Talk about, I mean, people who've mastered the art of bullshitting, I mean, following Trump really as part of the Trump kind of bandwagon. Tucker Carlson. Tucker Carlson used to be a decent human being. He used to be able to tell the difference between truth and lie. I'm not saying he never lied, but he used to be able to tell the difference between the two. Well, I don't think he can anymore. I don't think he has the capacity to tell the difference anymore. I don't think he cares anymore. I just think reality doesn't matter. Truth doesn't matter. He's just going to say whatever he thinks will achieve, whatever he wants it to achieve at the moment. Tucker Carlson went to Hungary, to Budapest this last weekend where he gave a talk. And he used the opportunity first to criticize the U.S. Ambassador to Hungary because the U.S. Ambassador to Hungary did criticize the Hungarian parliament for passing stringent anti-gay legislation that actually comes very close to outlawing gay behavior and encourages people to tell on one another. So this is from the Ambassador's words. It is impossible not to see echoes of this in your parliament's vote earlier this year to encourage neighbors to report to the authorities they gay neighbors raising children. So if gays are raising children, people are supposed to tell the authorities because it's illegal. I'm telling neighbor-on-neighbor conscious a dark past of covert agents and informants of fear and betrayal in this country and this region that I do not need to recount. You have a museum for that. While this legislation did not become law, the fact that it was even considered, let alone supported by this government and passed by this legislature is chilling. I'm not talking about its communist past. He could also be talking about its occupation under the Nazis. He could be talking about either one. Anyway, Tucker Carlson felt it necessary to go and defend the Hungarian honor against the American ambassador over LGBTQ, right? He says I'm not in the habit of apologizing for the United States. In fact, I don't think I ever have, but the behavior of the American ambassador to Hungary makes me want to apologize.  It's also so far from the norms of diplomacy in my country that it's hard for me to believe that David Pressman is actually doing what he's doing. But that was just kind of the warm-up. The thing that really made news with Tucker Carlson is what he went on to say. He talked about the fact that Americans hate Hungary. Maybe he talked about American elites or the American authorities hate Hungary.  Not because maybe it's authoritarian nature of Orban. Not because maybe they've suppressed all independent media. Not because they are the one country in Europe that seems to be mildly opposing the support of even the Europeans for Ukraine. Maybe not because Orban is very friendly towards Putin. No, not because of that. Why or why do Americans hate Hungary? Some Americans. Why do I?  Maybe they hate the leadership of Hungary. They hate Orban. But this is what Tucker Carlson said. This is a quote. They hate Hungary because it's a Christian country. Nobody wants to say it, but it's true. That is enough to incite our policymakers in the United States. And that is exactly why they hate Russia, by the way. So our policymakers, our intellectuals, our quote elites, hate Hungary and Russia because they're Christian countries. That's why. I mean, really, really. Now, a number of people have made the point.  Somebody said, whenever, whenever Tucker says, but it's true that he's lying. That's true, I think, too. But here's some statistics from both Hungary and Russia in terms of how religious they are as countries. We'll talk about what Christianity has to do with this. Just 16% of Russians say that religion is very important to them and just 7% attend worship services weekly. That would put it, if Russia was a state in the United States, that would put it as the most secular state in the United States of America. So by every measure, if you count how seriously people take their religion and how often they go to church, the United States of America is a lot more religious than Russia is. When it comes to Hungary, 19% of Hungarians say that religion is very important to them. And less than 19% attend worship services weekly. Again, it would be more secular in California, more secular than Massachusetts or whatever state you want as... I mean, there is a sense in which we should hate Hungary over Christianity. But it's not because it's a Christian country, i.e., the people there are Christian. They are not. It is because both Russia and Hungary use as a moral justification for the particular government that they have, use as moral justification for the policies of the government, and use as a basis for their policies, religion. That is the problem with Russia and Hungary is not the religiosity of their people, they're not that religious. The problem with Hungary and Russia is the religiosity of their government, and the refusal of their government to separate church and state. That is the use of religion in politics. That is the problem with Russia and Hungary. So yes, there is no separation of state from church in those countries. And yes, Hungary wanted to pass legislation based on religion that was anti-gay for no real reason. And yes, Russia has all kinds of laws that place the Russian Orthodox Church in kind of a superior position in the country. By the way, a few years ago, Russia criminalized missionary work and evangelizing of other churches, non-Russian Orthodox, outside of the Russian Orthodox. People have landed in jail for merely discussing their Christian faith, again, when it's not Russian Orthodox. And that's by the way, if you don't believe me, you can check it out on Christianity Today, the link to that.  Maybe because it invaded a country that was not aggressing against it. Maybe people hate Russia because the Russian regime executes its opponents. Maybe people dislike Russia because it flirted with some kind of democratic elections and then has basically rejected that for complete corruption.  I mean, there are lots of reasons where people might hate Russia, but Christianity is not one of them. Again, maybe it's because Russia does not have the separation state in church. So again, Tekka Carlson BSing his way through another public presentation.


And thank you everyone in the room and online and everyone who would be watching the recording. This talk is called Five Approaches to Increasing Your Happiness, Rear Opens or Happiness. And I would talk about five agreements and which are these five agreements. I will tell you a bit later. And I will first start introducing myself. My name is Stefka Dimitrova. I work at VMware, the open source program manager. And so in the most part of source program office, Don Foster is my manager, she's here in the room. And I work on community strategy, project health. And I've been in tech for about 10 years, started as a consultant. I have a business economics background. So I was a non-tech in the tech company. Went through and developed my way into the program office and open source within these years. So I have been learning and developing. And I also have my other hobbies and interests where I'm learning a lot, work a lot with kids and teenagers and the outdoors. I do improvisation theater work, most for social. Causes, so these old daytime jobs and hobbies or other activities have brought the challenge of needing to balance between all and needing to find the meaning and the purpose in all the activities that I do. So for that, I really got recently reminded about these agreements that I will share about and that they helped me remember why I do most of the things that I do and how it can be more successful. And when I talk about agreements and in the open source context, what are the first things that come to your mind? I guess like license agreements or contributor agreements or all the compliance work or everything related that needs to be documented. And here, as I said, I was recently reminded about a book that I've read many years ago, The Four Agreements by John Miguel Ruiz and then the Fifth Agreement. That's why I try to summarize all the five. And this best-selling author is actually sharing a tautic wisdom of living a life free of beliefs and self-judgements that are rather limiting us than allowing us the freedom to live our lives fully. And I was reminded about this book by these young actors. This picture is by a play that they are so young and so simple way they represented this profound wisdom. And I started thinking, okay, do I do that in my day-to-day work? Do I apply these principles and in what extent I could do better if these kids can understand them, explain them and put them in the art in such a beautiful way why me as a grown-up doesn't do it more often. And that's what I'm actually, I want to achieve with this presentation is to show you these agreements, remind you about them. Actually, who in the room maybe knows about this book, have read the book, have heard about it. That's great because that's one of my goals to tell you something that you probably don't know or don't have in this framework because this is a really simple frame to put things which you've probably been considering in other contexts. And then I will share some of the examples how I apply it in the open source program office work that I do and maybe inspire you to have some ideas how you can apply as well. So starting with the first agreement, it's called by Don Miguel Riz, be impeccable with your work. And I should have started with I'm not an expert in diversity, equity inclusion in being impeccable. And I know many knowledgeable people who've worked and developed their self a lot in that. And also they don't call themselves experts because we're all learning and we're all growing in that. And in this particular agreement or topic, what it's about is really taking full responsibility of what we say, what we think and having that integrity with also what we do. So it's not just about how I talk to other people but also how I talk to myself or the self talk, all the inner critics and everything that affect enormously our life and our relationship with others which in the end is also how they affect our work. And this includes also of course using the constructive and inclusive language being free of judgments. And in all communication channels that we can do that. So it's to be considered in emails, in meetings and in some cases also older language that we are using affects others. So how will we do it? And try to be integral with all of that. Second is related because when we've done or spoken something then it affects others. And how we'll take this? Don't take things personally, don't take anything personally. And this is a picture of my dogs and I was happy seeing dogs here around but what dogs are really good at is really looking innocent because they usually don't do things with the intention to harm anyone even when they are so dirty and trying to lie on my couch or whatever mess they're doing here at home. I know that I shouldn't take that personally and of course which humans that's much harder to do because as humans and when we are overworked, burnt out then there is a lot more tension and it's easier to forget that we own this responsibility and this power of how we react in certain situations. So yeah, just a bit more to the don't take things personally. It's really about that we are clear about how we react on the response and especially in tough conversation when someone might think this is pointed directly to them and my personal example in my day-to-day work I need to remind some packages, like cases, maintainers or teams then they need to do certain things like responding in some time frame on dependable alerts and this is just reminder on my side and when this comes in a bad timing for that person and they react to my reminders if I take this personally that will spoil our relationship or I might start feeling dissatisfaction of work because then my work involves these hard conversations or reminding people of things that they felt to do in time and when I realize that their reaction is not personally to me, it's just a reaction of being overloaded and trying to balance priorities then it's much easier to do that daily work. So next one which I thought is the third agreement is don't make assumptions and as I mentioned I work with kids and teenagers a lot and kids are just great at asking questions when they don't get something when it's a new situation, when it needs a new circumstance, when it's something that's challenging they will ask how it's done, why it's done and that's so normal and I'm a person who tries to understand things before asking and I've known that that makes me do something slower than if I would have asked questions and I try to get reminded by this work that it's so simple to just double check did I really meant this or did the task or that requirement was really about doing this or that or I'm doing some extra work or I'm doing the entire additional work that wasn't required by me and this also involves documenting things describing them well enough so that people don't make assumptions which and it's related also which roles does which activities or what's the growth path in a community what is the usual way to respond which channels do we use to respond in certain projects or communities and then we won't leave people with false expectations so again it's our responsibility to take care of that and it's also as I said I'm a non-tech person in tech environment initially when I start in a new team I often get myself find a conversation when I hear abbreviations or terms that I don't understand and then I need to ask questions but now when I need to onboard someone else or need to share information I try to use less abbreviations or I try to explain a bit more so that don't assume that people just get it and I shared about how we can prevent making consumption is just documenting things better and having Q&A or frequently asked questions just allowing some more time and freedom and this also means being also aware and respectful of people that would be shy or would have other reasons to don't really ask so directly so we need to provide various channels for them to ask just questions in a way that they will be comfortable asking the questions and always do your best that was the fourth agreement which concludes the first book that I've shown you from Don Miguel Ruiz and it is about doing your best at a given moment here one critical part is at the given moment because as I've chosen here a picture from a mountain hike at a given moment depends on the circumstances on your physical condition on your mental, emotional state on the team's current conditions and it's clear in the mountain you adapt the goal when the weather is bad when the group is not feeling well or whatever and we are much more judgmental to ourselves in our work and right now I'm definitely jet lagged I lost my voice so my personal best today would be different from my personal best when I prepare the presentation and practice for it at home so being kinder to myself and to others about this best would really help also communicate and negotiate the goals with others in the team and in the company and in personal lives of course and here it's also related to doing so always do your best emphasis on doing rather than just thinking about it planning about it lying on the couch and don't move here what the book says and what I try to remind myself constantly and others is to try even if I fail at least I've tried and with Open Source project we see that there's a lot of innovation experiments involved not everything would be great but until we try it out that we would never know and part of my work in the Open Source program office is also helping projects be sunsetted so helping, recognizing, helping teams as good Open Source citizens communicate when they're no longer actively maintaining a project and I'm trying to investigate and I was reading and researching about it to see and that's according to that data that I found on GitHub so I'm assuming here so estimating that about 16% of projects will be inactive in one year after they've been published on GitHub or published so you know that not everything will end up being used and in five years actually only half of the projects will remain when this trend continues and I've observed it and derived data from it to conform my observations so that should be okay that's part of the innovation if companies allow and if individuals are allowed to experiment and to try they will have things out there that won't be successful and if we are accepting it we will be less judgmental for ourselves on that again and that will give us the freedom to act and to try out more things and the fifth Grimans is an entire book because in a way it helps explain how to apply the previous form given that we as humans are all biased that's why we have these unconscious behavior or perceptives that's why we try to educate ourselves more and that's why we are all telling the stories in different ways and we are all having our different stories and it's called be skeptical and listen for the truth and skeptical exactly because of these biases and being aware of our own biases of everyone else's biases and just be open to listen to and this is that listening is an entire whole art because there is a lot of layers of what we actually listen what we hear when we listen who we listen to and it requires being present and respectful of everything that will come up and not only to others but again to ourselves being respectful also me is that for me I'm based in Bulgaria in Varna so far away and being here in Canada I see so many things that are just different and I know that I have unconscious biases I know that I have my fears I did a quick escape to the mountains drove through the Squamish and Whistler and I was almost frightened to see bears because I have three rumors that there are a lot here and they are scary and these are my biases on how people are surviving here and I know that I have many more biases that I'm unconscious about and if I accept that I'll be much more willing to grow and to develop and to learn in these areas and what I do in my job to really to really support these being skeptical and listening is doing interviews trying to listen to people asking questions, allowing them this time to pause so that they also learn about themselves by answering my questions because this is just the necessary time to be present and to pause and as I share that I will show some examples of my day-to-day job and how I am applying the principles this was a graph that I worked on to summarize different activities that my role involves in the open source program office and I did it way before I thought about this presentation and having the five agreements but it's so much but I so much liked how they match of course in every task that I do I need to be reminded and I need to remind myself of applying these agreements but I could really easily relate all the maintenance communications work and sending quite regular updates organizing meetups to the being impactable with your work and all the communication efforts also what I shared as an example of security work is here I need to be constantly reminded about not taking things personally and just doing my regular job documentation best practices helping out people to get onboarded in different ways in different tools which I need to not make assumptions I need to really explain well explain better to learn to be inclusive in my language in my actions to more people and I mentioned about cleaning up working on certain setting of projects in terms of doing my best in this case it's in the end of the life cycle project and regular assessments and meetings, interviews which allow people to pause and listen for the truth so to really wrap it up the book the fifth agreement ends with the sentence thank you for helping me change the world by which the author means that by everyone who reads the book if they implement these agreements and change their mindset they'll change their own world and if they change their own world that's the only way they can change the world so we can only change ourselves in order to change the bigger picture so what I really would invite you to do and I will pause for a minute which will be really really uncomfortable for me to stand here in silence but I really want to allow you the time to think of how you can apply the five agreements in your daily work life and just have this minute to think about it maybe write it down and have a mental note about it and I will start the minute so the minute is over but if you need more time I will be happy to allow you that time just looking at people I think you have some thoughts in your mind and what I would encourage you to use the rest of the conference use the rest of this presentation maybe as well to take time, share and discuss and as humans working in a fast growing industry environment in this world we try to think big of really 10 things or 100 things or a great big project to start of when we want to change something or it might be only me how I do it and that's why this reminder stays commit to one small actionable item so not really some great commitments because then it gets again into the trap of failing when it's too big being self judgmental don't want to try again but when it's something small actionable which we could do and some some ideas about it would be really to check on some of the yeah I will go back to the previous topics to really next time when when I feel that I'm going emotional and I'm going to react to an email or message to instead of that get out of my desk or my workplace go for a cup of tea or a cup of water allow myself to breathe and relax and then just consider if I wouldn't think that personally what my reaction I wouldn't take an action what reaction might be and that might be as simple as that just commit to do it every time just commit to do it once and if it succeeded once then you might do it again and of course or sometimes when you're feeling that you are failing with something it's just a good reminder was that the best I could do today yes or no if the answer is yes then give yourself the gratitude that at least you tried even if it was bad day for you so that's my invitation to really use that time until you probably remember this agreement and I really thank you for helping change the world because that's what you do by being in this conference and being there for yourself and for others and being in the communities that you are in and with this I allow for any questions comments, shareings and we'll be happy to hear from anyone who has anything to comment or questions might be just related to anything of the work topics that I mentioned if not we can talk later once we need to use them for the live stream or I can repeat the questions of course I thought you have but I'm not sure okay then thank you all


Good day, fellow investors. There is so much talk about stock market crashes and individual stocks crashing, what will survive, what not. But we can talk as much as we want about that. There are three core fundamentals that are not discussed as much but are even more important than whether stocks will crash or not. And these are the fundamentals that lead the average investor to strongly underperform the market. Over the last 20 years, the average investor achieved a return of 2.5% while the SAP500 achieved a return of 6.1%. That's a huge difference and this is something we have to address, analyze and prevent. And in this video I want to share three core things that each of you have to know before investing in stocks. And it will give you a clear perspective so that you don't make the mistakes the average investor usually does that leads to those very, very bad returns. Apart from doing the right things when stock markets crash, I want to discuss also investing in individual stocks, mistakes there and how many stocks perform well and how many perform bad from a statistical perspective. Then how to approach investing from a probabilistic way, the Warren Buffett way of probabilities of gains and losses and we'll discuss in another video the California to discuss how much you should invest given a certain probabilistic outcome. And then I'll finish the video with some good news. Let's start with the content and if you enjoy this content, please at any moment in time, click that like button or if you have any questions, please comment. So I said the average investor achieved a very poor return over the last 20 years compared to the SAP 500. Why did that happen? Well, we have seen ups and downs in the stock market. We have had two bear markets of 50%, big declines, one bull market up 100% from 2002 to 2007 and then the huge bull market over the last 10 years. Why did investors do so badly? Well, because they did the wrong thing at the wrong moment in time because they didn't have a clear perspective on what investing is and how to be ready for whatever can happen when it comes to investing. And this is exactly what this video is all about, how to be ready for whatever can happen when it comes to investing. The difference between 2.5 and 6.5% in returns is staggering and that is why this is so important. What happens? Usually the average investor looks at the news, they predict the stock market crash, they predict the world coming to an end and then they usually sell at the wrong moment in time. Let's say they sold in 2008 and then said, okay, we are out of the market and then when things get better, 2015, then they get back into the market. That is a 50% opportunity cost for the portfolio, which is why you can't really time the market and which is why you can't really predict the stock market crash and you're playing a very dangerous game if you start to listen to all those news about crashes, about how stocks will crash, etc. Even if you, let's say, prevent one crash and then come in later when the situation normalizes, even then you don't do much better than the market. Actually, in this case, with a seven-year break avoiding the 2009 great crash, you are still below market performance. And this is the likely process that happens when people start thinking about stock market crashes and doing the wrong thing at the wrong moment in time. When stocks are down 10%, okay, it's a correction, it will likely pass and that's correct statistically. When stocks are down 20%, okay, this is a bare market, perhaps we'll see a recession, there will be a recovery, I'm okay. Stocks dropped 30%, this is getting dangerous, what should I do? I just lost 30% of my portfolio, I can't risk my retirement, what should I do? Then stocks are down 40%, oh this is really bad news, this will get worse, the world as we know it will never be the same, I better sell and I protect what I have. Consequently, stocks, let's say, go down 41%, that's the market bottom and we have a bull market ahead. These are the behavioral mistakes that many make and one should be very careful to avoid such mistakes and to avoid such mistakes, you need to have a clear perspective on what can happen when it comes to investing and what can happen when it comes to investing? What's a certainty is that each asset class you own will drop 70% or more once or twice in your lifetime, that's a given, that's the likelihood of what will happen. So once or twice in your lifetime, stocks, bonds, cash, real estate or something like that will drop hugely and that's something you have to see whether you are ready, whether you can survive that, only those who survive and accumulate wealth in the meantime during those crashes, only those do very, very good. So this is not something, whether there will be a crash or not, this is something you have to know, crashes will come, the key is what am I going to do about it when it happens, can I handle it, can I tolerate it or not? You can't really predict a crash, you never know when it will happen and you never know what's the opportunity cost. So the only option we have is to be ready. Also, when it comes to investing, this is the Dow borrowed from Monash Pabrai, so there can easily be 22, 25, 17, 20, 15, 20 years where stocks returns are zero and that is something also you have to keep in mind. We don't know what will the future look like, but we have to keep in mind all the possible scenarios. If you can tolerate stocks going nowhere over the next 10, 15 years, especially at current high, relatively high valuations and if you can tolerate a 50% market crash, you should not be investing in stocks and you should look at other options. That is the simple truth. Even the stock of Berkshire had the way, since 1968 went down more than 40% about five times. That's a huge drop even for such a big business, such a great business as Berkshire is. Thus, we have to tolerate that, we have to allow for that and give that flexibility within our investing, within our lifestyle, within our financial portfolios. That's the key. If you can accept that flexibility, then you can be an investor into the stock market, because then you'll be happier when something bad happens, because you can accumulate more at much lower prices. That will actually give you a great return in the long run. That's the key. If you can tolerate that, then you have to adjust your strategy so that you can tolerate those things. This was about the stock market. Now, it gets really ugly. Let's talk about individual stocks and the probabilities of outcomes when it comes to investing into individual stocks. If you can't tolerate the stock market dropping 50%, then you should really be careful about tolerating investing into individual businesses. This is the SF500 returns over the last 20 years from 1997 to 2017, over 20 years. You can see that 50% of stocks have a return that is lower than 50%. Over 20 years, that's below a 2% return. 14% of the SF500 stocks delivered a return of minus 100 to minus 50%, over 20 years. Another 15% went from minus 50 to zero. 29%, 30% of stocks of the SF500 delivered negative returns over 20 years. 30% of stocks, 3 out of 10 negative returns add another 20%. 50% of stocks included in the SF500 give you terrible returns. On the average, so this is the average return, the average return is much better because you have these companies, the 4% that become more than 10 baggers that justify all these bad, let's say, especially these 50% of bad returns and then these companies save for those companies and especially the 4% here. So 40% of stocks delivered negative returns, 15% between negative 50% and zero percent, 20% up to 50% over 20 years, that's 50% of the SF500 delivered returns below 2% per year. These are staggering statistics and something to keep in mind. 24% of the winners that outperform the market will cover for all the losers. Thus, you have to be happy if you have less than 7.6 losers out of 10 investments. Do you comprehend this? I invest in 10 stocks, 7.6 of those underperformed the market are losers, are investing mistakes, I should have sticked to the SF500 and that's something we as investors in the individual stocks have to accept and comprehend. That's as simple as that. Further, going deeper, found a nice research report from Bessem Binder and only 4% of the stocks since 1926 explain all the positive returns the stock market delivered since then. So only these 4% of stocks is what gives you the return. So 4 out of 100 is what you have to focus on for the great long-term returns. The other 96% of stocks since 1926 delivered a similar return to treasury bills. So $1 became $21, $1 invested in stocks became between $7,000 and $36,000 for amazing investing returns. But you have to understand the numbers game there that it will be ugly for many, many stocks out there. So if you do 7 out of 10 mistakes, you will be an okay investor. If you have 6 out of 10 mistakes, you will be a really good investor and you will outperform the market. If you do 5 out of 10, you will be at buffet level investing and if you do 4 mistakes out of 10, then you will be a genius.  And there is plenty of comments, but as investors we have to understand the numbers behind investing in individual stocks. If I do let's say 5 mistakes out of 10 and 5 are good investments, after 15-20 years you'll put my golden statue in your bedroom and another in your hall when you enter your huge villa, because that is how much money you will make. That is investing. 5 out of 10 of those 5, some become great businesses and you just need 4 compounders, 4% of the investments to be the great compounders over the long term, then you are a wonderful, you are a great investor. If you have more than 4% of the investments doing really really good. And that's what we do on this channel, we try to improve the odds of investing. We don't try to be right on every stock. There will be mistakes, I can guarantee you I'll make a lot of mistakes, but we are trying to improve the long term odds by selecting those stocks that have the best probabilities, the best outcomes regarding the risk and reward. And then you say okay Sven, you often discuss very strange emerging market stocks etc. If we focus on the best stocks then the risk should be much lower. Look at this, this is the top 10 S&P 500 components for 2005. Top company General Electric, Exxon, Microsoft City Group, Banks, PEG, Walmart etc. Let's see how those fared. General Electric is down what 85% since 2005, Exxon down 20 something percent covered up by the dividends, but still a pretty negative return especially compared to the market. I don't even have to mention the banks and the return there. So it's not about the S&P 500 etc. or emerging markets, it's about finding quality businesses and understanding the risk and reward and trying to improve the odds in your favor. How to improve the odds in your favor? Well 1989 shareholder meeting Warren Buffett said the following, take the probability of loss times the amount of possible loss from the probability of gain times the amount of possible gain, that is what we are trying to do. It's imperfect but that's what it's all about. And here I made a small table explaining Buffett's calculation. So we have in this case I took my gut feeling for the S&P 500. Let's say that over the next 10 years the S&P 500 will go to 6,000 points and I give a 70% chance for that happening because of inflationary pressures, inflation, money printing, Fed buying, ETFs likely in the future. So S&P 500 goes to 6,000. There is a 20% chance that it goes just to 3,000 points. Okay, then I multiply that times the 20% chance and I have a value. It goes down to 1,500 points, let's give it a 10% chance and this is the value, the sum of values is the value of the S&P 500 in the next 10 years should be 4,950. If in case we have an economic depression for the next 5-10 years it can be much lower. That would give a return of 6.2% per year which is in line with current valuations. If I look at the total return is 83% up, 6.2% yearly return over 10 years. And something also more important here. Okay, this is the outcome. Okay, Sven says 6.2% return. Okay, I should put all my money in the S&P 500. Wait, another very important thing before doing that. What if this materializes? What if the 10% scenario materializes and in 10 years the value of the S&P 500 is 1,500 points, not 6,500. This is where it is about you and saying, okay, can I tolerate this? Okay, I'll have to work a little bit more, save a little bit more, invest and take advantage of the situation and then I can tolerate this. But if you can't tolerate this then you have to be very careful or at least know exactly what you are doing in order to prevent finding yourself in a bad financial situation because each of these scenarios can happen. These probabilities don't matter much when those scenarios happen. And then as said, stocks can go down 50%, can crash all the time and can stay down for a long period of time and that's something you have to see whether you can tolerate it or survive it. So to sum up stocks can fall 70% anytime, keep that in mind when investing and be positioned so that if it happens, when it happens, you can survive it and go on with your life. If you can't survive it, if you can't tolerate, then you have to rethink everything and make sure the fundamentals are strong. And then you can invest peacefully whatever happens you are okay. That's the core of investing, that's the first core of investing. The second core of investing, well, if I invest in individual stocks there will be many, many mistakes. That's something I have to tolerate. I have to weed the flowers and cut the weeds. It's as simple as that. And then in a probabilistic way, I have to improve the odds of succeeding and you improve the odds of succeeding by being emotionally disattached from the mistakes, from the downturns. That's why you have to make sure that it doesn't have an impact on your personal finances, on your decision making.  No, it's about how you feel, what action you make when you lose your job, when you have to pay your mortgage, when you divorce your spouse, when your kid needs to go to college, when you need surprising money and the stock market is crashing or where you are not reaching that target. That is when you have to make rational decisions. And this is what investing is all about. Plus knowing that 76% of the individual investments will not outperform the market and will look like mistakes. Can you invest into something where most of what you do will be looked like mistakes? And then every loss that we have psychologically hurts 2.5 times more than a similar gain. Therefore, those losses, and that's why investing is so difficult and so few succeed over the long term. And this is investing, keep that in mind. There is also a report that I wrote, 15-page report. If you want to read to these statistics, look at the links at the sources. It's on my free stock market course. I have put the link to the course and to the PDF where you can enjoy, read it calmly and see how these investing probabilities fit you. Also, if you like this video, please subscribe, click that notification bell so that you get notified when a video comes out. And now, to end up with very, very good news, let me share this. So I live in a small country in Europe bordering Italy called Slovenia. I live here in the mountains and we have very good news today. We have eliminated the coronavirus, no more coronavirus in Slovenia. So we went into lockdown in March and we had about 50 cases, 50 new cases each day and then declining over April. And let's say since the end of April, we have had one or two cases or just one few days ago. So no more cases of coronavirus after two months lockdown. So it is possible to get rid of it. It is possible to solve the situation and with that positive note, I want to wish you the same that you get rid of corona wherever you are, that we get rid of this nasty virus and that we can go on with life as we knew it. Tomorrow we are visiting the capital, going for a pizza and enjoying our life. I wish you the same. If you want to check my book, whatever I do, other stock investments, analysis, my research platform, with my mistakes, where I'll make many and see how those mistakes fit you, please also check my research platform. Thank you and I'll see you in the next video.


There were reports that the court recognized Princess Anne Agom Eze as the senator of the candidate of the APC for a boy south. Still from the court, an Abuja-based lawyer Osigwe Momo has sued the all-progressive Congress and the party's presidential candidate Bola Tinubu at the Federal High Court, Abuja, for fielding a Muslim-Muslim ticket. In the suit, the lawyer sought an order of perpetual injunction, restraining INEC from publishing the name of the APC presidential candidate in the forthcoming elections for violation of the Nigerian constitution. The plaintiff claimed that the decision to pick the party's presidential flag bearer and running made from the same religion violates the principle and the spirit of the Nigerian constitution. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


It's the job of law enforcement to have guns and to decide when to shoot. You just do not want the average citizen carrying a gun in a crowded place. Former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg made that comment after an armed citizen may have averted a mass shooting by killing a gunman at a Texas church. It hasn't aged well. How convincing can Bloomberg's only cop should have guns message B to Americans who have seen and shared fresh examples unjustified and brutal police conduct or who have witnessed scenes of rioters and looters putting their lives and property at risk because law enforcement agencies failed to protect them. The NYPD and the mayor did not do their job last night. A good many Americans took responsibility for their own safety, including people who fully support protests against police misconduct but see no reason to allow themselves to be victimized by hotheads and opportunists. In St. Paul, Minnesota, black residents stood armed guard against looters outside local businesses. Business owners in Kirkland, Washington did the same. A Bellevue Washington cigar shop owner chased off looters at gunpoint. They were acting in the tradition of the so-called roof Koreans who defended their stores during the 1992 LA riots. Yeah, he's holding a shotgun and I think one of his purposes is he wants potential looters to see it. I think he wants people, all of them, if they want people to see that they are armed and that you enter their properties at some risk. Many police departments conceded the limits of their abilities. In Florida, Sheriff Grady Judd advised Polk County residents to shoot looters. High-profile psychologist Scott Barry Kaufman, a gun control supporter, marveled on Twitter that when he called Santa Monica police over protest-related confrontation, they told him, Sir, the city is under attack. Do what you have to do. For those who have been advising Americans for years that we should lay down our own weapons and trust armed government employees to protect us and treat us with respect, 2020 has been a massive reality check. The year so far has demonstrated, once again, that the police can't be relied on to defend our lives and property and often pose threats themselves. It's the job of law enforcement to have guns and to decide when to shoot. If we were to follow the advice of those who would disarm us, we'd be even more at the mercy of Derek Chauvin and his buddies and anybody else with ill intent.


what's up everyone take down here welcome back to another video today i decided to sit down and actually piece together and think of what i would do if i were to win the lottery because you hear of stories of people that win the lottery millions and millions of dollars and then eventually they become bankrupts i do not want to be that person if i ever were to win a large large amount so i decided to do this and share it with you guys in a video just because i thought it would be fun to do so at first the first thing that i would do would be to purchase a new truck something that i would consider to be a new daily driver for me and i would want it between the price range of about 60 000 to 80 000 and i know that sounds expensive but most new top of the line trucks these days are expensive just like that so if i were to get anything because i own a truck right now i own a 2010 GMC Sierra i would honestly want to stick with the truck or possibly a luxury suv range rover something like that maybe bmw i'm not totally sure but definitely trucks are something that are of interest of me i would stick with something that would either be dodge for chevy something along those lines i would honestly want it either a dark navy blue metallic or a dark gray metallic something along those lines maybe black but i also i'm just really into dark colored vehicles so that's personally something that i would own so for me buying a new truck would definitely be one of the first purchases that i were to make if i were to win the lottery next would be me moving i've always always always dreamt about moving to california or hawaii or florida someplace warm because that's just i always love the tropics i've always loved the beach weather i've always loved warm weather to begin with but honestly if i were to win millions of dollars if i were to win the lottery because as you guys know i do live in canada i honestly think i would want to stay in canada maybe i would move a little bit further away but stay within canada because as you guys know i live in a small town right now so i definitely want to move away and have a decent sized home something that's for me i would be able to maintain myself or if i had to bite the bullets and had somebody come in to clean it would literally be maybe once or twice a week but definitely i want something that i would be able to manage myself and for cleaning i don't think i'd want sorry for cooking i don't think i'd want somebody to come in and cook my meals for me i absolutely love cooking for myself i absolutely love being in the kitchen so for me i would be doing all of that i would not have somebody come in and cook for me maybe clean the house if i got something a little bit too big but i definitely want something that i can manage i would honestly want in the house a large man cave to display all of my collections i would want a large ish game room because as you guys know i love gaming and i would want a decent sized area to record a different style of videos and maybe have a background and different things that i can do for different kinds of videos that i honestly record so and this would also open up the door for different kinds of videos that i'd be able to record because i'd be able to afford to do a lot more i would honestly go nuts with collecting i love collecting right now but if i were to win the lottery i would go nuts and that's why i'd need a big area to display it everything from my hockey collectibles hockey cards video games cds and so much more comics i would honestly go nuts but above all if i were to win the lottery i would definitely want to get a 15 to 20 car garage and start a car collection i would want also to have a workshop with a huge amount of tools everything i would ever need so i was able to build and restore cars i would definitely want a hoist something that's i would be able to use and maintain and keep up the maintenance for so i definitely would want that and every tool that i would ever need i would honestly restore cars not only for myself to add to my personal collection because that would be awesome to fully 100 restore a car and have it in your collection because that would be one hell of a story but i would also restore cars to sell and flip for a little bit of profits or just to donate for an auction or something along those lines i think that would be really cool honestly the next thing that i would do if i would win the lottery the first thing i would do the first full calendar year after winning the lottery i would be only traveling and i would honestly want to see how many countries i could travel within the first year but i'm not going to just try to race through it and try to just see how many i can travel to within the first year i would honestly want to enjoy every place i went i don't just want to go say hi say i've been there took take a couple pictures and then leave i definitely want to enjoy myself and spend some time get the culture get the amazing views in and that might just be me after that every year i'd make smaller trips or maybe like a two to three week trip at certain locations but i would definitely not just be traveling all the time i definitely want to continue doing other things as well if that makes any sense next for investing for me i would make sure my family my wife and my kids were set for life that to me it would be top priority if i were to win the lottery if i won one million or yet less i would definitely invest a lot more heavily into stocks and try to get stocks that i would be almost guarantee myself to get profit within five years i'd be spending a lot in stocks but it's only on the things that i could assure myself profit within about a five year five to 10 year period just so i can help set my family up for money in the future but if i were to win 10 plus million i would definitely invest in businesses small businesses products that people are trying to invent maybe they need a little bit of capital or money to do so and i would definitely uh if i were to invest that way i would take a small percentage of their company or their profits or something but i would definitely invest more heavily into businesses or starting my own business rather than investing into stocks and things like that and the last thing i'm going to mention for if i were to win the lottery would be about donating money because i have always thought this way whenever it comes to donating if people win the lottery and this is my take on donating number one i know if i were to win the lottery and if anyone wins the lottery there's going to be a lot of people that are going to ask you for handouts ask you for money just because you have a lot of money now they're just going to ask and beg and people that might be your friends maybe they're now see you have money and just trying to use you to get some of your money or maybe they just know you or have known you in the past and now they're trying to come back in your life people that you might have not have talked to in five 10 15 plus years all of a sudden they want to know you now they want to help they want some money they want something out of you so for me i would not give them anything i would only give to family and close friends i would literally not want to be around anybody if there were to just come out of the blue and ask for money just because i have money now and the people that i haven't talked to for years that's the main reason i would want to move farther away then where i am to basically avoid that i know if i were to go into a new city and people found out i had money that might be a little bit different but i definitely would not give handouts to just anybody that were to ask me for money now whenever it comes to donating to charity here's my take on it and i know a lot of people may disagree with me and that's okay but this is what i would do if i were to win a large amount of money and that would be i would not donate money to charity instead if i seen there was a charity that i want to support or a charity that i truly believed in i would try to purchase equipment or things that they need rather than just donating the donating the money because i've heard stories in the past and i've thought about this since i was very young of you donating money to a charity and a lot of that money goes to the employees goes to the ceo that makes millions and millions of dollars and instead of that i would rather just instead of a small portion of the money that i donate going to the cause i would rather donate the equipment and purchase the equipment donate that equipment because i know that is something they would be able to physically use instead of donating a million dollars and only let's say 40 percent of that actually goes to what they need it for that's just me or if i were to donate for children or something like that i would donate books toys food physical things that they would need i would never personally donate cash that's just me a lot of people may disagree with that that's okay i want to know what your guys's opinion is on this but that is honestly my take on donating to charity so i hope i think this is everything i would honestly do if i were to win the lottery of course i'm gonna be missing a few things of course there's other things that i honestly never thought of first thing i would do not only with traveling but to manage my money i would honestly have my own accountants and i would set up funds and set up different bank accounts that i could try to get the most out of it and try to get the most interest in that and not let my money go to waste i'm not gonna honestly go nuts i know i said i'll buy a truck i'd buy a house i'd buy this and that's but after that i wouldn't keep spending the money i'd let it grow i'd invest in businesses and try to gain capital and gain profit for future generations of mine to come that's just the way i've always thought about if i were to win the lottery not just set up myself right now and do what i want to do with life but also for my kids for my kids kids for generations to come so they have something and so i could do something good with my money so hope you guys enjoyed this video of what i would do if i were to win the lottery i honestly would like to see what other people would do if they were to win the lottery so if you're a youtuber and you want to share that with me share that with your audience definitely make a video i definitely recommend it because it is something to think about because nobody knows what they would do if they were to win the lottery until it comes so at least if you were to have some kind of idea of what you would do if you were to win the lottery i think that's the best game plan so comment down below what you guys would do if you were to win the lottery i'm going to leave this video here please take care peace


Hello everyone this is Amit Don of AmitDon.com. Today I'll have another episode of unboxing and review video and I'll be opening Microsoft Surface Laptop 4 which I have it right here. If this is your first time or if you visit thank you for your support on this channel. I'm always trying new and different ideas. If you're into thinking outside the box this is the channel to subscribe. If you're looking for more review videos there will be links in the description box below. So I'm doing a Microsoft Surface Laptop 4 series and this is the second part of the video. So in my first video I mentioned that you know the differences between 16 gig and 32 gig RAM and I'm going to be today opening and unboxing the Surface Laptop 4 which just arrived. So I'd like to mention that this is not an affiliated or paid review. All my reviews are non-affiliated and unbiased and honest so you get totally honest opinion. So my last laptop was Asus ZenBook Flip S which I have a review here and this is model UX370 UA and I do actually have this laptop right here and this laptop is still in very good condition. I'll just open it up a little bit and show you. This laptop is still would work for anyone who wouldn't who doesn't do video editing. The laptop works just fine but the problem with the Asus ZenBook after four and a half year is that you know it just got very slow and it doesn't let me actually do video editing anymore or even if I'm trying to do it just slows down everything and it's not you know viable to keep editing video on this laptop because it takes so much longer and so much time. So I decided to buy a new laptop and I chose Surface 4 and this time actually I changed my RAM from 16 gig to 32 gig. So I'm just going to show you the specs very quickly. So here we have 11th generation Intel Core i7 and the space is 1 terabyte and then this one is 32 gig RAM which would you know solve any delay problem with video editing and the color we have is matte black. So today I'll be unboxing the Microsoft Surface laptop 4 and I'll show you what's inside and if you're looking for more Surface 4 laptop video then definitely you know I can go ahead and check my Surface laptop playlist which I'll put a link in the description box below. From here I'll change the camera angle and I'll put the camera on top to have a better view and let's start unboxing. I'll try to open this box without using a scissor and let's see if this works. So this is the view of the box again and this is what it looks like on the back. It just has some information here and I showed you the specs here before. So what I'll do I see that there's something looks like here and I have a feeling that you know it maybe it may let me able to remove the plastic wrapper without cutting anything so let's take a look and try. Okay so it looks like the purpose of this that you know I don't have to use a scissor and I can just remove this and just one thing to mention here that they're giving Windows 11 free update upgrade so I'm going to do that later but right now it has Windows 10 so let's just get rid of the plastic wrapper. So this is the box here and I'm just going to remove the front cover and here we have some sort of protection and here we have the laptop so I'll just put it aside and see what what is inside the box. Okay so it looks like this and here there should be something. Let me just take a look what it is. Okay so it just looks like a small manual or welcome letter so I'll just you know leave it here and then here something else here looks like a power cord or the charger so let's open this up. Okay so one thing I can see that you know you have to use an additional power adapter and they provided it. I haven't used this one before so I'm not sure exactly how this work but you know I'm going to find out later on and at this point I don't know even you can charge this with the USB-C but it should be so we're just going to you know take a look at that later and here we have the laptop so what I can tell this doesn't feel really too light it has a bit wet but it's not like you know too heavy either so let's just remove the plastic wrapper here again. Okay so looks like I don't need scissors and it's just coming off. So here is the laptop and this is 15 inch. I chose 15 inch because this is going to be a bit easier to use if I'm you know doing video editing when I'm not attached to my monitor and this is also travel friendly because it's not too you know wet or it's not too heavy so it looks actually very high end and it is a high end the total cost of this laptop is you know 3,000 plus tax is close to $3,500 so that's definitely a very expensive laptop but the thing is it has 32 gig RAM so if you buy the same thing with 16 gig RAM it comes down a lot lower but I wanted to have 32 gig RAM and now let's just open it. I heard that you should be able to open it just with one finger and it looks like you yeah it kind of works this way and that's how you can do it and then here we have the keyboard and looks like a started running window and this is what the keyboard looks like. It looks like very nice and responsive keyboard it feels very good to hold and then you know the trackpad is actually big it can easily fit your finger and everything and overall everything looks really neat and high-end and the tray actually doesn't go let me see it doesn't look like it's going to go farther than this so this is where it ends and in terms of the port let's just take a look here this is USB it looks like not USB-C just the regular USB and this is USB-C and this looks like audio input we have this could be to power the laptop which I had it here before I'm just guessing because you know I never used any surface before so let's just take a look here so it looks like this is just going to kind of okay so I have a good feeling that you know this is how it is it's just to charge the laptop and I'm going to have to see that whether this can be charged via USB-C which I'm hoping because you know when I'm traveling I don't want to carry this because this is just an extra piece which I don't want to I don't want to weigh me down so in terms of like in a Porsche that's all you have so I was expecting more than one USB-C but looks like there's only one I cannot see another one and let's just take a look here so definitely you're going to have to use USB dongle which you know I have so that shouldn't be anything and then I'm going to be doing more video which is going to be under the Microsoft surface for playlists so in terms of unboxing and the initial you know insights that's all so the looks and the weight and the color is actually everything is very impressive and this is matte black there are other colors but I chose this one and definitely looks a very high-end and it is a high-end laptop so there'll be more videos coming up under this playlist thank you for watching I'll see you shortly thank you


Welcome back, in the last segment we defined the new marks display problem. In this segment we are going to come up with a program inspired by manual algorithms. So first let us define how the user will communicate with our program, how will the user issue commands. So we can try something simple. So let us say we will use single word codes for each of our commands and then the codes are followed by the arguments for the command. So for example we might have a command which looks like m, roll number, subject code and what this means is tell me the marks obtained by the student with the given roll number in the given subject or instead of the roll number the user may type in the name. So for example the user may type in something like this. So the user may type in m followed by roll number followed by subject code or m followed by name followed by the subject code and likewise we might have a command r followed by roll number which says give me the rank for the student with the given roll number or r followed by name which says give me the rank for the student with the given name and you could have a command just a single letter q which says quit or exit the program. So now let us talk about how we might design the algorithm to respond to such queries and as we have said several times in this course let us start by thinking about how we might solve this problem manually. So after we do that we should consider what is the equivalent of the manual steps on a computer and that will allow us to write the code. While doing this we will also continuously keep in mind that we want the program to be easy to understand and this is something that becomes quite important when you write large or even medium size programs like the one we are going to write. Usually this strategy of manual designing a program by thinking about how you solve the problem manually gives us a reasonable solution but we will try to improve upon what we get as well. So specifically we will ask well can we improve the execution speed and we will also keep in mind that we also want the understandability of the program to be good and so we will think about that as well. So let us think about solving the problem manually first. So suppose the data is given to us in two notebooks instead of two files and what appears in the notebook is say in the first notebook is lines of this form. So roll number followed by name. In the second file we are expecting to see roll number followed by subject code followed by marks so it will contain lines of this form. So these were the lines which were appearing in files but instead of this let us say they appear in notebooks so that we can think of a manual algorithm. So what is the simplest possible solution? Well suppose you want to translate from the name to the roll number we should go through the first notebook to find the roll number if we were given the name. So that is simple enough and then if we are given the marks query that is m followed by roll number or name followed by the subject code well we have to go through the second notebook so which contains lines of this form and we should look for the roll number and the subject being present in the same line and then we should just report the marks. The rank query well we have to find the average of the average marks for each student. What I mean by this is for every student we want to find an average over all the subjects in which the student has marks. So if a student has say 90 marks in physics and 80 marks in mathematics then there will be two lines in the second notebook corresponding to that student. So we have to find those two lines and we have to take the average which in this case is going to be 90 plus 80 or 85. So that is going to be the first step for every student we must look at the subjects he or she has taken and find the average marks obtained by that student. So this is going to be a somewhat involved task then we will have a table so to say of the average marks obtained by every student and then in this table we have to figure out how many students have higher average than the one whose rank we want to know. So that will tell us exactly the rank. So these those were the manual steps. How do we translate the manual steps into computer steps? So what does it mean to say go through the notebooks? Well, nominally it would mean read through the file but usually on a computer our idea is we read the file just once we do not read it repeatedly because reading files is often too slow. So what we do is we read the files and then we put the data into some array or something like that in our computer. So we will read the data from the file into an array or informally we can think of table associated with the array and say we designate an array R and tab to hold all the data from the file Rn file. If you remember Rn file was holding rule number and name data. So we will have an array Rn tab which will have which will consist which will be an array of structures and the first member in the structure will hold the rule number and the second member will hold the name. Then we also have an RSM file which contains lines of the form rule number subject marks. So we will designate an array let us call it RSM tab, tab for table RSM for rule number subject marks and this will be an array of structures each structure containing three data members, rule number, subject and marks. And the subsequent actions that we perform will refer to the arrays rather than the files. So let us think about writing the code since we have a fairly clear understanding of what we are going to do manually. And now when we write the code we have to keep some broad principles in mind. And we have talked about these principles earlier. So basically we would like to represent important entities using structures. So the tables that we defined should really be put into structures. I mean something slightly different than what I said earlier. What I said earlier was that each entry in the table or each element of the array will be a structure. Now I am saying that the entire array should in addition be put in a bigger struct. So that is sort of the general idea that we are going to put important entities inside a struct because the struct kind of encapsulates that entity and we can put member functions now more easily. So we can associate member functions with that entire entity. So RN tab and RSM tab are going to be important entities. So although they contain inside them other structures we will put the whole thing also inside a structure of an appropriate type. So we will see this in a minute. And we will use functions or member functions to represent important actions. The main program should indicate high level program structure. So what I mean by that is the main program should contain function calls which say cause a query, a mark's query to be processed or another function call to process say the rank query. But the main program should not contain details. So the details should be implemented in function calls or member function calls associated with the structures which are holding our important entities. So let us look at the main program first. So the main program should create the major entities. In our case the major entities are the tables. So these should get created by the main program. Then the main program should execute the main loop and the main loop should receive commands from the users and the main loop should execute the commands by invoking the services offered by the major entities. So when I say invoking services I mean just a function call. The main program should not contain details. The details should be in the member function or the function calls. The main program should not be too long and should not contain too much detail. So I said that the main program should create the tables but the creation should really happen in the constructors associated with the entities. So the details of how the tables or how the major entities are constructed should also be hidden and the main program should really contain the high level aspects. Why is this? Well if we put the details in the main program then the high level organization will not become obvious. If you do want to write down the details of course. But we also want to indicate what the high level organization is and therefore we should have the main program sort of spell out the high level organization and from the main program if you want to know the details about something then you just have to follow up that function call or member function call and the details and then the body of the member function call or the function call will tell you how exactly that function is going to be implemented. So next we are going to view the code of main to see how the main program is going to be written to follow these principles. So here is our marks program, marks display program and here is our main program. So the way we are going to organize the main program is that it is going to receive the names of the files as command line arguments. So the first, so the 0th command line argument will be simply dot slash a dot out. And the 1st command line argument following that will be the name of the rm file. So rv is the first command line argument and then the 2nd command line argument rv 2, so rv1 is the first command line argument, rv2 is the 2nd command line argument, and the 2nd command line argument would give the name of the rsm file. Now as we have said earlier, to read the files themselves, we have to associate streams with the files. So we are going to do that and this is how it is done. So we are going to define I of streams for an, we are going to define an I of stream called rn file and this rn file is going to be an I of stream and the actual file will be in this argv1, what the user types in when the program is invoked as the first argument, the one after the zeroth argument and rsm file is going to be the stream which will be used inside the program and this rsm file will get data from argv2 which is the second name, the second file name which is typed in by the user. So the user will type the dot slash a dot out followed by the first file name and then the second file name. Then we said, so then we said that the main program should create the major entities. So the major entities are rntab and rsm tab and rntab if you remember is the table which contains information about role numbers and associated names and for that we need rn file. So the way we initialize this is by calling the constructor for rntab and we pass the file rn file to it. So the details of this we will see soon but notice that over here we are simply calling the constructor and we are supplying to the constructor whatever information is needed in order for that entity to be constructed. So the information needed is the stream associated with that file. So inside that rntab constructor the data will be read from the stream and the table will be created. Similarly the second important entity is this rsm tab, the role number subject marks tab and for this we need the rsm file. So again we are calling the constructor and to that constructor we are passing the stream which is associated with the actual file that the user has typed in on the command name. So that was the first thing we said that the main program should do and then the main program should have a loop. So let us see what this loop is doing. So the loop runs indefinitely until an appropriate command is typed. So let us see that. So we have a string variable command and we will read into that variable. So what do we read? Well we are going to read first the command codes or our command codes were M, Q and R. But if you remember the user can also type in control D to indicate end of the standard input and so what this is saying is that after this reading have you found that CN has ended or was the command Q? So if the command was Q or if the CN had ended then we should just break out and that is how the loop is going to be terminated and we come out of the loop and then the program is itself terminated. Otherwise we check if the command is an M. So if the command is an M then we know that it is a mark query. So if it is a mark query then we are supposed to get in a roll number and a subject name. So this is how we get that. Now here we are simply reading in whatever the user types into the variables roll or name and subject. So if you remember our marks command could be marks followed by name or the roll number followed by subject. So we are just reading in one word into name and the next word into the subject and here we are making a compromise. We are simplifying our problem a little bit. So we are saying here that the name if the user types a name it consists of a single word. Otherwise what we will need to do is we will need to do something else. We will need to read in the entire line and we will need to extract the name and the subject from it. So this is something that can be easily done but as it is our program is reasonably complicated as we will see and therefore we are going to skip this business about reading in names which contain spaces. So I will leave it as an exercise for you to modify this and I will also present the solution for it. So you will eventually get the code for doing this as well but just to keep today's discussion simple we will assume that the name or the roll number that is given to us is just one word. So we get the roll number or name into a single string, we get the subject. So this is where we do it, so from the keyboard and then we will use our table R n tab and we will look up in it to get the roll number if this was a name. So we are going to send whatever it is the roll number or the name to our roll number name table and then we will get a roll number for it. So this roll or name could either be a roll number or name in which case so if it is a roll number then look up has to do nothing it just returns it back. If it is a name then this look up will have to return back the corresponding roll number and then we are going to invoke the look up function this time in RSM tab which will give us the student with the specified roll number in the specified subject and that we are directly going to print out. So that is how this marks query will get processed. If the command was a rank query then the processing is very similar except that there is no subject code needed. So we are just going to get the roll number or name following the R and again we are making this compromise assumption that it is going to be a single word and then we are going to pass that roll number or name and get the roll number as we said if it is already the roll number then we will stay with it and then we will find the rank of this given roll number and then we will print it out. If the first word typed in by the user is neither Q nor M nor R then we are going to print out a message saying that you typed in an invalid command and we will continue the loop but we will give the indication given indication to the user saying that look you printed out you typed in an invalid command. So let us get back to our presentation. So we have looked at the code of main. Next comes the major entity that we created R n tab. So as we said it contains vectors of pairs, roll number and name. So each element is itself going to be a struct and we are going to create this directly from R n file and the construction code is in the constructor not in the main program. The main function of this table is to return the roll number given the name and this is performed by the member function lookup. So what does function lookup do? It returns the roll number if the argument is a valid name. So for this we are just going to look through all the names which are stored in this vector and it is going to return a roll number if the argument is a valid roll number. This is slightly tricky in the sense that the name could either be a roll number or a name and so we are going to have a parameter R or n to indicate this possibility. So let us now look at the code for this entity the struct R n tab. So this is our structure R n tab. So what does it contain? So it is a vector of structures and the vector itself internally is going to be called a tab. So R n tab is the name of the structure which contains this whole thing and in the main program small R n tab will be the name of the actual object. But inside this we will use tab to indicate the actual table which contains the roll number name pairs. So what is the R n structure? Well it is just simply is a roll number name pair. And first we have the construction code over here. So what happens over here? We are simply going to read from this stream R n file which has been passed to the constructor and we are going to read into an R n type object small R n. So we will read in the roll number and we will read in the name and we discussed this earlier. We are going to assume over here that the name is a single word for simplicity. And the multi-word name aspect we will worry about a little bit, we will worry about in the exercise. And let me just point out right now that to get the multi-word names you will have to use get line rather than the input redirection operator. So we are going to get the roll number and if the file ended we then break, we have done the whole thing. Otherwise we get the name and then the name and the roll number are stored in this structure R n. So we just push back this structure at the end of our vector. So we keep reading lines and we construct these R n objects and we keep pushing them on our vector which is tab. So that is how we initialize or we construct this table. Then there is the lookup part. So how does the lookup part work? Here it is sent a roll number or a name and we are going to go through the entire table or the entire vector and we are going to check is the name equal to the roll number. If it is then we return this the corresponding roll number. If the roll number is itself supplied then we just return it. In this we are going through the entire table. When we go through the entire table if we do not return anything then that means this R or n is not found either as the roll number or as the name. So in that case we are going to return the empty string. So that is what this R n tab is and we have seen how it is implemented. So we will take a quick break here before we look at the major data structure which is the RSM tab.


Hello, I am Paul Ze Jackson, one of the founders of the Applied Improvisation Network, along with Alain Rostan and Michael Rosenberg. The three of us met at a conference for trainers and facilitators in Orlando, Florida in January 2001. We were all workshop presenters at this International Alliance for Learning Conference. The planned session was called Unleashing Group Genius through Improv Theatre Techniques, and mine was Ways to Improvise in Training. The Americans always had that edge in marketing pizzazz. We'd also been asked to perform an improv show as the Friday Night Entertainment. This went well and we bonded further in the bar after the show, and wondered how many other people might have had this idea of applying improvisation concepts beyond the theatre. We were trainers and consultants by background and actually much keener on learning and workshops than we were on performing. We found out by launching a mailing list and promoting the first World Summit on Improvization in Business in San Diego, California in 2002. That event was a strand within Massagar, the North American Simulation and Gaming Association Conference. And encouraged by the attendance of 35 of us and the subsequent launch of our first website, we branched out on our own with a conference the next year in Toronto, Canada. Then alternating conferences in North America, Europe and eventually Asia, we held one or two conferences every year face to face until COVID. We renamed ourselves the Applied Improvization Network early on, as it was clear that our interests were wider than business. We recovered education, health, well-being and personal development, the charity and humanitarian sectors, and the reapplication of improvisation into the arts too. What we heard at the very first event and have heard at every conference since is this. I thought I was the only person doing this. Now I've found my tribe. We had more than 300 participants at our largest conference so far in Stony Brook, New York in 2019. Our lively Facebook group has more than 8,000 members. The way we organize ourselves has also developed from an informal network to a registered nonprofit in the United States. We had a board with elected officers such as President and Treasurer to satisfy those requirements. But for several years, we also maintained a parallel open in a sanctum to make policy decisions, and anyone who wanted could find themselves right at the centre of creating, organizing and hosting events and projects. So that's because we've always been an improvisational organization using the principles of improvisation for ourselves, which seems a good idea if we're recommending that sort of thing to our clients. We've identified three waves of applied improvisation. The first wave is when someone attends an improv theatre workshop, and during their training to be an improv performer, they realize that what they are learning can have use of presentations off the stage elsewhere in their life and work. It's then entirely up to them what they do with that. The second wave consists of workshops and trainings in which the topics might be presentations, communication skills, ideation and creativity, leadership and many, many more. You can learn improvisation skills like staying focused, accepting and building status moves, holding your ideas lightly when working with others, as core elements of those advertised outcomes. In the second wave, theatre gets stripped out so there's no stage craft, no separation into performers and audience, and no playing of characters or roles other than yourself. There's an emphasis through discussion and debriefing on how to apply the learnings in the relevant contexts. In the third wave we explore improvisation as a valid and central topic in itself, featuring in everyone's life as they live more in the moment, adapt better to change and find more effective ways to collaborate under pressure. It pops up beyond workshops in improvisational events such as the quest, in coaching and personal development, in how facilitators facilitate well, generally in sustaining a playful and experimental attitude through life's events. In the third wave manifests in open space style conferences and in improvisational organizations like the AI in in the applied improvisational network. You'll notice minimal hierarchies, for example, in treating and charging all conference attendees as participants, rather than separating them into presenters and delegates. In the applied practitioner in AI in, you have to demonstrate contribution to the community, as well as having a working connection with applied improvisation. And the applied improvisation network is best defined as the interactions of our network members. We're all unpaid volunteers, supported by paid services only when necessary. It happens only because one or more of us put something forward, inspires others to join in and discovers what emerges. In this third wave, improv comedy and theater are just some of the more well-known applications of improvisation. And that means it's still early days in the development of this network and its topic. We're all pioneers and there's lots of work to be done and lots of enjoyment still to be had. Thank you.