All right, I apologize again. I think it's like the sixth server change. I Don't know it's it was working fine. You know everything is green for a little bit and then suddenly it just comes crashing down And now I'm looking at my OBS and it's showing red hopefully All right, it's restarted on Facebook, let me get it up again on YouTube Okay, hold on server hold on don't don't crash on me Yeah, something always So annoying. Oh All right, all right Sorry for the Inconvenience guys really super annoying. I'm actually routing this for a Europe server. I've tried the agent servers like Routing it through Korea through Singapore, which usually does the trick Japan But it keeps the connection keeps dying on me. So I'm actually routing this through a Italian European server. It's I think it's a service we use restream.io Um, it does seem to be buffering a little bit now Andrew for Facebook. Thank you for offering the cleaning and cable management service was waiting for this for more than a year now Yes, come on. Bye. Um, you know, it's a 1500 for the Cleaning and recable so cable management as well as we repaste your CPU. We don't replace the GPU yet But that is a service that we want to um try to experiment with in the future All right, so I'm gonna I'm gonna try to get through this stream before uh Before it crashes again, it seems to be holding steady right now at the moment Hope it doesn't crash Again, all right, so if you're joining for if you've just logged in There is a discord server link at the bottom if you want to join our discord server And basically if the the point of the discord server is that we'll try to if you want to chat live Via the stream assuming that the stream Manages to remain stable by some darn miracle Assuming that the stream remains stable We will um, and you know There there are willing people we will chat with them live So it's like a live in you can call in live to the show via the discord server and then yeah, we'll we'll talk live over the stream Andrew I I'm glad you think so we were a bit We didn't know how to price it at first because you know Paragone 5 is a lot of money, but at the same time it is a lot of work to do the cable management and if Not to blow our own horn, but if you've you've seen our other builds, you know that we take the cable management very very seriously And the number one proof of that is that I'm not the one who does it because my cable management skills are not that great But the guys at the shop have phenomenal cable management skills And then along with that we do repaste your cpu with the nth one knock to a thermal paste And you clean out all of the cobwebs and all of the dust and things like that. So stop JPG who just landed in the discord server and yeah, so We didn't know how to price it because it can be a lot of work. We don't even price it. We don't change the pricing depending on like If you know, it's a bigger case or it's a smaller case. We tried to keep things simple by Yeah, just having a one-time fee. So, um, yeah, come on by if anybody needs cleaning and cable management All right, so we're gonna get to the news first and First news is that russia is considering banning bitcoin. So akin to what china did I probably, you know, not too concerned about that China Russia is a relatively smaller market compared to china was for cryptocurrency And you know, overall, yes, there was a big slump when china did their crypto ban But it has recovered quite well, which is covered in some parts of our news later on which we'll talk about in a little bit but You know and russia so russia is a much smaller market. So the ripple effect if they do decide to Ban crypto would not be as bad. Uh, you know, I I think effect, you know the effect on prices Won't be as bad and the reasons why they want to ban it are probably the same reasons why china wants to ban it They want to control the money flowing out and they want to keep tabs on who's sending money out China russia both authoritarian regimes. So it's in their best interest to Maintain a level of control over their over the money like If prominent citizens are able to send money abroad then prominent citizens can leave again Thwarting any government control or control over money is a Important part of government controls and you know, it's pretty clear why authoritarian regimes would want to crack down on bitcoin So russia started making some moves, but not really necessarily They haven't really done anything about it yet And number two news is that the bitcoin hashrate has actually recovered from the time that China banned bitcoin So and and cryptocurrencies in general So yeah, there was a big crash both in price and both in terms of the number of people mining the hashrate is basically the number of uh computers or it's a measurement of how much activity is is Processing on the network. So the higher the hashrate means that there are more and more people devoting Computing resources whether they be acic miners or gpu miners to the computations of the network and so the hashrate dropped like a rock When crypto was banned in china, but it's actually already surpassed that level. So it it it climbed back up again it it met parity it tied with the hashrate at the time and then it's already It has already surpassed the rate at the time So again another sign that crypto has recovered. What hasn't recovered though are prices Prices are still quite low and as I was talking about it last time And kaiser mentioned it before the previous stream crash that you know, we always the the joke is always buy at the dip it's not a joke, but it's it's a common advice given to crypto investors buy at the dip or or in general but I I always maintain that I never know when to buy properly I always think that oh, you know, I have this fear of missing out and like this price Is probably the best price already and then it'll just keep dropping like a rock I'll discuss sure. What's a good starter mining rig? Um I we do have a video coming out about this like explaining how to build a mining rig But like if you just want to dip your toes into it actually your rig would be a very good starter rig Because it has a very good gpu and it has very good cooling So if you just want to experiment with crypto like starting to mine That would be a good That kind of rig would be a good rig to start with a very fast gpu and One with sufficient cooling So a 3090 It's an expensive card But you know, that would be a good way to start crypto because one it's uh, it will always be a non lhr card 3090 So the only card left from the nvidia 3000 line that are non lhr guaranteed always to be non lhr meaning non low hash rates So they haven't been nerfed for mining although Just because you have an lh card or a low hash rate card doesn't mean that you can Doesn't mean you can't mine anymore. There are ways around the lhr card and I am actually I do talk frequently with a minor A local minor who says that the lhr cards are not bad mining cards. Actually they can If you know the work around the performance is not bad anymore for mining so That is One thing to consider if you are thinking of dipping your basically a gaming rig a gaming rig will would be a good mining rig But not for bitcoin bitcoin is really The difficulty rate for bitcoin has just really gone way beyond what gpus What you can hope to recover? It takes a lot of money to run 24 7, you know, even just Dip your toes in minor or sort of like a starter minor So for gpu mining, I would really recommend mining ethereum or some other altcoin rather than bitcoin I I don't think the cost of performance ratio is there anymore for gpu miners for bitcoin It and any kind of bitcoin mining now, whether it's you just want to start out Or you want to get into it for real like serious serious investment Either way, I would recommend an acic miner the the difficulty rate is just too high Like I personally don't feel that gpu mining for bitcoin is worth it anymore at this point I sort of pointed out that yes the the AMD cards six six hundred xt five six hundred xt are good miners and When we say good for mining, we don't necessarily mean that they're the fastest But they give very good price to performance like how much you spend for the card How much is the opex or the operating cost of the card meaning the electricity needed to keep running the card versus what kind of How much you're earning from the crypto So yes the I actually again the miner that I talk to regularly so regular customer and he does quite like the the AMD cards The LHR hasn't exploit and get up to 75. I heard around 80 percent actually and it doesn't need to be complicated One of the things that the miner was telling me was that you can just play a game Like you enter a game and then you start your miner You start the mining process and I don't have to keep the game running on in the background Just like the the the startup screen or something or you can exit out So it's not necessarily a complicated thing getting around the the nerf of the LHR and maybe we'll do video about that Sometime like how to how to mine using LHR cards to be honest. I I haven't Mined in a long time. So I'm a bit out of the scene. I do try to follow it But I'm more into the trading now. I don't really mind as much anymore um Yes So if I'm going to get through the news and then I'm going to play the ad again just to say, you know Uh, the the the sponsor needs a shout out and then after that little try the before we get to the NFT explanations Let's try if anybody wants to Uh Wants to call in live I mean chat on the discord anyone want to Jump in All right, so again news number three underground mining actually so my china has Band mining and uh all crypto related whatever is in general, but there are others who are crazy and um Are are ballsy actually I have to admire their courage if the chinese Pyro in china and the chinese government told me to stop doing something I'd probably stop doing it because the chinese government Means business when it tells you to stop doing something but um, um, there are news reports filtering out of china that still have minds and um In fact, may it not hooling recently in a government official that he didn't pad the Band so he was still mining on the side or I think he was still operating Um, uh an exchange or bus he got busted and god knows where he is now in china Um, again the chinese government doesn't fool around when it tells you to stop doing something They're serious and they're gonna crack down so, um But but in spite of that inside of the band in spite of the big large-scale miners leaving china moving to texas Moving to kazakhstan or you know wherever Wherever the big scale miners have moved there are still people mining and I guess trading in china Based on the news reports that I've seen it was quite fascinating and again I regard this whether you're in an authoritarian regime or somewhere more flexible You know with a country with more freedoms like us. I mean the you know, philippines As a lawyer, I have to say that our bill of rights, um, you know it are our The freedoms we enjoy in the philippines are not You know as robust as in some other countries, but we're definitely still much more free than the state china. Um, but That regardless of where you are whether in china the philippines the us or some other more liberal countries um When a government tells you to do some When a government bans something there are all there will always be people that persist And I'm not giving a moral, you know, I'm not making a value judgment on whether you should persist or not We're not, you know in general like crypto mining or whatever but It is human nature that if someone tells you to do something there will always be some people who tell you not to do it but Pats off to the guys in china who are still mining. I mean, um, I grab it. Um It it is it is something that you that you know, there are still people willing to defy, um, the chinese government on that front and um, lastly on the whole news thing and the whole china thing um There was a ban or a chinese court has ruled that uh, a mining contract was void Not really anything surprising about that As the government has basically said that all cryptocurrencies all crypto transactions all crypto mining is illegal so it's not It the the courts the the the judicial system in china Which is not known for its independence, you know, it's just basically rubbers, you know, basically towing the party line and um enforcing the The chinese edict that all crypto related things are bad so um Yes, and china trying to build out its own central bank, uh, the u1 We have talked about it in other previous crypto watch episodes that yes, they are trying to um They are trying to Get one of the reasons why china is trying to get rid of all other crypto related transactions Is because they do have a digital contender and which is going quite well I mean the rate of adoption has gone up. So Ban all of the crypto But people are still interested in crypto. So they're going to flock to the officially the only Allowed crypto in china, which is the digital u1 or the digital rambini so again, one of the reasons why china wants to crack down and Yeah, so a chinese court in beijing has ruled that a mining contract is void So like you pay somebody to mine for you And then he renegs you won't be able to run after him in court So it's just another reason why you wouldn't want to pursue crypto related things in china right now um All right, I have Asked if anybody uh All right, so we do have somebody who wants to Uh Live stream. All right So i'm gonna try to tie up the discord and then um, hopefully we can hear him um In the chat on the streams. All right. So here we go. All right. Here we go So bear with me guys um Bear with me. I'm trying. I'm just trying to invite um Ah, okay. Wait. Hang on a sec. Hang on a sec Oh, I can't like How does this work? I thought I could just transfer the guy over obviously it's also my first time to um To do discord um and stuff so I mean I use discord very occasionally, but not uh, I thought it would be super easy just to pop over to the Like invite somebody from one channel to another channel But it's not working out like that. Wait long. Okay, so I gotta Okay. Okay. Here we go. All right All right. All right. All right. All right. Hang on. Hang on. Oh, but he went offline. Oh, come back. Come back then Use the link to the But can ethereum beat the 95 96 chicago bulls? Well, you know, the bulls have the goat. So, you know, I mean No contest man. Thank you the link to the voice channel. Come back All right, I don't know if I was too slow, but the first guy on the discord server who said he wanted to um Join the voice channel Left So Anybody else? Hang on. Anyone else want to join want to call in on the stream? All right. What headset am I using right now? It's a cooler master mh670, which I stole from the shop Um, no rgb. You can see the cm logo nicely etched here on the side. Um It's um, it's pretty decent like I I'm enjoying using it Oh, man the guy the guy I uh, the guy who said Oh, okay. Sorry Oh, sorry. So confused. Sorry. Super confused Okay, apparently maybe the guy didn't want to call in I was just too excited. Sorry guys All right. All right. So no no takers for the call in yet. Um, please do please do volunteer to call in because I want to try um I want to try uh, if if it would if it will work, but uh, no pressure Um, so we can get to the while we're waiting if anybody wants to call in I will try to Uh, get to the meat of this episode Which is what is an nft and you know, what's the whole thing about it? But I did promise to sponsors another another midstream Um ad so I'll see you guys after the break But where do you get windows? Daming options. Daming prices With the little order search for the software you need add to cart All right All right back from the ad break to answer the question on youtube Like if there are a lot of large-scale miners in the Philippines to be honest, I don't know I have tried to talk to miners in the past, but um I don't have any like personal statistics on how many big time miners there are and things like that. Um, but it is The ones that I've talked to or I have a primary contact was really into mining and he he knows other miners locally They were saying there they have some wild stories like One miner Parang his company was paying for him to stay at the hotel and then Libre in Corriente So he just kept buying GPU after GPU kept adding to his miner inside his hotel room because he Libre in Corriente So grab it.  I'm not I'm not too clear But basically you need to be in the Philippines, but we don't have a permanent place for you yet to stay in the hotel This may don't to my god your arrangement now so Yeah, he was just mining using the electricity uh from the hotel You know his hotel room has been generating thousands and thousands of pesos worth of electricity bills and I don't know exactly how that worked out. But um, yeah, so that that's one story from the local scene that that I've heard um So to get to the meat of today's episode what is an nft so nft stands for non-fungible token and to sort of um this to sort of explain what an nft is we have to Uh, we'll go into what fungible means fungible is this let me um Man I was gonna have a prop. I forgot to forgot to Bring it out. So let me just Pause the stream real quick here. Oh, maybe not don't use that. Okay. I'm I have to get something super super quick I'll be right back. So I'm gonna hide the camera All right, but you can still hear audio. It's just that I don't want you guys to see where I keep my Money Okay, so this is an example of something that is fungible fungible Just basically means something that can be replaced by something of the same type for example like money This is a 1000 pesos bill if I lose it I can be replaced by another 1000 pesos bill Each one test 1000 pesos bill is unique as evidenced by the serial code here On the bill so each bill is unique But you really don't care what or which Which bill you get One 1000 bill is the exactly the same as another 1000 pesos bill And that's what you mean by fungible money cash is an example of a fungible item because it can be replaced by things of the same type so All 1000 bills are of the same type and it doesn't matter to me like may Rod If I trust him if I know the money is legit meaning that it is of the same type that it is A legitimate 1000 pesos bill. I really don't care because I have no personal attachment emotional attachment To this particular 1000 pesos bill. That's an example of a fungible item It can be replaced by things of the same type A ball pen a generic item basically, you know fungible A synonym for fungible is sort of generic. It can be replaced by things of It of the same type of the same class So any run of the mill ball pen a ball pen is fungible even with A ball pen of a particular design such as this one as long as it's mass produced It has the same design it doesn't matter to me or to the user You can easily replace it with a ball pen of the same type so that is fungible uh pokemon trainer sup mahi na po audio um, it's Try raising the gain on your end. I think um Because the levels are looking good. I I will check the audio levels on my end because I do have a tendency to speak loud so I have checked the audio it seems to be okay in a month on my end. I'll boost it a bit more Oh, there you go and try to raise the volume also on your end So that's that's what fungible means. It can be replaced by things of the same type Non fungible means that it cannot be replaced. Um, and an example of that is this My daughter made this artwork and as you can see she is definitely an artist and um, she's gonna grow up and I'm gonna make millions because Obviously her talent is off the chart But an example of an of a non fungible thing is an artwork. It cannot be replaced This is unique and if my daughter makes another artwork even in the same style, which I would describe as abstract impressionist with hints of Dalian influence Even if my daughter were to make another artwork and even if she were to copy the exact kind of strokes and what not that she Did here This is a non fungible thing because it can never be replaced even by the creator It is unique. Um, it's not like It's not like the 1000 pesos bill If something were to happen to this and somebody said, oh, come on, you don't have your 1000. This is another 1000 I'll be happy. I don't care what 1000 bill it is as long as it's a legit 1000 bill But if something were to happen to this artwork, um, it can never be replaced. It is non fungible Even if my daughter did the exact same strokes and things like that It would not be exactly the same as this so That is essentially what an nft is. It's a non fungible token Meaning it's something digital that is non fungible that can never be replaced um even Even if you were to take a screenshot of the exact same thing like nba top shot The nba has nfts now and Primarily they're like trading cards, but they're digital and I think they call them nba top shot So they get footage from nba games. So let's say it's like lebron dunking or things like that And that clip of lebron dunking Is easily reproducible. You can find it on youtube. You can find it You can take a screenshot. You can edit it. You can You know, it's still digital but the video of lebron dunking in the top shot format Is an nft you only you have access or however Number of cards digital cards they minted with their bron dunking only 10 or 100 Will have the same format will be recognized in the top shot blockchain so That's what a digital nft is. It's it's a non fungible token, but basically it's a it's uh It's a digital non generic thing. So it is still a digital asset. It can be a sword in a video game It can be Mostly it's artwork right now. So it can be a piece of music It can be the first tweet the first tweet was uh, it's made into an nft And it it was sold it can be source code Um, so it everything is still digital in an nft But it has features which makes it distinguishable which makes it unique which makes it non generic And because it is non generic that's where the value comes in. Yeah, yes I'll just I'll discuss her from facebook pre-empted meme another example I had of um, and thank you for reminding me another example or an easy way to distinguish between A fungible thing and a non fungible thing. Parang girlfriend versus wife You know girlfriend? Puedeng palitan yan. So they're fungible. You can replace them with another girl And I apologize to any women who find my uh example a bit sexist It works also with boyfriends or you know, if you're a girl and um palitan my boyfriend mo It's still fungible. You can get any other boy and he can I mean, you know And you know Assuming that he says yes There's a large pool of people that you can replace your current boyfriend with so in that sense Your partner if you're not married is fungible girlfriend boyfriend They can be replaced by members of the same type again to go back to the definition of fungible But a spouse is non fungible because you can't just replace And not you can't replace your wife with another woman um Just like that um So yes, of course the analogy breaks down that the the further you push it out But on the very surface level that's an easy way to think about the difference between fungible and non fungible um kung shota palang girlfriend boyfriend yun Madaling palitan yan um break and my girlfriend mo break and mo joa mo break and mo boyfriend mo palitan mo um In that sense your partner is still fungible But it's much harder to replace a spouse and that is why they are non fungible So actually good good example. I'll discuss. That's also what I um, that's That's an analogy. Uh, that's a good that's a good analogy to to distinguish Fungible from non fungible so Fungible versus non fungible and that's the basic that's a basic distinction Non fungible cannot be replaced. It it's unique. It is not generic And the nice thing about and so we'll get into why particularly like nft for blockchain and how it does Still we how it does stills with crypto and things like that um Then the next part of like explaining what at nft is is it the same as a cryptocurrency? It is not and a lot of people Uh, it is confusing for a lot of people because nft uses the same technology as a cryptocurrency. It uses the blockchain And a lot of nfts do use Basically the same technology as cryptocurrency Specifically ethereum. So the ethereum network has been used by, um, to has been used to issue nfts in the past Primarily the first actually very big nft big in the sense that people were spending actual money for it was crypto kitties This was before nfts nfts sort of became really big Starting maybe around march this year like they sort of hit mainstream appeal But crypto kitties has been around a long time and at least for me that was the first Example of um How to the first example of The first big nft where like people are actually spending big bucks to buy nfts so, um, we'll we'll we'll get to screen screen sts question in a little bit, but nft just to go back to the question is nft are nfts a cryptocurrency? No, they're not But they're very similar in the sense that they use the same technology namely blockchain and in fact, um Many major cryptocurrencies have been used as the basis for issuing nfts and ethereum comes to mind So screen st What about right spoil having the nft can you monetize its use for commercial transactions like if they are used for adverts? um, it depends on the issuer um, for example an nft like nba top shot you own it I mean just because you you have that card for Um, you have that card of LeBron dunking I would not imagine that the nba gave you license to use it for your own commercial use for example So it's not a license Nba top shot is not a license for you to get the clips that you have that you own Through nba top shot and then you put them in a montage and then you sell it online um That would not be um The the license the nft license for nba top shot would not let you do that but if you're a creator for example hardware sugar would come out with a clip of me and there's a clip of me and um Getting myself electrocuted when i'm doing doing a build so let's say i'm let's say Let's say i'm recording myself doing a build for a youtube video for hardware sugar I I accidentally shocked myself Um, and it goes viral because my face, you know, um, there's something about it That's just so pleasing to see to see Anton get shocked. It goes viral Since i'm the creator the creator of that clip. I can make it into an nft and yes in that sense I can monetize my content so To answer your question um You can monetize it for commercial use definitely It all depends on how the creator Licenses it out. Do you do you seed all of your rights? Basically once you mint the nft? Are you saying that? The owner can use it for any sorts of uses so that's really up to you and it's it's a wild wild wild west of Right now It's still very up in the air like what's the best format for nfts and things like that Although where the money is right now is sort of like digital artworks Which we'll talk about in a little bit when we get back to How to buy nfts and where to buy nfts? But the short answer to your question Screen st is that if you're the creator, it's really up to you. Um, you're the creator So it's up to you like what kind of rights you want to assign to that particular nft. Yes, I'll create the nft but um can the owner Use it for commercial use or is it only for is it only for Fair use or is it like um like for instance if you look at the youtube License on all of our hardware sugar videos. I'm a very big advocate of fair use So actually we use the creative commons license. It's basically which basically says that Hardware sugar videos no problem. You can use that as long as it's non-commercial You can you can mash it up. You can mix it up and things like that as long as you attribute with us That's fine.  He has the ownership meaning that I can no longer issue the same clip. That's one So he has exclusive rights to that But are there residual rights that remain with me the creator again? That's up to you how you want to How you want to monetize the nft and We'll get to your question rika from facebook in a moment, but Thanks. I'm glad that you're That you're finding the discussion fruitful, but so Basically, it's still up to the creator what he wants to seed But there there will be some basic rights that you will need to seed for example that That the new owner is the owner in the sense that I can no longer issue That particular nft So again to go back to the example like if it's me I have a video and I accidentally shocked myself Sorry, I got distracted by the by the discord server Like I have to be clear that I'm only minting 10 of these nft So that that clip of me shocking myself on in a youtube build video will only go out 10 times or things like that Rika from facebook asked is it preferred not to use the real name of the creator who sells nft? And what's the mark best market to sell nft? um A lot of the creators that I've seen are anonymous, but it all depends on you And I think the best answer to that would be What would be the best way to market your nft if you as a creator have already have a built-in market? Like sikat kana using your pseudonym or using your um, your your creator's name I think the best way would be to use that creator name. So let's say my real name is anton, but let's say uh I have a secret market because I'm such a I'm such a good painter You guys didn't know that this is my secret skill and I already have nfts But I didn't want to use my real name. So instead I used um, I used my My actual name is sork. Um, sorry my the name that I used to sell my nfts is sork And sork has a following Just like bansky. We don't know bansky's a real name the The famous graffiti artist bansky, but we don't know his real name We don't know who he is, but he's very very famous under that name. So There is really nothing I haven't seen any preferred like recommended ways So my my recommendation would be Use the name that you are Known for already or Amongst your circles if you're known for if your artwork is known under a particular name or under a particular alias Then I would use that alias because the whole point of the nft is really to monetize it. Um and You want to be known that you're the creator of that nft, but really you also want to Profit from that nft and there's nothing wrong with that I mean, you know, but people might want to you know, some people might say it's just a money grab or things like that but there's there's nothing wrong with creating artwork and feeding yourself from that artwork because that allows you to create other artworks Perhaps better artworks a lot of artists, you know have to go through this process of um finding out what they're good at finding out what What what medium their best at and things like that it's a constant process of discovery And I think there's nothing wrong with trying to make money from your artwork. Um, so To go back to the question what is it preferred to use an alias or to not to use your real name I think it would really depend on you And The best would be to use The the name that you're already known for amongst your circles um Yeah, because the bottom line is you want you want to um You want to be able to Monetize it to the best of your ability yep, um Rafael claude is mail from youtube for reals like you actually made money selling nft art I'll I'll I'll talk about this offline. I'm curious I'm curious to learn more John from youtube has a technical question related to crypto and if they don't the two currently at 1080p right now But I have an asus vg 27 aq coming. Oh love that monitor um The one I did get to try was slightly different variant the vg 27 aq l r or something like that, but I do love that monitor I've horizon three six hundred and sixteen sixty t should I upgrade my gpu to still play at ultra settings 1440p Uh, um, I would say you could still probably Play dota at 1440p at ultra settings, but the best is Um, I don't let me shut on discord. Hang on chat. Um Um, so just to go back um, he wants to play dota 2 at ultra settings 1440p With a 1660 ti cut it I think close enough.  It's not that demanding. So I would try it out first before upgrading. So, um, yeah I try it out first to see feeling kakaya, but actually you can go you can youtube Uh, dota 2 1440p 1660 ti um And you could see there like how really it performs, but I Like, you know, just off the top of my head. I think kaya. I think I think that's playable So from youtube kiano made a good point about nft. No, I haven't seen it. Um, please do share in the chat or if you want to um Join us on discord and then we can Uh, you can do a live call. You can be our first live caller. I I'd like to try that out too um How we're from youtube worth it poob. I'm going to invest in infinity um, it's you know What do you mean by invest like just buy the if just buy the the crypto? Yes, I would I would buy a xs now. Um, I think it's not a good price Although again disclaimer, that's not financial advice as I mentioned in many of the other streams I'm terrible at predicting if the market has hit rock bottom But me personally, yes, I would buy a xs as an investment if you mean like make invest axi infinity in the sense that You're gonna buy axi then you're gonna train them then you're gonna sell them and you're gonna play them um Like it's the grind worth it because basically the long you're asking two questions say one Is it worth it to invest in the crypto of axi, which is axs? Or and number two, is it worth it to invest in the game itself like to buy axi To grind and things like that to be honest that number two question I cannot answer because I haven't been following. I did try axi for a while, but I'm not Very good at grinding games. I don't uh get the appeal so Uh, you know, I don't uh, it's not for me. So I didn't pursue it So I haven't really been following the ups and downs of like being an axi player So that number two question I honestly cannot cannot um Answer so Why are nfts a big deal? Um They to go back to to link it to the previous question. What's nice about nfts are that they Are trackable they use blockchain. So The it's a complete opposite of a did of a traditional digital asset because digital is again fungible It's so easily replaced and manipulated. It's so easy to take something that you find digitally and Tap out copies left and right. I mean the the cost of manufacture is basically nothing for a digital for a digital good um, I mean Once it's been produced rather sorry So let me to to to rephrase the cost of copying a digital good is basically nothing It's very difficult to produce a digital good like a video game or you know, like a digital artwork or things like that But once it's been produced, it's very very very easy to copy it and to disseminate it and things like that But why nfts are a big deal is that because of the blockchain? It has what you call and if you're a pawn stars, um, if you're a fan of the show pawn stars you can now trace the um The provenance meaning that you can trace like where it originated who bought it Who he sold it to and so on and so forth and and you and because you can trace the provenance You can trace that it's legit. That's the big thing. That's the big thing about nft Um, and that's what it gets. That's the main benefit it gets from using the blockchain is that it It it now makes digital assets legit and you contract the digital asset You can say that oh, yes. Um, this is an original Anton nft Because you know you can trace it through the blockchain and because you can trace the provenance. That's where the value comes in Yes, people can copy the nft. They can screen cap it. They can screen record it. They can do whatever but those will be Obviously copies because they don't have the provenance of the original nft LeBron dunking can be that that same clip of LeBron dunking can be multiplied one million times disseminated all throughout the internet But it call me how I can own don't Top-shot format the nba top-shot format na nft And that's what gives it value because you can trace it because you can But You can trace it and you can trace that. Oh, yes The original owner got it and sold it on December 20 and then that the the buyer of that sold it on December 25 and things like that so, um That is where that is why nft saw value because now anything digital Can be linked in the blockchain and therefore because you can say that this is the first this is this is the original nft Um, the copies don't matter You know, you can you can have a digital artwork and people can just reproduce that how many times they want But it there will only be an x number of that particular nft Rika, how do we increase the value of the nft when you're not yet a well-known artist? Other than open see what's the best platform to share works. Can you also explain how gas fee works? How how best to market nfts is a separate topic to be honest. I've never done an nft myself. So I that's I I'm not the best person to talk about that. I'm only also open. I'm also only familiar with open see for For more mainstream nft. So I'm afraid that I'm really not the best person to talk about that. Um How best to Actually, that's an interesting challenge like how to market how to how to market yourself as an nft creator to To increase the value or to increase like how much you can sell something for Um Yeah, so I'm not gonna lie. Uh, that is something that I would have to look into some more and to research It's an interesting topic But my my knowledge doesn't extend that far My knowledge of nfts doesn't extend that far into like how best to market yourself as an nft creator In how best to market the nfts in general because open see would be my go-to kind of Um my go-to kind of Marketplace for nft so perhaps um topic for a future video And like I could maybe talk to creators who've actually done nfts. So that might be interesting Um and gas fees again, uh kind of technical how ethereum works Gas is the money that you pay so that you can send it. So if it's like the transfer fee Um, but how gas fees are compute computed and things like that Basically, what's nice about the theory is that you can set a priority So if you don't need the transfer to be sent out right away So it's a low priority to be validated on the network. The gas fee will be lower


Let's talk about hip pain when squatting. So this is something that I am very familiar with and I'll start you out with a little anecdote So I was powerlifting back in my early early 20s 1920 21 area And I really enjoyed it. I really like the idea of getting really strong, right? And I thought that the the power lifts there the squat bench and deadlift were a very good measure of that So it's cool and it's fun. It's maybe not that cool depending on who you are But it was a lot of fun, right I I got away from it though, and I don't do it anymore because after my second powerlifting meet I remember going to my friend's house for a party later that night and We were outside chatting in the relatively cold Indiana winter and I laid on the ground and keep in mind I am allergic to basically everything and the grass is definitely one of those things And I laid in the grass because my hips and my SI and my low back area was just so Lit up. It was so painful At that point I decided powerlifting was probably not what I needed to be doing and I kind of got away from it and I squatted for a little while longer after that and I tinkered around with some things and I found some ways to alleviate some of the aches and pains that I was feeling longer term with my hips And so I want to go through some of those with you today. So You have to think about what joint are you loading? Okay, so I need to have one I need to have the endurance to support everything and Then I can start to think about building strength So that was one of my mistakes that I was doing I was really focused on strength because I thought ones twos and threes the singles doubles and triples were heavy And that's what I should be doing But it wasn't giving me the foundation that I needed to then build that strength at the top of that pyramid Right that performance pyramid that we talk about all the time so Make sure you have the the requisite foundation now After that right we can look at the joint angles of a squat and instead of saying Oh, this is the angle that it that people are the strongest in we can say what works for me So I liked to squat really wide because I had the mobility there and I would bend over a lot I would use a really low bar position to try to shorten my leverage away from my my back Because I would always feel like I was caving in my mid back and I thought that would help So limiting that leverage should theoretically put less torque on the spine There were other things wrong so that didn't end up working out But I had a really low bar back squat and I bent over a lot my knees almost didn't even come forward at all Now when I do that though Sure, I take some stress off the back and sure I take some torque away from the hip, but I'm adding it by bending over more So you have to think if I bend over more I load the hip more I free up the knee Which is theoretically a weaker joint so powerlifting I should be in a low bar I should be bent over. I should be using the hips, right? But if you're having hip pain when you're squatting, especially if you were like me and you're 19 doing it You probably need to try a different position So a position that I eventually moved towards let me do like a three-quarter thing here So I was pretty wide. I was pretty low bar and I was pretty bent over and I was also pretty extended through my back because I heard chest up is a good cue and later found out that I don't really believe in that anymore after I Toiled through it a little bit, but I was in this position, right? And so I have this extension in my back that's putting extra stress here You see how it bends my hips when I do that unbent bent unbent bent Okay, and I was bending over more putting extra torque on this hip region So how do I modify that? Well, I brought my stance in a little bit more Maybe just outside shoulder width. I still had my toes turned out a little bit And I squatted down, but I let my knees come forward a little bit So the magic of this is when you unlock that dorsiflexion you feel your heel more Even though you're not bent over so much, right? Even though I was already staying on my heels when I did my wide low bar squat I can feel my heel more because the muscles that go around it are stretching Okay, and when I feel my heel I can drive through my heel because I know where it is And when I feel my heel and when I'm driving through my heel, I know I'm getting good all quad contraction I'm getting good hamstring and then as long as I get away from this and finish like this I know that I'm getting that proximal hamstring the close hamstring upper hamstring and the glute area to help me finish my lift Okay, so that's one way to to really modify your squat to Still train some load and still make sure again make sure we're laying that foundation getting that endurance first, but That's a good modification bringing the stance in a little bit taking some stress off the hip joint giving a little bit more Congruency we didn't really talk about that but the the socket that the hip joint sits in is more covering of the The femur the femoral bone as I squat down like this Okay, as long as my feet are in When I'm out here it kind of screws out and the front of the hip joint shows to the rest of the world Or to the camera in front of you And here I get more congruency, right? So I disperse the forces a little better throughout the joint so The next thing when dealing with hip pain is when you're squatting is maybe you don't need to squat If you're if you're limited on depth Or let's say if you're limited on depth, but you're not limiting your depth If I can't get low here without keeping my heels down But I still try to force myself down and I end up shifting forward that puts more stress on the hip flexors And can pinch the hip joints I don't want to go through anatomy of that. I just want to say this is what can happen, right? If you're feeling a lot of tightness here a lot of pressure here or like you're limited here Then I want you to reevaluate Where your weight is when you're squatting, okay?  Okay Knees going over the toes is okay as long as you're still pushing through the heel Most people do not so general rule of thumb is keep your knees behind your toes But again, if you're having hip pain, you don't necessarily want to be totally vertical shin because that puts a lot of stress here Um, last thing that I want to mention is make sure you're warming up So I don't want you to have to feel like you need to warm up for half an hour for doing anything But as long as you get those tissues a little warmer, maybe you use some like Compression shorts to keep that area warmer Those can lubricate the joints and keep you feeling a little bit better. That's more of a Of band-aid kind of fix not really addressing what may be going on Usually when you're getting a lot of hip pain and squatting There's some sort of mobility thing that you can Clear up some people have had trauma and that doesn't work for them though. So Don't take this as advice. This is just something that maybe you can try I'm not trying to fix your hip pain. I'm just saying you can modify some things See if they help and if they don't make sure you seek out a physical therapist in your area that you can trust Right and if you don't know one just reach out to me and we'll try to find you one


is curation and a visualization of encoded data with Quilt. Hi, thanks for having me. So I'm here to talk to you about crowd computing. And I believe in this paradigm so strongly that I created a local startup to pursue this idea. And in order to understand why crowd computing is valuable, it's important to look at the kind of dysfunctional model that we have around data and data sharing in genomics today. And I call that divisive computing. And so the idea here is that we have a flat file repository. Endcode comes to mind. NCBI is another example. And we have multiple users pulling from that repository, copying the data, pulling it behind the firewall, running it through ETL, extract transformer load, which is essentially your data prep process, doing a little bit of analysis, and then very little sharing or reuse. And so if we think about how this actually works, it's a case study in how to do things suboptimally. Or it's a case study in how not to do things. And essentially what we have is we have the most number of people doing the lowest value tasks. And again, very little sharing and reuse. And so it's easy to imagine a different world. So this is the divisive computing world, where we have a crowd computing model. And the idea here is that we match both computational and human bandwidth with the value of the task. So the idea here is that you do your extract transform load, your data prep once. And then you use as many brains as possible to do your analysis. And you have high sharing in however you use. And this is what science is all about, standing on the shoulders of giants. But if you can't see those shoulders or those shoulders are caught in a two-year pre-publication review cycle, you really don't have anything to stand on. And now instead of pulling from a flat file repository, this model of computation really involves pushing into some combination of a database and a data lake. And the idea here is that this computing resource allows not only allows for network effects among people, but this pooled computing resource allows people to transform the data, to analyze it, to track where every atom of data comes from, which we call provenance, and to control permissions, which is who can see what. Now, this looks great on paper, but how many people have seen this movie before? They've been so many efforts to get biologists to collaborate and to come into a single database and it's not happening. And I want to talk about what I think the shortcomings of excellent work have been and then where we're going to go with it. So the barriers to crowd computing, scientists very frankly, I think have a schizophrenic attitude towards data sharing. So before publication, we don't want anybody to see what we're working on. After publication, we want everybody to see it, but not really, because we don't show you the data intermediates, which is the data that we use to derive the data. Paywalls, we're all running into them. I mean, how useful for the public good is an Excel file behind a paywall on a PubMed server? Like, how many people are really gonna use that data? We see very high fragmentation and low findability. I don't want to name any names, NCBI, but there are lots of places where people tend to push their data, and they have no expectation that any other human being will ever pull that data back out. And of course, high technical barriers. So really, few labs are blessed to have a bioinformatician or a data scientist, but we want to make it possible so that bench scientists can do their own analysis. So these shortcomings have kind of compensatory solutions, which is what we're trying to work on right now. We're piloting this program, which I'm gonna describe in just a second, with researchers at the National Cancer Institute. And the first and most important thing, which I think most projects have missed, is there has to be a strong social layer. If people are going to contribute, they have to be able to get social credit and social proof for the work that they're doing. And if how many people are familiar with GitHub? Right, okay, great. So your currency on GitHub is the stars and the forks that you get on your data set. So this is this new model, this new world that we're moving into. Scientists can publish data, get stars, get forks, and have a way of measuring what the impact of the data that they're publishing is. This data management layer allows us to hash their signature data sets, so that we can unambiguously know who was the first to publish it, number one. And we can also perform this diffing process with some of you would be familiar with. Unified storage and schemas is what we showed in the last diagram. And then we have to lower the technical barriers, right? Which in short means making it possible for anybody to visualize and analyze without coding. So this is the experiment that we ran. And essentially we wanted to see if bench scientists could create their own targeted CRISPR screens. And I wanna talk to you about how we use ENCODE data to develop some custom guide RNA design libraries and then let people at National Cancer Institute and beyond use that. So the first was creating a genome-wide CRISPR library. So there are libraries out there from Moffitt Lab, from Zang Lab, from Doudna Lab, but how do you know which one to use? And frankly, if you wanna target epigenomic elements, you're out of luck with any of those libraries. So the first thing we did is we found NGGs or SP-Cas9 PAM sites throughout all of HG-19. We then intersected those with DNA's hypersensitive sites from ENCODE and used bow-tie-2 to filter for off-target effects. So what you get out of this is this genome-wide or intergenic guide RNA library. And as far as we know, it's the first publicly available library of its kind and you can see the slides will be available to you. It's available on QuiltData today. So how do you use it? So the first thing is, again, we looked earlier. We don't want people working with duplicative files, but we pulled all of the histone peaks from the ENCODE project, the chromatin mark from the ENCODE project, made those available in a tag interface. You can check this out right now on QuiltData.com so that people can surf tags the same way you do on Twitter or Facebook, and then made it possible for people to, how many people use bed tools? Great, so we put a GUI to that so people can now intersect and subtract genomic intervals. And so the idea here, let's say that you want to find Nanog enhancers. You want to target or CRISPR Nanog enhancers in embryonic step cells. Very quick example here and a quick review. We want two activating chromatin marks, right? So that's a methylation and acetylation. That plus indicates genomic interval intersection and the minus is subtraction. So we're looking for areas that have monomethylation and acetylation, but no trimethylation. And again, using a very friendly user interface, you can now find targets for enhancers for Nanog. Okay, so now what, and again, this is an example of the interface that our scientists are using. And in order to now actually get GUI to RNAs out the other end, you take these Nanog targets that you found and you intersect them with this genome-wide CRISPR larva that we talked about earlier. And what you get out of that are GUI RNAs that you can use to target your enhancers of interest. So I think what is significant about this, first of all, is that, oops, well, we're allowing people to take data that's already existing out there or create novel combinations and publish that. So it's to visualize and analyze without coding. The next piece is kind of the pull request for data part where after running these experiments with GUI RNAs, the scientists can round trip that to the community and talk about which GUI RNAs, in fact, were most successful experimentally. So for public projects, we can offer you free storage, compute and visualization, especially interested in working with people who are in CRISPR or variant interpretation and love to answer your questions, stay in touch, check out what we're doing. Thanks. So...


Hello, everyone. Thank you for coming to the last talk of the day. My name is Maxim. I'm a software engineer at Apple. And I'm also a continuity maintainer for about four years. Hi, everyone. I'm Sam. I'm a staff engineer at Google. I've been involved with the ContainerD project as a contributor since about 2017, and more officially as a security advisor and then later as a maintainer since about 2020. Today we're going to talk about updates in the ContainerD project and deep dive into some new functionality. So I want to start off with ContainerD's support lifecycle. ContainerD has three different kinds of supported releases. We have the active release type, which is generally going to be the most recent version, which receives bug fixes and backports fastest for at least a year from the time that we release. And at least six months after the next active release comes out. We also have an extended release type, which is used sometimes as people are transitioning between the previous active release to the most recent active release. And this just contains security fixes, so we don't generally fix other kinds of bugs in the extended release type. Finally, at the last coupon, we announced the introduction of long-term stable releases. This is a new type, like active, but a longer support window. So three years instead of one year. And we consider an expanded range of backports, including things like staying on a supported Go version if the Go version goes out of support during the three-year support lifecycle. So I want to talk a little bit more about LTS. We do have our first LTS release, which is 1.6. It's going to be supported until February of 2025, which is three years from the date that it was released. In its longer support window, it's going to have bug fixes, security patches. It'll also have, we're aiming to support Kubernetes releases during that three-year support window. So that means things like updates to work with new Kubernetes versions, potentially including implementing new caps. It'll convert into a regular stable release up to six months before, so that it would be August 2024. And it'll have its normal backport scope at that point. So bug fixes, security patches, but not new functionality. Just looking at the timelines for Kubernetes releases and where we are with container D, we'd expect to support 1.24 up through 1.30. Depending on the release timing for Kubernetes and whether or not we end up extending this, it might support a few beyond that. Separate from LTS, we also have another regular active release that just came out, which is container D 1.7. This contains two major new features, both of which are experimental. So it has a new Sandbox API, which enables the core of container D to understand groups of containers, like pods, and enables new functionalities when you consider a group of containers together. So think about things like VM-based runtimes. There's also the transfer service, which introduces new extension points for customizing and controlling the behavior of content transfer, things like image pull, image push, but also things where you might want to intercept that for things like signature validation, encryption, things like that. Maxon's gonna deep dive into both of those new features in a few minutes. So I'm just gonna leave that as an overview for right now. Container D 1.7 is a regular active release. So that means it only has a one-year support window. The support is going to end before 1.6, but 1.6 doesn't have any of the new functionality. It's also going to be the last 1.x release of container D. So let's talk about new features to expect in 2.0. During last coupon, we mentioned that Container D 2.0 is gonna be the most boring release ever. So we have introduced two new APIs in 1.7 as experimental sandbox API and transfer service. Our goal for 2.0 is to stabilize and productionize these APIs. Another big chunk of work we are focused on is CRI integration, which expected to be finished in 2.0 as well. Transfer service will get deeper integration with other core Container D services, including integration with sandbox API itself. This way, Container D runtimes will be able to process artifacts as well. We also plan to remove a lot of deprecated code that we accumulated since 1.4 release, which might break backward functionality if you still rely on those features. Sandbox APIs aims to offer better support for VM-based runtime. There is also new term that I've heard recently, Pozla spots, which perfectly describes what that is. To quickly recap, it's a new set of APIs that add a notion of a group of containers in Container D. And by group here, we mean really anything. So it's now up to the underlying runtime, how and which resources to allocate for a particular pod. For instance, in Kube, we use PodSandbox, the resource network interfaces for a pod, and runs this postcontainer which acts as a parent container for all pod containers and which holds all resources for a pod. But now with Sandbox API, we can substitute implementations and run, for example, a hypervisor instead. Sandbox implementations will be provided by Container D. Shims. So we introduce this new interface called controller, which Shim can implement in order to provide custom logic. This interface is optional, so when implemented, Container D knows that Shim supports sandboxes. Otherwise, we will fall back to default implementation. The demo itself will remain implementation agnostic, so it'll have no knowledge of what kind of Sandbox runtime will run. So it's not enough to just introduce a new interface and have Shims implemented it. Someone has to call it. In case of Kube, there is a CRI plugin in for Container D, which is expected to be the primary user of these APIs. CRI integration is ongoing and we plan to finish it in 2.0. Currently, CRI is the largest plugin in Container D. So we plan to split it into smaller, more maintainable pieces. And CRI today maintains Pots and Box Container Logic, which ran past Container behind. In 1.7, we started extracting Pots and Box Logic into a separate package, which become the first controller implementation. And to keep things from falling apart and in order to avoid affecting existing customers, we decided to fork CRI plugin and keep another version of CRI server in tree next to our existing CRI code. So we do all refactoring work there. And you can use this environment variable, enable CRI Sandboxes to switch between these implementations. In 2.0, we plan to enable the new implementation by default and remove the old CRI code. Another new addition in 1.7 means transfer service. So high level, it's a new API to transfer artifacts from source to destination. Where source and destination will be a pluggable code which can be specified when we initiate new transfer session. So for instance, if you want to pull an image from NSEI registry, we would specify registry as a source plugin and image source as destination. But now with this new architecture, nothing prevents us from implementing new source plugins to support new arbitrary data sources. This table on the slide represents currently supported source and destination plugins we already implemented in 1.7. So we already support push, pull and import operations. Essentially, lots of code just moved from client to the demon side, but now we have a lot more granular control over the process. Transfer service aims to be a strong foundation which will simplify any new features that we receive often requested by the community. Here are a few examples, things like image signing and validation, credential supports, image decryption and so on are now straightforward to add to the new architecture, with the new architecture. Some further work that we plan in 2.0 is send box API integration. So container editions will be able to provide its own plugin for transfer service. This will unlock some new use cases, such as confidential computing. So images that we pull can be handled directly by container runtime bypassing host machine. Also worth mentioning an important change in Kubernetes request to GCR.io will be redirected to this new address. With the plan to sunset GCR.io in longer term, so you should update your configuration on your notes as soon as possible. In case of continuity, here is an example of such configuration. We just changed send box image field to the new URL. NRI is a new way to intercept a CI spec from CI. It's a new edition in 1.7 release, which was significantly reworked. We've switched from CNI style plugin model in which we call a plugin binary and pass information in STD in to a more complex GRPC-based model. So now NRI plugin can amend parts of the CI spec and handle events at every step of pod and container lifecycle. There is an experimental integration with send box API CI, which we plan to complete in 2.0, so NRI plugins will be capable to handle send box events as well. And there are a couple of new things that we explore in 2.0. Right now NRI has access to a limited subset of CI spec and we want to expand what can be changed from a plugin. Another possibility that's been explored is getting NRI on non-linux platforms. As I mentioned before, we plan to remove a lot of deprecated functionality in 2.0. In some cases, this might lead to breaking backward compatibility, but it's right to be reasonable and minimize impact. This table summarizes high-level features that we plan to remove and suggested alternatives. Green checks represent items that already removed and PRs are merged in our repository. For example, we did some runtime cleaning. We've removed V1 runtime API and RnCV1 implementation. So runtime V2 will be the only supported runtime in 2.0. We also removed deprecated UFS snapshotter and suggest using overlay instead. And also in 2.0, we switch configuration format to version two. Sam is gonna tell about the continuity ecosystem. Sam, over to you. Thanks, Max. So I want to transition to talking about the continuity ecosystem now. So one of the core ideas for continuity is to be flexible and extensible. That means that continuity comes with a full set of features and implementations for those, but many of those implementations can be swapped out for something else. That includes things like snapshotters, which are used for handling image layer storage, runtimes which control the container execution environment, and a substantial client library means that high-level client programs are easy to build. The continuity project hosts some extensions. So we have some core extensions that are included in continuity by default and have the same set of stability and support model as continuity. And we also have some non-core extensions, which are also supported but are not included by default and don't have the same lifecycle associated with them. But there's also community projects and there's not much different between a community project and a non-core project other than the governance model and vendor products that are launched on top of continuity too. We've seen a really, really great adoption in the ecosystem and it's really cool to see. One of them of course is Kubernetes. So many of you will have heard that Kubernetes 1.24 remove DockerShim. Continuity is a well-supported runtime that can be used in place of DockerShim. Many popular Kubernetes distributions are either adopting container need now or have already adopted it. You can switch your own local Kubernetes cluster using a kubelet flag to tell it to talk to the containerD socket instead of talking to a different socket. Beyond Kubernetes, there are other ways of interacting with containerD. So CTR is a command line tool. It's our development tool for containerD. We don't really recommend that people depend on it for a production use case as it has no stability guarantees for it, but it's really good for exploring the different kinds of things that containerD can do and playing around with the containerD API. And the code for CTR is pretty accessible if you want to look at how to interact with containerD as a client. CryCuttle is from the Kubernetes project as a generic way to interact with CRI runtimes. It works really well with containerD and you can use it to simulate how Kubernetes runs pods. NerdCuttle is another high-level CLI that brings more familiar Docker-like functionality to containerD.  It's a non-core containerD project, so it's still managed by the same set of people that are involved with containerD, but it's own separate non-default thing. And then we have a couple other community and commercial things that are built on top of containerD and NerdCuttle and another CNCF project called Lima. These are things that are aiming to bridge the development experience over to places like macOS or Windows. CoLima is a community project that does that built on Lima. RancherDefTop and Finch are both commercial offerings that are built on that and tend to package it along with some other extensions that are provided by those vendors. Snapshotters are the mechanism that containerD uses to store image layers. All of them are designed to present the container's file system as a union of layers. This is what enables things like image inheritance where you can build on top of one image as a base and extend it without duplicating the storage. ContainerD comes with a selection of built-in snapshotters that are focused on some different use cases. So Linux options include overlay, which is the default and is a general purpose one that's suitable for many use cases, but also includes the butterFS and ZFS snapshotters, which you can use if you have a preference for either of those file systems and the way that they handle snapshotting and storage. There's also the device mapper snapshotter, which is useful for some alternative execution modes where file system sharing might not be possible. This is for things like VM-based runtimes. On Windows, there's two different options. There's the Windows snapshotter that is used for regular Windows containers. And there's also a Linux containers on Windows, Elkow snapshotter that is used for the Linux workloads that run there. We have started to see some use of containerD on FreeBSD and there is the option to use FreeBSD with the ZFS snapshotter. There's also the native snapshotter, which is supported on all of the different operating systems, but has some particular drawbacks, including it being slow and inefficient. So we don't generally recommend that people are using that one in production. Snapshotters can also be extended by means of a proxy plugin. A proxy plugin lets you run a separate process to provide the functionality of a snapshotter. That means it doesn't need to be in tree with the rest of the containerD code and can be provided by vendors or provided by community projects. We have a few that exist within the containerD project as non-core.  So lazy loading is the idea that you could start the container ahead of actually having all of the content presence on the local file system. So in the continuity project, we manage the eStarGZ, the NITIS, and overlayBD snapshotters as different models to achieve that lazy loading. But there's also other commercial approaches to lazy loading from different vendors. So Sochi is from Amazon and GKE has image streaming built into it.  Proxy plugins don't have to be about lazy loading or have to be about remote either, though. So the device map or snapshotter, for example, didn't used to be part of containerD core. It wasn't built into it and it had started its life as a remote snapshotter until the point that its use case had been basically more validated and was more generally applicable beyond its initial start. So I talked a little bit about runtime environments. Runtimes and shims are the mechanism that controls the execution environments of a container. So this is things like a standard Linux container or alternative different things. Run C is the default runtime and the reference implementation of the OCI spec. It's what most installations of containerD are going to use, but it's important to note it's not actually part of containerD, it's its own independent project, part of the OCI, the open container initiative, which is a separate foundation. There's also C run, which is an alternative Linux runtime that does the same thing as Run C. Both of these are leveraging typical Linux container technologies like namespaces, C groups, sec comp, capabilities, SC Linux and app armor. Beyond that, the containerD project does host a non-core runtime, which is Run Wasi, which is focused on Wasm containers. So not Linux, but WebAssembly. There's Run HCS, which is the runtime for Windows containers that leverages the host compute service on Windows, which is what actually implements the containerization there. There's also Run J, which is an experimental runtime for free VSD jails. Beyond that, there's some other community-driven or commercially-driven runtimes, like Cata containers, G visor and Firecracker container D. These are all different models focused on increased isolation around Linux containers. So they go beyond the typical technologies that are used by Run C and C run and can do things like isolate with a hypervisor or use syscall re-implementation to provide additional isolation beyond what you would get with just a regular Linux container. So I think we're going through this pretty quickly, but before we move on into Q&A, I want to point out a few ways that you can get involved with container D. So we have a couple active channels on the CNCF Slack. There's the container D channel, which is more focused on general use of container D. There's the container D dev channel, which is focused on developing container D or extensions of it. We run a monthly community meeting, which is on the second Thursday of each month. It's on the CNCF calendar, and that's where you should check for your local time zone. We also love to hear about adoption and folks building new things in the ecosystem, whether that's in the community, something personal, something commercial. It's really great to just hear about what's going on. We're very active on GitHub, and we use it as another primary means for communication. We have an active GitHub discussions forum for conversation. We also have GitHub issues that are available for bug reports, feature requests, and collaboration. If you have security things that you need to report, there's a private security reporting mechanism through GitHub, and we also use pull requests as a primary means of code review, contribution, things like that. If you want to see what's going on, if you want to author new pull requests, if you want to comment on active ones, we'd love to have you involved with the community. So, I want to open this up for Q&A. If you are a virtual attendee or we don't end up getting to you in the time that we have here, please go ahead and ask in the Slack channel and tag us. Can't promise that we'll get back to you immediately, but we are going to try and get back to you and continue the conversation there. So one of the staff members is going to come around with a mic. Hello, my name is Andre from London. The question would be around the hardware acceleration or SSL offloading, any plans or any thoughts on this in implementing in container D, so to provide more native support for these kind of technologies. Thank you. I can take that. So, I don't know that I have specific thoughts on SSL offloading, but we have been looking at how do we make various things in container D faster to take advantage of hardware capabilities. So we had a pull request recently that was looking at using hardware acceleration for SHA-256, which is used as part of the digest calculation for images and verification as they're downloaded. But generally we're staying up to date with things in the Go ecosystem as well. So if there are hardware accelerations that happen as part of the Go standard library, we're going to pick those up too. Hopefully that answers your question. Cool. Hello. My name is Azar. I'm from Berlin. And the question is, is there any relation between Podman and container D because I haven't seen any mentioning? Yeah, those are separate independent projects. Then it would be question with regards to containerized operational systems and one of the implications, not containerized, but with better container support, which is Amazon bottle rocket operational system. So it's like having this closer to the kernel, can you speak about this support by the container D? What are the developments out there? Thank you. Yeah, so thank you for asking a question that I can answer pretty well. I used to work on bottle rocket before I left Amazon. And bottle rocket is a container focused operating system. What it does is it uses container D as its containerization mechanism. So it doesn't have additional isolation for the containers beyond something like container D. Your container execution environment is going to be the same on bottle rocket as it is on any other Linux distribution, container focused Linux distributions like what used to be CoroS and is now, I think, something else at Red Hat. There's also costs from Google. I think there's Talos as another container operating system.  All right, excited to hear about the LTS support. That's great. Any idea on the cadence of that and if the support Windows for LTS releases will be overlapping? I think we're early in the stage of trying to figure that out. So 1.6 is the first LTS. We haven't tried doing one before. We're kind of gonna see how that goes over the next couple of years. If you have feedback on that, we'd love to have it. So I'm guessing from your question that you're looking for overlapping support Windows, is there anything else that you'd like to see in LTS or if you have any feedback for us? It's interesting that the LTS is starting and then 2.0 is coming. So I could see potentially in 2.1 or 2.2. There's a neat feature that would force us or really encourage us to move off of LTS 1.6. Yeah, with 2.0 being a fairly large change, including some backwards incompatibility breaking change, I think that's why it's moving from 1.x to 2.0. 1.6 is hopefully going to provide a longer time for people to be able to migrate and test and make sure that they're okay with the changes that are happening in 2.0. I think that if the 1.6 LTS goes really well, we'll hopefully have something more concrete around what a cadence could be for future LTSs. But I think at this point, we don't really know. Okay, great, thanks. I've seen the DevMapper Snapshotter hang periodically after starting a whole bunch of snapshots for micro VMs and then just after a period of time, you just stuck there. Have you seen that in your experience with Lambda or Fargate when you were using it at AWS? Samuel? This is a question for you. I haven't, but you should file an issue and we will try to reproduce it, but I'm not sure about Fargate and if we can comment Fargate stuff. I don't think I have anything. Yeah, yeah. So it's generally not advised to use it with a loopback file system, but can be more convenient than formatting a separate hard drive and allocating that for the DM pool. Do you think that could be why, potentially? Yes, maybe. It's sort of hard to judge from the scene whether it's like a good idea or not, but we can follow up in GitHub and we can figure it out. Yeah, thanks. It's me again. So with Plugable Transport Layer, can I, in theory, use something like pulling images and pushing images to S3 or compatible storage? Yeah, that's the idea behind it so you can replace source with any plugin you like and basically it's plugins responsibility to retrieve data from S3 Dropbox or whatever and provide it to continuity. I think the way to think about it is right now the behavior with container D is the only remote that it really knows how to pull from is an OCI registry and with the transfer service, you should be able to have it pull from or push to whatever your plugin implements and that could be an OCI registry if you want, but it could be something else. Cool, so maybe we'll close Q&A now and you're welcome to come up and talk to us after. We would love to have feedback on the session so there's a QR code up here that you can scan and leave us feedback, that would be great, but thank you all for coming.


I suppose I should start by saying what a pleasure it is to be here, but I have to say it's with some unease that I'm here, particularly those who study the work that we do as a regulator. I think I should sort of know what I'm doing, but I think many of you probably know more about my job than I know about it myself. Actually, there is just a note of caution there in what we're talking about, because some of you do analyse what we do as a regulator. You say, this follows this, and there's this pattern there, which sometimes is true, but very often we just make it up as we go along, but we just do what's right at the time. David has a cannial ability to make me particularly uneasy, because he always says, well, you said that in that piece of guidance two years ago, and now you're saying that today. And how does that tie up with this judgement on satirmedia or whatever? And I think, well, I ought to be able to answer it, but really I haven't got the foggiest idea, and not everything necessarily does tie up. And I wonder if, there certainly is for us as a regulator, I wonder if even with a little bit of the courts and even to CJEU, where you can analyse it too far and sometimes they just decide what's right on the day in the circumstances. I have to say, David, you made me even more uneasy by inviting me very kindly to the post conference dinner at Trinity Hall, a college which I'm sure much to its regret declined to have me as one of its students. I think some 43 years ago when I applied for them, but you didn't know that unless it's on Google, of course, and you could have said that. It probably will be no you. Now what I want to do, and I haven't got long, is just say a little bit about how we see the judgement as the regulator, put it in a wider context, and then talk about, you know, not just about the Google judgement, but about the forthcoming regulation and the impact that that will have on the shape of EU regulation of the internet. So, I mean the judgement, we've talked about this. The crucial thing really for us was that the court decided that Google was a data controller, the way in which it processes personal data. And the clear message that we read from that is look, you know, you sort of don't escape EU law by some argument that, you know, we're neither a controller nor a processor, or we've come along since the legislation was developed and so we're sort of not caught by it. Eventually the law will catch up with you. So if you're doing anything as an organisation or business on the internet that involves you manipulating information about individuals that has some sort of impact on them, you get caught, and it's not personal data or not a controller, you'll get caught. And of course you get caught territorially on applicability, but I'll leave that, that's more for discussion in the next session. And then of course Chris Pounder I think was right, once you get to the, you know, you're a controller, EU law applies, then it's just binary.  Yes, that leaves us with a bit of a mess, there's a quandary, things like sensitive personal data. Excuse me Dave, you don't ask me to answer that, there's a problem there. But it will be solved somehow at some point and it's the right direction that we're heading in. And of course implementation of the judgement, yes there are critics of it, but there are 200,000 people now who have complained to Google. Nearly half of those have had the URLs removed and very few have ended up as complainants to data protection authorities. So there are, I hesitate to say it, but a lot of satisfied people or a lot of people who have had real concerns and whose privacy is better protected now. So it is having exactly the right effect. But let's just look at it in context. Again others, particularly all of this morning have talked about that, you know, this is just part of the way CJU case law is going. So I won't develop that further. I think what's very important for us is the emphasis that's being placed by the CJU on the charter and particularly on article 8, the right to data protection and seeing that coming through. And we, I think, you know, all of us in this sort of data protection community, are a huge voter thanks to a former chair of the article 29 working party, Professor Rodd Attar. I have to say not for the way he chaired the meetings, but for the work he did in actually working politically to get this data protection right inserted in the charter of fundamental rights which is being developed. And I don't think any of us other than him realised how important it would be. And it really is making a big difference now. And I think we're seeing, you know, not necessarily the charter itself, but the direction of travel flowing through into the UK courts. There was a case, just a high court case a few weeks ago in Northern Ireland concerning Facebook where an individual who brought a case to court against Facebook and against someone who was running a Facebook page on keeping our kids safe from predators. And this was about, well, outing paedophiles, paedophiles who served their sentences and who were being rehabilitated into the community. And the court there, not under data protection, although data protection issues were raised, find not just the person running this page, but Facebook themselves, £15,000, I think it was, on the basis that they had a responsibility for the content that other people were putting onto Facebook. And we've just got this direction of travel where it's not, you know, Facebook isn't a neutral place where you post information and it's only between the individuals who are posting it and people who see it. And I'm sure Hugh will tell us more about today's Court of Appeal judgment, which is all part of the same trend. We talked about the courts being emboldened. I think we as regulators are emboldened as well, because it's all going, we've got a fair wind behind us. It's all going in the right direction of travel. And I remember the ICO took a case, this must be getting on for ten years ago, about police retention of data in the UK and essentially the police retain criminal conviction information forever and we thought that was excessive in data protection terms. And although we won our case at the first stage tribunal, the Court of Appeal came down heavily against us. I think the Court of Appeal, well, they might come to the same conclusion now, but their reasoning and approach will be much more favourable to our position now than it would have been. We've got a, as I say, a fair wind behind us. I think also, and this isn't the goo case, the Snowden revelations do have a real impact on internet regulation in the future, the lack of trust, the impact on encryption and can we encrypt our messages and trust encryption. The impact that this has on the draft European regulation, where we see some of you will know article 43a introduced by the Parliament, which attempts, I think, to do the impossible, to reconcile what's a conflict of laws where, I mean everybody points to the US, but it's not just the US, but where our businesses in Europe are required by US law to release information on some significant penalty from the US. Releasing that information would actually be a breach of the European legal framework. I have to say, we as regulators can't really resolve that. Only governments and international treaties can, but it's all playing into the future of regulation. And with the proposed regulation, the future regulation, I think what we are seeing is that sort of case law under the existing directive is moving as actually closer to what's proposed in the regulation. So maybe when we get the regulation, eventually maybe a year's time from now, it won't be quite the leap that we were expecting because under case law would be a long way in that direction already. Just a couple of points about the regulation. I won't go into detail about all of these, but the material scope that processing and personal data is huge, everything is caught. At that time, we were talking our IP addresses caught by this. Clearly they are now as technology moves on and we move to IPv6, if they will be even more clearly our personal information. So again, your technology is taking us more towards IP addresses being personal data, the way the law is taking us more to it, it's all converging. Territorial scope will cover. People place a lot of emphasis on consent and as a regulator, I get very concerned about those who see consent as the answer to every problem. And if we just give individuals consent to everything, they will be protected and that will be fine. And in practice, of course that doesn't work. People, they don't make informed choices, they just plough ahead. We need to think more intelligently than just seeing our consent as the answer. We have the right to be forgotten in the regulation as it was called, although whether that will be the title at the end, because it was just as an accurate title in the regulation as it is about the costager decision. But what we do have there and what I think is very important is this right to object, where put very simply under the way the law is currently structured, I can object to your processing of my data, whether it's on the internet or not, but I have to make the compelling case to you as to why that should happen. The onus, if it goes through, will be the other way around. And I make my case, I just say I object, and you have to make the compelling case as to why you should continue to process. And I think although there's been very little attention, if that comes through and that right exists, it really will shift the balance of power and put some very important rights in the hands of individuals. Just to talk about the exemptions and derogations, David would think I was a myth if I didn't talk about the exemptions for freedom of expression. What I would just say, these are hugely important, and the whole basis of the regulation is about harmonisation across Europe, the same rules. Yet when we come to the exemptions for freedom of expression, these are left up to member states. I happen to think that's right because I think harmonisation is a step too far, more consistency, yes, maybe not harmonisation. So we still will see, I think, potentially significant differences in how this is applied. I know I've only got a minute or so left, so just a word about our role as supervisory authorities. I don't make any pleas, but life is getting more and more difficult for us. The Google decision, these decisions on what should be taken down, what links should be moved, are very difficult decisions. I mean there are extremes that anybody can make those, but the ones around criminal convictions and should it just be spent convictions come down, and what if their convictions to do with commercial businesses fraudulent trading and you're still trading, even though it's a spent conviction should that go and some very difficult decisions. I have to say that I think the rhinos decision makes life even more difficult for us, because it does take us into processing by individuals, and yes you have your CCTV camera on your house, it's overlooking a public area, and I think it must be by extension if it's overlooking your neighbour's garden, then that's probably not within the domestic exemption. So how do we deal with warring neighbours over someone's camera snooping on another? It's not just sort of difficult to deal with the individuals who are complaining. Our tools, the enforcement tools we have don't enable us to deal with that. I mean we have monetary penalties administrative fines, but they're not there for individuals. So we will make it work. We have this arrangement of the one-stop shop, the consistency mechanism coming up through the regulation, which as it goes through discussions in, particularly in the council in Brussels, is just getting more and more complex. If there are pages and pages just about how we ensure consistency across Europe. So I just come back to the point to conclude with that all are made, because I think all was talking about the courts and suggesting they might be indifferent to the disconnect between law and reality. I worry a little bit the same about those who are now drafting the regulation, and particularly as we get on to the trilog process, is there going to be a disconnect between those who are trying to come up with a legal instrument that solves everybody's problems and brings the whole of Europe, all 28 countries together in one solution. They may do that, but will it address the reality? I think one of the realities at the end of the day has to be this access to justice. It's all about individuals and protecting individuals. 30 pages of legal niceties on how the one-stop shop operates don't actually help individuals. They need simple, clear law rights which are easy to exercise, even if they're not perfect. We aim a bit too much for perfection and not enough for effective rights in reality. So I'll stop there. Thank you very much.