Hey, what's up everybody? I'm the man goose. You are awesome.  I saw it on steam and I wanted to pick it up and give it a try I've been playing Dauntless.  I don't think it's that kind of game I don't play with a controller so I've got to chill. What's going on here? Am I controlling her? I am. I am controlling her Oh, she looks so sad. Oh Did I make her do that? I hit a button. I did. Oh That is so sad. Why is this game making me so sad already? Oh My god, I need to stop hitting that button, but it makes me sad. I'm kind of like Haha, it's any button I hit makes me do that. Okay. Okay, buddy.   It's gonna be okay here. We'll just go this way little girl. Don't worry So what am I what are my favorite books of all time? Well, actually my favorite book of all time It's called the slow regard of silent things by Patrick Rothfuss It's based on a character from the king killer Chronicles if you ever heard of those or read those a little girl named Ari and it's a They strangely beautiful book It's only like 60 pages. I mean you don't have to read the king killer Chronicles to enjoy it So I highly suggest that you pick it up. What am I my heading into my intro? What's going on here? Is it gonna be a monkey's head? Coming up. What are those things floating by me? There's birds There's bird darts. There's dark birds Is it would it be a bird dart or a dart bird? Don't hit me in the head bird dart. Oh No, I didn't do that. I didn't make her fall down this time God, it's so sad when she falls down Why is she so sad?  That's what I'm talking about It's gonna be okay. We're gonna jump and run and it's gonna be amazing And what is can I jump on this tree?  I like that. I like the music is picking up Everything's so black and white though and dreary Whoo, I'm up on the mountain. Do I take fall damage? Oh Nope, so far. There's no enemy's except for dark birds and they didn't do anything Can't jump up on this. Oh, yes Now what happens if I don't jump up on it? Can I just run right by it? Yes, I can Well, that's gonna be confusing. Oh, there's a house. Oh Look at that. Look at that. Oh, that's so pretty Can I jump up in here? Is this a puzzle game? Metroid like oh Down to go Base but floor can jump up on that. Can I jump up on this? They should name this game. Can I jump on that? Okay? Here's the thing. We all we made it through the thing. We are awesome. Oh What this girl to be happy Be happy with the little flowy ball thing. Is the ball thing chase it is chasing me Yay, can I do can I make new things with my buttons? Nope. Oh, I stopped. I'm looking around Let's get out of drear drear world and get the color world. I think I'm supposed to be doing this. Yay me Let's go this way now. Oh, I got another ball.  Okay. What's going on now?  Okay You know what? No, okay, they tricked me.  It's a tutorial that doesn't tutorial you That doesn't teeter Maybe I need another ball Let me go back to that place and try to hit a button. All right. I'm hitting several buttons.  Oh, there's another ball up there. How do I get to that ball? Can I go on that note? Oh? Yes stairs. I didn't even notice those stairs. The art is amazing, but it's confusing. Oh What is that? Oh? My god, it's the biggest dart bird ever. Can I get on you? No, I can't oh my god. I fell down I'm glad you can't take fall damage or I would be dead What is that thing? I won't win. I want to ride it. It wouldn't let me ride it though All right, I'm at the top now. What's it gonna do?  Did okay But what do I do with that? Did it connect did it? Oh, yes. Oh Thank you little balls. Does that only make that piano noise when I walk on this? Yes.  Let's go back here another way of tree balls. Oh What did that it's making little constellations Little piano constellations. Oh Enjoy the piano constellations.  Let's go find some more balls make more constellations. So we could play the beat. Ooh, is that a hand? Hell is that? Well, I'm in the palm of the hand. I've lost control the game is taken over. Oh Okay, I'm just gonna listen. Oh, no little girl.  There's more dark birds.  I want you to be happy. Okay. What did that do? That's a crazy-ass dress that I got to we've got a little more color in our world, which is nice Reminds me of that anime All the colors in the future what a wonderful world or whatever that was a good anime A bit of a slice of life one which not everybody digs. It might go fall into that. Nope I'm intentionally trying to fall into stuff What's this? What do you do? Apparently nothing. Oh, there's flowers.  Oh and they made They made a big constellation Okay Okay, I probably should have read something about this game before starting to play it I'm digging it though I mean, those are deeper shades of red at least. Oh, there's a real bird Instead of a dart bird bird dart. Can I get in there? No Doing this saucer. I Don't think I cannot do can I jump on top of that? Nope. Can't jump on top the candle laboratory Let me go this away See what there is the more birds What is that? Can I do anything with that? Let me do something with that. I Don't want to leave this place because it seems like I need to be doing more. Oh Would I scared me more stuff here and there's a turtle constellation? Okay?  Let's uh, let's let's move along. Oh, oh, what did I do? I made the bell. Haha Yay, I love funding stuff that I Didn't even mean to find This little girl have a name.   Oh girl slide You got this. Oh, it's giving me chills. Am I gonna stop? I'm just gonna slide into eternity. Oh Look the sunrise Yo Soundtrack for this game Is awesome. Oh, I'm gonna ramp Yes, I think I was probably supposed to stop back there Once you're committed, you may as well keep going look at how pretty this is.  I can't tell the difference between myself in the background right now I'm covering red clouds. Whoop get up here. Oh Okay, it seemed like I wasn't even controlling it right there. I'm not sure what just happened That was just the opening Title holy shit, are you serious? But I wanted to make the turtle Go back and make the turtle little sad girl Little sad gris girl. Okay, can I oh? Control again.  Oh god. Why did I jump? Why did I jump off of this?  I don't know why I'm heading back this way I may as well. I have no idea where I'm going.  I don't know what that did, but I'm happy Unfortunately little sad girl still ain't happy. It doesn't look like look at the animation of her dress flowing.    What what's going on here? I have no idea. We'll figure it out as we go along Oh, oh, oh, oh, what's going on here? I'm glad I found shelter Okay, okay Move along so if we hear that music again, we need to find shelter quickly So far it was black and white now we got red Is that an enemy? Is that a is that a Pac-Man? Oh Jesus Okay, I had zero time to find shelter Zero time Okay, I just got to be very carefully I'm sure I'm not supposed to hit those up here Anything up here. Nope Okay, that was useless.  Oh God.  Let's get going before the wind started blowing again Maybe she didn't have such a Poofy dress the wind wouldn't affect you so much a little girl Get inside. Oh, there's a ball. There's a ball. There's a ball. There's no, let me get the ball Don't don't blow me. Don't blow me. Okay. I think I'm good in here. I am good in here That's the first time in my life. I've ever yelled don't blow me. Don't blow me. Is another slotty Yes Okay, here we go. Here we go. No, okay. Am I good here? I'm good in here. Oh sweet. Oh It looks so uh So dreadful with all the reds like all blood Blood tinged. Are these little rock?  Some little rock guy friends Oh got another ball So what did these guys do then they just walk around it be cute Be a little Pac-Man rock. Okay.   I wonder if I could jump on those up there. I Bet I can let's try it. Oh god. Here we go. Oh god the music is so like Dramatic when that happens Okay, love. Oh, what I can't jump There we go.  I'm inside. I heard it coming.    Oh, I made it. What is this? That is obviously a face. That is a demon face. Oh my god. It's got legs.  No big deal Not a big deal. You can't get me wind. I'm inside the giant. Oh, I got it I need to get back up here Thank you giant walking face for taking me up here Exactly where I wanted to go And who said giant walking faces were all bad? Nobody ever said that because nobody ever had whatever have a reason to say that. Okay. Where's this taking me? You know what just go. Oh another ball. Another ball. How do I get that? I'll get that ball You know, like there's nothing for me to jump upon. Can I break that? Maybe keep walking on it. It's like there's something happening there. Just break for me Maybe I need something something special to make it break You need to gain some weight little little sad girl. I'm sorry.  Oh Why does wind keep blowing Maybe that's what the dart birds are running from like we don't want windy place There's got to be something I can use to crack that open get that ball. At least I hope there is What we got here?  Oh The hill hold X. Okay Yes, and I wouldn't go get the other one We've got super concrete You know what I wanted her to gain some weight and apparently she did Who can I move like that?   Did the wind just stop the winds like oh you got a center block dress. So oh nope. There's the wind Can't blow me away now when Because I am a center block. I Like how I just kind of bump along just bump on down the road In my center block dress They're all the rage this season Center block is the new black. So what we got going? Oh, well Look at a little head peeking out.  Why does this one seem longer than the rest of them? Oh, it just keeps going stop. I just keep bumping along. Oh There's a big sad girl Cheer up. I'm here with you. Oh my goodness They're so sad No, they're all sad.  I know your statues Statues can't be sad. This game makes me sad It makes me happy and sad. Oh bells. I could get the bells. Oh I made them all ring. Oh That's amazing They put so much effort into the detail of this game. Oh Can I do this? Keep hitting it. Yes. Oh god. I'm just I'm just going I'm not even hold the button anymore I'm just going through a colla wake up. I rang the big bell Can I go anywhere in here? It looks like there's another thing I could smash down at the bottom So I'll probably do that unless I can find somewhere else to go. I want to find more stuff All right, little sad girl, let's ring that bell.   This is wonderful. Oh They're butterflies.  Cheer up statue Can I climb up this statue?  What about doing that? Cheer up you All right, let's go this way I wonder if I could break into this other world the butterfly that cup I'm pooping them out I'm pooping the butterflies out look at that. I'm so pretty the butterflies come out my butthole. That's my new expression Oh, I can't jump on these can I oh And I disappear down there whenever I jump on the oh Was I supposed to do that? Oh? My god, did you see all those butterflies come out? What did I do? I released the beasts did I just explode into butterflies? Oh They're taking me up Thank You butterflies That's what up.  Oh, I can't I can't jump past that I guess we're going this way. Oh, it looks like another slide and looks like a fun one, too Let's go slide Cannot I can't box when I'm sliding Well What is this? What you got here, buddy? What did you just do? There's a bell. Should I ring the bell? Oh, nope There we go. It's so weird trying to find the things that you Yes, for some reason making these bells ring makes me so happy That's a windmill You're the wrong placement now. You need to go back to win place. Oh, can I get on the? Yes, thank you windmill Was that a little sun up in the top left? Oh, thank you. Thank you. Thank you Thanks for being so accommodating weird world that I don't know what you are Yep, just keep going just keep going cuz I'm gonna keep running. I want to ring those bells down there Back to a cave.  Oh, well the giant crawling face kind of benefited us last time so Hey, what's up rock friends that I thought were enemies, but you're not Pack man.  Thank you Everything in this world is so helpful.  Oh I bet I can do some of that. Oh, can I can I not jump up here? Can I jump up? Okay.  Okay. Let's wait for the thing to come back to us Jump up here. Thank you And oh, let's wait for it to come up.  I don't know no look it back now. Oh I can't slide Who did the music of this game because I want to go shake their hand and tell them they're awesome Well, God that scared me Tell them they're home How do I need to go do I need to use this thing to go up But how do I do that? I Am amazing and awesome Now I'll probably need to make it tilt the other way Boom. I'm so good at figuring out puzzles. Thank you for tilting a little bit. Well, there wasn't a window Segur on the window segur on the window Okay, where's this thing gonna take us? Oh, well, should I just get on top of one? Yeah, I think so. I think that's the plan Jump on this one run run run run run go. Yes. I made it.  I guess we're going back To where we Once we long Thank You little balls Now make another path this way for me, please. Thank you. Oh Son of a biscuit. Oh, why's the music getting so What's this? Oh, no, but I don't feel bad Thought I was gonna do something amazing and special But no, I just smash I just broke it. Oh, okay. I can use my little little paddles on my controller To do stuff as well Bells We'll go back this way. Oh What's up guys welcome back good to see you again. Thanks. We're stopping by real quick Well, we're gonna smash you for photo show and okay now they begin floating rocks Exactly how I planned it. Let's get up here again. Oh, I can't slide Like sliding I like ringing bells Okay, you're fine. I'm not gonna break you this time.  Hope I don't have to break that Okay, what's going on in here? Okay, okay, I got two of these I Think that's gonna be let's go to break it off for now. I'm sure That there's a puzzle involved here That I'm gonna need to figure out how to make both of these line up But for now That is going to be it folks for gris. I'm gonna definitely be playing this again I'll probably record some more today. Actually, I was hoping to live-stream it. Oh Did I get both of them down at the same time?  It just doesn't mesh well Does it anyway? I'm the man goose you are awesome And this is gonna be me signing off of gris for a little bit, but uh, we'll check back in on it later Thanks. Thanks for watching guys. I'm gonna be taking off for now. Bye. Bye Man


Hi, and welcome to this tutorial on preparing statement of cash flows using the indirect method. I want to start here with some steps to prepare the statement of cash flows, sort of a conceptual overview of what we're going to talk about, and then I want to look at a real problem and how we solve it. The first thing we want to understand about the statement of cash flows is what, one of the purposes of the statement is that it helps us explain the change in cash. So one of the things we're immediately going to be able to do is, if we arrive at a solution for the statement of cash flows, that amount should be the same as the difference between our beginning and ending cash balances. The statement of cash flows is in three, has three sections. The first one is the operating activities section. The second is investing activities and finally financing activities. For the operating activities section and using the indirect method, we're going to analyze the changes in our current assets and current liabilities along with a few other items to help us arrive at our net cash flows from operations. Investing activities, this is where our changes in our long-term assets are going to appear. So if we've bought long-term assets or sold long-term assets. Finally financing is changes in our long-term debt or any changes in equity. There is also a section for non-cash investing and financing activities. I don't think our problem is going to have anything like that. So the format of the statement of cash flows with the indirect method. I'd like to walk you through this procedure. So with the indirect method, we start with a cruel accounting net income. And then we prepare a section for the adjustments to reconcile our net income to our net cash provided from operating activities. So the next step we do is we add back our non-cash items. For example, depreciation expense, amortization expense. These are expenses which have been deducted to arrive at net income. But they are not expenses that ever get paid to anyone in cash. Therefore, these expenses don't affect the cash flow of the business. So if we've deducted them from net income, we want to add them back here. The third step is this section here. Adding back losses or subtracting gains. Here's the conceptual idea behind this. Let's think of just two examples. Let's say we had loss on early retirement of bonds and a gain on sale of assets. So the loss on early retirement of bonds is going to be a part of our net income because losses appear on the income statement. However, if we are paying off our bonds, that is not an operating activity. Bonds relate to our long-term debt and that is a financing activity down here. So what we are doing by adding back the loss on early retirement of bonds is we are canceling out or negating the deduction of the loss from net income. So the loss is subtracted in net income. We add it back here to cancel it out because it's not an operating activity. Let's look at the other example. Gain on sale of equipment. Selling equipment, again, not an operating activity. It is an investing activity. Now that gain has been added into our net income because the gain is on the income statement. We want to subtract that amount here to cancel it out. So any gains we have on the income statement, we're going to subtract those. Any losses we have on the income statement, we're going to add those. There's no such thing as a gain or a loss from operating activities. So all gains or losses are from activities other than operating. Finally, we hit this final section. Increases in current assets other than cash is subtracted. Decreases in current assets other than cash are added. So if my accounts receivable increases 20,000, I'm going to subtract 20,000 here. If my inventory decreases 5,000 from the previous year, I'm going to add 5,000 here. Increases in current liabilities decreases in current liabilities. I add increases, I subtract decreases when it deals with my liabilities. So if my accounts payable increases 10,000, I'm going to add 10,000 here. If my salary payable decreases 2,000, I'm going to subtract 2,000 here. I've got all of those things up and I arrive at my net cash provided by operating activities. Alright, looking at the next section, cash flow from investing activities. This is going to be the sale of long-term assets like long-term investments, property, plant and equipment, patents, etc. Also, and by the way, when we sell them, we're going to be adding here because we are receiving cash when we sell them. When we purchase long-term assets, we subtract that amount here because we're paying out cash. We calculate those, we end up with our net cash provided by or used for investing activities. And for most companies, this is going to be a used, meaning that we would have net cash outflow from investing activities. Alright, and then we have our final section, the cash flows from financing activities. Financing activities, again, are things related to our long-term debt and our equity. So you can see we would add cash receipts from an issuance of stock. We would add, you know, if we sold treasury stock, we'd add that. We would subtract if we purchased treasury stock. If we borrowed a note or issued some bonds, we would add the cash receipts. If we paid off the note or bonds, we would subtract it. If we paid a dividend, we would subtract it. This would give us our net cash provided by or used for financing activities. So then, I would add up my net increase or decrease. So the net cash from operating activities, plus the net cash from investing activities, plus the net cash from financing activities, and keep in mind some of those might actually be subtractions, gives us my change in cash for the year. That should balance with what our balance sheet shows as the difference between our beginning and ending cash. I put my beginning balance, I equals my ending balance. That's how we reconcile it. Okay, I want to take this procedure now and move over to a problem. So here is my comparative balance sheet. This is how I can figure out my change in cash and my other change in accounts. You can see that information there, as well as some other information. So what we want to do is compute the, or compute, let's make the cash flow statement using the indirect method. So I'm going to scroll down here. I want to start with net income. Net income was 27.9. So I move down to here. Statement of cash flows, operating activities, net income, 27.9. Then remember, I want to add back depreciation expense. Okay, so let's go up into the information that we have and find out what we know about depreciation expense. In this case, it tells us depreciation expense was $5,000. So we know we want to add back depreciation expense. So here we have a depreciation expense, $5,000. The next item on the list is that we add back losses or subtract gains. If we read this additional information, it tells us the common stock was issued. That's my wrong one. The land was sold for $5,900, which included a loss of $2,100. So I come down here and I have a loss on sale of land and I add back $2,100. Okay, now I need to go figure out my changes in my current assets and current liabilities. Now my first current asset is cash. But the change in cash is what we are trying to explain here. So we're going to skip that one and go to accounts receivable. Accounts receivable decreased from $23,400 to $18,200. So if I have a decrease in accounts receivable of $5,200, I add that back. I don't have any other current assets. Land, building, accumulated depreciation are all long term. So I go to my current liabilities. I have accounts payable. Accounts payable was $31,100. Now it's $12,370, so it decreased. For liabilities, when I have a decrease, I subtract it. So I subtract $18,730. The net of all of these is $6,430, a deduction, giving me net cash flow provided by operating activities of positive $21,470. Now let's go to our investing activities. In this case, the only information I have about my investing activities, my buildings didn't change, my accumulated depreciation only changed by the amount of depreciation. But you see that I have a land decrease of $8,000, and it tells me that my land was sold for $5,900. So the cash impact of selling the land is just the cash we receive. So we receive $5,900. Moving on then to our financing activities. I've been wanting to do this stock the whole time, so here we go. We can see that we issued common stock for $6,000. So issuance of common stock plus $6,000. The payment of a dividend is as dividends were declared and paid $22,500. So that is a reduction $22,500. So net cash used by financing activities minus $16,500. So my change in cash plus $21,470 plus $5,900 minus $16,500 gives me a change in cash of $10,870.  I now have $21,570. That is the same as my $10,870. I have that amount there. I add my beginning and my cash at the end of the period, $21,570, matches what's on the balance sheet. Okay, I hope that this helped. Remember you can watch this as many times as you need to if you need to go to a little bit slower pace. Good luck.


Hello everyone! My name is Tom Alange. I'm a developer at IBM Research Israel. In this tutorial I'm going to show you how Skydive, an open source network topology and protocol analyzer, can help you debug an application that is running with Kubernetes and Istio. For this demonstration we are going to use an application called Book Info, which displays information about books, similar to an online bookstore. Book Info consists of four microservices. The first one is the product page, which generates the page we see now. The second one is the detail service, which contains the book information, as we see on the left side. The third one is the review service, which contains the reviews of the book, as we see on the right side. And the last one is the rating service, which contains one to five rating stars below each review. This section is not shown here, because the current version of the review service does not communicate with the rating service. Now, suppose that we want to upgrade our application, such that every review will also include one to five rating stars. For this purpose we create another version of our application, in which the review service does communicate with the rating service. Here is how our application looks in the new version. Now, suppose that while the first version is stable, the second one is still under development. For this reason, we want only one of ten visitors to see the new version. Let's check whether this is the case. We are going to refresh the page multiple times, to get a clue of the ratio by which the versions are split. As you can see, about half of the times the new version is being shown. That means the traffic rules are wrong somewhere, and we are going to use Skydive for the purpose of easily finding where. In general, Skydive is a tool that collects topology information and flows, which provides a comprehensive way of understanding what is happening in a network infrastructure. Recently, we added a Kubernetes probe and then Istio probe to Skydive. These probes give the ability to track Kubernetes entities such as pods and services, together with Istio traffic management configuration resources such as virtual services and gateways. Here we see a book info application visualized by Skydive. The current view includes pods marked by blue squares, virtual services marked by computers, a gateway marked by a gate, and the connections between them. We can see that the application is implemented by 5 pods. Product page, details, ratings, reviews version 1 and reviews version 2. When we refresh the web page, we can think of the following sequence. Our requests enter the mesh through book info gateway and are then routed by the book info virtual service to the product page pod, which generates the page we just saw. If we double click on a pod, we can see the containers it includes. For example, product page pod consisting of two containers, one named product page implementing the service, and one named Istio proxy, which is the sidecar injected to the pod by Istio automatically. Here we can see a virtual service named reviews. We can observe that the traffic to reviews version 1 and reviews version 2 is split equally by this virtual service. This can explain the fact that we got each separate version about 50% of the time. Thus we can conclude that the problem arises from a wrong configuration of the virtual service. Now, by executing the appropriate kubectl command, we created a new virtual service that splits the traffic between reviews version 1 and reviews version 2 in the correct ratio of 1 to 9. Let's verify that what we see in Skydive actually reflects the real state of our application. We refreshed the page several times. We can see that indeed most of the times we get the first version without rating stars. Book info application is now working as desired. So, in this demo, we showed how Skydive can be used to debug and to fix an unwanted behavior of a network that runs with Kubernetes and Istio. Thank you for watching.


Next question is from Carlos V. U.S. What do you do on a rest day when you want to go to the gym? Yeah, you know rest, I used to think rest meant nothing, like do nothing. Like I gotta sit on the couch and let my muscles build or whatever. The reality is that's actually slowing down recovery and slowing down progress. No joke, you're better off moving to recover than you are doing nothing. The only time it's a good idea to do nothing is when you're really messed up. Like you're so sore that you're inflamed, borderline, rhabdo issues, then do nothing. Otherwise a rest day, the best thing you could do on a rest day is to move. So if I went to the gym, if I really want to work out, if I want to lift weights on my rest day, here's what I would do. I'd go to the gym and get a real light pump on things. That's all. Just go to the gym. Make some rubber bands. You know, I love those for that reason. And just go through mobility flows.  And again, activity, it helps to foster a faster recovery anyways. And so you get benefit from that. It's good to train yourself too that you can go to the gym and you don't have to smash it every single time. There's a lot you can do. And there's a lot of body parts that you can cover even on those off days. I like talking about this topic because I was so off when I was younger. When I was younger, I had this idea that if I was still sore, that it would be a waste of time going in and lifting that muscle group. Because my thought was, okay, I tore and broke down muscle. My body, it's sore. So then I know it's still recovering and hasn't fully recovered. If I go back in the gym and I just train it again, then I'm just going to do more damage and I'm not going to get the full benefits of the recovery. And so my thought was always like, oh, I won't train that muscle group again until I feel it's been fully recovered. And the truth is that's not ideal. In fact, going and lifting that same exact muscle that's sore but just a much lower intensity will not only speed up recovery, but I'll build more muscle that way. And so now I have just a total different philosophy around that. So if I come into a training session and I'm really sore in an area that I was planning on working, I'm still working it. I just modify intensity. So I just, I mean, if you can squat 200, 300, 400 pounds, there's nothing wrong with squatting 135 for the day. There's nothing wrong with slowing down the tempo, going really deep and just getting a nice pump. I mean, honestly, our, our leg workout Sal and I's today looked more like that because I still was recovering from the last one. I wasn't fully. So I was like, I don't need to go hammer it really hard, but I do want to get a nice pump and get a workout. So, you know, I'm doing goblet squats, holding a 70 pound. That's nothing. If I can squat 300 plus pounds, you know, doing goblet squats with 70 pounds holding is, is there a holding that or walking lunges? What do we do with locking lunges? Like 67 pounds? Nothing. Like it's not, it wasn't really, really stringent, but I know it'll be good. Like I feel already the pump from it. I know that all my body will respond to it. I know that I'll recover even faster because of it, but I didn't have to go in there and hammer it. In fact, sometimes I purposely do that when a muscle group is too sore. Sometimes when it's really, really sore, I'll, I'll go, I'll grab some bands, do some light movement and it, and it just recovers faster. It facilitates recover and I feel much better.


Thank you for giving me an opportunity to speak to you. I'm the regional manager of the Asia Pacific region for CENTEC. CENTEC is a worldwide company. We have also companies in America and Europe. I want to do two things. I want to talk about how too much love can affect crop resilience and then just towards the end, just towards the end of the session, I'd also like to consider some of the questions that the convener has posed on just a bit about company and that. So we started out in 1991, and CENTEC, just to clear it up, builds one thing. It builds soil moisture sensors. This is one of them. I have sensors that go to 40 metres that don't look like this. This sensor has... Sorry, this probe has a sensor every 10 centimetres. It can read moisture and temperature, or it can read moisture, temperature and salinity. It broadcasts out a signal that's about this wide around the probe. So to be successful, you have to make this probe able to represent with its area... this area represent a paddock that's... or an orchard that's many hectares. So there's other things apart from just sensing that you have to consider. So let's roll back. This is Peter Buster, the founder. In 1991, probably in an onion field or something like that, around Murray Bridge. And what was his motivation? In 1991, you could not get a continuous record of volumetric soil moisture. You could get continuous record logged of gypsum blocks, or you could get discontinuous record by using a neutron moisture meter where you gathered data when you visited the site. What was happening in the background there was we were moving from a system back in the 50s and 60s in the Riverland where you had five deliveries a year and I think you had a six specialist where the river was flowing. You then moved to Water Joes where you ordered water, surface flow. They came along and pulled the gates. So very slow stuff. You might only be seeing eight or nine irrigations a year. We were starting to move towards the opportunity to have two irrigations a day, to pulse irrigations. And just going out there and measuring once a week wasn't going to cut it and there was nothing out there. The other reason, the other word I used was volumetric water content. When an irrigator makes a decision, they make a decision about the volume on it. They don't make a decision about the tension in the soil. There's no valve you can turn that responds to tension. You turn a valve that responds to volume. And so when you measure volumetric water content for soil, and if I have soil that's 100 centimetres I say, that's 30%. That means that if I squeezed all of the moisture out of that 100 millimetre column, I'd have a column that's 30 millimetres. And if my sensor says that's gone down by 15 millimetres, then to restore it, you have to make a decision about the volume we're going to add to add 15 millimetres of water. And a millimetre of water per metre squared is a litre. That's that. Sorry. Sorry to pick it up on already. The other aspect of this was Peter was an agronomist. And so it was an agronomist driving engineering. I think, and I'm probably being a bit presate here, that the meeting was between Peter and someone who was in associated with the defence industry. At that stage Peter was trying to drive tensiometers on a mercury switch, I think, and they said, hey, there's a lot better things to be done. And so Peter moved on to that. So a bit about Sentech makes saw moisture probes, but to be successful in the market you have to help people know what site to put their saw moisture probe at. I mean, if this probe was a probe that sent seats and I was in the floor above here and I stuck it here, there'd be no seats in this room. And if I stuck it here, there'd be plenty of seats in the room. And it's trivial, but that's a really big thing you have to be willing to train your distributors to be able to have some key insights. The next thing you have to do is whenever you put a sensor anywhere the process of inserting that sensor can set up artefacts. So you have to support people in making a sense of placement that doesn't produce a whole lot of artefacts. Artefacts are signals that have nothing to do with what's happening in the environment. The next thing you have to do is be able to make it easy for people to get data. You have to pick some reliable telemetry or if they're going to log it, you have to pick an easy way to log it. And lastly, having values and buying a graphics package is not using pictures to create understanding. We have a guy that has been there 20 years. He's a software geek, if you will. He is driven by a gronomist into the type of pictures he makes. So we actually design our own graphic package. We don't fire things off the shelf. So finally, let's get on to what I wanted to talk about which was a bit about resilience and too much love. So for me, if I buy a piece of land that's got 60 centimetres of good topsoil my crop will have resilience. If I can get the roots exploring all that soil my crop will have resilience. If that soil has good cation exchange capacity and I can get my roots exploring that to grab their nutrition. So the two things I want to do to maintain crop resilience is manage irrigation so that I maximise the amount of soil that my plant can explore. And that's where now if Valentine's is over we can talk about how too much love is not always a good thing. So next I'll just go on to show you a quick video if it works of how we install these probes. We have quite a few other probes with different installation techniques. So let's see if she's going to play. Try again. Yes. So this is some of the equipment we've built and designed. We screw in effectively a guide about a foot deep in the soil and this is so we can get a very accurate hole because if you just go at the soil without any guide we're not going to get an accurate hole. That auger is tapered and what we're looking for is an interference fit. For those of you who might have a drill press on a bench you'll notice you can get your chuck out on a morse taper. Well this is the inversion of that. We're making a tapered hole and then we drop the probe in. So the taper gives a very good fit in clays with a 120 centimetre probe you're going to need a high lift jack to bring it back out and we've got the tools to help you do that. I don't know where the sound went but whatever. So I'm just going to talk about, I think it was last year we did some work with a very large seed producer. This seed producer took us to a few of their key farms and we did some monitoring and I'll talk about just a couple of the farms. So the first one was Broccoli in California. What you'll notice here is which way is this going to work? Not much of a thing. That's the telemetry and the power. There's a cable going down there. There's a drill and drop in there. It's on-bed strip irrigated and this is the sort of software we use. So what are we seeing here? We're seeing obviously time across the bottom and what we're seeing up the top is a bit disingenuous unless you're used to it. You'll notice that we don't have a y-axis and if you look at the numbers on the left-hand side you'll see that 1.2 can be above 1.7 and 1.8 can be also above 1.3. What we've done is we've shifted the y-axis so that when someone who uses this is looking at it they're always seeing the top sensor at the top and they're seeing the bottom sensor at the bottom and we have a background program that keeps those lines separate. What you'll see with the top sensor is I've also got labels there. You can see root activity when you're looking at volume because when a plant is taking water it starts as the sun comes up and it stops as the sun goes down whereas if the water is changing because it's just draining it goes on day and night. So one of the key features of root activity is the stepping. The other thing you see is that early on we have poor root activity and I might go into explain this now. This... I'll forget this pointer. This we call the MESA pattern. The glass is full. What that means is we've put so much water on there that we're waterlogged. What happens when you waterlog a soil is that plant roots need oxygen and you create conditions called anaerobic. It stops nutrient uptake. It actually causes a hormone to be sent up to the leaves believe it or not, slow down water use and just to divert a bit you see this as a real classic when you go and look at cotton on rice soils in the MIA because a good rice soil you don't want any leakage and the crazy thing is you're looking at water use and every time the guy irrigates water use slows down for two or three days until he drains out the top 30 centimetres and it starts to pick up again. It's counter-intuitive but that's the effect of too much love in this case. So this is absolutely saturated. These rises up here are also indicating saturation. So we've got a situation where the guys irrigating fairly frequently and we've got to talk him into cutting back and as he cuts back, the type of things you start to see is you start to see the stepping going deeper and deeper. So in other words, by actually cutting back on the amount of water he's allowing his plant to develop the full potential of root zone and this is not an uncommon observation. I'm just going to move now to the other slide to sum that up. How do you take that sort of information on an individual level this is the graph we've just been looking at and turn it into something that people can manage easy. So what we do here is we put a line in that says above here you're saturated. In other words, you're putting on too much water. When the water content, that's the water content of these six sensors added together is up above there. It means the aeration is compromised. It also can lead to things like denitrification and other things, they're not a major concern. So by getting the, this pointer is desperate, getting the grower to pull back, we move them into the green area. What you're not seeing here and you will see on another side as we move to another crop is down the bottom of the green area we have a red area and that's stressed and we can tell stressed not by measuring the tension but we can look at the daily water use and as you start to see your daily water use decline but taking into account the variation in weather you can use that to set your lower limit and so the farmer is looking at one graph and he's trying to keep it in the green. The other way to divert and we see this is we hit that graph on the side and we can say how many days were you in the green, how many days were you in the red and how many days were you in the blue and that green to total ratio is a measure of how good you are managing your irrigation and for instance when we sell into the Egypt market the guys run over these probes because they don't like being monitored. We sell more probes. So let's move on to tomatoes in Italy. This is a much better example and this is your red line here for stress. We also put a line in here that is to indicate you're going to need to water in the next day or so. What have I got there? And these lines can also be displayed in other ways so people can receive alerts if they want to. We can generate agronomic alerts. This is what I'm talking about. You're either too full or you're heading towards stress or you're actually in stress. And this is one of the things about data requirements for these probes. We can generate alerts about sensor condition, alerts about battery condition, alerts about failure to have a expected transmission. But I won't cover those today. So here we've got, again, we're cutting back slightly and we're starting to see these really good indications of root activity. Let's move on to an even better example. This is onions in Texas and, again, we've got this graph up the top. This is our top sensor, this bottom sensor. One of the things to notice here is added irrigation and fertilizer and you can see when he's watered that's gone up and drained to bring that up and drained to bring that up a little bit there but nothing much here. What does that mean? That means he's kept his fertilizer in the top 40 centimetres. If I'd seen a big blip in these, that means he's washed all his fertilizer out of the top 40 centimetres. You'll also see that in this graph we've run down until the point where we're going into harvest, so dry off. So, okay, I'm going well. So now I'll go back to just address some of the questions that the conveners wanted me to look at. Uptake. You really need to identify the benefits to those in your pathway to market. We have a lot of different pathways to market. Some of them are agronomists. Some of them are big dealers. Some of them are researchers. We also have pathways into the mining market, pathways into a landscape market. They're very different pathways. Tomorrow I fly up to work on a race field, a big racetrack up out of Brisbane. So we have, I suppose, what you've got to do is you may have identified the benefits to farmers, but you're not going to, well, we're a wholesaler. We manufacture this stuff. We don't sell to farmers. We sell to people who sell to farmers. So you've got to identify a benefit to them. And the type of benefit that you're going to have to identify is obviously you're going to have to identify a good profit margin. You're going to have to identify a name that spells out that these have been here for a long while. I'll go to country shows and I'll get people coming up and being really very aggravated at me. And we unpack it and they've bought a Ford and I'm the Holden dealer. There's a lot of companies that come and go out there in the tech space and they last a few years and they move on. To the farmer, every company was a probe company and hence he wanted to complain to me even though I didn't know anything about his, the brand he was having issues with. So adoption. So the journey from the backyard to 80 countries, one of the things about getting out into the world is you've got to look at all the ways that you can influence decision makers. Peter really emphasised building good relationships with USDA. And so National Ecological Observation Network is a very big client of us in the US. We find our entry into Asia is just through the research market. It's a lot harder to enter into the farm market where you've got language gaps and that. Our software is translated into Spanish, but obviously, well it's not obvious to you, but I can tell you we haven't got it in Mandarin yet. So when we enter these other markets we're offering entering them not with our full product. We're entering them looking for integrators. That is we just provide the sensor and then they hook it up to their own logging and their own telemetry. We provide installation tools. So you've got to support installers. I mentioned that earlier. We have a whole sort of little training about representative sites. It's getting easier these days because lots of people buy EM. So they have some idea of what the spatial variability of the soil is in the paddock. Lots of people are also buying NDVI. So they have some idea where a representative crop is. Because when you're aiming to represent a whole paddock, just by measuring that, you've got to put it in a site that's representative. We've got a support installation. And what I mean by this is a lot of this stuff used to be based on slurry install. The problem with slurry install is manifold, but one is preferential flow. And how much are you going to pay me to tell your water runs to the bottom of a hole? Because if you get preferential flow, that's where the water will run. You're not going to pay me anything. But if you set up a poor install, you're going to create an artifact. That is a pathway that didn't exist before. And that artifact is going to take a 5-mil rainfall and put it down at 60 centimetres. And you're going to think, wow, thank God my rain gauge lied. Things are really good. Well, they're not. You've just created an artifact. The other things are more subtle. And I had this happen with some colleagues overseas. You put in a slurry and you get to a full point. You go for a big drying regime and you can't get back up to the full point. And then we look at the rate that rainfall percolates through to that probe and we find that it took eight hours when that full point was there. And now it only takes four hours. So the whole medium has become more porous. So what we try to do is standard install if you're using the 2-inch tube, that's achievable to about 3 metres. Beyond 3 metres, we're stuck with slurry. So I've done up to 20 metre installs in sand and we've basically had to slurry the sand back in there. There's no other option. But for most ag uses, we're using this and you saw the tools that we use with it. I should say this probe is one of our new probes. The top bit there's a Bluetooth. So to enter a market where telemetry brings other costs, we've cut that out. The farmer can use their Apple Law Android phone to pick up the data here. That stores 2,000 readings and then they pick up the data and upload it when they get reception. So it can be used independent of reception. I should say also we can support satellite and we have been supporting satellite transmission around the world for some years now. But that adds another expense. The other thing is data accessibility and this is about reliable telemetry. We use quite an expensive protocol in the sense we demand send and receive, not send and forget. What send and receive means is if my pointer is somewhere on my ring memory here, I send out the data since the last point of date and I wait for my server in America to come back and say it's received it. Otherwise I go to sleep and then I wake up two times and then I go back to sleep for three hours if the upload is three hours, I wake up again. And why I say this is there's quite a bit of variation in signal strength across a day. And so the other thing is that telemetry is power hungry. Our sensors are not power hungry at all. So our biggest issue with supplying power is supplying power to the telemetry. And I should say it's getting better and better. I have people down the South East here. I think they were saying on 2G I could expect five kilometres on cat M1, which is the 4G standard. And now that will translate also to 5G for data. They're getting up to 90 kilometres. And so we are seeing, I was working with people up in the northwest of Western Australia. We're slowly seeing them take out the satellite and put in the modem. Satellite data is very expensive. The actual modem itself is not that much more. How am I going? Have I done 20 minutes? Yeah. Okay. Hold on. Sorry. So we support data interpretation. That is agronomist designs graphics packages. And we establish protocols within our company so we can take feedback from our distributors and put it into engineering. We all live in one spot. Well, we don't anymore. We now live in America and Europe. But we have systems that are worldwide and we take that through. And that's incredibly important. Your sales team is your development team. Because they're going to tell you all the things you missed when you just did it in a paddock. And there are endless things that can be missed that can ruin you, well, not ruin you, but can make it very difficult to sell into some markets. Why don't I call it quits and do questions?


The next important thing is what kind of options or constitutional features a designer would like to study because the user does not tell you all this. The user says I want an airship which does this but based on your own knowledge and experience you decide should I use a diesel engine or a petrol engine. How will you choose this between diesel and petrol engine? How will you decide size of the engine, weight of the engine? So what I would do is I would say let us try to do the analysis for diesel engine first, get the engine weight and hence the airship weight, repeat for petrol engine. And here you might like to use some data from real life and then decide. But given a choice which engine will you use for an airship, diesel or petrol, why petrol? No lighter, yes, generally lighter, generally lighter but then diesel is cheaper although it is artificial it is cheaper and you might take an assessment that it will remain cheaper for the next few years because of the fact that it is used by farmers in the fields and the government will intentionally keep its price artificially low. So this is why many people who are rich may buy a diesel car right because they say diesel is cheaper in the market, diesel cars have their own issues, they have higher maintenance costs after a particular mileage or after a particular usage, they have generally more vibrations, they have problems in starting during coal weather, we know all this but still you see in the market so many diesel cars. So that is why we said who knows, the user might tomorrow say oh I want to try a diesel engine, if this will increase the reach of the airship so let us try both of them. Now the engine can be either normally aspirated or supercharged, can somebody explain to me the difference between these two? What is meant by a supercharged engine or a normally aspirated engine? So a supercharged engine has a small turbine or some device or a pump which delivers compressed air to the intake, why? No but what is the need to do all this, why should you send in compressed air to the engine as in the intake? No, no it is not that basically what happens is if you have a normally aspirated engine which means if you have a normal engine which is having an intake to the ambient air with the altitude increase the density of the air coming in will reduce, with that your performance will reduce. So there is a linear reduction, almost linear reduction in power available with altitude for a typical piston engine and we were designing the airship for high altitude operations, keep that in mind, we are looking at lower Himalayas. So we were concerned that if we use a conventional engine, the power requirement at 12,000 feet may make the engine very large because it will be highly inefficient. So does it make sense to use a supercharged engine which is costlier, which is slightly heavier but it has got a constant pressure power output with altitude up to some altitude or should we go for a simple, lighter, cheaper normally aspirated engine, we want to use that option. Profiler type, it could be ducted or unducted. So what is done by a ducted propeller, there is a missile or a duct around, why do we do that? Why will the performance increase by putting a duct? Not for separation, basically what will happen is that if you look at a conventional propeller or a conventional propeller for an engine, unducted, if you use a unducted propeller, the efficiency is lower because there is spillage across the, beyond the diameter but if you contain it, the efficiency improves plus understand one more thing, this is an airship which is going to operate with passengers and most likely we are looking at non-rigid airship, most likely the propeller will be mounted or the engine will be mounted on the gondola. So there will be people walking past it and from passenger safety point of view, if it is ducted, it is safer because when a propeller moves at high rpm, it becomes almost invisible and therefore there is a real life situation possible in which people will probably walk in the propeller or get hurt, it has happened so many times. So from ground based operational safety, it will be safer to duct the propeller, not only does it increase the efficiency, it also makes it safer to operate but it increases the cost and the weight, so you must take a call. So when we make small remotely controlled airships, we never duct the propeller because the weight problems are far more than the benefits and there we say be careful, propeller is rotating do not go near, so with that warning, sometimes what we do, we make a small keg around the propeller, just in the front, in the back, connect them and it is visible but that is also very tough because if there is any vibration or disturbance, this cage can hit the propeller. So there will be weight penalty anyway and the improvement in the thrust may not be that substantial for a very small propeller but for a large propeller then might be. So we said let us have a feature, then Bellino type, separate or integral, what is meant by a separate ballonet and an integral ballonet, so let me show you a figure of the two types and then you will probably appreciate. This is a very small thing actually, it is not something very great but it can make a difference in some cases.  This is called as a separate ballonet because it is a small envelope inside the big envelope, so this is the separate ballonet. The other option I can have for the same requirement is there is this thing and I have only a hemispherical, only a hemispherical bag which is attached, so this is called as an integral ballonet. What is the main repercussion of choosing integral or separate, let us say which one will you choose, will you make a separate ballonet or an integral ballonet, for a passenger carrying large airship, what will you choose, you will choose separate ballonet, what is your logic, correct, the attachment of a separate ballonet is very easy, you can actually make it separately, push it through this small hole, stick it to a very small area, seal it and put this double sided fan, if that is the case then why people go for integral and are there any benefits of integral compared to separate, less fabric required. So this is lighter and this is simpler, now you might say fabric but in a large airship if the ballonet is 35% you can see in one case you will have a sphere of that much volume, on the other case you will have a hemisphere of that much volume roughly, so it will be really normally it will be half the surface area and suppose half surface area of a ballonet is not a small number, okay, just assume you can do this simple calculation, take an airship of 8000 meter cube envelope volume and tell me on model page for the same GSM of 200 grams per square meter what is the difference in the rate of an integral versus a separate ballonet, it will be half but how many will be 2 kgs or 20 kgs, so the material is 200 grams per square meter and the airship envelope is 8000 meter cube and the inflation fraction is 35%, okay, so I just make a note here 35% inflation or it will be I will be equal to 65, so actually I is equal to 65% or 0.65, V envelope is 8000 meter cube and the GSM is 200 grams per meter square, this is the weight of the ballonet fabric, so for these 3 things work out the difference in the weight of the integral and separate ballonet, okay, the next thing that we wanted to study, yes. Sir, do we consider how the dynamics change when the ballonet, you know when air is pushed inside the ballonet or when it is pushed out of it, do we consider how the dynamics change? Dynamics actually will not change too much because if you have volume available in the spherical or hemispherical ballonet, the same pump is sucking and throwing air, so it will not change too much. Sir, if you have a separate ballonet and you have a big sphere inside and it occupies considerable volume like in this case it comprises of about 35% of the entire volume, in that case do you think when you pump out all the air, the dynamics of the entire airship will change in the basket. When you pump out all the air from a spherical ballonet or a hemispherical ballonet, the only difference will be that this is heavier than that, the empty weight will be more. What is the other difference you see in dynamics? Sir, I am saying in terms of new moments that will be introduced because your balance will be different, right because all the air from the ballonet is out. In both cases all the air will be out. But the concentration of mass is different, right because in case of the integral ballonet, the mass was widely distributed but it is not the case in the case of this. No, no, no that is not true. Even in the case of a separate ballonet, the mass of air sucked in will again go into a spherical fashion at almost the same location. So will there be too much difference because once inflated, you are right in a way that in one case it will be spread to a larger area and lesser height, in the other it will be a smaller width and larger height. Yes, so that can affect also, that can also affect, it can create some difference. But right now when we are considering that, we are considering only and only the effect of weight. Then thrust vectoring, thrust vectoring is something that helps in the performance of the airship. You know that it can take off easily if there is thrust vectoring and you do not, I mean thrust vectoring will support in vertical take off but then is going to create weight and complexity. Similarly transmission system or film, cross and plus already we have seen, transmission system this was just a small point that how do you transmit the thrust vectoring mechanism on to the gondola. So we just wanted to put one factor there as either a simple system or a complex system. That is for the code. I call it a code because ultimately we made it into a photon program and we also have a spreadsheet I think. So the first input will be the envelope volume or payload depending on whether you are using it in the analysis mode or in the design mode, then the range, then the maximum sustainable cruise speed to get you the maximum thrust required and hence engine sizing. And then operating altitudes, maximum for pressure altitude, minimum and cruise for the balloonar sizing and then whether you are operating in ISA or other than ISA conditions and what is the length parameter ratio and the number of fins basically 4. Then the other inputs were type of the engine already we have discussed it type of the balloonar. There was one more issue when you estimate the weight of the fin, you can assume the fins to be either inflatable or solid or rigid. In the case of airships we normally see fins which are inflatable normally. The reason for that is very simple that the size of the fin is going to be quite large in a big airship and you can use the volume available inside the fins to put LTI gas to get more. But we will be surprised that most airship manufacturers actually fill the tail fins with air not with LTI gas because the fins tend to fly off then separately if you put LTI gas. And secondly it is a very clever way of controlling the centre of gravity in case the CG has to be moved slightly behind by putting air in the fins you increase the weight behind. So there are two ways now in the calculation here we have assumed it to be basically a built up structure like a small wing. So there are two approaches one was we say okay it weighs so much per square foot or square meter and we simply use it this called as the area density method or we said let us look at the textbook given by Raymer which discusses formulae for vertical tail and horizontal tail of small aircraft which are similar for an airship using that formulae. I think we abandoned Raymer's formulae eventually and we use the area density method then the TVC perspective system and the concentration system okay then constants. So I will just quickly go through the list I have already mentioned the parameters the helium purity level we took 95% as the rock bottom below this we want the gas to be purified air volume balloon a at mass altitude for control and trim was 2% this is based on a study of I will show you that detail. So this is the balloon a required volume required for trim over pressure was considered to be 500 meter square and we went for a simple hemispherical balloon a because we were concerned about the weight we assume that 5% power will be consumed by accessories and the gondola will be made up of a simple standard composite fuselage type structure without pressurization. So we got this number for the typical value of weight per volume of a gondola and empanage area density weight of the empanage per square meter okay. So with this we can get some now anyway we are running out of time so at this point we will stop today's discussion.


I'm Adriana Eftimia, and I work with the International Finals Corporation, part of the World Bank Group from Washington, D.C., because that is where I live and work, but originally I'm from Romania. I'm a trained geophysicist, converted into a social development specialist, so this is what I do. I'm actually very supportive to this type of dialogue, and I'm very glad to see this happening, because I think when we talk about artisanal and small scale mining, a multi-stakeholder solution and dialogue and identifying roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, it's very important. We cannot just ask one of the stakeholders to resolve all the issues, so it has to be a dialogue and it has to involve everybody and be open to actually change. When I'm talking about be open to change, I'm talking about companies be open to work more with the artisanal and small scale miners, but at the same time the government being open to provide more extension services to the artisanal and small scale miners and basically creating the framework for artisanals and small scale miners to move to the next level and not just stay where they are today and facing the issues they are facing today. In a way I see the future for artisanal and small scale mining where the artisan and the small scale miners which are now operating in very primitive conditions and semi mechanized or no mechanized and basically being sometimes exploited by some businessmen or other people who will just finance the business but give them enough just to survive day by day to move to a more structured business and move from maybe becoming like small businesses that will grow up and have the potential to actually provide a sustainable living and sustainable development around the communities. So it shouldn't stay at the level of being just a livelihood and being just a subsistence activity and they should move towards economic and growth. The recognition of the sector because it can bring actually lots of economic gains to a country at the same time I would like to see as part of the recognition also support and support from all various stakeholders from the government in terms of extension services so helping the miners to understand the environmental and social aspects and train them to use less harmless processing methods maybe helping understanding the geological data and I would like to see also more collaboration between large scale companies and artisanal miners so they can cohabitate together but cohabitate and I don't want to see the things continuing in siloces so as I mentioned at the beginning there is a solution, it is a multi-stakeholder solution and everybody has to play a role and everybody has to have some responsibility. I don't think that one party should address everything I think and if you look at artisanal mining as an activity that is actually more like a livelihood than a business until it will become a business then the government has a very strong role to play in that as their representatives and citizens protection. I choose the government capacity which I think is very important to be addressed and I think that there is a lot to be done on this space and I choose also the legal rights because I believe that formalization will not be enough as long as the artisanal or the small scale miners will not have their own legal rights over minerals and I actually enjoy very much the discussion earlier you know talking about the rights because yes there are many other rights that should be respected and they should basically have access and take advantage of. In most of the countries land ownership is customary and is collectively but people don't benefit then if we look at to whom the mineral resources belongs in most of the countries mineral resources belongs to the people or to the respective countries so if there is a possibility to actually build up the sector and make it functional and effective and give alternatives to people and job opportunities there are mineral exploration and exploitation needs also very advanced technology and needs commercial mining but I think that there is an opportunity for both to coexist at least for the time being because probably once economy diversify and then more opportunities for jobs and for income generation are coming into a country then the two sectors will kind of balance themselves and eventually they will be more structured into what they need to do that's a very long term it's probably it will happen in many years from now for the short term and media term I think that starting with recognizing the ASM as a valid activity and bringing more legal not necessarily legal but having this high on the top priorities of the government agenda and that all will help actually the sector and as I said I believe in multi stakeholder solution I believe that each of the stakeholders can play a role and as long as you can define these roles and responsibilities and follow on them that may be something that will work quite well in a maybe medium term and I like the idea of dialogue I'm pretty sure there will be a lot of challenges and I'm pretty sure that there will be a lot of pushback from some of the parties and at the same time I'm pretty sure that a lot of opportunities will be identified


On Sunday, February 28, 2021, the Ministry of Health and Wellness reported one COVID-19 related death, bringing the total number of deaths in country to date to 36. The deceased is a 90-year-old male from the Viewfort District, with underlying medical illnesses who passed away while in care. The related death came on the same day that 103 individuals recovered from the disease. The Ministry of Health and Wellness has approved three antigen tests for use in St. Lucia. They are the Phora COVID-19 antigen test, the Abort Pan-Bio COVID-19 antigen test, and the SD Bioscience Standard Cue. Astrid Mondezi is the drug inspector in the Ministry. The rapid antigen tests are approved for use under the following circumstances. As a prescreening tool for symptomatic persons and contacts, for persons travelling into the United States. Private labs must request permission from the Department of Health and Wellness, through the Chief Medical Officer, to perform rapid antigen tests. The following laboratories are designated to carry out the Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR test, that is the Ezra Long Laboratory at the Owen King EU Hospital and the Forensic Science Laboratory. To perform antigen tests, the following labs, laboratory services on consultations limited, microlab ink, global clinical laboratories, Descartes laboratories, and Alpha and Omega laboratory services. All positive results must be reported to the Epidemiological Unit on a daily basis. Tests should be procured from manufacturers who work on the Quality Management System. Doctors recommended procedures must be strictly followed. The Department of Health and Wellness will be monitoring and evaluating test activities. The use of rapid tests which are not authorized by the Department of Health and Wellness is discouraged. Importation and queries of rapid antigen tests will be addressed by the Department of Health and Wellness for the Office of the Drug Inspector. That was Drug Inspector Astrid Mondezi.


Previously, we defined exponential generating functions, then we found that the product of exponential generating functions for multisets with just a single type of object will give us an exponential generating function for the multiset consisting of different types of objects. Let's see how that works. So let's find the generating functions for the number of n permutations of a and b where a must be used an even number of times, but b can be used any number of times. Since a must be used an even number of times, then hi is equal to 1 for all even i and 0 for all odd i, so its generating function will be, which we can get by starting with the power series for e to the x, the power series for e to the minus x, and if we add these two series together, all of the odd degree terms will cancel, and if we divide everything by 2, we'll get our exponential generating function. Since b can be used any number of times, hi equals 1 for all i, and so our exponential generating function for b will be, which is just e to the x, and so if we multiply our two generating functions together, we get our generating function for the multiset. Now remember, a generating function is only useful if there's an easy way to compute the coefficients that doesn't involve the counting arguments we need to make otherwise. Fortunately, we can rely on the calculus of power series. So let's find the coefficients of the power series for this product. Now to find the power series, we differentiate g of x repeatedly, if we wanted a lot of practice differentiating complicated expressions. Rather more efficiently, we might note that we can expand the product, and we know the power series expansion for e to the 2x. Now we want to add 1 to e to the 2x, and so what we can do is we can split off the constant term of our power series, and add 1, and then we want to multiply everything by 1 half, and so that gives us, we can move the factor of 1 half inside the summation, and simplify. So if we want to use our generating functions to find the number of permutations, remember that once we have the generating functions, the actual sequence is the numerator when the denominators are the factorials. So our series actually begins at i equals 1, so we note that this first term 1, that's really 1 divided by 0 factorial, and so that tells us the number of 0 permutations is 1. Meanwhile, for every other term, the number of n permutations is going to be 2 to the power n minus 1, which is the numerator of our coefficients where the denominator is n factorial. And it never hurts to check your answer, so let's consider the 0 permutations. The 0 permutations are nothing at all, and this is actually an allowable permutation. We had to use a an even number of times, and in fact we used a 0 times, and 0 is an even number. And we used b 0 times, and we could have used b any number of times. What about the n permutations? Well, let's pick a value for n. So suppose n is equal to 10. The number of 10 permutations is quite a bit, let's try n equals 4. We can find the 4 permutations directly. So a must be used an even number of times, but b can be used any number of times, so we'll find our 4 permutations. So either a is used 0 times. And so b has to be used 4 times, or a is used 2 or 4 times. And if we do that, we get the permutations. And so there are 8 4 permutations. Meanwhile, our formula tells us there should be 8 4 permutations, which matches.


Hi, this video is called Practice Problem 4. It is your last video of the day. The process of what you're doing using the 1 half per meter times apathem, I think you're getting fairly used to and comfortable with. But this one is definitely designed to help you practice with your rounding because it does say round to the nearest 10th. Sorry about that. So I was saying this exercise is going to be really help you practice with rounding and rounding correctly. So I urge you to punch everything in your calculator. Don't just take my word for it and you can see how you will round. The rule of thumb though is to keep things as exact as possible is never to round until the very, very, very end. And that is a difficult thing to do because you're going to be dealing with numbers that have lots of numbers past the decimal. They're going to go out very far and we're going to try really hard not to round it until the very end so we can get a good answer. All right, so let's just worry about that when we get there but know that it is coming. We're going to find the area of a regular octagon. An octagon has eight sides. It looks like we're given the perimeter which is 48. So let's think about this. A regular octagon, we get to use our formula of 1 half per meter times apathem. So all we have to do is figure out what our perimeter is and what our apathem is and we're set. We are already given a perimeter of 48 inches so I can plug that one in already. So the rest of our time is going to be devoted to figuring out what this apathem is and make sure we round correctly, okay? When we draw an octagon with eight sides, you can see I'm not very good at drawing them but I'm going to try my best and I want you to try your best now. So go ahead and draw a figure, regular octagon, so you're channeling a stop sign. So eight sides, I think it helps to go in and mark all eight sides as being congruent. It kind of helps your picture make a little more sense. If you want to even draw dots at the vertices to help your picture make a little more sense, you could certainly do that as well just to organize it a little bit. All right, so like all of these problems to start, draw in that central point and since an octagon has eight sides, we're going to draw eight radii. So we're going to create eight central angles. We're going to create eight triangles. Let's back up for just a second. Since the perimeter was 48 and there's eight sides, I know that all sides are six units long. Now let's go ahead and find that central angle. Since an octagon has eight sides, there's going to be eight central angles and 360 divided by 8 gives me 45. So I can see that my central angles are all 45 degrees. Now be careful. We're not going to end up using special right triangles because they're not 45, 45 triangles that I kind of was hoping they would be because when you drop down that opothum, the 45 gets cut in half and becomes 22.5. So that opothum bisects the 45 into 22.5. It creates a right angle right there and it splits the side length. It bisects the side length into three and three. So when I draw this little triangle right here, I've got a right angle, got a side length of three. Let's go ahead and call the opothum X. This angle up here was 22.5, which would make the bottom right hand angle be 67.5. How did I know that? I knew that because the 90, the 22.5 and the 67.5 all have to add up to 180. Okay? So for a fleeting second, I thought that I was maybe going to use 45, 45, 90 triangles, but now I realize that's not what I have. I've got a triangle that has angle measures of 22.5 and 67.5. So my only option here is Sokotoa and please remember, my goal, the whole reason I'm doing this is to find that opothum which I have here marked as an X. So if I can figure out what X is, I've got my opothum. I think I'm going to go ahead and go from the perspective of the 67.5, which makes the X the opposite, the 3 the adjacent, and opposite and adjacent is a tangent. So I've got a tangent of 67.5 equals the opposite, which is X over the adjacent, which is 3. I'm going to make the tangent of 67.5 into a fraction by putting it over 1. That allows me to cross multiply. X times 1 is X, and then I'm going to have to multiply the tangent of 67.5 times 3. The X is alone, so I'm allowed to multiply. Here's where the decimals come in and it's going to start getting tricky and we're not going to round for a long time. So please take really good notes here and practice with your calculator. So pick up your calculator right now and punch in the tangent of 67.5 times 3. I got a big long answer. It says 7.242640687. Your calculator might go out further than that and give you more numbers or maybe your calculator doesn't go out quite that far and doesn't give you quite as many as I got. The important thing is, is to leave that number showing on your screen, we cannot round yet. So you're going to keep as many numbers as possible. Okay? So basically since that was the epithome, we found that to be the epithome, it was right here in this little triangle. That was my epithome. I'm going to take this number and put it up here in my formula. Now I don't really feel like rewriting it. I'm safe because I still have that 7.24 long number in my calculator. So what I'm going to do is kind of work backwards. With this 7.242640687 in my calculator, I'm going to do times 48 and press equal. Then I have one half times, the big number I have now is 347.646753. Again, I'm not going to round to the very end and I'm lucky because I still just have this big number on the screen showing on the screen in my calculator. So I don't even really have to write it down at this point, but I do have to remember, I have to multiply by one half, which is the same thing as divide by two. So if you take that long answer and divide by two, you get your area to be<PHONE_NUMBER>. Now I am finally ready to round because I've arrived at the end. There's no more calculations to do. This is my area. So to round to the nearest tenth, it will round to 173.8 inches squared. Okay? So the key to this is not rounding to the very end and remembering to use your calculator. Keep the big number on the screen so you can just use it. If you do end up having to write it down and retype it in, I know that's annoying, but it only takes a minute and it's worth it to get the right answer because you rounded correctly.