Good evening, everyone. My name's Tom Weilach from Creative Associates International. It is my distinct honor to moderate this panel tonight. And what a great film. Just fantastic. And one, what struck me as a takeaway was what Buki said toward the end of the film to Boko Haram, you have lost. We are winning. Well, it really captures the essence and spirit of the whole presentation. I'd like to start first by quickly introducing our panelists to my immediate right is Ibrahim Ahmed, as you previously introduced, as a correspondent in Voice of America, to his left, Beth Mendelson, senior executive producer of the film. Buki Sonabare from the Chabok Girls movement, Fatih Abu Bakar, photographer and star in the film, and Ogi Onoboku from USIP, senior program officer. And last, Sharif Khatib, who's the chief of party for the USAID OTI funded program in operating up in Borno, Yobay, and Atomawa, and provided a lot of the logistical and financial support from USAID to the production. So welcome, everyone. What I'd like to do is prime the pump with a few questions to our panelists. But leave most of the time available to allow questions from the audience. So with that, the three sets of questions I have are really for the producers, for participants, and for Sharif and Ogi. So first of all, to Beth and to Ibrahim, we heard that the documentary was based on 18 hours of video that had been shot by Boko Haram and was later captured by Nigerian military and turned over to Voice of America. What made you decide to take parts of this footage and incorporate it into the film to make it something different and as part of a broader effort to tell a story about citizens' efforts to counter Boko Haram? I can say that I was invited to participate in a series we did called Terror Unmasked, which took the 18 hours that Ibrahim had gotten, and we broke it into a series. And we spent months going through this 18 hours, and we put together the series early last year. And my colleague Tom Detzel and Ibrahim and I worked very closely on doing that. And as we were getting to the end of it, I thought this is really a story that the world really needs to know. I really didn't know that much about Boko Haram other than being invited to participate in the series. And as a documentary producer, you start thinking about the possibilities and the stories that you can tell. I've been hearing a lot about what was going on in the famine situation. I knew that there was a huge humanitarian problem. I was aware of, obviously, the Cheabot girls where everybody was. So I put together a treatment and approached creative associates. And Michael Zamba, we sat and had coffee one day, and I said, I got this idea, and we have this footage. What do you think about doing that? So that's kind of really how it came to be. Yes, talking about the footage, what had made Boko Haram deadly in Nigeria was this mystery around the group. Nobody knows anything about the group or the membership of the group. So they thrive on that, really. So to see Boko Haram militants openly in videos that they shot themselves, they shot the videos for their own propaganda purpose. But most of the videos we saw are videos that Boko Haram never intended for the public to see, because these were moments when they were planning, plotting attacks, talking among themselves, and doing whatever they do behind the scenes. So when we saw that and we put out the miniseries that Beth was talking about, we had over 18 million views of these videos online. And it was from that that the idea grew to do this documentary. OK, thank you. Tufati and Buki, you are both exceptionally brave for the work that you've done and is well evidenced in the film. What do you want your fellow Nigerians and the worldwide audience to take away from this film? Good evening, everyone. So it's my first time of watching the film, and I must confess that I'm really broken watching. I think seeing the devastation brought it close. Even though, yes, I go on the field and I hear people, I hear stories. Watching it actually brought it home in a different way. But what I want people to come to terms with or to know, and not just Nigerians. I think everyone here and people across the world is that Boko Haram actually worked as a havoc in North East Nigeria, particularly and Nigeria as a whole. And the havoc is beyond the fiscal destructions of schools, of hospitals, of properties. The havoc actually goes down to lives. And there are people whose lives would never mean the same, no matter how we plot strategies, no matter how much we spend. There is no amount of money that would take away what children have seen. Children will watch their parents killed. There is no amount of money we spend that would tell that woman who watched her husband being killed, that that would just go away. So I think for me, I need us to be conscious of the fact that we may never be able to restore those lives. We will try. We will do our bit. We'll build schools. We'll send them to schools. We'll build hospitals. We'll do all of those things. But those memories may never go away. So it is our responsibility that for everyone we see, not just anyone from Nigeria, but for any of these people that will come in contact with it, it touch, it hug, it smile. It reassures us that things will be better. It's actually quite important. Thank you. Party? Well, for me, I mean, living in Medugri, every day, I get to see. For me, really, having watched the documentary and living in Medugri and having seen a lot of what has happened to our community, I think what I really see every day is that resilience that the documentary has captured. You see a lot of this destruction and havoc. But the one thing that I have seen is the strength of our people. It is difficult to move on from such a reality. But every day, people are able to pick up themselves and do the most mundane things as difficult as it is. So I think the resilience is what I want our community to be remembered for. Every day, you see strong people going on, going to school. It is a very difficult time in our community. But still, we're able to move on. I was in medical college at the time Boko Haram was wreaking havoc in the community. The leader, Mohammed Yusuf, was preaching three minutes from my house.  I mean, if I'm sitting here talking as openly as I am about these things, I think people are able to rebuild. It may take years. But people will heal from these scars. And people will be able to rebuild. So for me, I think the most important thing is I want us to be remembered as people who survived a conflict, who are able to move on, are resilient, and will look back on this conflict and learn lessons and ensure that we do not repeat the same mistakes. So that is what, essentially, I want people to remember. Thank you both. Let me address the last question to Ogi and Sharif. The film portrays the resilience of individual Nigerians in being resilient against the face of terrorism. What are the systemic actions or programs that the United States can do in the Northeast that we can do or that we are doing to help build that resilience on the ground? And how can outreach and messaging, like we see in this film, contribute to that? Ogi? Thank you, Tom. So as Anita mentioned in the introduction, three main interventions that USAID has in Nigeria. Sorry. Development, humanitarian, and then stability. So the NERI project works on the stability end. And as you accurately said, funded by the Office of Transition Initiatives, the projects become very big and very important in a very short space of time. And that speaks to the importance and the relevance of the OTI programming model, which is being able to adapt to a situation which is incredibly dynamic. As recent and as relevant as this film is, we've seen that Boko Haram is actually no longer the most threatening Islamic movement in the Northeast. It's now Islamic State, a program funded by OTI. Like OTI, I can adapt to that challenge. I think for me, personally, there's three reasons why an effort like this is incredibly relevant to anyone who's operating a CVE program in Northeast Nigeria. The first is, as the film accurately shows, even if the systems of government and governance worked well in Nigeria, it would be a mammoth task to create a sense of national unity in a place so large and so diverse. It's the unfortunate reality that the systems don't work. So the problem is even worse. In the face of this challenge as well, we've seen the challenge be considered domestically two ways which are not particularly helpful to finding a solution. One of them is that it's someone else's problem. It's a northern problem. It's a Muslim problem. It's a Kanuri problem. That doesn't create a sense of unity around the issue or the solution. The other way that the problem seems to be considered is militarily. And again, it can be addressed by bombing. Shakao can be killed, which we've seen not be successful three times over. I want his luck. I really do. So what the film does very well is describe accurately the problem, but most importantly, the solution is a Nigerian one. And particularly given the stories that we've seen, a solution that can be based on individual resilience, individual strength. And I'll come back to that in just a second. What a high quality media product does very well in Nigeria, particularly like this, is it crosses the internal cultural barriers that exist in the country. So instead of a Southerner regarding it as a northern problem, this appeals to the entire country. It appeals to the diaspora. And by utilizing the languages that Voice of America has in its bank to all countries in the region to help people understand that the problem can be owned and the problem can be solved. My two points very quickly. As I mentioned, Islamic State is growing. And I'm sorry. I don't mean to express too much pessimism, but there may be another one. And in the face of those systems that are not working well, there will always be two options for a population. One of them is to turn to religion. And in the north, that's a radical Islamic movement. In the south, mega churches are present. They have systems of governance. They have their own power banks. They've got enough population and enough land to be considered cities. So that people turn to religion is not an alien concept. It's not a new concept. The second opportunity for people, I think, is individual strength and individual resilience. So being able to communicate that there are people working in this way to be able to rely on that strength, to go hear communities and then connect those communities to the formal and traditional systems, again, to own and solve the problem is very important. The last thing I'd just say, the film mentioned briefly, Operation Safe Corridor, and also the work that the Neem Foundation is doing. So to communicate to everyone who is caught up in the movement, either willingly or unwillingly, because we can't, we shouldn't believe that the movement are all card and gun-carrying members. Some people have been conscripted. Some people are slaves. Some people have been rounded up simply because they're in the wrong place at the wrong time. To communicate to the entire country that there is a way out if you're in the movement for whatever reason is also incredibly important. Thank you. Thank you, Tom. Like Buki, this is actually my first time seeing the film. So I want to thank, first of all, Beth and Ibrahim for the work that you did on this and for Buki and Fatih for the work that you do. I can respond to that question from the perspective of USIP's work in Nigeria, where we are focusing on working with policymakers or trying to promote a more inclusive policy processes towards addressing the drivers of violent conflict in Nigeria. And we do this at two levels. First, by working with subnational policymakers, state governors, typically trying to move the conversation away from Abuja and bringing the conversation closer to the people. Trying to promote dialogue among the state governors. For now, these conversations have started with governors in northern Nigeria for now. Trying to see how they can promote in dialogue among the governors to try to promote more policy inclusive, more inclusive policy platforms and action that actually includes members of the community into crafting sustainable solutions to address the drivers of insecurity, to address the drivers of violent conflict in their communities. On the second level, we work with civic actors and drawing from a broad range of individuals from faith-based groups, from academia, from the business sector, individuals who are all working towards the same goals, but often working in isolation of each other, often working in silos, bringing them together to discuss the issues, bringing them together to form a more cohesive strategy to engage with these policymakers, to advocate for more inclusive policies to address the conditions in their communities. USIP's programs in Nigeria aims to bring these policymakers and civic actors together because we realize that at the end of the day, the people are at the center of this. The people understand the issues. As the documentary clearly showed us, a lot of the conflict in Nigeria starts local. It starts local when it's not properly contained. It blows up. If we can get the state governors to be able to understand what these issues are, clearly understand what these issues are, clearly understand how it impacts the communities on a daily basis, then we'll have made several steps forward towards addressing the drivers of this conflict. There are a couple of other projects that USIP implements in Nigeria, in particular one of them that really stuck out to me as I was watching the film is a program we call the Women Preventing Violent Extremism Program that is run in Plateau State and in Kaduna State, both in the middle belt regions of Nigeria.  They are the first in the communities to know and understand if their child or if a group of young men in their community or young women in their community are going down the wrong path. And these women are able to bring them together. They're able to work with security actors, in this case the local police, to try to start a dialogue, start the conversation. In many instances in USIP's work in Nigeria, all we've seen is it takes a lot of communication, it takes a lot of discussion, it's starting that dialogue process to bring the people together. And a film like this or tools like this is a very effective way to do that because these are Nigerians telling their own stories. At the end of the day, the solutions will have to come from Nigerians. At the end of the day, the Nigerians are in the center of this issue. And we've clearly seen in the film that Nigerians are a resilient set of people. So I think for me, I take a more optimistic tone when I talk about Nigeria. You have to be optimistic when you work on Nigeria. I think we've seen more positive stories. Sometimes we tend to focus a lot on the negative, but I think through our work in Nigeria, we've seen just stories from everyday lives, little successes, everyday successes, those count and tools like this in the documentary like this really brings it to life. OK. Thank you. I'm going to use the prerogative of the chair to recognize an individual under whose leadership, the USAID mission, developed the programs, including the OTI program up in the Northeast during his time in the last three or four years. And that's Mike Harvey, former mission director of USAID in Nigeria. And thank you, Mike, for all your great support for these programs. OK. I'd like to open up the floor for questions. And there are microphones on the aisle. So if you could please give time to receive a microphone and to be able to ask questions. And we'll start and wait to talk. Yes, sir? Yeah, thank you. And would you please state your name and organization? Yes. My name is Simon Ateba, I'm a journalist and the publisher of Simon Ateba News Africa. In 2015, I was arrested and detained in the accused of being a Boko Haram spy. And even though I've covered this war for a long time and I've gone to Meduguri and two places where the Boko Haram leader, Mohamed Yusuf, was killed, I've never really seen a disclose. And I think it's really a movie, movie. This is a great movie giving us the insight that no one has seen, even in Nigeria. The only thing I want, the only disappointment is that the real issue for the world wasn't really address, which is oil, and which is France, and which is Britain. And so even though there's more poverty in Northern Niger and in Northern Cameroon than there's poverty in Northern Nigeria, Boko Haram started in a place where foreign powers seem to be battling for oil. So I just wish we could state the real reason and bring the real culprit who gave weapons and who keep arming those people for three years. Thank you. I'm not sure I understand what the question is about. No, let me speak. Let me see something like that. I think what I hear you say is that the film has not highlighted what the real problem is or what the root cause is. But it's important for us to sometimes look at the objectives and the key messaging of films like this. And one thing is clear that beyond the war, beyond the bomb blasts, the guns, the killings, the extra judicial killings, and the failings of the government and all of that, there are, like Fatih said, people who are working towards rebuilding lives in those places. But most importantly, I light in the resilience of the people. Now while certain documentaries may dig deep into what the root causes are, and we can have that debate, I go to these communities and I hear them sometimes. And one thing is clear that there is huge marginalization that has contributed to this issue. There are deeper issues that we can look at in terms of oil and all of that. But let's not forget that this Boko Haram issue, and when you drill it down to ideological issues, is fuelled by the fact that poverty is at the very basis. And it built up from there. Yes, at that international level, we can have all of that conversation. But when you speak to a local person, they may not really understand it from that context of oil. I wanted to address this as well. It's an hour film. We could have made a two-hour film about it. And what you really need to do, it's a very difficult situation when you have to figure out what goes on the cutting floor and what doesn't. And we really wanted to put together a comprehensive look at what Nigeria was and to bring in these characters to have Buki and Fati here. And while I have the honor of sitting next to them, I had a file, this big, of people that we wanted to talk to that we thought would be interesting for the film. And I can tell you, not many people want to go on camera or as brave as these women or have so much heart that they wanted to go forward and do it and speak about how they feel about their country. And I think the majesty of what they've done and what they're going to bring to their country by being active participants in a film like this will do so much more for the country than I think a lot has been done in the past with telling the story of all the other issues that we've dealt with. So I just wanted to say that I'd like to acknowledge what they are really doing and to thank them. Thank you very much. I would like to speak on the issue of Boko Haram funding and their sources of arm. When we started talking about this film, one of the issues we had wanted to touch was this issue of why Boko Haram is getting their money from. Why are they getting the arms from? As Beth has said, it's extremely difficult to get somebody to talk about these issues, especially the issues of funding and the issue of why Boko Haram is getting their arms. We all have these stories that they were getting arms from Libya. They were getting money from this and that. The only person we got who wanted to go on camera but we had to block his face was the one who wanted to talk about how Boko Haram is extorting fishermen around the lectured area. And that's the Boko Haram faction that is allied with ISIS, which is in the area of the lectured basin. He was the only person who actually wanted to talk reluctantly about Boko Haram's sources of money. So we had wanted to touch on that, but it was just virtually impossible to put that story together. OK. Yes, please. Hi. My name's Lisa, and I work at Peace Corps, but I'm not here in an official capacity. And watching this a second time, I just I can't emphasize how amazed I am by this publication. Like, I'm just so amazed by the work that you all have produced. Beth, Ibrahim, Buki, Fatih, all of you, I just I can't applaud your work enough. And this is such an important movie for we as Nigerians, for we as Americans, for we as global citizens in general. And I just want to thank you again. So my question is, just to reiterate what was said in the movie, I forget who said it, but he asked what the Nigerian government specifically is doing to heal what they've, the part that they've played in contributing to the insurgency as a whole. So I was just wondering, I don't know if anyone has an answer to the question, because I do think it's a valid comment. The Nigerian government has contributed in some ways, and I must appreciate the US government as well in their intervention. So yeah, that's my question. I can address that. If I may correct you, not the Nigerians done a little bit, and the US has done the most. It's sort of the inverse. The Nigerian, in my presentation, I'm sorry if I mispresented the situation of that there's no solution locally. There is. So you saw it touched on the Operation Safe Corridor. That's been a huge push, particularly in places where local and traditional justice prevails. One, to address the massive question, that there needs to be a DDR process was a very long, long period of effort. And then how the process happens. So the first batch of demobilized fighters are coming through the process now. In addition to that, that's the federal system. There's processes happening at the state. There's a rehabilitation center in Borno, which just took in 700 women. Our project is directly supporting them, both the deradicalization and the reintegration part once they finish their derad portion. And outside of the formal system, communities do this. We've consulted extensively with communities who affected by this. There's an interesting contradiction in how they talk about the situation. Part A, they'll say, foreigners came in to create the problem, if only we'd identified them sooner. But they'll also say they attacked in the dark because actually it was my neighbor's son and he didn't want to be seen. So there is actually an awareness that the problem is locally owned. There is a willingness not just to wipe the problem away but actually to fundamentally solve it. So I find it persistently interesting that there is a publicly appropriate answer which is they should be killed or destroyed but actually a personally acceptable one which is we can fix this, we can take them back. I wanted to touch on this subject because it's something that I feel that the Nigerian government as we know has its issues, it's a very chaotic government and it's not really a government that we as indigenous sometimes rely on. But one thing I've seen from 2000 from when President Buhari was sworn in was the difference in the military that we were used to. And the Nigerian military has played an integral part in ensuring that Boko Haram is tackled. And everywhere you go, there's never that emphasis on the efforts that the Nigerian government has made because President Buhari, he ensured that we had the kind of military that we needed. We did not get that at the time of the previous government. It was people in the military who did not know the terrain. Now we have a chief of army staff that is from Burnos State and all the top positions went to people who know the terrain, who know how to deal with the community, who come in and identify what is wrong with the community because they're from there and they understand it. So for me, Nigerian government has played its part from two years ago, we wouldn't have been able to walk around in Meduguri. You can't even say the word Boko Haram, but now you're openly in conferences and in seminars talking about the issues. We have dialogue sessions in Meduguri. People are able to go on with their lives. So I think that we have to applaud the Nigerian government. We have to applaud the Nigerian military. As far as I'm concerned, from someone coming from Burno, 50% of the work has been done by the Nigerian government. Let me add to that by saying that in the effort to solve this problem, there's the military action, the military side, and there are non-military actions that needs to be taken. And what Fatih has done well is to acknowledge the fact that a lot of military actions have been done and as a result, people can move freely. I recall the first time I was going to Chibok in 2015, we could not go through Burno, we could not go through Meduguri. We had to always go through Yola. And that takes longer hours and best understands that especially during the filming. So there's a lot of military action that has been done. Salah was celebrated the last time and there was no bomb blast and that was a huge deal. But there's still a lot of work that needs to be done, especially in terms of the non-military actions that needs to be taken in terms of, for instance, education. We need schools to be rebuilt in those places. Efforts are being done at quite a slow pace, but of course you would understand that you can build schools in regions where there is Boko Haram. So what the government has done through the Nigerian military is to ensure that there's a lot of quelling of Boko Haram activities so that any rebuilding of schools of activities can of course be based on the secured environment. But there's still a lot of work in terms of education, in terms of building schools, in terms of infrastructure. A lot of those roads are still not as good. So there's work around that to balance the successes we are having in terms of the military action with non-military efforts that needs to be taken. I could just use my words. I want to point out something that between 2013 and 2014, Boko Haram was holding more than 90% of the local government areas in Borno State. Now they're not holding any of the local governments in the state. But it's still a problem to move within the state other than areas like Medugri or areas west of Medugri, because I recall that we were able to go to Burma, which is the second largest city in Borno State. We went there, there was nobody there. There was only the military, and you have to go under military escort. Same thing with the Masak, which is Borno's third largest city. There was not a single soul in that. We met one old woman. She was the only one in the whole city. There was nobody. So it's very difficult for people to go back. Even though the military has captured those towns and cities in Borno State, it's still not safe for people to go, because Boko Haram is in the rural areas, and they just spring up and ambush people, which they still do. Even during the filming, you were concerned. You were concerned when you were one of the farmers. Exactly. When we were doing the farmer's story, we met some fishermen there who were warning us that just across the tree line from there, there are Boko Haram militants on trees with guns. They wanted to go there and fish, because there's a big lake there, but they chased them away. So they were less than two miles away from where we were shooting. But luckily, we had military escort at the time. Like we said, and we were able to interview the farmer and leave the place without anything happening. But like we also see with Aisha, when we were trying to get Aisha, initially, we were supposed to meet with her in Gombe, her hometown, but they were in the forest at the time. So we had to go into an active Boko Haram territory at the time. It was really dangerous. Just as we were getting there, they were coming out of the forest with three fighters. They apprehended that they saw. It's still very dangerous for people to go on, maybe dangerous for them, too. Because just a month after we left, the commander of the hunters who was leading Aisha's group was killed by Boko Haram himself. OK, thank you. If I could. Yes. I just wanted to come up briefly to your question very briefly. I think for us that over time, as we've seen the conflict evolve, the Boko Haram insurgency evolve in Nigeria, there's a growing acknowledgement by government officials that they're not immune from this, that this is a crisis that affects everyone. I always recall the story that the Sultan of Sokoto told us in one of our meetings with him when he said, you know, when he leaves his building in Sokoto, when he leaves the palace in Sokoto, there are always a group of young men there who are waiting to either scratch his car or throw stones at him. So government officials and elites, for lack of a better word, are beginning to realize that this is an issue. This is a crisis that concerns everyone in Nigeria and that everyone has to come together to find a solution. At least for us on our part, what we've started seeing with some of the governors that we work with is that growing acknowledgement that a lot of these crises start local. You may have Boko Haram in the Northeast, but if you take a look across Nigeria today, I don't think there is any region of Nigeria that is immune from this. There is some form of local conflict in one way or the other happening across Nigeria. So we have state governors who are trying to find ways to set up some sort of agencies or commissions to look into this. Just today, the Kaduna state government launched its own state peace building commission. And I think this is where citizens will have to start holding these government officials accountable. And we've started seeing this. The 2015 elections is really a testimony of that, that citizens stood up and said, you know, we can't. We can't do this anymore. And we're seeing this trend increasing. We're seeing things happening. And I think it's both the supply and the demand side from the government and civic actors too, as well, that we have to work together to bring the solution to this. Question from the overflow room. I think this question is probably on the minds of everyone in this room as well. What do you believe can be done or should be done in order to bring home the more than 100 Chibok girls who are still held in captivity? So 106 girls are back. So quickly, 276 girls were abducted. 57 escaped within one month. So far, we've had 106 come back. Four of them escaped on their own. And the remaining were actually returned by way of negotiation. So when we look at the results in terms of the enormity of results that can be achieved per time, it is through the negotiation option. So in terms of what can be done, we had 86 girls. First 21 girls were negotiated for and they came back. 86 were also negotiated for and came back. And that was the celebration that, coincidentally, Beth was actually around at that time when we were actually celebrating that. So what we have seen is that negotiation as an option seems to help us achieve larger reports. I was with the vice president on April 12th or 13th this year, just a day or two before the commemoration of the third year anniversary. And I actually also asked this question. What he said is that efforts have been made to negotiate for the remaining girls to be brought back. The challenge, however, is that because we now have two factions of Boko Orem. There is the Shekau faction. The Shekau that is yet to be killed. Shekau is still alive. So there is the Shekau faction. And there is the Albanawi faction. So Albanawi is a new leader. Albanawi and Shekau, there's debate as to who is more vicious. But the second faction, the Albanawi faction, as most of the girls that are remaining. I won't say categorically, but for some of the information that we got, less than 10 of the girls are with Shekau faction. Some of them, as we were told, are refusing to come back. Some are being held by the faction. But the other group, the vice president, told me that it's moving difficult because they are unwilling to negotiate. They are unwilling to discuss. However, they are putting all effort in place to ensure that the remaining girls are also got back the same way other girls have been got back. So that's what we're still waiting that this effort may amount to results very soon. Okay, thank you. Don't forget that the Chibok girls are not the only girls who are kidnapped by Boko Orem. They have kidnapped thousands of girls and men and boys. When we were in Burma, there was a girl from Adamao State who escaped from a Boko Orem camp. She trekked in the forest for three days before she got there. She said she was abducted and married to a Boko Orem militant. And she stayed there for two years in the forest. But she was able to escape that day and we were able to see and talk to her. But there are other girls, like in the Masak, there was a school, 500 girls who were abducted by Boko Orem from that particular school. Nobody is talking about them. Nobody knows what happened to them or what is going on with them. They're still with Boko Orem. More than 500 school girls. All abducted at one time. And we used the Chibok story to get into the film because we knew that that's what the world really knew about women and about Nigeria. So we started with that and that's how we came to bring Buki into the film with her activism with them. But as we were doing the research, as Ibrahim was saying, it was hundreds and boys, young boys who are conscripted to join the military, the one boy that you see with that desperate look on his face who had to join the military and all the other people that we spoke to and the research when we found all these boys that also had the same fate as some of these girls. So it's a terrible situation. Okay, we have about 10 minutes left and I know there are a lot of hands being raised so I would like to get as many questions asked as possible so if the respondents can please keep answers short and we'll try to get more questions in. Yes, sir. Great, thank you. My name is Emmanuel Ogebe and I'm with the US-Nigeria Law Group. I wanted to ask, this month is four years since the US finally designated Boko Haram as a foreign terrorist organization. It took us three years to get them to acknowledge that. So now with your film, what is the next call to action? What else needs to be done? This year, Boko Haram has become the terror group that has committed the most suicide bombings in the world. So this is a continuing problem. As hopeful as this is and encouraging as it is, what is the next call to action following your film? Thank you. I would like to take that. I can start unless Beth wants to go ahead. Want me to take that? You know, the call to action is something we've been talking about a lot. Like what was this film going to do? Why did we make this film? What was the reason that we made this? And it's because we want people like you to be here, to be talking about the situation, to understand the situation, to get involved, to wanna read more about what Buki's doing, about what Fatih's doing, to listen to the stories of the Ayeshas. These are two representatives of many other incredible stories in Nigeria. And I think people need to understand that you can make a difference, you can get involved, you can contribute. And I think we're trying to, I think we're probably as an organization trying to figure out what we do next. We've got a whole social media page. We want people to become engaged in that. But we're looking to you to help us to figure out what those next steps are gonna be. And I think we're really working that through. Well, I think the most important issue, like she said, is the awareness because there are some parts in Nigeria, especially the southern Nigeria way, they don't even acknowledge that this is a problem. You go to places like Lagos, Patakot, people don't even want to believe that Boko Haram exists. They think it's just a problem that we have in the North and they say you're just killing yourselves. So people don't even acknowledge it and then how do you go from there? So I think documentaries like this are a start. People become aware of the problem without footage like this. I'm from Buenos Aires. I've never seen footage like this before. So I think it's a reality check for everyone. We have to remove ourselves from our bubble, especially in Nigeria. People have to see these things before they can be that change that we constantly talk about. I'll add on to that. It's quite... The reason this is a novel documentary is quite hard to find this information. Even in Nigeria, the discussion is not being had. So I agree with my colleagues, absolutely. One, start the discussion. Two, recognize how the threat is evolving. Islamic State is working in a very different way from Boko Haram has been working. And three, recognize that they're not praying on entire systems, they're praying on individuals. So how to secure communities and individuals from how they're being prayed upon? Please permit me. The world moves in the direction of the media. There was a time that the old world was actually talking about the Chibok girls. There was a time the old world was actually talking about the crisis in Nigeria. But what has happened to the media across the world? CNN, BBC, everyone, what has happened to VOA? Why did we shift away from the story? Why did we move away? So if we can get the world to galvanize back, bring back our girls, carrying that thing was not the coolest thing to do at the time. It wasn't about registering your humanity by carrying that placard. It is about the fact that girls were abducted and we keep using the Chibok girls as an entry point to a larger conversation. The conversation around the fact that thousands have been abducted, Boko Haram still exists there. So how can we ensure? And I think that's the tax back to us to bring this back on the front burner. Because so long as we have it back on the front burner, our governments in Nigeria and across the world will see it as an important issue that needs to be tackled. But if the media moves away from it, our hearts and minds move away from it. So we need to get it back there. Thank you. Yes, right here. Mark, is there a microphone, please? I want to know if there's any plans for distribution or if we can tell people where else they could see it. Yes, good question. Yeah, we're looking, we're gonna have, you saw the hatch tags on the film and we'll have that on our website. We're also gonna be doing more screenings. We're gonna be doing one in London at Chatham House, Council on Foreign Relations and we're looking at Netflix potentially or Amazon. We have a satellite distribution. Our language service is a voice of America, at least 15 of the language services are reversing the whole documentary and taking the lifts from the film of the profiles and they're all gonna be distributed. So that's the initial phase and I think we've got plans beyond that but we are looking for big distribution plans for this. The whole documentary is going to be available online at VONIs.com from the 8th of November. Okay. So look for it then. Okay. Yes, sir. It's a wonderful presentation here, wonderful movie, I fell sad and was crying watching it. I grew up in Northern Nigeria many years ago, as a child. I'm very familiar with the Islamic rules and regulations and I said, Christian, Sharia law was there and Christian laws were there and everything was okay. I wonder how calm there hasn't been a discussion about religion, the effect of religion, how the Hawthorne started, which led to some governors seeking for those who are willing to establish a real law as a law of the land that led to giving them such impetus. What are the Nigerian leaders doing? They were both Christians and Muslims to make sure that once these areas are captured again, that people can be educated to make sure they understand that even in the Koran, it doesn't allow such behavior. I think if you don't correct that, no matter what you do, there will still be those factions around trying to reestablish their own version of the Sharia law. Okay, thank you. I can add something. So our projects, you saw Father Atta speaking about disengagement, he works with Bishop Kuka, the Bishop of Sokoto. He's working very closely with, we are supporting both Bishop Kuka and the Sharia of Borno to work together. Again, the moral imperative not only for disengagement, but also to ensure that it doesn't happen again. I will say something on this. It's very interesting. There were some Boko Haram militants who were captured at one time. And one security officer in Meduguru was asking them, you're fighting for Islam? And the guy said, yeah, I'm fighting for Islam. And he asked him to recite a chapter from the Koran, which is Fatiha, which is the chapter that every Muslim reads every day when they pray. And the guy couldn't even read it. This is what Muslim children from like three, four years all learn by heart. It's a very short chapter in the Koran and everybody read it whenever you pray. So he was asked to recite it and he couldn't. He was like, why would he be fighting for something that you didn't even know? So it's kind of, this kind of ideology, it's not about teaching them the normal way between the Islamic scholars or the Croatian scholars interacting between themselves. There was an Imam, one of the highest Islamic scholars in Meduguru, whom we interviewed when we did the mini series. And he was talking about Boko Haram and immediately we published that mini series.  He didn't know anything. That was a guy who has more than 2,000 children studying in his school in Meduguru. He's one of the biggest Islamic scholars in Meduguru. But they took it out and they were kind of making fun of him that he didn't know anything about Islam. So the kind of ideology that Boko Haram and their leaders are espousing is somewhat something so strange to Nigeria, I would say. Because it has never happened like that. We have never seen anything like that in Nigeria before. All right, we have time, it's 8.30, be with you now or so we have time for one more question and I'm probably, yes ma'am. Thank you. Good evening, my name is Tanya Marshall and I have a comment and a quick question. Thank you so much for bringing your details, your passion, your commitment and your consistency for bringing that part of Africa, which is a beautiful continent. But to also let us know there's a lot of things that are broken and it's gonna take a lot of work and commitment to fix.  Buki, I saw your passion and your commitment there was nonstop, five years from now. And thank God, 106, I think, a girl's return but there's still more out there and they're all unique stories. In five years, where do you see it going and what would be your commitment then? And Miss Beth, what would be the name of the next documentary to show us where we were and where we at?  In five years, in five years I expect that the number of the girls that we can account for would have been brought back. And I use that carefully because the reality is we cannot have all of the remaining 113 girls come back. For some of the girls that have returned, they've come with information as to how some of the girls have died, whether through child baths or through airstrikes or other forms. So that reality is there. We have an idea of the figure that have died that would not be accounted for. But in five years' time I expect, and I'm not saying that that space of five years, close to five years, bring them back. I'm saying that as soon as possible. But the most important thing that I look forward to is the rebuilding of their lives. How do we turn them to be our own Malalas? How do we make them, you know, we write a story that Boko Haram has actually delivered to them. And that's for me, that's what I look forward to. But most importantly, and that ties to the last question, is in five years I look forward to Ibono State and to a lot of those communities in the Northeast where education becomes so grounded that people will not be easily swayed by some misgrants who misinterpret extremely Islamic injunctions and use it to get people to carry guns. So I look forward to education being so rooted that people would not be easily swayed by those misinformation. Can I add something? And I always hear the emphasis on the Chibok girls and the number 110, I don't know if it's 100, but the issue is we have an unquantifiable number of women who have been abducted. And I think this forum brings into our awareness the issue that is the Chibok girls. But every day for me, when I go out to photograph, I see girls that have undergone the same kind of terror, but they are not a topic. So five years from now, I would like to say that you include the other girls that have been abducted who don't have the attention of the media in the therapy and in the educational system that we speak of. So we are emphasizing the Chibok girls, but that is another form of discrimination against other girls who have been abducted but don't have the attention. So I think five years from now, the plan should be all inclusive, all abducted girls. You can revisit everything. That is my opinion, but then. I hope in five years I'll continue making films that are as significant as I think this one has been and that I will be as passionate about and as enriched by because I have to say that this has been an enormously difficult film by virtue of the fact it's difficult getting anything out of Nigeria, finding the footage. Anything you do there is difficult, but to have somebody like Ibrahim and to have the incredible people who I've gotten to know and to work with and the perseverance of the team who I worked with, it wasn't just Ibrahim and Tom and I, it was a whole team of people, Carol, our editor, Yale, Roger, the beautiful music, everybody who's Nathan, the right, the words, describe all these people came together. For hours we would sit in a room and think about this and how we would really make this film work. We had disparate ideas. We had Jacob Zen who would give us an incredible education about Nigeria. We had the influence of so many people coming together to work with us and the process of making this film, the education, and I had a vision. I really did have a vision about this wanting to make a difference and finding people that could do that. So I'm grateful because it seems like we've been able to do it, but it was really a collective vision and I hope I can continue doing it because I'm incredibly lucky to do this kind of work. Thank you. I think the passion amongst the panel members here is just fantastic. It comes out in the film. It comes out in what they've said. I want to thank them for their tremendous contribution and their teamwork for pulling this together. I thank them for their participation tonight, traveling over here, and I thank the audience for being here. Congratulations, everyone. Thank you.


We know that there's maybe 60 years of harvest left on the planet in the conventionally farming systems. Could we look at something else? Could we look at some way of looking at this landscape in a different way? Something that we could, you know, enhance it and feel proud about it? What about making it wild again? Isn't that exciting? The sort of land we're on is very heavy clay. It's the soil that is very, very difficult to farm commercially. Out of the 17 years that I was farming the land conventionally, we did make a couple of years profit. But you're using fungicides, you're using herbicides, you're using pesticides on the land.  It's just dirt. Once we were going from conventional farming to the rewilded landscape, where you're a bit nervous about how you're going to make your money, how it's going to work. But there is no inputs and there's no grain. There is nothing being bought in. So the cost of production just drops away. I know that the production isn't huge, but it's what the land can sustain. It's what is able to live all year round without any supplementary feeding. You've got these once domesticated animals now becoming more and more in tune with the landscape and living off that landscape without human intervention. The Longhorn Cattle, the X-Mod ponies, and then you've got your deer and your tan-width pigs. When you've got all these animals running around in this sort of landscape, it begins to feel like scrubland in Africa. So when you see your Longhorn, it doesn't look like a domesticated animal anymore because what your mind is saying, there is an animal in scrubland and it's wild. When you go out at dawn, you can feel your chest vibrating with the sheer volume of noise. I had never experienced any of that. That was the big difference. It was that noiseless, that vibrant noise created by all this life that I had absolutely no idea my land could feel and behave like that. It's been this huge wave of interest. Everyone wants to feel that it's possible to do something and if you've got a real hope story that you can transform an agricultural desert into something which is very rich and biodiverse, it becomes all possible and something that you can do. We're on a crest of a wave and it's all beginning to feel like it's got a real momentum behind it.


OK, thanks for the introduction. As Jean-Cébassien said, I will talk about a new decoding algorithm for random binary linear codes. And this is joint work with Anya Becker and Antoine Jou, both from the University in Versailles, and Alex Mayer from the University in Bochum. So as some of you might have recognized, there's a subtle hint in my title slide about the main trick we employ. So basically, that's the simple equation 1 plus 1 equals 0 in module 2. And basically, the aim of my talk is to explain how this equation can be used. So let's start with a very simple illustration that still might be helpful to get an idea, a high level idea of our improvement.  And your task is now to find this particular haystack. At Eurocrypt 2010, Howard Graeme and Antoine Jou presented a method, a general strategy, to solve such a problem. And basically, this method works as follows, and I call it representation technique. So assume that you have a way to expand the small haystack into an even larger haystack. And while you do this expansion, you implicitly introduce a certain number of copies of the originally unique needle. So this sounds weird, but it works. And at the end, it might be sufficient to consider only a 1 over r fraction of the expanded haystack, simply because you could hope that one of the copies can be found in this particular fraction. So from a technical point of view, there's always the same bottleneck in this technique. Namely, since we only are interested in a 1 over r fraction of the expanded haystack, it would be good if we could construct this 1 over r fraction without having to construct the complete expanded haystack beforehand. And you will see at least a sketch how this can work for decoding. So I should say that the basic idea of representation has already been used in the decoding scenario. There was a paper at AsiaCrip 2011 by Alex Mai and Riko Tomi and myself. But we only use representations in a suboptimal way. So basically, this talk is about an optimized way of using representations. So this optimized way of using the representation technique is not new. It appeared last year at EuroCrip and presented by Antoine, Anya, and Jean-Celestien. And the high level idea of the optimization is as follows. I said our main task is to construct 1 over r fraction of the expanded haystack. So the efficiency seems to be determined by this fraction. And it might be a good idea to try to increase the number of representations and try to keep the expansion of the haystack quite small. And that's exactly what we try to do. And we can do so by simply exploiting the equation 1 plus 1 equals 0 modulo 2. So since I will be talking about decoding algorithms, let me do a very short recap about binary codes. So basically, in the rest of this talk, the C will always denote a random NKD code, a binary NKD code. That is, N is the code length, K is the code dimension, and D is just the minimum distance. And I will only study the following problem, which is called the bounded-distance decoding problem. So that works as follows. You start from a code with C, then you add some error vector on E, whose hemming rate is fixed to the error capability of the code. And then given such a vector x, your aim is to recover the vector E, or, equivalently, the code with C just by adding E to x. So this problem is quite old, and it's somewhat related to crypto, because, for example, message recovery from Euclides is exactly this problem. And there are other applications as well. So if I talk about decoding algorithms and I want to compare them, I need to provide a method that allows for comparison. And this method roughly goes as follows. So basically, the running time of decoding algorithms is a function of the three code parameters, N, K, and D. And in this talk, I will focus on codes that have a constant rate. That is, the ratio between the code dimension and the code length is a constant, or at least converges to a constant for very large N. Furthermore, for random binary codes, it is well known that if you make N very large, you can relate the parameter K and the parameter D tightly via the Gilbert-Bachanov bound. And thus, we can compute the running time as a function of N and K only. Furthermore, since we are interested in the asymptotic behavior of these algorithms, and the algorithms are essentially exponential time algorithms, we only need to study the exponential behavior. That is, we write the running time as 2 to the fk times n plus some sub exponential factor. And now, we are mainly interested in the size of the constant that appears in the exponent. And this constant is denoted fk, and usually called the complexity coefficient. So our task now is simply minimize fk. OK. As a warm-up, let's just take a look at a method that probably all of you know. That is one of the most simple ways of solving the BDD. It's basically syndrome decoding. So you just make use of a parity check matrix of the code, denoted by h, and then you can simply compute the syndrome of the given vector x. So that is, you simply multiply h by x. And by definition of the parity check matrix, the codeword part of x will cancel out. And all that remains is a vector that only depends on the vector e that you're looking for. So I can rephrase the BDD problem as follows. I now want to find linear combination of exactly W columns of the parity check matrix h. And my aim is to match the syndrome s at the end. So since I'm going to use a lot of illustrations in the rest of my talk, let me briefly explain how these illustrations are meant. So here, you can see the parity check matrix that contains n minus k rows and columns. And on top of it, I just put the vector e that I'm searching. And basically, because the vector is a binary vector, multiplying h and e is simply a prescription of picking a certain number of columns of h and then adding them up. So this picture is important for the rest of this talk. Once we are given the parity check matrix, we could now think about ways of solving the BDD problem. And obviously, the most simple one would be just to enumerate all possibilities for the vector e. So basically, e contains a certain number of ones, W many, and is a length n vector. So they are obviously n choose W many ways of trying e. And if you just consider this expression for our varying code dimensions k, you obtain the first very rough upper bound on the complexity coefficient, which is roughly 0.4. And I will now show some methods to improve this upper bound drastically. So basically, all of the methods I'm going to present fall into the class of information set decoding algorithms. And there are basically two observations I need to show you that will then be used by all these algorithms. And these two transformations look as follows. They're basically linear algebra transformations. So the first one is given a BDD input instance, we can always permute the columns of h. Why can we do this? Simply because multiplying h by e means to pick some columns to add them up and to result in a syndrome s. And now if we permute the columns of h, this is equivalent to permuting the coordinates of e. And this will not change the difficulty of the problem. So the second transformation that is always possible is to apply elementary raw operations on the parity check matrix. And this can also easily be seen by the following picture. So we start with our input instance. And now we can simply multiply both sides of the equation by invertible matrices of dimension n minus k. And now we simply consider the transformed input instance. That is, we consider the transformed parity check matrix ug times h and the transformed syndrome ug times s. So if we now use these two transformations, we can always assume that our parity check matrix is in a specific form. And I will call this form randomized for the systematic form. This form, I think, first appeared in the generalized information set decoding framework introduced by Finiac and Sonje at Azure Quick 2009. And it basically consists of a permuting step. So h has randomly commuted columns. And then we apply somehow Gaussian elimination with some additional structure. So at the end, h should contain a left part with exactly k plus l columns. And then there is a right part that contains in the upper right corner a zero block of l rows. And in the lower part, there will be the identity matrix of dimension n minus k minus l. And once we are given this very structured form of h, information set decoding now tries to recover the vector e in a more efficient way than just doing brute force enumeration. Or put differently, information set decoding is intuitively a way to reduce the brute force search space by applying linear algebra transformations. So how does this work, very roughly? As I said, h can be divided in two parts. And it seems to be a good idea to divide e also into two parts. So into a left part of k plus l coordinates and into a right part of n minus k minus l coordinates. And now if we multiply the matrix by the vector e, we can do this part by part. So we start by multiplying e1 to the left part of h. And we multiply e2 to the right part of h. And then we sum the resulting vectors. So now if you take a look at the right part for the multiplication of e2 and the right part of h, since there is a zero block in the matrix, you will always obtain a vector that contains zeros in the first l coordinates. Whereas the right part gives you a somewhat random looking vector. And since at the end, you want to match the given syndrome s, there is a necessary constraint, a necessary condition on e1. Namely, if you multiply e1 by the left part of the matrix, you always have to end up in a vector that matches the syndrome on the first l coordinates. And this observation can now be exploited because we can focus on those e1 that fulfills this restriction. Now usually in information set according algorithms, what you do is you introduce a new parameter. This parameter is called p. And it basically restricts the weight of the vector e1. So now we are not looking for every possible candidate of e1, but we restrict ourselves to e1 of hamming weight p, simply because this could increase the computational effort to enumerate those e1. And this idea has a drawback because now the method will only recover particular error patterns. That is, the error vector e in total has to contain exactly p1s in the first k plus l coordinates and the remaining w minus p1s in the n minus k minus l coordinates. So it is easy to compute the probability of getting such an error pattern. And even better, if we fail to find e1, we can simply revendimize h. That is, we can simply permute the columns and the coordinates of e. And then we can hope to find such a pattern. So for the rest of this talk, we can now continue with the central part. And this is to find such e1 using the equation 1 plus 1 equals 0 more efficiently. So from now on, I will only consider the sub-problem. And I will now switch from the vector annotation of e1 to index sets just because it simplifies to describe our idea. So now the problem can be stated as follows. We are looking for a selection of indices between 1 and k plus l. And this selection should be of size p. And the corresponding column sum should match the syndrome on the first l coordinates. So before presenting our method, let me briefly sketch two recent methods. So the first one is only a new method because it uses the generalized systematic form. Otherwise, it is known as Stern's algorithm. And it's basically a meet-in-the-middle approach to solve the problem. So what do we do? Essentially, we try to write the selection i as a disjoint partition into a left and a right half. And this can be seen in the following picture. So assume that i has exactly half of its coordinates in the left half and half of its coordinates in the right half. So then instead of enumerating all possible choices for i, it might be a good idea to just enumerate all the possible left halves denoted by i1 and all the possible right halves denoted by i2. And then I have to find a way to match those candidates. And the matching is pretty easy. It is a very standard meet-in-the-middle algorithm based on the following equation. So if I start from the initial equation in the upper right corner and I just separate i1 and i2, I obtain the necessary condition that the column sum of the index set i1 has to match the column sum of the index set i2 plus the center mass. And the meet-in-the-middle algorithm would simply enumerate all i1 and i2, put them into lists, and then search for pairs that match this equation. So let me now return to the initial picture I presented you. So what is the haystack and what is the needle in this first algorithm? So basically, the haystack can be seen as a set of all possible index sets i1. So namely, all vectors that contain exactly p half ones in the first k plus l half coordinates. And since there's only one unique way of writing i in such a decomposition, there will only be a unique needle in this haystack. So essentially, here, I'm not using any representation at all. Anyway, if you do the optimization and compute the complexity coefficient, you obtain, perhaps somehow surprisingly, complexity coefficient that is asymptotically, at least asymptotically equivalent to a method that has been presented at Kripto last year by Bernstein, Lange and Peters. And this approach is called ball-position decoding. And at the first sight, it looks a bit different, but it's at least asymptotically the same.  OK. Let me go one step further. That is the method we proposed at Asia Kript last year. And this method already uses some representations. But we use them in a suboptimal way. So compared to the method we've seen before, we now want to write still as a disjoint partition, but we allow to write it in an arbitrary way. So what do I mean by arbitrary disjoint partition? So again, let's start from our initial picture. And still, it would be allowed to just pick the first coordinates of i and put them into i1 to take the last coordinates and put them into i2. But now it is also allowed to exchange coordinates between i1 and i2. So for example, I could just mix the third and the fourth coordinate, or I could mix the first and the last coordinate, or I could continue in many, many more ways. So the essential question here is now how many ways of writing i in this disjoint arbitrary way do we exist? And this is just an easy combinatorial question. So basically, we can just pick p half out of the p coordinates, put them into i1, and then the remaining p half coordinates have to be in i2. So essentially, we have p chose p half many representations. So once again, back to the initial picture, we increase now our haystack because the haystack is basically the set of all i1. And those i1 now contain p half once, but they are spread over the whole range of k plus l coordinates. But fortunately, we increase the number of copies of the unique solution by exactly the fraction p choose p half. So as I mentioned in the introduction, the technical bottleneck is now to compute an appropriate fraction of the expanded haystack without computing the whole haystack beforehand. And this can be done by a three-leveled computation tree. And if you do so and compute the complexity, you can slightly decrease the complexity coefficient to 0.054 roughly. So now it's time to explain how the equation 1 plus 1 equals 0 can actually be used. And the idea is pretty simple. The two methods before decomposed the index set i in a disjoint fashion. And now the idea is simply to allow for intersections. So that is, we no longer force a disjoint partition. We want to write i as the symmetric difference of two index sets i1 and i2. And we fix those index sets to intersect in a certain number of positions. And this number of positions is called epsilon. And this is an algorithm parameter that has to be optimized at the end. So just recall that the symmetric difference is just the union of the two index sets minus the intersection. And we can easily translate this to the picture we've seen before. So again, we start from the same selection i. And as before, I could choose the first coordinates and put them into i1. And I could choose the last coordinates and put them into i2. But now I require that i1 and i2 intersect in exactly epsilon many positions. And these intersections are here now presented by the green column. So here epsilon is 1. So how does this relate to the equation 1 plus 1 equals 0? So that's pretty simple. And how do we search for such index sets i1 and i2? Essentially, we explore the same equation as in the meat in the middle attack. That is, for a fixed i1, we compute the column sum. And then we search for i2 such that the corresponding column sum plus the syndrome s matches the column sum of i2. And now, if you just have some intersections in i1 and i2, obviously, there will be columns that appear on both sides of the equation. But due to 1 plus 1 equals 0, all those double columns cancel out. That is, we could simply remove those coordinates from i1 and i2. And this exactly recovers the symmetric difference. So I hope that now the link to 1 plus 1 equals 0 is somehow clear. And let's now see how we can benefit from this situation. So obviously, it seems that introducing intersections gives more flexibility in writing i. So for example, we could just shift the green column there amongst the right columns. So we could do a transformation like this. But we can still exchange gray coordinates. Or we could mix both of these transformations. So we can continue in many ways. And the question is, again, how many rays are there? And essentially, as before, we could first pick p half out of the p coordinates, of the p gray coordinates. But then we can combine these choices by just picking epsilon intersecting positions amongst the remaining k plus and minus p positions. So this is essentially the number of needles that we have now in our enlarged haystack. So what happened? The haystack is slightly increased, because we now have to consider all i1s that contain p half plus epsilon many i1 entries, instead of only p half. But as I said, we increased the number of needles by a factor of k plus and minus p choose epsilon. And this seems quite nice. So the remaining question is now, how can we compute such a corresponding fraction of the haystack? And this is quite technical, and I'm only going to sketch the main idea. So for the details, you should take a look in the paper. So again, recall that we basically use the meet in the middle equation. And also recall that this equation is a vectorial equation here.   And since we work over random binary codes, the coordinates of those vectors are essentially uniform 0, 1 coordinates. So if you're now interested in only one particular index set i1, or the 1 over r fraction of those index sets, it might be a good idea just to restrict the left-resulting vector to a certain fixed value on a certain number of coordinates. And if you think about it, since we want to eliminate a 1 over r fraction, it might be a good idea just to fix roughly log r many coordinates. And that's exactly what you could do. For example, you could fix the Kalemstanz corresponding to i1 to 0 vector on the first log r coordinates. And you can fix the Kalemstanz corresponding to i2 to the syndrome and also on log r many coordinates. And now, if you consider one of our copies that we are trying to find, and you assume that one of those copies fulfills the restriction corresponding to i1, then it implicitly will fulfill the restriction corresponding to i2 just because on these log r many coordinates, the combination has to match the center mass. So at the end, since we eliminate a 1 over r fraction and we have a total number of r copies, we can hope that one of these representations will survive. Of course, I'm hiding some details here because now I would have to explain how I can compute the index sets i1 that fulfills this constraint without enumerating them all, because then I wouldn't have won anything. So that's a technical problem. And as I said, the details can be found in the paper. But just to give you some more details, it's basically a generalized birthday algorithm at Crypto01, I guess. And it seems to be optimal if you choose a binary computation tree of three layers. If you do the analysis, the main technicality is to exclude some badly-distributed columns QI. But I will skip this, and you just take a look in the full version to see how this works. So graphically, our main result, for the first time, we were able to reduce the complexity to coefficient to something below 1 over 20. And also, if you compare it for varying co-dimensions K, it seems that our method outperforms all well-known methods. As you can see, the curve of our algorithm is a green one. OK, last slide. Short summary, I roughly sketched how to use the equation 1 plus 1 equals 0 in order to increase the number of representations. And this results in the asymptotety fastest generically coding algorithm. And as I said, all the proofs are in the full version that can be found on e-print. And just to sketch some open problems, which should not be seen as hard open problems, the solution is quite straightforward, but could be interesting anyway. Obviously, if we could find more representations, we could hope to improve the method. This seems hard over F2, but still it seems possible over FQ, and one could try to do this. And if you think about picking optimal or picking secure parameters for real-world code-based script or applications, you would have to consider low-level optimizations for our algorithm just to estimate its real practical behavior. All our analysis is purely asymptotic and should be refined to this purpose. OK, that's the end of my talk. And just enjoy the next retired talk. We have time for one question. No questions, so let's thank the speaker again.


in the populace and that's how you control them now what's the what's new with the airport are they are they still they're still grabbing junk seriously yeah uh... the other the females that work there grab the guy the males the male junk you mean you mean like when you say junk you mean put their hands down your underwear that's correct and feel your jiggle your genitals that's right ah yeah they grab your balls man get your ass hold see if you got something up there they ask you to undo your belt you take your belt out of loops put it in a tray because it's got metal on it that's true and they they uh... if they see something suspicious they put their hands down your underwear they they really touch a guy's balls and dick they grab your junk man isn't that like uh... sexual contact what i know it's it's it's called invasion of privacy what are they or invasion of privates but what do they expect to find by grabbing uh... a man's genitals the underwear bomber the underwear bomber remember what do you have c4 in his underwear he was he was uh... destroyed baby he was going to uh... sacrifice himself by blood he wants his thirteen virgins man well it is it is it is scary and true that c4 can be woven into a jacket or garment which is kind of frightening but but really people are getting there like uh... is it privately or in public defense most of the pat down is done in public if you are called upon or suspected of something more it may be private the whole point of it is well i i imagine they wear gloves when they just just say that but that's because you may be a filthy person protection for them well you as the populace who have to expose your job to them are down below them you are filled are you have to put your underwear down i say it depends but not in private you put your underwear down you will be taken aside and you would you will be given a special you will be given a special exam maybe even a finger up the air for a little prostate massage a little prostate massage here prosthetic uh... you know some some adult advertisements uh... mentioning that prosthetics adult you mean the sex stuff no like like like so-called massage therapy centers like uh... if they're usually that's not a legitimate sign when they advertise for a prostate i remember i remember a video of this older gentleman uh... german speaking and he's supposedly interviewing a young blonde woman for a line for some kind of position or something and while he's beginning his uh... interview he gets interrupted and he walks away and he goes into the bathroom takes a urination and he comes back and he sits down again and he's about to be interviewed and he got to get up and he goes into the bathroom and he urinates again he comes back she grabs it sits him on the edge of the desk drops his drawers starts flattening him and sticking her finger up around his anvil inflating him because she she believes that she knows his problem and his problem is his prostate needs to be cleaned out notice i said prostrate prostrate like my grandfather used to say prostrate prostrate prostrate and she did a pretty dang good job on the attack well the prostate produces uh... semen part of it the uh... part of it well the sperm that's down to zoa comes up from the the balalanas the balinis of the uh... trans uh... de ferran the vas de ferran what? the vas de ferran vas de ferran? yeah, you know, you keep flowers in the vas? yeah, how come they never they never designed... they never made a designer vas in the shape of a vas de ferran? well, how the hell do i know? that'll be a challenge for a sculptor, right? i mean a vas maker attached to police cars bridges, buildings and sometimes merely as an app on a police officer's smart phone scanners capture images of passing or parked vehicles and pinpoint their location uploading that information into police databases over time it's unlikely many vehicles in a covered area escape notice and with some of the information going into regional databases encompassing multiple jurisdictions it's it becoming easier to build a record of where someone has been and when over a large area while the supreme court ruled in twenty twelve that a judge's approval is needed to use GPS to track a car networks of plate scanners allow police effectively to track a driver's location sometimes several times every day with few legal restriction the ACLU says the scanners are assembling a single high resolution image of our lives there's just a fundamental question of whether we're going to live in a society where these dragnet surveillance systems become routine the ACLU is proposing that police departments immediately delete any records of cars not linked to any crime yet that'll be the day that'll be the day yeah like that cartoon they don't delete nothing like i i i could i cartoon i saw yesterday about somebody walking into the oval office and asking president obama you know i wonder how the libertarians feel about us in obama says power that's no problem which is which is uh... bring up their their email information right now email email records although less thorough than gps tracking plate readers can produce some of the same information in minneapolis eight mobile and two fixed cameras captured data on four hundredth point nine million license plates from january to august twenty twelve does this electronic uh... system uh... bring up red flags instantly like today could they run the plate number as quickly as it's quickly as it's as it's far better than ever followed by a police car for maybe like five six blocks that's what they're doing in those five six blocks they're running your plate yet but i never see them do it too bad guys no no no hold on i never see them do it too more you know expensive cars that's possible they tend to do it however they tend to pick and choose if you were black they tend to profile and driving one of those big expensive cars they'd be running your plate and they'd be pulling you over because you don't fit the stereotype you fit the stereotype of a car stealer or could be a rap star or in their mind you could maybe they think you're a drug dealer you know what i mean how about a pimp? a pimp has to wear that big hat with the feather in it purple i like that i like that man would you take a photo wearing a hat like that hey some pimp's dress pretty dang good hey i got i got a hat a leopard print cowboy hat for for a little jimmy pesto i found one and he still has a talk about a pimp hat the star tribune reported among those whose movements were recorded mayor rt ryback whose city-owned cars were tracked no relation to the wwe pro wrestling star ryback at forty one locations in a year a star tribune reporter's vehicle was tracked seven times placing him at a friend's house three times late at night other times going to and from work maybe he's getting laid forming a picture of the date, times and coordinates of his routine coordinates beam me up scuddy until the city temporarily classified such data last year anyone could ask police for a list of when and where a car had been spotted as the technology becomes cheaper more widespread even small police agencies are able to deploy more sophisticated surveillance the federal government has been a willing partner offering grants to help equip departments in part as a tool against terrorism meanwhile as they're protecting us in the country they're doing an awful lot of profiling they're violating while protecting that's why the age of protecting is only a a cover for what they're really doing don't believe that right now because of mr snow expose the ns a spine and they're saying all well our spine protected us from fifty potential terror attacks so yeah probate and mr snowden's expose was demonized by the the media right i i didn't see did at what did msn msn bc say about the snowden situation what it what it uh... edge what's the name of it that he said anything about snowden doing everybody a favor uh... yeah in the sense all of us a lot of these people are naive or why didn't he go through the channel why didn't he tell his boss you know why he didn't tell us about the way that stuff that's correct in its tracks exactly that's why he didn't tell his boss because it was it was it was bad before and under obama whistleblowers ain't got a chance they ain't got a well the very word whistleblower is is is sounds negative it's not like um... what they really are like if you're if you're if you're writing out something something bad or or or evil if you are if you are uh... writing out a criminal within the government within your own government and you're doing the the the pop the the mainstream population of a favor yeah yeah you are you are a form of hero exactly but the the term whistleblower has a negative kind of negative connotations negative label attached to it and they do a good job to make sure that it stays that way whistleblower could be a whistleblower somebody exposing the c-e-o of the company he works for you know for uh... underhanded tactics and corruption it could be a politician being exposed what it's like you can't the forces of uh... evil in the criminal mind does not want to get caught or or um... he stopped that's correct you know uh... perfect example and when they have more power than you perfect example corporate welfare who would think that a bunch of uh... wall street scumbag crooks would be getting bailed out how much taxpayer money trillions trillions trillions really trillions and trillions and trillions trillions of uh... not from not from the rich from the from taxpayers money right interesting the republican cut to do nothing republican congress just took uh... uh... they they just took they're taking the whole month of august off for vacation again and they're coming back to work for nine days before they take another well vacation how about that and i'm sure you know and they already do nothing and they spent two million dollars on on pastries and doughnuts and coffee of taxpayers money for the seas you're gonna see you mentioned taking a month long vacation coming back working nine days that's a piece i can't i can't i can't yeah i mean you take a month off first of all when you work you don't work right all they know that they don't get all they know how to do is repeal obamacare yeah over and over and over and over and over they don't really pass anything else so they're going to be so they're going to come back from a month long vacation the republicans in congress and then they're going to work for nine work i use that term very loosely for nine days before they take another big break unbelievable law enforcement officials say the scanners are strikingly efficient the state of maryland told the a c l u that troopers could maintain a normal patrol stance while capturing up to seven thousand license plate images in a single eight-hour shift i mean it is there are some good points hidden cameras everywhere in the scanners i mean uh... what if uh... somebody innocent person in the neighborhood gets mugged possibly beat up they have a mind camera you know what i mean so they can apprehend many criminals uh... could be bank robber you know the getaway car you know that uh... you know many bank robbers are caught not many there's no cameras facing there's always came to getaway car they're in the bank well then how do they see them when they come to the top and how do they not get caught you're asking me i don't know this is another one of these things there's cameras can be effective and yet they have their downside any any any business that is susceptible to armed robbery or to robbery from you know team should always have cameras at different angles as to catch the getaway car and it's played it's like you know not just inside but outside the establishment really make sense you know so uh... makes more sense rethinking the robber from getting there in the first place i don't know but it's just the same thing as the camera but you gotta apprehend you don't know that the camera is going to do its job either or so i'm just i'm just pointing up another way of thinking about the story you do you you you you understand you do you you do what some extreme liberals do you you want to you want you feel sorry for the criminal element you want to give him counseling and therapy and if you feel sorry for that for the it was a lot to do with any young punk scumbag you know i mean you gotta do something old-fashioned justice and deterrent and deterring people is done in an old-fashioned way and harshly you know i mean yeah but that's after the fact i'm talking about preventing i don't know how you can in this world how can you prevent bad things from happening in this world god reads the heart so what is that going to do this is i'm just pointing up another way of thinking about the problem you gotta deal with the problem yeah do we have to deal with the with the cameras or preventing it well i tell you one thing the cameras and with the scanners and everything are a lot better than profiling people like what ray kelly does in new york city i like the cameras much better than profiling somebody because of what they look like but we didn't have to use cameras in the old days we still got crooks except the ones that we don't let go by like a count couple no they don't have to pay off the people they got crooks in the they got crooks the old-fashioned way they caught them by having a personal elbow now they had that they had police officers uniform and undercover working for the police force they had they had enough out there and they worked for eleven thousand dollars a year like columbola that will come back that way columbola drove around a piece of junk yeah or not at her old raincoat how do you get people to put their safety on the line and law enforcement by paying them eleven thousand a year i think bloomberg doesn't pay new york city cops that much for starters see you're thinking about it highly twenty five columbola's a guy that that's that's what he did homicide detective right that's what he did that's what he wanted to do that was his call i was his calling his calling in life right so it didn't matter you know the old saying if you love what you're doing you won't work a day and you won't work on day and you that's called so it just happened to be that that particular calling was not lucrative for lieutenant colombo well i mean i mean uh... didn't be a mayor bloomberg cut the uh... the subway security down from what i understand you know what i don't know if he has power over that that's how they court crooks in the old days those are transit police uh... the different uh... i think they are very funny you're not a the mt a yeah they're not they're not under ray kelly's jurisdiction thinks so so yeah well they were caught your your previous question my answer is there were a lot more staff uh... are uh... uh... law enforcement personnel on the streets available working that's how they court people the old-fashioned yeah there was a cop that you knew who was your buddy who was on the beat you had cops on the beat you had cops in the cars you know you didn't have uh... not these i don't mean the sale of alienated fascist military swat police all they all came out of the woodwork when the little college kids were protesting at zoek zucchini park uh... i mean uh... i think succotty succotty parker the we're talking about uh... occupy wall street there were there's a spray mason little girls faces and kick them in the face i think that happened in oakland california or southern cal so it happens all over yeah roughing up a bunch of little college girls they were there for that they don't have guns so you know but heaven forbid they should have one hundred to go after the porno is because they don't have guns heaven forbid they should arrest any of those real crooks on wallstreet oh no no no those of bloomberg's uh... they don't go there either muddy boys they don't go there uh... the records add up quickly in in jersey city the population is two hundred fifty thousand jersey city but the city collected more than two million plate images in a year because the city keeps records for five years you could fill up the prisons are really fast with jersey city i bet the a c l u estimates and no work it has some ten million on file and patterns and camden making it possible for police to plot the movements most residents depending on the location of the scan can do a lot of good but it also can enhance the uh... police state the fascist police state that we have now can uh... also make it worse than what it is again we have a fourth amendment to our constitution which is supposed to protect everybody in their private papers and etc that is true that is true and if you have a problem with somebody you think he's a crook or something post to go to a judge and get a warrant warrant well a person should be pulled over in search based on just cause all just is stopping frisk just cause just because you you you you don't like somebody's appearance that's what it's based on isn't it just because now it says profile no just because is not just that just cause means that the person did something suspicious or may have a record or or the person is in is doing something suspicious in progress not based on what they look like i don't care if they look like charles manson i don't care i don't care if they look like uh... like a cape man or something you know i mean it they're innocent they do something suspicious so anyway how much more of this reading that's it okay that's enough all right where's my record thank you for joining us for this week's progressive discussions uh... this is the last day of our heatwave and we are very happy to see it go and uh... you know i mean uh... it was a good informative progressive discussions of course we didn't change the world we didn't change the world of course that we expected that uh... our chisels hall of shame which i forgot to mention our inductee is the uh... the c-e-o and executives of family they shouldn't get all these hits at the shows you where america's going back to bill the mentality of the average american definitely trash definitely degeneration the evolution like people used to say the evolution but anyway you are meant we are not meant we are debauched all right thank you for joining us see you next time say so long to these jabronis two million viewers but have been forbidden anything educational on television or on the internet anything watching that you could learn something from have been forbidden that should get two million viewers on the first day like it to be you know yeah i mean that should go virus go viral rather go viral not some stupid asinine obnoxious little fat obese bigmouth kid like honey booboo


After learning about the middle ages, third grade students from Lowell Elementary and Brainerd were able to take a step back into medieval times. For this week's Golden Apple, our Sarah Winkelman takes us to the castle to see the students travel through time. Third grade students are walking all the way back to the medieval times and learning with each step along the way. The last probably five weeks or so we've been studying medieval life in the middle ages as part of their ancient civilization in their curriculum. After sitting in the classroom to learn, it is now time to put their education into action. Everything that they've been learning is sort of re-emphasized by being here today. What started nearly ten years ago by Nancy Waller, who today is better known as Queen Elizabeth. This became a brainstorm. A whirlwind of a day that continues to excite the kids time after time. Each year I just saw how much the kids loved dressing up and I would add to my collection. Dressing up was a big hit. This is night armor and it's very heavy. But it also had an educational spin. We covered the fabrics, the colors, that only royalty can wear purple and red. So we're doing a lot for the curriculum in addition to the kids having a lot of fun. And as for seeing the adults dressed up, it's kind of weird, it's funny. But even with lots of laughs. The students, they learn even more of what life was like back then. Experiencing everything from games, food, clothes, and of course, armor. For this week's Golden Apple, in Maryfield, Sarah Winkleman, Lakeland News. Each year the field trip is held out at the Castle on Parker Scout Reservation Camp. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Bah, what's up everybody. Once again, it's Brandon man, Shawn and ConfidenceBeats said I should do videos on producers some more because I only did one on this channel and when he said that I thought about it and I was like, you know what, I can start here. I got a chance to sit with Don Cannon about a month ago or maybe it was two months. Small intimate room, maybe about 20 people. Most of them were producers and I took some notes. We don't know who he is but he's done produce for Lil Wayne, Jeezy, Jay-Z, T.I., like anybody you can think of. He's even done things like the theme song for Tyler Perry, theme music and Floyd Mayweather and done stuff with Chris Rock. This man is as legit as it could get. Look him up but let's listen to these tips. So number one, so Don Cannon basically said while working with big names is great there's nothing better for your career than really being known for breaking new artists and really putting them into position as a producer. If you look at him he's been responsible for Asher Ross's career which was like completely out of left field. People weren't expecting that and then through his company with DJ Drama, his partner, they basically introduced Lil Uzi Burke to the world which he discovered when he was just listening on the radio he said in Philadelphia. He called the radio up and like, yo who's that dude? I need to find him. Track them down. So for one, chasing placements really wasn't for him for the most part and he really didn't want his beats in somebody's basement but the big thing was the credibility that it brings you is huge which goes into number two, cultivate sound and a movement. If you can cultivate that sound that really becomes popping you're in a strong position because you are the person grandfathering that sound. You can create the way when you're creating the wave you don't have to worry about chasing the wave. You can think about people like Swiss Beats, Timbaland. They've had these interesting or unique sounds and ways that they've created and you can think about how Metro Boomin is cultivating the sound that we hear right now on just other producers but he's just in that pocket. Number one, it's kind of hard to argue that he's not leading the game as far as young up-and-coming producers. We all know how powerful culture is so if you can create and cultivate the sound that's moving that culture you in a good position and that's what a producer does. Number three, shake it up a little bit. Specifically what he basically said was when he works with artists and they know that sound that he delivers or what he has when they come to him a lot of times they're looking for what they already know him for and they might want more of it or what worked in their past relationships but what he'll do is he'll give them something completely new that makes them do something new a new energy so they can keep evolving as an artist themselves as opposed to just giving them more and becoming a factory of just creating this template beat for them to then receive and just treat him like I don't know a commodity which we all know become stagnant eventually and it's going to kind of lock you down into a box so if people are trusting you to come to you for sound then yeah lead them don't just give them what they want but lead them to something new. Number four, learn the game legally. How he basically said this up was you got to get a manager and a lawyer at some point especially as you progress in the game and he said if you don't know the game take all the documents that they're having you sign or whatever that they're exchanging and read those documents you might not understand them at first but you gots to learn the game for your benefit in your career if you want to be in this thing so take those documents learn that way if you're not going to school for or anything like that.  Number five, put a stamp on that thing. I can't as a big component of putting the stamp on your beats because all that poor man's copyright and things like that is not real you can still get messed up and locked up in a whole courtroom battle just put a stamp on your beats so eventually if it's there people will come to you and a great point he also made was if the beat doesn't pop then it doesn't matter so put a stamp on it and don't worry about it don't waste your time trying to copyright all of your beats. I agree I know some people don't today we all know that producers are needing to find more and more ways to brand themselves because the game is just changing that way. But back in Dicannon he mentioned that Mike Jones was doing a big with his marketing tactics as far as having his number for everybody to call and things like that which is something that you can keep in mind you don't have to look for other producers to have producer marketing tactics you can look at artists create a brand around yourself you don't want to follow anybody necessarily in your lane anyway find somebody else that's doing something that you can apply to what you do and blow up that way. I love Dicannon stills because he keeps it short concise and obviously a dude who's been there super dope been listening to his music obviously my whole life because I ain't that old. Share this with producers or anybody you think might find this as helpful and you know what to do hit that subscribe button