Okay folks welcome. I didn't know if anyone was interested in this and had a nice to see a robust crowd When we do public events, we always begin with a little safety Briefing I am your responsible safety officer. This is the one event I'm not worried about because if anything if a terrorist is so stupid as to try to take on this bunch They're not gonna live long But I do want to say if we do have an episode you're gonna take instructions for me We've got exits right here on this side. We go out. We're going to go down the Stairway, which is right outside here outside We're gonna meet across the street at the beacon hotel and I'll pay for drinks for everybody, okay? So but but do pay attention to me if I have to tell you to do something do it, okay? I'm very grateful that we can get together with you today and very grateful to have these leaders with us Special thanks to the US Navy Institute and Jim. Thank you for your leadership here. We love partnering with you This is gonna be quite an interesting session now. I remember The days when the Navy and the Marine Corps loved each other like brothers Kane and Abel You know and each was gonna try to kill the other to get his soup for the night That's changed. That's changed because we now have Truly visionary leadership that is looking forward and saying, you know We don't have enough resources as a country to do it dumb So we're gonna have to be smart and being smart is finding the strengths in each other and Finding ways to make those strengths come together and that's what you're going to hear today I deeply admire these gentlemen because they have been leading in a very important way to bring services together You know there I say this there are two forms of athletic competition Where you win by backing up One is tug of war and the other is rowing competitive rowing Now everybody below these guys plays tug of war every day right And they're the ones that are trying to get everybody facing in the boat the same direction the oars synchronized so that they can win And it's that kind of leadership the country needs right now We're very grateful to have them here and before I turn it over to Admiral Stavridis Let me just say welcome to the Secretary of Navy John Warner. We're delighted to have you here, senator Now my very dear friend Jim Stavridis. He is You know never content to be just a Military officer.  Thank you very much John, thank you Well, I just uh returned the compliment. I don't think there's anybody in Washington Dr. Hamery who has a deeper knowledge or more of the finger field for the department of defense So thank you for your time in the building as well. Yes indeed First of all, thank you all for turning out. This is uh, absolutely an incredible Turn out and it it makes sense because this is an extremely important document In the uh, the so-called green room and of course these are three citizens of the green room here Before hand, I heard that come down to the Marine Corps my very good friend Joe Dunford fellow Fletcher graduate by the way Joe was quoting Jackie Fisher He said Now that the money's run out. It's time to think And I think there is something to that in this strategy and So there are motivations for why now why are we rolling out this strategy now part of it is resources But I think it would be fascinating to hear from each of the three service chiefs about Why now? If we look at the long throw of maritime strategies Go back to the cold war, of course the maritime strategy Pretty clearly delineated a world that no longer exists We have the fall of the wall the end of the cold war Dot dot dot from the sea takes us if you will into the latoral and then more recently 2007 the cooperative strategy Of which this one is a revision But appears to me in many ways to be Quite a new document So hopefully we'll tease out some of those things what I thought I would do is ask each of the three service chiefs Kind of an opening question about why now from their service perspectives and then give each of them a moment to simply talk about Their particular services piece of this strategy and then we'll open it up to questions And I know there are a lot So with that if I can start with my very good friend john greener our chief naval operations Sir why now why not and there you go Well, honestly why literally now in the nearer term because we had our thoughts kind of pulled together over a year ago I wanted to be sure that my two colleagues here who And we knew that changeover was going to take place We're fully on board and I didn't try to clobber something because this is a sea service document Right off the bat that I didn't try to clobber that so I wanted to be sure that they were fully on board and had the opportunity To consume it, but why now generally speaking? Well, where were we in 2007? We still had the john f kennedy Conventional carrier and we're thinking you know, we have one here coming under construction soon We still had the kitty hawk in the western pacific the enterprise was nowhere near the commission cyber wasn't a word yet We were ramping up in iraq and violence. We're still thinking is coming up in afghanistan We never heard of isis isle boko haram The western pacific was still in a different place So you get my point it's a very very different world and a lot of our missions were evolving during that time So I felt it was time to in my view redefine or define seapower As I see it as we see it looking now and out into the future I felt it was important and we all agreed in the group that we worked to say What are we really about and put that foundation and its presence to be out there and about and to lay down And to explore and lay down our functions and be comfortable with them deterrence power projection Sea control and maritime security and what we felt very close very much in unison Whereas all domain access and that to me that's taking air sea battle And what we now call the joint concept for access and maneuver in the global commons Obviously that acronym I didn't get the acronym so to lay that in and and codify right what we're doing Wonderful. Well, let me turn it to the commandant of the marine corps How does this moment make sense for the core Joe? Yeah, I think in addition to what the cno said, I mean, there's really there's really three factors One is the complexity of security environment that he spoke about and with that has come extraordinarily increased demand by the combatant commanders In demand we can't meet if we do it if we do business the way we've historically been doing it So I think what this document now does is drive us to a degree of integration that frankly is the next level From where we've been and and that's why I made the comment in the green room that you mentioned is Time to think because we cannot actually buy our way out of the security problems that we have right now If you take the complexity of security environment the increased demand in the context of the fiscally constrained environment With with relatively fixed resources Meeting that demand is going to require us to do things differently And and that's why in addition to cno's process comments and his comments about the war fighting aspect of it I think that's why it makes sense for us to do it right now That's why from a marine corps perspective we're excited about it because I do think there are things that we can do Better than we've been doing in the past There's modifications that we can make to the way we're doing business that better take advantage of the resources We're going to have and frankly this document also might inform the prioritization and allocation of resources in a different way In the coming years that would get us to build a force that's more capable and more relevant to our to the security challenges We confront yeah, that's a wonderful point. I Happen to have breakfast this morning with Brent Scowcroft one of the great Strategists I think of our times and he said something that stuck with me Which is we were talking about in today's world to strategy even makes sense because it's become such a tactical world and he said well If all you do is crisis management all you're going to get is more crisis. That's a pretty powerful point Calm down. Let me turn to you sir and say from the perspective of our coast guard How does this moment feel for you in terms of the right time? I can jump the follow on the biblical kanan able reference. I'm david trying to take down a goliath We've had a convergence of goliath since 2007 one is the art It's an ocean, but it's become a much more open ocean We've seen military gestures by russia in the arctic, but really what are the biggest concerns in the arctic? Someone's going to fall in it or oil spills in it and it affects the way of life up in the arctic domain So I look at the arctic the nation right now we produce more oil than we import and by 2020 We will be a net export nation. We produce the most oil and gas in the world The panama canal opens it's going to change sea lines of communication But the coast guard is a regulatory agency In guaranteeing the safety and security of that maritime transportation system We have a vital part there as well Intel now drives most of our operations. We no longer go out and do random patrols And we have awareness through whole of government on about 90 of the drug flow destined to the united states On the best of days I can probably put planes and ships on about 20 percent of that flow At a point in time where the western hemisphere is besieged by organized crime eight out of 10 of the most violent nations are here And really this cooperative strategy the navy has to rebalance when you look at the threats across the world And so it's imperative that the coast guard provides some of that filler if you will To stay focused and maintain the momentum that we have in the western hemisphere Perfect. Well, let me kind of spin the order and ask each of you to just say a word about As you read the strategy and you think about your service It's one thing to have a strategy now you've got to execute it So what are the keys for execution? As you look at the strategy going forward and I ask you to go right back again We'll just walk it back this way So I'll go way back in time 1790 alexander hamilton chartered a fleet of 10 revenue cutters And I'm sure the right number back then would have been about 20 But we may do with 10 But we've always been very platform centric. Give me a budget and then I'll figure out what to do with it You really need to have strategy drive your budgetary process This strategy comports very well the coast guard has several series of strategies that we have an arctic strategy That aligns with a national strategy for the arctic region I just released a western hemisphere strategy that aligns with our department strategy for southern borders And we now have a national strategy for central america Within the next month. I will then release a all domain a cyber strategy Because the coast guard operates in three domains dot mill dot gov and and dot com In our relationship with the maritime industry So this really comes at a very opportune time for us to align our strategies with a higher level and especially with among the three C services That's an interesting way to approach it So you're creating and already have if you will some sub strategies both regional and functional interesting approach Commandant, what say you what's the execution plan? Well the strategy outlines for the marine corps Which should be no surprise to anybody follow that falls the marine corps one We should be forward deployed forward engaged and able to respond to crisis And and secondly we should be part of what the cno is described as all the main access We provide a force voluntary capability that is a is it a key piece of of all the main access And so the next step is Which we're actually in the midst of anyway is reviewing the capabilities that we have to support those and as i mentioned Today if you met the combatant commanders requirements, you'd need something over 50 ships Well, we don't have 50 ships So, uh, we're going to have 33 amphibious ships. That's the fiscal constraint requirement And so the first step is to take a look and say look we have a requirement to be forward deployed forward engaged We have a requirement to respond to crises We have a fixed inventory of amphibious ships So what else can we do to put marines at sea? To put marines and sailors at sea to be able to respond to crises in a timely manner and to put that in some perspective I use two models. There's really two models of crisis response There's the model of conducting evacuation operations this past year in the sudan and libya in yamen where You're on the front page above the fold for about 24 hours And then that incident you've moved on or there's the crisis response model of Benghazi Which never goes away and of course in one case you respond within hours In other cases you respond within days and the american people I think have an expectation that it's the former not the latter That marines and sailors will be able to do So in terms of where we go next I think one of the more important things we do is we take a look at how do we feel that gap that we currently have We are doing some of that shore based that of course is is suboptimal from my perspective The one thing you have when you have naval forces is you have a piece of us sovereignty out there You don't have to ask permission to do things you can do whatever the nation needs you to do And so although we have special purpose mag tasks that are currently filling that gap I think there's other things we can do to feel that gap and the strategy Outlines that From a from a war fighting perspective We have some capability gaps inside the inside the organization right now And in frankly, uh, that's something that we've been looking at over the last couple of years And what the document now does is just provide even more clear focus on the need to move forward with those Again to make sure that we can do all the things we need to be able to do across the range of military operations Which early runs from that day-to-day engagement that the document lays out and then supporting the all-domain access Which in my mind a subset of that an important subset of that is the nation's force point through capability from the sea And we are the only force point through capability from the sea the nation has Thank you, sir. And how about you cno execution is uh, verne? Always used to tell us the most important part of it. I suppose Where it codifies I believe what we're doing in the navy, especially the the organizing train equipment in the deployment So what we've done is sort of captured what we're doing out there However, you gotta I want it to be it has to be consumed and digested internally externally Especially with partners and allies and and to that extent we have uh, we haven't been translated in several languages And we'll send it out to in fact It's in progress as we speak today to get out there about I need to listen to them and say So what does this mean to you because partnership is a huge part of this and so there may obviously a major player They're not a partner. We need I will look at the building of the next palm Through the lens of how this is laid out. It's not designed to build a budget right on top of it There's a layer in between but it defines that fairly well on our endeavors in that regard And then lastly I would say uh, there's a classified annex or two or three to be put together here To go to the next level and say, okay, how do we and probably regionally? So how do we deal with this regionally in more detail at a higher classification? Well, I I think even in the title cooperative strategy, I think there's an international component as cno indicates An interagency cooperative component and hopefully over time a private public one, which I think calm down in the coast guard Mentioned the arctic and a number of ways to pull all that together And I'm glad you mentioned cno this strategic communications piece of this. What's more important than using this as a lever to Tell the story so with that let me open it up for questions and comments and please Say a word. Hello Kevin wincing. Please Indicate who you would like to address the question to or to all three if And I'll we'll look for fairly crisp answers so we can get a lot of people Captain wets Okay, well, thanks animal In today's washington post there was an opinion piece by someone named jim stevridis About the soft underbelly of europe So I'd like to have all three panelists maybe look at what we can do to help The underbelly of europe the italians in particular protect against isis and other terrorist organizations I'll go first. I think one of the good point jim made right off the bat is maritime domain awareness And jim made it clear. This is a collective effort that needs to take place out there We have an ocean shield effort. We have a operation atalanta Both nato both a little bit in my opinion legacy that can be reapplied for that area So I think sharing as much information as possible to help the italians in this would be a great first step And perhaps the least effort needed And commandant, you know the italian coast guard is deeply involved in this effort across that strait Which has humanitarian aspects. Are we working with them cooperating with the italians in particular or in a general sense We have a north atlantic coast guard forum and they had 170 000 migrants You know lead the north coast of africa and then they arrived in italy some from syria There's very little biometrics, but there's also very little unity of effort within the european union So whoever takes receipt is now the owner And so we want to make sure that there's a clear end game as you deal with a mass migration is what is the end state We certainly have a model that we use here in the united states Does it apply in the european union right now? It doesn't so there's really needs to be an authorities piece that goes with that so You don't want to go in Start something that doesn't have a clear end game to it, especially if you don't have the authorities But we have that very frank and open dialogue Comment on anything you'd like to I think that question gets that what I alluded to earlier, which is in in the european Command we have a gap in frankly african. We have a gap in our ability to crisis response from the sea And we actually expect cno and i expect from from from both commanders a letter that will request A mobile landing platform or a float staging base to help fill that gap And so that's one of the that's one of the ways that we can help out is you know The whole first part of my career going to the med was a routine occasion We always had strong naval presence in the mediterranean We don't have that today as a result of challenges in the middle east and the presence required in the pacific And so you come in african have been a bill pair if you will for our presence in the middle east and In the pacific and I think back to the point of the strategy and causing us to think differently with the resources that we have available There's a perfect problem that's already working in other words. We're in a dialogue right now with the combatant commanders They've articulated the gap in crisis response there I mentioned one material solution. That's not the limit of the material solution But the point is trying to figure out how do we get marines and sailors back into the mediterranean to support What you wrote about this morning in the southern flank of europe because there are Obviously very real security challenges and ford presence is a key piece of addressing those Yeah, and I I agree in particular I want to underline this a flow forward staging base because it's also an opportunity for private public partnering It's a creative idea. I've seen it bouncing around I would say that within the strategy we talk about a global network And at any given day we took a muster one time There are about six to seven hundred ships underway within what we would call the freedom loving nations around the world So if you take the full inventory, it's well over a thousand ships So we have a thousand ship navy potential energy out there So my point would be these are the kind of opportunities a kind of a common problem Nobody wants this to happen right and and here's a an ally a friend that we could get together How hard can this be and we have the ships? So bring it together get the common network and go to work. That's kind of the point. Great point. Thank you. How about over here, sir? Sydney Friedberg breaking defense A question First for the for the cnl, but I think both commandants can probably add to it as well You know the one thing of this that seems new in sort of doctrinal terms is You have these four traditional functions. You've added all domain access, which is admittedly a very vague term of an intriguing as a fifth It's a long list of things but a what's the unifying idea of all domain access Seems to imply a somewhat scarier world. We have to fight for access And what does it mean? Institutionally in terms of how the three services actually allocate resources and train people For to be elevated to a fifth core function You have to think about it's it's all well and good to want to project power be deterrent and all of these things If you can't get to where you need to get Which could be on the surface under the sea in the space you get my point all of the domains including cyber You'll be ineffective In the world that we live in with the means that we are being tasked to project power and do the things That our military is is required to do It's it's more conceptual Sydney in our approach and it captures The very essence in my opinion of what started out to be the air sea battle concept If you don't have that and it's not a primary function that all of our kids are thinking about when they develop When they organize training equipment operating, we will be uh, we will not necessarily be successful That's the that's what that meant. Yeah, I think from Marines. It really codifies the way we think anyway We've never associated ourselves with a specific domain We've always thought of ourselves as having a lane within both the sea air and sea air and and land domain And what this really is I think is another way of looking at combined arms integration But now it's both traditional and non-traditional combined arms integration to ensure that we can do whatever we want to do Whenever we want to do it and I think that's an important piece of there is an offensive Warfighting tone to this document that that says where the united states has interest and needs access It can have that access and and I think that's what that that's what that concept captures Thanks, um, how about someone here in the center right here, sir Thank you. I'm well Hank Hendrickson with the us philippine society To turn toward asia if I may just be curious about uh to know how you see Evolving relations with the philippines in light of what's going on In terms both the rebalance to asia and in the south china sea. Thank you Terrific, um, please calm down. You want to start us off? No, I I'm I'm actually Encouraged and you probably are tracking it pretty closely I mean our our relationship with the philippines particularly the last two or three years the military the military engagement has really improved quite a bit and uh, and and I can foresee now Operationalizing some of the ideas that we're that we're discussing with the philippine military You've seen more marines in and out of the philippines lately than we have for a few years We've provided good support to the philippines and dealing with their own insurgency Uh, and so, you know, I think Consistent with the overall rebalance to the pacific and consistent with developing strong partnerships and relationships Philippines and philippines have been strong partners for many years. We had a little bit dip In the relationship, but I think but that is a there's a compelling reason for us To cooperate more closely in the future than we have perhaps over the last few years Commandant, I know your three star command was the pacific for the coast guard It was and yeah, we do a lot of work with the philippines two of our former hamilton class cutters are now painted gray And they're in the philippine navy But at the same time we have very frequent dialogues We have philippine cadets at our academy that when they graduate we've had several rise to be Chiefs of their respective services And so it's a strategic relationship But then you've got places like mischief reef 120 miles off the coast of polo on That that the philippines can't access And then what is the role of osean? So not just the philippines vietnam and others that have been more vociferous Over the nine dotted line and what they clearly see as encroachment on their territorial and their economic exclusive zone in this case The real challenge for us is what is the role of the united states because right now our policy is one of non intervention And we would like to see this resolve amicably without any miscalculation But how long does this go on and at what point what instrument might you use for us diplomacy? And maybe it's a white ship with a coast guard strike on it. Maybe not a great ship But all of those conversations We continue to have in a very open transparent dialogue with the philippines Well, let me ask a former seventh fleet commander, uh, who knows the pacific as well as anybody What are your thoughts? You know Uh, we need to move well first of all there's a defined treaty So we have treaty allegations with the philippines and one of the five in the western pacific that we have But then when you go beyond that you say what what do they want to do? What are their aspirations and how do we make our? Opportunities resonate with that at a pace that makes sense with them We have to enable them as as my colleagues had mentioned before when the process of doing that I get back to maritime domain awareness and the willingness of that group as as paul mentioned to be a network in this whole thing There's an amazing deterrent effect intellectual deterrent When folks see us all getting together and they're not you know, that's uneasy to them because what does that be yet? Yeah, well, let me take the Moderators prerogative and since we're in the pacific Let me ask each of you to comment on to what degree was china and china's military In your minds as you worked and crafted on this strategy Cno, you want to start a major part? Uh, they're in there. Uh, we have taken the chance the opportunity I should say to lay in by region and in some cases by nation They weren't the only one but they were a large part of it and I think it's uh, I hope people would read it and say Yeah, I see that right here Come down. This is about projecting us influence in the pacific where we have significant political and economic interests and from marines This was a natural piece of strategy We view our contribution as the 22,500 marines western international dateline I think that sends a clear and unmistakable signal to anyone in the pacific that there's us commitment in the region And I think certainly, uh, we want that to be part of china's calculus Good comment doc As we talked about earlier about partnerships and relationships, uh, the coast guard has a long standing one with with china and Uh, they they're modeling their coast guard after the united states coast guard Four of the five dragons are now china coast guard complete with a paint scheme racing strike Not our people not our authorities, but they're replicating the united states coast guard Each year we do a combined operation. It's not an exercise. It goes on for about two months Where we share information we put chinese shipwriters on coast guard cutters and then we direct intercept operations And then china is signatory to the un convention on high sea drift net fishing And so we seize vessels and we hand them over to china for prosecution So it's a good news story that we have with china And this month i will host the director of the maritime safety administration Which is not a member of the china coast guard But they have the greatest presence out in the east and south china sea to address the issues of cues as the cno has brought up to Socialize that aspect so we don't have miscalculations between china and the united states. Got it. Thank you senator warner secretary the navy warner Yes, sir. Just one moment for the microphone Open with a reference to the cold war And i remember it quite well and at that time At that time we had off the coast of the united states Soviet submarines with a full load Not more than four five hundred miles off our coast patrolling And every morning in the pentagon when we started today we were briefed on the positions And what our collective asw Capabilities were and the status And my question was all due respect to you adam You've devoted your life to the silent service and our triad land sea and air Of that team the survivability of the submarine force Is the highest To the extent you can share With us today The cutting edge that we had In the late 60s and 70s Kept that cold war from becoming a hot out Do we have that cutting edge technology today? In our combined asw forces Given the advancements of today's russia In the submarine business And the last question is that they had a an interesting military general staff And there was a strong link of communications between our military and admiral gorsk off grechko And uh those chains were kept open Now given the mystery surrounding putin today Are those Communications still there? And do we have that cutting edge as a deterrent? From letting this current situation get hot Uh, thanks senator, but and thanks for everything that you do We're we very much look forward to delivering the john warner and the not too distant future Just a plug. I'm just saying Speaking of the silence I Summarize of us saying we own the undersea domain today. I am very comfortable with where we are today I am very uncomfortable with where we're headed when I look at the budgetary situation I don't want to turn this necessarily into budget question But we have the advantage in the undersea today We will not enjoy that advantage if we head down the budget world that ends with the budget control act levels of funding Because we just aren't keeping up with the movement of technology today So with that said we have it intellectually We have it in the culture and we have it in the technology and i'm talking not just the submarines I'm talking about the network of systems under the water and the new p8 aircraft Which is a quantum leap in our anti-submarine warfare capability senator the Just a few years ago in my Tsingy house there in the dining room You know, I was drinking a vodka toast with uh with the chief of the russian navy Victor chirkoff and he was talking about how i'm headed to st. Petersburg and I was so excited And just like that months later No communication and so we are frankly cut off. I worry about it very much so Because i've seen the opportunities that and you have to sir in the cold war that present themselves when you can have engagement As we've been able to have with china and some of the movement We've had spoken to in this room about what we've been able to do But we have no engagement with uh russia right now and no engagement with iran which bothers me And I think if we could work to that regard it would be hestas Overall in the uh for our security situation. Thanks Uh, how about someone right here jack? Thank you and good morning jack london in the creation of any strategy One always thinks in terms of threats and challenges and vulnerabilities And following on the senator warner's question and others Maybe you could focus for a moment on what are the higher priority threat profiles For which this strategy has been created to give us some perspective Want to start here in the center of commandant sure I think what it outlines at first obviously violent extremism is is one of the threats that's outlined Certainly russia and the developments that we just alluded to uh is part of it Earlier question was china you'd have to think about north korea nuclear weapons ballistic missiles Those are probably some of the top challenges that the that the strategy outlines and addresses Comrade For me, it's the role of non-state actors in the maritime domain when I look at organized crime It's a 750 billion dollar enterprise and what's the second order effect of that rule of law Good governance regional stability and where are they most vulnerable? They're most vulnerable at sea So the coast guard has 41 treaties with other countries to be their law enforcement arm Also using military authorities right into their territorial sea, which is unique There's no other set of authorities like it on the world So for us it provides us that that emphasis if you will on non-state actors and their role with regard to regional stability And cno nation state, I'd say north korea iran russia And uh and the non-state actor is stated by my colleagues from boko haram to you know isis to al-qaeda iam ap Subject-wise cyber I think we we have to grasp What it really means and what we have to do in the mechanics of that there's a host of weapons I won't bore people with we're working on Yeah No, I I completely agree on cyber um in my time as the nato commander That kept me more awake than afghanistan libya the balkans and a number of other challenges Others sir right here Thank you very much don't we with china review news agency of hong kong I have a follow-up question of uh us china military Relations my question is particularly for emerald greenert and We know a couple weeks ago the two warships of the us navy and pao a navy For the first time conducted the COC of the unexpected Encounter in the south china sea So how significant it is and what kind of Military exchange programs Uh will be going on in this year between the us navy and pao a navy. Thank you This year 2015 Yes Not a lot not as much as I would hope there are no there's no big Multilateral exercise of this year. We look ahead to We're impact 2016 toward that And see where that goes, but we we have occasional bilaterals. We do them in the gulf of aid With plan ships Admiral wuxiang li and I would very much like to and we are in the progress of getting what we call modules Simple exercises so that when our two ships pass in the east china sea south china sea wherever Rc those commanding officers have the authority Vested in them to say hey, let's do common book and you call it out We we do it with nato ships all the time. I think it's called atp one alpha Be the old book. Yeah, usually you'll laugh and you know, all right So so you can we can do this There are others there are some Some multilateral exercises in the south china I should say the ocean area that we work brunai hosted some and there are others in the mix But I I think the basically we are looking for those opportunities Tactical opportunities as well as broader multilateral. I think you'll find 2016 will be a Better year than 15. It tends to go in cycles. Let me get someone from over here. How about all the way in the back? Can we get a mic to this gentleman? Where is our mic person? Sure Good morning. My name is collin steel I work at georgetown university and I'd first like to thank all the panelists and then ask all of them About evolving cooperative strategies between the sea services as we transition out of land-based warfare particularly with respect to non-state or even non-war operations Transitioning out of land warfare. I think we're probably going to continue to do some land warfare, but cooperative strategies, please Between the services anything in particular that jumps to your mind come First before the strategy, maybe just the process, you know One thing we revived a couple of years ago was the naval board And that's got both the senior leadership in the marine corps and cno senior leadership in the naval board And that board really is designed To drive better integration between the navy and marine corps both for day-to-day operations But as well on initiatives like the cooperative strategy, where are we going in the future? What's going to be the capability development? We need to have the navy marine corps you want to have in 2020-2022 and I would just say I think the comment you made is probably captures my sentiment You know land warfare is not going away and the marine corps never left from left never left to sea So there's an overstatement on both sides We throughout the last 14 years of of land warfare, if you will We've remained at sea our marine expeditionary units have continued to be out there It's been an issue of capacity number one and it's also been an issue of Level of warfare. We probably have where we've suffered the most is not on our day-to-day Forward deployed crisis response capability the ARG new capabilities are still what they need to be I think it's probably in the high-end war fighting where it's suffered a little bit because we haven't had the opportunity to conduct the kind of Exercises and training necessary to do that and and I think that's where really our focus is right now But but I would tell you I think the naval board which has historically been something that's brought the navy and marine corps together Revitalizing that under Admiral Greener's leadership a couple of years ago with my predecessor I'm certainly committed to that will continue to do that and I think that's the right vehicle to get to where we need to be Commandant In my strike group we deployed with a coast guard cutter is that kind of integration still in progress occasionally very very much We we meet and we've been meeting probably for over two decades now on an annual basis cno common on the coast guard and our very senior staffs Nav guard board is what it used to be called So we look at regions of the world we looked at the Arctic And we said what is the greatest risk in the Arctic right now? And it really speaks to a coast guard like equities as a navy developed a Road ahead for the Arctic region We have coast guard law enforcement teams fully integrated doing oceania maritime security initiatives as we look at threatened Eez and that part of the world No different in africa as well. So whether it's law enforcement teams are fully integration with With our navy counterparts our newest national security cutter was the sag commander for the pl a during this last Were impact it was a good fit for us And so wherever we can support but we've had it's been in our dna for probably well over Well probably since 1790 quite honestly sure Cno anything to add on that? Well, I'd say As the us navy is a very much I say porting entity when it comes to you know warfare Sure So our job is to be out and about where it matters when it matters I like to say if something erupts put it out put that fire out right away Using my with my two colleagues as partnership if that doesn't get it done and we got to go to war at sea We established maritime superiority Which means you can go where you need to go with acceptable risk And prevent another country or an adversary from doing the same Then establish a sea base and support land operations with either the marine corps of the army as the case may be Air force and air power. I mean I'm not trying to wrap it up. It's some perfect thing But all I would suggest is it isn't that clear cut as my colleagues have said We're still intertwined in this land warfare piece and a major supporting entity supporting. I emphasize Thanks. How about somebody over here? Yes, ma'am right over here Hi mega next time with us ni news Admiral greener you mentioned earlier that you were going to be looking at the next palm cycle through the lens of this strategy So I wonder for all three of you if there are any areas that you see now where the f y16 budget may not mesh up Perfectly with this strategy and where you may need to kind of tweak your budget Yeah, I'll start off with go right down the line Uh with strategic deterrence The the sea base strategic deterrent is our number one Mission that we provide The security of the united states that's homeland security We have to replace the current ohio class submarine senator warner kind of alluded to it earlier the survival piece We don't have the money associated to do that without ruining the shipbuilding account Which permeates all that this strategy is about for the future That is my number one conundrum right now I think probably one of the one of the key areas that's that's not properly aligned and we've got to work on Is is command and control as as a whole this this implies Distributed operations to a degree probably greater than we've been doing historically It's a trend that's happened We used to we used to talk a lot about split amphibious ready group renexpedition unit operations within the same Within the same cocom and we used to argue as to whether or not that ought to be a good thing to do or not And whether whether we ought to train organize and equip to actually be able to do split arc operations It's now the routine It's always going to happen and not only that we now have what we call disaggregated operations Which means routinely we're going to have naval forces that are operating simultaneously and two separate combatant commanders error Responsibility and and i'm not satisfied that we've actually addressed the organizational implications The equipment implications and the training implications to fully realize the distributed operations that are that are captured inside the document And that's that's actually a huge focus for us It isn't so much about pom 16 to be honest with you because it's not just going out and buying things It's actually thinking our way through this and making sure that what we're doing is fully integrated and develops a capability So it's just not about going buying more radios, which I could do that in 16 It's about us coming together and identifying the capability that we need to have and making sure that's properly resourced And i'll finish just by saying that there's two questions I asked my team the other day as we did the pom 17 review The first question was does this fully support Distributed operations at the company level which for us is one of the concepts The second question was does this fully support operational maneuver from the sea? And do we actually realize then in the context of cs 21 what we're saying we need to be able to do So it's this is really not just you know f y 16 or pom 16 This is about capability development over the next three five frankly seven or eight years I'm done. You're of course in a different department I assume secretary j johnson has had a good look at this strategy and how about you How would you answer the question in terms of the needs and supporting that cooperative strategy that's laid out here First with the respect of the department of homeland security tremendous tremendous support from from my secretary Because we're on the threshold of what will be the largest recapitalization effort in coast guard history We have three bids that are out. We will down select next year And then we need to move ahead on recapitalizing a fleet of ships that today is 50 years old And when that first ship is delivered there'll be 55 and so I Explained the people that are not familiar with the maritime domain when you get to the seabooey and then you go beyond that I always say it gets very lonely Gets lonely because we are the only entity in the world that has three sets of authorities 61 bilateral agreements That that cover counter drugs Fisheries but even more importantly weapons of mass destruction on every flag state of convenience So if you have a shipment destined for the united states Do you want a goal line defense inside the seabooey? Or do you want the ability to exert u.s sovereignty into the territorial seas of where that ship departed? And the answer is I'd much rather have to ladder But we're not going to have that as a nation if we don't make this investment To build affordable ships But most importantly with the authorities vested in the united states coast guard to be able to exert our Sovereignty well beyond the seabooey Thank you Ray Dubois right here from csis Thank you, jim Your strategy in section four addresses building the future force and obviously all strategies to be compelling and to be strong must address the issue of people With respect to the advances in science and advances in technologies How are the sea services addressing? Incorporating those advances into the professional military education issues war college curricula to Assist our our future leaders in appreciating those Those technologies and how they impact our strategy and how they might enhance our ability to think strategically And can I just ask as you answer that incorporate cyber into it specifically? See I know you're doing some exciting things at the academy With cyber along those lines. Sure. Let me start please Well, let me start with the academy then we have a cyber some call it a cyber center I think we need to rename it. I've asked that it's an information dominant center because it's more than cyber in the essence But I think it connotates the point What does that mean that well? We need some very basic training here the midshipman must Have embedded in them inculcated in them and understanding of what all this means including the protection simple cyber hygiene Which remains 70 of the problems we have You know somebody is fishing and you bring in you know, you get sucked in and boy, you've you've infected it So to raise point We have to get to the point where we entice people into that technological piece We have very smart people coming in the navy But as bill moran is working with we need to manage our talent Requisite to today's folks. What does that mean? We come in and we're sort of in a conga line What your group are you in and whatever money years you will make jg lieutenant and whatever It doesn't really matter how talented you are for a while And then at some point you might get deep selected. You don't have as many of those as we used to Why is that and then we'll say I'll tell you what you're so smart We're going to send you away to school.  How'd that happen? And now it's time for you to go before a board. He didn't select. She didn't select Uh-huh, it happens and so they're saying well, why do I want to be in that unit? So we've got to work our way out of your group mentality get some flexibility into that Allow them to to blossom off and take maybe some time to go off and do other things Somewhere else in that career we call career intermission. It's a pilot now. We need it to be a program So we're we're taking the hill on and we're getting some reasonably good support We need a bill with it in there Uh, we need many more females in the navy than we have look at society. We don't represent it Where where's the intelligence out there? A lot of it is in the female population graduating from college We need to mine it bring it in and allow them to be able to feel that they can do this career Still have a family and do whatever else they need to do. So Lastly, how do you uh, how do you get to them and understand the science and technology of it stem? To to get people out there to infuse that into the 10 11 and 12 year old so that they have that kind of interest in that Uh, I leave it with last thing. I was like stunned and amazed. I met somebody the other day Guy has introduced me to his son and I said so what are you doing? And he said man, I'm in stem and I almost fell. I wanted to hug the kid that would have been too freaky on It's out there and it's starting to work and he was interested in the navy as a result of stem. So anyway Just a few thoughts here. Thanks comment on you asked a question about Institutionalizing the curriculum and in our education. I'm satisfied with that piece, but I've got a different problem Some of you probably don't know this. I mean 60 percent of the united states Marine Corps is on their first and less In 40 percent the united states Marine Corps is in the bottom three enlisted grades And so as we look at the challenges that we're that we're speaking about as we look at the requirement for cyber capabilities As we look at f 35 mechanics as we look at some of the more technical Occupational fields and as we look at the challenges frankly on our small unit leaders to be able to integrate all that Even at the sergeant squad leader level, you know as as an example We've our front line leadership has typically been Three to four year sergeants and today if you compare the challenges without taking too much time and answering the question If you compare the challenges on that front line Squad leader in charge of 13 Marines today to what it was when I first came into Marine Corps There's no comparison So one of the things that we just did actually I released a message last week Where we're moving that front line leadership from a three to four year sergeant to a five to six year sergeant So we can better integrate what I call maturity which is experience education and training And we're now remapping frankly all of our occupational fields all our enlisted fields In fact where I'm going immediately after this is down to our manpower Section to talk to all of our folks down there About this problem because we're going to do what we call mature the force and so at the end of the day I'm hesitant to give you a percentage But I will tell you that the composition of the force In the coming years will be much different than it is today and that 60 first term is that number is going to draw This number is going to be reduced in the numbers of lance corpals We have relative to the numbers of sergeants staff sergeants and gunnery sergeants that we have is going to change And part of that is because you know the The skill sets that you need and the time you need to integrate again education How to think training what to do and then experience the time that you need to integrate those three components into what I call professional maturity Is just much greater than it has been in the past and so the demographics of the force are going to change So that we can take advantage of the curriculum changes in the education pieces, which I think are much easier to do It's much easier to put that in than it is to have human capital strategies that support that Commandant from the coast guard perspective Flip the ring core the other way and the nucleus of my services in that eight to 15 year range And we're bringing in some of the the brightest talent that this nation can bring to bear from time to time I sponsor a recruit company the last one I sponsored 30 percent had bachelor's degrees 15 percent had master's degrees One had a phd as an e2 in the united states coast guard our retention rate over the last four years 93 percent So as I look at who's my competition, it's the private sector And they are cherry picking the best talent that I have and I've got tremendous talent We are now specializing in the coast guard in cyber and intelligence acquisitions As we're bringing more complex systems. We're not bringing on the head 35. I want to go on the record on that But Making do we we are we are bringing the f 35 online. I want to go on the record on that But but our ships our sensors much more complex And so our technicians that maintain those systems when they leave that platform They need to go to a short installation that's going to maintain it when it's time for them to go back to see again That's exactly where they need to go So we need to put better circuit discipline into our human resource capital plan Which includes education, which includes staying in a chosen field long enough So you really become masters of that chosen profession And the good news is we have people that have a passion for each and every one of these And I just need to make sure that I hold on to them Wonderful and I think a terrific place to close an extraordinary event with our people We all know that's really the future. Let me let me also thank the us naval institute But particularly csis for hosting this and lucky martin speaking of private public cooperation Who has helped put this event together today? Lastly before concluding with a round of applause for the service chiefs I want to just say I suspect there are a lot of people in the room today who work on this strategy a lot of O3s and o4s and o5s and Some brilliant o6s in each of the services who were like cane enable working every sentence and every line If you worked on this strategy, could you just raise your hand you worked on this strategy in some way? Thank you So I'll conclude by saying that we should feel Wonderful as a nation and as citizens to look at these three officers who lead the sea services of the united states of america. Well done gentlemen


First of all, I'd like to thank deeply the organizers of this gift workshop this year. First of all, to choose this topic about the Mediterranean area, which is a very dear topic to me and to many others. And also for inviting me, of course, a good opportunity to share what we know, what we do with teachers, which is a very important matter to me. And so what I would like to do is to introduce the, somehow, the geological evolution of the Mediterranean Sea region, not sea itself, but Mediterranean region. And after my talk, there will be the talk of Claudio Facenna, who will see the same area from below, from the deep mantle. And he will be looking for the forces that drive and have been driven since the Cretaceous, and are still driving today the tectonic evolution of the Mediterranean Sea. Okay, so our talks are complementary. I hope there is not too much of an overlap between the two, but I think it will be all right. Okay, so the Mediterranean Sea is a fantastic area. It's a fantastic natural laboratory. And for us geologists, geophysicists, geodynamicists, because it is in a rather small domain. It's much smaller than the Pacific, of course, but in a rather small domain, we have all the ingredients of plate tectonics, continental deformation, and we have a density of information that has been acquired since more than 150 years. First, the geologists working in the Alps, and nowadays the geophysicists working all over the world, and especially in the Mediterranean area, we have a density of information, geological information, geophysical information, including seismology, as Claudio will show you later this morning. We have a density of information that is equal to nowhere. There is no other area in the world where the density of information is so great, maybe California, but I'm not even sure. So we have a fantastic playground here for us geologists. So let's start with the geodynamic and geological context of this rather small region, but for now it will be our largest playground. So I will use this map here, which is the geodynamic map of the Mediterranean that was published several years ago, which is quite useful. So all the red lines you see here are the false, active or recently active ones. So let's first look at the main ones. So you see here the thrust front of the Alps and the Carpathian here, we are standing somewhere around here now. The thrust front of the Pyrenees here, of the Betik Cordillera, the Riff and all the Magribian chains here, the Atlas. You have of course here the front of the Zagros, the Caucasus here. We have the main subduction zones here, we'll come back to this later of course, and we also have the Apennines here. We also have this big fault, which is very important in the dynamics of the area, which is the North Anatolian fault. Now I've had it here in this deep blue color areas where we have Oceanic crust. Oceanic crust, which is rather old, which is Mesozoic Oceanic crust. So you find of course the Mesozoic Oceanic crust in the Atlantic here, mostly cretaceous around here. But we also have all the Oceanic crust in the Eastern Mediterranean here, where the African plate is subducting below, roughly speaking, Greece and Turkey. The age of this Oceanic crust here is not precisely known. The ages vary from the carboniferous, a recent paper proposed that it is carboniferous, which I don't believe, but it was published recently. It can be as young as the late cretaceous. I favor a late Jurassic age, but this is rather unknown. Then we have all the Oceanic crust, Mesozoic Oceanic crust, probably cretaceous, in the Black Sea here and in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Then we have Younger Oceanic crust. We have Younger Oceanic crust here in these basins that will be mentioned later on as Bacock basins. This big one here, which is called the Liguro Provencal Basin here and the Algero Provencal Basin in the south here. And within the Terrainian Sea here, we have two domains where we have Oceanic or Quasi Oceanic crust here in the southern part of the Oceanic crust. These three basins here are young. They are at most early myosin in age, around 23, 24ma for the oldest Oceanic crust around here. And this one is very young, younger than two million years. Then we have all around these domains, we have young mountain belts formed since, say, 30, 35 million years. So we have, of course, the Alps here, we have the Apennines, we have the Gibraltar Ark here with the Betix and the Riff, part of the Atlas here, of course the Dagros, the Dynarids here. You see that the Carpathians have not been so much active during the Neogene here. And we also have here the Subduction Zones with the big accretionary wedges which are now below the sea level, the Mediterranean ridge here and the Calabrian accretionary prism here. What you see on this picture is quite peculiar. You see that these Oceanic basins here, they open while these mountain belts were active. So you had extensional tectonics here, rifting apart of Corsica and Sardinia away from southern France and Spain here, and also opening of the Tirion and Sium this side while all around you were building mountain belts with compressional tectonics. We have to explain this. At the same time, we had extension that didn't lead to Oceanic crust formation here, but nevertheless we have rather intense finite extension here in the Aegean domain or in the Pan-Union Basin or of course all around here in the Tirion Sea or the Alboran Sea here. So let's have a look to the main episodes of deformation and the main geodynamic episode we have in this area. So I recall you this Jurassic Ocean here which is a branch of the Tethys Ocean which we sometimes call the Mesogean Ocean here. And this Mesogean Ocean was closed approximately at the same time as the large Tethys Ocean, which is just seen today as remains known as Ophiolites. You know about Ophiolites? OK. Remains of Oceanic crusts now sitting on top of continental crusts. And these Ophiolites, you find them from the very famous Oman Ophiolite nap here, to scattered Ophiolites in Iran here to Turkey here and also Greece and the Dynarids and of course part of the internal Alps here. And this oceanic suture is between Eurasia here and a continental block that was detached from Africa somewhere in the Mesozoic and this block which is here is called either Eidria or Apulia. And it collided with Eurasia, sometimes started to collide with Eurasia, sometime in the late Cretaceous. Then we have something which is very important, which happened exactly at the same time as these basins here were extending. Of course the opening of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the rotation of Arabia, the separation of Arabia from Africa. This should not be neglected as Claudio will show you. This has something to do with the extension in the area here. Maybe not. And then we have of course the back-out basins which I will be talking about. And then we also have magnetism here. And magnetism, I could have added also magnetism on this side but I wanted to emphasize that while you had intense magnetism here and this magnetism has migrated from south to north from the late Aeocene all the way to the Myocene here during the rotation of Arabia. These are the main ingredients. Now let's have a look to the dynamic evolution. So some kinematic reconstruction. We are 170 million years ago here. And you see Africa here, India. You see Eurasia of course and this is the Apulia, a famous Adriatic block here, which is being separated from Africa through this mid-ocean ridge here. And this is the alpine ridge that will make the alpine ophiolites here. And this is the main subduction zone here with volcanism on top of it here. So Africa is moving north and in the early Cretaceous, sorry, this is still in French, but Africa is moving north and while it is moving north it is extending. And you have lots of rifts here shown in green here in that part of the geological evolution. It's extending also above the subduction zones here in the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. Late Cretaceous, now it's in English. We have this very important event of the ophiolite abduction that starts about this time here. So the whole northern part of Africa and Apulia is under compression here. And Oceanic crust is being abducted on top of the continental crust. Late Cretaceous still, that's the end of the abduction period here. Ophiolite naps are in place here, but the ocean is not yet closed. And the whole domain is under compression here. AOC 45 million years ago, we are under collision here. We just very soon reached the collision here but it's not yet closed here. 30 million years ago here we are in collision here and we have the beginning of extension here in the Red Sea Gulf of Aden. We have of course the big volcanic province here of the AFR here. And you see that now the Mediterranean is a closed domain, landlocked domain. Myocene, 10 million years ago it starts to look as it is now. We have opened the Illegro Provencal Basin here, not yet the Tyrannian Sea here. And of course the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are actively opening. And this is the present. Let's have a closer look to the Mediterranean domain now. So we have Africa here, Arabia, Eurasia and all this complex domain in between here. So let's have a look to a few features. Crustal thickness first. Crustal thickness, you see that in most, you see the moho depths here between 10 and 60 kilometers. You see that most of the Mediterranean domain is underlined by rather thin oceanic crust, sorry. But this is mainly due to the presence of oceanic crust, which as you know is never thicker than 10 kilometers or something. Then you have rather thick crust below the mountain belts of course here. And thin crust also in continental domain like the Aegean Sea or the Pan-Onion Basin here. If now we have a look now to the lithospheric thickness. The lithosphere is rather thin in the Mediterranean area everywhere. So except here because here you see the subduction of the Hellenic slab here. But you see that it's very thin here under the eastern part of Turkey. It's thin here under the western part of the Mediterranean here. And then if we have a look to the, well this is another model which is more extreme in terms of the thin character of the lithosphere there. If we have a look to the lithosphere lithospheric resistance now. What you see is in general the lithosphere is weak in the Mediterranean area. Of course it's stronger here where we have the Hellenic slab. But in general it's in the weak part of the gradients of lithospheric resistance in general. Only red, white and yellow colors in that area. So it's an easily deforming domain. The kinematics now, well you see the convergence between Africa here and Eurasia. Eurasia is fixed in this picture. You see the fast motion of Arabia. And you see the still faster motion of Anatolia here. And you see this rotation will come back to this a little bit later. The main ingredients of geodynamic ingredient of course in that area is subduction. And if we have a look to this section here from Africa to the Balkans here through the Aegean Sea and Crete and so on. You see a simplified picture of the African slab here. Crossing the upper or lower mantle transition here. And above it we have the Aegean domain. We'll be talking a lot about later on. So subduction of the African lithosphere in the mantle. We have frontal compression and shortening here. That's the Mediterranean ridge, the Christianian prism. And in the backyard domain, depending upon time, we have nowadays we have mostly extension. But before 35 MA in that area we had compression. And there was a mountain belt being formed here before 35 MA, which is known as the Hellenites. And after 35 MA it started to collapse because the dynamics of subduction changed. So what about finite deformation? In that area we have mountain belts being formed. And we have extensional basin, as I said already, at the same time. And this is very important. We also have high pressure, low temperature, metamorphism. Blue schist and echo guide. And they are all over the place from the Alps to the Betty Cordillera or to Turkey here. And these sign past subduction. So we can use them to reconstruct the evolution of subduction zones through time. So they were formed in the depth of subduction zones here. And now they are now at the surface. And we can study them, study their deformation, past kinematics, pressure, temperature, evolution. And they are very precious to specialists of tectonics in that area. They are very characteristic because in a PT diagram here, these rocks, they were equilibrated along this sort of gradient, which you can compare to this sort of gradient, which is sort of an equilibrated gradient, like the one we may have below our feet. And this one is high pressure, low temperature. It's colder, typical of what is expected in the deep parts of the subduction zones. So these extensional basins, just once more, the Alboron-C, the Ligro-Françal Basin here, the Theranean-C, G-A-G-N-C, and there would be also the Pan-Onion Basin, but I will not be talking about the Pan-Onion Basin today. Back-Arch extension started, or rather accelerated, some 35 million years ago. There is a big change in the Mediterranean area, some 30, 35 million years ago. Let's have a look to a section, sorry, I go too fast. Okay, let's have a look to a north-south section from Africa to the Balkans here. So you see the section, at least on a scale, this is Africa, this is the Moisean platform here in the Balkans. You see the Aegean Sea here, underlain by a rather thin crust, 23, 25 kilometers only, still thinner in the credency here. This is Crete, this is Santorini, the active volcano, and this is the subduction zone here. Okay, and this is the trace of the North Anatolian fold. And you see the age of the high pressure metamorphism that is decreasing from the north to the south here. And the age of a younger episode of high temperature metamorphism that is also younger in the south than in the north. So everything in that area is migrating. The thrust in the Hellenites, laterally, and also the high pressure metamorphism. The volcanic arc is migrating, as you will see, through time. And this I will be talking later on. Let's have a look for instance on this section. Here you have the age in million years, and here you have the latitude. So here in the north and here in the south. That's the present day's thrust front. And this black thing that will turn to red here is volcanism and plutonism. Magnetism in general. And you see that from 80 million years all the way to 35 million years, the magnetism stayed at the same place. In the northern part of the section. And afterward, after 35 mA, the magnetism moved rather quickly to its present position. Southward. Thrust fronts have migrated to the high pressure metamorphism has migrated as well. So 35 mA is a big change here. Well, the volcanic arc, the magnetic arc, has suddenly started to migrate toward the south to reach its present position where you can see it now with the Santorini volcano for instance. So this state is very important. So we have here the compression between the relative motion of Africa with respect to Eurasia. And you see that we are in a convergent geodynamic context, convergent between Africa and Eurasia here. Still, after 35 mA, we had the opening of these basins in this convergent domain. So within the convergent geodynamic context, the extensional basins have opened after 35 mA. So which forces control this evolution and which dynamic relation between convergence, subduction and extensions? Let's have a look to the active Mediterranean tectonics. Seismicity first, you see this is from a paper that Claudio was a leading author of. You see that Seismicity is all over the place, of course along the main subduction zones here. And of course in the eastern part of the domain, it's very active here. Not very deep usually. Then we have the focal mechanism of earthquakes that tells you which type of fault is active during an earthquake. These are reverse faults in red, normal faults, and spry-slip faults here. And you see that you have all types of faults in that area. Of course, spry-slip faults are concentrated along this main fault, the northern Italian fault here. And reverse type faults are concentrated along the main subduction zone, which is the Hellenic subduction zone here. And you see that in many mountain belts, like the upper nines, what you have is mostly extension. And all the earthquakes that are very famous in that area, most of them are extensional earthquakes. So the upper nines, it is a mountain belt, but it is collapsing now. It's under extension. In that area, you have a mixture of compression, extension, and spry-slip faults here. And you see that the Alps are not very active anymore. And if I go back to this region here with compression in the south, spry-slip in the back, and extension here. Lots of extensional earthquakes here. And indeed, normal faults, extensional faults, are very frequent in the Mediterranean domain. And this normal fault in Crete here, the Lasteros normal fault here, is quite spectacular. But you can see many of them all around the Mediterranean, including the upper nines where they are very active. GPS velocity field here, where you see the slow motion of Africa with respect to Eurasia. And you see the very fast motion of Anatolia with respect to Eurasia. Along this big fault here, the North Anatolian fault. Carlo mentioned the future Istanbul earthquake, and of course it is along this big fault. Marmarisi earthquake. You see little deformation here within what we may think is Eurasia, relative motion between the upper nines and stable Eurasia. If you look at the same sort of velocity field, but with Africa fixed here, you see better the convergence between Africa and Eurasia, because there are more GPS stations in Eurasia than in Africa here. And still you see that it doesn't change very much the picture around here. Why? Because this motion is much, much faster than the convergence between Africa and Eurasia. So whatever the reference frame, you always see this rotation of Anatolia and the acceleration of the motion from here all the way to here. So what's very important is that in the Mediterranean we have something which is very characteristic. Internal displacements which are faster than the motion of the two main plates at the boundary of the system. So what's the engine? Just a brief look to active and recent volcanoes of course, and you know all of them. And the most famous one, one of the most famous ones is Santorini here where you see the caldera here. And active centers north of the main caldera, especially here in the Colombo area. A few images just to give you the idea of visiting this place if you have not done it yet. So Santorini is a nice place for volcanology, for swimming, for anything you like. There is not only volcanology, you said, food, yes. Food in Greece is fantastic. Geothermal resources, that's a very important indicator of geodynamics as well. You see here on this map here of geothermal resources in Europe that the southern part of Europe and especially this area here and this area are very hot in general. And the most active developing area, one of the most actively developing geothermal energy in the world is western Turkey nowadays. So these are some of the recent geothermal plants in western Turkey here. And what's very important is that here you have hot water, hot springs. And the hottest water that are shown with this brown color here. And you see that most of the hot springs, the hottest one, they are in the western part of Turkey where you have almost no active volcano. Most of the recent active volcanoes, they are in the eastern part of Turkey and the recent, you see here a place in Quaternary volcanic rocks here in white. And in grey here you have myosin volcanic rocks. So it's an area where you have mostly myosin magnetism. There is one recent volcano which is a Kula volcano that's around here, but only one. Most of the recent volcanoes, they are in the east here. So we have active hot springs and the hottest one in an area where we don't have active volcanism. And it's not magnetism itself that controls the position of these geothermal fields, it's tectonics and geodynamics. It's because the mantle is very close to the surface and because it's very hot in that area that we have these geothermal fields there. So it's a very important indicator. And you see here on the map of western part of Turkey, this is the Menderes massive. The main faults here, the main grubbans, the Gediz grubbans here or the Buyuk-Menderes grubbans here or the Isimov grubbans here, you see that the thermal plants or hot springs, the main ones, are all associated with the faults here. Okay, and here as well. So some pictures of these faults, you have an active normal faults in the Buyuk-Menderes grubbans here. This is a steep fault, normal fault. This is a rather steep fault also, the Simav grubbans in the north here. Two normal faults here and here. On either side of the Gediz grubbans here, which is with very active geothermal energy recovery. And here this is a normal fault. Normal fault in that area is just like this. A very shallow dipping normal fault that has accommodated a lot of extension. You may think that usually normal faults are steep, but many normal faults are shallow dipping. They are called detachments here. And this is one of the most spectacular ones in the Mediterranean area. And this is another view of it. You have the metamorphic basement here, myoplysine sediments and just in between there is this shallow dipping fault. And when you walk around here, you walk on the fault plane. And these are these faults, the steep faults and the shallow dipping faults that conduct the cold water from the surface down to the middle crust and also the reverse motion of the hot water from the depth of the system all the way to the surface. And the hot springs occur here. And this abnormal geothermal gradient that we have here is a result of subduction dynamics, slab retreat and slab tear. Let's focus on the Aegean region now, seismicity. And you see here with the seismicity, you have compressional seismicity in that area, extension of that blue one in that area and thrice lip along the northern Italian fault here. You see a concentration of extensional features here, faults here, earthquakes here, which is the current rift. So compressional features, the Mediterranean reach, calabria wedge here that sign the present-day subduction, very thick features like here the Mediterranean reach where sediments have accumulated since the myosin above the subducting African oceanic lithosphere here. Let's have a new look to the GPS velocity field. You see the motion of Anatolia here and you see that the vectors, they are longer here than here. That science that of course is due to the extension you have here in western Turkey and the current rift. And if we have a look to the same data set here, not with fixed Eurasia but fixed Anatolia here, the reference point is here in Anatolia. There is no motion anymore in Anatolia because Anatolia is moved rigidly. You see that Eurasia is moving fast toward the right and you see that the southern part of the region is moving rather fast toward the south. So of course between this and this we have extension here, extension here and extension here. Extension in the current rift here and extension in the western part of Turkey with the grubbins I have just shown you around here with lots of earthquakes, rather big, extensional earthquakes. And the velocity of extension is 1.5 cm per year across the single current rift which is a very fast continental extension. They are three times faster as the Baikal rift or three times faster as the East African rift. And the western part of Turkey is also more distributed, the extension is more distributed but the total extension is around 2 cm per year. So in this, sorry, this should be above, but an extensional component here, and this extensional component is not recent. It started some 30-35 million years ago. And this old domain here has been extending since 35 MA in a distributed fashion here. We'll come back to this later on. So extension in this domain here. So which are the forces that drive the deformation of Anatolia and the Aegean region? Is it the collision between Arabia and Eurasia, a sort of extrusion mechanism here? Or is it the retreat of the subduction zone here, slab retreat here, maybe a combination of the two that we'll see afterwards. And which is the cause of the localization of deformation some 55 million years ago with the creation of this big fault here, the Northern Anatolian fault. Let's focus a little bit on the current rift. Let's go back to this North-Thaus lithospheric section of the Aegean here, okay? And so this is here. So let's have a look to the evolution of that area here from the late Aeocene, early Oligocene. So you see the situation. We have a subduction of the oceanic lithosphere here starting here, very active here with the collision of Apulia here and the formation of mountain belts. Here the Hellenites, and here, of course, the end of the Pyrenees, but part of the Alps here and here the future of Betic Cordilleras, okay? This is a hinge period here where we move from compression in the Bacarque regions to extension, okay? And this is 23 million years ago in the Aquitaine here. You start to open this basin here. You start extension here, okay? And progressively, you see that slabs are retreating here and progressively you open these basins, large oceanic basin here and you see that we are now in the late Myocene. Early Messinian, of course, it's in this configuration that you will have the desiccation of the Mediterranean and you will have a conference on this episode which is a major thing here with the deposition of salt and gypsum all around and the Mediterranean and in the deep basins here. And after that, in the Pyocene, you have the opening of the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea here and this is the present stage, okay? So just to give you a more dynamic view, you can move faster and you see that the slabs here, the subduction zones are retreating. Here it's retreating southward, here eastward and here westward, okay? And this is the displacement of the trenches here from 30 million years to the present or here from 30 million years to the present, okay? The displacement sits 70 million years. This is the displacement of Africa with respect to Eurasia here and you see that the displacement here is this long here in 70 million years and this is only in 30 million years, okay? So you see that this part of Italy here has moved with respect to France, for instance, about the same distance or a longer distance than Africa in 30 million years and Africa has moved in 70 million years with respect to the same point, okay? So even on the long term, the displacement of internal domains in the Mediterranean are much faster than the displacement at the boundary between Africa and Eurasia. Let's make a thin thesis of the geodynamics of this area. You see this is Africa here and this is the Balkans here. This is the evolution of the same section I showed you, okay? And you see the progressive closure of this oceanic domain here. You see the subduction of this block here which is Apulia, the formation of a mountain belt and then extension, okay? So you see here the subduction of this block here we make a mountain belt and then from 35 mA it is extended. So we first make the subduction by subduction of the continental domain, we make the mountain belt and then the slab retreats and the whole domain is extended, okay? And during this episode, we have the formation and exhumation of this blue material here which is the blue schist and eclogites. We don't have time to show you. And this is the evolution here, Africa, Eurasia and you see the formation of the mountain belt here and then the slab starts to retreat and you have the spreading of the mountain belt in the present day situation, okay? This is another view, a numerical simulation by some colleagues here in Rennes, in Paris and you see exactly the same thing but numerically simulated here with the subduction of the African lithosphere here, again, sorry, okay? And you see that materials is subducted if you look at the blue material, subducted and then exhumed, subducted and then exhumed for the green material, okay? So the same story, one drawn by a field geologist and another one produced by a numerical simulation here, okay? Another one which is not in the same area but it's very similar to show you the exhumation of metamorphic rocks. You see them here, getting down here and at some stage the subduction regime changes because you have slab detachment here and the material is coming back to the surface. Okay? And that's why you observe the Klogeitz and Bluchist in the Mediterranean domain. Okay, so to finish up, you see here the same reconstructions here. From this reconstruction, you can calculate, you can measure the convergence here which is about 800 kilometers, okay, between Africa and Eurasia. The slab retreat since 65 million years is about 700 kilometers. Since 30 million years, it's about 500 kilometers, okay? But if we start with 65 ma, the total length of lithosphere that went down into the mantle is the sum that you have to add, convergence here, plus slab retreat. Okay? And this makes 800 plus 700 which gives 1,500 kilometers, okay? With, of course, an error bar which is rather large but it gives you a first-order figure, 1,500 kilometers. And completely independently, you can compare this with the length of the slab you see in tomographic models, okay? Which is also approximately 1,500 kilometers. Okay? So you see that from the geology, okay, this is purely the work of a geologist and this is purely the work of a geophysicist. You come up with approximately the same figure. Okay? And so it's very likely that the complex evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area has been driven through time by only one subduction which is the subduction that we see today in the dipping here, hanging in the mantle. Okay? And then the slab is more complex. It's been torn in several pieces here. And I just would like to finish up with this. The shape of the slabs below the Mediterranean, you see that its shape is quite complex. Because of 35 million years of slab retreat, it's been deformed, it's been detached, it's been torn. And in some areas like below Turkey, you have no slab left here, okay? And you see its complex shape. And this, of course, has consequences on the deformation at the top in the crust, okay? And I think I have to stop here. But Claudio will show you more about the effect of what is going on below the Mediterranean and its consequences on what is... We can see at the surface. Thank you.


Our next speaker is Medea Benjamin, and she is a co-founder and director of Dynamic Peace and Justice Organization, Code Pink. She's also a leader of the Fair Trade Advocacy Group Global Exchange. She's the author of a number of books and articles on political issues, and she's organized tours of many countries that have been under attack by the U.S. So, Medea. Thank you. So, I want to thank Sarah for not only organizing this panel, but for the March, well, the sanctions kills coalition that's so important. And we're going to have a chance in March 13th to 15th to really use the information that we're learning here, and that's on the site. And in fact, in preparation for giving a 10-minute talk, I've read through almost every single article that's on the site of sanctions kill. And let me tell you, that should be like a college course. It is fantastic. So, read through them. And what it will do, you know, we are people who, like, our blood is already boiling by what our country is doing, but it makes you so mad to see that.  This is not something new. I learned by reading on your website that Woodrow Wilson in 1919 had talked about sanctions being a lethal weapon that no nation could overcome if we imposed them. And we know in more recent history, we talk about Cuba sanctions being coming back 60 years ago. And you talk about the white settlers wanting to get a compensation. Same thing in Cuba. The ones living in this country want to be compensated for land they say they lost 60 years ago. And now the Trump administration has opened up the courts to allow those lawsuits to happen. You know why? To make people afraid of investing in Cuba. So these policies are designed to make people's lives miserable. And as we talk, I want to bring into the room some of the people that I've met by traveling to Iran, meeting a guy in the marketplace who came over when he saw we were Americans and started crying and asking, why is your government keeping my wife from getting the cancer medicine she needs to survive? She is dying and she is suffering. And we are suffering. And that is our government's policy to make these people suffer. Going to Cuba and going to a lovely little restaurant and learning that they've lost 80% of the business that they poured their entire life savings into because Trump now says that Americans shouldn't be traveling to Cuba. North Korea, the people, the women who now can't have a job in the textile business because textiles are now illegal for anybody in the world to buy because the US just says that throwing thousands and thousands of North Korea women out of their jobs. And as people have said on this, it's about regime change but that's not all it's about. We see in the case of attacking Venezuela, Cuba, and Garagua it's about the wonderful high that it happened to bring progressive governments to Latin America and create alliances like the Alba Alliance that was an alternative to the US and the US wants to destroy those alliances. And there's another issue I think it's important to understand this is also about domestic politics because if you look at Latin America and why there's been such incredible attacks on Venezuela, Cuba, and Nicaragua it's not just that we want to overthrow their governments it's that we want to please a very small right-wing sector of this community that lives primarily in Florida, primarily in Miami and because Florida is such an important state in the elections they are the Democrats and Republicans imposing more and more brutal hardships on people in Latin America to try to win over their votes. And I see Casio there from Florida and I see Camilo there from Florida isn't this the truth? It is disgusting and it's a bipartisan policy. We also have to recognize while we hope this empire dies and dies quicker sooner than later let's just think about the power of the dollar right now and why the US can get away with these policies one thing is something that the majority of this country doesn't know anything about called the SWIFT system and it is the system of communication between banks and it's controlled by US companies and so the US can demand that the SWIFT system not process transactions that go from one bank to another anywhere in the world even if it's not a US bank also recognize that the currency for international trade is the dollar right now that has got to change and certainly there are countries around the world that are experimenting and trying to get off of the dollar but that's the only way this is really going to be changed when there's enough strength of alternative currencies so that the dollar is not the number one source of international trade the other thing that this Trump administration has done better than any others in recent history is really use those mafia type tactics to threaten other countries if they don't obey US sanctions and you see them threatening small countries all the time but they threaten big countries look at the daughter of the billionaire from China who is under house arrest in Canada right now facing extradition to the United States for having violated sanctions against Iran they are going after the big ones as well they are threatening China so much that China is now reducing the imports of oil that it has been buying from Iran and we see that this administration has absolute disregard for international institutions when Venezuela in 2018 took the United States to the International Court of Justice and won a ruling that said the United States cannot deny food and medicines what did the US do? they withdraw from the treaty on which that was based and we know John Bolton who thank goodness is no longer the national security advisor but you might recall when the International Criminal Court was talking about looking into the Taliban and US war crimes in Afghanistan what did the Trump administration do? they threatened sanctions against the judges of the International Criminal Court it is incredible and Jeff Makler who was up here was talking about how after the killing of Soleimani in Iraq how the Iraqi parliament voted to kick the US troops out of Iraq what did the Trump administration do? not only did they say we're going to impose sanctions on Iraq that will make the Iranian sanctions look tame but they also said they would hold on to the oil revenues of Iraq that who knew they're in the federal bank here in New York and the Iraqi parliamentarians looked at each other and they said that would mean the collapse of our country so the US has just so much economic power it is mind blowing and something that has to change and more and more countries are starting to see that I'm on my way next week to the European parliament where we're going to have a day long discussion about this and ask why is it that the Europeans have been so willing to be under the thumb of the United States and how the institution that they set up to counter the sanctions on Iran called INSTEX has not processed one transaction since the time it was set up over a year ago European people want to know why their governments aren't doing more so in just the remaining two minutes I have I want to say that we can use the power of our economic power as citizens and we are doing that very differently from the way our governments do it we are doing it from the grassroots up as has been the tradition in the United States civil rights movement, the farm workers movement using campaigns of boycott, divestment and sanctions against very repressive countries like Israel and that is an alternative to what our government is doing we're also starting a campaign to avoid again Saudi Arabia, a country that has perhaps the worst human rights record in the world but is the great ally of the United States we are as a community going into our schools our universities, our pension funds and calling for divestment from the war machine and I want to recognize Cody Urban here who works with Code Pink and you can talk to him about the divestment campaigns successes in our nation's capital divesting from the war machine successes now in universities that are calling for divestment and I think we can add divestment and the sanctions campaign as part of those local campaigns we do we also at Code Pink take people to these countries so they can see for themselves and come back with their own stories and I want to recognize Terry wherever you are Terry Mattson, there she is who is organizing a lot of the trips coming up to Cuba we have trips to Iran, we have trips to Honduras, to Bolivia if you want to learn more about them you could talk to Terry or you could look online and I just want to close by saying how excited I am that this movement has taken on this issue of sanctions recognizing that sanctions is definitely no alternative to war that sanctions is a form of warfare that people all around the world are dying because of our US sanctions and our job is to educate people about that activate them, make them as angry as we are and stop this government from imposing such horrific suffering on people around the world thank you thank you, media


Top military and civilian leaders look over a battlefield in Adagé Latvia as soldiers execute a training engagement as part of Saber Strike 15 Latvian troops assaulted a British defended position with the help of American close air support from ATENZ This display is just one example of the growth of the US Army Europe led training You serve commander Lieutenant General Ben Hodges says the success of this exercise is due to the hard work of soldiers on the ground But it's the United States Army Participation leadership here Creates a sort of a gravitational pull that other allies other countries want to be a part of it Because of the respect that the US Army has earned from all of our allies and all of our partners Deputy commander Major General William Gaylor spent the day in the field meeting with troops from several nations this is really about relationships and there's no better opportunity to form and strengthen relationships than During an exercise like Saber Strike that not only forms and strengthens relationships, but it also ensures interoperability and commonality of how we train and fight And it is really phenomenal to watch So as the training continues these leaders are watching over the progress this multinational group of soldiers is making Air Force Staff Sergeant John Archiquette Adagé Latvia


So these mosquito dunks should last about 30 days in our rain barrel here, and they will help prevent mosquito larvae from hatching. From what I've read and seen on the internet, including various bird and plant websites, these are not harmful to humans, pets, plants, bees, birds. They are safe to use in bird baths, ponds, and anywhere where there might be some stagnant water sitting that mosquito larvae will set up in. According to the directions, it takes about 48 hours for this to kick in and as I said, it should be good for about 30 days before you need to change it out. Another thing I like to use the mosquito dunks for is our compost pail. We have this just sitting outside our door into the garage that we dump our coffee grinds and all our compost vegetables and stuff, and it gets very infested with fruit flies. So what I've started doing here, as you can see when I open it, no fruit flies coming out. There usually is hundreds flying out of here. So every time I have to go dump my pail into my compost pile, I have a jar here of some of these mosquito dunks that's half dissolved in this jar. Just pour a little splash in every once in a while. And it really seems to keep the fruit flies at bay.