Okay, so last time we thought we started talking about differential equations, which is our third big section of the class.  And so just to remind you differential equation is just so in a differential equation we have an unknown function described in terms of its derivatives. So I mean a really almost, so usually this is written, the function is called y but it doesn't have to be sometimes it's x and so on. And in some sense some of the integration problems that we did are really kind of differential equations like when I write the integral of x dx is some y. Well this is the same as saying that the derivative of y is x. We're looking for a function whose derivative is x. So this is a very easy differential equation. We can easily see that, so that means that y, well from here we know that y is x squared over 2 plus the constant. But of course we can have more complicated things where we can't just integrate one side together. We have to work harder to find the formula. And a lot of differential equations just like a lot of integrals, you can't write down the formula directly. So just as in a number of integrals that we saw like the integral of I don't know, sine x over x, there is no formula for that function. Similarly here there's a nice formula that we can write down differential equations for which there's no nice formula. That doesn't mean the equation doesn't have a solution. It just means we can't describe it in a nice way. But we can still understand it even if we can't write down the formula. So even if you can't write a formula you can still understand what's going on. So one of the examples that we looked at last time towards the end was this differential equation where the derivative of some function p o. Let me point out one thing. One thing that we often do here is we suppress the fact that this is a function. In some sense I should really be saying f prime of x equals x. And that makes it clearer that it's a function. But usually you just call it y and you say the derivative of y is x and it's implied that y is a function of x. Or t or whatever it is. And there may not even appear an x in the equation. So for example here if we write that the derivative of p is some constant times p times 1 minus p. And here it should be implied that p is a function of some unknown variable which we can call t or we can call x. It's our choice. Here p is standard for population so you're probably using the variable t as the independent variable. And p is the dependent variable but whatever. Now when we write an equation like this you can still sort of understand, without being able to solve it, maybe you can solve it. We'll solve this one later because it is a nice formula that tells us what it is. You can still sort of understand how the solutions are going to behave just by looking at the equation. So for example if we know that p of t is 0 at some t. Let's just say t equals 0. Let's just pick it up. If I know that the time is 0 and p of 0 is 0. What do I know about p? Okay so if I tell you that at some moment, let's put this in here. So find out that the population in 2005 is 0. So was 0. And the population follows this equation. Given that the population in 2005 was 0. What's the population now? 0. Because why? Because the derivative is 2 times p times 1 minus p. And the derivative at 2009, 2005, was q times 0 times 1 which is 0. So that means that this tells us that p of t is a constant. Because the only functions whose derivatives are 0 are constant functions. So it was a constant at 2005 so the population 2006 is the same as 2005 so it was a constant. And it's always the same. And it was 0 once so it's always 0. So this is called, well and then let's take another example. Same example but another choice. If the population in 2005 was 1 this is measured in, I don't know, so the population in 2005 was 1. What's the population in 2009? In 2005 is 2 times p in 2005 which is a number we don't know. Times 1 minus p in 2005. But I said this was 1. This is 1. So this is 2 times 1 times 1 minus 1 which is 0. So again the derivative is 0. So the derivative, so the function is another constant. This time the constant is 1. So again the population doesn't change. What if, instead of that, I tell you the population in 2005 is a half. What do I know? I won't know the population in 2009 without a lot more work. But, well let's not make it be a half. Let's make it be a 10. So what do I know about p in 2009? It's 1 10. Why would it be 1 10? Because p prime in 2005 is twice a tenth times 1 minus a tenth which is, I don't know, 9 tenths times 100 is 18 over 100. It's bigger than a tenth. So this is bigger than 0 and in fact if you just look all of the populations between 0 and 1, if the population is between 0 and 1 p prime is bigger than 0. So that means that the population will grow but that's about all we know because the p is an increasing function for values between 0 and 1 tenth but that's about all we know. Let me come back to this notion. So these kinds of solutions are called equilibrium solutions. So if you know that your derivative, you know that the derivative is sometimes 0 then the solution is a constant and this is called an equilibrium solution or sometimes it's called a constant. So I mean if you're doing chemistry a lot of times you have a solution so if you have two solutions you mix and some stuff happens and concentrations of one thing change and then eventually the solution becomes an equilibrium. That's saying that the differential equation that governs the reaction of the solutions is tending towards some steady state where the derivative is 0, the change of stuff. There's no change of stuff. Same thing in physics. We're describing the motion of something and eventually it gives to an equilibrium that doesn't move anymore the derivative is 0. So finding places where the derivative is 0 is useful but not the whole story. So we will focus on that a little bit. We can tell some things from that. Now we can also do some other things without knowing a lot. So for example if I tell you, so let's take another example. If I have a function y double prime is, I don't know, minus 9y. So there's some function and I tell you that y of x is, so what do I want here? I want, this one works right? Three times the sign of x. Well there's some constant, I'm sorry, the sign is 3x. Some constant is the sign of 3x. So I'm telling you this. I can just check. The derivative here is 3a cosine of 3x and the second derivative is 9a minus sign of 3x. So yes that is indeed a solution. Now I can tell you how to figure out that it was the sign. I just said it looks like that. But a is some constant. Now if I give you a little more information, for example, well since this is the sign I know that y of 0 has to be 0, p is 0, y of 0 has to be 0. But I can give you another piece of information. So if I tell you also, so I could ask, so for what values of a is it true that when time is 0 I have 0, but also when time is 0 the derivative is 1? This is called an initial condition. If I have, I guess I shouldn't create a rightful condition. This is a second order equation. There are actually two initial conditions that will be fully nailed down. Equation but I'm telling you how it starts out. So if I don't tell you this part, if I don't tell you this initial condition then any function, any sign function with any amplitude satisfies the equation. This is half of a sine 3x for three different values of a. Let's make it four different values of a. They all look like this, but I have several different ones. But when I give you an initial condition I'm asking you to pick one of them out. If this is describing the motion of a pendulum, I guess it's oscillating here, this is the motion of a pendulum. I'm telling you when I looked at it the pendulum was hanging straight down but it was moving with velocity 1. This is the velocity, this is the position.  But now I want to describe it completely and want to pick out a solution. So what do I do? I told you this information in that information. How can I figure out what a is? I'm just plugging it in with ions and I get an equation for a. This is not hard stuff. I told you the class needs a line. This is not hard, you just have to think about what's going on. Well I know that y of 0 is supposed to be 1 and that's a times the sine of 3 times 0 which is 0 so that didn't give me any information. But I also know from here that y prime of 0 is supposed to be 1 and this is 3a times the cosine of 3 times 0. Cosine of 0 is 1 so that's 3a so that tells me a is a third. I know this function exactly so let's just check that this actually works. That a equals 1 third works. It's minus 9 times y. And let's check a is a third. It works. So that means that y 1 third sine of 3x, y prime of x is 1 times the cosine of 3x. Y double prime is 3 times the sine of 3x but it's negative. But this is negative 9 times 1 third the sine which is y. So it's good. But it doesn't work for any value of a because here I just said a is some number. I don't know it. Let's check that it works. Sure nothing works. So because I chose 1 it looks a little suspicious that this 3 is not an i. But this 3 is 1 third of an i. So given an initial condition this will nail down if the initial condition is appropriate it will nail down the solution. Really when we solve the differential equation just like when we do any definite integral there is a constant or some constants floating around that we need to figure out. So the solution to a differential equation usually depends on some unknown constants. What if 1 is sum? 1 is sum. We can figure out that means that the solution is not one function but lots of functions. So for example if I say that the derivative of y is equal to y we know that e to the x works. But any constant times e to the x works for any choice of k. The derivative depends on maybe my table should not be k. So from any choice of this constant this solves the equation. So there's not just one solution there's a whole bunch of them for various values of k. And in fact so there's a whole bunch of them that depend on k. And we can nail down which one if we have initial conditions. Is there a question? You can pick out which one depending on initial conditions. And so just like when you learn to do integrals there's this plus c that a lot of people forget and then they lose a point because they forget the plus c and blah, blah, blah. But it's important because the integral of a function is not a function it's a whole bunch of functions. And the c tells you which specific one. So the constant of integration and this is the same as the constant of integration. In fact the verb that you use to solve a differential equation is sometimes you can use the verb that you're integrating into a differential equation. Even if you're not just writing down an integral. And the word integrate has another meaning in English. It doesn't just mean to find an anti-derivative it means to take disparate things and put them together. And that's what we're doing when we solve a differential equation and I want to sort of elaborate down that a little bit. So suppose we have no knowledge of how to come up with a solution. So far all of our solutions are just look at it and guess and see what it is. So far all I did is I said well I told you the answer is this. Does it work? Look at that. What do you think the answer might be? I think it gets. Does it work? Look at that. And we go from there. And we'll develop some techniques but before that you can still do some stuff to understand what the differential equation looks like. What the solution looks like. So I want to go over some of that stuff which is analogous to what I just did here that I'm erasing. We can understand this differential equation and what it's telling us by thinking about it and we can think about it. Pictures are helpful sometimes in thinking about these things. So say I have a differential equation like that and I don't know how to solve this well I do know how to solve it but I don't know how to come up with a formula. It says the growth rate of the thing how much you have plus the time. It grows faster as time increases but it also grows proportional to how much is there. It prefers to have using x I can use t. It doesn't matter. So this differential equation how can we possibly understand what this does without solving. So we can make a picture where I put x is here and I put y is here and I'm not going to graph the solution instead I'm going to graph the slope. So I can make a direction field or a vector field which tells me something about the solutions. So if I think about so what does this mean?  So for example if I know that at x equals zero y equals zero what's the derivative when x equals zero and y equals zero? Zero. So right here the derivative is zero. That one's a bad one to do because it's a little hard to see. But let's say if x equals one and y equals zero then the slope is plus one. So at one zero the slope is one and at two zero the slope is two. So and for negative values of x when x is negative one and y is zero the slope is one and when x is minus two and y is zero the slope is minus two and so on. Now let's move up a little bit. When y is one and x is zero the slope here is one and when y is two and x is zero the slope here is two and so on. This is a very tedious process but we can go through and sort of draw a line of lines that tell us something about how the solutions behave. This is kind of not a very good picture so we'll turn this on and forth. Instead of doing this by hand well I'll just talk about it while the word's up. So I already know some stuff about the solution. What do I know about the solution? But they go a lot if I start here. Will the solution decrease in its x increases? Does the y value go up or down? I heard wall wall, I heard down, I heard up. So how many people think the solution stays constant? How many people think the solution will decrease? How many people have no clue what the hell's going on? One on, two. So soon if I set it up before class there we go. So here's a better version of what I said. I'm going to start here then the solution will come down and go back up and if I start here the solution will come down and go back up. If I start over here it looks like the solution will go down and get steeper. So depending on where I start I will get different kinds of solutions. So now this is for the vector field x that directs the differential equation y times equals x plus y. I can of course fix moderately clear what I'm saying here. So we can tell just by looking at this how the solutions will go. If instead of, let's go back to the same, if I go one tenth in x what will be the y value? A value. It will still be minus one. But why is it minus one? It's minus one because the derivative is zero at x zero. And this is my step size h. Then I do it again. Now I have two things. My next x, well I'm just going to go up by another tenth. So at point two my y value will be my old y value. So I'm just, I'm here and I said go this way for a tenth. The arrow tells me not to do anything but go this way. So I land there at one tenth. But now there's a little arrow pointing slightly down. So I'm going to take where I was before and I'm going to add on what the derivative tells me to do at the new place. So in this case this is minus one plus one tenth. I picked a very messy one. It should have been an easier one. So this is minus one plus one tenth. And the derivative here at one tenth is not zero. It is, what's my function? One tenth, that's x times the sign of minus, of a tenth times minus one. So this is a horrible number. This is a bad example. This is one one hundredth. The sign of minus a tenth is slightly less than zero. I continue in this way. It doesn't seem to change much for a little while but then suddenly it will get very steep down. Over here it will get very steep down. So let me write this again in a more formula way. And then maybe go through an easier example. This example is nasty to do by hand but it makes a nice picture. Let's do the x plus y one which is easy to do by hand and makes a boring picture. So let me write those methods again. So let me point out also there's a new web sign up or what? Which is do on the Wednesday that we don't have class just before Thanksgiving so that people work while you're getting ready to go for Thanksgiving. So what are those methods that says to follow? I take a step five which I'm calling h. It's always called h. Which is usually a small number. And then my initial condition, so I have an initial condition which are my initial condition let that be my initial condition. And then I set x one to be the previous x plus h. And my y one is so I have a differential equation here y five equals f of x y. So y one is going to be the previous y plus h times whatever I get when I plug the previous x and the previous y into the differential equation. That gives me an x one and a y one. Then I repeat x two is x one plus h y two is y one plus whatever the slope is and I just keep going. So I do this for a long time in general x n plus one the next x is the previous x plus h and y n plus one is the previous y plus h times the function at the previous time. So this example that I did was horrible so let's do an easier example like x plus y. No I don't have time. So let me point out that if I don't make any progress I won't be able to do the homework which is already ticked. But so let's do it very quickly to spend one minute on the differential equation y prime equals x plus y with the initial condition let's say y zero equals y zero equals negative one. And let's take the step size just to make things easy let's take h equal to half. So that means that x naught is zero y naught is negative one x one is zero plus a half y naught is negative one plus a half of x plus y here so negative one equals negative is negative three half x two is one because it's a half plus a half oops that's a one y two is y one plus a half of x naught plus y naught plus y one which is minus three half plus a half and then here I have minus three half plus one half is minus one which is minus four half which is x three is three half which is one plus a half y three is previous y here which is minus two plus a half of previous x which is minus oh I think they're really stupid value oh well which is minus two and a half which is minus three which is five and so on.


Good afternoon everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Armo with the Stock Swoosh, and I'm here today to review Amazon. What a huge, huge call I made. I did it yesterday actually right before the open. I saw the gap up in Amazon and this was yesterday on Tuesday and it had a monster move today. So yesterday pre-market, I saw it and I timed this very well with the overall market seeing that it would follow through and this has made a bigger move than ahead of the market actually even today. In Amazon, in fact, where did the queues go here? We're 15 cents for making new high in the QQ queues. Wow. This is crazy. This could even go again one more day tomorrow, but who knows? I mean you got to be out of this today. It was crazy to hold this fast today, but I gave two, you know, expiration dates to do it in the letter, which was March 31st. Divide calls for 8.60, March 31st expiring or April 7th expiring, and I made that call yesterday in the pre-market before the open, before this happened. So you were up in it if you did it yesterday and it flew, gapped up today to the strike, went over the number, went $16 plus over the strike price in 24 hours. This is incredible. Actually gapped up here to $8.59, but you could see that it was going to fly then today. This, this was an incredible call to see yesterday that it would do this. So sometimes I just see things. I look at the chart and I just say, boom, there. It's going to go to the number. Institutional buying all the way today in this. I mean no one is shorting the stock and if you were in it long, you didn't sell out of this, I mean you might have sold out of this a little bit here into the close today, but I mean Amazon's going to $900. I don't know when, but I don't know the time of that when exactly, but I know it's going there. So if you were long the stock over all in a bigger picture, if you're an institution, you're not getting out because you know it's going to $900. It is going there. And actually as the morning went on this morning for the people in the room, I said this is going to get to $8.70, and then I said this is probably going to get to $8.75 today. And it went over $8.75. No looking back. You could have went long. This is a day trade today. You could have bought this as a new option trade this morning. So the options, letters, something that I offer, you just get the train's email to you. That's it. Simple as that. And you take the trade when you get it, or as soon as you get the email, you can take it. So whether you took it yesterday or took it today, it was a huge, huge, huge call. I mean this is one, this actually, well Target, no this was bigger than Target. Target moved straight down and was a really solid option trade that was a put. This was the biggest call I've made actually to date for 2017. This is the biggest option call I've made for 2017. It went $16 through the strike in 24 hours. Yeah, this was bigger. This is bigger than anything I've called so far this year. It's the biggest trade this year that I've called in the option letter. And depending on the size that you took, could have paid for the entire Golden Gap class of $49.99. It definitely would have paid for the price of the letter, which is normally $29.99. So I'm going to offer a discount from now till Friday for half off the letter if you want to do it. And if you're trying to save for the class, here's a way for you to do it. I'm giving you a way for you to do it. You just take the trades. Just do the option trades and save for the class. Save the five grand for the class and the time period. And I decided as a bonus for people that want to do the class as an early bird special, if they want to sign up for the Golden Gap in April, April 8th, the 9th, I'm going to offer the letter free to the end of the year 2017. Then you'd have the Gap class, you'd have the Entries class, you'd have the letter to do the options. I mean there's just no excuse for people not to be successful using all the tools that I'm giving you. The classes, the calls, the picks, the trading room, the option letter. I'm doing everything I can to help people be profitable. And not only that, teach them the right thing to do, which is trade with the power. And it was so clear to me that the power in this was to the upside. This is an amazing chart. I can't wait to see what this does in the earnings. I think the date of this is the end of April. It's a long way away now, almost a month. But this is an exciting stock. I mean it's exciting to be in it. It's exciting to watch it. It's exciting to call it even. So congratulations to all the people in the option letter that did do this trade. And what an amazing move. You can make a lot of money sometimes, quickly in something, even in the options. Even if I call it out for a week and you do it out for a week, it doesn't mean you have to hold it for a week. And you can make a lot of money in these stocks that move. And those are the ones I like to play. During the day trades I typically like to go to the downside, as you know, but the options I typically like to go to the upside. Or I'm looking for those with the market, which you have here, and the market is doing it. Doing it, doing it, doing it. And if the market goes over the high here, gaps up over the high tomorrow, which you could do, that Amazon might continue another day. But I really think the rational exit for this would be today, at least if you did the 31st expiration. If you've got it out to the 7th, you can ride this puppy out. Anyways, have a great day, everyone. If you're interested in any of these offers, email me. Email me, I'm here. Melissa at thestockswish.com. Congratulations, everyone, on the letter. Good job, and I will see everybody in the room tomorrow. Thanks to everybody. Have a great day.


Namaste and welcome back to the video course on Watershed Management. In module number 7 on management of water quality in lecture number 30, today we will discuss about the environmental guidelines for water quality management. So, some of the important topics covered in this lecture includes water quality management, monitoring, water quality guidelines and steps in water quality management. So, the key weights for today's lecture water quality management and environmental guidelines. So, as we discussed earlier so, this water quality management is a main say we have to deal with most of time say watershed based water quality management. So, it is one of the important issue which we have to deal in water related issues like water resource management or water say watershed based say water resource management etcetera. So, it is not only the quantity of the water, but quality of the water is also important. So, that is what we are discussing in the last few lectures. So, as we discussed say for surface water or ground water there are various sources of pollution like say ground water or say surface water the pollution sources can be different and then we will be discussing about how we can control this pollution and then wherever polluted how we can remediate. So, that is what we were discussing in the last few lectures. So, now as far as water quality management is concerned as we discussed in one of the earlier lectures. So, we need a very strict guidelines so, that we can go according to that guidelines. So, first of all the guidelines means say as far as water quality is concerned what are the parameter values say which we can go maximum or minimum and what are the other things as far as the parameters are concerned. So, that is one thing and then what frequently what say the frequency of taking the samples. So, that we should know we can we have to constantly monitor say the say whether it is surface water or ground water whether the quality is maintaining or not. So, that way we have to see and then what are the methodologies which we can adopt to keep this water quality management. So, that way we need a say guidelines as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, water quality management is for a great deal controlled by authorization of discharges of dangerous substances for which monitoring of discharges effluents and influenced by surface or ground water is essential. So, say if we consider surface water say like river water or lake water or if we consider ground water then we have to see that say as far as the say if we once we say put certain say measures say I mean the guidelines say like this much should be the quality or say various parameters the maximum limit or minimum limit once we specify same and then this say we have to strictly follow this through certain guidelines and then say authorities say we have to strictly monitor this what way it is going whether the pollution is taking place or whether pollution is reduced or whatever way. So, we have to see that some like state pollution control board authorities or central pollution control board authorities. So, like that various authorization agencies should look into the quality issues or the pollution problems. So, that way when we look into water quality management and water quality management guidelines. So, there can be in the guidelines related to national level like say for example, India central pollution control board is there which is the otherwise the agency to look into the various water quality management issues and then its guidelines formulations and similarly we can have also state level. So, various states say we can have various policies and then regulations as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, then say presently say as we can see presently the quality and availability of the freshwater resource is most pressing of the many environmental challenges say for example, national or national horizons if you consider say India or any countries concerned say the quality of the freshwater whatever we are getting. So, that is the availability as well as the quality is the main issue. So, now as the population is increasing say like geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization industrialization and agriculture developments. So, this has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water. So, as we discussed in some of the previous lectures quantity is a main issue say whether sufficient quantity of water is available say for example, for domestic industrial agriculture or the recreational purposes and then say for each purposes or each uses as we have seen earlier there are certain norms as far as the various parameters are concerned say the maximum limit or minimum limit. So, the quality that way is a main issue especially say in a country like India where the population is exploding and then number of new cities are coming and rapid urbanization is taking place. So, that way there should be national benchmarks to assess the potential or actual environment of socially relevant resource uses such as water resource say it is the quantity of the water and the quality of the water. So, there should be national benchmarks. So, that way we can see that the view of India standards has come up with certain guidelines as far as the water quality management is concerned and then say the various parameters say whatever the say for say bringing or other purpose how we have to we should have. So, that way there should be as far as say total water quality management is concerned we have to see the norms are available and this norms are strictly followed as far as the management is concerned. So, there should be scientific basis for the development of site specific criteria. So, that these are these criteria called guidelines and then objectives or standards indicators. So, as we have seen certain indicators or standards should be there to achieve the quality of the water say for example, drinking water standards or any other for any other use. So, scientific tools for assessing risk say like with existing concentration of persistent or bioaccumulative and toxic substances in the ambient environment say as far as environment is concerned whether it is air water or soil say we have to come up with certain say tools to assess the risk say for example, we have to monitor the various parameters say as far as water quality is concerned and then there should be scientific tools to assess the whether we are meeting the said guidelines. So, that way number of issues are there as far as water quality management is concerned. When we deal with the water quality management. So, say generally we call it as environmental water quality. So, environmental water quality means the ambient water quality relates to water bodies such as lakes rivers oceans or aquifers say we say that the water quality say which is very much related to the environment whether it is say the aquatic body like lakes rivers ocean or whether it is the groundwater systems. So, we have to see that to the ambient water quality and its environmental values or particular values are met. So, parameters for water quality say as we discussed earlier this depends on the intended use. So, as we have seen earlier say for example, if you are using water for drinking purpose then that the guidelines which you will be setting for various parameters will be different than say for example, the if you are using for agricultural purposes. So, water quality standards we have to mention depending upon the intended use. So, water quality standards these are focused on water treated for human consumption or industrial use or for the environment like ecological needs. So, we have to see the the standards as far as water quality standards are concerned whether it is human consumption or industrial use or say ecological needs say we have to see say what first of all we have to set the standards and then we have to continuously monitor and then see that the standards are met for the for the particular water say which we are utilizing for the particular purpose. So, water quality standards say we can see that there will be standards for surface water or groundwater and these may vary significantly due to different conditions or uses say for example, surface water generally we take from the rivers lakes or reservoirs, but in groundwater we are pumping out from the aquifer system. So, that when the standards say slightly vary say depending upon the use or depending upon the the say the extraction of the water is concerned say for example, the hardness of the water say industrial purpose if say we have to see the hardness of the water then the groundwater is concerned when we are pumping then the hardness may be higher depending upon the location from which we are pumping. So, that way the water quality standards may change whether according to surface water or groundwater. So, then say also like say for example, the toxic substances and microorganisms say which is a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, seaming or fishing, rafting, boating and industrial use. So, this will be say all these things the standards will be different depending upon the industrial use and then whether it is depending upon the source also like a surface water or groundwater it will be varying. So, then say if you consider the modern water quality laws. So, this modern water quality laws specify the protection of water resource depending upon use as we have seen whether it is groundwater there may be certain specific norms as far as the protection is concerned or if it is surface water there may be some other specific norms. So, like say for example, say depending upon the use as a minimum or retention current quality standards. So, like that there will be variations as far as the water quality laws or its management is concerned. So, then as we were discussing. So, as far as water quality is concerned then we should have certain guidelines and then when we are preparing this guidelines say we have to first say depending upon our objectives we have to set the goals and then we have to see the specific guidelines to achieve these goals. So, let us look what are the important goals as far as water quality guidelines are concerned. So, these are given in the slides. So, science based goals say like a different kinds of goals can be there say science based goals or performance indicators say for example, regional national or international management strategies for toxic substances. So, if we consider specific type of toxic substance we have to see say this standards or the guidelines may vary for the particular region or particular nation or say international standards may be vary depending upon say what kind of use or say for example, the American standards will be different from European standards or it will be different from Indian standards. Then, in the management objectives say for persistent bioaccumulating and toxic substance to track progress towards their virtual elimination say for example, say some specific toxic substances we have to virtually eliminate or the bioaccumulative or bioorganism we have to eliminate from the particular water which we are using. So, accordingly we have to set the goals and then indicators of ecotoxicology like relevant concentrations of persistent or bioaccumulative or toxic substances for the purpose of improving analytical detection and quantification capabilities are needed when we set the specific goals as far as the water quality guidelines are concerned. So, accordingly we should have the tools to evaluate and the effectiveness of say point source controls or the non-point sources control circumstances. So, as we discussed that the pollutant source can be point source or non-point pollutant sources. So, the point sources we can easily identify and then we can evaluate it and then we can try to control it. So, that way we can set our water quality guidelines depending upon say from where the pollutant source can come whether it is point source or it is non-point source accordingly we can set our goals. And then that way there should be a scientific basis for environmental regulations and benchmarks or targets in the assessment and remediation. So, when we deal with water quality management then we should have a specified environmental regulations or rules or laws and then we should have the benchmarks say to say that this should be the particular limit of particular substances in a water in the water which is for specified use or the say for example the wastewater coming from industrial source or the municipal source. So, that should meet a certain criteria certain guidelines or certain standards before it is put into the rivers legs or to the ocean. So, that way there should be certain benchmarks or target say as far as the water quality management issues are concerned and this can be either for assessments or it can be for remediation also. So, now let us look into various issues related to water quality guidelines. So, water quality guidelines actually as we discussed them this guidelines shows values for indicators and are designed to ensure that various environmental values of waters are protected. Say for example, if you consider say the in particular water for bringing or other purpose say are selling limit or fluoride limit or the total dissolved solids limit or BOD limit or COD limit like that. We have to specify the indicators and then accordingly the environmental values to be specified and we have to ensure that these are met for the particular samples which we will be doing as the water quality monitoring is concerned. So, there will be as far as the environmental values are concerned main nationally recognized environment values for waters are say for example, ecosystem values. So, the water which we are using for ecological needs or ecological water use. So, for that the such a specified environmental values we can prescribe and then ecosystem protection say like say we can come up with the guidelines as far as the the the aquatic plants are concerned or fishing is concerned or say the habitat or the the ecosystems or the the maintenance of the rivers and lakes are concerned. We can come with certain the guidelines with respect to the environmental values specified environmental values are concerned and then human use values like for say for example, water usage for agricultural or recreation use. So, accordingly we can put the specific guidelines and then of course, say some of the stringent measure guidelines will be for drinking water supply. So, we should meet a specified quality requirement as far as the drinking water usage is concerned and then say it can be for even for cultural values say for example, say for the religious purpose when we are using say some location of the river or some lakes. So, then we have to specify say what are the water quality guidelines say for the particular use or particular say when we do monitoring or when we do sampling what should be the guidelines. So, now each of this environmental values requires its own specific set of guidelines because the acceptable guidelines say or guideline values to maintain one type of environmental values may not be acceptable to maintain another environmental values. So, this environmental values what we discussed that depends upon the the particular usage or particular source like as we discussed say for example, say the if you consider pesticides levels say in the aquatic system say this pesticide levels required to protect the fish and other phone are usually lower than the those required for protection of irrigated crops. Say the pesticides which we are putting say to protect the the crops itself. So, for that the limits for the crops or for the irrigation issues are concerned that will be different than what we consider the pesticides levels say when we deal with the fish habitats or say other flora and fauna are concerned. So, now another reason is that the indicators used to assess one environment values may be different to those used for other environmental values. So, say the environmental values say depending upon the source of the water and then the usage these environmental values vary. Say for example, a key indicator for recreational use is a fecal bacteria numbers, but this indicator is not used to form most other environmental values like agriculture purposes or ecological needs. So, like that the water quality guidelines it will vary or the environmental values which we have to specify that also varies. So, as far as water quality guidelines are concerned say we have to come up with say the rules and regulations or laws. So, we have to come up with the documents as far as the various say usage or various sectors are concerned and then this should be authorized by it should be from authorized agencies like position control boards or other government agencies. So, that that can be strictly implemented as far as the various environmental values or various guidelines are concerned. So, it can be for ecosystem protection or say for example, recreational use say for example, guidelines for managing risk in recreational waters. So, say for example, if you for you have seen swimming purpose or ECTs for a boating purpose. So, what kind of recreational use what is used? So, accordingly we can come up with certain values or guidelines as far as the environmental values are concerned. Then human consumptions like a national standards. So, of course, as we discussed say Europe Indian standards or European standards or like that various national standards are available say Australia, New Zealand food standards code etcetera. So, there accordingly we can set our guidelines. Then drinking water supply say for example, Indian drinking water guidelines we can come up with specified guidelines and then we can see that these guidelines are met or not and then as far as cultural values are concerned also if it is required we can come up with specified guidelines. But generally this we have to see that what quality is met with respect to certain standards, but strict and strict regulations are not set as far as the cultural values are concerned. So, now let us look into various steps in water quality management. So, while setting the water quality management guidelines or the environmental guidelines. So, we have to go in a systematic way step by step procedure should be adopted. So, that we will be meeting the same the international standards or international guidelines say as far as the water quality is concerned. So, and then also say we have to start with we have to first come up with a plan how to develop such guidelines or the say to meet this water quality management issues. So, we may have to interact with the various stakeholders or we have to do lot of field survey and then frame this laws and then put into the public then the water quality management guidelines or environmental guidelines and then take their opinion also other than the of course, from the experts we have to take the opinion and then finally, we have to come up with the guidelines as far as the water quality management is concerned and that should be publicized and then we have to see that these guidelines are met by various stakeholders like industries or the public are concerned. So, that way we have to go through a step by step procedure as far as the water quality management issues are concerned. So, here say as per the Central Pollution Control Board Government of India as given in this website. So, they have come up with about 11 steps as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, it starts from say step number 1 setting water quality goal and then step number 2 water quality monitoring and then step number 3 identify of identification of nature and magnitude of pollution and then next one is source inventory and step number 5 water quantity information say what kind of what is the quantity of available water and what type of water whether it is surface water, ground water or where is the source of this and step number 6 selection of technology, step number 7 financing waste management, step number 8 maintenance of sewage treatment plants, step number 9 pollution from industrial sources, step number 10 pollution from non-point sources and finally, some other important options for water quality management. So, generally say when we are setting the guidelines for water quality management we have to come up with a document and then the once a document is prepared. So, to assure this water quality the issues are over water quality control measures are made we have to say go through a systematic procedure. So, as given by the Central Pollution Control Board Government of India. So, these are some of the 11 steps which we have to follow as far as the water quality management is concerned. So, now we will discuss each of the steps in detail. So, that we can understand say how each steps are important and what are the important things we have to look when we look into the water quality management issues are concerned. So, this is actually specifically made by Central Pollution Control Board Government of India and for other countries also there may be these kinds of guidelines as far as the water quality management issues are concerned. So, first let us look into step number 1. So, step number 1 is mainly setting the water quality goals. As we discussed say before going for any kind of activities related to water quality management we have to set the goals. So, this goals we can derive based upon the international standards like world health organizations or FAO norms or various norms. So, we can say study all these things and then what are the depending upon the sources of water for specified usage or according to what kind of intended use. So, we can set our goals. So, once the water quality goals are set we have to see those goals we are meeting for specified uses. So, now let us look say what are the important water quality goals which we have to set. First one is identification uses of water in the given say water body. So, say like say for example, river or lake is concerned say what are the say specified uses as far as the water is concerned whether it is used for irrigation purpose or it is used for the drinking purpose or industrial uses like that. And then the term quality therefore, must be considered relative to the proposed use of water. So, as we have seen say each usage has got its own say specified norms are there. So, according to those norms and we have to see that we have to consider the quality as far as when we set the water quality goals. Water quality say as we discussed earlier is defined as those physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water by which the user evaluates the acceptability of water. So, depending upon whether it is for drinking purpose or whether it is a reaction purpose or for industrial purpose say we will be setting certain goals or certain norms or certain criteria and then accordingly the whether we are meeting those specified criteria. So, the user can evaluate. So, that way the setting of the water quality goals are very important. So, each water use has specific water quality needs. So, as we already discussed earlier. So, say for example, designated best use means after several uses a particular water body is put to the use which demands highest quality of water is called its designated best use. Say for example, if you consider the consider the water in a reservoir. So, the designated best use. So, the water from the reservoir may be used for drinking purpose, may be used for irrigation purpose, may be used for recreation purposes. Say after this say for example, the water quality goals are concerned may be most say the most important goals will be as far as the drinking water purposes. So, that way the highest quality of the water is say what is needed is for the drinking purpose. So, that norms we will be keeping and that is the designated best use as far as the that the water in the reservoir is concerned. So, as we discussed earlier say according to central pollution control board government of India based upon the use various classifications have been done. So, this we have already discussed earlier. So, accordingly 5 classes of water we can define A, B, C, D, E. So, the designated best use say for example, drinking water source which is class A, the criteria can be the total poly form organisms. So, this should be 100 ml say 100 ml shall be 50 or less then pH should be between 6.5 to 8.5 dissolved oxygen should be 6 milligram per liter or more. BOD should be 5 days 20 degree centigrade it should be less than 2 milligram per liter. So, like that say this is for drinking water use and class class A water as per central pollution control board norms. Then class B is outdoor bathing. So, here say the criteria related to total poly form organisms say should be less than 500 ml water and pH is same 6.5 to 8.5 and dissolved oxygen should be say 5 milligram per liter or more and BOD should be 3 milligram per liter or less. So, this is for class B which is for outdoor bathing then class C is for drinking water source after conventional treatments and disinfection. So, the water which is taken from here will be going through a treatment process and then it will be also disinfection also will be done. So, there the say as far as the source is concerned the total poly form say organisms per 100 ml shall be say for example, 5000 or less and pH can be 629 dissolved oxygen 4 milligram per liter or more and BOD 3 milligram per liter or less. So, but here this water as shown here this water will be going through conventional treatments and disinfection. So, that will say the whatever the requirement will be met, but in the class A it is say only disinfection is done, but no other treatment is done. And then class D it is for propagation of wildlife and fisheries. So, there the pH can be between 6.2 5 to 8.5 and dissolved oxygen should be 4 milligram per liter or more then like a free ammonia is concerned 1.2 milligram liter or less like that various norms can be there. And then the last one is class E where water for irrigation or industrial cooling or controlled waste disposal there again pH electrical conductivity pH can be same range electrical conductivity can be up to maximum 2250 and then sodium absorption ratio maximum 26 like that. So, like that we can say based upon the class of water or the based upon the source or based upon the indebted use we can set the criteria and that will say accordingly the water quality goals in the first step we can set and that will be the deciding criteria later stage to see that whether this quality goals are met or not met. So, then that is about the first step first step was on setting water quality goals. And now second one is say water quality monitoring. So, once we set the goals so as we discussed in the step number 1. So, now say various sources like surface water sources like your rivers lakes or reservoirs or the groundwater aquifers we have to continuously monitor for the water quality and then see that say for the indebted use the quality is meeting that particular goals or particular values so that we have to see. So, that way step number 2 is also very important. So, for acquiring information on existing water quality so what is the present stage. So, we have to go for sampling and then we have to see whether the particular samples are meeting the criteria. So, main objectives for water quality monitoring can be monitoring for establishing baseline water quality. So, certain minimum baseline we can keep and then we can see whether that we are meeting. Then observing trench in water quality changes say from one season to another season say so from summer to monsoon season or monsoon to say say spring season or winter season how the the parameters are changing. So, that way observing the trench. And then calculation of flux of water constituents of interest then a surveillance for irrigation use and control and management of water pollution say round water only say as far as the if any pollutant source is there how we can control it and then how we can go for remediation. So, like that we have to do the water quality monitoring and we have to get the information. So, water quality monitoring is concerned also and there are certain specified protocols have been specified by various agencies like in India central pollution control boards. So, we have to see that this protocols are met when we are taking samples and then when we are measuring it and then try to say put into as far as the set goals are concerned. Then design approach and delineation of actions necessary to operationalize the monitoring program. So, we should have network of collection of the samples and then monitoring it continuously say specified days or specified period and then this data should be available. So, ready reference for the field staff should be there field staff or laboratory personnel should be the or managers should be there as far as monitoring programs are concerned. So, we have to set guidelines we have to set the norms for water quality monitoring and that norms the field personnel or the laboratory personnel who say field personnel collect the samples and laboratory personnel say test these samples and the managers are controlling all those things. So, that way ready reference should be available as far as the various norms or various guidelines as far as water quality monitoring is concerned. So, the as far as water quality monitoring is concerned the various steps are free. So, we have to see the frequency of monitoring and then what are the important parameters to be considered as far as the monitoring is concerned. Then we have to specify the sample collection procedure and then how to keep the samples and then how to take into lab and then how to analyze the samples and then how we can record it appropriately. So, that the this will be the available as guidelines and that the field staff or the laboratory personnel or the managers will be say controlling the things according to the set guidelines as far as water quality monitoring is concerned. So, now as far as monitoring is concerned there are certain specified protocols related to the frequency say how many times in a week or in a day or in a season we have to collect the samples and then what are the what are the important parameters we have to test. So, accordingly specified monitoring protocols are available. So, let us look into some of these important protocols as specified by central pollution control board. Say for example, if ground water is concerned say initially all stations will be classified as baseline stations. As far as ground water is concerned we may select the we may collect the samples from dug well or bore well or very deep tubules and then initially we keep these stations as baseline stations and about 20 to 25 percent of these baseline stations will also be classified as trend or trend comes survey line stations. So, in about one fourth of this baseline station very frequently or say we take the samples and monitor in a very systematic way and so that we can identify how is the trend as far as the water quality is concerned. So, this can with these these stations we can collect as trend come survey lines stations. Then say after few years say for example, three years as per as specified by central pollution control board say these stations we can reclassify and then maybe some other stations can be chosen say as far as whether it is as a baseline station or survey lines stations are concerned. Now, as far as surface water is concerned to start with all stations will be in combinations of baseline and trend stations. So, as far as the wherever from wherever we take the samples say we can classify as either baseline stations or the trend stations. So, the we can have a combinations of this baseline and trend stations and then samples will be collected say at least every two months say like say in India during May, June or then August, October, December, February, April like that. So, this is according to the seasonal variation like monsoon season or this is May, June say summer season then monsoon season then spring season autumn season like that. So, the samples will be collected. This will generate at least six samples from say for example, rivers are concerned perennial rivers and three four samples from seasonal rivers every year. So, accordingly when we collect the samples and then monitoring. So, we get large number of samples and then say we will get the data in a systematic way from these either baseline stations or the trend stations. Then after the data collected for say for example, three years the station will be classified either as baseline or trend or flux stations. So, according to the guidelines specified by central pollution control board. So, we can say for surface water or groundwater is concerned we can have the baseline stations or the trend comes surveillance stations and then this can be say can vary say we can rotate between those stations say for particular area or particular zones or particular region is concerned we can have that kind of flexibility. So, that way we have to strictly follow the water quality monitoring protocol and then so also we have to see this frequency say say how frequently we are collecting the samples and analyzing and then what kind of parameters we will be looking. So, that will definitely depends upon what the intended use say for example, it is for drinking water purpose there will be the parameters will be number of parameters will be more and the frequency should be more. But say for example, regression or same recreational purpose the frequency can be less like that. So, now say for example, the various parameters say for example, groundwater if you are collecting groundwater for various uses say for example, the type of stations can be baseline or trends or trend come surveillance and then frequency can be for baseline it can be once every year or pre month soon say mainly between May and June and various parameters like temperature, electrocontactivity, pH etcetera we can look into. Then trend say generally it can be 4 times every year 3 months soon May, June and after intervals of 3 months. So, all these parameters some of the important parameters which will be checking or monitoring then trend come surveillance stations here minimum 4 times a year we have to collect the data and then we have to analyze for various important parameters like a fluoride iron industrial mining, or salinity etcetera and these are some of the important parameters like iron content, arsenic, say cardmium, same mercury etcetera and a total and fecal coliforms etcetera. So, that way depending upon whether it is surface water or groundwater we can identify the type of stations then frequency and the parameters. So, that was about for the groundwater now say in this slide say if you consider the parameters for surface water. So, surface water say here again the parameters are grouped then initially the various parameters then baseline or trench. So, generally what we do for temperature and electro conductivity pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids for all then nutrients are concerned various initially or baseline trench and organic matrix concerned say initially we have to check VOD COD then again trend is concerned VOD COD. So, then major ions other inorganic circumsents how to deal then microbiological parameters are concerned like total coliforms or total and fecal coliforms how to deal. So, like that then biological are concerned generally say none of these things are considered since we assume that this thing biological things the things are not there for the particular water we consider say for the indented use. So, now as far as this step is concerned the water quality monitoring is concerned. Another important issue is that how to say take the samples. So, sample collection is one of the important issue. So, that we have to collect these samples appropriately store it appropriately and then send to the laboratories for various testing purposes. So, that we will get the appropriate results which we through which we can make sure that the guidelines are met or not. So, now the sample collections are concerned and say reaching sample site using location maps. So, particular locations say specified by the state control board pollution control board or central pollution control board how to reach those sampling sites. So, that will be available then we can use specified sampling bottles depending upon the indented say water quality which we are going to check. So, first we rinse the sample container 3 times with the sample before it is filled then leave a small air space in the bottle to allow mixing of sample at the time of analysis. Then the sample code and the sampling data should be clearly marked on the sample container or the tag. So, that everything will be made properly. So, that say the particular say we identify these site location through specified codes and dates like that. Then the samples for ground water say for example, would be collected from say open dug wells or tubers in use for domestic or irrigation purposes. Then the samples will be collected from well mixed section of the river say for example, main stream of consent that is and even below the water surface using a weighted bottle or dissolved oxygen sampler. Then samples from reservoir sites will be collected from the outgoing canal or power channel or water index structure. So, like that there will be same say specified environmental guidelines or guidelines will be there for sample collections. So, frequency of the sampling and then the analysis are concerned. So, all those things we have to meet in this step number 2. Now, the step number 3 is identification of nature and magnitude of pollution. So, here after repeated observations or water quality covering different seasons, the water quality data should be compiled and compared with the desired quality requirement as per the water quality goal sets in step number 1. So, here say we have to do the testing and then see that whether water quality criteria are met. So, this way the polluted water body can be easily identified. So, where is the particular location say surface water ground what is concerned, where it is polluted. Then this comparison would lead to identification of the gaps with respect to one or more parameters and also extent of gap which will ultimately help in identification of nature and magnitude of pollution control near it. So, that is the identification of nature and magnitude of pollution step number 3 is concerned. Now, step number 4 is related to the source inventory. So, once the nature and magnitude of pollution is identified, the sources of such a pollution are identified. Then in inventory we have to make an inventory of the number of outfalls during the water body for identification of point sources. So, from where this pollution is coming, how say how the movement is taking place. So, all these we have to identify. So, source inventory should be there. So, measure the quality and quantity of waste water flowing through each of these outfalls and then for each outfall pollution load joining per unit time should be measured in terms of important pollutants. So, this exercise requires continuous sampling say for example, 24 hours or 48 hours or 72 hours like 1 day, 2 day or 3 days on flow based composite basis. So, accordingly we have to see. Then we have to make the inventories. So, inventor is the human activities in the upstream catchment area of the water body to identify the non-point source of pollution. So, the pollution source once we identify, we have to identify whether it is point source or it is non-point source of pollution and then again we have to continuously monitor and take samples and then look say from where it is coming from and how the movement is taking place. So, that we can go for various measures. And then next one is step number 5, the water quantity information. So, these issues we have already discussed earlier. So, in case of river or steam, we have to occur the flow data from various government sources and then see how the system is same for the source of water. In case of lakes and reservoirs, we have to collect the information on water levels of at least 5 to 10 years, then carry out mass balance, then estimate the least dilution available in last 5 years, then assess the assimilation capacity by applying simple street fuel, streetter fuel equations say for example, disorbitance is concerned. Then this exercise would give precisely how much pollution load needs to be reduced. Then say in case of river or stream, we have to occur the flow data and then in case of lakes, we get the data. And then step number 6 is selection of say technologies or what kind of technologies we have to choose to reduce the pollution or to improve the water quality. So, here the adoption of simple technology for sewage treatment, say mainly the wastewater treatment is concerned, how to treat the sewage. Then in treatment scheme based on series of waste stabilization ponds, technology and we have to look for most economical ones. Then multiple stage ponds say with say for example, at least 3 ponds with first pond as anaerobic and one is the most widely used and suitable configuration. And then use of low volume flushing tanks will help in reducing the waste water volume and thereby cost of sewage and then sewage treatment. So, like that we have to select these specified technology. So, some of the cost effective and environmental compatible treatment options can be like land treatment, waste stabilization ponds, constructed wetlands, duck weed ponds, aerated lagoon, rotating biological contractors, upflow anaerobic search, blanket systems, routes on treatment like that. So, accordingly the suitable technology we can choose for the specified case and then we can reduce the pollutant lot coming to the system. And step number 7 is financing the waste management. So, we have to see say how much money is available, how we can economically do the things. So, in India with fast urbanization waste water quantity is approximately about 13,000 million liters per day. So, each million liters per day cost about rupees 10 millions for a establishment treatment facilities and about 40 millions for collection facilities. Then operational maintenance may vary about 10 percent of the above cost. The major part of the cost on waste management should be borne by urban population according to the polluter pay principle. So, now most of the environmental guidelines or water quality guidelines we stick into polluter pay principle. So, accordingly we have to see the financing of the water quality or waste management is concerned. So, polluter pay principle has two benefits. It reduces waste and treatment and can provide source of revenue for financing waste water treatment investment. So, like that we can look into the financing waste management. Then pricing and demand management is concerned. We have to see that important instruments for encouraging efficient domestic and industrial water use practice are maintained. And then we can induce urban organizations to adopt water saving technologies including water recycling and reuse. So, these are the two key words like recycling and reuse. Then demand management programs like promotion distribution or sale of water saving devices. Then the waste management benefits say like the benefits will be for local cities and protection of environment, protection of public health, protection of water resources, then water supply like that. Then step number 8, maintenance of sewage treatment plans. So, say we have to see that regular analysis of operational parameters are done. So, that we keep the maintenance of the treatment plans. Then persons should have a adequate knowledge and we have to train to operate the sewage treatment plans. And then there should be provision of auxiliary power backup. Then proper maintenance of the sewage system namely sewage, rising mains, intermediate pumping stations. Then resource recovery by way of raising the revenue through sale of treated effluent for irrigation. So, like that we can see that we have to maintain the sewage treatment plans appropriately. So, that is about the step number 8 when we prepare the guidelines. And step number 9 is pollution from industrial sources. So, pollution say generally industrial sources are concerned. We can control the pollution at source itself through various treatment procedure. So, the water polluting industries which had not so far installed environment effluent treatment plans should be effluent treatment plan should be asked to furnish a time bound program for treatment of their effluence. So, this we have to put it in the guidelines and then strictly implement. Then emerging technology such as aerobic composting, vermiculture, fertilizer, irrigation, etcetera and then secondary treatment. All the secondary treatment like using the wastewater for irrigation purpose or vermiculture should be adopted for the organic waste. Then roots on technology is also being advocated for energy saving for treatment of industrial wastewater. And then incentives we have to give for the industry which give which go for appropriate pollution control measures. So, that is also important. Then reuse and recycling we have to say now the main motto is zero waste discharge. So, that is our motto most of the industries. So, that we can achieve through reuse and recycling of the industrial wastewater. The reuse and recycling of waste for agricultural purposes help to reduce the pollution reduces the requirement of fresh water for use and supplement the much needed nutrients. Then waste minimization and clean technologies like recycling techniques which this recycling and reuse will be discussing later in another module somewhat more details will be discussed. Then waste strength reductions, then wastewater discharge standards and then charges on residual pollution. So, like that we can look into. Then 10th step is pollution from non-point sources. So, another important source of pollution is non-point source. So, this is extremely important to focus attention upon the problem of non-point pollution from like uncivated sanitation, uncollected waste, dumped half sadly in urban and industrial areas and application of chemicals in agriculture such as pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilizers. Then presence of unacceptable high levels of the persistent pollutants in ground water or surface water. Then the pest management is concerned integrated pest management policies we can evolve. So, that say we can use very less pesticides for the control of the pest. Then the last one is other important options for water quality management include say as we discussed reuse and recycling of treated domestic sewage. So, these issues we will be discussing later in a later module. Then engage participatory approach with involvement of all relevant stakeholders. Then balance economic and regulatory instruments and prevent pollution rather than control. So, the main motor should be we have to reduce or we have to prevent the pollution or the say when we deal with water quality management our environmental guidelines or water quality guidelines the main motto is prevent the pollution than the controlling. So, say once polluted to remediation or that is very difficult. So, first we have to prevent the pollution to the environment either to the land or to the aquatic systems or to the soil. Then say we have to have very strict rules and regulations or guidelines we have to set up and then this environmental guidelines should be strictly implemented through various monitoring or we say the bodies like a central pollution control board or state pollution control board should take appropriate actions to implement these guidelines very strictly. So, some of the references used for today's lecture mainly from say central pollution control board websites and then EPA websites. Then a few questions say for tutorial questions particularly study the environmental guidelines for water quality management for India and compare with the standards of USA. So, these details are available in the website. So, study this and compare the study the various measures that can be adopted to improve the water quality management guidelines say for example, India. So, what is there you study and then compare and how we can improve. Then a few self evaluations or assignment questions illustrate the importance of watershed based water quality management and what are the important goals of water quality guidelines. Discuss on water quality monitoring protocol frequency and parameters for surface water and ground water and then what are the important features of environmental water quality. Discuss on the important steps to be followed in water quality management as per central pollution control board norms illustrate the selection of technologies for wastewater management. So, all these details we we can you can get from today's lecture or through the various sources as I mentioned. So, with this the module on water quality management is over. So, we we we discussed the issues later to water quality management in four lectures. So, now we will be going to the next module. So, thank you.


I think we stand back setting from a cartel. I think that is a good start, so to say. But I want to do more. Some standard setting bodies already have exalted disclosure rules, so why give me arguments? Why not all of them? And that is a matter of efficiency, in my opinion. And surely, as a matter of effectiveness, when the commission mandates standard bodies to draw up a standard, it should have the right to be more demanding on the standardization process to ensure that standards are less demanding when it comes to their adoption. That sounds logical, doesn't it? We could also think about enticing other standard bodies to adopt such rules, for example, by giving their output preferential treatment when approving them as European standards. And finally, why not tie the public financing of standards bodies to the existence of good, exalted rules? Let me wrap up this point anyhow, by making one thing absolutely clear. We want to make standard setting more efficient and not more burdensome. Take that line home. We don't want uniform rules everywhere. We want smart rules that are adapted to their respective fields. And standard setting for software interoperability is not the same as setting a new standard for, say, digital television or mobile telephony. We should have the right rules in the right context. And the standardization reform I discussed earlier, and the ongoing consultation on the draft guidelines for the horizontal cooperation freedoms, will initiate a further discussion on exalted disclosure in standard setting organizations. And I'm absolutely convinced that a more visible role for foreign and for concertia standardization in Europe will already lead to many improvements here. Okay, now we have taken care of standards and they should be available. But what can we do to ensure they are used in a smart way? We want to help ICT procurers to avoid missing opportunities. And together with my colleague Michel Barnier and with Antonio Tantieri, we will draw up detailed guidance on how to analyze the technology highest requirements in order to make the best use of ICT standards in terms of specification. By the way, that is quite a complex exercise and not only because three of us are involved, so three services are involved, but it's also...


As far as we can determine the individual who was saying he'll probably go to jail He'll probably be arrested, but he wants every bit they need to go into the Capitol the next day is then the next day Directing people to the Capitol and as far as we can find this individual has not been charged with anything You said this is one of the most sweeping investigations in the history So as I said at the outset one of the norms of the Justice Department is to not comment without I was hoping today to give You an opportunity to put to rest the concerns that people have that there were federal agents or assets of the federal government Present on January 5th and January 6th, so I'm not going to violate this norm of the rule of law I'm not going to comment on an investigation that's ongoing