this is a healthy reef and of course the corals are supported by algae which supply them with the fixed carbon that allow them to grow but under conditions that are stress conditions whether you go up in light conditions and temperature the algae start to be ejected from the animal and possibly because they're making more reactive oxygen species the animal senses that and eliminates the algae but ultimately that causes the death of the reef. So you have to think about the dangers of photosynthesis as well when you're using it for production purposes. This just shows you why the ponds don't get very dense and why light isn't that effective and it's because you have the absorbance from the algae from the pigment molecules and the light starts at the surface and it gets absorbed out as you go deeper and deeper into the water column and so by the time you get to the bottom of that water column there's no more light and so the organisms at the bottom of the water column don't see that light. So much of the day the organisms on average are absorbing low light. This limits the rate of growth and the concentration that organisms attain within the pond. Ultimately the density of the cells increase to the point where the light coming in just supports that biomass. It doesn't support any additional growth and so you stop growth and it's usually at a pretty low cell density. You could imagine if you're getting one gram of cells per liter in that pond and you're getting even 50% oil you have to harvest a hell of a lot of pond water to actually make fuel. Okay, now this shows you another problem that we have as biologists in the utilization of light and that is light is absorbed by plants and when you're at low light the plant can absorb all that light energy and use it for assimilation and you get photosynthetics, you get CO2 fixation. As you get higher and higher in the light there becomes an excess of light energy and you've saturated photosynthesis but you still have light coming in and you're absorbing that light still. And this is an extremely dangerous process where you're absorbing energy and you can't use it effectively and so you have to down regulate that and again the organisms have incredible ways which are called quenching, non-photochemical quenching which actually eliminates that light energy as heat. Now this curve is not so far from reality because if you look at a lot of plants here on the campus and during midday you have 2,000 micromole of photons per meter squared per second probably most of these organisms could use 30% of that and so 60, 70% could be dissipated as heat and this gives you an idea if we're looking at a reaction center here and we're looking at what happens when we add light and here you could see I added more light here and when you do that you stimulate photochemistry so that's the green arrow you stimulate excited chlorophyll molecules and you overstimulate them such that they start to decay to triplet chlorophyll which could interact with ground state oxygen giving you singlet oxygen there and that basically burns up the cell, you destroy the cell. So what does the cell do? It takes some of that energy and it starts getting rid of it through vibrational modes and molecules as heat and that's called quenching. Most of the quenching is non-photochemical quenching although I would say there's also something called photochemical quenching too. When we think about photochemical quenching we think about CO2 fixation but these electrons could go to oxygen too and in a sense that's photochemical quenching as well. So we start to dissipate it as heat. When we do that we start to reduce the photochemistry, re-reduce the singlet chlorophyll molecules, the triplet chlorophyll molecules and basically we reduce the toxicity of photosynthesis. So the organisms have created many mechanisms to protect themselves against light energy and again as we manipulate organisms and try to use them for biofuels we have to know about those processes. We have to know what processes are critical to keep and if we start to eliminate things and we see other processes being eliminated that are critical we have to backtrack and think about how to do it in the correct way. So algae dissipate light energy at the surface of a pond because of non-photochemical quenching so much of the light doesn't reach deeper regions of the pond. But there's even more that happens because no matter what you do in terms of quenching you still damage the photosynthetic apparatus. And so here you have light energy coming in, this is photosystem two, one of the reaction centers, the light at highlight, you damage the photosynthetic apparatus and you could see this red protein which is part of the reaction center gets damaged and it has to ultimately be repaired and that cost energy as well. So here's another problem and that other problem is that if in these outdoor ponds when you're growing organisms you often have invaders, people who organisms that basically cheat and use what we've made to survive. And here you could see this is a ciliate, no this is a rotifer and it's filled itself up with a green algae called chlorella. This is a ciliate, vorticella and it's filled itself up also with a green algae and it keeps that algae for a while and it lets that algae photosynthesize and it gets food from that algae and then when photosynthesis begins to decline in the algae the ciliate can eat the algae as well. Now, but algae too have the amazing capacity to make huge amounts of oil and I've never quite seen anything like this and it's interesting from a number of points of view. This is clamidomonus which is a standard model organism and it can be filled up with oil to some extent and here you see this has been stained with a particular dye that stains oil, it's called Nile Red. This is chlorella, this is another green algae and here it doesn't have so much oil in it but when you treat it in certain ways you could see this is the same organism but you see this black circular middle space, that's all oil, that's all become oil and what you can get is 80, 85% oil in that organism. That's based on total biomass which is pretty incredible. This is the organism we're working on with Elinye and the CERC project and it's called Batriacacus. Batriacacus makes long chain hydrocarbons and those hydrocarbons come outside the cell and they build up and so you can get a huge amount of hydrocarbons from that but you have to extract it in a certain way, it's a slower growing organism so there are other challenges in terms of that particular organism. And if you think about it, well talk about it in a little bit again, another organism that I like and that's used now more by companies is picochlorum and this particular strain of picochlorum was isolated from the Gulf of Mexico, it has a doubling time of two to three hours which is phenomenal for an alga. It grows in seawater that's 2x and that's important because almost nothing else invades that seawater, right, nothing else can live in it. It has very high light tolerance so you could hit it with 2,000 micromoles and it doesn't photo inhibit and it just keeps doing photosynthesis fine. You get very high biomass production, can we make it oily? We possibly can through genetic engineering, it doesn't make that much oil normally but you could take the biomass and you could process it through hydro processing to make fuels that would work in aviation and cars and the thing about this organism is it's enormously productive and here just every month, the production was measured in an outdoor pond and here you see it's 35 grams per meter squared per day and you can make 40 grams per meter squared per day. If you think about photo water trophic production of algal biofuels still has additional obstacles and especially the cost, growing in an outdoor pond, the cost is phenomenal. There are biological use of light energy, ecological and economic issues that need to be met to make photo water trophic production a reality but actually I think we're at the stage where we can get it to work. We know enough about it and I think it still needs a little more fiddling around, a little more thinking, a little more integration of biologists with engineers to really get this to work well and I like this quote from Odyssey Clock. New ideas pass through three periods. Actually I would say there's a pre-period here which is the hype period and usually that drops off very quickly but it can't be done. It probably can be done but it's not worth doing. I knew it was a good idea all the time and I think I'll stop there and I'm glad to take any questions. Thank you. I can ask you the data that you got was it a CO2 carbonation in the pond or was it just from the atmosphere? The data in terms of the biomass production? Yeah. It's actually taking the cells out and doing biomass analysis. Yeah but were you putting the CO2 source was it atmospheric or for men? So to get the best growth you have to supply it with higher CO2 and that's something we're trying to engineer into these organisms, a carbon concentrating mechanism. We need the resistance to carbonate properly and it costs money. It costs money. We've done it and I think our colleagues here that have also played in that space because we did a project that Arizona stated it was very expensive. It was like $900 a barrel. Right. Avoid it in bioreactors over in the pond. It's tough also because of the carbonation. Yeah. So the bioreactors of course you're using light energy too so you still have all those same problems with light utilization. We'll take another question. Yeah. Thank you for the chemical engineering perspective. Thanks, that probably helps. I was thinking the chemical engineering perspective of these bioreactors, photobioreactors and it seemed like some part of the reactor does not get enough light and some part gets too much light and you have to compensate for it. So I wonder if some kind of a natural mixing or replenishment from the bottom to the top with not too much energy of course because you're trying to preserve energy but at least share the light. So you have to mix it because you actually have to mix the gases too to keep it working, right? CO2 and O2. So you have to keep mixing but quenching occurs on the order of less than seconds. So you can get quenching very fast. What people are trying to do to actually increase productivity is very interesting and it has worked. That is you have a quenching process so at high light you start to quench, dissipate almost all the energy as heat but then the light gets low and you want to absorb it and use it but you have a relaxation of that quenching. That takes time. So people have sped up that relaxation so now it could use light more effectively and you get a 5% boost which in a sense is a lot. Thank you.


Hey there everybody, welcome back today to Retro Tech. You know I was sitting here in my office area and I was ordering some replacement capacitors to fill my back stock of standardized capacitors that I generally use a lot in CRT repair and this also includes other retro items like audio amps and things the things you see featured on this channel and being repaired and I went to my usual stock website and I noticed that there has been an increase in this stock and the variety of caps that are available right now and when I'm talking specifically about capacitors I'm meeting aluminum electrolytic capacitors and so today I want to take you through and tell you about and a very important characteristic to the capacitors in case you're trying to order something right now. Again we have more choices so I want to make sure that you have the best knowledge that you can to go forward and order the right capacitors for your situation. So let's just switch our views up here real quickly and we'll take a look at a Mauser order sheet here and this is pretty standard on Mauser's website you just go in here and there's a part searcher up here up top. If we start this search over with I'll do this together with you I'm the first thing I type in in the search box is aluminum electrolytic capacitors and I'm going to pull up in a capacitor here to give you an example but just to walk through a little bit on this over here we have our manufacturers what I'm going to search for I'm going to click on a couple things here I'm going to click general purpose electrolytic capacitor here now every capacitor I'm working with in these machines is radial and that's both of those are very standard the other thing I really want to emphasize on filters to put on here when you're looking for a capacitor is to also get on here and check the in stock and make sure you've checked that so you don't pick anything that's not in stock and then the next important characteristic which I actually do not see here for some reason is going to be our temperature rating so right now I find that I get the best results using 105 degree Celsius rated capacitors if possible so let's just start by picking a capacitor now a very common capacitor value for me would be a 220 volt DC and then really any of these from 100 how about 220 25 volt DC 220 microfarad capacitor and then we've picked those things let's hit apply filters and see what we come up with yes so thankfully here we've it's given us the option to add that and we can hit apply filters now let's see what we get back okay so we actually have 26 results here and last time when I went through and tried to you know give some assisting advice on making your own capacitor kits I would do this and we'd only see four or five maybe examples of a good capacitor that we could use but now we have 26 in stock so that's a lot more of a choice and we're going to talk about again the last two important factors here when considering what you should do for your capacitor and it's ripple current and you'll see this rating right over here ripple current sometimes you'll get this ESR rating which is fine too but honestly I've gone through here and looked at a lot of capacitors and you can click on these capacitors and sometimes they won't give you an ESR rating at all for the capacitor but they will usually give you some kind of a ripple current rating now why is the ripple current important the ripple current is important because when you're restoring these old analog devices you're going to need to keep your current clean think about it we're talking about old analog audio and video equipment that is meant to display image or images quickly and then we're also talking about sound so you want to make sure that you're not adding additional interference and that's kind of the way that ripple will work it can add interference and it can add you know it can take actually down on the quality if the ripple current is too high it can prevent you from having clean DC power which most of these old electronics runoff of it'll keep your you know it'll keep your it creates basically a ripple and the more and the more ripple you allow to go through the bigger that ripple can get and the more interference you can end up with so you want you don't have to know the exact ripple current on every item that you work on but you do not want to contribute additional ripple usually to these older analog devices or you're going to end up with you know interference and other troubles so not to get too crazy in this talk here I wanted to make this a little bit quick but again ripple currents are over here so on this one product we have very low ripple currents available at 125 and then it goes all the way up to 760 so you can do that's a pretty wide range now this is milliamps so it's not a huge amount of ripple anyway but if you go through here and you pick capacitors that have high ripple on every single capacitor you will end up adding more ripple adding the ability for your monitor to increase more ripple especially as temperature increases and you know the the monitors working and you're you're just allowing that ripple to get bigger and bigger if you go with the higher ripple current parts now why on earth would anybody just pick a higher ripple current part because the ripple current is directly attached to your life I just did a poll on twitter asking what was the sexier characteristic of an electrolytic capacitor is it the high life hours or is it a low ripple current and it's kind of a trick question because you really want that low ripple current and the high life is more of just a luxury item if you can keep the ripple current down low enough but let's just do an example here I've got some parts pulled up we'll start here with just a couple this is great right here at top up top we've got two different capacitors by the same company chemit the one on top is a 7000 hour rated capacitor the one below it is 2000 hours okay so we can pull let's pull this first one up pull up the data sheet on here and if we look down here yes a lot of this stuff is good again here's our life expectancy 7000 hours and then our ripple current 640 milliamps so this is again on that higher end of that ripple current whereas if we go and let's go back and select the one right under it that is a 2000 hour capacitor look at that 250 milliamps and so that's a much cleaner lower ripple it's less than 50 percent of the other capacitor of course again you are sacrificing that long life expectancy but you're still with these capacitors we're still getting a lot of life out of them honestly most of these that we're looking at even this 2000 hour cap right here has more life in it than the standard one that you're replacing most of the time in a crt from the 90s or the early 2000s and you got to remember that you don't want to just replace the capacitor in it that is you know it's going to already have if it's got a 1000 a 2000 hour limit on the capacitor that you're changing out and it's an 85 degree capacitor for rating when you're changing that if you go up to a higher rating temperature and then increase it to one of these 10,000 hour capacitors you're literally quadrupling to even higher the level of ripple current that you're going to allow in your device and from personal experience working on CRTs everybody I've had where I've tried this myself I tried to go crazy get the highest life highest quality capacitors that I could buy as far as like longevity and it's had terrible results when I actually installed the capacitor kit because of that ripple current ripple flow it just allows a lot of interference and I don't unfortunately have a picture of that or I would show it to you but I can just tell you that from my personal experience ripple current becomes an important part of selection when you're selecting an analog capacitor or a capacitor for an analog device so that's just what I wanted to talk about today I hope this was a little bit clear but again you don't have to know everything in the world about ripple currents and unfortunately I can tell you from experience you're never going to find a ripple current rating well you might rarely in a CRT repair manual but I've done a lot of repairs and I've never seen a you know a desired or specific ripple current listed on the need for the monitor in the service manual so it's something that's just known kind of after you study electronics and how electronics work you kind of understand all this stuff but a lot of us are coming into this hobby with not so much a huge electronics background so there's some of these things that we don't understand don't know and like if you did what I did and you didn't understand that ripple current was a factor you could end up spending a lot of money on these really high end really durable capacitors yet they give you just a terrible result on your end result because of the high ripple that it's allowing to go through and affect both your image or if it's a sound device the sound so just think about that and consider that the next time you make a capacitor order for your CRT or audio amp just remember to look at the ripple current especially now since we got more stock availability and that's just one thing I'm going to also mention is that it is a good time right now it seems to be a really good time to go check on capacitors if you need some because again I've been looking for the last few weeks and months and it's just been kind of a wasteland sometimes where you'd only have one or two options for certain capacitors well it seems to be getting a little bit better thankfully and hopefully it will just continue to get better and as it does it will require us to understand more about what we're doing and what we're replacing with these capacitors when we have more options and that's going to do it for today's episode I thank you for joining me on this special trip into my woodgrain paradise here and just one more thing if you did like the episode please leave a like but also feel free to leave any kind of comment I will preface or well it's actually the end of the video so I can't preface it but it's I will say that my electronics experience is all self-taught all learned from experience and honestly other connections I've made online and other content creators thankfully there's a lot of information out there but it does take a lot of time to self-study my personal background is is an engineering but it's on the construction engineering side so my studies never really had anything to do with electronics in college and that was not a part of my training until after I got out and into the real world and into a job where electronics was a really key part of my career and of course now it is a big part but that's going to do it again sorry to ramble here at the end I hope you guys enjoyed it again leave a comment if you have anything that you'd like to add and I will see you all next time with some more retro content


So, you wish there was an easy way to make some true-false options in Unity. Not a problem. Right-click your panel, UI, and pick Toggle. From here, a checkbox will appear. You can type in your instructions in the label with the usual text control options. The background is just an image that you can swap out with any other picture here. All of your position and size control is the same as usual, and the toggle property actually functions exactly like a button. So you can change the normal, highlighted, pressed, selected and disabled colors here. I'd recommend you change navigation to none. From here, you see the same type of trigger that you would find in a button. So if you wanted to code the triggers, you would just create a new script, drag that script to an object, and to access the toggle variable. At the top, include using UnityEngine.UI. Then you can make your variable. And if you want to set it, I would just say something like myToggle.isOn equals true or false. And if you wanted to write instructions for your variable, make a public void, and it would look something like, if myToggle is on equals true, then tell the player it's true. I am your father. Else if toggle is on equals false, tell the player it's not true. You are my father. And if you save, press the plus sign on the toggle trigger, drag the script object in here, find our method that we just created, and if we run the game now, if you click the toggle, it will tell you who your father really is. Hope that helps. And as always, hope you have a fantastic day, and I'll see you around.


Exosomes are small, tilde operator 30140NM, lipid bilaring closed particles of endosomal origin. Investigation of exosome cargo contents could offer opportunities for disease detection and treatment. They contain proteins, lipids, and RNAs specific to their cell origin and could deliver cargo to both nearby and distant cells. This article was authored by Siali, Alexander L. Corbett, Airfond Tata Zotti, and others.


So why are people so depressed? Why are people so afraid? Because you see everywhere fear.  Fear that the air we breathe is getting worse, not better. Fear that somehow technology is gonna dominate us.  That the future was bleak. I mean, it's almost like human beings have this need to believe the world is gonna come to an end, right? We have in religion, what are called millennial cults. Cults that every few decades rise up and say, okay, it's the end of the world now.  I'm not up to my scriptures. But this idea of end of world, this idea of disaster, this idea of we're killing ourselves, is somehow something that serves some psychological need that human beings have. But it is counter to the facts, counter to reality. Again, life has never been better on planet Earth than there's no reason to believe. If we do the right things, the life will not be better 100 years from now. Life won't be even better 1000 years from now, human life. Progress is movement towards greater values, movement towards greater life, movement towards better, greater when it comes to human life. Progress is the recognition that human life is the standard of value. To evaluate something as good or evil, when asked to have a standard, by what standard? We are human. Each one of us is, is on standard. My life is my standard. Rand, Ayn Rand teaches us, the morality is not about sacrificing, dying, helping the humanity. Morality is about living the best life you can live for yourself. It's about achieving your own happiness. It's about discovering the values that are necessary to live a good life, a successful life as a human being. It means using your mind to choose the values that are gonna lead you towards success as a human being. Spiritual, material values, the values necessary for you to thrive. So morality is about the individual. But if morality is about each individual pursuing his life, making his life the best that it can be, if morality is about each individual pursuing their happiness, then progress in a social context is individuals making their lives better. What is progress after all? If not making my life better? And when we think about ethics in society, then what is it? If all individuals are pursuing their life, pursuing their values, trying to make their life better, as a group, what are they doing? Well, they're enhancing human life. They're bettering human life. And from a societal perspective, what we need is to create a political system that enables people to pursue their happiness, that enables people as individuals to pursue the values necessary for them to live a good, successful life. So that which makes it possible for individuals to pursue a good life is the good. That which damages it, that which holds it back, that which suppresses the ability of individuals to pursue their values, to pursue their happiness is evil. Progress is the manifestation of individuals pursuing their values. It's a manifestation of people wanting their life to get better. It's not a decision we make, our responsibility as a group, if we will, is to facilitate individual freedom. It's to facilitate the ability of individuals to live. And the result of leaving individuals to live, we've seen this time and time again, all over the world, everywhere, is progress. Progress is the outcome, the outcome of leaving individuals free, the outcome of individuals trying to make their lives as individuals better. The outcome of not trying to dictate to individuals what values they should pursue and how they should live. Freedom will always result in progress because human beings cannot stand for stagnation. Stagnation, when do we stagnate? When is the time we're most stagnant? Well, when we're dead. Life requires an active process. Life requires constant engagement. Life requires the pursuit of values, the constant pursuit of values. So to be anti-progress is to be anti-human life. To be anti-progress is to be anti-human freedom. To be anti-progress is to be on the side of death and destruction, which aren't necessarily immoral. Life is the standard of morality. Human life is the standard of morality. Individual human life is the standard of morality. And to advocate against progress is to advocate against individual human life. It's to advocate against individual human progress. Now, many environmentalists would argue that human beings are destroying the planet. We're creating havoc in the environment. But what does that mean? Are we destroying the planet? Yes, absolutely. Absolutely. Everything that we have as human beings has come from us reshaping our environment, reshaping our planet. Human beings are not neutral when it comes to survival. We don't just accept the environment as it is and figure out how to live within it. What do we do? We chop down trees and build huts. We take away grasslands and forests and plant agriculture. We demolish hills to use the gravel, the rock, to make cement, to build skyscrapers. We pave roads from point A to point B when we need to get somewhere. Human beings change the environment. It's how we survive. It's how we progress. It's how we live. If we stop changing our environment, we die as a species. We cannot compete at the material level. There are 8 billion people in the world today. The only reason 8 billion people can stay alive is because they're constantly reshaping nature around them. They're constantly remaking the planet. And they're constantly, as we do this, improving human life. 30 years ago, about 30% of the world lived in extreme poverty. Today, 8% of the world lives in extreme poverty. Hopefully, within 20 years, 0% of the world will live in extreme poverty. The only way to do that is to change our environment. The only way to do that is to reshape the planet. Why do we care about the planet? Why do we care about the environment? Well, I care only in the sense that it affects human life. The standard is still the same. The standard is human life. If changing that environment is good for human life, then great. If changing the environment is bad for human life, we need to solve the problem. But the burden needs to be to prove that changing stuff hurts human life. Because so far, we've been changing the planet for the last, I don't know, how long have human beings been around? But suddenly, since the agricultural revolution and even before that, for 10,000 years, light keeps getting better. Human life keeps getting better. We keep living longer, healthier, and cooler. I mean, look at this. I'm giving a lecture in France, but, well, unfortunately, I can't actually be in France. Using a technology that just 10 years ago didn't really exist, a company that most people around the world never heard of until recently called Zoom. In spite of authoritarian governments shutting us down at home, we are still communicating. We are still running conferences. We're still engaging in exchange. Why? Because we've changed nature, turned it into fiber optics, put cables under the ocean, put satellites into space so that we can communicate in spite of being thousands of miles away. So the standard for environmentalism, the standard for what is good or bad is human life, not the state of the planet, not some people's fears, but what is objectively good or bad for human life? It's clearly, if you're engaged in an activity that is hurting other people, that is literally destroying life, and people can prove that, then it is the role of government to stop you from engaging in those activities. But we don't need, big government, we don't need large institutions, whole agencies to tell us that. That's been around in common law for hundreds of years. So human beings survive by changing their environment. Environmental change is necessary for human survival and for human thriving. Progress is necessary for human survival and human thriving. When we stop progressing in history, we decline. In life generally, not just when you talk about economic or social progress, in life generally, you're either moving forward or you're moving backwards. Standing still is not an option. Living beings move. They act. It's either towards life or towards death. Progress is life. That's why it's moral. Progress is what individuals do when they live free. That's why it's moral. Progress is pro-success, pro-happiness, pro-human values. That's why it's moral. And anybody trying to stop us is advocating for death and destruction, advocating for poverty. We've seen this. We've seen civilizations where progress has stopped. When that happens, people don't just stay at where they are. Things get worse and things can get worse fast. So environmentalists who are claiming that progress is bad don't understand what it takes to keep human beings alive, to allow human beings to achieve happiness and success. Environmentalists who advocate for the environment, they think the environment has some value beyond its value to us as human beings. But when talking about value, I might always ask a very fundamental, important question. Value to whom? And for what? To be a value, it has to be a value for something. There is no values external to human beings. Unless you believe in aliens and God, then maybe there's a value to God and values to the aliens. But the only thing we know out there that exists is life on planet Earth. You have to have a living thing that values something. Otherwise, it's not a value. It's a value to somebody and for a particular purpose.  So the environment is a value to me because I breathe the air, I drink the water, I live within it. But it's also a value to me because it has the resources I need to consume. It has the rare earth metals that make my iPhone possible. It provides me with the trees that I need to chop down to build my house. It provides me with all the resources I need to make my life better. So the environment is a value because I can exploit it. It's a value to me to the extent that I exploited. The idea of stopping the exploitation in the environment is the idea of giving up on human life. So to fight this, I think there are two important points. Morally, we have to understand that the standard of a morality is human life. And human life requires achievement. It requires challenges. It requires values. And therefore human life requires progress. The number of human beings on planet earth is probably gonna grow, at least for a while. That acquires growth, necessitates growth. If we care about poverty, that necessitates growth. If we care about any individual being able to make the most of their life, then we value growth and progress. So point one is human life acquires progress. And human life is the standard of value. Therefore, progress is small. And second, the consequence of progress are wonderful for human life. I mean, it's inspiring to see the technology. It's inspiring to see the architecture. It's inspiring to see the technology that the modern world is comprised of. It's inspiring to be able to be in my home in Puerto Rico and deliver these remarks to you wherever you may be. Some of you in France, they might even be some people on YouTube from all over the world. That's progress. Life is pretty amazing. Your life is pretty amazing if you take it seriously, if you choose to make the most of it. Don't let the fear mongers depress you into not wanting, not striving, not pushing yourself to live to the max. So live. Progress is about life. If we value life, we must value progress. Thank you. What we need today, what I called a new intellectual, would be any man or woman who is willing to think. Meaning any man or woman who knows that man's life must be guided by reason, by the intellect, not by feelings, wishes, whims, or mystic revelations. Any man or woman who values his life and who does not want to give in to today's cult of the stare, cynicism, and impotence and does not intend to give up the world to the dark ages and to the role of the collectivist. Broads. All right, before we go on, reminder, please like the show. We've got 163 live listeners right now. 30 likes. That should be at least 100. I figure at least 100 of you actually like the show.  But at least the people who are liking it, you know, I want to see, I want to see a thumbs up. There you go. Start liking it. I want to see that go to 100. All it takes is a click of a thing, whether you're looking at this. And you know, the likes matter. It's not an issue of my ego. It's an issue of the algorithm. The more you like something, the more the algorithm likes it. So, you know, and if you don't like the show, give it a thumbs down. Let's see your actual views being reflected in the likes. But if you like it, don't just sit there, help get the show promoted. Of course, you should also share. And you can support the show at your Unbrookshow.com slash support on Patreon or subscribe star or locals and show your support for the work, for the value, hopefully you're receiving from this.  You'll know what shows are on, when they're on. You'll get notified, right? So, yes, like, share, subscribe, support. Like, share, subscribe, support. There you go. Easy. Do one or all of those, please.


In this video we're going to talk about Ark Invest buying shares in 908 devices which is a new IPO, just recently IPO'd and ultimately this stock has potential to double very quickly or potentially in the mid-term future. We're going to go through what they've bought, what the company is and some information as to what this is and this is a huge development. This is very significant in terms of Ark Invest putting a good amount of shares into this particular company called 908 devices so we'll go through all the main information for that in this video. I've just got to say obviously I'm not a financial advisor, I am a business teacher in my daily life but I'm by no means an expert when it comes to the stock market. Also if you can like the video that would be fantastic as it helps out in the YouTube algorithm and more people can see it in the search results and also subscribe for more stock market videos in a video presentation format. So let's go through 908 devices. So who are they first? So before we look at why Ark Invest are buying them let's look at who 908 devices actually are. So what does it say? It says that we are democratising laboratory mass spectrometry with our simple handheld and desktop devices addressing critical to life purposes. Our devices are used at the point of need to interrogate unknown and invisible materials and provide quick actionable answers to directly address some of the most critical problems in life scientists research, bioprocessing, pharma, biopharma, forensic and adjacent markets. We are headquartered in the heart of Boston where we research, design and manufacture innovative products that bring together the power of mass spectrometry, micro fluidic separations, software automation and machine learning. So it's a very highly digitised company but it's all ultimately involved in this key particular area here. What it's trying to do here is a highly technological company. It's got a lot of innovation in the pharma, biopharma area and this stock has got a lot of potential and it's part of the reason why Ark Invest have bought this stock. So let's just look at this price at the moment. So it's about $49. It's actually up from the IPO of 145%. So it's already doubled and more so recently and the stock has run up so you can think about the fact that obviously as a stock runs up there's a potential for it to come back down a bit as well. So there's always that concern with that and they're trying to get the best price. But yeah it talks about it here and there as well again. So how much has Ark Invest actually bought? So they've bought 315,000 shares which are totals up to $17.15 million. So they have invested a decent amount into this company in one particular trade. So they've invested in this company. They see this company with some potential for the future in terms of growth and that's why they've partly invested in this company. So it's certainly something that's growing and also Ark Invest tend to invest in disruptive technologies in industries that are growing, in industries that are emerging and they're usually very successful in terms of what they invest in and the returns that they get on that particular investment. So that's what they bought, $315,000 at $17.15 million. And we have to understand that this is only just IPO'ed as well. So there's nothing to say that they will increase their share number as time goes on and they actually increase the amount of shares that they have Ark Invest. So that's a potential area that could happen there. Just to note, there is actually a strong leadership team in this company which is important to consider. So Dr Kevin Knopf is a co-founder and CEO of 908 Devices, an experienced high tech entrepreneur. Kevin co-founded her scientific in 2002 and is a senior vice president overseeing safety and security in sales. So he's involved in a lot of areas here and he's very experienced. So there's a lot of an experienced leadership team. So when you combine this experienced leadership team with Ark Invest investing in this company for potential future growth, this stock has certainly got a lot of potential. And as you can see, it's actually shot up quite far, just unbelievably far and maybe there'll be a bit of a pullback but maybe it'll go up even further. I think that this stock has got a good shot medium to long term potential. It's got the likes of Ark Invest interested in the stock, which is huge, but also in addition to that, they've got a good kind of strategic direction with the product and they've got a good leadership team. So please consider looking at this particular stock and then see what you think. Do your own research again. I'm not a financial advisor, I'm a business teacher, but I just wanted to bring you this stock to your attention and do some additional research on that. Anyways, thanks for watching the video. Please subscribe to the channel and trying to get to 2,000 subscribers and also like the video if you've enjoyed the content and you also want to see more videos here. Thank you for watching and I'll see everybody later.