Hey guys and welcome back to another Python tutorial. So this is going to be part one of the many videos that are about to come out for creating a library system using simple libraries within Python. So what we're going to essentially be doing in this tutorial is using this dummy website that someone has kindly created and scraping basically all of the books that have been hosted on them and All the details related to the books. So for example, if you look at the book We've got the image of the book the name of the book and the price and availability as well Now what we're going to be doing in today's tutorial is collecting all the data That's going to be going into our library system that way we're going to be coding in the next few tutorials So first things first You want to head over to the books dot to scrape comm website, which is basically the dummy site I was talking about and Then you can have a brief look around the site What you'll notice is that it's a pretty simple layout All the books have been laid out. You can then you can click on individual books to basically show more details But we're not going to be doing so because all we need is the image of the book. We just order a case We're going to keep the title of the book the price and then the availability of whether it's in stock or not so What we're going to do first is open up VS code and In VS code, we're going to import the libraries that we're going to be using So first off, we're going to be using the requests library, which should be default installed in Python then we want the beautiful soup library Which you will need to install using pip or conda, whichever you prefer so beautiful soup is going to help us pass the text that comes in from the Page that we scraped and then turning into a navigatable object so that we can find certain HTML elements like headers links, etc So I've loaded in the two libraries. We need We're also going to import pandas because we are going to want to save the data that we collect from scraping into like a CSV file so that we can later on use it in a library system so What we're going to do next is we have a Dictionary here and now what I like to do as common practices in My scraping tutorials is making the use of proxies So making the use of proxies not only keeps you anonymous online, but also Helps you switch between different countries and IP addresses Which will obviously prevent you from being rate limited from websites when they try to scrape data from them Now obviously for the sake of this tutorial, you may not be banned or rate limited from the Website we're scraping from but to be sure that we don't get banned or rate limited We're going to be using IP Royal well kindly sponsors today's tutorial IP Royal is a proxy service provider providing safe private and unrestricted access to online information With a pool of over 2 million plus reliable IPs IP Royal allows clients to use a proxy server as an intermediary Between their devices and the web which can which allows clients to maintain their privacy and use resources They can't access directly due to geo restrictions, etc IP Royals data center proxies can serve as a great product for businesses or users looking for premium high-speed anonymous private proxies Which usually have unlimited bandwidth and no extra charges for data scraping though I would recommend using IP Royals residential proxies as they not only allow anonymity when scraping websites Which can help avoid in getting weight limited, but also let you select the geolocation of the proxy Either through the dashboard or my making minor changes in your code Lastly IP Royal handles automatic IP rotation, which not only allows easy integration within your code But they also provide the option to use static IPs in case that you decide to keep an IP for a longer duration of time In this video IP Royal has given me access to their discount codes Which will give you a straight 30% discount on your Royal residential proxies The discount code is your hand 30 and can be used to buy their Royal residential proxies So guys please make sure to grab your discount codes and make your purchases for Royal residential proxies today from IP Royal Or you'll be missing out on a great deal Now that we've looked at the benefits of using IP Royal What we want to do is head on over to the dashboard of IP Royal Which I've already logged into As you can see I have the traffic remaining in my dashboard Here you can select all the different parameters for your proxy So I want mine to be in the United Kingdom in the London region and I want my IP to be on rotation Which means that I don't want a static IP address So I want my IP to be changed constantly So what you want from here after you've set up all of these different settings is this basic code You are our example down here You're going to want this link which starts at the HTTP and ends at the port number right here We're going to copy that And then we're going to need to paste that into our proxies dictionary that we created a second ago So let's create the speech box Now first things first we need to create an HTTP key And then next we are going to need to create an HTTPS key Now for us both HTTP and HTTPS proxies are running on the same URL So no issues there Let's run both of these parameters And now we're ready to basically scrape from our site Securely obviously with proxies So let's go back to the page that we want to scrape from And then we'll inspect a few things So let's inspect the page Let's inspect the image first because we want to obviously scrape from the image Usually these whole things are stored within a single container Which is called a div in HTML So if we manage to grab that div We should easily manage to grab all of the details inside it as well Let's see So if we look carefully When I highlight over product pod which is the class product pod Right here it's got an article type element What we'll see is that all of the elements we're looking to scrape Is inside that class called product pod Now if we go further on We see the class is obviously repeated across all of the books that we see So what we're going to need to do is copy this class name And then we're just going to head over and scrape that But before that obviously you want to copy this URL And then make a request to that URL So we'll do a response equals r.get Which means we're using the request library to get the text content of this page And we're going to provide the proxies argument because we are using proxies And we're going to use the dot text to basically extract the text from the response that is obtained Let's run that We'll take a bit of time I believe Three seconds, not bad Now when we look at this it's just a bunch of HTML text Which is essentially all the content that is shown on the page but in text format Now we're going to have to convert this into a browserable or navigatable object Which is going to be our soup Beautiful soup is going to help us do this So we create a new variable called soup And then we're going to call beautiful soup And then run response dot text As the text that needs to be converted to soup So we run that And we get rid of this dot text Because I just forgot we've already done it up here And we should have a navigatable object It already looks a lot cleaner as well because it's pretty fine So now we can look for the use the dot find method To basically find the article element Which had the class name of It had the class name of product Underscore pod So we're going to copy that And then we're going to paste it back into our class When you run this what you'll notice is that it's gathered The first class instance which has the class of product Now obviously it has all the details that we need Which are the image link which is right here It has the title of the book right here It has the price right here And then the availability right here So what we're going to want to do first is You instead of grabbing just the first element from the website We're going to want to grab all of the product elements So that we're grabbing all of the books from the page And not just the first page So instead of using find we're going to do find all What this is going to do is it will return a list Instead of a single element Because it's returned all of the product pod classes On the page, on the first page So what we need to do now is maybe store this into a variable So I'm going to call this Let's see what should we call this Let's call this book container equals Now we're going to do four book Because we need to iterate through each of those books in the list So for book and book container We're going to do book.find Now what we want to find here is obviously we want this link right here So if we look closely the link is in an htmo element called img which is image So we want to find image and in image That image tag has a class of thumbnail So we can use that as well So we'll do class equals thumbnail And then essentially what you want to do is access the src attribute of this image tag which has a class of the thumbnail So let's see if that works I'm going to put a break tag in here so that we only iterate for the first element And not go through the whole thing because that will take us some time Now, as you can see, we've got the URL for the first image Perfect But what you'll notice is that when we try to paste this URL into the into browser it's not going to come up because obviously it's broken Now what we need to do is append the first part of the URL Which is this onto the Onto the remaining part of the URL that we just scraped When we combine them both we have an image Perfect So let's do that really quickly We can do a Book image URL Is equal to that string that we just copied So up until media Uh actually get rid of media as well Up until that plus whatever we find in here Now when we print book image URL We should be able to see the exact URL and when we click on it Voila the image shows up perfectly fine Okay now for the next thing that we want to get from the book container What we need next is the book title So we have to see where we can find that So if you look at it carefully we can see it's within the H3 tag in HTML So we'll do book title equals bookcontainer.find h3 It doesn't have a class name and there's only one h3 in that Div so it should be fine to just use h3 without a class And then when we do we can just do we want to grab the title attribute So I'm going to print out also the book title There we go H3 Oh, sorry, I did book container should have been book.find Book container is the entire list So we don't want to go through the entire list We want to go through just the first instance So we run that now Here a title Let's see Oh, we don't want to grab the title Sorry, we want to grab the text from inside So we just want to do dot text apologies for the errors So when we do dot text, it will basically just grab the text that is inside that H3 element right here Perfect. So we've got the title of the book. We've got the image URL Now next thing we want to get is the price of that book So we can see that it's in a paragraph paragraph element of HTML and it's got a class of price underscore color So we do the same thing book underscore price is equal to book dot find And then we do p because it's in a paragraph element And we also have a class so we might as well mention it class equals price underscore color And then basically we want to do dot text to go to keep the text element which is this bit here Let's see what we get Book underscore price Here we are we get the book price, but we have this Unwanted character right here and the pound sign we need to get rid of as well because we're going to be storing it as a float later on So we're going to do dot replace which basically replaces an instance in the text with whatever you want So we're replacing this um pound sign and the a a Weird a with an accent with nothing. So when I run this again Voila, it only comes up with the number which is what we needed the price variable Now last but not the least we're going to be scraping the availability of the item So we're going to use the p time and the class is going to be in stock availability Let's just copy this class name. So I don't make a mistake typing it up copy And now we can basically store the availability. So I'm going to do book availability book dot find paragraph tag again And then the class is going to be what we just copied Let's print that up print book availability And let's see what we get And we see we get the whole element Well, the whole content inside the paragraph time, but we don't want that. We only want the text inside it So we do just dot text up here text Okay, cool. Now we got just a text, but we see that there's a lot of white space around the text So we use the dot strip method to get rid of any white space And nice, we have everything that we need now Now we can essentially get rid of the break statement here And if we run this it should go through all of the books that we just scraped on the first page And print out their details like so perfect. So now we've essentially built a scraper that takes the content from This page right here and then stores it in our code But we have around a thousand results to go through and we've only gone through one page so far Now there's 50 There's 50 overall pages that we can scrape Let's see it does a common pattern Um in the url bar that we can go through For these 50 pages. So if I do next It goes catalogue page 2.html or do next again And it goes catalogue page 3. So the only thing that's essentially changing is the number right here So this let's try just the one And as you can see it takes us the first page If I take this to 51, I'm guessing it will crash because it said there's only 50 pages So if I change this to 50 It should be fine because there's 50 pages So what we're going to do is we're going to copy this url right here And we know that changing that one number in the url It's going to allow us to Switch uh switch to the next page So i'm going to replace this you static url with this url right here and then I will um Move all this code into a single cell. So Copy this I mean cut that And then paste it in here Same container as the loop essentially Paste that in here as well Get rid of this Now what we want to do is write a loop. So we know there's 50 pages So we want to write a loop which goes through 50 numbers essentially so for i in range One comma 51 the reason why we're doing 51 is because we're not going to start from zero We're starting from one so we need to account for one extra number and then If we just print out If we just print out i here and comment out the rest of the code It'll print out numbers from one through to 50, which is what we essentially need Now that we have that working we can push this code one and then forward And change the static number 50 So we're going to change this string to an f string And we change the static number 50 to the variable i which is basically the number which goes from one or the way to 50 Which will switch through all of our different pages Now we've got the pages working as well There's only one bit missing which is storing all of our data So i'm going to create a variable called data and then result that into an empty list Now instead of printing this data, we're going to be writing appending it to our list called data So we'll append And what we're going to be appending is a dictionary Which will have different keys and values. So book Image URL is going to be set to book image URL Then we move on to the next thing book title is going to be set to book title Book price is set to book price Lastly book availability will be set to book availability Cool. So we've got four things that we'd script one two three four And we've got all of those four things that we're saving inside our List called data So now that we're done with that basically just going to print a Let's just print up here as soon as we script one page We will Write in a message Which will say print Scraped I so what the current pages out of 50 pages For the sake of this tutorial, I'm only going to scrape Let's say one page worth of data But which is why I'm putting the break statement right here If you guys want all of the data, which you should get all of the data Do not put this break statement here. Let the code just run through all of the pages So let me run the code and hopefully We should have one page worth of data in our data list. Let's look once it's done Okay, it says script one out of 50 pages. Let's look at the data Beautiful. It's got one page worth of data. So the first book is a light in the And the last book is it's only the Himalayas. Let's see This is from page one Yep, it's correct perfect So last the last thing we want to do in this tutorial is convert this data List into a pandas data frame Which is nothing but a formatted table that you can then save to a csv file onto your computers So we want to put pandas as pd here Run that so again And then we're going to do pd dot Data frame which will convert our data list into a data frame And then we can view the data frame and as I told you it looks like a nicely formatted table What we can do next is just use the dot to csv method and then save it as um Let's say library data base csv And we set the index to false because we obviously don't want this column to be saved It's just a useless column. We're not going to need it for that. I mean we usually you could use it, but we're not going to be using it Now um once we run that it should create a new file right here as you can see And it's a csv file that can be opened in excel as well, but obviously i'm not going to um But yeah, that's basically it for today's tutorial guys If you find this tutorial interesting and would like me to resume it into creating the full fledged library system Please let me know in the comment section below if you'd like to request any other types of videos as well Please let me know and i'll see you beautiful faces in the next tutorial. Peace


Today, the United Nations Secretary General has called for a far greater inclusion of people on the move in all efforts to roll back the threat posed by COVID-19 and a building back stronger societies. His message needs to be heard. Border closures and movement restrictions disproportionately affect those most vulnerable. Many are stranded, suffering the economic impact of the pandemic, living on the margins of health systems, in crowded accommodations or detention facilities, whether as targets of xenophobia or victims of structural discrimination, for many migrants their vulnerability is compounded. Still, others continue to pursue perilous journeys in pursuit of safety. COVID-19 presents a global threat to which all are vulnerable. Addressing it requires a global response in which all are included. There is no other option. If it has taken this virus to appreciate the value of migrant workers in providing our societies with vital services, if it has taken this virus to understand that truly universal healthcare is not simply a basic right, but a public health imperative, these are opportunities we must seize as we seek to build back stronger. Global and national responses to COVID-19 must include all. Only together, and by accounting for the needs of those most vulnerable and marginalized, can we overcome one of the greatest challenges of all time.


The purpose of the balance scorecard is to measure a company's activities in terms of vision and strategy. It focuses on both financial and non-financial performance measures. It links goals to key performance indicators, called KPIs for short. Management uses KPIs to measure critical factors that affect the success of a company. Some common examples are listed here on the slide. The balance scorecard views a company from four different perspectives, each of which evaluate a specific aspect of an organizational performance. The financial perspective focuses on management's attention on KPIs that assesses financial objectives such as revenue growth or cost cutting. The customer perspective helps managers evaluate the question, how do our customers see us? Customer satisfaction is a top priority for the long-term success of a company. Customers are typically concerned with four specific product or service attributes. The price of the product, the quality of the product, the sales and service quality, and the product's delivery time. The internal business perspective helps managers address the question, at what business process must we excel to satisfy the customer and financial objectives? The answer to that question incorporates three primary factors, innovation, operations, and post-sales service. All three factors critically affect customer satisfaction, which will affect the company's financial success. The learning and growth perspective focuses on three factors as well. Employee capabilities, the capabilities of the information system, and something we'll call the company's climate for action. Together, these perspectives make up the balance scorecard. This slide shows some examples of objectives for each of the perspectives. I'd encourage you to pause the video for a moment and review these. This slide shows some examples of measurement in various industries. Again, I would encourage you to pause the video for a moment and review these measurement items.


For more videos on people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. In the aftermath of the news of the Omicron variant emerging, the first response by many countries in the global north was to impose travel bans on southern African nations. Travel restrictions were even imposed on countries where cases of Omicron had not been detected. At the same time, countries in the global north where such cases were detected did not face such restrictions. This race's bias has led to fresh discussions on the nature of travel restrictions. How do we understand these travel restrictions during recent times and over the past year? Jyotsna Singh of the People's Health Movement explains. So let's begin with Omicron first. As we know that as soon as South Africa declared that they have detected a new variant which came to be known as Omicron, so many countries from southern Africa saw travel bans being imposed on them from rich countries from the western nations, US, European Union, Germany and all of these countries. Now that was a very, very problematic response because South Africa in very good faith and thanks to their HIV AIDS research that has gone into their building up of the health system over the last so many decades, it is because of all those systems that they were able to detect a new variant. It wasn't first found in South Africa. It was South Africans who detected it and told the world that there is a new variant. So in one sense this becomes like a discouragement to the countries and the scientists to report what is happening in their country. Though this is something which is very important as we know for the world because later we found so many countries actually had that variant, be it Australia, be it Germany, be it UK, US, Canada, it had spread everywhere. So this kind of a treatment that the South African countries, Southern African countries went through was very problematic and I mean just even I mean belaying all logic, many countries who are from Southern Africa, even if they did not detect any Omicron variant, they were barred, all the travels from those countries were banned to the richer nations and many countries which had Omicron, which it had been detected, they did not face the same ban. So there's this kind of racism, acute racism that we've seen over the past one year, two years, not just in the case of Omicron, but to be able to immediately ban flights and border closures is another thing that happens. Those kind of things which we have seen and the kind of racism it shows, we have, it just, I think COVID-19 and the whole public health measure of travel ban and border closures has shown us that kind of a thing. Now, so this is, I'm saying just Omicron has in that context, but what also happens is travel ban and border closures are a known public health measure because whenever there is a spread of infectious disease, you need to stop that spread. So we saw in the case of Ebola a few years ago, we saw during the 1918 flu how it's from certain parts of the world, certain countries had stopped people traveling from there to their own countries. It actually happened during the cholera outbreak of the 19th century also. So this is not a new thing, but what before COVID-19 at most 25% of the countries would impose a ban at the same time. In COVID-19, we've seen that almost all of them have done it. So this public health measure has actually come to be known as, I mean, travel bans have become the way of responding to COVID-19, one of the major ways. And that needs to be looked at because we do not have sufficient evidence about it. We do not know whether it is the best measure or not. Do we have alternatives or not to look into? None of that has been investigated into. So I think what last two years have shown us that we have created a particular public health response as if it can be the response to stop the spread of the virus. However, we have not investigated into it at all. We do not have evidence to support it. We do not know whether there are other measures which can be very effective, as effective or maybe more effective. So all of those things need to be looked at. How to keep players such as the World Health Organization evaluate and analyze the travel bans? What do experts recommend when it comes to the use of travel restrictions as public health measures? Who are the people who are impacted the most during such restrictions? And how are they affected? Jyotsna analyzes. Health organizations, International Health Regulations, IHR, they were framed in 2005. And we see they specifically mentioned that the countries should impose travel restrictions of border closures only if there are no reasonable available alternatives there with them. So this is a very clear commitment that the countries have to make all those who have signed IHR and most of the countries are signatories to IHR 2005. And the reason being, because as you have correctly mentioned that the vulnerable sections get affected the most, we are not talking about tourism here, even though we realize that how economies can be affected by that. But say, for example, if Singapore restricts people's movement from Malaysia, then it shares the border with them. And a lot of daily wage laborers travel from Malaysia to Singapore every day to just earn their living. You stop that kind of movement. You stop movement of refugees or you make it more difficult for refugees. And they're actually running away from ethnic conflict. They're running away from death to say the least. You stop their movement and you do not let them enter safer spaces and countries. So these restrictions are far reaching consequences for the poorer sections and vulnerable populations. I can give you an example from India. In India, the travel restriction was not only from the countries but within different provinces, it had stopped. And there was like a curfew-like situation and migrant laborers, they could not travel back home at that point of time, which was such a problem. Because I mean, it is no wonder that India is really losing out on its hunger in terms of hunger in the global hunger index. Because apart from the other policies in the past two years, the way we have treated the migrant laborers is and not letting them move, which is very important for them to earn daily living or go back home when they do not have any employment or job opportunity in the city where they came looking for it. That has created major devastations. And therefore, we really need to find evidence that the work has to be done in creating evidence. Investigations need to be done. A proper policy mechanism has to be established, which can tell us how to go about travel bans and border closures, if at all. What can constitute those measures, those kind of details? Who are the people who you cannot say that they should not be traveling at all? And if in worst case scenario, these have to be imposed, then how do you help those populations who get affected the most? And in fact, when we talk about it, for certain, the kind of measures which were there at the airport is so different than the measures that were put in place where people were traveling by local buses. A clear class difference that we saw in that manner. So if you are saying that you will test people and if they test negative for COVID, they can enter the border and they can enter the country or a province, then it has to be applicable for everyone. And those measures should be made free of cost and available to everyone. A migrant laborer cannot afford RTPCR in India, initially, which was costing up to 5000 then came down to cheaper. It is still rupees 700 right now. So you cannot expect migrant laborers to get themselves tested. You have to create those facilities where they test free of cost and then they cross and they go. So it should be the case with refugees and many other vulnerable populations. And I think if we properly work on these measures, this is what it will come to. And let us not forget that all these measures are ultimately part of the larger global policy response to a pandemic of this nature. So why do we have Omicron? Enough of scientists have come out and in open and have said it is because the African continent does not have enough vaccines. African continent has not been able to vaccinate more than 10% of its population, though that is reaching above 60% and all the other continents if we look at the average. So if you let the monopoly of big pharmaceutical companies continue and do not let vaccines reach everyone, this is what you will have. So had vaccines reached to everyone on this planet, which was quite possible, then probably we would not have had this spread and then we would not have imposed travel restrictions or something that actually initially caused a lot of panic in South Africa because they thought they will not get enough reagents for their testing and for other measures. So when WHO is saying that you need to have other alternates, if they don't exist only then imposed travel ban or border closures, we have to look at it at a global level, international level. We have to see how the pharmaceutical companies have benefited from the pandemic. They've made a killing and not let that happen. So because the alternates are possible and you don't have to go for such sharp and harsh measures which actually start to impact people's living and impact the economies. Thank you.


Hold your hand over a second. It's called digit index ratio. Can I see yours? Yeah, you both have high testosterone. How could you tell this done that? So digit index ratio in utero when you're in your mother's womb, a certain amount of testosterone is released. This is your testosterone finger. This is your estrogen. Do it on your dominant hand. I have a lot of tests in the little... You guys have similar. You have pretty high tests. You have very high testosterone. People confuse testosterone. They think, oh, steroids, bodybuilding. Forget that. We're talking about in utero testosterone. It's not perfectly correlated. It's... But it's pretty accurate. You can Google it. There's great science on this. It's not palm reading. It's not astrology. Yeah.


So, with that, let me turn it over to Stephen to give us a short introduction to the work that he's been doing at Princeton. Sure, my pleasure, and I am delighted to be here. Is this mic working this time? All right, great. So much of my work has focused on the federal courts, and I think I'd like to start by setting a little bit of context before we jump into some of the details of how PACER works and how those financials come to be. I think that access to the courts by the public has been a long-held principle, going back to pre-American law, back to English common law, and of course incorporated in various ways in our practices and our laws about the law. And I think historically what we've seen is that as the idea of what it means to access the courts has shifted from, say, the right to access the physical courtroom to the right to inspect the public written record and beyond as new either technologies or practices have occurred, we've had to stop and consider the implications for these principles as on these new practices. And I would expect that Professor Tribe might have something to say about this as well. He was, of course, very instrumental in establishing some of these first principles in the seminal Richmond newspapers versus Virginia case when it comes to access to the physical courtroom. But I think that what we're seeing is a transition right now where access to the law no longer simply means access to the courtroom or even the ability to physically go to the courthouse and inspect the records. Digital technologies are changing the way that we understand access to the courts. And digital technologies have a tendency to make this type of dissemination both easier and cheaper. And this can have good and bad effects. And it's worth stopping for a moment to consider the effects in a couple of different areas to ask, are these changes fully meeting our age-old principles for access to the courts? And the two areas that I'll talk about briefly today are privacy and cost. I'll talk about privacy more briefly, and I will simply cite Peter Nguyen, who has done a tremendous amount of good work in this area. But I'll discuss a couple of issues. So first of all, we have a couple of existing rules in this area. We have existing practices. We have this notion of sealing cases when there's a compelling need for them not to be publicly available. We also have practices around redaction for personal information found in cases. We have specific rules, federal rules of civil procedure 5.2, about what kind of private and personal information needs to be redacted. And traditionally, as Peter Nguyen has observed, this has worked fairly well in practice. We have, because getting access to these records often involved physically going to the courthouse, we had a layer of practical obscurity over things like your social security number that might accidentally be entered into the record, or the names of your minor children, or even the gory details of your divorce proceedings. But I think that the digital technologies and the ease of dissemination change our necessary practices, perhaps. And it's worth taking a moment to consider how we might address that while still preserving the ability to access these public records as broadly as possible. And some of the work that we do at the Center for Information Technology policy focuses on this in particular. For instance, we have a graduate student in computer science, Tim Lee, who is actively doing research right now on machine learning techniques for automatically identifying personal information so that it could be redacted even if it were accidentally included in the public record. And I think those types of activities are important to answering these dilemmas. One tempting option, which I think we should resist at all costs, is to introduce further downstream restrictions on the use of public information once it's been made public. What I mean by this is license agreements restricting the types of uses you can put different materials to, or restricting you from combining different legal materials in ways that might be useful to end users. And I think precisely the reason we want to resist those is for precisely the reasons that Carl observed about innovation in his opening speech, which is we don't know what useful ways people will find to recombine or repurpose or make useful these records. And so I think that's something we want to watch out for when we're thinking about the privacy issue. With respect to cost, I can only speak to the federal courts, and I certainly don't speak as a representative of the federal courts, but I've looked considerably at the financing around PACER, specifically where do the PACER fees come from, and where do they go to, and how does the judiciary justify this? It's worth noting that historically, access costs associated with the courts have been considered part of the general operating expenses of the courts, building and maintaining order in the gallery, paying the bailiff to keep people in line. The ability to inspect the public record and the clerk's salary have been included as general operating expenses, and were provided at no extra cost to members of the public who wanted to take advantage of them. When it comes to PACER, the public interface to the case management and electronic case filing system run by the federal courts. Courts has actually provided some statutory guidance around how this system should work, so that the courts maintain as open access as possible without creating barriers of entry and restriction. And specifically they say, they said in the 2002 e-government act, the judicial conference may, only to the extent necessary, prescribe reasonable fees to reimburse expenses incurred in providing these services. In short, you can only charge for public access services if those fees are used at most to cover the operating expenses for those same services. So to better understand whether or not this is in fact a practice, I looked at a few of the budget and accounting documents from the judiciary itself. As a sidebar, it's interesting doing research in this area, specifically transparency research, where you want to get information on the functioning of the judiciary. There's a good reason why the judiciary operates largely independently from the various administrative oversight provisions that we have. Of course, we want the judiciary to be as independent from the political wins as possible, et cetera. But on the other hand, there are quite a few administrative decisions, essentially administrative decisions being made at the courts about how the courts will run, which have broad impact on the public, but are nevertheless made largely internally and without, not only without input, but without too much reporting on what those decisions are. So when I wanted to understand the budgeting around PACER, I had to get a couple of different sets of documents. The first was the annual judiciary financial plans, which they submit to Congress after they've been appropriated funds for that year as a way of letting Congress know how they plan to spend the money. They're not formally approved or anything, and they're not published publicly anywhere. But they do, in very useful fashion, break out the different line items that the judiciary maintains, and specifically within the PACER fees what they spend those fees on. And what those reports reveal is that in 2010, the judiciary plans to spend $129 million worth of PACER fees that it's collected, as Carl noted. But the vast majority of those fees are going to services which are, in fact, not PACER. They're going to other services within the judiciary, IT services, putting flat screen monitors and courtrooms, $9.7 million is going to a system which is provided for free to notify creditors when debtors file for bankruptcy, and a variety of other things. This would seem to work against the congressional intent in the 2002 E-Government Act where they said our intent is to encourage the judicial conference to move to a fee structure in which this information is freely available to the greatest extent possible. And it's true the cost of running PACER has grown only slowly over time, but the profits have grown dramatically. In fact, they were making enough money that in 2008 they had an annual carry forward of $44.5 million, and that was around the time that they started to spend more aggressively on non-PACER items. One of the judicial conference's own committees observed that, quote, in recent years significant unobligated balances have accumulated, and they proposed to, quote, expand the use of electronic access funds for IT efforts such as applicable network, courtroom technology and jury management requirements. The IT committee did not support any reduction to the fee at this time. And in 2010, the expenditures on non-PACER services will actually exceed all collections from PACER for this year because they're spending out their carry forward. And as of 2011, the courts plan to have spent out most of this carry forward that they've accumulated. So what should PACER service cost to run? Well, there are a few exacerbating factors in the way that they run the system. For example, PACER is run on a highly inefficient decentralized infrastructure where each court runs its own instance of PACER. The PACER costs include maintaining staff to answer phones to help you use the PACER system even though they don't charge for that service. The PACER costs include expenses from upgrading their own user interface when third parties in innovative fashion after the fact could possibly do a better job and could certainly do it more cheaply. Their costs include the overhead of fee collection itself. So what I would urge is that if the courts took an approach where free bulk access was at the heart of their service model, they might well be able to provide that service for much less than the current PACER system costs. In fact, they might be able to provide the service for free while simultaneously enabling any number of third party innovators to provide in fact a much better service than what end users are and what citizens are getting today. This whole principle is outlined in a paper by some of my colleagues at Princeton called Government Data in the Invisible Hand, which I would recommend to you.


Hello, welcome back to Exotic Wine Travel. I am your host, Matthew Horkey. Hi, I'm Shereen Tan. Welcome back to this show today. We have an exciting show because we are doing big balling, rolling, some high-money P&Rs. Before we get started, I want to let you guys know that this video has not been paid for in any way, shape, or form. But if you do like these videos, if they add value to your life, check out our guide, The Widest of Santa Barbara Call. Sipping Santa Barbara, Recommended Wines and Produce I'll put that up on the screen. Available on PDF, Kindle, and EPUB on Amazon. We poured, you know, I'm excited about tasting these wines. We used our Coravin Model 2 Elite. Thank you so much to Coravin for providing us a test sample to use. We haven't gotten through these episodes without it. And we're pouring into these beautiful Gabriel Gold Edition hand-blown glasses. I will have discount code up for Gabriel Glass Stemware at the end of the video. Are you ready to get started? Let's go for it. OK, Balling P&Rs from Santa Barbara County. The balling episode. Well, I say balling is because I told that to Shereen. She said, balling P&Rs would. I was like, what producer is called balling? So what I mean by that, in Santa Barbara County, $30 to $45, $50 US dollars, that is, getting you some really nice everything from Appalachian to single vineyard level P&R. When you start climbing over $50, you're talking about some of the cult producers, some of the big time wines. I mean, I think the highest P&R that goes there, maybe a C Smoke, C Smoke 10 is in the $100 range. So let's get into some of these wines. We have wines. These are all well above $50. And let's get started. Go for it. First of all, we have the Lumen P&R Praskeel Vineyard 2015. This is clone 667, only two barrels of this were made. 47 cases aged in 50% new hungarian oak, 50% neutral oak. We love these wines. Lumen is a project. Lane Tanner is the winemaker, one of the oldest independent female winemakers in Santa Barbara County. And crazy here, you already are loving this, right? They hit, on their website, this is only available to club members, I believe, rolling in at $62 US dollars. Most of the wines are $30. They say, drink this to 2030 and beyond. That is some big time claims. Let's give this a smell here. What do you think? I think all Lumen wine, it usually needs a while to open up. But I find the nose really interesting even at this point. I think you might like it a bit more right now because it's rubbery. To me, this is already smelling kind of like great Pinot Noir to me, because I love it's perfumed. It has the fall leaves notes, right? Lots of spiciness, annies, clove. Still get your red fruit. Let's give this a go. This Pinot Noir has some muscle. Yeah, this is exactly the kind of Pinot Noir I like. Why, it's big Pinot Noir, it's intense. It's so silky, it has a spicy finish. It's got crunchy, a city. This is really, really good stuff. Anything else you want to add? I mean, like what else do you? Oh, drink it 12 hours later. But I love this wine right now. It's just a beautiful weight in the mouth. This is fantastic wine. I mean, for me, 4.4 out of 5 on this, easy. Anything else that you want? Because you say this is the kind of Pinot Noir you like. Anything else? It's the structure. At the end of the day, for me, Pinot Noir, I joke around with people quite a bit. And I say that I like the kind of Pinot Noir that doesn't taste like Pinot Noir. But I don't mean it as a way like a Pinot Noir making Cabernet style. I just like Pinot Noir with this small tenons and very structured mouth feel. This is incredibly structured. This is brilliant stuff. Good job, Lane. Wow, this is- Did you just take a sip? Yeah. Okay. I don't care. Anything else you want to add before we move on? You want to save it for later? You want to switch me glasses? I'll write a proper tasting note. You want to switch me glasses? Okay. Let's get started here. Get started. Let's move on here. We have a producer that actually we did not visit nor taste from when we did our research trips to Santa Barbara County and she saw some of our articles and she actually reached out to us, Kimberly Smith from La Montanne wine. So I get to give her props for reaching out to us and taking initiative, right? And she was very responsive the whole time. Yeah. She's fantastic. She's, I think her and her husband own, I think a garbage disposal company in Lumpark. She wanted to get into winemaking because she wanted to know why wines were expensive. She was spending $50 for Pinot Noir. So she actually found Wes Hagen, tracked him down and he was her mentor for making wines for a while. She only makes a single vineyard lot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and some other grapes as well. You ready to get started? Yeah. And Wes Hagen is now a J-Works winery. We're excited. So this is the, and these wines are not cheap. This is, we're going to go upwards by price. These are all different vintages. This is 15. This is 2012. We're going older La Montanne, John Sebastiano vineyard, which vineyard we really liked 2012. 68 US dollars. So we are not playing around.  This is darker in color, I feel like the lumen. Let's give this a little bit of a go. I'm really excited to taste these La Montanne wines because they are not scored by professional critics very much. I know she has a tasting room in the Lumpark wine ghetto. Let's see what she's got, Kimberly. Let's see what you got. Very Senorita Hills-y to me. Cherry, rhubarb for me. Little bit of spice, a touch of wood, but wood done, right? Anything else you want to add on that? The food is very focused. Anything else? Ozzy. More fruity than this one. More, a little more powerful like Senorita Hills is. Let me give this a little bit of a go. What you think? I like it a lot. The tertiary notes is beginning to come out. Yeah, I'm even getting a little bit of tobacco-ness. Just a hint in the mouth. Love the silky mouthfeel. So silky. Big, this is definitely more fruity. Senorita Hills is often, I think, more fruity. The Pinot Noir, to me, is a little bit more fruity. This has structure, it's plush, it's big. I think I'm pretty impressed with this. I'm 4.3 out of five. I think this is very good wine. This is a kind of wine. She doesn't get scores from critics. Easily gonna score 92 points, something like that. Anything else you want to add on the John Sebastiano Vineyard? John Sebastiano Vineyard, typically, has very good clarity of fruit. This is the phenolic brightness that you really get in their wine. That's good stuff. I'm pretty impressed for Kimberly, especially if you've heard of not coming from a wine family, winemaker background. Our first vintage was only 2010, actually. Let's move on to her 2014 La Montanne Kessler Hawk Vineyard. 2014, this is a whopping $75 US, so she is not playing around. You have a lot of space, you know. Sorry. Once again, with her wines, you're going to get a little bit more intense color. Let's give this a little bit of a go. For me, this is a lot of cranberry and cherry. Anything else? Freshly-tilt soy. This, to me, is a lot. The nose is intriguing me more than the John Sebastiano. John Sebastiano was all fruit for me. This is more earthy to me. This one is more earthy. What are you liking more? I haven't tasted it. It's just aroma. OK, let's give this a go here. Ooh. I see what Sirene said.  Wow, the finish is beautiful. It's really good. The finish almost tastes like a rose syrup. Very intense.  This is really good, really earthy. I wonder if she uses whole clusters. The tannins are pretty biting. Yeah, the tannins are biting, menthol finish. This isn't a huge Pinot Noir, but the earthiness, everything earthiness is coming through for me. Perfume, lungs, kind of peppermint-y type of finish. I am pretty high on this wine as well. I think I'm about 4.4. I'm about equal to Lane Tannins wine. What do you think in terms of quality? All good wines. I would say that this is the wine, these two other wines that I can drink today. This I would definitely have to sell it for a while. But I'm more intrigued by this because of the earthy aroma that is dominating. Yeah, I think this is really good stuff. Especially because Lane Tannins, a lot of pedigree have been making wine for a long time. Canberra Smith, a fairly new gal on the block. A nice job with these wines. I agree. This is so structured and earthy. I want to see what this will become. How long you think before we pop it open again? Three years? Three, four years? Okay. That said, even though we keep saying that it's earthy, most importantly, it has a lot of fruit to back out the earthiness. I mentioned that because I don't like full-fledged earthy Pinot Noir. That's a no-no for me. So, you know, big baller Pinot Noir, the wines were very good. You know, is it worth your money? That's up to you to decide. I think these wines are pretty darn good. So right now, guys, I'm going to put the discount code for the Gabriel Glass up on the screen right now. You get 15% off the Standart Edition, which is the Machine Blown or the Alpha Decanter. I will put our guide to the wines of Santa Barbara up on the screen. Anything you want to add on the big baller Pinot Noir? No, that's all. So guys, if you like this video, please subscribe to our YouTube channel, Exotic Wine Travel. I will see you in the next episode.


what's going on my beautiful lovely people we are doing a new series on this channel called top by facts of the day hopefully you guys enjoy number five the secret Coca-Cola component was leaked in 2011 the ingredients are a mix of herbs and spices and fruits from oils of orange lemon nutmeg cinnamon and much more this gave the medicinal claims Coca-Cola had about alleviating headaches number four bing your head against the wall burns 150 calories an hour i wonder who figured out that fact number three anyone who jokingly tweets that they will kill or harm a us presidential candidate can expect a visit from the secret service imagine that tweeting about donald trump and they show up at your door number two there's a japanese keychain toy that feels like a bubble wrap and is designed to let you pop all the bubbles and infinite number of times this seems like the ultimate stress reliever number one in 1985 a bear ate 75 pounds of dropped cocaine and died of an overdose Pablo Escobar was stuffed and is now displayed around the us that bear sure knows how to party hopefully you guys did enjoy this video and thank you so much for watching if you guys want to see more videos like this remember to smack the like button and let's hit 500 likes to keep the series going if you haven't already subscribed please do remember subscribe thank you guys so much for watching i'll see you guys next time bye


So, last class we have discussed the vector and matrix norm of a constant matrix or constant vector norm. The most general P norm is defined like this way and when P is equal to 1, we call it is a L 1 norm or 1 norm. This is nothing but the sum of all elements in the vectors absolute value, sum of all absolute values of these vectors elements. L 2 norm is nothing but the L 2 norm when P is equal to 2, the L 2 norm is nothing but a distance of the vector from the origin. This is also called a clean norm. Next we come into when P is equal to infinity that we will call L infinity norm or simply infinity norm of a vector that is nothing but a maximum absolute value out of the all elements of the vectors that is the L infinity norm simply infinity norm of a vector. Next we came into the picture that a matrix which elements are constant then how to find out its different norms and different applications. So, first is Frobenius norm.  So, that whole thing will come a vector of dimension m into n cross 1. So, find out the what is called the norm 1 of this vector, norm 2 of this vector. So, this is called the Frobenius norm Frobenius norm of the matrix that means this column then put below this column and below this column and so on. Whatever the you get it vector that vector will be a dimension m into n into 1 and that vector what is called norm 2 is equal to the is called the Frobenius norm of a matrix. L 1 norm of a matrix is nothing but a maximum column sum. So, if you have a m cross n matrix dimension you have a n columns are there out of n columns whose absolute value sum of all elements on that particular column you added. Then this will out of all this column which one is maximum that is called l 1 norm.   So, this all Eigen values will be a positive non negative numbers. So, you out of this which one is maximum that will give you the l 2 norm of a matrix. So, this same idea will now extend for a signals. So, now our question is the signal and system norms. So, the in any signal the energy is present when any signal is presented over a interval of time the energy contained in that signal how we will compute that we will call the size of a signal or strength of the signal. So, the energy contained or present in a continuous time or discrete time signal or over an interval of time is given by. So, energy over the interval t 1 to t 2 t 2 is greater than t 1 is divided by t 1 integration of t 1 t 2 and x of mod of t square. But mod of y I have taken mean suppose that signal is complex then you have to take absolute value of that signal for the time being I am considering it is a scalar signal. So, this d t in the interval t is equal to t 1 t 2 how it is energy suppose we have a once resistant whose value is 1 ohm and if I send a current to this one is I. So, what is the power I square into r and r is 1. So, simply it is a I square and I square I is a signal. So, in that case if you consider the x of t is the I then I square into r r is we consider 1. So, this is the power then over the interval of this t 1 to t 0 is nothing but a your energy contained in this signal over the interval t 1 to t 2. This is in case of continuous time session the equivalent version of discrete time case the energy present in that interval over the interval and that in the discrete time n 1 comma n 2 and n 2 is greater than n 1 is equal to that integration term will be now replaced by a summation term n 1 2 n 2 mod of x of k square. This is I told you again that absolute value if it is complex then absolute value is a that meaning if it is not a real signal is there then absolute value of this square itself a positive value is this one. So, this now total energy of a continuous time signal we can write the total energy of a continuous time signal is its energy calculated over the infinite energy calculated over the interval t is equal to minus infinity to plus infinity. So, minus infinity to plus infinity this continuous time case now continuous time signal we denote the total energy x over the interval minus infinity to plus infinity the expression of state only integration limits is changed. So, this infinite the integration minus infinity to this will be finite provided that x tends to 0 when t tends to infinity. So, this will converge this if x of t tends to 0 as t tends to infinity. So, this energy value will be finite if this condition is satisfied if this condition is not satisfied then we have to give some other meaningful definition of energy size or energy strength. So, we will use the what is called energy signal strength as a energy when the signal x of t tends to 0 as tends to infinity. So, the signal which is meaningful when x tends to x x does not tends to 0 as t tends to infinity then we have to use another definition of energy content in that signal that is called power signal. So, similarly in discrete time case similarly in discrete time case discrete time signal or sequence e x is equal to minus of k is equal to minus infinity to plus infinity mod of x of k whole square. So, the signal e is said to be e of x suppose you denote this thing is e of x this thing you denoted by e of x and this thing also you denoted by e of x. So, the signal e is said to be finite energy whenever e of x less than infinity. So, this will possible if the signal tends to 0 as t tends to infinity if it is not true that means x does not tends to 0 as t infinity then we cannot express the signal energy. So, you have to give the meaningful definition of power energy. So, definition of power energy is the it is defined as energy per unit time. This definition or this meaningful definition will give when the signal does not tends to 0 as t tends to infinity that means in that situation the definition of energy power energy will be infinite and infinite has no meaning of this energy. So, we will consider in that case is power energy time. So, the by definition this the average power of a continuous time signal x t over the period over the interval t is equal to minus infinity to plus infinity is given by that e p x this is for continuous time p x is equal to limit t tends to infinity 1 by 2 t minus t 2 t mod of x t whole square d t. The discrete time discrete time case p of x is limit k tends to infinity 1 by twice k plus 1 summation of k is equal to minus infinity to plus infinity or you can say then it is a mod of x k whole square or you can say this is in state of write it k is equal to capital minus k capital k and capital k tends to infinity in this way can write capital k tends to infinity. So, this is capital k in this way instead of writing infinity to minus infinity you can write because I have written capital k tends to infinity. So, 1 by 2 k plus 1 minus k to plus k that is 2 k that is 0 is there in the time index. So, it is a 2 k plus 1. So, this is in the case of discrete time case. So, when we will use the meaningful definition of power energy when the signal does not tends to 0 as tends to infinity t tends to infinity then we will use the meaningful definition of power energy. An energy we will use the definition of energy signal this is the power signal power signal not power signal. The energy signal definition when we will use it when the signal tends to 0 as tends to infinity then we will use the meaningful definition of energy signal. So, that is next now I will leave in exercise to show that whether this is a power signal or energy signal. So, I have just discussed first is energy signal this is the definition of energy signal and this is the definition of power signal. When we will use the definition meaningful definition of power signal or energy signal just we have discussed it. Now, we have a what is called continuous time signal this is the continuous time signal that x of t is equal to 5 when t is minus 2 and 0 elsewhere elsewhere. That means signal if you see this one if it is a 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 minus 1 minus 2 minus 3 minus 4 the signal is like this way this is a 5 1 2 3 4 5 let us call this is 5. So, signal is continuing up to 2 and this is up to 3 after that it is 0. So, here so t tends to infinity either side this is 0. So, this is we will use the definition of what is called the energy signal what is the energy content in the signal and next time when it is not that x of t does not tends to 0 as tends to infinity. Then we will use the power energy definition what is the power content in that signal average power. So, if you work out this one then your e x is equal to minus infinity to plus infinity mod of x of t in this case since it is a real signal we need not to take the mod x t of square is enough.  So, it is a 2 minus minus 3 and this will come 5 into 25 1 25. So, this is finite whereas, power is as definition of power t tends to infinity this will be a 0 in case of average power this average power is tends to 0 this is 0. So, we have used the signal is energy signal. Now, if you use the what is called another example you take it suppose we have the signal x of t is equal to 10 cos pi by 2 t plus pi by 4 look this signal is a periodic signal and its frequency is and its frequency is what is this frequency is pi by let us say this is your omega omega is what pi by 2 is equal to twice pi f. So, pi pi cancel f is equal to 1 by 4 therefore, implies t is equal to 4 time period is 4 since is a periodic you need not to go do it is enough to go for integration average power integration for a 1 complete cycle. So, our in this case our e of x is equal to if you call e of x minus infinity to plus infinity x of t square d t and if you just this is the energy signal if you use it I told you this does not tends to this signal does not tends to 0 as t tends to infinity. So, if you apply the energy signal this value will come this is a 10 it is 100 integration minus infinity to infinity then cos square pi of t plus pi by 4 and this results is infinity that means infinite energy signal which does not have a meaningful definition when I will use the energy signal. But if in case of power signal what will do it 1 by t 2 t or because it is a I just consider the from 0 to t is defined if you consider this is defined from t greater than 0 less than infinity this one this is defined into this. So, it is a periodic nature of that one. So, this value if you just calculate this one 0 to t then cos square pi by 2 t plus pi by 4 d t actually by definition it should be what if you see by definition I write it by definition t tends to infinity 2 t minus t 2 plus t. So, I need not to go for since it is a periodic signal again. So, you take the complete one cycle.  This is cos square you just converted cos square is 1 minus 1 plus that is this formula use it that cos 2 alpha is equal to cos square alpha minus sin square alpha. So, twice of this one that means 1 plus cos twice alpha by 2 that you convert into a 1 plus cos 2 alpha by 2 and then integrate you will get 15 unit check. So, this committee even if you do not consider that it is just defined from minus infinity to plus infinity then this is the power signal that what is the power contents in that signal we have to express, but you cannot express is what the energy content in that signal because this become infinite it is no meaning full of that one. So, next is state wave will come to the system norm we have if you have a system signal norm of a system signal norm of a system. Now, we are coming to the system suppose we have seen earlier our lecture that if you have a dynamic system is there we can form we can write the dynamic equation either in different model either transaction model or state based model. Let us call we have converted we have a system which is a trans function model g s input and our g s is the trans function and this is our input u of t and if you consider in Laplace transform this is u of s this is the input of this is the output is y of t this is output and in Laplace domain it is y of s the Laplace transform of y of t. Now, this signal and output is y of t this two signal norm of a system what does it mean. So, signal norm of a system systems are usually just now I mentioned that we can describe this thing in the two model either trans function model or state based model. If you do is a any model first you have to write the differential equation based on the physical laws of the systems once you write the differential equation then our job is to convert either in trans function model or state based model again. So, if it is a state based model that another order differential equation you have to convert into n faster differential equation. If you convert into a trans function model then you take the Laplace transform both side by assuming all initial conditions are 0. So, the system are usually described by differential equation that contains signals x let us call u of t over the period of time over a certain interval of time interval of time with varying amplitude. So, our job is to find out the signal is measured by a number our job is to measure the strength of the signal by a number again or size of the signal by a number u of t you know u of t or y of t or y of t strength of the signal or size of the signal or strength of the signal we have to find out and let us call the signal if it is a scalar signal let us call u of t let us call u of t or y u of t that we denoted by in u of t or y u of t we are denoted by x of t u of t or y u of t let it is denoted by it is denoted by x of t. So, the signal now onwards I am writing x of t now the signal if it is a scalar this is a scalar and then that means one signal is there and in real or it can be x of t can be a vector n cross 1 and vector this is a vector of dimension n cross vector of dimension n cross 1 and we assume the signal x or scalar or x t vector are continuous piecewise these are these and these are continuous piecewise or you can say piecewise continuous this is assumption is made. Now, we will find the strength of the signal as we did it for constant vector or constant vector of dimension n. So, a vector case let us call instead of a vector case or you first with scalar case scalar signal p norm just like is a norm of x of t p this general definition is that minus infinity to plus infinity norm of x of t that 1 by p sorry p this is a signal for this and p is greater than equal to 1 greater than equal to 1 or less than infinity this is a integer. So, l 1 norm in signal case or we can so simply one norm is x of t this infinity minus infinity to plus infinity x of t d t. So, this signal must be integrable over the period of minus infinity to minus infinity the absolute value of the signal must be integrable.  Now, l 2 norm simply we call 2 norm is so what is the physical significance of this one it is the energy this is the energy content because if you consider a resistance of unit resistance and passing a current x of t then i square r into i square into r is the power over the interval this energy. So, this is the representation of energy content in the signal that provided x tends to 0 as t tends to infinity then we will consider the energy content in the signal this way and next is l infinity to norm or is simply called infinity norm. So, that denoted by x of t infinity and that is defined as supremum t r what is it mean infinity norm of a signal you see this absolute value I told you if it is a complex signal then only you need absolute value. Here because signal may be plus minus and that obviously you have to take the absolute value of this one whether it is a real or complex this one. So, what is it mean this one so if you plot x versus the time at what time you will get the maximum value of this one that means it will always x value will be less than that maximum value always it cannot cross that value. So, supremum name is the list upper bound the list upper bound or it is called the tightest or it is called this is also called the tightest possible upper bound. What does it mean let us take in one example and see let us call we have a signal example we have a signal let us call example x of t is equal to 1 minus e to the power of tau t. This signal you can say you have a simple resistance you have a simple resistance and inductance you are excited with a dc voltage and this is the current which I am considering x of t is the signal and current flowing through the signal is like this way and so if you plot this one suppose you can consider voltage signal is one this is signal is one and l also one then you see this is the nature of this curve will get it like this way and this is the x of t. Now, you see the maximum value of this one is I cannot say maximum value why I here I can say the least upper bound of this signal is one because here you see at this point whatever the value is there 0.8 after some time the value will be greater than 0.8. So, that is also maximum again after sometime its value is greater. So, this is also we cannot say anything about the maximum value of this one. So, it has a we can say that this signal supremum value of this signal is one may mean least upper bound of this signal is least upper bound it cannot go beyond that one whenever it is t even greater than this, but all is the tightest possible upper bound. I am telling in before I am tight bound of upper bound of this signal is one agree, but I cannot say the maximum value of this signal is one this one because at this point if it is the maximum value is one after sometime time the value will change it more than this. So, you cannot say in this case will say this is the what is called least upper bound of this one. So, supremum there is another term is the infimum. Infimum means greatest upper bound again this is the greatest lower bound infimum greatest lower bound greatest lower bound. So, let us call we are considering because this definition is coming if you see the L infinity norm of a signal symbol signal is nothing, but a you draw the signal let us call this is the signal and you are telling this is the most upper bound of the signal. That means least upper bound that the least upper bound of this signal is that one that is called supremum of this signals. So, in case of vector signal. So, once again I am telling you this one that infinity norm of a signal is the supremum value absolute value of the supremum value of this one agree. So, this indicates meaning of little meaning a least upper bound I am telling in beforehand the least upper bound of the signal is that much agree. For this example least upper bound of the signal least upper bound of the signal least upper bound of the signal is one or supremum value of the signal is one. So, vector signal again vector signal instead of a scalar now we have a vector it has a n components vector contents and components and we will just give the definition as it as this way p norm all these things. So, p norm in case of vector is x summation of minus infinity to plus infinity integration minus infinity sorry this is not infinity this is I tell you this is minus infinity to plus infinity then signal. Then how many signals we have n signal because x is a vector suppose x of t is a vector whose dimension is n cross 1 this is a vector whose dimension is n cross 1. So, we will write it that I is equal to 1 to n mod x i of t mod p whole that whole thing 1 by p. So, please norm of this one whole thing by 1 by p here missing is 1 by p p is equal to 1 this is that p is equal to 2 this is then that this is a norm of that one agree. So, now what does it mean this one for p is equal to greater than equal to less than equal to 1 what does it mean that one this indicates the absolute value of x all you take it p is equal to i is equal to 1 to n p let us call p is equal to 1. So, you add it all this thing i is equal to 1 and all then integrate minus infinity to plus infinity and this is called the one if you do one norm how you define x of t p is equal to 1 is equal to integration minus infinity to plus infinity summation of i is equal to 1 to n mod of i this. So, this because p is equal to 1 i is equal to 1. So, this is and it is a d t integration of this this is also d t. So, this is called one norm, but one norm is absolute value of you just see i is equal to 1 i is equal to 1 absolute value i x 1 absolute value over that interval of time then x of t x 2 i is equal to x 2 of t add all this thing then integrate over the minus infinity to plus infinity that is called vector in case of vector one norm. Now, the most important is L 2 norm or L 1 norm previously that is L 2 norm we simply call 2 norm of a vector or signal 2 norm of a signal and signal is a vector is a vector signal. So, what is this 2 norm x of 2 this minus infinity to plus infinity x transpose this mind is x is a vector x transpose t x of t this d t and whole half. So, what is this mean sum because x is a signal it has a n components that means n signals are there is signals energy containing signal and sum each component of the vector energy content and we are making the sum of this.  So, this is nothing but a this quantity is nothing but this norm is a root means root you see the root this is going to root mean square. So, this norm sum of this norm indicates the sum of energy contains in the vector signal. So, if you expand this one let us see this one if you expand this one minus infinity to plus infinity x transpose x is a row vector this is column vector it is nothing but a x 1 square t plus x 2 square t and dot x n square t whole d t then you are taking the half of that one. So, this each indicates the energy energy content in that signal vector signal. So, next is l 2 norm l infinity norm or is simply it is called infinity norm of a vector infinity norm of a vector signal. So, infinity norm of a vector signal is what supremum t is greater than equal to 0 max i then mod i of t this and i varies from 1 to dot dot n what does it mean say the infinity norm of a vector means that x of t absolute value you vary 1 to n x 1 x 2 over the period t 0 to t greater than 0 out of this which one is the maximum you note down then x is equal to 2 over the period 0 to t greater than 0 what is the maximum you note down in this way x i is equal to n over the period t greater than 0 you note down the maximum out of this which one is least upper bound that is will give you the infinity norm of s that signal vector agree. So, this has a some important concept which will be utilized in case of our system signal system signal norm. So, next is norm for norm measure of systems. So, you see this one scalar case when x of t is a scalar and our norm p norm of a signal is minus infinity to plus infinity absolute value p of that one, but it is a more meaningful when p is equal to 1 this is a absolute value of signal over the period t minus infinity to this value meaningful of this one is for scalar case is this one. So, you see this one scalar case when x of t is a scalar that means x square x square is a signal multiplied by a resistance r is equal to 1. So, it is a power and I am integrated over that interval minus infinity to plus infinity. So, the energy content over the period of time this. So, this is energy content in the signal. So, power content in the signal when you will use the expression if that x of t signal does not tends to 0 as t tends to infinity then you will use the expression for power energy or power signal concept. So, next is that norm of a system what does it mean the system norms are actually the input output gains of the system. So, suppose you have a system g s y of t is the output u of t is the input. Now, as you know the frequency response of a system what we do it we have a physical systems the system is accepted with a sinusoidal input again keeping its amplitude fixed we are changing the frequency and see the output which is also in time domain the output of signal also what is called in sinusoidal form. But it magnitude will be different from the input signal and also phase angle will be different the frequency of input signal output signal is remain same. So, when input is accepted with a system then output it is mapped to a another signal when input is accepted with the system sinusoidal input it is mapped to the another signal. In case of multi input multi output case that when input is accepted with a multi input signal that signal is mapped into a output multi output signals. So, if you see in the frequency response of the if u is equal to a sin omega t then output will be that y of t will be a g j omega mod sin omega t plus phi again mod of this one is mod of this one sin omega t. So, our gain of this one the input amplitude is a output amplitude is a into g. So, g w j omega mod is the gain so system norm actually are actually nothing but input output gains. So, the now question is what is the size of a system norm the size of the size of a system in a transfer function t f transfer function form is usually measured by h 2 and h infinity norm. The size of a system is nothing but h 2 and h infinity norm. So, before that I discuss the h 2 h infinity norm I will discuss that our important theorem what is called perse say h 2 h infinity norm. What is that theorem let us call we have a two signals I want to integrate that two signals from minus infinity to plus infinity we have a two signals x of t another signal is y of t and way we want to integrate product of this two signal over the interval. So, let us call x of t is voltage and i of t is the current in a particular branch in a circuit in a particular branch a voltage across that branch is x of t and current flow in through this one this. So, this product of this one is the instantaneous power. So, I am integrating over the minus infinity to plus infinity it gives the energy. So, I want to compute that one let us call this equation is one what is the Perseverance theorem tells that we will see here. So, what we made assumption of this one the this Laplace transform of voltage and current exist Laplace transform of both the signals Laplace transform both the signals both the signals exist that is our assumption. Now, you see this one y of t y of t I can write if the Laplace transform of y of t y of s then I can write inverse of that Laplace transform is 0 j is omega 2 j omega there is a omega is infinity omega tends to infinity. So, I am stated j this is equal to y of s is equal to s of t d t. Note if Laplace transform of y of s y of t is equal to y of s then y of t I can write it is 0.  If Laplace transform of y t y s the inverse of Laplace transform y of t is equal to this. So, that if you express in this is let us call equation number 2 if you express this into a 1 from 1 I is equal to I am replacing that y of t by this expression y of t by this expression y of t by this equation 1. So, 2 pi j integration minus infinity to plus infinity then x of t minus j infinity to plus j infinity y of s e to the power of s t d t into d s d s into s of d. So, by rearranging this j minus j infinity to plus infinity y of s and minus infinity to plus infinity x of t e to the power of s of t d t. And by definition of Laplace transform we can write it this equal to this and we have a left with d s. So, we can write it 1 plus 2 pi j integration of minus j infinity this is infinity plus j infinity this we can write y of s into x of minus s into d s. If x and y are the same signal that means y if y s is y of t is replaced by x of t if x of t if y of t is equal to x of t then x of t is equal to x of t. From this equation from 3 we can write that integration of minus infinity to plus infinity x square of t d t is equal to 1 by twice pi j minus infinity minus j infinity to plus infinity x of s into x of minus s d s. And this is ultimately we can write it this is equal to 2 pi j j is equal to minus infinity to plus infinity x of j omega x of minus j omega d omega which is nothing but a twice pi minus infinity to plus infinity this I can write it mod of this whole square d omega. So, this indicates the energy content in time domain relation between the energy content in time domain to energy content in frequency domain or frequency description the same.  So, we will stop it here. So, we have made a relation that Perceval theorem this is called Perceval theorem is tells that this theorem relates the time domain energy content in the signal in same as the frequency domain energy content the same signal energy content in the frequency domain also in the same in terms of Fourier transform. So, we will stop it here today.


The Bajasa State, where the government has fought the deductions of a total sum of 11 a billion Naira by the federal government from its monthly revenue allocation. The deductions were made of a disputed oil wells with sister states. The state government admits the rolling of a court which was not in its favor but says the federal government should have allowed all legal processes to be exhausted before making their deductions. The federal government has been deducting about a billion Naira monthly from Bajasa's allocation.


Vaccination continues in the communities on Saturday, March 6, 2021, at the Grossly Resource Centre under Philip Masler Grounds in View Fort. Prime Minister, the Honourable Alan Shastney spent this week visiting the vaccination sites around the island. Look, I'm very excited. Obviously, you can see the relationship that the health centres have with the communities. We've had almost 100 people and we have not even gotten into the afternoon as yet. So, the response has been very positive in taking the vaccine and the level of enthusiasm and certainly everybody has commented on how great the nurses have been. So, look, the war against COVID has begun and for the first time we really have something in which we now can be much more aggressive in dealing with COVID. And I'm really hoping that all solutions will follow suit of what we've seen today and coming out and becoming vaccinated.


So how can you control dream characters? And when I say control, I mean manipulate them, spawn them, tell them what to do and kind of decide what's going to happen in your dream. This is different to lucid dreaming. Lucid dreaming by definition is just kind of being aware that you're dreaming. Controlling things is a different skill entirely. It's not necessarily going hand in hand with being lucid. You can be lucid and not being control, but you can't be in control without being lucid. So I hope that makes sense. So in order to control the dream characters, what you first need to do is set an intention, decide before you have the dream, ideally what you're actually going to do.  But it really comes down to just being aware of what you want to happen. What do you want the dream to actually feel like? What do you want to experience? So first set an intention that will describe what you want to happen in the dream. Do you want the dream characters to come and go on an adventure with you?  What do you want to happen? Usually it's that you want to experience some kind of adventure or reconnection with a lost loved one or a friend or a celebrity. That's usually why people would control dream characters. You've got to remember that these are parts of your subconscious mind. So yeah, you should spawn them and see what you can do, see what happens. Now, another way to do this is to practice visualizing the dream character that you want to create. And you can do this by imagining a door and then you open the door and then when you go through the door, you'll see the dream character you want. This is a really common way of kind of creating dream characters. All right. So some other things you can do is you can use telekinesis and kind of telepathy or mind control. So let's say if I'm in a dream now, I'm lucid, I'm aware that I'm dreaming and I've done my reality checks. I know what's going on and I see a dream character over there that I want to control or I want to tell them what to do. Basically, you just look at them and then imagine there's a telepathic connection between your two brains. Really, it's just between two parts of your own brain, but to keep things simple, just imagine that you both have your own brain in the dream and then just imagine them doing what you want them to do. It helps to just paralyze your own muscles in the dream and kind of focus on not being able to move yourself and then imagine you're moving through the dream character. Okay. So if I was doing this now, I would just paralyze my muscles and then imagine myself moving through another dream character in the distance. That's really the best explanation of doing this and maybe you can scroll down and leave a comment about what you think is the best way of doing this. That's the best way I've found to control dream characters, but it really depends and this is really important to realize. Sometimes you'll be lucid and you'll think you're in control, but then the dream will actually surprise you and your subconscious mind will act in a way that it seems like it's a different entity. It seems like it's something outside of yourself that is deciding what happens. And I think it was Robert Wagoner maybe who wrote this in the book, Lucid Dreaming Gateway to the Inner Self or something. Maybe you can leave a comment. I don't remember. Anyway, and he wrote about how your subconscious mind can actually surprise you with these things and it seems like the dream is acting on its own and this is actually really interesting and this can happen very often when you try and control dream characters more often than almost anything else you could try in a lucid dream. So be aware of that. But that being said, just give it a try. It's good. It's a lot of fun.


What do you say to your teammates though when you go into the locker room and the team played pretty well in the last game that goal probably would have sealed the three points so what do you say to your teammates who are clearly disappointed with the decision and how do you get their focus back? Yeah for me it's simple my message was you know we got to keep our heads up you know at the end of the day the decision is decision and I think you know over the course of 90 minutes we can't leave it up to referee's decision to decide the course of the match so we take things into our own hands we can kill that game earlier on so we can we can take responsibility even though the decision was something we felt should have gone the other way I think we can we can take things in our hands and really affect the course of the game. You come into this game today Sean against a Columbus team that surprisingly has had one goal scored by a player on their team the other two they have our own goals how do you try not to overlook that and know that this is the reigning MLS Cup champion and this could potentially be the day they explode? Yeah they have quality they have quality all over the pitch I don't think the the goal scored the season tells a full story for them you know they're coming off Champions League coming off an MLS Cup so we obviously respect them the the level they have the talent they have so we're not taking them lightly we're coming to the game well prepared focused on what we have to do but like I said we have to be prepared for a good opponent today. Sean you're in charge of this group as captain and thoroughly deserve must I add but you are watching really something special being put together by David Lee and by this football club another new signing comes through the door I mean how excited are you and the quality that has been really produced and put in front of you I mean you must be really excited about that. Yeah super excited super super happy with the moves we're making Dave Lee obviously does a great job you know now we have we have a lot of quality walking through the door I think you know the guys we have the quality we have no locker room with those additions I think we've done an excellent job to get off to a good start this year we want to welcome everybody with open arms and you know we're always we're always welcome for for a boost to the squad so happy to have those guys.


So I facilitate what has been a faculty and staff book club about race and racism done that since spring of 2018. And just this fall sort of pivoted to it's an art club now anti-racist teaching club. And so I've incorporated hypothesis into that to provide a space for maybe individuals who can't make it to our physical or zoom meetings so that they can see and read these articles about you know anti-racist pedagogy and teaching strategies, even though they can't come. It hasn't quite there are a couple individuals, what the one of them was a student in my art and science and teaching class. So she's familiar with it so it's still, you know, I think there's a little bit of a learning curve. So hopefully that takes off and they faculty see the benefit, not just in learning the stuff of the article, but in the community that that can that that can facilitate because that's what's been missing. We don't have those hallway conversations we don't have the workroom, you know chit chat the debrief or the you know the counseling session that you might have with your colleague. So it's been a lot of isolation. And that's made it extra extra heavy, but I will say a warm fuzzy moment happened Friday so my race power privilege and health course meets on Fridays. And we've been talking about taking care of ourselves and self care, especially as we talk about really difficult things. And so when we were doing our check ins for the morning, one of the students shared that she found this epsom salt. That was life changing and she did a soak and it was just amazing and how it changed her, her, her life that week. And she talked about how hypothesis was such a part in helping her connect with her classmates, so much so that she bought a bag of the epsom salt for each student in the class so that they could share this self care moment where she was able to like deep into the process and all that so I was like, Oh my goodness. I'm going to have to share this with the liquid margins people, because like the power of that. Beyond what I could have imagined so