Oh well hello friends and welcome back to my channel. Today I have a very fun and exciting video for y'all. I was contacted by the Ashley Shelley Planner Company and was asked if I would be interested in taking a peek at their 2021 planners and I said well yeah duh. And this just showed up on my doorstep and I wanted to open it with you guys. So I haven't opened it yet. Um I have my dollar tree sticky notes that don't stick still so I'm working on that. I haven't even slid it so let's slice this baby open and see what's inside. I want to say that I had an Ashley Shelley planner for review a few years back. I can't remember any who. So let's open up the pretties. Beautiful. Oh nice. All right this is for you guys. So this is from Ashley and it says thank you so much Emily. Coupon code for your followers Emily 2021 for five dollars off of a 2021 signature or potato planner and it expires on September 30th 2020. So I'm going to put that information down below along with the website. So yay thanks Ashley. Um yeah hopefully you guys can see that. Yeah sorry if that was a little blown out before. Okay perfect. Well that's awesome. Didn't know you guys were going to get a little code but that's always fabulous. All right so let's look at the things. Okay do do do. All right so there's a couple of things here. There are two different planners which I knew there was going to be two different planners but I wasn't really like too sure on what they were so in my box was this little card that says create your best days and it just has like the contact information for Ashley Shelley so you could just follow her on Instagram at Ashley Shelley and the website is AshleyShelly.com. So let's start out with the launch day. So launch day is going to be Friday, September 4th at 10 a.m. Eastern time on AshleyShelly.com. Again I will write all of this information down below and then there are the petite Ashley Shelley planners which is the one I'm going to go into right now and then there's the signature Ashley Shelley planners which I will go into in a moment. So we're gonna get into the bed the big boy in just a few minutes but let's get into the petite one first because I think this is new. I I've looked at the other one before like a while ago but I've never seen this one in person. Maybe it's not new I don't know oh the shipping box got stuff on my desk that's okay that's what cleaners are for y'all.  I believe that this comes in a couple of different colors if I remember right um but anyway it has this really beautiful silver foil again just like that card create your best days and then it's got the 2021 and it's so like buttery soft I don't oh it's really nice I like that okay. Anywho so let me give you the specs on this. So this is the 2021 petite Ashley Shelley planner this retails for $29.95 it is a lay flat book bound smooth leatherette wrapped cover. The inside pages are a five by eight and there's also a ribbon bookmark which is right here in this kind of beautiful teal color so I'm gonna put that up here for the moment and yeah we'll we'll get into it so perfect oh and also um they do have worldwide shipping as well because I did ask the question because I know that gets asked quite a bit so in the very front it's just like a dot pattern with the Ashley Shelley logo there is a little pouch right here which is really nice for receipts or sticker sheets or anything you want to put in there um but yeah I really like this this is really nice uh anyway and then it says this planner belongs to and then you can do whatever you want to with that and there's a note from Ashley some inspiration oh and then they're got like contact information so you can put like if you've got kids you can put like doctors or school information or work stuff or whatever um and then favorite meal ideas that's nice and actually just looking at this like if you had kids this would actually be a really nice thing to have just like on your kitchen counter if you have people coming in and caring for your kids or you know grandma or grandpa or auntie or uncle coming in and doing stuff um this would be like a nice little thing for them anyways sorry uh I digress anyways okay so 2021 planning overview so you've got all the months so you can put in like different goals or different to dos or just whatever the heck you want that's really nice I love these boxes I use mine in the planner that I'm currently in I use mine for like home improvement projects and I don't separate it by month I separate it by like home area so like I have one that's like garage and then then another one that's like master bathroom you know so that's kind of how I do it but I just take a little I if I was using this one I would just take a little sticker and um you know just put the sticker over because I love me some stickers and then we've got a yearly overview for 2021 and then 2022 which is great so you can kind of see where your dates land especially if you're trying to like plan out some things and then also 2021 holidays that's always really nice to know as well and then we have the monthly view of January also I love this I think I've said this in a couple other planner review videos but I really like when they do um the upcoming month and it's always a bonus when they do the previous month too like just a little view of that um just so like for planning purposes so you don't have to keep flipping back and forth I think that's really really nice and the paper is really really smooth it feels nice it feels really nice you guys and then okay so this is kind of more of a guided page so it says create your best days in January what are you grateful for right now what are you worried slash stressed about right now what can you do to remove your stress and then it says what creates happiness in your life that you want to do more of this month what are you gonna say no to this month imagine your month ahead write a few words that describe how you want to feel this month and then here's like a checklist with self-care activities slash items monthly goals and then you can check them off I like the little yay right there and then your word of the month slash mantra very cool and then oh there's some notes so there's like two columns sorry there's two columns here and then this is all just one full note page so that's nice and then over here okay so you have like a little place to put your monthly word and then you've got like two columns of notes and then you've got some times over here that you can fill in and then just it's kind of more of a horizontal planner but vertically a little bit so you've got like these times and you've got these lined little areas and then you've got this to-do checklist as well which is kind of interesting so you've got like Monday December 28 and then like you got Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday and Sunday and they're all the same size which I actually really appreciate that they're all the same size because I really don't like when planner companies take Saturday and Sunday and they like merge them together where not everybody has the same type of schedule I'd rather have the same space for every day makes it easier for me even though I work a normal like Monday through Friday kind of a job but not everybody does you know and I kind of like that these are untimed because you could do that for anything or you could just not even use these for times and use them for something else as well so anyway and then it also has like the little holidays on the right hand side of the teal header right there kind of cool so here's kind of how your weekly looks in this planner okay so obviously they're all the same so all right let's look at the very end of the month all right and then we're into February cool all right I'm not as always I'm not gonna go through every page because in this video would be like super long let's get all the way to the back um and see sometimes there's extra sheets in the back sometimes there's not and that's okay so let's see here okay and there is no extra sheets in the back which is totally fine um but yeah that is what this one is and again this is the 2021 petite Ashley Shelley planner and this one retails for $29.95 but there is that $5 coupon code for you as well and this is what the spine looks like very nice would look really really pretty on a bookshelf and then on the back it has the logo in this really pretty silver foil as well yeah and then you can just use this for your months or wherever you are in your book very cute very very cute okay so let's move that off to the side next up we got this bad boy and this is the 2021 signature Ashley Shelley planner this retails for $44.95 this is the wire o bound hardcover it is has a slight gloss coating and the inside page sizes are six by nine it has perforated page corners to remove and create bookmark which is kind of cool this is the one that I have had a version of before so let's get into it all right and I think yeah I'm gonna have to zoom out a little bit because I'm gonna show you guys the whole thing heard that whoa whoa okay cool perfect and like I'm not that big of a floral person but these navy flowers are kind of giving me life you guys there are a few different um colors and patterns to choose from of these planners just like fyi so just just putting it out there this is not the only one so make sure to check out the website love the reinforced corners those are amazing and I like that that matches the o bound coil that's always really really nice and you guys know me I like everything but I don't like rose gold so yeah anyway um but yeah it's a really nice hardcover very very nice and it just says 2021 on there with these kind of dark to lighter navy flowers very nice okay so let's get into this let's get you guys centered up and every time I try to center these I swear I don't center them because like when I go to edit these I'm like oh my gosh Emily it's not centered at all but whatever so anyway just like the last book it has the Ashley Shelley pattern right here and this one has obviously a bigger little pocket in the front which is nice to put stickers receipts whatever you need and this one in the bound wire mechanism here has a really really nice pouch which already has some stickers in it but let's look and see if there's anything else in there because you know I love me some stickers hold on come here here we go oh it's just stickers which is just fine so we've got a few different stickers very cool very cool I like it but yeah you could put lots of other things in here itineraries all this other good stuff and I like that it doesn't have a like zip or anything it just lays flat so it doesn't really add um too much a bulk to the planner and if you didn't want this in here you could like clearly just clip it out and then like clip it back in and out if you wanted to but it is stuck in here so anyway so oh see it's not it wasn't centered anyways so um yeah this is the front page and it just says this planner belongs to and the same information as the last planner and yeah this is all gonna look very similar to the last planner obviously but clearly this is a lot bigger and um here I'll do like a little size comparison for you guys actually hold on I'll do a size comparison this way so you guys can kind of see the difference yeah so it is different this for me would be a whole lot easier to like throw in my bag um every day if you are a planner person that needs to take that with you every single day if you're a person like me where I don't take my planner with me anywhere typically um I take my medical planner with me to doctor's appointments but to be honest most most of my doctor's appointments recently have been virtual so I haven't had to do that which has been kind of nice but my medical planner is actually very similar sized to this so it's really easy for me to throw it in my bag and I don't have to worry um about bending the pages or anything like that because for me I feel like it's like really nicely protected um I don't know I just I just really like that kind of style for someone that just needs to have their schedule with them all the time but my more decorative planner just sits on my desk that's just my style so anyway but um yeah so there's this which is the same as the last one also this is exactly the same as well obviously it's a little bit bigger clearly just because we're in bigger pages and I kind of I'm living for these pages by the way and then we've got our 2020 planning overview which by the way I love this page just because it's so versatile and you can do so many different things with it oh and then by the way um I know it might be a little bit difficult to see maybe you can see it um the little perforated edges right here you can um these are the ones I was talking about with the perforated page corners you can remove these and they act like a bookmark so you can start removing them because they go all the way through and then you can use that as where you are in your book if you want to so um yeah that's kind of a kind of a cool thing all right see I'm screwing it up again here we go all right so if you really overview again of 2021 and 2022 your 2021 holidays let's see here here and then yeah these are the same as the last ones and are these pages I feel like this paper is a little thicker hold on let me let me let me feel it hold on guys the paper is definitely different this to me like this paper is a little bit more gritty I don't mind a gritty paper at all it's still smooth but it's just got a little bit more grip to it where this is very silky um almost feels a little thicker like a little heartier in a way does that make some papers I don't think either one's a bad one I'm just saying like it feels different I mean clearly it's a different you know anyway so yeah weekly is exactly the same as the last planner I just showed just like that so yeah and then you can transfer over your monthly word as well as those goals that we had talked about before um which is really nice I'm kind of like this kind of muted colorway which also matches a lot of their covers so again I'm not going to go through every single month because they're all exactly the same but let's go to the end of the month because you know I never I never know oh there is actually extra sheets in the back hold on here hold on getting excited guys getting excited okay so here's the end of the year or the beginning of the next year 2022 so there are a few lined pages in the back still has the perforation on the corners if you guys can see so you could use these for anything and then we've got our hard cover on the back as well very cute very very cute alright so that is going to do it for my open box slash review of the upcoming release of the 2021 Ashley Shelley planners the signature and the petite again the launch day is going to be friday september 14th at 10 a.m eastern time on ashleyshelly.com there is a coupon code for you guys I will put all the information down below for five dollars off the coupon code is emily2021 and that will expire on september 30th of 2020 the signature is retailing for $44.95 and the petite is retailing for $29.95 if you are planning on grabbing one of these or have grabbed one of these let me know down in the comments below and also if you've used one of these in the past let me know in the comments down below as well thank you guys so much for watching I really appreciate it and I will see y'all in the next video bye guys well folks it's time to kick it old school so you can feel cool


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given 6 nodes in a string i 0 to i 5 and let us say each node has data for its next neighbor, wants to send some data to its next neighbor. And suppose RTS, CTS and AC takes 1 unit of time each, data and AC or let us say data takes 5 units of time, let us just chain the numbers. So, we have to figure out when does the transfer complete, when does when do all the nodes finish communicating to each other. So, basically if you see one transmission, one frame exchange sequence. So, we always deal in terms of this frame exchange sequence in a to 2 dot 11. So, one frame exchange sequence is what? RTS plus CTS plus data plus AC right. So, that is equal to 1 plus 8 units of time. So, one frame exchange sequence is going to take 8 units of time right. How many can go in parallel? So, let us look at how many can go in parallel round 1. Let us say in the first round which suppose i 0 is transmitting, i 0 to i 1 transmission is going on. Is there anything that can go in parallel with it? i 1 to i 2, i 4 is not transmitting to i 3, i n is sending to i n plus 1. So, can i 2 transmit to i 3? Suppose i 2 is transmitting to i 3, i 0 is transmitting to i 1. Where will happen? Where will be the collision? Suppose i 0 and i 2 are both transmitting simultaneously ok. There will be a collision at i 1 right. So, that is why i 2 cannot transmit at the same time as i 0 even though it is transmitting in the other direction right. How about i 3? Can i 3 transmit to i 4 right. So, the first round what you have is i 0 goes to i 1 and i 3 can transmit to i 4 right. So, that is 8 units. So, there are two parallel transmissions what happens in the next one? Next one you have i 1 transmitting to i 2 and i 4 to i 5 ok. And in the third round you can have who is transmitting? i 2, i 2 to i 3 ok. So, you have 24 units of time as the minimum amount of time in which this data transfer can complete ok. So, all right. So, now going on with this same example that we had ok. So, the key thing that we were talking about is priorities right. So, how do we set up priorities? Now the important thing here is that there are three different types of inter frame spacings right. So, initially before you start transmitting. So, let me first bring up the slide and then we will try to understand why this is so ok. So, if you see that between RTS and CTS ok, do I need any gap? So, I am sending you an RTS you have to send me back a CTS right. Is there any time interval that will come at that point? Timeout it is not a timeout due to switching right. See always remember we are trying to keep the cost down. So, we do not have separate receivers and transmitters. So, you have to finish receiving the RTS and then you have to switch to transmitting the CTS. So, there is going to be a receiver transmitter turn around time correct. What other delays? Let us try to work this out again in a little bit more detail ok. So, RTS, CTS delay is involved ok. So, one is so let us say construction of RTS ok. It will take some time to construct the RTS packet ok. So, this typically we will say ignore because you start counting after the RTS packet is constructed. Then second is transmission of RTS ok. Then this is saying from the network card on to medium right. So, you have created the RTS packet. Now, you have to transmit the RTS packet on to the medium. So, there is a delay involved in being able to put the transmission put the RTS packet from the network card on to the medium right. This is typically what is called your transmission delay right after that propagation delay right right. So, there is a delay involved in propagation of RTS to receiver after that receive reception of RTS ok reception of RTS ok. So, again from medium from phi to from the phi to the MAC right I have to receive the RTS at the receiver correct. Then ok receiver transmitter turn around then construction of CTS right construction of CTS or what is called the MAC processing delay ok. This is the MAC processing delay you have to construct the CTS packet that is your MAC processing delay. So, at least there are these many delays involved in an RTS CTS exchange ok. So, it is not instantaneous correct. So, this is called your short inter frame spacing right. So, basically what this means is after you send the RTS packet there is a certain delay before which you cannot receive the CTS packet ok. So, this is typically of the order of 10 microseconds. So, similarly you can calculate other types of delays in your network. So, these are the different types of short inter frame spacing it is the highest priority for acknowledgement CTS polling response and so on ok. So, this is generally called as 10 microseconds there is also a notion of a slot time we will just come to that in a moment ok. So, let us just see how this looks ok. So, when we are doing RTS CTS you have the sender waiting for a DIFS amount of time ok. There is an RTS packet that goes on the network there is a SIFS amount of time what is this SIFS amount of time all these delays that we just tried to measure then we sense the CTS then again there is an SIFS amount of time and then the data again there is an SIFS amount of time and then the acknowledgement correct. So, this entire thing is your frame exchange sequence ok. So, what is this NAV NAV basically stands for network allocation vector. So, as soon as I hear the RTS the other station is going to set that the network is going to be busy for so much duration of time. The RTS packet comes along with this information of how much data is to be transmitted. So, that is when it is going to set the NAV that is it is just a jargon that is being used is that making sense how the RTS CTS works ok. So, now we understand why this DIFS has to be greater than SIFS time right. If the DIFS time is equal to the SIFS time or less see because nobody ask me the question why 50 microseconds right. So, this class we have been asking a lot of wise right I said DIFS time is 50 microseconds nobody ask me why 50 microseconds why is it 50 microseconds ok. That is a good question right. How did I come up with 10 microseconds as the SIFS time ok. So, it depends upon what does it depend upon? This can be fixed right this can be fixed, but this will depend upon rate distance and also rate right it will also depend upon rate. So, are you doing 11 mbps are you doing 54 mbps right. What is the type of phi that you are using here that is what it will take right. So, that is all these things are going to depend upon the rate of the phi. So, depending upon the type of the phi that you are using for direct sequence spread spectrum ok. And 11 mbps phi you have 10 microseconds. So, this is for. So, if you are going to use frequency hopping spread spectrum and frequency hopping is actually also 11 mbps or if you are using OFDM and 54 mbps then the slot the SIFS time will be different ok. What are the various timings that are involved ok. So, we have seen that SIFS time is 10 microseconds ok. DIFS time has to be more than 10 microseconds. So, if you see here we have defined DFS time as SIFS time plus 2 times the slot time. What is the slot time slot time is just a notional convenience ok. So, there is no notion of real slots in A to 2 dot 11. Just for convenience we are defining it as slot time ok. So, SIFS time is basically 10 microseconds, slot time is sorry slot time is 20 microseconds ok. So, ideally we could have kept DIFS time as SIFS plus 1 slot time ok. Is it not? Why is the slot time defined as 20 microseconds? There is just convenience right that is what I said. Just for convenience we are defining slot time as 20 microseconds. So, given that SIFS is 10 and slot time is 20 microseconds ok. What we do is we cannot have DIFS just as SIFS plus 1 slot time because suppose there is an access point in the medium right. Suppose I have an access point suppose you and I are talking, but there is an access point in the area which is going to also control the medium. So, the access point should have priority over any two random people talking right. Like let us say you are at an airport ok. So, you have a laptop, you friend has a lot laptop and there is an access point also which is installed at the airport right. So, now the access point should get priority over communication in that medium rather than you and your friend right. So, that is the reason why you have what is called the PIFS time in between ok. PIFS stands for PCF Interframe Spacing. So, since you are going to wait for ok, since you are going to wait for this much amount of time ok. Since you are going to wait for a DIFS amount of time, if the access point is going to wait for lesser amount of time then it will be able to grab the medium before you do. So, that is all that is all it means ok. So, in order for this frame exchange sequence to complete you are going to use the minimum amount of time right which is SIFS. After that the access point is the next higher priority station. So, it will use half of this time and then will be any other free agent which can transmit here. So, PIFS time is SIFS time plus slot time, DIFS time is SIFS time plus 2 times the slot time ok. So, that is all that is there to it ok. So, there is also a notion of fragmentation which we are not really going to go into, but basically this is again a straight forward extension of this RTS-CTS mechanism. Now, the question is how long a packet can I transmit on a wireless medium right. The longer packet I transmit what happens? The less the the less the overhead correct with one RTS-CTS I can send the long packet, but the longer the packet the more the chances of error correct. So, depending upon what happens in the medium sometimes what you can do is after the RTS-CTS you can send one fragment, again use the same SIFS acknowledgement mechanism send the other fragment and then again use the same SIFS and acknowledgement mechanism. So, this is called fragmentation in e to 2 dot 11 right. So, when you look at a card ok. So, when you look at configuring either an e to 2 dot 11 access point or card ok. So, you will see 2, 3 numbers there ok. So, you will see 3 numbers there one you will see something called the RTS threshold ok. So, this is just a screen which you will get how many of you have seen this ok. If you have a laptop you just try to configure its wireless interface you will see all these numbers no. So, you will get a table which will say RTS threshold and you have you will have a drop down there where you will set some number there ok. So, let us say 1200 bytes right. Then similarly there will be something called a fragmentation threshold ok. That will be something like 2400 bytes there will be power transmit power. So, if it is an access point you will say ok 100 1 watt or 100 milliwatts you will see channels. So, e to 2 dot 11 has how many channels? 11 channels ok. So, you will see channels 1 to 11 and you have to pick the channel on which you are operating. So, there will be a bunch of such configuration parameters that you will see when you are trying to configure either your access point or your card ok. So, on the access point you will pick. So, generally out of these you have channels 1 6 and 11 are non interfering, non overlapping ok. So, what does that mean? That basically means you can have 3 operators operating in the same area. In the same airport you can have 3 different operators operating without having to worry about any interference caused from one to the other because they are on non overlapping channels completely non overlapping. So, what this basically you have taken 83 megahertz of the spectrum right. So, out of the 83 megahertz spectrum you have said this is channel 1 and then this is channel 2 and then this is channel 3 and so on ok.  So, channel 1 and channel 6 are totally non overlapping ok. Channel 6 and channel 11 are also totally non overlapping. Is that making sense? What we are saying? So, this is the idea of fragmentation. Let us do a small example at this point. Is the fragmentation used to do some kind of reduction in the interference. So, not exactly. So, what fragmentation is used to used for is you set a threshold and you say that if I am going to send such a large packet see the then I am going to break up the packet into smaller chunks. So, that I can utilize you know in case one part of it does not get through then only that part needs to be retransmitted. So, that is the key idea instead of sending one large packet you are going to send smaller packets. So, that your retransmission effort becomes less. So, that is the key reason for doing the transfer. Will it improve the? Ok. So, you tell me. Will it improve the efficiency? No, it is not a clear answer. So, there is a depends clause to it. So, it will improve the efficiency under what circumstances? If there are the medium is loss if the medium is error prone then if I do not use fragmentation I will wind up sending larger packets which will get lost which will have to be retransmitted. So, at that point when I am using fragmentation then it may happen that some of my fragments will get through and only smaller fragments may have to be retransmitted correct. So, in a lossy medium it is likely to improve the efficiency. On the other hand if my medium is loss free then it will reduce it because I have this overhead of you know each fragment is going to be associated with an SIFS and AC you know another SIFS another fragment another AC. So, that is the overhead which is associated with the ok. So, there is something called an EIFS there is also something called an AIFS. Now, we are not going to go into those things here. They come in for the A22.11 E kind of a technique we are not going into too much detail about those interframe spacings. Let us do an example here. So, suppose we have three stations ok. Let us just to understand just to make sure that we understood ok. So, you have S1, S2 and S3 ok. Now, S1 has a packet to transmit at T equal to 0 ok packet of size 500 bytes ok. S2 gets a packet at T plus 120 microseconds of size 1400 bytes and S3 has a packet of size T plus 250 microseconds packet of size again 500 ok. So, we have three stations. Does it matter to whom they are transmitting? Suppose I were to say S1 is transmitting to S3, S2 is transmitting to S1 and so on. Does it matter? Does the destination matter? So, this is again a question out of one of my exams ok. So, in that I have lot of these extraneous detail saying that S1 is sending to S2, S2 is sending to S3 and so on. Does it matter? That is irrelevant because it is a LAN right. So, we are saying it is a LAN. So, it really does not matter who the destination is. It only matters who is going to get a chance to speak right. So, S1 actually S1 is transmitting to S3, S2 is transmitting to S1, S3 is transmitting to S2 ok. That does not matter. Now, given that given that slot time what was slot time? Slot time is 20 microseconds, SIFS time, SIFS time was 10 microseconds right. Given slot time is 20 microseconds, SIFS time is 10 microseconds right. Let us say we have RTS CTS act size as 100 bytes ok. And then we have RTS threshold as 1200 bytes and let us say fragmentation threshold as 2400 bytes ok. And now suppose we say 200 bytes per slot time ok. You can transfer 200 bytes in each slot time. That is just to make the thing easy ok. So, when is the data transfer going to complete ok. Let us not worry about the exact number. Let us try to see how to go about doing this. So, what happens to S1? Send RTS first send RTS is that right? No. First DIFS. First is DIFS. First is DIFS. Then RTS. Then I send RTS. RTS. Is it? See the packet size. See that is why it is important to know what is the packet size. Packet size is 500 bytes. My RTS threshold is 1200 bytes ok. So, for any packet which is smaller than 1200 bytes I am not going to send any RTS CTS. So, this is DIFS plus data plus AC. Is that correct? DIFS plus data plus AC. Yeah. So, there has to be an SIFS. DIFS plus data plus SIFS plus AC right. So, this DIFS is now SIFS plus 2 slot time 50 microseconds. Data is 500 bytes which is going to take 200 bytes per 20 microseconds. So, this is again another 50 microseconds right. This will take another 50 microseconds plus this will take 10 microseconds plus this will take 10 microseconds right. So, 120 microseconds. S1's data transfer completes in 120 microseconds right. Agreed? Okay. What happens to S2? S2 waits for DIFS.  That is what happens for S2 correct. How much does this work out to? Okay. So, this is 50 plus 10 plus 10 plus 10. What is the data? 1400 bytes right. So, this is 140 plus 10 plus 10 correct. That is how much is this? 250 this 250 microseconds. This data transfer takes 250 microseconds on your air okay. So, what happens to S3? S3 starts with DIFS. See look at what has happened. At t equal to 0 S1's packet came 120 microseconds were taken by t equal to 0. At t equal to 120 plus 250 is when the medium has become free okay. The S3's packet has come at t plus 250. So, what happened when S3's packet arrived? It found that the medium was busy. So, what should it be doing? It has to do a back off before it does the DIFS right. So, it has to do back off right. So, even if you assume that it is going to back off for one slot right. So, you will have it going for 20 plus this DIFS data SIFS AC which is 120. Is that making sense? I cannot just say that S3 is the same as S1 although the packet size is the same okay. The data transfer duration is not the same because S1 did not have any back off involved. S3 has a back off involved okay. So, S3 is going to have back off plus all this DIFS business. So, that will be 20 plus the 120 microseconds which we know that this exchange takes 120 microseconds correct okay. So, now you can calculate that this is again another 140 microseconds. So, you add up all these three numbers which is what 260 510 right which is 510 microseconds is when the entire data transfer is going to complete is that making sense? Will S2 have a back off time? No because just when its packet arrives it finds that the medium is free because S1's transfer data transfer took 120 after the AC there is no SIFS after an AC. Once S1's data transfer is complete at the same instant of time S2 packet arrived S2 started sensing the medium right. So, it finds that the medium is free. So, it does not back off right. If S2's packet were to arrive at T plus 119 then it will back off okay. Because it arrives at T plus 120 or let us make it easier T plus 121 it is not going to back off okay. But that is not true for S3 because its packet arrives in between S2's data transfer. So, S3 has to do the back off correct. Okay. How is the back off time calculated? Random right. So, when you ask the question what is the minimum amount of time in which the data transfer has to complete? You have to assume that you know one unit of back off is going to be performed okay. Yeah S3 follows the routine saying that I am going to come. So, see the same thing that happens in the previous slide that is what is happening here. So, S3 is like the station here it got data when it found that the medium was busy. So, when it found that the medium was busy it just picks a back off number. So, this is the station 2 that we are showing here is corresponds to S3 in our example correct. So, this one is going to wait it is going to find that you know somebody else is transmitting it is going to pick a back off number here then it will wait for this DFS amount of time it will wait for its back off to finish and only then it can transmit correct. So, this is the case which we have to compute. So, now all that we are saying is that this back off is a is the minimum that we are picking because we want to know what is the earliest time the data transfer can complete. So, while I am counting down if I find that the medium becomes busy then I have to again stop and go through the process again see that is the case that is happening with S1 in this example. See what happen to S1? S1 is counting down while it is counting down it finds that this guy has already started transmitting. So, it has to freeze its back off counter and then again it has to wait for DFS and then again it has to do the counting down. It is not after back off if during back off. So, I find that somebody else is occupied the medium then I have to wait. See it is always like this the previous slide shows that no see it is always like this. DFS if the medium is busy then you back off otherwise you wait for a DFS count your slots the medium continues to be free which is transmit. There are no 2 times DFS involved is that mean sense? I wait for a DFS amount of time I do the back off counting. If for this entire duration I find the medium is free I transmit that is all. If for the DFS amount of time I find that if I am the first to arrive then my back off value is 0 that is all.  Sometimes the back off value may be 0 if you are the first guy to arrive other times you may have a non 0 value for the back off. So, let us continue let us look at one other mode of 802.11 function. So, this is what is called the DCF mode of functioning. So, DCF means distributed coordination function. So, everybody waits for DFS amount of time and goes ahead. The other mode called the PCF is much easier to understand, but unfortunately it has not been implemented by any vendor. So, all the vendors use DCF only nobody has implemented this PCF mode. The PCF mode is basically saying that there is an access point. So, think of it like this no I can be considered as the access point and all of you can be considered as the nodes. So, I basically poll every node saying that do you have any data to transmit? Do you have any data to transmit? Do you have any data to transmit? That is as simple as that the PCF mode of operation. So, if you look at the slide you find that PCF mode you wait for a PIFS amount of time. Why is this PIFS and not DIFS? Because I have to get priority since I am the access point I have to get priority over somebody else who is waiting to transmit in the distributed mode. So, it waits for SIFS plus one slot time transmit downlink data 1, SIFS and then this guy will transmit the uplink data, SIFS it will transmit the downlink data, this guy will transmit the uplink data. So, that is the way it goes. So, I will send you data and then you can send me back data in the same frame. In the same frame exchange sequence. So, pretty much the same action that takes place. Is there a need for RTS-CTS here? No, there is no need for an RTS-CTS. Is there a need for acknowledgement? Yes, there is always a need for acknowledgement in an unreliable medium. How do I do acknowledgments? See for example, in this we have not put in any acknowledgments. How do I do acknowledgments? I will piggyback it. So, on this data I will put an acknowledgement which will acknowledge this and then this will be data for the next station. So, there is a lot of detail here, but we do not need to go into it because PCF is not really implemented. And if you look at A22.11e, the newer generation of access points which are A22.11e, this PCF has got transformed into something called XCF, hybrid coordination function. So, that is why we will not do too much detail of PCF. So, at the end of the PCF, the access point will send something called the basically to signify that the PCF mode has ended. It will send a packet which will signify that. It is called the CF end. The only way in which you can tell me that to add your name into the polling cycle is using the DCF mode. So, that is why it is always that even in the PCF mode. So, even if you are doing PCF mode, it works like this. So, you will wait for a PIFS amount of time. You will go for what is called the contention free period. So, this is the polling. Then it will go for a contention period.  And this cycle will repeat. After this again it will go for PIFS and so on. So, even in the PCF mode, you find that there is a it is not just contention free. Towards the end of it, you always have some contention period. So, this is for new stations to join and for other conversations. Now, for example, if it is an airport, you do not want the access point to control the medium all the time. So, that two other people who are not belonging to the access point network can never get to speak. So, that is why non PCF traffic. In polling, is there any priority which can be set? Theoretically yes. Practically since nobody has implemented PCF, it does not matter. Theoretically yes, because the access point is the one which decides the schedule. How do I set the priority? I set the priority by giving you a chance twice and giving that person a chance only once. So, the access point can easily do that. It can easily implement priority by saying that I will poll this station twice as often as I poll the other station. Each time you are polled, you can transmit one packet. So, that is the way in which it could be set if there is a schedule in the access point. So, as such in the standard there is nothing mentioned. The standard does not say that this should be the you know it should be around robin or it should be anything. It just says that some scheduling algorithm should be implemented at the PCF for deciding the polling schedule. So, given that let us see how this gateway business works. So, let us say so, what we are now trying to understand this is probably the one of the last points that we need to understand. So, let us say you have a network like this, you have access point 1, you have access point 2 and you have STA 1 and you have STA 2. So, now STA 1 wants to send a packet to STA 2. What are the different segments of the communication? That is what we need to figure out. Send a packet to STA 2. How does that happen? So, the question is how many addresses do I need in my frame? Four addresses I need which four since we are showing four entities, we need four addresses. So, what is the first hop of my journey? STA 1 to AP 1. Second hop is AP 1 to AP 2, third hop is AP 2 to STA 2. Now, given that this is how our four addresses should look like. So, we know that we need four addresses in our system address 1, address 2, address 3, address 4. Can you try to figure out what will go into each of these addresses in each of these cases? So, we have three cases. Now, this is very dry. If I were to just describe this, it will be very boring. So, better to try to work it out. Look at these three cases. What will be the four addresses that go in here? So, what does it say? The first address is the destination address. So, address 1 will be STA 2. Is that right? STA 2, address 1 is the, the next one is the source address, the STA 1. And the third address is to the AP. There is no fourth address here. So, in the first case, what you are basically telling the AP? So, you can think of this as the destination is different from the receiver. The source is different from the transmitter. So, try to keep a distinction between what is the source and what is the transmitter and what is the destination and what is the receiver in your mind. Then, you will be able to figure this out very quickly. What is the source in the first step? STA 1. What is the transmitter in the first step? STA 1. So, the source and the transmitter are the same. What is the destination in the first step? STA 2. What is the receiver in the first step? AP 1. AP 1. So, that is why you have these three addresses working out like this. Similarly, if you go to the third step, what is the destination? STA 2. What is the source? STA 1. STA 1. What is the transmitter? AP 2. So, the second case is the one where you have all the four addresses that are required when this access point is sending it to this access point. So, what happens here? Transmitter is access point 1, right. Receiver is access point 2, but the source is STA 1 and the destination is STA 2, right. Is that making sense? That is why you need four addresses. So, always try to determine when you are trying to do an example of this kind, try to keep the distinction of source versus transmitter and destination versus receiver in your mind. Then it cannot go wrong. So, you may actually the only place you could go wrong is fill in the wrong entry in the wrong column. That is okay, but alright. So, this is STA 2. This is STA 1. This is AP 1. This is AP 2. Okay. So, now you can again use this as an example for setting lots of questions, right. You can give a different scenario. Suppose I put STA 2 here, then what will happen? Suppose I have to go to the internet, then what will be the addresses? So, that is a good way of you know giving examples on this basis. Okay. So, like I said you put the wrong entry in the wrong column. The correct column is defined as far as this table is concerned. What you need to understand is what are the entries? Okay. It does not matter which entry you put in which column. For that you can always look up this information. Now, this guy will tell you that the BSS ID which is the access points ID should go here, right. And then this is the source address is the destination address. So, I just put it so that it looks uniform. So, that it looks as destination, source, receiver, transmitter. Okay. But that is not the order in which the packet addresses need to be constructed. Okay. So, there is a reason for why this is so, but that is not important. Is this format specific to A22.11? Yes. No, this is not the Ethernet format. See, in Ethernet there is no notion of multi hopping. Okay. So, Ethernet is single hop. So, what is the Ethernet frame format? Source address is destination address. Finished. Okay. Significance of single hop is just one connection. So, source is directly connected to the destination. So, when source is directly connected to the destination you call it single hop. Okay. So, when source has to go through an intermediate relay to the destination then it is called multi hop. Okay. All right. So, this is a kind of a summary of A22.11. Not very important, but the slide looks good. That is why I put it there. Okay. So, it tells you what is .11A, .11G, what are the key differences and all that. Okay. So, let us do one exercise which I think is a bit important. Okay. So, what we did, because that is where we have started this whole design of the MAC. Right. So, voice capacity in GSM. Okay. This per cell we found was 125 into 8. Right. It is bounded by 125 into 8 which is less than 1000 users. Right. Using what? 25 megahertz. So, let us do the same exercise for A22.11. Okay. And try to find out what it will have. Okay. So, we know that A22.11 uses 83 megahertz. That does not matter, but we can say that it uses a 54 Mbps radio. Okay. This is the transmit rate. Phi rate. Okay. Let us say it is 54 Mbps or it is 11 Mbps. Okay. You can use either of them. It does not matter. 11 Mbps or 54 Mbps. So, this 83 megahertz is not so significant. Right. But we know that we are transmitting at 11 Mbps or at 54 Mbps. Okay. What is what do we expect as the answer? Okay. So, if you just see the numbers. So, using 25 megahertz and okay and 9.6 Kbps rate. So, using 25 megahertz and 9.6 Kbps, GSM is able to give you about 1000 users per cell. Right. Now, using 83 megahertz and 54 Mbps, how much do you expect A22.11 to give you? More? Obviously. Right. Okay. So, that is why we need to do this calculation to understand why it is not obvious. Try to do the calculation now. Okay. Let me give you a hint. Okay. What you need to do is here there is a voice packet. Okay. So, you will have let us say voice data. This will become data there will be an RTP header. So, let us say this is voice data which is 160 bytes, 64 Kbps. Okay. So, if you are using G711 codec. So, it depends upon the codec that you are using. So, now if you are using G711 codec. Okay. So, you it is going to sample it at 64 Kbps G711 codec sampling. So, you are going to generate this will work out to I think 160 bytes every 10 milliseconds. Okay. It is going to generate 160 bytes every 10 milliseconds. Okay. So, what you will do is you will take this voice data. You will attach an RTP header. Okay. RTP is the protocol in which you have to carry voice. Right. Say all these guys have to attach a RTP header. Okay. Then what happens? You attach a UDP header. Okay. Then you will attach a MAC header. Okay. Then you are going to attach a MAC header. Then you attach a PHY header. Okay. So, so many headers get attached to your 160 byte data packet. Alright. And then you are going to transmit it on to the wireless medium to the access point. Okay. And then the access point has got to transmitted back to you. So, just try to come up with some rough numbers. So, let us say you assume some numbers for this RTP header is 20 bytes, UDP header is 20 bytes. You know, MAC header you can take to be another, what is the MAC header in 802 total. Let us just take 20 bytes as the numbers. Okay. PHY header is again now .11 the PHY header is I think close to 60 bytes or something. Okay. So, if you just take these numbers, what do you find? Alright. Let me do one thing. Let me tell you the answer. I do not have all the exact numbers here, but can you guess? Now that you have some idea of, you know, there are all these headers that are there. Can you guess in what range this number is going to fall? So, if you are just going to do plain calculation, if you just take the headers into account, you will find that this will be around 400. Okay. But then there is one thing which we have missed out, which is not collisions, assuming no collisions. Okay. Assuming that there are no collisions, you still have SIFS plus data plus SIFS plus AC, that overhead. Okay. So, if you take all the overheads into consideration, the total number of voice calls that can be supported in such a system is 22. Okay. See, that is the key difference. So, that is why I wanted to illustrate this. Why it is so important to design the system, keeping the final requirement in mind? This system is not designed for voice. The system is designed for data. System is designed for unlicensed spectrum. It is designed for low cost devices. It is designed for simple implementation. Okay. So, if on such a system, you try to send a voice traffic, okay. The total voice under kind of good conditions, what you can have is about 22 voice calls is what you will see in such a system. Whereas, compare that with the GSM, you know, it is operating on much lesser spectrum. But it is able to cater to much larger number of users primarily because it is designed for that purpose. There are no headers. That one overhead has been taken off and already you get a huge gain. All right. So, do one thing. You try to figure this out. Take some numbers for the RTP, UDP headers and all that. You already know the numbers for the SIFS data. Already know the numbers for back off. Right. So, remember that voice is now a two-way communication. Okay. So, because of that, you will find that it comes down to some number like this. Okay. Also think of what is happening from the access points perspective. Right. So, the access point is the one to whom everybody is trying to talk to. Right. So, even if these guys do not see any contention, at the access point, there is always be always going to be contention for transmitting. Right. So, the access point is contending because it always has a queue of packets which it needs to send. Even though there may be four clients, each client has one packet, but the access point has four packets, one for each client. Understand what I am saying. Okay. So, that is why the access point, the back off keeps on getting more and more severe. Okay. So, in reality, you get a number something like around 20 18 to 20 calls is what you can support in a A2 to dot 11 system voice calls. Okay. Theoretically, does the number of users supported by an access point change from 11 MPPS to 54 MPPS. Okay. Marginally, it will change, but it is not significant because a significant overhead is in terms of your SIFS time, your DIFS time. You always have to wait. Right. So, the access point has sent out one packet. What does it have to do? It has to back off. Even upon see the one key difference between Ethernet and A2 to dot 11 is that even upon successful transmission, you have to back off. Why? If you are unsuccessful, you have to back off that everybody can agree to. Why do you have to back off even if you are successful? Give a chance to others. Correct. Because of that. Right. If I am successful, I know exactly when my transmission ends. And if I start counting DIFS from there, I know that I am going to be the guy who counts down first. Right. So, even if I am successful, I have to back off so that other people who are trying to transmit on the medium can get a chance to transmit. So, think of what the access points life becomes. Right. It has more packets to send. And now after every packet, it has to back off. Okay. So, the system slows down. So, access point becomes the bottleneck when we are doing voice over IP in a Ethernet, sorry, in a Wi-Fi medium. Right. So, voice over IP over Wi-Fi when you do, you have to keep in mind that the call handling capacity of the system is very small. Okay. So, once people discovered this, they went on to say that okay, now how do we improve this? Okay. So, how they improved that was at the access point. So, 802.11 e came into being as a result of this. Right. So, at the access point, they said that you know if I have multiple queues. Okay. So, let us say this is the priority. So, at the access point, so priority is implemented different queues and different waiting times. Okay. So, I will just try to motivate how this thing came into being. Okay. So, this is let us say your voice queue. This is your FTP queue. Okay. The access point is connected to one STA1 which is doing voice. Okay. Another STA2 which is doing an FTP. Right. Okay. So, what we just saw was that the access point becomes the bottleneck because all the packets get queued at the access point. Right. So, now if the voice flow and the FTP flow have to compete with each other, then the life for the voice flow becomes even worse. Right. What will happen? The delays will start increasing. Right. Voice, what is the maximum delay tolerance in a voice system? It is about 150 milliseconds end to end. Right. So, even if you are sitting at the other end of the world, you need the voice to be able to reach there within 150 milliseconds of leaving here. Okay. So, about 150 milliseconds of which you say that you know half of that delay is in the wireless part itself. So, you say that I need to cross the wireless link in about 75 milliseconds. 75 to 80 milliseconds, you need to be able to cross the wireless link. Right. Where is the maximum delay in the queuing? It is not the delay in propagation. So, that is why 11 Mbps, 54 Mbps does not matter so much because that is not the delay. That is anyway happening at light speed. Right. But the queuing delay, the medium access delay, the DFS takes 50 microseconds out of the whole thing. Right. So, that is where the main delays come into play. So, once people observe this, they said, okay, let us try to separate these flows. So, at the access point, so what A 2 2 dot 11 E has is it has various flow categories. Okay. What are called access categories? AC 1, AC 2, AC 3, AC 4. Okay. So, access categories basically means that I am going to classify a flow as a voice flow or as a video flow or as a FTP flow or as a HTTP flow. Okay. Each of these are the four examples of the four categories. Okay. Voice is highest priority and periodic. Right. Voice is periodic. Highest priority and periodic. Video is high priority, but not periodic. Right. It is not constant bit rate. It is variable bit rate. Then you have FTP which is a bursty data. And then finally, you have HTTP which is your best effort flow. Just say that, okay, if I am able to get this through well and good. Okay. So, those are the four access categories which this guy uses. Okay. AC 1 is voice. AC 2 is video. AC 3 is FTP. AC 4 is HTTP. Okay. So, A 2 2 dot 11 E creates four different cues and then it can do some kind of prioritizing. It can say that I am going to serve two packets from the AC 1 cue every time before I serve a packet from the AC 4 cue. Okay. That is one way of doing prioritization. Another way of doing prioritization is that the back of values that I choose for the AC 1 cue will be smaller than the back of values that I choose for the AC 3 cue. Correct. So, these are the ways in which dot 11 E tries to do prioritization. Okay. How does it know that it is a voice packet because everything is IP because you are going to monitor the call setup. Okay. You have to inform that this is a voice packet. Okay. So, I can actually infer by just looking at it. So, there are two ways in order to understand. One is where you explicitly inform that this is being set up under this category. Okay. So, at the time of setting up a flow or at the time of you know connecting to Google, the card on your machine can inform the access point that I am starting a flow which is belonging to such and such category. Okay. So, I could explicitly inform or I could infer it by looking at the packets that are going past.  Okay. Data packets are going to be large packets with small headers. By looking at that also it is possible to figure it out. Which field will make it known? I will make some change in the MAC header. So, I will make a change in the MAC header because the access point will process up to the MAC level. I will make a change in the MAC header which will say which is the access category for that particular flow. Okay. I mean there are a fair amount of detail. We are not going into all the details here. But it is not hard to understand once you understand the philosophy behind why it is so. What is the difference between access categories AC3 and AC4? AC3 is actually burst data. AC4 is best effort. Okay. So, FTP for example, you may just want now we will meet the same categories later on when we do Ymax. Okay. They also have the same categories, but they are called different names. Okay. So, FTP is basically burst, bursty flow. Even if it is a let us say even GPRS has the same access categories interestingly. Even in GPRS you will find the same four categories. Okay. Burst flow means what? I have to do a lot of allocation for a short duration of time. Correct. So, just when the download is happening that particular node will require a lot of resources and then it will release the resources. Okay. AC4 means it is just best effort. If there is left over space then I will carry the reader. If the request in QAC4 is more than the request in QAC1, even then the priority is decided by the amount of back off that you are going to do. Right. So, the packets in AC4 Q are going to back off more than the packets in AC1 Q. Right. So, that is the whole idea behind prioritization. Okay. So, in fact you can do lots of experiments in this. So, many people have asked me this question. So, let me answer it in common. What kind of assignments can we give using wireless, when we are teaching a course on wireless networks. Okay. So, the type of assignments that we usually give. So, one of them is to do some kind of application programming. Okay. You have this J2ME emulators which you can download. You can say that create a location management application very straightforward thing. Okay. You download the emulator, you give that kind of an assignment. That is one type. Another type of assignments is to use one of the simulators. So, there are three popular network simulators. Okay. The free one is called NS2. Then you have QualNet. Okay. So, QualNet is the academic version is free. Okay. And then there is called one called OpNet. Okay. Now OpNet is a commercial one, but that is very hard to get. But what you can get is an individual users academic version. Okay. So, you may not be able to get one for your entire class, but you can get one. You know, you can ask each student to sign up on the OpNet site and download the individual version. Okay. So, now some of those things you can play around with these things. Like for example, the question that you asked, what will happen if I if the AC4Q is given higher priority over AC1Q or what will happen if there is more traffic in the AC4Q as compared to the AC1Q. Such experiments are very easy to do using OpNet or QualNet. Okay. So, you can give those as assignments. You can say, okay, set this as the traffic, set this as the priorities and generate a graph which shows what is the throughput, what is the delay. Okay. So, those are good ways of giving assignments. Okay. The third type of assignments which we give here are the actual measurement based one.  What happens if it is a concrete wall? What happens if it is a wooden wall? What happens if it is a ceiling, floor, all those kind of things. Can? Ethereal. Ethereal can be used. So, that is all you use.  In fact, you do not even need ethereal. Ethereal you need only for trying to see what other traffic is there on the network. Okay. Another kind of experiment which you can do is you can carry out ping tests. Right. You can say that I am able to see the access point. Does not mean that I can communicate with the access point. Right. So, for example, the access point is transmitting it at 1 watt. The card is transmitting at 100 milliwatts. Right. So, the card can receive the access point. Doesn't mean that the access point can receive everything that the card is transmitting. So, even though you are standing at a distance where you can get a decent signal, your voice call may not go through because voice is full duplex. Right. You need a two way connection in order for a voice to go through. So, if at that point you stand and you carry out a ping test, you will see that a fair number of packets get dropped. Okay. The delays are increasing. So, such kind of experiments can be done. Even with just one access point, maybe one laptop or two laptops in your lab, you can give out such assignments. Is there any mobility management in dot 11? In theory, yes. In practice, no. Okay. So, in theory, also a to dot 11 f is the one which is the inter access point protocol. See, once there is a protocol between access points, then you can manage the mobility. Okay. So, dot 11 up to dot 11 b g e and all, they don't have mobility management. Okay. Dot 11 b is sufficient as far as learning dot 11 is concerned as far as giving assignments to students is concerned. Okay. Some of them will also have patches for dot 11 e. If you have that, then it's great. You don't need any of the others really. Okay. Because the difference between b and a is in the physical interface. Okay. Is in the physical layer. Now, I don't know enough to give assignments based on physical layer. So, it doesn't matter to me whether I have a or not in the patch. G and b again, the difference is only in the data rates. But there is no difference in the protocol. So, if you have b and e, they are two different versions of the protocol. That's good enough. If you want to give an experiment on the power management and routing, well, it depends upon the thoroughness with which you want to do the experiment. If it is a course assignment type of an experiment, yes, it is sufficient. Okay. But if it is like, you know, it's your own research project, you are doing some PhD in something, then you may have to do a lot of work in order to use NS2 for doing that. Because many, it makes a lot of approximations. NS2 has a lot of approximations in terms of who can hear whom. Okay. So, depending upon the accuracy with which you want the result, what is the aim of the experiment? If the aim of the experiment is to familiarize the student with the technology and do something and generate some graphs and get some general understanding of it, then it is sufficient. If it is to come to some conclusions using the numbers that you get, then it is not sufficient. If there are two wireless networks in the same area, how are the two differentiated? So, one way is the channel. So, 802.11 has 11 channels. So, one network will operate in channel 1, another network will operate in channel 6, a third network will operate in channel 11. They will be totally non-overlapping. Out of the 83 megahertz, you are going to use subparts of the spectrum. 54 Mbps can still remain as the data rate. See, data rate depends upon modulation techniques. It doesn't depend upon how much of the spectrum you are using. I mean, it does depend upon how much of the spectrum you are using, but main thing is what is the modulation technique that you are using combined with the available spectrum. Where do we configure this? So, if you just look at the access point. So, if you are installing an access point, it will give you a configuration screen. Various access points close by will not be under 1 percent. So, you have to have an agreement with the other guy. So, that is why what happens is in the airport, it is not that anybody can just set up an access point. So, the airport manager will tell you that you use this channel, you use that channel, you use the third channel. So, the operators which are setting up access points have to coordinate with each other, so that they don't interfere. That coordination they will do, because if they interfere, then both their reputations are going to get tarnished. So, think about this question of how did we arrive at 22 as the number of voice calls or at least work out what are the various additions that have to happen? How much is the overhead in a voice call? We will come back and we will try to answer that question.


Mr. Prime Minister, thank you so much for joining me. Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here and let me say good evening to you and to all of the viewers, particularly the fans who are watching from the 28 countries that are participating in Clarefter. Now, Mr. Prime Minister, let me start by asking you. I know that you are someone who is very adamant on building the youth, building sports in Grenada. Just how happy are you to see these games here in the country?  Well, I'm extremely happy and I want to thank everyone who's made this possible, the former Minister of Youth and Sport, the current Minister of Youth and Sport, the local organising team, the Clarefter team for giving Grenada the opportunity to host this, particularly after the Bahamas because the Bahamas celebrated 50 years last year. I was in the Bahamas for that celebration, Grenada celebrated 50 years this year and so I'm happy that the Bahamas was able to pass the baton on to Grenada. Yeah, and I'm happy you brought up that point about Grenada celebrating 50 years. You being at the helm, how important did you see these games fitting into the calendar of celebration? Well, I think it's no coincidence that we bid for the games. I think we felt, given that we were celebrating our 50th anniversary, that it was important to have the regional community join us and what better way to do this than through sport, particularly sport that targets youth and sport that the Caribbean has excelled in not just regionally but internationally as well. So I'm extremely happy that we are able to do so. Yeah, and you know, Grenada is a country of sports and you really see yourself fitting in to ensure that you offer them support as they go along the way. Well, I think, you know, if you take track and feel, for example, it is hands-down the most popular sport and activity in Grenada. You only have to come to intercollegiate high school games to understand the passion that people have for sport. So it's a natural event that I think has gotten to the point where everyone, even after they leave school, is into it. So I think what is important for us really now is for us to take this from the amateur level to make sure that we can give the necessary support at a professional level. So the facilities, and this is an example of it, but not just here, but throughout our parishes to make sure that we can improve the facilities for track and feel for athletes to make sure that we can help with things like nutrition, poaching, getting scouts to help them be exposed, ensuring that we help them with education, with getting scholarships to go overseas. So we have to take a really all-encompassing approach to ensure that we pay more than lip service to track and feel, and I'm just specifying track and feel because this is Carrifta. But I think sport in general. I think many of our islands have taken a very amateurish approach to sport, and I think we have to really recognize that sport is a billion-dollar business. We have a lot of talent in the Caribbean, just to treat it as how we treat other businesses, by ensuring we support it both with fiscal incentives, financial incentives, and making sure that we have the right regulatory and legal systems in place to support our athletes. Prime Minister, after that there's no much more to ask you. But other than, how have you been enjoying the games? It's been spectacular. I wasn't here yesterday, but I came on Saturday. I'm here today. Obviously Jamaica is the powerhouse in track and feel, and they continue to lead, but I think you can see that a lot of the other islands are doing well. Obviously Grenada is doing well. We're in a double-digit medal, so I want to say congratulations to all of the athletes, of course, special congratulations to our Grenada athletes. And I'll steal this opportunity to big up or swim athletes in the Bahamas. You know, they are doing well. We had a tragic death of one of our swimmers, but she still swam, and she got a bronze medal. So I think if there's anything that tells you about the strength, the determination, and resilience of our youth, it's our adult. So I just want to take the opportunity to express condolences to her and the family, and wish you all the best. I want to cut you right there, but we do have to head back to the track. Thank you so much.


Good afternoon, everyone. Thank you so much for being here. Apologies for the non-Swiss start time, but we'll make sure that we catch up and have a very good conversation. My name is Sadia Zahidi. I'm a managing director at the World Economic Forum. And we'll be discussing today women's leadership and getting towards parity in power. And I could not be more thrilled than to have with us an amazing panel who are women in positions of power, but who can also tell us so much more about how we do this more broadly for the world as a whole. Every year, the World Economic Forum publishes a global gender gap report annually for the last 16 years to understand where we stand in terms of making progress on gender equality. We look at health, we look at education, we look at economic participation and at political empowerment. And pre-pandemic, it would have taken at the current rates of progress about 100 years to get to gender parity. Now, three years into this pandemic, it will take 136 years to get to parity. Now, that's a couple of generations that just got added to getting to gender parity. And it's absolutely not what any of us want. 100 years was a century, was unacceptable, but now this is even slower. So how do we reverse that? And we have with us today Svitlana Sikhan-Noskaya, and we agree that henceforth I will be calling her only Svitlana on this panel. We have with us Arancia Gonzalez-Laya, Dean of the Paris School of International Affairs, Sciences Poe, Paris. We have with us Masi Alinejad, who is a freelance journalist and women's rights activist from Iran. And last but not least, we have Gretchen Whitmer, Governor of the State of Michigan.  Thank you so much for joining us for this very important conversation. Governor, if I may start with you. How do we not only create opportunities for women to move into the highest offices, but also create conditions for them to thrive once they get there? I appreciate the question. I'm awfully glad to be here, especially with this incredibly courageous group of women who have done some amazing things around the globe. It's an honor to be among you all. Let's start with this. You cited the WEF study, and we know, dealing with the pandemic, that we called it a she-session because it took such a disproportionate impact on women who left the workforce in droves to care for families, to ensure that the kids were getting online and that everyone was safe at home. And disproportionately, it took women out of the workplace. We also know that there are too few women in the C-suite in the private sector, as well as leading, whether it is sadly the Prime Minister of New Zealand who announced her departure today, or it is across governments in the U.S. or around the globe. I think that it's more important than ever that we are recognizing this and working to eliminate the barriers that keep women from these leadership positions. I can tell you, as the governor of Michigan, we have fought for and secured women's reproductive rights in a state where it was very much at risk of going back 100 years. I can tell you that we have secured paid leave, paid family leave for all state employees by virtue of my pen and my pen alone, expanded access to daycare, and really made Michigan a place where women have opportunity. There's much, much more work to do, but there's, without question, a real need for women in leadership positions. Companies that empower women do better. States that have female leaders find that issues that families are confronting are addressed and given voice to. And so as a someone who was kind of forged in the fire of being a sandwich generation, and what I mean is I simultaneously was caring for my mother who was dying of brain cancer and a daughter I had just given birth to, I confronted all of the things that families and are struggling with, and that's why I put so much energy into that. All of that being said, we as a globe still struggle to ensure that there is real equity and opportunity. I'm proud of the strides we've made, but I am determined to continue to do more and work across state borders and international borders to lend my support to learn best practices and to share what we've learned in Michigan. Thank you so much, Governor. Arancia, you have spent your career in government and international organizations currently in academia.  Where do you think progress will be faster? Let me first thank you and thank the forum for putting the item on the agenda because at the end of the day, that says one of the items that we require to make our societies work better and to make our democracies work better. We like, at least I think I speak on this side of the table, we love democracies and we talk a lot about how to make democracies work better and they will not work better if half of the participants in this democracies are not included. Because not that we talk about them, it's not that we discuss about them, is that they be part, they be agents. So where are the agents? The agents are at the base of our society. We just went through a massive health crisis. Where were the women? They were nurses. They were doctors. They were workers at the base of the pyramids and they saved us, by the way. Where are the women? The women are in the education sector. Where are the women? The women are in science because what matters is using your brains and women have plenty of brains to use. But where are they not? They are not in positions of power. And by the way, power, it's very hostile to women. We've just seen it this morning and Gretchen mentioned Jacinda Arden and I want to mention Jacinda Arden. We know that politics is in an inhospitable territory. I've been in politics, Gretchen is in politics, as Vetlana and Natja is in politics. And we know it's an inhospitable place but it's more inhospitable to women than it is to men. And this is something that we should not accept.  Our economies, our companies are full of bright women but we need to make sure that this is not just at the heart, at the base of our societies and our economies, that they also take the positions of leadership, mostly because diversity, which is what women will add when they get to positions of power, add to the quality and to the solidity of the results. And frankly, we need a little bit of quality and solidity of results. Thank you, Aranja. Vetlana is leader of the Democratic Forces of Belarus. Could you share with us what are the specific challenges in places which do not have a very long history of having women in positions of power?  And everything that is, you know, large-scale or, I don't know, complex is not acceptable and inaccessible to you. And, you know, of course, I don't want to say that good marriage is a very, very easy thing, but I think that women should understand that they shouldn't devote all their talents and experience only to their family. Our women are capable of everything. The only problem is that they not always believe in themselves. So I really want our women to believe in themselves. And I am sure that this uncertainty, of internal uncertainty of any women is a problem, especially as I mentioned in the post-Soviet Union countries because Western countries are, you know, they moved further in this direction. There is no such problems with women rights as in our countries. So, and even if, you know, when we think about marriage, about home, taking care of home, I have to say that if, for example, to take a country as your home and women usually are very well in taking care of home, so the presidents and prime ministers of the country should be women. Thank you. Masi, all of us are familiar with the current situation in Iran with women so bravely fighting for their freedoms. What's your assessment of the current situation? How do you see things unfolding? First of all, I have to say that I'm very thankful. Finally, finally, at World Economic Forum, invited an Iranian woman, not in the side panel. Mostly the dictators were welcomed here. Same sit for years and years. And that actually shows you the women of Iran needs to fight every single day. We're talking about women leadership. Women being free women in Iran is a crime. I'm coming from a country that thinking of being part of the leadership is just, is a crime. And people are facing guns and bullets right now in the streets because they want to be the true self. Women are getting lashes. Women are getting killed. Women are getting raped. Women are getting harassed, bullied online, just because of thinking of having dignity and freedom. For years and years, I have been actually campaigning against compulsory hijab and telling women that if you really want to have freedom, dignity, democracy, you have to start your own revolution from your family's kitchen. You have to be your own leader. Otherwise, you're not going to have a chance to have a single word. You're not going to be heard. So clearly, this is what's going on in Iran right now. Every single woman, teenagers, schoolgirls, they're leading the revolution because we believe that this is the first time in the history that women are being united with men shoulder to shoulder to bring a dictatorship which telling us that what to wear, how to think, what kind of lifestyle to follow. So I'm here today to tell you that we need you to show your sisterhood and solidarity with the women of Iran who are trying to save the rest of the world from one of the most dangerous regime, which is called Islamic Republic. And thank you so much for, yeah. Thank you, Masi, for your courage and for those inspiring words. You've given us the first answer to the question for today's conversation. How do we get more women into positions of leadership? You asked for solidarity. Let me turn that question to others. Governor, how do we build those pathways? Well, I think it starts with supporting women who are stepping out front. It starts with having one another's back and showing that there is a path to leadership and intentionally for leaders, especially for male leaders, to intentionally create those paths and help ensure that women get that seat in the C-suite or support a woman who's running for office or who's leading an organization or a department at a university. I think that throughout the last few years, with COVID and with all of the angst and polarization and ugliness that we've seen play out, not just in the United States, but in other places, but obviously I'm thinking about the U.S. We've had to make a lot of hard decisions and I can tell you as one of very few women governors, I was chatting with some of my male colleagues and one of them asked me, Gretchen, you're doing the same things that the rest of us are doing, but you take so much more heat for it. There's a plot to kidnap and to assassinate me. Why do you get so much more heat? And when the last word landed, he said, never mind, don't answer. I know it's because you're the woman who is making these hard decisions. And I appreciated that from my colleague because he recognizes the hardships and he is an intentional creator of paths for other women to find their way in the leadership. But I think that it's really important for young women to be able to see themselves in a leader, the highest compliment I imagine any of us receives is when a young woman comes up and says, I think I can do that because I see you doing it. So supporting and encouraging and going out of our way to be intentional about finding those opportunities and helping women and young people get those internships and get those early opportunities to lead. Thank you, Svetlana, can I come to you next? I think we've discussed now this aspect of leadership being so much more difficult and potentially so much more dangerous for women. How do we build those pathways then? And you and I discussed this idea of accidental leadership. How do we get so much more women, not accidentally but intentionally into power? I, you know, that I go to politics by faith. I have never started politics. Yesterday I was in the kitchen, next day I'm in big politics. And you know, what is still my big problem is this imposter syndrome, this imposter complex.  I don't know, you don't have right to be in big politics because you haven't started for years for this. And I know that I'm new. I know that I'm not experienced. I know that, you know, my path is different from the path of other politicians. But you know, for the last two years and a half I went through a path that maybe not every of my critics could ever went through, you know. And I think that they have no right to criticize me or de-evolute my achievements. And you know, during these two years, I met a lot of high-ranking politicians and I want to say that usually men were more, like maybe arrogant, you know, communicating to me, you know. Who you are and you be, what will you tell me? And I really want to say thank you to the women I met on the beginning of my path. I remember my visit to Spain and Arancia was a leader whom I met and she was so kind to me, you know. She saw that I'm like, I don't feel confident. And she told, look, everything is fine. Let's sit and talk as women about your country, about your pain, about your people. And it gave me more confidence.  I understood that I'm not of such kindness in politics as this women, but the attitude gave me this support at that moment. So, but, you know, I know how I can make a situation in Belarus better and all those women on my path are helping me, they encouraging me. And I know that, you know, women in politics are kinder than men. Thank you so much. Arancia, we've talked about solidarity. We've talked about male leaders stepping up and supporting women. We've talked about role models, women supporting women and purpose, purpose driven leadership being core of what women are often, women's leadership is often known for. What else would you add to that list of how we get more women into positions of power? Yeah, I think we've been told that this will happen organically, right? That women would go to university. They first would go to school. Let's not forget girls in many places are not allowed to go to school. So we would have girls going to school, then girls would go to university, then they will enter into the professional workforce and they will make the way up to the top organically. So now we know this is not true. And therefore we need a much more deterministic approach, a tougher approach where we set goals, where we put objectives and if this is not voluntary, then it will have to be compulsory. But we will have to be much tougher at ensuring this dream of parity becomes a reality. Now, we will also have to be tougher about these places where for reasons that have nothing to do with religion, with anthropology, with politics, women and girls are excluded from the very basics starting with the school. And I have to say that on this one, it's good to be compassionate, it's good to complain, but in my view we need to do a little bit more. We cannot, we should not accept that this is about girls whose future is curtailed by not being able to go to school. There is no religion in the world that would want that. There is no anthropological explanation. There is no political excuse. So all I'm saying, Sadia, I guess, is that we have to be a little bit more activist. And for that, my sense is that this conversation cannot just be with women leaders, that it has to be with men and women seated around the table, because at the end of the day, what we want is a society that is more solid. I like counting men, how many men are here? Can I come back to you for one other quick question? Quotas?  So in a family there was no difference and therefore I thought that this business of being a feminist and pushing for women's right was maybe not necessary, but then I went into the workforce. Then I became part of, I started to work and I saw this with my own eyes and I realized that there were very often cases where I would be the only woman in the room for no reason, because there were very smart women outside the room, but they were just simply not invited. So, yeah. Yes, quotas, you know? Thank you. You have to, if it's not going to happen organically, then yes, we need quotas.  Are you in less so in positions of, let's say, systemic impartments to our country? For no good reason. So yeah, you set the quota. Yes, you fix objectives and yes, you measure it and yes, you make sure that this is respected and you report on that. Thank you. You talked about your family and how you grew up and Masi, can I turn it over to you on that aspect of things? What inspired you? Who inspired you? Oh my God. Yeah, that's a very difficult question for me because I grew up in a country with the educational system, told me from the beginning, from the age of seven, that you were second class. So, through all the TV and media, I was told that I'm gonna be hanged by my hair if I don't cover them. So, I'm gonna make sure that I didn't have any role model through educational system, TV, media, but I had a tiny mother in the village who was not even able to read and write. She told me that. I mean, I grew up in a very poor family. We didn't have inside bathroom. We had to use outhouse, which during the night it was really dark.  But instead of being scared of the darkness, just open your eyes, staring to the darkness, then the darkness will disappear. That's how I learned to defeat the darkness. As a woman who grew up in the Middle East, I experienced a lot of darkness, like women of Afghanistan, women of Iran, women of Iraq, women of Syria. We live and breathe with darkness. So, this is how I learned.  And now you see that Iranian women are doing the same in the streets. They're opening their eyes. They're going toward morality police. They're walking unarmed towards security forces. What the police do to them? I want to actually show you. This is the picture of my women in my country. Police shot them in their eyes. Many women and men got blinded just because of asking for dignity and democracy. And these are the Rosa Parks of Iran. These are the women of suffrages and trying to tell the rest of the world, yes, if you talk about solidarity, you talk about determination, we have to have tough skin as well.  We're being labeled the agent of CIA. You're the agent of MI6. You're the agent of Mossad. But we, the women of the Middle East, we have agency. And we have to be tough. We have to be determined. And we have to fight every single day to take our share, our space back from the dictators. Thank you. Governor, the same question to you. Who inspired you? I'm very fortunate that I grew up in a household with a lot of bold women. But I'll give credit to my father. It was my dad who was the one who pushed me and encouraged me. And when I doubted myself, someone that gave me confidence. And that's why I think to your point, we need to have men sitting up here during these conversations. We need to have men who are working to eliminate the barriers that stand between female applicants and job opportunities. Because we will do this, continue to do this work. But until we have equity and power, we will struggle. And that's why it is going to be important that not every young female is fortunate enough to have a dad like I did. Someone who created some opportunities for me. And that's why it's on all of us to be a part of the solution. And we all benefit when we do. The things that women tackle, the way that we work together, the seats that we create for others at the table, that's what improves the quality of people's lives, the bottom lines of businesses, and creates real opportunity. Thank you. Svetlana, your inspiration. You know, now I can name thousands of names who are inspiring me because I think that every person who dared to challenge regime in our country is inspiring me. The first person, it was my husband who started to oppose the regime, started to go from city to city, asking people about their life. And when he declared that he wants to participate in presidential elections, he was immediately detained. Then when I, instead of my husband, ran for presidency, I was joined by two wonderful women, Masha Kolesnikova and Nika Tsipkala, and all my presidential campaign we went through together. You know, after a prize in 2020, after foreign elections, a lot of people had to flee Beirut because of repressions. And Masha Kolesnikova, she also wanted to send out by KGB and she tore her passport on the border not to let these people send her out of the country. Now she is in prison. She was imprisoned for 11 years in jail. And every day I see a little, a sign of, like, little heroism in Beirut's people. All those who are sacrificing their freedom, who are sacrificing their lives, their families, their comfort life to give us opportunity to continue this fight against dictatorship. They are my heroes, my inspiration. And, you know, I know that there are millions of people in Beirut who continue their fight. So I have at least nine million signs of inspiration for me. Thank you. With the series of shocks and crises that have unfolded, the Polly crisis that we're currently in the midst of, do we still even need a case for women in leadership? Don't we know that we have to do things differently? This is too. Any of you who'd like to start with that? We know we have to do things differently but maybe we need a bit more prodding. And it has to be, it doesn't have to be a separate part of our global conversation, you know? It doesn't have to be a conversation about geopolitics and chips and minerals and then about women. It has to be a cross. That's the way we will make it work. It has to be embedded as part, as an integral part of a more solid economy, of a more solid company, of a more solid organization, of a more solid government, of a more solid institution. So I would plead for putting this on a cross, not just the box that we take, that we've discussed women or women in leadership. Governor? I agree. I think that's spot on. Is it allowed? I don't know. Massey, would you like to? Nothing to add. I totally agree. I mean, the whole world knows this. I mean, I just love the argument that you made and I keep watching here that we need more men to join us, especially right now, that Iranian men, they are like example, that they're getting executed just because of supporting their sisters. So we need more men to sit with us and do something in practice. Thank you. We have five minutes left and I'd like to make sure that we talk a little bit about the future. We've talked about some of the challenges. We've talked about some of the pathways. What gives each of you hope for the future and how fast do you think we can get Deperity building off of that hope? Massey, could you start? Sorry, can I? Stefana, would you like to take that question? You know, I'm absolutely sure that as we are talking about women today, that women are much more, much stronger than we sometimes think about ourselves.   You know, when I have all the sound with special needs and you know, for 10 years I rehabilitated my son, not knowing what is waiting us ahead. I didn't see the light in the end of the tunnel, but I knew that I have to work with my son every single day. You know, not depending. Do I have a headache or I have other problems? But the situation in Belarus now is the same and I feel the same. I don't know when we will get rid of the regime, when our thousands of political prisoners will be released, when we change our country for democracy, but I know that I have to work every day to reach this goal. So I know what it is to be strong. I know that strong women around me, I know that strong women in big politics who understand me as well. So I see hope in unity and in unity of women, first of all. Thank you, hope in unity. Arancha? Well, I have to say that I feel very humbled, frankly speaking, listening to strong women like Aspetlana and Massey. I feel very, very humbled. And I have to tell you something that gives me a lot of hope and a lot of courage. But bringing it a little bit closer to home, I am the Dean of the School of International Affairs and what gives me hope is the students, the younger generation, the determination they have. They don't even ask why. They just say, what are we going to do and how can we change it? And that gives me enormous hope. And I make sure that they listen to stories like the ones that Aspetlana and Massey have to share because this is also what I'm sure will inspire them as much as it inspires me. Thank you very much, Governor. Your source of hope. Thank you. A precursor to January 6th in the United States played out in Michigan. About nine months before January 6th, we saw our capital inundated with people with weapons, making threats, hanging me in effigy. It was scary. And we saw it culminate in January 6th in our nation's capital. And in the United States, a midterm election, the party that is in the White House is historically a bad time for everyone else who's in that party when they are up for election in the middle of that term of the person in the White House. All of that being said, despite all of the anxiety and anger and division and politicization and social media and misinformation, we had a midterm election in Michigan where I won reelection. My attorney general who also is a woman won reelection. My secretary of state who was also a woman won reelection. My lieutenant governor who is the first African American lieutenant governor in Michigan history also won reelection and we passed a constitutional amendment to protect reproductive rights in the state of Michigan and we flipped both our house and Senate. And I share that because we now have the first black speaker of the house in Michigan history and the first woman Senate majority leader in the state of Michigan. And I share that because despite all the history that would tell you that could never happen and all of the challenge that we've had to navigate, the people spoke with their votes and we're now have an opportunity to lead for four more years and that gives me hope that despite the misinformation and the anger and how ugly politics has become, when the people are engaged and their voices count, you see real representation and that gives me hope and I hope that gives some of you hope as well. Thank you and Massey, final word on hope to you and to the women of Iran. Guys, as you see, I'm terribly sick. I'm very sorry about that, but I didn't want to cancel this. I wanted to come here because I'm hopeful, you know? And I see hope in unity. And I want to actually invite the whole world to show your unity solidarity with women of Iran and Afghanistan. I think the time has come for the whole world to see women's march for women of Iran and Afghanistan. Sarina was only 17-year-old. She got killed by the police in Iran. Nika was only 16-year-old and there are teenagers in Iran and Afghanistan, they are looking to us. So when I see unity, I means in practice, we have to get together. Look at from China to Russia, Venezuela, Iran, all the dictators are more united than us who cares about equality, feminism, dignity, freedom. And that scares me, you know?  I don't care about my life, but when I see that women of Iran are being killed and getting raped and women of Afghanistan being kicked out from school, but still we are not united, that scares me. And this is the unique time I hope we can get together and ask the leaders of democratic country to isolate Taliban and Khomeini and their gang of killers. Otherwise, believe me, we are not gonna win. We're not gonna have freedom around the world if women of Iran and Afghanistan are not free. Thank you so much. Thank you, Governor Whitner. Thank you, Arancha. Thank you, Svetlana. And thank you, Masi. Thank you for your leadership and providing us with this inspiration today. Thank you, everyone.