Good evening, everyone. My name is Stephanie Mehta. I'm the CEO of a company called Mansuedo Ventures. We publish fast company and ink magazines. And I'm delighted to moderate today's panel on preparing for the next pandemic. As you know, roughly one human pathogen emerges every year. And any one of those novel pathogens could have the potential to be the next pandemic. Today we're going to explore the question of how the public and private sectors can work together to protect lives and livelihoods. There's already some interesting examples of public-private partnership just happening today. Comic Relief US announced a $10 million pledge to the Global Fund, which is the first private organization to announce a commitment to the Global Fund's seventh replenishment. The World Economic Forum continues to support a number of global public-private partnerships including the Pathogen Surveillance Initiatives. And there are so many other conversations happening here at the World Economic Forum that point to the importance of public-private partnerships. And we're going to explore a little bit on the panel today. Before I introduce our esteemed panelists, just a little bit of housekeeping. We will have a little bit of time at the end for audience Q&A. So please use Slido, the Slido app, in order to submit your questions. And I'll see them here on my iPad. And if you are going to use social media, if you're going to tweet or mention this panel, please include the hashtag W-E-F-22. So with that, let me introduce our panelists. Helen E. Clark is Board Chair, Partnership for Maternal at Newborn and Child Health for the World Health Organization. And she's also the Co-Chair of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Responsiveness. We also have with us, we're very fortunate to have President Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda, followed by Bill Gates, Co-Chair of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as the author of a new book about preventing the next pandemic. We're followed by Francis Sousa, who is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Illumina, Inc. And finally, Peter Sands, who is the Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Thank you all for being here. Thank you. I want to start with Bill Gates. Your new book is titled, How to Prevent the Next Pandemic, but this panel is about preparing for the next pandemic. So is the next pandemic really preventable? Well, the ideal is that when you have outbreaks that you detect them early and you contain them before they go global, less than 2% of the deaths are in the first 100 days. And infectious disease is an exponential phenomena. And so if you let it run, then it's very difficult to rein it back in. The true exemplars, the variance between the death rates in countries with similar GDPs is quite dramatic. You have almost a factor of 50 between the good performers and the poor performers, where sadly the U.S. is in that poor performer category. And there's clear things that they did. If those were done early around the outbreak, then you could prevent it from spreading to lots and lots of countries. So that certainly should be the goal, is to not let it go global. And we'll explore some of those very specific things that countries and institutions can do to help prevent the next pandemic. President Kagami, let me ask you, what do you see as the top lessons that we've learned about preparing for the next pandemic from dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic? To begin with, we have talked as if there is going to be a pandemic soon or later anyway. So we get prepared for that either to prevent it or stop it spreading as Bir has just said. But what we have learned, for example, from the perspective of our continent, we have to deal with capacity issues to begin with. We have to have the capacity to test, to treat, to administer vaccines, and so on and so forth. That is number one. Number two, the lessons we learned also show us that we have to avoid to always be dependent on others for things that our lives depend on. So that's why we seek to build manufacturing capacities for vaccines, like it's beginning to happen in different parts of our continent. The third would be if you look at across the continent, we have to, again, work together, have to put our resources, in which case, continentally, we have the CDC, the African CDC, also have the African Medicines Agency, and we have to build in their capacity to help all the countries of our continent, 55 countries. The other, I should say, we need really to focus. There is a lot in science and research and technology that we should be able to tap into to deal with all these crises. So we should make investments either in individual countries or again, continentally, and that's what we have been doing and seeking to do. Helen, your independent panel released a report in May of this year, and the title was Transforming or Tinkering. Inaction lays the groundwork for another pandemic, which is very sobering and very blunt. Can you talk a little bit about what is preventing private players and governments from taking the steps that you laid out in your initial reports? So in the initial report, we observed that there'd been previously around 16 different reports, reviews and commissions on this subject, most of which had never been acted on at all, which is part of the reason why we keep issuing progress and update reports to remind people that there is a good set of recommendations out there. But I think there's always a danger in this area that it falls victim to that cycle of panic and neglect. So we've had panic, right? But the reality is that political resolve to fight COVID is waning. Popular support for measures is waning. People are over COVID. The problem is it's not done with us, but we're in danger of losing this moment for transformative change. And let's face it, people are still dying in significant numbers every day. People are still developing long COVID every day. Low-income countries are horribly, horribly under-vaccinated. We've got issues here and now. I think another reason is that the package of things that has to happen is trans-sector. And there hasn't yet been an effort to try and bring together a head of state and government level focus on the range of things that needs to be done. We said this needs a special session at the General Assembly. It needs a negotiated political declaration that brings the different threads together. We're talking not just the WHO and health ecosystem. We're talking the WTOs. We're talking the IFIs. We're talking the wide range of foundations, players in the space. And so a lot of people are doing bits and pieces, but it's not looking like a coordinated push to get transformational change. And again, I really do want to come back to this idea of how we get that coordinated push. But, Peter, I'd like to ask you a little bit about the news that was made today. You know, share a little bit about why it was so significant. The $10 million itself is not the big number, although the Gates Foundation did more than match that number. But I also want you to talk a little bit about why it's important to address diseases like malaria, TB, in the context of this conversation about preventing the next pandemic. Well, first of all, we're really thrilled that Comic Relief US has announced this $10 million donation pledge to the Global Fund's seventh replenishment. Comic Relief has been a longstanding partner of the Global Fund, so it's great to see them recommitting to the next phase of the Global Fund's work. And as you noted, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has kind of double matched it, bringing it up to $30 million. So thank you, Bill, for that. And this is our first private sector pledge for this replenishment campaign. Now, $30 million is a great start. The target is $18 billion, so we have a little ways to go. But it is incredibly important to have significant private sector engagement in the way the Global Fund works, both from a financial perspective, because quite frankly, development assistance for health budgets aren't going to meet the total requirements of all the needs that we face right now. But also because the private sector brings a set of capabilities. We have partnerships with tech companies, with Coca-Cola and Last Mile Distribution, all sorts of different partnerships. So it's not just the money. We like the money. But it's what comes with the money in terms of private sector skills and expertise. You asked about the link between AIDS, TB, and malaria diseases like that and pandemic preparedness. I think the starting point is that, actually, people don't really like thinking about pandemics.  Nobody's told the virus that. But the general attitude is that it's over. And what we've seen in the past is the public and political interest in investing against pandemics wanes really, really quickly. So if we want to sustain it, we have to do it in a way that actually delivers for people. And we can do that by investing smartly. And the way we do that is by investing in lab networks, community health workers, supply chains, primary health care facilities that simultaneously help countries defeat diseases like HIV, TB, and malaria and make us safer against future pathogens. And that isn't that hard to do. I mean, actually, many countries' responses to COVID-19 were based upon the infrastructure and capacities that have been put in place for HIV, TB, and malaria. I think we just have to be a bit more intentional in investing in multi-pathogen capability, in surge capacity, so that we do achieve those two objectives at once. Frances, can you talk a little bit about the role of innovation in helping us prepare or prevent the next pandemic? Sure. You know, we've recently just crossed over 15 million deaths associated with the pandemic. And that extreme suffering of the pandemic has really challenged scientists and physicians and technologists to deliver innovation to combat the pandemic. And as we look back on this period, I think we will recognize just the amount of breakthrough innovation that has happened over the last couple of years on many fronts. On the sequencing front, for example, which is technology that companies like Illumina provide, which, you know, we provide machines, you put in blood or saliva or plant material, we'll tell you the DNA in it. What's happened is over the last few years, the price of sequencing has dropped from $150,000 a genome in 2007 to $600 a genome today. So over a 99% drop in the price, and we've publicly committed to taking it down another 80% the next few years. What that's enabled is us to deploy sequencing around the world. And we've started to see that payoff in a number of ways. Right at the beginning of the pandemic, we were in Wuhan. You know, the first notification to the WHO was on December 31st, 2019. 10 days later, the viral genome was published. We were working in Shanghai on that. And then, you know, Stefan and Salad Moderna talks about the fact that they took that data.  They used the genomic data coming off those machines to launch their vaccine development program. And then since then, we've seen sequencing now deployed around the world. Over 190 countries now have sequenced sequencing data on the virus in their countries. That's allowed us to watch and track how the virus is mutating, how it's spreading. And that informs whether the tools we're using, like diagnostics or therapeutics or vaccines, are going to hold. And it also helps us make policy decisions around, well, should we do a travel ban because we haven't yet seen local spread or is it too late to do that? Now, there's still more work to do. And while we have the components to prevent, the technology components to prevent a future pandemic, we now have to do work on the policy. I'll give you an example. When South Africa and Botswana raised the alarm about a new variant that they'd noticed, the knee-jerk reaction from the United States and Europe was to immediately put a travel ban on them. So instead of rewarding them for identifying a new variant that, by the way, was already circulating in Europe, the reaction was to punish them. And so we need policies in place that say, look, if a country identifies a variant, we need to help them. We need to do a surge of vaccines or therapeutics or testing. We need to help them financially and make it safe for countries to report that they see a virus emerging. And then we also need to make this a global infrastructure. We now know that, ultimately, we're only as strong as the weakest among us. And so we need a global surveillance infrastructure. I guess the good news is, as we're deploying this infrastructure around the world, it provides infrastructure not just to fight future pandemics, not just to fight future pathogen outbreaks, but also to help countries deal with other diseases, like cancer, for example. They can leverage the sequencing infrastructure or cardiovascular disease or genetic diseases. And so as we lay this out to fight the pandemic, we can emerge from this stronger. And we should make a commitment. You started with this. We can't prevent future outbreaks. Well, we should commit to say, this could be the last pandemic we see. Right. Let me follow up with Bill Gates on something that was really important about what Frances said, which was that you were in Wuhan. You were able to identify using next-generation sequencing the risk. But that information was not disseminated as widely as it should have been. And there was this degree of inaction. And before we even get to the policy piece, which is very important, I'd like to ask Bill Gates, since you cover this in your book, how do we come up with a coordinated effort? What is the path to creating some sort of global response so that we can help the weakest link get stronger? Well, there certainly was time enough for some countries to respond and have very, very mild pandemics. Ground zero, wherever the emergence takes place, is always going to have the toughest job. Will they see an elevation in respiratory symptoms? Will they see an elevation in deaths? Will they run a diagnostic panel? They're not gonna be sequencing everything. But when things, when you get an elevation or you get your normal diagnostic panel showing something unusual, then you've got to start sequencing. And so there could be more delay in reaction if we have a country with low capacity and we don't have a global team. People always talk about, oh, let's help countries do better. Yeah, we should help countries do better. But a lot of the pandemic risks are in countries when the next several decades will not have that local capacity. So you have to have global capacity. If you're serious about pandemics, you have to have global capacity that can come in and do those things. So we see that a lot. But here, we're lucky if this had been 10 years ago, some of these vaccine technologies did not exist. If it comes 10 years from now, we should have far, far better diagnostic technology that is be able to scale up every country within a month to diagnose their entire population. We should have much better therapeutics, some of which will be pathogen independent. And then, as we do come up with vaccines, we want vaccines that are infection blocking and long duration, which today, the vaccines have saved millions of lives, but they don't have a bunch in the way of duration and they're not good at infection blocking. President Kagame, how should health organizations and leaders sort of measure the humanitarian impact of pandemics and how should that factor into preparedness? Well, first of all, government's responsibility being really working out these policy measures and bringing in, they have to create the trust with the citizens. So as I said earlier, building these capacities also enables us to have a clear picture of what needs to be done in the country and where we need to put the investments. And like in Rwanda and Senegal, South Africa, Ghana, we are beginning to work together and working with the partners from across the world. For example, the four I have mentioned are working now with BioNTech to use the mRNA technology to start actually building capacity on the ground to resolve the other problem I said of always depending from how generous the rest of the world is going to be to us before we get to the vaccines. So we have to work across the private sector, government and then the citizens themselves. Like when this pandemic struck from the beginning and later on, even when vaccines were discovered, we relied so much for a long time on what we learned, the land that science tells us to prevent by the social distancing and of course the testing, hygiene and all kinds of things. We relied so much on that and it worked because we were able to communicate with the population and to mobilize them to use what was known and what was available before the vaccines to make sure that the population remains secure. So it's working across the board. It is being organized, it is building these capacities even internally. Like the company just mentioned, you are going to work with, you are going to transfer knowledge to local engineers do what they need to do in these countries, South Africa, Senegal, Ghana, and others around the way. Helen, what does an ideal coordinated response look like based on the work that you did on the independent panel and the precedence that we've been talking about? If you could design the perfect coordinated response, what are the elements of it? Well, every orchestra needs a conductor and so our proposal was to have a global response to the global health threats council. Not a novel thought, by the way, President Kequate of Tanzania chaired a panel back in Bunky Moons time as Secretary-General which called for such a council emerging out of support from the General Assembly to oversee, if you like, readiness across the system and hold actors to account because there are many moving parts. As I said, what's going to happen with WTO and troops? What's going to happen with this fund or that? What's going to happen with new legal instruments and really to have some independent oversight of all of the institutions that are head of state and government level would be quite helpful in our opinion and we would still like to see at the General Assembly this year a high level event where the heads of state like President Kagame would come, the negotiators would have prepared a declaration sort of setting out the reform path across the sectors. We think that the General Assembly, as it tended at a very high level, has the capacity to do that. But if I could just comment also on the humanitarian aspects, you know, this pandemic has had very uneven effect. It's been very hard on the elderly. It's been very hard on those with health vulnerabilities. It's been very hard on those who haven't been able to access any vaccines at all. And sometimes when you see reporting on who is dying in the course of the pandemic, it's almost eerily dismissed as, oh, well, they were old or sick anyway. Hang on a minute. I have a dad who's 100. I don't want him dying of COVID. He's not ready to go. And I think, you know, we really have to come back to our human values here. We have a responsibility to protect our populations. We have these huge health inequity issues of the undernourished, the immunocompromised, all sorts of health inequalities and we have left a lot of people very, very exposed, by, you know, a range of suboptimal national responses and then the inequality of vaccine and therapeutic rollouts. Peter, in addition to funding partnerships, you've also struck some really interesting partnerships with corporations. For example, I think you've got to deal with Pfizer. When it's not a financial contribution, but a contribution in kind or a letter of intent, can you talk a little bit about how those kinds of public-private partnerships can work? Well, obviously, as a big procurer of diagnostics, therapeutics, oxygen, all sorts of medical tools, we have a range of supply partnerships with different manufacturers. The one you referenced on Friday, we announced a letter of intent with Pfizer around the new oral antiviral and we are working with partners through the ACT Accelerator to support countries in getting access to these oral antivirals, but equally as importantly, in putting in place the testing strategies and clinical pathways to be able to use them because these oral antivirals have to be used pretty early in the first few days of people getting COVID and so you've got to have the testing, you've got to have the ability to decide which people it's appropriate for and get them on to treatment quickly. So there's a partnership with the manufacturer but there's also a partnership with a whole bunch of other actors to make this happen and I do think it's important that we do this because well, we would all like to believe that COVID-19 is going to sort of quietly march off into the sunset. I don't think it is. We will see more variants. We don't know what those variants would be like but the advantage of having more tools at our disposal and when I say our at everybody's disposal is that we can save a lot more lives to pick up on the point that Helen made about the inequities. There's been a lot of focus on the inequities in provision of vaccines, of treatments and it's absolutely right that we should focus on those and we should try and ensure equitable access as quickly as possible in this kind of situation but there's also a bit of an inequity that perhaps is less mentioned which is who gets to decide what counts as a pandemic and when does it stop counting as a pandemic? So the last big pandemic to strike humanity was HIV AIDS. We don't tend to talk about it as a pandemic anymore. The second biggest killer among infectious diseases is tuberculosis. We don't tend to talk about it and the reason we don't, I'm afraid, is because they don't pose a threat to people living in rich countries and we need to be careful that we don't just put the special effort on those things that pose a threat to people in rich countries and also that we don't end up with a trail of kind of residual pandemics where they're no longer threatening the people in rich countries but they're still killing a bunch of people in the poorer parts of the world. We need to kind of finish the job. Speaking of finishing the job, several panelists have mentioned that we all wish COVID were no longer a topic and that we kind of wish that pandemics would just go away. Bill, you've just published an op-ed that reminds us that even as we are contending with a war in Ukraine, even as we are contending with the potential for a recession, even as we're contending with high inflation, countries still need to, and leaders in private sector, still need to make pandemic preparedness or prevention a top priority. How do we do that when there are other concerns that keep creeping into the conversation? Well, we're certainly at risk that global health issues may get deprioritized as there's so much else going on, whether it's the ongoing pandemic or as Peter says, however you characterize HIV, malaria and TB, where the equity issue there is super dramatic. And it's good in a way that when infectious diseases hit rich countries, it reminds people, wow, we're not the only one suffering from this. What about these great tools that we have access to? When the prevalence goes down in the rich countries, that awareness tends to diminish. Now, various bilateral programs like US PEPFAR and the Multilateral Global Fund have done a good job reducing a lot of that inequity. But it'll be an interesting test. There's a replenishment that comes up probably in the last quarter where Global Fund is going to go out and ask for an increase from $14 billion to $18 billion. And we'll see in the face of all these priorities that are, I agree, absolutely important priorities can global health maintain the visibility that it deserves. Lots of work to do on this pandemic, lots of work to do on those three diseases and lots of work to do on those health systems. That's the front line for all the things we're talking about. And those investments are very dramatic in terms of the payoffs you get in terms of the human capacity you get by getting rid of these disease burdens. Maybe I'll add one other dimension to this discussion because public health funding is going to be an important factor here in terms of combating the future pandemic. But one of the realizations I think that people have been coming to over the last couple of years is that combating pathogens is not just a public health priority. It's also a defense priority. I remember I had this conversation in the White House actually in March of 2020 when we were sitting around and there was a realization that we could have been under a bioterrorist attack and been under attack for weeks and many, many people were dying and we didn't know the source, we didn't know how to combat it. And so I think there's sort of an increasing awareness that combating a pathogen is increasingly a defense priority too, that the next attack, yeah, it may be the next coronavirus or the next antimicrobial resistance, but it could be a bioterrorist weapon. So what that brings into the equation is that we're not just necessarily looking for public health funding, which unfortunately goes through surges and then dies off, but we should be accessing defense budgets too and those unfortunately tend to be more perennial. But we've got to remember that, again, fighting pathogens is not just a public health priority, it's a global defense priority too, increasingly going forward. Frances, at the top of the conversation you talked about the massive scientific effort that went into creating the vaccines and I have a tendency to make everything a talent conversation, so I apologize in advance, but are you seeing in biotech and in gene sequencing a renewed interest from young people who would otherwise have pursued careers at a company like Microsoft, say, now turning their attention and energies to healthcare vaccines next generation sequencing? That's a great question because, you know, as we think back on what this pandemic meant, I think there's a chance we think about the fact that this pandemic launched us into the 21st century in the same way that it was actually World War I, I believe that launched us into the 20th century and set the defining issues of that century and I think as we could be entering not just the 21st century, but the era of biology and the era of the genome and I think that as we start to think about some of the biggest challenges that we face, whether it's food security or fighting pandemics or climate change, increasingly biology is going to play a bigger and bigger role and if the 19th century was the era of the atom and the industrial revolution and the 20th century was the era of the bit and the digital revolution, we'll increasingly start to think about the 21st century as being an era of the genome and the biological revolution. Now what that means is we need a lot of talent to come to biology and we need a lot of talent from different fields. You know with sequencing we're digitizing biology which means increasingly we need more people with deep software expertise, with deep AI and machine learning expertise and we'll need that in a scale that we haven't seen before and I'll give you an example, even in the US, most doctors today went to med school before the first human genome was sequenced and so if you go to a doctor even where there are precision therapies available for things like cancer, many oncologists at the top of their field still don't go to sequencing yet and so there's a need for education and sort of talent building across the entire spectrum from continuing education of doctors and specialists through medical school and I think that Stanford and Harvard only started teaching genomics a few years ago through colleges, through high schools and yes we are seeing people that were traditionally in tech that have worked for the last decade in tech coming to biology and inspired by the work that's happened over the pandemic saying look I want to be part of this of this in the future. But biology, that biology is the biology of longevity, cancer multi-million dollar stem cell therapies it's not the biology of helping developing countries the percentage of the R&D budgets that go towards the things that cause the most deaths is well under 2% so there's a little bit of a mismatch of what the excitement is you know n equals 1 type Yeah and we need to change that I mean absolutely the priority going forward has to be much more around the needs of the developing world we cannot have this biology be a tool for the wealthy and so we saw that in the pandemic and we saw how we all have a vested interest in fighting this together and it doesn't matter if we fight it in the rich countries because it'll just keep mutating and coming back to attack us also we're realizing that we need the diversity of genomes to really come up with the best therapeutics and so for example today the genomic data sets are woefully underrepresented in terms of African genomes and Asian genomes and we realize that's creating poorer therapeutics so there's I think a need to make sure as Bill said that the way we spend our R&D in the past is not the same as we spend it in the future we can't be creating these multi-hundred thousand dollar immunotherapies if I had cancer that'll never make it into the developing world well let me go back to you Bill you're an investor you're somebody who cares deeply about innovation how do we incent innovators to focus on biology for the underserved market well it's a you know markets work for lots of things but markets do not work to incent investment in malaria eradication or you know TB vaccination those are incredibly expensive things that the affected countries you know don't have the resources and there's no market for those things so the term investor if that means you're seeking profit no I'm not an investor if it means trying to improve you know the 300,000 kids who die of malaria then yes the metric is always going to be life saved and the greatest underinvestment is still in infectious disease as we make progress there we will want to move up and do non-infectious disease non-communicable disease NCDs is the term people use and some of those the therapies are getting cheap enough now that they really are suitable for going global and making them available for everyone but we still have a lot left to do on infectious disease and the generosity of rich world governments is very important for that for pandemics it's different they should fund those things even if they only care about their own lives you know a insurance policy that costs a few billion that fairly often will save you trillions of dollars is a very very good deal so we shouldn't take the budgets of the you know helping out developing countries and divert that for pandemic pandemic money should come from health spending or just however you think of protecting your citizens while we continue a high level of generosity for the unique conditions in developing countries Peter you look like you want to get in here your body language I I just wanted to agree with that point which was that better pandemic preparedness for the world as a whole is at the expense of the lives of the people in the poorest communities that's not a great outcome we need to achieve both we need to do both simultaneously but I also wanted to pick up on your reference to talent I think one thing we have not done well in the global health community is come up with the equivalent of what the climate community did with green jobs of making investment in the people who do things around climate adaptation mitigation into a positive we tend to think of investments in health systems as being an expense but actually the investment in talent in community health workers in lab technicians in supply and logistics people in doctors and nurses these are great jobs these are sustained skills jobs providing people with career path they're also disproportionately jobs for women particularly community health workers and so as a way of promoting as well as promoting better health it's a really powerful mechanism but we haven't kind of sold it that way I'm afraid too many finance ministers I think still think of more investment in the health system as being a sort of negative on the PNL of the country rather than being an investment in great jobs which are part of the future of the economy I think on the funding it most definitely should not be coming from development assistance budgets heaven knows they are under incredible stress now we're seeing a number of the the good traditional donors diverting money from their budgets for refugee resettlement from Ukraine in their own countries and so on so to as Peter says to further rob the development assistance budget to pay for global public goods like pandemic preparedness and response would be reprehensible and so I guess a number of us are looking at the way this financial intermediary fund that's sort of coming out of the G20 type process we're looking at it with a lot of interest because it looks again like another donor fund which will come out of assistance budgets our panel felt that you need a kind of global public investment model to cater for investment in global public goods because a weak link of the chain anywhere is a threat to the health security of all so that's a different kinds of formulas and not drawing from the funds that should be going to the world's poorest President Konami I wanted to ask you a bit of a broader question about leadership what kind what leadership skills did you draw on the most in addressing the current pandemic and are those the same leadership skills that world leaders nonprofit leaders business leaders are going to have to apply to pandemic preparedness before I answer that let me come to a point adding to what has just been said learning again from the experience we have had in Africa in my country because if you look at across Africa only on average 18% of the populations have been vaccinated now that's a small number and the reason is that we did not invest enough in public health systems because even when people received vaccines they are not able to administer them some of them actually would spoil it stores so that speaks to the fact that there are certain investments we have to make even national budgets we have to I know countries developing countries have many priorities and but health building investing in health in health systems must be one of those priorities so that I wanted to mention that so back to your point the leadership qualities I mean some of these things in our experience in my country we have been we have been hard pressed to find solutions for many problems that have come almost at the same time and in fact we have not been able sometimes to identify which is a priority and which one is not so everything is a priority and we have to think about this as well as looking at the resources available many times limited but the people that must be served must be part of that solution when you are thinking about the outcomes and where you want to go so the leadership that is therefore required is to understand the problem specifically but how do you even introduce that prioritization as to what needs to come to be in place first before you get to another even in such difficult situations and being driven by the outcomes you want but also being able to measure at every step what are you doing does it need to change at a certain point do you need to do things differently and therefore or continue the other one and do it better so it's a broad question but leadership has to be there it has to be confronting the problem without excuses so in some of us have learned this hard lesson from dealing with these difficult problems of our society and that is Rwanda but it is similar to many other parts of our continent there is no finger pointing there is no blame here you just take it as your own and bring together all the resources human, financial others and see what can do and the best thing is that now the world has all kinds of tools that are science that are people who are going to help and thanks for example the innovation of the world putting the global fund there are philanthropies who want to help who are driven by the outcomes that we want so it's an interplay of so many things you know there are a range of leadership styles shown during the pandemic and without doubt I think the best responses came and followed the evidence in the science and didn't engender distrust and cynicism about it among their publics secondly on the basis of that communicated clearly with their publics including being honest about what we didn't know because we didn't know much at all initially and thirdly had empathy you know this was about people's lives and they were going to do whatever they could and people being first also tended to get the best economic responses because if you have a society that is fearful that's not good for an economy either if you have a society where people are falling sick unnecessarily because you haven't put in place the most basic public health measures that's not good for the economy so you know there were good examples across male and female leaders of these kinds of attributes the woman overall did pretty well a lot of them ended well as well and some did very badly well I just you know to repeat what you just said Helen following the data admitting what you don't know and showing empathy just seemed like good leadership skills will stop we do have time for a few questions from Slido but before we go to that you know the word innovation has come up a number of times Bill you have a chapter in your book dedicated to innovation as to preventing the next pandemic what do you see as the scientific technological process innovations that need to happen as part of this broader conversation about pandemic preparedness well it's fantastic that in the area of diagnostics you know we should be able to use low cost approaches that still report the data back and ramp those up there are a new generation of diagnostic machines like Lumira that can be used during and you're out for things like HIV and TB that then you know actually it got into after mostly because we had a COVID test authorized on it and now we'll move to to use it for those other things so diagnostic and the structure backed up by sequencing capacity that's very very important then in the therapeutic realm you know how do we get antivirals without waiting two years how do we get antibodies that contract the variants very rapidly and don't require infusion can we have drugs that are pathogen independent and stimulate the innate immune system so you can block infection and those could be used early on and then finally the profile for the vaccines for the operation and infection blocking and breath being important there you know so that's probably tens of billions but beneficial to so many diseases you know mRNA has some great characteristics so if we can add these other features in that you know it's a good chance that will be the solution for HIV and malaria you know we can probably move faster to develop those vaccines so we can see any other technology so you know besides the global monitoring piece the next big piece is that R&D agenda and then the hardest piece which we've all been talking about is the quality of the health systems in the countries themselves there's a question from the audience about any comments on AI driven infectious disease surveillance systems anyone on the panel have a thought on digital intelligence for surveillance you can use AI for a number of different things you can use it to detect disease patterns that are out of the ordinary and get you a better radar screen on that we also see applications for AI in things like TB case finding where you're trying to use you're trying to improve the yield essentially because testing is expensive so that you find the cases more effectively so I think we will see a range of uses of AI from disease surveillance to improving the efficacy of diagnostic efforts let me add one example that's playing out right now which is you know ideally we'd get to a world where we're doing automatic monitoring of the environment so you're seeing examples of wastewater monitoring for example say we'll do daily sequencing of samples but you want to add other forms of signal intelligence say we can do sequencing of communities through wastewater or other examples but we're also going to look at Google searches we're going to look at the temperatures reported by network thermometers for example and so integrating all this signal intelligence and trying to identify well what actually is indicative of an outbreak that's stuff where you can use machine learning and AI to start to say what pattern you know starts to be most indicative of outbreak so that's one example that's playing out right now there's also a question on Slido about the use and implementation of a global vaccine passport now we're not talking about the past so much as the future but does anybody on the panel have a thought about whether or not vaccine passports are valuable in the context of pandemic preparedness and prevention I'm not sure about a passport but I think what would be useful would be to have global standards of certification going back to the earlier times of vaccination in 2021 I was hearing from a friend who had family in Sweden who needed a particular vaccine to get there particularly one to get to the US particular one was available somewhere else getting global standards established as to what qualifies as protection I think would be useful so there's probably work to be done in this space it would be more valuable if you had an infection blocking vaccine the idea of checking if people are vaccinated if you have breakthrough infections what's the point but the data system some countries did a very good job on being able to verify vaccinated status the US did not but there's some great examples even India did a fantastic job on that and for our last question I'd like to ask each of the panelists to make the optimistic case for preventing the next pandemic if you had to say why the next pandemic would be prevented what would be the case for optimism I'm going to start with you Helen we have to believe that it's possible to stop a localized outbreak becoming a global pandemic and that means better surveillance more transparency frankly by all member states they think something's happened it's got to be reported and the WHO needs the power to be on the site with whatever teams need to be deployed it needs to be able to publish the information it has rather than big countries for permission to do it it's got to be able to take a precautionary approach and running up a flag and it's got to be able to declare an emergency without being kneecapped by an emergency committee these are basic things that need to be dealt with in a review of the international health regulations otherwise we will lose weeks again next time something happens President Kagame what makes you optimistic that will prevent the next pandemic the fact that I think we have all learned one lesson or the other as to the current pandemic a sense of urgency has kicked in and we know now which strings to pull and put things together and work together we might work together better in the next pandemic than we have done we have already done well to an extent working together so I think lessons we have learned should be able to be driving us in the right direction be reasonably rational to let tens of millions die all the negative effects of the pandemic cannot invest something society does a great job on fire prevention we have professional firefighters and we practice here the thing that I emphasize is practice how do you quickly get diagnostic capacity up how do you come up with these policies and communicate them we are not ready there is a strong correlation between the countries that had some risk of SARS-CoV-1 as being the best performers you can directly map that to the quick action they took between the room for innovation the scale of the tragedy I think we will we are a little distracted right now but I think it is happening slowly that is why this panel is so important is because it needs more discussion about exactly what form it takes but I think this one is not super expensive compared to the benefit the reason I am optimistic for the first time in human history we have the technology components necessary to think about even we have mRNA platforms we have low cost diagnostics we have sequencing all at price points that make it possible to think about preventing a pandemic we have also learned not just the humanitarian cost of a pandemic but the economic cost of a pandemic we have actually seen that bill come due and I think that will make us more likely to invest and finally we have realized that we are all in this together that we have to help everyone else because otherwise it keeps coming back after us and the lessons make me optimistic Peter I am going to give you the last word hard to add I do think that there have been some seed changes somebody who before I came to the global fund was trying to persuade businesses and the IMF to take pandemic threat seriously and was singly unsuccessful Covid did a much better job of that than I ever did so I think the point about the economics look we have some fantastic science and the more we can attract some of the best brains around the world to invest in this kind of stuff and spend that time on it I think will better protection the practice point the sad truth is we have plenty of diseases to practice on muscles used are far more effective the muscles left idle and by turbocharging the fight against infectious diseases that are killing people now we can protect people far better from the infectious diseases that might kill all of us well I'm glad we were able to end on an optimistic note this has been a tremendous panel I want to thank everybody Helen President Kikame


Alright good morning everyone and good morning to the online students as well we will begin today with Exodus yesterday we were talking about Genesis and hopefully you learnt a few new things and today we will be moving into the book of Exodus and we will just look at you know get a brief overview of this particular book now yesterday there were no questions in the online Google Classroom stream so maybe there were no doubts from the book of Genesis or at least no simple doubts that can be clarified easily so and today too you know if you have anything online students if you have any doubts any questions feel free to post them on the stream page of the Google Classroom alright so Exodus, Exodus covers quite a large period of time we see the account beginning sometime before Moses arrival that is you know for about 400 years after the death of Joseph you had the Israelites living over there in the land and of Egypt and so now those 400 years are almost done and that is when this book of Exodus begins so it covers the time span from the time of Joseph's death right up to the setting of the tabernacle in the wilderness that entire time period is covered in our book of Exodus and as we all know the main focus of Exodus is on how God delivers the Israelites from Egypt and also it talks about how this Israelite people become a nation up to that time they were just known as a people group of slaves but now once they come out of Egypt they become a nation of their own and of course in the coming books we would see how they you know establish themselves in their own land and all of those further details so what happened to them in Egypt was not something unanticipated something you know shocking because the Lord already knew that they would go through this phase of slavery we see that very clearly mentioned in Genesis itself in Genesis chapter 15 verses 13 to 21 the Lord tells Abraham beforehand itself that the Israelites will be enslaved for about 400 years in the land of Egypt so this is something that the Lord already was aware of and informed Abraham about and then there's something important that the Lord says to Abraham he says that after they are delivered after they come out of Egypt and they enter into the promised land he says that in that place God would use the Israelites as his instrument of judgment and we see that in Genesis chapter 15 verse 16 so maybe we can have one person read out here in the classroom Genesis chapter 15 verse 16 and those of us who are online if we could please you know follow this in our Bibles it talks about the how the the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its peak but when the time comes then Israelites will be used as God's instrument to judge the Amorites so over here the term Amorites is being used as a as a commonplace general term to refer to all the Canaanite nations which are there in the land of Canaan because the Amorites were a larger people group and so in certain places we see that rather than you know referring to them as Canaanites the term Amorites is used so it's not specifically talking about just the Amorite people because God's judgment does come upon the other people groups living over there as well so over here in this particular verse Genesis 15 16 the term Amorite is being used as a common term to refer to all of the people who are living in the land of Canaan upon whom the judgment would be coming and if I remember rightly it's I think seven we would actually deal with this in the book of Joshua but I think it's specifically seven people groups that God wants to bring judgment upon and so he specifically tells the Israelites to target those particular people groups and bring God's judgment upon them you know through war and through invasion and conquest of that land and so coming to the writing styles which have been used in the book of Exodus now we are more familiar with this term genre which we looked at last class so there are two genres mentioned here in our book of Exodus we of course have narrative history this historical record being written in prose form but we also have a legal lists of laws many laws written down in a in a legal writing style you know which was used in the ancient Near East in those times so that particular writing style is used to to write out the many instructions and laws which the Lord began to give to Moses some I'm trying to stand close to the mic so I hope that now I'm more clear to the online students because you know one of you had said that the volume is not too clear so I hope I'm more audible now yeah all right now again based on the chronology which is there in first Kings chapter 6 you know which we talked about yesterday based on the chronology given over there they assess they you know they calculate backward and they assess that most probably Moses wrote Exodus between 1450 and 1410 BC and in fact in the book of Exodus we have at least three or four mentions where it actually where the Lord says to Moses write down what I am saying so we have evidence that Moses was actually writing down and recording all the things that were taking place maybe we could just look at one example of that Exodus chapter 17 verse 14 if we could have one person read out that please Exodus 17 verse 14 so there are many occasions where the Lord tells him write down these things because these things should be recorded and preserved for future generations as well so this is kind of evidence it's kind of proof that Moses was the author of Exodus so you know those who say that Moses did not write they would have to deal with these verses where it clearly says that Moses were was putting down a written record and these he would have later edited and re-edited and you know composed into one final format so we can be quite sure that Moses was involved in the writing of the book of Exodus what else some of the key personalities that we find in this book we have of course Moses himself because he's the leader who leads the people we also have Miriam who's given emphasis because you know she she figures in the beginning of the book where she is you know assisting her baby brother then later on also she acts as a prophetess and sings out songs to the Lord so we have Miriam playing an active role of course we have Pharaoh and Pharaoh's daughter who play an important part in the you know events which take place we also have Aaron and of course Joshua is also mentioned we have Joshua being introduced in the book of Exodus now coming to the structure of Exodus we could say that the first seven chapters form section one because in the first seven chapters we get an idea of what the Israelites were going through in Egypt we see that they have been enslaved and the Pharaoh is very much against them and life is very very difficult for them and we also get an introduction to Moses in the first seven chapters we can say that chapter 7 to 13 form the second section the second important section because in chapter 7 to 13 is where we see the Lord releasing all those 10 plagues upon the Egyptians we also see you know the final judgment of death on the first one which comes upon all the people who refuse to yield to Yahweh and we also see an account of the Passover where because the Israelites and some of the other people choose to obey Yahweh and you know cover their front door with the blood of the sacrifice they are spared and God passes over them and does not judge them so we see all of those things in the second section chapters 7 to 13 coming to the third section we could probably say that that would be chapters 14 to 18 so chapters 14 to 18 is where it actually talks about how they make their exodus the term exodus literally means going out exiting so they exit Egypt they leave Egypt and they set out so that would be recorded in chapters 14 to 18 and we also see how God brings judgment upon the army which tries to pursue them and they are all killed over there at the Red Sea so we see an account of that the next section main section would be chapters 19 to 24 where you have the laws and instructions which are being given by God all those would be found in chapters 19 to 24 and finally we come to chapters 25 to 40 the last section where you have specific instructions being given regarding the priests regarding how they should worship regarding the construction of the tabernacle all of those things are found in the last section chapters 25 to 40 now in your textbook we have a comparison being made you know exodus being compared with the other books of the Bible and the comparison made with the book of Leviticus is interesting because it talks about how in exodus we are introduced to the Passover lamb where the people are told that they must sacrifice the lamb and apply its blood on the on their front door so exodus introduces us to the Passover lamb but the details about the sacrifices and all of that that comes in the next we find that in the next book which is Leviticus and so in exodus we see God taking the initiative to reach out to the people to help them and to deliver them but in Leviticus the people are being urged to make take the initiative and reach out to God so in exodus it's God reaching out to the Israelites and in Leviticus it's the people who are being encouraged to reach back to God reach out to him and respond to him you know by following all that the Lord is teaching them so in the book of exodus we have God coming to them as their savior because he wants to deliver them redeem them but in Leviticus he is more their sanctifier he wants them to change their lifestyle start following the laws which have been laid down and reach out to God and establish a relationship with him so this is the kind of comparison that we see between exodus and Leviticus so having done with those preliminaries let's come to the some of the key concepts some of the key events you know things that maybe we can focus on in this book of exodus and yeah my hand waivers you know do not hesitate when we hit 1140 you know don't hesitate just wave your hand till you get my attention because I think people have a right to ask their questions okay so coming to the first thing that we can focus on why was Pharaoh was so concerned about the Israelites increasing in number why did that why did he feel so threatened by that and the main reason for that would be in those days the larger the number of people the larger would be the army because I mean now we just use weapons you know we can even use remote long-distance weapons but in those days it's literally hand to hand combat and so the larger your army is the more people you have fighting on your side so the greater chances of you winning in a battle and so for them a large population was so important and here you have outsiders living in the land of Egypt and not only are they just living over there they are flourishing their numbers are increasing exploding so imagine if one day all these lights think to themselves hey why don't we form an army and take over this land this is a nice place instead of having an Egyptian Pharaoh sitting over there on the throne we can have one of our own guys sitting there on the throne so that was a threat it's a serious threat which the Pharaoh would have thought about so which is why it says you know in the beginning of Exodus a Pharaoh who did not know the Israelites because earlier there was an understanding between the previous Pharaoh and the people the people were grateful to the Pharaoh for having taken them into his land and all of that so there was there were amicable relationships but now a new Pharaoh has come to the throne he does not really know any of the Israelites personally and he starts seeing them as a danger because their numbers are increasing so rapidly they could do something if they wish to also the fact that they have settled down in the land of Goshen which was in fact a very fertile very prosperous region which means the Israelites would have been financially in a very sound state they would have had lots of flocks they would have had a lot of crops so financially they would have been in a really good place so if they really want to mobilize and turn themselves into an army and fight against the Egyptians they could have done that and so out of fear for these things Pharaoh decides that he's going to take away all of their rights all of their properties and he's going to reduce them into a bunch of slaves who would have absolutely no rights of any kind they would have no property nothing they would be completely dependent upon the Pharaoh so he deliberately reduces them to that state to kind of keep them under control and when even that doesn't work he starts panicking because you see in spite of making them into slaves they're still flourishing they're still increasing in numbers and so then he now you know issues and orders saying that the babies should be killed in the hope that at least then maybe the population would reduce so for him you know if you were to place yourself in his shoes he did consider the Israelites as a serious danger to his throne and in fact to his kingdom. Coming to another aspect that maybe we should dwell upon he says specifically when he gives his order that the baby should be thrown into the Nile. Now there are I mean it's a very terrible thing to even think about but you know if you want to kill a child there are a hundred different ways in which a child can be killed why specifically is he saying that they should be thrown into the river Nile and that has a religious significance because for them for the Egyptians the Nile was a holy river something which is easy for us Indians to understand because you know in India too we have rivers which are regarded by certain religions as being holy so for instance the river Ganga is considered holy because they believe it is the personification of that particular idol you know by the name of Ganga so they believe that that that this river is a personification of or rather the river is a personification of that particular God so in that sense this Nile was significant to these people because they believed that that the God of the Nile was Apis which was actually a bull and another goddess named Isis so these were considered to be the gods of the Nile and the waters which are flowing over there in the Nile that's actually supposed to be the blood of one of the other gods named Osiris so for them at various levels this particular river had a lot of religious significance so if these babies of these foreign babies which belong to a different people if they are sacrificed to the river you know it would be like a like a offering which the Pharaoh is giving to his gods so he specifies that the babies which are being born should be thrown into the Nile as a kind of offering to their to their Egyptian gods so there is religious significance in that also you know maybe have that instance mentioned where you have the Pharaoh's daughter going to the river to take a bath why I mean does she have no bathroom in her own palace you know she's after all the princes she would have her own private pool you know she doesn't exactly need to use anybody else's bathroom in fact she has she'll have her own special preheated pool so why would she go there to the river you know to to dunk herself in the water over there again religious significance so and this is again something easy for us Indians to understand because people go all the way to the Ganges not because there's any shortage of bathrooms in India but because they believe that to be a holy place and so if they go and you know dunk themselves in the water there that would be part of their purification process so the Nile was considered very very significant by the Egyptians due to its you know religious overtones now coming to the next aspect when God brings the plagues upon the Egyptians he is very he chooses his plagues in a very strategic manner so it's not just that randomly got things okay fine I think you know insects would be a good idea let me send some insects and I think I'll add some frogs as well no it's not that there's a again a very strong spiritual significance behind each of the ten plagues you know just for us to look at a few examples we have you know the frogs which are sent as one of the plagues now the frog God was very sacred to the Egyptians it was called something hecca yeah right hecca the okay it's not a God a goddess okay hecca was a frog-headed goddess so the frog was considered sacred and it was a serious offense to kill frogs so the Egyptians would never kill frogs but now when there's a plague of frogs you literally have Pharaoh pleading with Moses saying please can you get rid of these frogs indirectly he's saying you know can you kindly get rid of Hecca our you know our goddess so you see God is very deliberately trying to show Pharaoh and the Egyptians that hey I'm the God of Gods and the Lord of Lords and your you should be submitting to me is giving them a chance is giving them a demonstration and showing that if you follow me you would be under my protection and you know things can change for you so God is trying to give them clear evidence of who he is that he is the true and living God and so that is the attack upon the frog goddess coming to just one of the other you know place that is sent we have the plague of boils now the priests who would perform you know the different rituals in there in the Egyptian temples they needed to be very pure and clean especially their skin you would not they should not have any kind of skin diseases and most definitely not any boils and now when the people break out in boils you have even the priests all of them covered with boils which means now they cannot even enter into any of their temples and perform the rituals because they would be going inside in a very unclean condition so that again we see is a direct attack upon the Egyptian religions the belief system which they had at that time to take another example Egypt you know even in fact even today Egypt as we know has a very low ratio of rainfall that's just because you know the because of the region that you know that it's situated in and they say that there is less than one inch a year in Cairo so you know they mainly depend on this extensive irrigation projects which they have and of course you have the Nile so you know so they mainly depend on that for their water supply so ISIS was supposed to be was it ISIS or someone else can't remember their gods and goddesses okay so yeah yeah it is ISIS she was supposed to be the God of the air and the rain and all of that and so you know if they are placing their belief in this particular goddess and she's supposed to be supplying them with rain with all her ability you know mythologically speaking with all her ability she's only able to provide one inch of rain in an entire year but now what does the Lord do he says what is rain rain is nothing let me actually bring down hail and not just little tiny little pellets of hail but you know literally large huge stones of hail which are big enough to inflict damage and so again and again through the place God is trying to show them because never ever forget that he's a God of compassion he likes to redeem he likes to save he likes to show people that hey if you can come to me I can change things for you so he's trying to show the Egyptians again and again that I am the true and living God and I'm demonstrating we cannot hear you we cannot hear anything we are familiar with their own God but Moses is asking here if I go to them and I say the God of your forefathers has come to deliver you and they ask we see what is this name what do I say it shows the condition in which the Israelites were at this particular point in time where they did not even know who their goddess they had forgotten or the God of Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and Joseph that was their condition and we have a reference to this in okay so it is audible is it that's good then someone has asked why do you why don't you repeat what was said I was just talking about how the Israelite people had forgotten their own God you know when you look at Exodus chapter 3 verses 13 to 16 Moses says to the Lord Lord when I go to the people and tell them that God wants to deliver you and if they say to me what is his name what do I say so it shows that the Israelites were no longer even aware of who their God was who the God of Abraham I said Jacob and Joseph is because they have you know been indulging themselves in idolatry for so long that they have forgotten their own God and we see evidence of this in Joshua chapter 24 verse 14 if we could have maybe one person turn to Joshua 24 verse 14 and read out that particular verse because that shows what these lights were doing during their time in Egypt 24 pointing so it says here very clearly Joe Joshua is speaking to the people and he says you know the God's that your ancestors worship so for the at least maybe for maybe about a hundred years you know after Joseph's death maybe the people continue being faithful to the Lord but after that they all gradually began to slip into idolatry they began to worship the gods of the Egyptians and so over here Joshua is very specifically bringing up that point and he says throw away these gods that your ancestors have been worshipping in Egypt it's time for you to return to the Lord and that is why you know Moses asks this strange question because he knows he knows the people have except for a few faithful ones like Moses parents who have been holding on to the true God the rest have gone so far away that they did not even know the name of the Lord and that is why Moses raises that question and God says this is my name you know the Lord says I am who I am and it can also be translated as I will be who I will be because oh they it does not really give us a tense it's not necessarily past tense or present tense it's all tenses in the sense he just is he's not confined inside time so he just is he was he is he will be he always just is he's outside of time and he says that he says tell them that this is who I am and so there is a time aspect to this grace where God says I am that I am so he is outside of time is unlimited in that sense but he's also unlimited in all the other senses because you see at least for the last 300 years these Israelites have been worshipping or Cyrus who is supposed to give them crops they have they have been worshipping you know Isis who is supposed to take care of their dead after they die and go to wherever they are supposed to be going this Isis supposed to look after them over there so they've been worshipping this Isis and they have been worshipping all these other gods and all these other gods have their departments you know the Cyrus can give you crops but he really can't do anything much for you once you're dying you know so for that you need someone else and you have this particular God who gives victory in war can't remember the name I think now Horus Horus is the person who's supposed to give you and Horus cannot make your crops grow Horus can only you know give you victory in war these are all limited entities that the Egyptians have created you know and have written down written records about these entities whom they themselves have manufactured but this one who says I am that I am he is everything you can't say okay you I am you know you're limited to providing agricultural fertility and you can't say okay it is the God who gives reign no he is everything I mean in fact apart from him nothing was ever made that was made he is all and he brought this world into creation so there is great significance in this place I am that I am you can't define me the Lord is saying you can't define me you can't say I am this this this and I'm just that I'm beyond that I'm beyond anything that your human mind can even begin to imagine or think because you know as humans there are things that we understand there are things that we know exist but there are things beyond our understanding which we do not even know anything about and he is Lord over all of that as well so he says I am that I am no limitations of any kind beyond all understanding beyond all comprehension so that phrase I am that I am encompasses all that he is and he is infinitely beyond our understanding okay so we see the beauty of of God presenting himself revealing himself to these slaves in that manner because they were living in such tight restricted you know imprisoned situations and circumstances and here is someone who is unlimited coming to them and offering himself to them and saying I will be your redeemer and you will have no limitations because he is limitless so there's actually a great offer that God is making to them over here okay what else can we look at oh yeah this one question which is generally raised they say God hardened Pharaoh's heart what a terrible thing to do I mean poor Pharaoh there he was all innocent sitting on his throne and God hardened his heart you know and they kind of make it sound as though God deliberately chose to turn someone into evil but they don't you know dwell on the fact that long before God said everything the man had already made plans to take people who are living peacefully in the land of Goshen minding their own business he takes away their land he takes away their crops you see they had legal right to that land it was given to them by a previous Pharaoh there were legal papers to back up the property that they had and this man takes away everything that they have this Pharaoh takes away everything that they have and starts plotting on how he can harm them and destroy them and at that point of time no one was hardening his heart his heart was his own to do with as he wishes there are steps which Pharaoh takes all by himself without any compulsion or outside pressure from anyone and then we come to Exodus chapter 7 verses 13 to 14 okay and it would be good if we could read these two verses Exodus chapter 7 verses 13 and 14 you know if we can have someone quickly read that over here please and hoping that all of you can hear online i'm trying to talk extra loudly so Exodus 7 13 to 14 yes okay so Aaron performs a sign he takes the staff the wooden staff and turns it into a snake and we know the rest of the story because we know we're running out of time but the point is god demonstrates that he is more powerful than all the magic which they can come up with and after seeing that with his own eyes you know all that is done right in front of the Pharaoh after seeing that Pharaoh chooses to harden his heart at this point of time nobody is hardening his heart he's taking a decision on his own he chooses to think okay even though i'm seeing that this god is more powerful no no no i don't want to give in i do not want to submit and we continue seeing in Exodus 7 22 8 15 8 19 8 32 9 7 even as all the five flakes are going on it is Pharaoh who chooses to harden his own heart no one is forcing him to harden his heart in all of these bible verses and then finally in Exodus 9 12 god does what god told you know he would do because god knew about this and so god had told moses already this is what is going to happen even though again and again you're going to go to Pharaoh he will refuse to believe he will choose to harden his heart and god says i will harden this heart okay so the first step is taken by Pharaoh himself he makes a conscious choice even though five flakes demonstrate the power of god they demonstrate that god is superior to all other beings Pharaoh still chooses to harden his heart and then the lord steps in and god says if this man chooses to continue hardening his heart then i will help him i will assist him to destroy himself and so it is only in Exodus chapter 9 verse 12 that god steps in and begins to harden his heart and so we see in 9 12 10 1 and then in chapter 11 and chapter 14 that god hardens his heart so it is the same even for people i mean the rest of us you know it's a kind of word of portion again and again we who are in the new testament times the holy spirit will again and again convict us convict us convict us but if we choose to continue hardening our hearts then the lord at some point would say all right if you want to suffer and learn and you know learn your lessons from that you know he would say fine go ahead and so he would allow us to continue hardening our hearts and then you know we would fall we would hurt ourselves there would be serious consequences and all of that so the lord never starts out hardening anyone's heart the choice is given to the person to decide what what they would like to do what choices they would like to make and it's only when they continue to walk in those ways that god says yeah god says that you know he would need to step in and take action all right so we are almost out of time and anyone who has questions there are no questions we still have another six minutes to go uh if anyone has any questions shall we then move on into the next point all right um why was the final judgment the god's final judgment upon egypt was uh the you know killing of the first one why why were the first born sons that is because the egyptians uh in their religious tradition the first born of each household uh the male the boy the first male born into that home he would be dedicated to their egyptian gods so he would be he's supposed to serve the the the egyptian gods and so after seeing nine plagues and after seeing the power of Yahweh during those nine plagues those who still refuse to place the blood on their door post they would have they indirectly say we choose to continue dedicating our children to our gods they are not willing to submit and yield to Yahweh and so the judgment that comes upon them um okay doesn't really help much but yeah they still have five minutes to go okay so god's judgment comes upon the first bohan because the first bohan of each family was dedicated to the egyptian gods and those uh refused to change their loyalties and switched to Yahweh all of them who refused to place the blood on their front door uh they are the ones who's uh you know who come under the judgment of gods the judgment of their which comes upon the uh first bohan all right maybe um yeah any questions at all because i have the ability to go on and on forever no questions on it just one last life and then i just want to travel and how much more information i can so that may be useful to you somewhere down the line uh one question which they ask this you know if a bunch of slaves came out of the egypt and uh they go through the wilderness and then they finally arrive at the promised land where or not did they pick up weapons from how did they pick up into an army um so you know they there are people who just like to criticize and commend you on the things given in the bible but there are easy answers to these things because you see you know even before the it's like beneath the land of the jib god well said ask from your neighbors ask for more and ask for you know um well and also you know it says over here in Exodus 12 verse 35 and 36 it says um the lord who made the egyptians favorably disposed toward the people and they gave them what they asked for so uh we do not know what at all they asked for but they might have asked even for weapons it says they plundered the egyptians so they did to be um wiped out anything of value so weapons was nothing very very valuable so i'm pretty sure that any um you know careful strategic thinking Israelites would have asked even for some weapons because they're going to be going on a journey now to the promised land and they wouldn't require some kind of protection so they probably could have asked for weapons and other sorts of weaponry would be when after the incident to the red sea where the you know the the egyptian soldiers were all gonna drown so even as a they you know lifeless bodies would have washed up onto the shore you know the arms which are weapons which are attached to their belt and all of that they would have retrieved those weapons as well so so everything that is written in the scriptures can actually be you know logically you know backed up so we must be willing to trust for the scriptures that are teaching us all right um i think we can maybe close over here so uh if there are any more uh doubts you know those of you who are online could post your doubts in the stream page why did god choose moses to leave the Israelites probably due to his parents because they were a couple who did not go into idolatry like the others just now we did in joshua chapter 24 if we saw the way the most of the people went into idolatry but there were some people very few people who held on the god of the egyptian and i said they did not turn away and here was a couple who stayed faithful to the god and they also taught their children about it and so moses was aware of who this god is so because of um maybe it was because of um his parents that moses got children because i'm not just my explanation purely all right so uh there may be other explanations as well all right so we will control now because we're out of time and uh yeah any other questions that you would like to post on the stream page are you most welcome to thank you thank you so much


Shading in Blender is a very important part of look development. In order to get beautiful colors and lighting, you're going to have to understand shaders. Let's start with the shading workspace. This workspace already tells us a lot about the shading workflow. To start off, the workspace automatically brings us into Look Dev mode in the viewport, a mode that approximates lighting with an environment texture to give the user a general idea of what their shader will look like without fully rendering it. The shader editor will display whatever shader nodes you have for the material of the object you have selected. You will notice that by default, if you select your default cube, there is already a basic shader node setup for you on your default cube's current material. Changing the values on this node setup should affect how your object looks in the 3D viewport above. To change which materials you are editing, simply go here to the slot number dropdown. This is synced to your material list in the materials tab in the properties editor. Simply select a different material slot in the list to change the material you are editing in the shader editor. You can also replace the material in the current slot with an existing material using the material dropdown to the right of it. If you only have one material here, you can actually add more materials by pressing the plus icon. You can then either select an existing material through this dropdown menu or click new to create a brand new material. Another way to create new materials is by duplicating existing materials. To do that, you can press the new material button, which looks like a stack of papers. Besides materials, the world also has a shader that affects the scene. To edit the world shader, simply change this dropdown menu from object to world. The file explorer here can be used at any time to navigate your hard drive for images and textures. To bring an image into your scene, simply left click drag the file from the explorer into any one of the three adjacent editors. Dragging an image file into the 3D viewport imports the image as a reference object. Dragging the image file into the shader editor will automatically add it as an image texture node. And dragging it into the image editor will display it for easy reference, annotation and basic editing. One important thing about the shading workflow is the different render engines. If you go into the render tab in the properties editor, you'll notice there is a render engine dropdown menu. Under this menu, you'll find EV, Cycles, and Workbench. These are Blender's three different kinds of render engines, and they will affect how your shaders will look at render. EV is Blender's real-time render engine. It is extremely powerful and can render physically-based shaders in real-time, similar to a game engine. However, Cycles is a powerful render engine that, while slower, has slightly more accurate lighting when compared to EV. Luckily, Blender shares nodes between EV and Cycles, allowing you to work seamlessly between the two without converting any shaders. That being said, keep in mind that the lighting will still be slightly different. Workbench is Blender's preview render engine. Let's say you're working on an animation, and you want to quickly render a preview animation instead of calculating all of the lighting and shaders. To do this, you can simply switch your render engine to Workbench and hit Render Animation. There is another way to do a preview render, which is to render your viewport, regardless of your render engine selected. You can simply go to View, Viewport Render. These options will render your viewport exactly as you see it. Now, some of you may notice that the Viewport Render output and the Workbench Render output look very similar. This is because Workbench is the same engine that drives SolidView. Some of you may be wondering now why the Workbench engine is an option when we already have Viewport rendering available. Well, the reason why Workbench exists as a selectable render engine is to separate the SolidView options and the render output options for your preview renders. That way, you can set a specific look for your preview renders, but change whatever you want while working in the viewport. The Workbench render engine also automatically hides display overlays and renders through your active camera. Quick note, if you want to change the color of a material in Workbench, you won't be using nodes. Instead, you can go to the Materials tab of the object and change its Viewport display color.


15 Steps To Take In Your 20s To Become Rich In Your 30s Thomas J. Stanley, an American writer and business theorist, said, Before you can become a millionaire, you must learn to think like one. You must learn how to motivate yourself to counter fear with courage. Nearly everyone, if not everyone's dream, is to become a millionaire. But very few people know how to achieve this dream. You see, the truth is that to become a millionaire, you have to think like one and learn their ways. Also, it's easier to become a millionaire when you start early in your 20s, because you have fewer responsibilities than in your 30s or 40s, when you have a family and you need to cater for them. In this video, I'll share with you 15 steps to take in your 20s to become rich in your 30s. This, I believe, will help you become a successful person. If you're new here, consider subscribing so that you won't miss other interesting videos like this. 1. Have A Goal The first step to becoming a millionaire is to know what you want. According to self-made millionaire, T. Harve Ecker, author of Secrets of the Millennial Mind, the number one reason most people don't get what they want is that they don't know what they want. You have to set a clear goal of what you want. How much money do you want to make? What can you do to make that much money? When you have clear goals, it becomes easy to work towards your millionaire dreams. 2. Set Action Plans Setting goals isn't enough if you don't have action plans to help you achieve these goals. There will just be mere wishes if you do not take steps to achieve them. You see, your goals should be specific and should also have deadlines. Randall Bell, a social economist said and I quote, those who maintain both a calendar and to do least are 289% more likely to be millionaires as compared with those who have no real set schedule. 3. Work To Learn Not To Eat Your work shouldn't be a place or an avenue to make money alone. It should be a place to learn as well. Nurture a growth mindset so that you can expand your skills and knowledge. The more you are informed about your industry, the higher your chances of becoming successful. But if you are not interested in learning, how can you grow? And if you don't grow, how can you improve your earning potential and become successful? 4. Develop The Habit Of Reading Millineers understand the importance of investing themselves and learning continuously. To think like a millineer, you have to find out what they like, where they hang out, what they believe in and the kind of people they surround themselves with. However, you can only get this information from reading books about them and books by them to find out how they think. 5. Focus And Master One Profitable Skill Think about your favorite role model or mentor. What do you like best about them? Let me guess. It's the fact that they are experts in a particular field. When you focus on a particular skill, you become an expert in that field. Becoming an expert in a field makes you an icon in that field. And people will want to do business with you because they trust your judgment and expertise. 6. Surround Yourself With Super Achievers Steve Saybold, self-made millineer and author of How Rich People Think, said and I quote, In most cases, your network mirrors the level of your closest friends. We become like the people we associate with. And that's why winners are attracted to winners. Jim Rohn, an American entrepreneur, author and motivational speaker said, You are the average of five people you spend the most time with. When you surround yourself with successful people, you'll begin to think and act like them. 7. Create Multiple Streams Of Income You'll never be wealthy on one stream of income because you most likely be living paycheck to paycheck. Creating multiple streams of income, however, increases your earning potential, which in turn increases your chances of diversifying your income and maximizing your savings. Thomas C. Corley, an American author, did a five-year study of self-made millineers and found out that 65% had three streams, 45% had four streams and 29% had five or more streams. He, however, went ahead to explain that and I quote, Three streams of income seem to be the magic number for the self-made millineer in my rich habits study. But the more income you can create in life, the more secure your financial house will be. 8. Think Big According to Grant Cardone, who went from broke and in debt at 21 to self-made millineer by 30, he said and I quote, The single biggest financial mistake I've made was not thinking big enough. I encourage you to go for more than a million. There's no shortage of money on this planet, only a shortage of people thinking big enough. If you aim to make $1 million, then you should shoot for $10 million. Even if you don't end up achieving it, you would have made more than the $1 million you initially set out to have. 9. Save To Invest Grant Cardone said, The only reason to save money is to invest it. Save money into secured untouchable accounts. Never use these accounts for anything, not even an emergency. This will force you to continue to follow step one, increase in income. To this day, at least twice a year, I am broke because I always invest my soplices into ventures I cannot access. Millineers understand how to play the money game. They don't save money because of the rainy day, rather they save to invest because when you save for the rainy days, there will always be rainy days. Investing allows you to make more money and secure your financial freedoms. 10. Expand Your Network You need to learn to make meaningful connections because so many great opportunities can come out from such relationships. The truth is that your network can influence and help increase your net worth. 11. Live Below Your Means It might be tempting to buy the most expensive shoes, bags, clothes, cars, wristwatches and the likes, especially when you get a raise at work or when you hit a deal, but always remind yourself of the long-term goal becoming a millionaire. Hence the need to live below your means, so that you will have money to invest and still meet up with your daily expenses. Grant Codone once said and I quote, I didn't buy my first luxury watch or car until my business and investment were producing multiple secure flows of income. I was still driving a Toyota Cranberry when I had become a millionaire. Be known for your work ethics, not the trinkets that you buy. 12. Create Passive Income Passive income is the money you earn while sleeping. Warren Buffett said, If you don't find a way to make money while you sleep, you will work until you die. Also, according to T. Harve Ecker, you become financially free when your passive income exceeds your expenses. 13. Get Good Mentors A good mentor will not only give you useful tips to help you achieve your streams but also guide you along the way to minimize mistakes and maximize productivity. 14. Take Risks Millionaires take risks a lot and that is why they become successful. Taking calculated risks help you to overcome your fears and sets you up for success as it opens up opportunities for you. For instance, investment is a form of risk. However, when you are well informed, you minimize errors and increase your opportunity for success. 15. Focus On Your Networt Becoming a millionaire isn't a day's job, neither is it an overnight success. It takes time and effort, which is why you have to focus on your long-term goal, which in this case should be increasing your networt. One of the benefits of focusing and increasing your networt is that you can easily retire early and enjoy a beautiful life with your family. If you want to become rich in your 30s, then you should start developing these habits in your 20s. Thank you so much for watching our videos. If you like this channel, we're happy to announce to you that our team has launched three other interesting channels. One of our new channels is called Hunt TV, where we publish inspirational videos to inspire and encourage you as you go through the harsh journey of life. Our second channel is called Faint TV, where we share with you the interesting and inspiring stories and biographies of the successful people who have achieved greatness with their lives. Our third channel is called Money TV, which is a channel designed to use more dramatic video clips to teach you about money. Look at the description box to join our three new channels. We love you.


Good morning traders, Patrick Munley here with another Tick-Mill-Chart hit. I want to draw your attention today to a developing opportunity in the Stirling Swiss. This is the hourly chart, intraday timeframe. We have been in a bullish channel, broke down through that channel in previous sessions and we're now pulling back to test the prior ascending trend line support to act as resistance. We've also got the daily VWAP coming in at the current level. So anywhere from this 1820 to 1860 watching for bearish reversal patterns to set short positions targeting an equality objective down to test the projected weekly range support and equality objective at 117 to 11690. As always, traders, plan the trade, trade the plan and most importantly, manage your risk. Until next time, thanks very much.