And as silence falls over the land, it's time to see how this all ends up. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel. My name is Jack the Buster. I, Shinobi. Episodes 128 and 129 of our one piece watch today, only three left in this arc. I was told the rest of this arc in some of the beginning of the next, there's a lot of filler there. And again, I typically won't watch through filler unless you guys heavily recommend it, which this is not from what you guys have told me. So we have 128, 129 and 130 will be a standalone and I believe we jump to like 143 or something. But nonetheless, we're gonna hop right into it and see how this all wraps up. If you knew the channel, chop us up and hit that big boy bell. Let's get started with the episodes. He's teaching them his skills. You wouldn't believe them. Land of advanced medical care. Why does he look like, is he like embarrassed? What is chopper do? Is he good? Is he shy? Is he actually just embarrassed? Does he just not like being watched when he works? Kadu, he's all good. Bro, I really thought Kadu was gonna die through all of this. I genuinely thought he was done, though. Dude, it's just so quiet. It's bizarre. Ah, hard at work repairing. Also, they could always come back here. Like I feel like they'll always be welcome in Alabasta now. They don't know. I like how they showed us. Who stops like, wow, who could have done this? Isoro training already? Bro. The battle just ended, brother. Oh my goodness. It doesn't stop. I got to respect it. We power spiking our brains. He lived. Oh my gosh. Bro, I thought both the right hand men would die, but RIP pal, man. Any evidence that pirates are? And he's back. Oh yeah, he left it like right outside the palace during his fight. And he's freaking out. Surely someone grabbed his hat, right? I feel like if Luffy ever lost his hat, it would be like the end of the world. Chopper just standing on his bed. Long time no see. I like how chopper is like a concerned doctor. Oh, it's been that. Oh, well, no one wonder people are already back to work and stuff. I thought it was straight up the day after, but he did the math. Wait. Yeah, wait. Yeah, that would mean five a day. Is that Igadam? Heracota, like the cheese? Igadam and Heracota. Oh my God.  It's a straight up fight.  Hey, there's a hero in a Vasta. He's like, oh, he wasn't kidding. There's Igadam. Even Chopper's slowing it down. Oh Sanji's learning methods odd dude, I am hungry the fact the subtitles are actually muffling his words Such a dignified hall for them to be in Because you're all standing here because of them bro There they go joining in the laughter in the joy. Oh, he's doing the chopstick thing again Such a breath of fresh air everybody can laugh and smile so many more made it out alive than I was anticipating a lot of people died In terms of just general war. Oh my god I think pal was the main sacrifice though since he saved the most single-handedly Oh, he's brush and chopper My wife's in there Oh baby, too. He actually told him Ha ha ha pros exposing where his daughter is bathing Yeah, that wasn't quite the adventure even little garden feels like forever ago My as well charge for the view Bro, she took them down instantly Tonight and where are they gonna go? They don't have a reason to be here, but we're next Oh, that's true. That's true. Yeah, the harbor is really far actually. Oh, yeah, I guess it's not like they can just leave instantly They had to get back to the harbor. I think he was thinking that we're saving alabasta Like how lashes is even in here that King bowing to them I have a lot of respect for Cobra the way he does things Those clothes are off Very wholesome And they're all cozy too And before Vivi asks to come I honestly wouldn't be sure. Oh, no, she has to stay here for the kingdom. They need their princess They're wanted posters. Is the bounty up? 60 mil 100 million. Oh my gosh. Wait only Luffy's and Zora's went up Oh, shoot. I mean, yeah, warlords down. Of course it went up again I'm shocked it's only them two I guess Luffy because he's the one that did like single-handedly did it not single-handedly But like he was the one to put crocodile down What would Zoro do then that would warrant it? I guess because he has more of a name for himself Wait, what happened? Are they gone?  What the Oh, it's her that was with smoker Jean one two Django Is that where they left it aromalu? Oh Wait, what did the little beaver things swing it around the seals? I know they were protecting it Please ask us why it took so long Oh, no Yeah, but the ship's gone the supersonic dark squadron.  She and vv had grown really close Going to give up Oh have karu like sin karu out after them Yeah, it literally doesn't change a thing It's just the fact that their bodies were higher and there's probably a few more navy after them They already know the navy's after them Aw he snuggled with karu. God dang. I'm so glad he's alive I think she's happy. She's overjoyed. The kingdom is still here. Isn't shouldn't she be happy? No, it's a little stressful rebuilding and especially like the in the situation they were just in but still Yeah, for real the cuckoo fights with the french robber Oh My god Just call me bonsama now And before bon clay asked to join them That's why it's gone. Oh my gosh. Wait, but they found out before they left. Are you god dang that bon clay Dude if he's actually doing this for them, shout out bon clay Yeah, you have to go. Yeah, I don't think he would Sachi and him swapped a lot of respect in that fight. Oh, this is why she's so quiet Beat him up Dang she is thinking about coming Oh, no, I thought I don't know I think she'd be a cool member.  Yeah, true. You're just both pirates. I love bon clay, dude Dude if bon clay joined the crew that would be way too much chaos all the time. I'd be exhausted It would have happened. Yeah, bon clay is like a real one for getting it. Yes. He did This is a respect. Yeah from sanji Chopper in the air Oh, he wanted to use them to get out of here Help me get out of here in the name of friendship. He has them like completely wrapped around his finger. Hey, man. I mean His ship is right there Oh, no, oh, no Oh, no, what's her name again, I think it's heena miss heena I really do wonder what vivi's I could see vivi joining like realistically. I don't know 129. Let's get it Well, is that a vivi like pirate symbol? Is this a nightmare? Oh, it is. Hey, she looks kind of drippy though in her pirate gear I still want to know how this man lived. I still need to know He must be the most powerful in this universe who survived that explosion and gotten back. Oh, she didn't leave I wonder if terracotta does the ma ma ma too brother cobra just contemplating life Bro, it's his daughter. I want to see her in her formal attire She definitely wouldn't make it in time now. Yeah, she decided against it. I kind of wanted to know her perspective on it I was gonna say maybe they like prepared a speech for her. Oh, I guess there's just weird timing that the war just ended too Oh my gosh, so everyone will hear Even though they that is a really tricky situation Oh No What? Oh my gosh, they're getting railed save the going Mary bro They are actually getting obliterated Yeah, this is the way we're so anticipated They're surrounded At least they have blown place a bonsama. Is that jungle watching this dude? I can't believe he's back The iron fist guy is the dude that rocked morgan's jaw, right? I'm pretty sure His gang oh from baratier. Yes, dude. Oh my gosh jungle was just way way easier to remember I like jungle though Jungle Oh, they had to have gotten help no shot was that usopp? No shot The black cage Oh, that's her nickname. Oh, it is hina. Okay. Oh, it literally says hina at the top. That's a little narcissistic Who else the ship has just said what marine ship just says her name across it Oh, she must be really powerful. She has to be really powerful Not abandoning ship. It's not banning ship.  We'll be there at that time The guy understand friendship for the power of friendship Bonkley goaded. He's bringing them together. I think he's gonna try to draw them away Yeah, wait what remember his ship was really Wait, but he can't change and I was going to say maybe he's pretending to be all of them He can't change into multiple people and he can't like shadow clone jutsu. I have no idea They're trying to make him think they're all on board, but they're not Yeah, I forgot his ship is stupid fast I'm kind of worried about bonkley then. Okay. He definitely turned it up. They all just pressed up as them Nice. Hell yeah. I figure something along those lines fooled by bonkley That's so wholesome damn God dang, dude. He's glorious His crew is just He's holding out the back.  My goodness bonkley the breakout star Oh, it's a real pirate fight, baby Get home That's bonsama to you God the cake.  Just an explosion of all the ships just colliding surely his at least makes it out Right like this isn't straight up just a suicide mission. I don't Oh my gosh, what a flashback What am I showing this though? Is her resolve all the way though all those years What was it two years they run into the cover four years two to four that they were undercover Well, they have to do something they can't just keep running They're gonna get caught up to their ships in terrible condition I like the contrast though Like she was up here like trying to yell to tell people to stop fighting and she didn't have a voice And now she does this is a chance to speak to everyone I like the snail with the speakers on a ladder. It's so scuff Oh, no, what is she gonna say? I cannot believe this man koza live. That is absurd I may not shot like four times in the chest The snail god they straight up fighting everyone off No one be easy leaving I wonder if she's gonna say that it was a pirate ship.  That's where they were supposed to meet. That's it Luffy was really about her coming My gosh, bro Luffy He's really adamant that she should but that's how luffy is adamant about like when he wants people to join the crew He wants people to join the crew Oh wait, what? What is she going? Oh my gosh Where was she was speaking from kadu? Oh, that's why he said he would hopes it wouldn't cause a stir The baby's right here Why is she broadcasting this? Maybe this will get off their backs Yeah, she has to be here for the country.  Nice dancing. You get up. Don't miss them She's speaking to them. They can't speak to her. She already knows the answer to that question.  Actually, they don't have to say a word Just like full speed chopper trying to jump to get his x in the shot guys. Just sale. Thank you Damn, I haven't heard this in a bit What a beautiful and apt ending to this arc dude, my goodness I honestly can't wait. There's another episode because that just tied it all together with one nice beautiful bow I am what a way for them to go out because like yeah, like you said if they spoke back to her It would prove their connection. She could say something they can't say something But they can't both say something but just that that fist in it. That's so cool man I was getting choked up as she was saying goodbye I'm glad they were able to show that that friendship one way or another just that no matter where they ever are Anywhere on the in this and god forsaken grand line that friendship remains forever I don't know if we'll ever see vivi again And I don't know when if we do it that'll be but like I said they I feel like they always have this home in alabaster now and it's just it's really cool to know that and god dang blonde clay What a beast out of all the agents he ended up being my favorite and I thought he was the wackiest at first He's still kind of is though guys. That's been it for episodes 128 129 for our one piece watch through again. I'll have 130 up next and I'll end us off on alabaster I've been so happy with how this arc went in in general like everything about it I'd love with that being said. I hope you guys have a wonderful rest of the day as usual I'll catch you in the next one


Excellencies, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, it's my great pleasure to convey greetings from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, on the occasion of the inaugural observance of the International Day of Food Awareness of Food Loss and Waste. On 19th of December 2019, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the resolution proclaiming the International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste to raise awareness of the importance of the problem and its possible solutions at all levels in a bid to promote global efforts and collective action towards meeting target 12.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals. SDG 12.3 calls for halving per capita global food waste at retail and consumer levels and reducing food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses by 2030. Observance of the International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste on the 29th of September each year provide us an opportunity to reflect and to take stock of actions needed to stem the problem towards enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of our food systems and achieving SDG target 12.3. Significant quantities of food produced today across the globe are lost and wasted along the supply chain and never make it to the mouth of consumers. Food loss and waste is also one of the most challenging contradictions of our time. An estimated 690 million people on our planet today are hungry and 3 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. But at the same time, an estimating 14% of the food value at an estimated $400 billion US dollars is lost between harvest and distribution at the global level. What a contradiction. From a nutritional point of view, this loss is equivalent to an estimated 13% of calories produced globally that will never make it to the mouth of consumers, while many remain food insecure. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, the food loss is associated with around 1.5 gigatons of CO2 equivalent. From a nutritional point of view, this equivalent to more than 1,000 trillion milligrams of phosphorus and more than 350 trillion milligrams of magnesium. Food loss and waste represents a waste of significance and scarce resources used to produce food, including water, soil, energy, labor, and time. Clearly, a lot needs to be done to address the significant inequities and the high levels of food loss and waste that reduce the efficiency and the sustainability of our food systems. This is needed now more than ever as we continue to face the COVID-19 pandemic with increasing levels of food security in all regions of the globe. By preventing food loss and waste, we can save nutritious food for redistribution to those in need. Avoid pressure on scarce natural resources. Help mitigate climate change and save money for farmers, companies, and households. So what actions will move us in the right direction to do so? Food loss and waste reduction must be a shared responsibility of all of us. We need to raise awareness of stakeholders and all levels of public sector, private sector, civil society, and consumers to help stem the problem. More and better statistical data covering where and how food losses and waste occur is required. Actions to address the specific sources of food loss and food waste must be scaled up, and collaboration must be promoted for greater coherence and effectiveness of action. Developments are required in the policy agenda, and incentives are required to promote investments in order to allow these changes to take place at an accelerated and expanded rate. Knowledge sharing through platforms such as the recently launched FAO Technical Platform on Food Loss and Waste Reduction will also contribute to the pace of the change. Reducing food loss and waste is a critical part of the transformation we need to improve the health of people and of the planet. This is why the International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste is so important for FAO and for all of us. Let us use this opportunity to inform, educate, and engage consumers, youth, producers, parliamentarians with information about the importance of food loss and waste reduction. This needs to start at the family level, educating our children to respect and to appreciate food. By reducing food loss and waste, we can contribute to supporting food systems that protect the planet and efficiently deliver safe, nutritious, and diverse foods for all. Thank you.


So yeah, we're all set. Hello. And my topic for today is using app.js to manage API resources on my article. So let's talk about the web world today. Today's hot topic is single-page applications. We have lots of front-end frameworks to choose from. We have Backbone.js, Ember.js, and Angular.js. And there's a lot more stuff to it as well. So my focus for today would be on single-page applications and how you can use single-page applications to manage your resources better. So how many of you have used single-page applications? Gmail is a good example of a single-page application. So let's begin with asking a simple question. Why should you be making single-page applications? The very obvious reason is that single-page applications provide a very fast experience. There's no browser refresh involved in a single-page application, and therefore content load. Am I audible? So I was talking about faster experience. Single-page applications can provide faster experience because there's no page refresh.  You just send a request to the browser, to the server, and just fetch the small JSON data. And you can just update the view. We have better runtimes available. We have V8 running in Chrome. And we have SpiderMonkey running in Firefox. And it's getting better with time, which has resulted in heightened expectations. So we have faster computers, faster mobile devices, and everybody's expectations are going higher. So these are the three main reasons why you should be using probably single-page applications. And yeah, so we decided that, OK, that's a pretty convincing reason, so we should make a single-page application. So our journey begins to make a single-page application, and our single-page application is VWO. And we use AngularJS, AngularUI router, and RequireJS for our application. So to begin with, let's talk about models, views, and controllers. I think everyone would be familiar with models, views, and controllers. But in terms of AngularJS, model views are something that is rendered in the browser. So basically, what AngularJS says is that you have a markup and you have basically a template that is rendered to the user. And then you have controllers. Controllers are something that modify the behavior of your view. And then you have models. In terms of AngularJS, models are just pojos. Pojos are plain old JavaScript objects. Pojos are models, plain old JavaScript objects. So pojo means just any JavaScript object, basically. So let's look at this example. We have the controller in our AngularJS application. And we have myController, and we have a controller modifies this property called scope in the view. So scope is something that is shared between the view and the controller. So you can say myModel is equal to helloWorld. And that particular value in that view would update to myModel. And the model, as you can see, the model is a plain old JavaScript object. It's a string in this particular case. So this is what MVC is in terms of AngularJS in a nutshell. So this is the end result. It's just a helloWorld. And this was the start of our journey of making a single-page application. Nothing impressive so far, but let's move forward. So it was easy, but a real model is rather a big and complex object. And usually, it lies on the server. So let's request the server. So we have a service in AngularJS called sgtp, which will answer the queries. We just request something to the server, and it will give you back the model. So what we are doing here is we are scaling up one by one. We are adding to the difficulty level. So here's the code. In your controller, you say you want to get a particular user from the server. And you say, when that request completes, you set the user on the scope. And the scope says the scope is accessed in the template by saying user.name. So whatever the response would be received from the server would be displayed here. So let's assume that the server sends back this response. It gives me a user object with, say, an ID that is 1, 2, 3, 4, a name, John Doe. And email is johndoe at example.com. And it would say, OK, hello there, John Doe. So we haven't been facing any problems thus far. We are stepping further up into the single-page application development. But the problems that come forward are what about multiple views? So what if we want to render the same model across multiple views? What about other kinds of actions? Like I don't want to send a get request to the server and pull the data back. Probably I would want to do it by sending a post request or something. What about multiple types of models? Let's say if I want to fetch a user, but what about if I want to fetch something else, a post or a comment? And how do you handle multiple instances of the same model? So these are the problems that we faced while developing our single-page application. And I'm going to be answering them one by one. And while answering these questions, you also have to make sure that your code is dry, which means that you should not repeat your code. It is consistent. It behaves the same way at all places. It is scalable. You can just keep adding code to it without increasing the difficulty in adding code. And it also has to be testable. So here are the answers. What about the multiple views? So what you do is if you have a model that is shared across multiple views, you abstract it out in a service. So the second question was, what about different kinds of actions? So you already have a service for that particular model. What you do is you add support for those actions in that particular model. So let's say you want to send a get request to the server. There's a method for it. You add a method for it. You add another method for a post request. And you add another method for other requests as well. And what about multiple types of models? So basically, you can provide, you can add a feature to your service that can take a parameter that defines what kind of model it is. So you could create a user model. You could create a post model or a comment model using the same service that we have been using. So whatever we have done so far, it has already been done in $Resource. So whatever challenges we have been facing have been solved by $Resource. Basically, ngResource is what it's called. So $Resource is the rescue here. It is a configurable REST adapter, which means that it has an abstraction of all HTTP methods. So you have a model. And you can use that particular model to send whatever kind of request you want to. You can save, you can get, and you can sync it with the server. And you can add custom actions. Maybe you want to add a custom action for a patch request maybe, or a put request. And it has a promise-based API. So it means your code stays lean all the time. And the resources are loaded lazily, which means that when your view renders in the browser, the resources are loaded on demand. So it does not have to, you do not have to wait for, I mean, you have to wait for the server's request, but the view already is in the, whatever is visible to the browser is already visible there. So if we have to repeat whatever we did previously using $Resource, this is what it would look like. So we create a factory called UserResource, which returns a class, which creates a resource class for me. And it says user slash user ID. The user ID is a dynamic part here. And it picks the ID from the ID attribute that I provide in the controller here. So in the controller, I say scope.user is userresource.get and ID is equal to 1. So get me a resource that has ID 1. So basically, the view is the same. And what you get is basically the same thing, but it is a lot more scalable and testable this time. Because it can scale to a lot of different kinds of resources. You have support for different methods. And it's a lot more extendable. So our journey to build a single-page application continues, and our application grows bigger. And we have several views, controllers, and resources. And then we have editable content. And we face a lot of problems that look like this. So some of those problems include view inconsistencies, duplicated model functionality, and your code isn't dry anymore. So I'll be going through these problems one by one. Editable content. Editable content, what exactly is editable content? Basically, it means that you want to edit a particular model using a form. Let's say you have a user object. You would want to edit your name, and you want to edit your email probably. So what you would do is you create a form, you update, you edit your stuff, and the model should get updated there. So each problem in this particular case is that when you update a model in a form, it should get reflected all across the app, because there's no page refresh, right? So if your model is being used at, let's say, 10 instances, and your view has a single form, you have an editable form that allows you to edit something, it should get reflected all over the app. So that's kind of a problem. So if your change does not get reflected across the app, it results in an inconsistency. So we're going to be talking about inconsistencies. So basically, in a nutshell, an inconsistency is something that says that multiple views went to the same model, but with different values. So for example, if you have a blog, you have multiple posts lined up, and you have your name on all of those posts, and you go ahead and change your name, your name should get updated all across your posts. But if it does not happen, it results in an inconsistency. So why are inconsistencies so bad? So it leads to a contradicting information. Your one view shows something, and another view shows something else, and it leads to confusion. It's worse than having no information at all. So here's an example. We had this code already running previously. Just to reiterate, you get a user with an ID 1, and you render John Doe here. And let's add something more to it. So what we do is we add a form, and we add different controller to it. The form basically does this. The previous view is lined up there. Hello there, John Doe. And there's this form, edit your name. You can enter your new name, and you can say save. But what happens is that when you try to update the name, you should probably update it there as well. But that's not going to happen. If you want that to happen, you want to keep track of that particular object. And update it as well. So that might seem easy, but in a bigger application, it's kind of difficult because you have a lot of places to where you need to update. So what's the solution to this problem? Maintain references of that model throughout the app. So what I'm trying to say is that if you have, let's say, this particular John Doe model, this particular user model, you do not create two instances of that model. You create just one instance. And whenever you change that particular instance, it gets changed everywhere else.  So here's a real-world example. This is a screenshot of our app visual website optimizer. So basically, I'm running a new campaign. And my campaign, as you can see, is running right now. So what I'd go ahead and do is I I pause my campaign. And it says the campaign status has been changed. And I pop out another view, which is the campaign list. And it says that campaign is still running. Why would it say that? Because both of those views are referring to a different campaign object. Had they been the same, it wouldn't have happened. So you just have one particular object for that particular campaign. If I change it to running, if I change it to paused, it should get reflected all across the app. So this kind of information is misleading. And it kind of confuses me that is my campaign running or not. And sometimes things can get even more complicated when you want to try to maintain references of unique objects throughout your app. So when you're trying to edit a resource that is linked to multiple parent resources, for example, you have an author. The author could be an author of a post, or it could be an author of a comment. Maintaining references here isn't so trivial. So in the previous example, I would say that I changed the name of the author. And I have a reference of all the authors with that particular idea, and I keep updating them. But it's not so simple in this particular case, because you have to go and track every post by that author and every comment by that author. And it's not performance intensive either. It won't be performant either. The solution here is relationships. So what you do is you define relationships to handle sub-resources and also maintain a single reference for each unique sub-resource. So let's talk about relationships. So what relationships mean are is that a property on a particular resource belongs to another resource. What do I mean by that is, let's say I have a post, and a post has something called, who is the author of that post? That particular property author is related to an author resource. This is the example. Post.author is an author resource, and author.post is a collection of post resources. So if we can create a way to define these relationships, our problems can be solved in a better way. So there are four kinds of relationships you might know of from relationships in mathematics. One-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. So as you can see, the post.author is an author resource. It's a many-to-one relationship, because many posts can have the same author. And author.post is a collection, and it's a many-to-many relationship, because multiple authors can have multiple posts. Let's go and let me show you an example from BW again. We have an account, and we have a lot of billing cycles. We have a billing cycle. Each billing cycle has, again, users just attached to it, and the users just are by account. So basically, we have five billing cycles here, and each of those billing cycles tell me which account consumes a lot of visitors. So this is what the relationship diagram looks like. An account has billing cycles, and which is a collection of billing cycle resources. Each of those billing cycles has usages, and usages, again, are related to account in a many-to-one relationship. And each of the usages also has a number of visitors used. So by creating a way to define such relationships, we can solve a lot of problems about scalability and maintaining consistency throughout the app easier. So the subsequent problem is maintaining references. So you have defined relationships, and how do you maintain references of unique resources? Talking about references, a reference is a unique. What I mean by references is that every unique resource has only one instance throughout the app. For example, there should be only one user resource, which has ID1, and there should be only one user resource, which has ID2. And similarly, there should be only one resource with ID1. What I'm doing here is that I am trying to identify those resources by a common parameter. In this particular case, that parameter is an ID. So when do you create these references, you transform every back-end response. So it looks like a job for a transformer. So a transformer is something we created to take any input from a back-end response object and convert into a mesh of resources. So basically, what it looks like is this. I say I want to get all the posts in my particular blog, and I say I have three posts. And two of those posts are by John Doe, and one of those posts is by Johnny Ive.  So the output I would expect from a transformer is that, so as you can see, there are three items in the array, and I would expect the created-by-property of each of those resources to refer to a single object. So what I mean by that is that the output is an array. It has three items, and each of those items is a post resource. And I would say that the first and the second post, all of those posts are created by the same user, so their user object should be the same. So we would use the transformer to do something like this. So in a nutshell, if I have to explain what exactly we are doing is we are scaling by abstraction. Basically, we are trying to solve the same problem across multiple resources across the app, and trying to index the resources and transform relationships. We are trying to do a lot of stuff, basically, and we want to abstract out the core functionality from whatever is configurable. So what you do is you define your relationships at a particular place, and you create a schema, and the end result would be an abstracted base that is scalable, testable, and configurable. So it would prevent mixing of your resource management logic with the business logic. So you would say this escalated quite quickly, but let me put it all together once. So we have relationships, we have resource transformation, and we have indexing. So I think I skipped the indexing part here. The indexing means that if you want to identify unique resources, you want to maintain a hash map of how to identify those resources. So in a particular case, let's say if we have a post, it should be indexed by ID. And similarly, every author should be indexed by ID. And we have a configurable schema. A schema is where you define which resources related to which resource. So it is a lot like amber data for AngularJS, what I'm talking about. So the result you get is resource manager. So let's talk about resource manager. In a nutshell, what it does is it takes a server response, it passes on the response to a transformer, it uses a schema to identify which relationships to apply, and it uses a data store for indexing everything. And your application requests the resource manager for a particular resource, and it gives it back to you. So as I was trying to explain earlier, this abstracts out your logic from your business logic. So it's an abstraction of problems we face while developing VWO. And a lot of them have already been described in this presentation. And we're going to be open sourcing it soon. So journal learnings from this particular presentation and this journey of ours about VWO is that abstract or duplicate logic and configurations from the logic. So when you're trying to quote something, you should figure out what is configurable. You should probably define a schema or a pattern. And you should abstract out logic. That way, your logic always stays small. And it is scalable and highly testable as well. Think recursively. Think recursively. And you should research along every step. You should keep learning more about AngularJS and other libraries. In our particular case, this library that inspiration from was EmberData. So I think that's about it. If you have any questions you should ask. And you can reach out to me on fleerun.org. And if you want to view this presentation, you can visit this particular URL. Any questions? Hi, Manchu. My name is Mandi. Hi. My question is a bit off topic, but it's related to single page apps. OK. OK. I was building a web application. And I was using RequireJS and Backbone. So we decided to make it single page. But as the application grew, there were more modules and more files. So eventually, when it grew, the app became slower. So we decided to use optimizer of RequireJS. OK. So what happened was via the single file, JS file, the size of the file got pretty large. So we were in a dilemma whether we should still optimize it or just keep it as a single page. So we were able to decide. I think if you would want to use RequireJS Optimizer, can you repeat the question, please? OK. So what happened was when we used Optimizer, the file which was generated, it was pretty large. So when the user loaded the app for the first time, it took a while to download that file. And after that, the app went smooth. So what you can do in this particular case is you can load only the files that are required for that initial view to render. So let's say in our particular case, it was the login page. So what we would do normally is we would just load the files that are needed to log into your application. And then meanwhile, while the user is performing something on that particular page, you would transload the rest of the application in background. So it would take the same amount of time to load the application, but the perceived loading time would reduce dramatically. OK. Thanks. Any other questions? Hi. How do you maintain client-side state in single-page app? Just a second. Client-side state is maintained by Angular, UI, Ractor in our particular case. But if you're talking about models, they are maintained by our library that we have written resource manager. So it basically has an entire database on the front end. So if you are familiar with amber data, it's kind of like that. You would have a lot of resources on the front end and local storage as well. And it would request the resource from that particular store. If it doesn't exist, it would request it on the server. So for maintaining states, we use Angular UI, Ractor, as I said. On every state transition, we figure out what kind of resources we need to load. And we use that for transloading resources when that particular view renders. So does it answer your question? Yeah. In case of like, if you have a list of resources and if it has some filter, some list of resource, consider some post. So for that, you have some filter on the left side. So while navigating to, while moving from one filter to another, you just paginate it. In those cases, if you need to maintain the state, so how do you do that? So there are several ways of doing that. The first obvious way for me would be to use the filter on the server end. So while you're paginating, if you go to the next page, you would fetch another resource from the server. So basically, in this particular case, you would fetch a collection of resources based on the page you are viewing. So it would be passed to that resource manager. And based on whatever view is being displayed, the model would load correspondingly. In case of single page apps, we normally use the syntax that is given. Actually, do we have any tools to identify memory leaks in case of page freezing? Yes. In our particular case, we use the Chrome timeline for identifying which parts are taking a lot of memory and which part is taking a lot of time to render. And you can use the JavaScript profiler in Safari or Chrome to debug your heap allocations. And you can see with exactly which particular object is taking a lot of memory. So you can work around it. You can also optimize CPU performance using the Chrome profiler. So you're using the dollar resource, right? So does it have any limitations in terms of browser compatibility, like IE9 and all versions? It does not have any browser limitations. The AngularJS entirely itself does not support IE8 anymore. But all the new browsers should really support it. In other questions, does it support all verbs like you do? You are put, delete, or get? So does it support all verbs? Yeah, not only does it do that, it also allows for you to add custom actions, which basically means that you can add your own custom method type. And you can add your own handler. You can add custom parameters. It's really configurable that way. I mean, OK. So it also has all the wrappers of all HTTP, right? Sorry? It also provides all the flavors of dollar HTTP, right? Sorry, it's not audible. OK, it also provides all the wrappers of the HTTP provider, right? Yeah, yeah. It's basically a REST adapter in the simplest sense. OK, thank you. Thank you. Any other questions? Hi, Manishu. One challenge with SP applications are that how to maintain this search engine optimization. So in your case, how do you deal with it? Our single page application is behind the login page, and we don't really care a lot about single page application. Sorry, we don't really care about SEO in our particular case. So I know it's kind of a hard thing to track. But I think a lot of bots these days are capable enough of parsing JavaScript. And it should not really be a problem. The SEO should not really be a problem in today's world. Any other questions? So I think that's about it. If you have any questions, you can reach out to me on my email ID, or you can just catch me outside. Thank you.


The House of Representatives has set up an HADOC committee to investigate the missing 178,459 firearms and ammunition from the Armory of the Nigerian Police Force. Details in this report presented from our studio. The motion was sponsored by the Deputy Minority Leader of the House Honourable Tobi Okechuku on the matter of urgent national importance. Honourable Okechuku, while relying on the Auditor-General of the Federation's report of 2019, observed that a total of 100 and 78,459 arms disappeared from the Armory of the Nigerian Police in 2018. He also gave a breakdown of the missing firearms and ammunition, which includes 88,078 AK-47 rifles, 3,907 assorted rifles and pistols across different police formations and others which could not be accounted for. Instead of queuing behind the Auditor-General's report of 2017, 2018, 2018, this should be brought up to speed. There were, however, suggestions on who should carry out the investigation, a standing committee or an already constituted HADOC committee, which the House constituted to investigate a similar assignment. In terms of the motion that we passed before the exit of the House, the committee constituted to look into the issue of those who are releasing criminals. And this is a very much related motion to it. I would have said in line with our rules to allow the police committee to do what will happen, the application of function. Police, on their list, this issue of now arms and ammunition disappeared and ended up where they may be with armed robbers is part of it. The motion was adopted unanimously when put to vote by Speaker Femi Bajabiamila and was referred to the Standing Committee for further legislative action. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Welcome all back to the channel, y'all. LFD said he wanted some catfish. He wanted to go jugging, and that's what we are going to do today. Let's get in the water, and today's video is sponsored by AG1. Let me tell you about it while we're launching the boat. If you guys haven't heard of AG1 yet, this stuff is amazing, and this is something you're gonna wanna put into your daily routine to keep you running at your best. First thing I do when I get up, I take me a scoop of AG1, put it in some cold water, drink that down, it's delicious, and then I get a little exercise.  Simply put, y'all, AG1 just makes me feel good. I feel like I have sustained energy throughout the day. I've got better mental clarity, less stress, and it makes my gut feel good as well. And there's a lot of days where I feel like I don't even have to have that cup of coffee in the morning. I just take my AG1 and I'm good to go. AG1 is stuff to the gills, with 75 high quality vitamins and minerals and whole food source nutrients. It's also got your antioxidants, your superfoods and mushrooms, prebiotics and probiotic, stress adaptogens, and it supports your digestion system as well. So you don't have to take any other supplements and vitamins with this. You just take one of these tasty scoops in the morning and you are good to go. Even though I harvest most of my proteins and I try to eat pretty clean, it is still very hard to get all the proper vitamins and minerals and other nutrients that you need for your body to be at its best. This is just an easy way to do that. After taking AG1 for a month, I'm a believer man. This stuff just works for me. I just feel better while I'm taking it. So if you want to start taking AG1, it's simple, visit the link in the description. Go check out those amazing ingredients and get signed up to get some AG1 sent to your doorstep. Thanks to AG1 for sponsoring today's video and speaking of high quality nutrients, now that we're in the water, let's go get some catfish. LSD coming out of the bullpen, 20 years throwing a cast net, throws it out there, gets our gills for the morning. Toss them on in, nothing but bucket. Yes sir. All right dad, why don't you motor us up? All right dude. The old electric start is back there on the motor itself. Yep, that's it. Here we go. All right guys, so making our baits. Actually just gonna cut the tail off, feed that to the minners. And we're gonna try to get three little sections out of these guys. Maybe four, I'll actually cut that dorsal spine off too. Give the hook a little more clearance. It's nice. Now we'll see if it porpoises or not. Didn't happen to see a pair of sunglasses back there, did you? The good news is the boat is running really good. I think my problem was weight distribution. So me and dad yesterday actually raised the motor back up and I'm sitting up front, of course, dad's sitting in the back. Having the weight up front is definitely helpful. Full throttle, no porpoising. Right our first spot, we're gonna start setting out the line, so let's go. I'm rigging these so that I've got plenty of gap in the hook. I'm not going through the middle, I'm just going through one side. Big media side. I always want to make sure the, if I get a scale on the hook point, take that off. Don't want anything peating on the hook set. We'll go with it.  Here we go. All right, so we'll go ahead and drop this one. Yep, fine. Yeah, just have to go by the gut. The old ways. Not perfect. Yeah, I don't know if he's on there, but he's definitely a good fish. We've already got a fish on. It's been two minutes. Oh, big old guard just swirled by that one. All right, this one right here looks like it's, it's not moving anymore. Oh, yeah, it is. Yep, got a fish on. Got something on. Here we go, dad. Blue cat, look at the size of that thing. That didn't take long, huh? Man, what a nice fish. Oh man, one of the other hooks broke off. I think we had something else on here. I think something else was on and pulling against it. Yeah. There we go. Two minutes in, we're jugged up. It's gonna be a good eater. Our weight's gone, the bottom hook's gone. So we'll throw this one to the side. We'll have to get another one rigged. I'll do it. Bombs away. Perfect. All right guys, we've got all the deep lines set. So we've got five over here. We're gonna go check the two that I left at this other point up here. And then we'll just kind of run back. And we might actually drop a rod reel too in this spot if it's hot. Already got one in the cooler though, that's awesome. Give it a rip. I'll run out of their spot. We gotta chase them down, Dad. What do you think about this? Hey, that's cool. Let's see what we got here. Oh man, this feels big. Oh my gosh, it's a huge gar. It's a huge gar. Oh my God. Oh my gosh. Whoa. Whoa, shoot. Maybe that's what cut our first line. Oh my God. Wait, wait. You gotta be careful not to. Nuchit, Nuchit, because it's under the boat. It's under the boat. Don't wanna get it, is it neutral? Yeah. Okay. I don't know where the jug is. It's underneath us somewhere. And that thing. Ah, well, this is a first time encounter. It's gone. See, hide under the boat, you think? It's gone. Yeah. Like he took it.  I had what stole my jug last time.  I think we gotta get a bigger boat. Wow. Yeah, that thing was like half the size of the boat. For real. Well, that's what I was thinking. I was banging around. There he is. No, that's a different one. Wow, big garhole. I am extremely impressed right now. Fish is strong. Oh, we got one on here. We got one on here, Dad. This one's going. This one's going. Started up. Let's grab this one. This one's going right here. Apparently we gotta get on these things quick. Hopefully it's not another gar. Oh gosh, this feels big too. Oh, it just popped off, whatever it was. I think it was another gar. I think it was a gar. I'll tell you what, this seems to be a garhole. Let's, gosh, I hate to lose a jug. Like, where the heck? The fish is back. This is like jaws. Hopefully he's tired. I gotta get the pliers ready. This thing's huge. Do not get your hands. All right, newchit. Gonna break the lines either.  Oh, he's double hooked. He's double hooked. I don't want him to jump in the boat either. Woo, he got some teeth. He's double hooked. Okay, I'm not. He slightly cut me there, but we got both hooks. We're good to go. He hit you with his mouth? Yeah, that was his mouth. Needle sharp teeth. That's why I chose the long nose pliers for the long nose gar. Oh, they're everywhere out here. They're everywhere, man. Let's go back to the other hole. This is like, this is extreme garhole right now. All right, this looks good here. Got a nice array of jugs in our site. Nice and calm. Definitely see a bobbin. Pretty good start. So, do you have breakfast this morning? I did not. Did not? No, I got up too early. It's called AG1. It's all your essential vitamins and minerals and macro nutrients, micro nutrients that you need to feel you through the day. Just put it in the water? You just put it in the water, shake it up. It tastes good. You know, some of these drinks, they just taste like kale. Waiting on these jugs just start going, y'all. Nettle injury, gar injury. Note to self, probably carry some gloves next time.  I'm pretty sure, I don't think that's the wake. Move, oh yeah. Start her up, dad. Start her up, we got one. She's getting tug. Tug is the drug. We have movement. Oh, that one's getting, oh, far one, far one's getting bobbed. Nutri, neutral. I don't feel anything on here. I might need to rebate it. Definitely got hit. We're cleaned. Get toyed with out here. I want all of them to eat like that first one did. Oh yeah, she bobbin'. This one looks, oh yeah, we got, oh, oh, no, I've still got it.  Still got it. Still on. Let's go, catfish. Channel, her hand, he was nice enough to keep our bait on here. Nice channel, cat.  All right, good eye pop. All right, we got another one on. Line's in. We gotta chase down Moby Dick. I don't think that one's Moby Dick, but it might be Nancy Dick. Take me to the Bowie Skipper. Here we go. I got it, captain. That definitely looks like a fish tug. It doesn't look like a turtle tug. Sometimes we'll start moving away from the boat. I'm thinking catfish. Nice boating skills. Oh my gosh, just jerked it out of my hand. This is something big, whatever it is. It ain't little. First time I've had one jerked out of my hand like that. Oh yeah, good catfish. Oh yeah, nice. There we go. Settle down. That is a fresh one. That's a big channel, I think. I don't know, I just barely had him hooked. Open up that cooler for me. He's gurgling. Barely got him, dad. I can't. I mean, after seeing the gar, just tug this thing down. I'm wondering, might need a giant milk jug to hold these things, even then. Pretty successful morning so far. Guys, we got three catfish in the box. One giant gar that took a snap at me. Dad, I think we got another one on. That guy just wiped out, and our jug's getting tugged. Literally just dropped this one back down. Oh my gosh, it's a giant wake. Giant wake right here. Put it in neutral, we'll see if, sometimes they'll come back for that second hook. Oh, no, no, he's on there. He's on there. Yeah, he's moving. All right, that's good. Feel something on here. Literally 20 seconds after. Doesn't feel like it's fighting too good. Here's another catfish. It's a blue cat. There we go. That's what we want right there. That was a tasty one. That one. Oh yes, sir. Fliers, just a second, I got them right here. Sir. All right, drop it back down. Neutral, neutral, neutral, we got a fish on. Think so? Yeah. He was just hanging there. Let's go. How many is that? Four or five? Four? I think there's one on here too, Dad. There's one on here too. Little guy, they'll eat. It looks like you got both the hooks. Not so little. Sir. Just gonna throw two giant heads on here. We'll go toss it out on that deep side. Okay, try to go for Bertha. Here we go, guys. Two big heads on here. Whatever gets this one is gonna be a slobber knocker. Oh, that's testing the crispy right there. It's close. Oh, purple big wake, it just loves us so much. Can't get away. Oh yeah. Jugga moving. Oh my gosh, the head is like way up the line. I think this is, was this the one with the heads? There we go. Yes, sir. Looks like he broke, he broke my weight off. I think I'm gonna have to bump up to 40 pound mono because I'm definitely losing some gear on these bigger ones. Yeah, tails are sticking out of the cooler. That's what we wanna see. Break her up, Captain, we got another one. Oh yeah. Can't even drop a fishing pole in the water for more than five seconds. Woof. This is. I know, we need some wind. They're just kind of giving up, it's so hot. They tug for a minute and then they just stop. There he's going, he's going a little bit. See what we got here. Doesn't feel like much. They can fool you though. Oh, it's a decent one. I mean, we might as well just reel this one in. Yeah, kinda start winding it down, I think.  That, it's go time. Man, that was a huge hit. It took the jug all the way under. I'm not seeing any movement right now, but it was a huge hit. Oh yeah, the fish is on there. Oh baby. Oh yeah. Gonna give us a show right by the boat. Oh my gosh. Oh, I think it just came off. Oh no, no, it's on there. Newt killed the motor. Either it's coming up or I lost it. Oh my gosh, I think I lost it. Oh, it was on the, oh my gosh. Look at the goo on that line. Oh my gosh, yeah, it felt huge. It felt huge, I felt it come off the line. Dad, come on, man. So we're out of bait at this point, so whatever we bring up, you know, we'll just reel it in and secure it. Just put those down there. Yeah, we got two drifters. We're gonna go check these. This one's just getting tapped. I think there's something on here, dad. No? I think there's something on here. Oh yeah. Oh, we have two. Oh, damn, we lost the bigger one. I thought it was gonna catch him in the face. God, we lost the bigger one. We had two on there. I thought this had gotten further out here. Got it, Lee. Had two on there, just not moving. We might have more on. Oh gosh, that one's getting tugged again. The one that we about bit it out of my hand? Yeah. That one just got bopped. Neutral. Feels like something's on there. Yes, sir! Hoi! Old blue. Old blue got it. Now the blue cats are over here. We're just chasing them around. This is the one that came back and hit it like a few times. Give me those pliers, Lee. Heck yeah. I am inspired by your cat fishing capabilities.  Yeah, I'm gonna be at the kayak. I think the kayak would be really fun. Yeah. Oh shoot, there's something big on here. Oh, you think so? Yeah, no. Yeah, yeah. Neutral. Something big on here. Oh wait, oh! It's a big one. Oh yeah, he broke the line. He got the head. That was the one that got the head, big boy. Yeah, nice one. Woo-hoo! Little bonus one on the way in. Oh gosh, tails are hanging out. You wanted some fish. You got some fish, buddy. That's pretty good. Oh yeah. We'll take it back in now. I wanna show you guys, show my dad a technique that I tried the other day for cleaning catfish on some bigger ones. That's really cool. I think you guys need to see it. So let's head to the house, get the filet knife out. Fish and Breaks, it's cleaning time here at LFD's Tailgate. Now these are all for dad. Dad said he wanted catfish. We went out and jugged and we got them kitty cats. So I've already got some in the freezer at home. It's gonna be for him. And I just wanted to show you guys a way that you can clean some of these bigger blue cats and your smaller channel cats too. That is pretty simple and you just gotta be careful. Standard filet knife. And you can get a catfish done pretty quick using this method. What I'm gonna do is I'm gonna go ahead and just filet the meat off of the fish with the skin on.  Okay, then come back up to the spine. You wanna make sure you're getting low to that spine. So once I get about past that anal fin, I'll just stick the knife through. Just press it down, go along the spine. And the ribs are right here. And what you wanna do is just take the angle of your blade and go out like that. Just go out, just follow those ribs. Just kinda flick it. Go in there and just flick it out. Helps if you can just sort of pull on it as well. This last little section will just pull out. There you go. So there's your filet. We got the skin still on. So what you can do is take you a pair of pliers. I have catfish pliers that I use. That doesn't have some. I'm gonna have to get you some for your birthday dad. There's a link down below. I have them in my Amazon store, you guys can get them. These are like a must have. I use them on crappie and everything too. You wanna have a good flat surface. Okay, we're gonna pinch that skin right there as far back as we can. And we'll take our knife, we'll press down. We don't wanna try to go all the way down through the skin. This is where you wanna have a good flat filet knife, a good thin blade. And I wanna just pull it kind of along this edge here and I'm gonna rock my blade back and forth and the key is just keeping it level. And all that skin, we just pulled off. It's like snake skin. And I think that that's faster than trying to take the skin off first. And it seems to work on these bigger ones. Another thing that you can do on these bigger blue cats and flatheads, any kind of bigger catfish, this filet will just probably fit in the pan to fry whole.  So you can start that cut in the middle of the fish or right behind this anal fin right here. You can just go ahead and cut through, slide that off and make it two pieces. Do one here and then do the other one. Because you're gonna have to cut the fish anyways. But beautiful piece of meat right there, dad. That's gonna big date night with that catfish, couple cold pops, you know what I'm saying? Can't get that at a pop of steakhouse, you know what I mean? On the bigger ones, you have the belly meat as well. This one isn't huge, but right where you just cut the ribs, you just went on that side of the ribs and flayed that off.  Okay, so now on the belly, you have this nice little section of meat. You know, it's got the skin on there. But again, take your pliers, lay it flat and then you've got some beautiful belly meat right there. And you can also filet this little silver skin, I guess you could call it, that pearly skin.  They've got a little more meatier flavor, I would say. Not as pure as the other parts, but they're still very good, very edible. And I like to eat them. Sometimes I'll just leave them on there, quite honestly, that little silver skin doesn't really taste that bad. It's kind of pretty. You know, you're eating fish when you're eating it. So anyways, that's a good way to just increase your harvest, make sure you're getting the most out of your catch, get you a good sharp knife, pair of pliers, get to work. Talking to you, did it. This is actually not a catfish. This is crappie that I caught the other day. The Rackleys, we eat a lot of fish and usually on the weekends, we get together for family dinner. We got all the catfish clean. We're gonna vacuum seal them tonight and then we're gonna have them for weeks to come. Got delicious crappie I caught the other day, just fresh. It's just lovely to catch these fish, bring them home, have the family gather around, enjoy the harvest and talk about the memories from the boat, which were awesome today, crazy. I mean, I got bit by a fish. It was nuts. We had lots of catfish. My dad, I think he's turned on the juggling fish and he's gonna be doing this out of Skyhack. I guarantee you, he had a great time. So it was just, it was good stuff. Guys, smash the like button and thank you guys for tuning in. And you know what to do. Subscribe to the channel to see more outdoor action and I'll see you out there on another adventure.


Let's summarize this entire chapter on the right side. You can see the different subtopics and The times at which they begin if you want to jump to a specific subtopic. All right, let's start with the mind map So human eye and colorful world consists of two topics the human eye and the colorful world in human Eye we first study the structure of the eye This is where we learn about the different parts and their functions and one major function is Accommodation very frequently asked question. That's why I'm highlighting that the second major topic in human eye is Learning about the different defects how to correct them and this is where you can expect your numeric calls to come from Now the colorful world can be divided into three parts. The first one is atmospheric refraction basically seeing how the atmosphere Refracts light famous example for that is how stars twinkle the second topic is dispersion This is the colorful part of the colorful world and this is basically white light splitting into seven colors And the example of this would be rainbows and finally we learn about scattering, which is not the same thing as dispersion So, you know, I used to get confused over here a lot But this is the one of the one of the reasons why sky appears blue to us So with this broad overview we can now start with the first topic. Let's start the structure of the eye The outermost layer of the eye the bulged part is called the cornea inside which there is a liquid called the aqueous Humor the word aqueous means water. It's kind of like water together these are responsible for Most of the refraction that happens in our eye most of the bending of light in our eye happens over here the next part is this disc strafe structure, which is called the iris and at the center of the iris There is a hole, which is called the pupil the main job of the iris is to control the size of the pupil When there is a lot of light the iris makes the pupil smaller and when there is less light the iris makes the pupil larger Then comes the crystalline lens. It's called crystalline because the lens is made of proteins called crystalline That's the reason it's called crystalline lens. What does it do? Well, the remaining refraction is done by the lens Basically, its job is to focus the rays of light on to the retina This brings us to the retina the retina is the back part of the eye think of it as the screen It contains all the light sensitive cells. So when light falls on it these cells convert light Into electricity and then that electricity is sent through a bunch of wire like like Nerves called optic nerves and these optic nerves send that electricity to the brain and finally your brain receives these signals and says ah, I see something Two more important parts one is the liquid that fills up our entire eye It's called the vitreous humor the word vitreous means glass basically it's saying that the liquid is transparent like glass and its main job is to maintain the Spherical shape of our eye without this liquid our eye can easily get squashed by the weight of all the stuff that comes on top of it Now over here. I had a confusion of which humor goes where how do I remember that? So the way I started remembering it is I imagine that my entire eye is made of glass This way the liquid that fills up my eye is the not aqueous humor because aqueous means water ah The other one vitreous humor. That's how I remember that this is vitreous humor And so the other one has to be aqueous humor that that basically helps me and finally the the muscles that hold our Lens our crystalline lens in place are called the ciliary muscles and their job is Accommodation Since this function is a little detail will talk about it separately and so this now brings us to the next topic Accommodation Feel free to pause and take notes if you need and of course these notes quick notes are provided on a summary article on our website Khan Academy website So it's clear all those things out and keep the important ones. So what exactly is accommodation? Accommodation is the eyes ability to adjust the eye lens Refracting power What does that mean? Imagine you're looking at something far away then the rays of light will be parallel and now to see clearly The lens has to focus those rays onto our retina. I'm ignoring the refraction done by the cornea just to keep the diagram very simple This means that the incoming light has to be bent by this much amount That's basically what refraction is all about right now Let's see what happens when that object comes closer as the object comes closer Notice that the incoming rays become more divergent and now to again bend it focus it onto the retina The bending required is more That means now the refracting power the bending power required by our lens is more So again, if the object come object goes far away Look the bending power required is less if the object comes closer the bending power required is more So our eyes adjust this refracting power bending power depending upon how far the object is and that's what we call accommodation But how does it happen? It happens due to the ciliary muscles when the object comes closer the ciliary muscles kind of push on the lens Making it bulged more curved more curved meaning more refracting power This is how the power is increased and of course when the object goes far away The eye lens relaxes the ciliary muscles relax decreasing the refracting power and the object comes closer It bulges increases increasing the refracting power. This is accommodation brought to you by ciliary muscles But there's a limit to this you see as the object comes closer the ciliary muscles keep pushing on our lens, right? But after a point, they just can't squash it anymore So that means let's say this is the limit So that means if the object comes any closer and the lens will not become any more bulged And so the rays of light will no longer get focused onto our retina That means this Represents the nearest point to which an object can come and we can still focus it onto our eye So this point is called the near point of our eye So if the object comes any closer than the near point, we will not be able to see it clearly and The average near point of human eye is about 25 centimeters. It's good to remember this number So a near point is about 25 centimeters. What about the far point? Well as the object goes farther away, then we can easily focus it on our retina All we have to do is just relax our eyes and the farthest we can see we can see the sun moon or you all the way up to Stars so the farthest things we can see is virtually infinity meaning our far point is infinity Makes sense, right now. This is true for a normal Undefected eye, but what if our eyes are defected so that now brings us to the next topic defects in our eye So there are three major defects that we need to study the first one is called myopia meaning near sightedness This means that a person can see things which are near to him or her for example Let's say a person can see things closer than 50 centimeters Meaning any object that comes over here that person can see it. Let's say I'm gonna put it as green But let's say that person cannot see any object clearly, which is farther than 50 centimeters So anywhere over here. I'm putting red that person cannot see it clearly Then this person is myopic because he can see things close to him So this means for this person 50 centimeter is the farthest that person can see So you see that person's far point is not infinity that person's far point is 50 centimeters So you see for a myopic eye the far point is not infinity the far point gets shifted The second defect is the exact opposite of this we call hypermetropia or far sightedness Meaning that person can see things which are far away For example, let's say there's a girl who can see things farther away than 50 centimeters So any object is farther away than 50 centimeter. She can see it properly But let's say that person cannot see any object closer than 50 centimeters. So that's right for her Let's say then she is hypermetropic. She's far sighted now because 50 centimeter is the closest that she can see This means her near point has been shifted her near point is no longer 25 centimeters. It's 50 centimeters So for a hypermetropic person, then near point gets shifted. The far point is fine and If a person has problem with looking both the far away objects and closer objects Basically both their far point and near point have been shifted. Then we will say they have press biopia. This usually happens with old age So what do we do when we have these defects? Well, we have to correct them and this brings us to the next topic correction of the defects To correct these defects we need to first know what causes them. So let's start with the first two Turns out one of these are caused by the eyeball elongation The other one is caused by the eyeball shrinkage, but which one causes which This could be confusing to memorize. So let's think of this logically So what I like to do first is think about start with your normal eye Remember if you have a normal eye, then when you're looking at things far away Your eyeballs are very relaxed and they are the extremely low power And when you're looking at something very close to you your eyeballs are extremely stressed And because they are the highest power Okay, now let's take the same eyes and let's elongate those eyeballs and see what happens If we elongate them, you can see the rays of light tend to get focused in front of the retina to see the object clearly We need to refocus it back on the retina. How do we do that to refocus it back on the retina? We need to reduce the amount of bending. Oh, that means we need to reduce the bending power of our lens And that can be done very easily over here. You see here my lens is already at super high power They're extremely stressed. So if I just relax a little bit I can reduce that bending power and refocus it back on the retina And so I can see this object very clearly. No problem But over here I cannot relax anymore because my eyeball is already relaxed most relaxed position lowest power It's minimum power. I cannot relax any further Oh, that means over here. I will not be able to refocus it back on the retina So if my eyeballs are elongated, I can see things close to me. Ah, that means I am near sighted So eyeball elongation causes near sightedness And because of this when I'm looking at things far away, the rays of light get focused in front of the retina All right. So how do I how do I correct this? So to reduce the bending power? That's basically what we want to do. I have to use an external lens Now if I use a convex lens, it adds more converging power So I'm going to use a concave lens that reduces the bending power reduces the converging power And if I use a suitable focal length, then I can refocus it back on the retina Okay, so next up what happens if my eyeball shrinks Well now what happens is well now there is a flight tend to get focused behind the retina Now again to see it properly. I need to refocus it back on the retina To refocus it back on the retina. I need to increase the bending power. Does that make sense? I need to bend more to refocus it. In which case can I do this? Look over here, my eyeballs are super relaxed I can easily just stress a little bit and increase that bending power and I'm fine. I can see it clearly But over here, I can't stress it more because I'm already stressed out. I am at the highest power Oh, that means I can't see this. So you see if my eyeball shrinks, I can see things far away. Oh, that means I am farsighted This is how we can logically see in which case you get nearsighted or farsighted So over here because I'm unable to increase my bending power naturally All I have to do is add an external glass which glass will I add a convex or concave? I need to add more bending power more converging power, right? So I'm going to add a convex lens Another reason for this could be your eyeballs might be fine But your lens itself might have unusually high power and unusually low power Again, don't memorize think about this over here because the rays of light are being focused in front of the retina We can guess that if the eyeballs Shape is fine. Then maybe the lens has an unusually high power That's why it's bending too much focusing the rays of light in front of the retina That could be another cause for nearsightedness and again to reduce that power We're using a diverging lens a concave lens Similarly over here if your eyeball shape was fine Then another reason could be maybe your eyes don't have enough bending power And that's why they're not able to bend it and focus it on the retina It's getting focused behind and so to add more bending power more converging power We are adding a convex lens So if you practice learning it this way logically, you don't have to memorize anything and less chances of confusion Finally, what causes press biopia that is caused due to the loss of accommodation Basically your ceiling muscles wear out and your lens cannot accommodate any further. This happens due to old age It can happen to anyone And so how do you correct this now since our eyes are unable to see far away objects and very close objects as well We need a combination of these two lenses And that is done by building something called a bifocal or at least that what that's what we used to build before So bifocal means combination of two lenses So when you want to look far away, usually look straight ahead And this is why the top part of the lens corrects for far away objects And then you want to look something close like you know, usually reading a book usually look down And so this so the down part contains the correction for close objects Okay, now that we have corrected the defects the next question could be What should be the power of the lens that we should recommend for our patients? And that now brings us to the numericals of this chapter Numericals are usually on the correction of near sightedness and far sightedness So for example, let's say the question says the far point of a person is 80 centimeter Find the nature and the power of the lens required to correct it. This is actually your ncrt problem How do we solve this? So first let's draw a quick diagram This means that the person cannot see anything farther than 80 centimeters because it's far point But he can see closer than 80 centimeters So how do I figure out what is the nature and the power of the glass required? Again, we don't have to remember anything. We just think of it logically The way I had to think about it is Our glass should be in such a way that if an object is kept at his actual far point Okay, because we are correcting for his far point remember for at his actual far point What is the actual far point infinity? Then its image should be formed at his far point. Does that make sense? Then we will be correcting his far point. What is his far point? 80 centimeters So now that I know what the object distance and the image distance is I can just go ahead and use the lens formula figure out what the focal length is or what the power is And then the sign I have to use this with the sign So the sign itself will tell me whether it's a converging lens or a diverging lens So this is the way I like to solve this problem Similarly, if you had another problem, let's say this point this time It said that there's a person which is near point of 80 centimeters same question What is the nature of the lens and the uh power of the correcting lens? now That person can see Anything farther than 80 centimeters So his far point is fine, but his near point has been messed up So we need to correct for his near point now. We do the same logic Now we say look if I kept an object That is actual near point because we are correcting for the near point this time, which is 25 centimeters Then the glass that I'm using should be in such a way the lens I'm using should be such a way that the image Should now be formed at his near point. That is 80 centimeters So again, we know the object distance imaginations use the lens formula Figure out what the focal length is the power is and then the sign will tell us what is the nature of that lens This wraps up our human eye and we now go to the colorful world. This brings us to the next subtopic atmospheric refraction The first consequence of atmosphere refracting light is twinkling of stars. Why do stars twinkle? Light from the star bends multiple times in our atmosphere before reaching our eyes and because because the atmospheric conditions are continuously changing This part taken keeps on changing slightly with time. What does this mean? This means that the amount of rays of light that enter our eyes that also keeps changing with time And as a result The brightness of the star that we keep seeing that changes with time causing it to twinkle The second consequence we have to study is that we can see the sun even when it is below the horizon How this works is consider a couple of rays of light from the sun Which hits our atmosphere these rays of light would have missed our eyes But because it enters into our atmosphere a denser medium There is bend towards us and now we can see them and our brain thinks that these rays of light comes from somewhere over here And therefore we see the sun Above the horizon and this is why even before the sun has risen or even after the sun sets We can still see the sun above the horizon Next step dispersion Dispersion refers to the splitting of white light into its constituent colors when it passes through a prism And to understand how this happens. We need to first look at how a prism works Let's ignore colors for a minute and shoot a ray of light onto this prism Then it enters into the denser medium and so the ray of light will bend towards this normal And then it exits the prism and enters into the rarer medium and therefore this time the Ray will bend away from this normal And so the ray bends twice towards the base of the prism And so the important thing to note is that the emergent ray has changed its direction compared to the incident ray. It's not parallel to it Okay, so how does this give us colors? First people thought that the prism was just magically creating colors But then it was newton who argued that uh-uh the white light already had the colors in it The prism was just splitting them I've only shown three colors here just to keep the diagram simple But what causes this newton argued is that it's because different colors bend different amount The red color bends the least the blue or the violet you can think of bends the most And to prove his point newton kept a second similar prism but inverted and this time he saw that white light emerged out Why do we get white light now? Let's see when I keep the second prism These rays of light will bend the other way around they will bend towards the base of this prism So that will cancel out this bending and as a result We will see the rays of light over here end up traveling straight And that kind of makes sense because when you go from this prism to this prism There is no change in the medium and so the rays would just travel straight And by the way, this is where your ncrt has done a big mistake in your ncrt They have assumed that the rays of light will just combine over here to give you white light That's not what's going to happen. Like I explained the rays of light will just go straight. They're definitely not combined Anyways, now we'll see when it exits the prism These rays of light will all be parallel to each other. They will all be parallel to the incident ray Basically the deviation of this prism is cancelling out the deviation of this prism making the emergent ray parallel to the incident ray Anyways, so if the rays are not combining, why do I see white light over here? That's because in reality, you don't have just one ray of light if you consider another Similar ray of light now you will see that the colors of this ray will overlap with the colors of this ray And so if you have lots and lots of rays all the colors will overlap And as a result when you look from here, you will see white light That's the actual reason and why doesn't this happen if I just take a single prism? Well, here if I take another ray of light, sure it feels like they are combining and overlapping over here, but Because the rays are bent the different colors are bent differently You see if I go far enough the colors eventually separate out and that's why I do see colorations over here And so the important thing is over here. The rays are all parallel So they overlap and that's why we see white over here. They are not parallel and that's why they separate out giving us colors Now an application of this prism can be seen in rainbows When white light from the sun enters a raindrop, it acts like a prism and splits it into its constituent colors Disportion most of that light actually exits that raindrop, but we're not interested in that light So let's get rid of it. The remaining light gets internally Reflected and then exits it from this side And so when you look from here, you get the rainbow So in a rainbow, you have two refractions one here and one here and one reflection And again, your ncrt has done a couple of mistakes in the drawing First of all, you can see the red must be at the bottom when it exits And the violet must be or the blue must be on the top. They have reversed it over here And they have shown that after exiting the red and the violet combines to give you a rainbow That's wrong. You can see that the red and the violet actually separates out just like in the prism So then how do you see the entire rainbow? Well, a single drop doesn't give you an entire rainbow For example, if you're looking at this drop from here, then you see only the red light from this drop enters your eye So maybe this drop will only look red to you But a similar drop somewhere lower in the sky from that blue light will enter your eye And so that drop will look blue to you And so a rainbow is formed by lots and lots and lots and lots of raindrops You will always see that the red is on the top The blue or the violet will always be at the bottom And that brings us to the final topic scattering of light When light passes through a bunch of particles like say dust particles in the air or maybe water vapor or some colloidal particles These particles will reflect that light in all the direction This is what we call scattering. So you see it's very different than dispersion Even though the names are very confusing dispersion is all about splitting the white light into constituent colors Scattering is where the light gets reflected in all directions. We don't call it reflection in all directions. We call it scattering And now since these particles are scattering red light in all the directions They these particles will glow red when you look at them from any direction And this is why when I shine my laser through water which has a little bit of milk in it We can see the beam of light That's basically because the milk particles in the path of that light are scattering that light in all directions And that's why they're glowing red This phenomenon of seeing the beam of light due to scattering is called tindall effect Our sky looks blue also due to the same reason When light hits an atmospheric particle like say oxygen or nitrogen They have a tendency to scatter blue light the most and the red light gets scattered the least And of course the other colors in between And so during the daytime when the white light from the sun enters our atmosphere Almost all the particles scatter blue light everywhere and that's why our atmosphere looks blue That's why the sky looks blue This also means from the incoming white light a lot of blue is gone And so the remaining combination of the colors look yellowish to us And that's why when we look in the direction of the sunlight the sun looks yellow to us And the same thing happens during a sunrise or sunset as well Now the light passes through a much larger region in our atmosphere and therefore almost all the blue gets scattered out But not just that all the green and yellow They also do get scattered out because there are lots of atmospheric particles over here compared to over here And therefore the only light that survives in the incoming light Is red or orange and that's why now the sun looks reddish or oranges to us And so since red light gets scattered the least they can travel longer distances And this is why the stop signal or usually the danger signals are denoted by red color And that my dear friends summarizes the entire chapter. Yay


Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the Stock Swooshing and Reviewing the Spine. Guess what? It's doing exactly as I predicted this morning when I did the review pre-market. In fact, it looks even better. Why? Because it's 1140. It's 1140. The market is nowhere near even closing today. The market doesn't close till 4 o'clock.  Do you want to be very, very specific? Anyways, let's take a look at it. So we held the gap up today in the market. We're doing a nice sandwich here, and we are flattening out these people, and the shorts are going to get squeezed. And this is what I saw this morning in the gap. I saw it at 5 a.m. If I could have taken a trade at 5 a.m., I would have. But the reality is that we're going to just keep running. I mean, we are going to run now. So every area here is a different area that more people will be stopped out of shorts that are short the market. And also, buying is going to come in. And actually, that's what's making this here right now. I got to be honest with you, this is buying. So the move that I predicted would happen is going to continue to play out. Today was the day, though, the really the turnaround day for the market. Today is it. Today is the stuff the dreams are made of because, to be honest with you, when I went to bed last night, and I said this in the video this morning, and I saw the way that it closed yesterday. I thought that was very unusual, and I was prepared to get up this morning and see you get down. I was fully prepared for the market to get up down today, and I thought if we get up down today, that's it. We're toast, we're over, we'll break.  But that didn't happen. And when I got up this morning and saw this gap, I thought, oh, my Lanta. We're going to run today, we're going to power a trend all day, and that's exactly what we're doing. So I called the market long today, I went long to queues. You could have gone long to queues in the spy. I called both.  So 198, 199, where's the next blow area? Right here, right, well no, there's an area before here, hold on. Here, 199-ish, 200, 201, 201 to a two-ish. I mean, every number here is going to be another number that stops out shorts. And I also did a lecture last week where I talked about the 200-perimum average and how it's going to come down as the market lifts up and all of that's happening here and then it's going to start to flatten. And so you see this in here, it came down the last two days and then now it's coming up and it's starting, it's going to start to flatten here. It's going to start to flatten out. Like watch this, line, as you see it transpiring, but this was an amazing call. And I put it out in an email to buy spy options two weeks ago or whatever I sent that email out, you could have gotten them for two cents. Two cents, two cents. That's 0.02. As in two pennies? You know, this is an amazing call. Call of a lifetime here, spot on with it. We had to do it today though. I'll tell you, if we had got down today, this all would have been looking completely different. But we didn't, we didn't line because the buying came in. The buying came in, I knew it would eventually, I knew it would soon and we're going to rally now all week. So I have no idea where we actually closed today. We will stay strong all day. If we pull back today, buy. We may not pull back today. I mean, this was another buy point in here. Any pull back today could be bought in the market. You got four hours left, buy strong stocks, buy the market. This is a time to go long, strong stocks for long-term swing trades and core trades. This is a, this is a, this was a great call by me and almost an impossible call because no one else saw it but me. Not just in the overall picture here since we've been acting like this the last two months, but I saw last year and I saw it then this year, even though we dropped and everyone said scream short and then even I saw it today in the gap in the morning, I mean, how do I, how am I able to predict these things because I'm able to predict how something will move in price action based on the gap, whether it's a bullish gap or a bearish gap. It tells me whether the institutional money will take hold of a stock or the market and that's how I'm able to predict these things so well to predict that this would not follow through because this was a bearish gap to predict that this is going to follow through which is a bullish gap. I mean, just amazing. So good job everyone who did the spy option. Good job everyone, long-term in the market. Look for follow through. I don't know where we close tonight. I can do a review later tomorrow, but congratulations to everyone that's in this year. You're up, you're up today. If you bought the spy options where I called them back from a couple of weeks ago and this is just going to follow through and start to get going here. So if anyone is interested in my golden gap class and learning how to analyze gaps and predict stock moves when gaps because I'm convinced more than ever it's the only way to actually accurately trade. Here we go, look at this. We're going to go over 198. It's just non-stop, non-stop rallying the market today. Beautiful call, solid at five a.m. by the end I saw it. And we didn't get going until, let me just see here. Hold on, what time do we set the low? All right, I said 9.45. 9.45, I think we set it by 9.45 in the queues, 9.47. I said, we got to set the low by 9.45 today. I didn't say that, it wasn't 10 o'clock. You know. Anyways, have a great day everyone. The golden gap class is this weekend, March 5th and March 7th. If you want to do the class, the deadline to sign up is Friday for the class, but the deadline for the special is today. Today at midnight, and it's a great deal. So email me if you want to sign up for the papers. My email is Melissa at thestockswish.com and have a fantastic day everyone.