More information, click here. From Munich, Germany, it's theCUBE. Covering DataWorks Summit Europe 2017. Brought to you by Hortonworks. Okay, welcome back everyone. We're here in Munich, Germany for DataWorks Summit 2017 formally Hadoop Summit, powered by Hortonworks. It's their event, but now called DataWorks because data is at the center of the value proposition. Hadoop, plus all data and storage, I'm John Furrier. My co-host Dave Vellante, our next guest is Scott Nau. It's a CTO of Hortonworks joining us again from the keynote stage, good to see you. Again, great to- Thanks for having me back. Great to be here. Welcome. Having you back.  Super excited about the conversations that are happening in the industry right now for a variety of reasons. One is, you can't get more excited about what's happening in the data business. Machine learning AI has really brought up the hype around to mainstream America. People can visualize AI and see them, the self-driving car and understand now how software is powering all this. But still it's data-driven and Hadoop is extending it to data. You're seeing that natural extension and Clouder has filed their S1 to go public. So it brings back the conversations of this open source community that's been doing all this work in the big data industry, originally riding in on the horse of Hadoop. So I want to, and you guys have an update to your Hadoop data platform, but we'll get to the second. I want to ask you, a lot of stories around Hadoop, I say that Hadoop was the first horse that everyone rode in on on the big data industry. When I say big data, I mean like DevOps, Cloud, the whole open source ethos. But it's evolving, but it's not being replaced. So I want you to clarify your position on this because we were just talking about some of the false premises, a lot of stories being written about the demise of Hadoop, long live Hadoop. Yeah, well, how long do we have? You know, I think you hit it first, we're here at DataWorks Summit 2017 and we rebranded it, it's previously was Hadoop Summit, right? And we rebranded it really to recognize that there's this bigger thing going on and it's not just Hadoop, Hadoop is a big contributor, a big driver, very important part of the ecosystem, but it's more than that. And it's really about being able to manage and deliver analytic content on all data across that data's lifecycle, from when it gets created at the edge, to it's moving through networks, to it's landed and stored in a cluster, to analytics run and decisions go back out. It's that entire lifecycle and you mentioned some of the mega trends that I talked about this morning in the opening keynote, right? With AI and streaming and IoT, all of these things kind of converging are creating a much larger problem set and frankly opportunity for us as an industry to go solve. And so that's the context that we're really looking at. And there's real demand there, this is not like, I mean, certainly there's a hype factor on AI, but IoT is real, you have data, now not just a back office concept, you have a front facing business centric. I mean, there's real customer demand here. There's real customer demand and it really creates the ability to dramatically change a business. A simple example that I used on stage this morning is think about the electric utility business, right? And so I live in Southern California, 25 years ago, by the way, I studied to be an electrical engineer 20 years ago, 30 years ago, right? That business, while not entirely simple, was about building a big power plant and distributing electrons out to all the consumers of electrons. One direction and the optimization of that grid and network and that business was very hard and it was billions of dollars at stake. Fast forward to today, right? Now you've still got those generating plants online, but you've also got folks like me generating their own power and putting it back into the grid. So now you've got bi-directional electrons, the optimization is totally different. And then how do you figure out how most effectively to create capacity and distribute that capacity because creating capacity is not consumed is 100% spoiled. So it's a huge data problem, but it's a huge data problem, meaning IoT, right? Devices, smart meters, devices out at the edge, creating data, doing it in real time, a cloud blew over my generating capacity on my roof went down, so I've got to pull from the grid. Combining all of that data to make real-time decisions is we're talking hundreds of billions of dollars and it's being done today. In an industry, you know, it's not a high-tech Silicon Valley kind of industry, electric utilities are taking advantage of this technology today.  And you also made the point, it's not just about Hadoop, but in a way, I mean it is because Hadoop is the catalyst of all this open. Why has Hadoop not failed in your view? Well, because we have customers and you know, the great thing about conferences like this is we're actually able to get a lot of folks to come in and talk about what they're doing with the technology and how they're driving business benefit and share that business benefit to their colleagues. So we see that business benefit coming along.  Early on, you know, six years ago, 10 years ago, people were talking about, hey, this open source Hadoop's going to come along and replace CDW, complete fallacy, right? What I talked about in that opportunity, being able to store all kinds of disparate data, being able to manage and maneuver analytics in real time, that's the value proposition and it's very different than some of the legacy tech. So if you view it as, hey, this thing's going to replace that thing, okay, maybe not. But the point is, it's very successful for what it's being designed to do. Well, just to clarify what you just said there, that was, you guys never took that position or was Cloudera did with their Impala, was their initial, you could, Dave, you don't agree with that? Publicly, they would say, oh, it's not a replacement, but you're right. I mean, the actions were maybe designed to set in the marketplace that that might have been one of the outcomes. But they pivoted quickly when they realized that was failed strategy, but that became a premise that people locked in on. If that becomes your yardstick for measuring. Then so, but wouldn't you agree that Hadoop, in many respects, was designed to solve some of the problems that EDW never could? Exactly, so, again, when you think about the variety of data, when you think about the analytic content, doing time series analyses, it's very hard to do in a relational model. So it's a new tool in the workbench to go solve analytic problems. And so when you look at it from that perspective, and I use the utility example, the manufacturing example, financial, consumer finance, telco, all of these companies are using this technology, leveraging this technology, the solve problems they couldn't solve before, and frankly, to build new businesses that they couldn't build before because they didn't have access to that real time streaming data. And so money did shift from pouring money into the EDW with limited returns, because you were at the flat part of the S-curve to, hey, let's put it over here, in this so-called big data thing. And that's why the market, I think, was conditioned to sort of come to that simple conclusion. But the spending did shift, did it not? Yeah, I mean, if you subscribe to that herd mentality, and the net increase, the net new expenditure, and the new technology is always going to outpace the growth of the existing kind of plateau technology, that's just mad. The growth, yes, but not the size, not the absolute dollars. And so you have a lot of companies right now struggling in the traditional legacy space, and you got this rocket ship going in big data. And again, I think if you think about kind of the converging forces that are out there, in addition to IoT and streaming, the ability, frankly, Hadoop is an enabler of AI. When you think about the success of AI and machine learning, it's about having massive, massive, massive amounts of data. Right? And I think back, you know, 25 years ago, my first data mart was 30 gigabytes, and we thought that was all the data in the world, right? Now it fits on your phone. So when you think about just having the utter capacity and the ability to actually process that capacity of data, these are technology breakthroughs that have been driven in the core open source and Hadoop community, when combined with the ability then to execute in cloud and ephemeral kinds of workloads, you combine all of that stuff together now, instead of going to capital committee for $20 million for a bunch of hardware to do an exabyte kind of study where you may not get an answer that means anything, you can now spin that up into cloud and for a couple of thousand dollars get the answer, take that answer and go build a new system of insight that's going to drive your business. And this is a whole new area of opportunity driven by the convergence of all that tech. I mean, it's absurd to say Hadoop and big data has failed. I mean, it's crazy. Okay, but despite the growth, I call it profitless prosperity, can the industry fund itself? I mean, you've got to make big bets, yarn, Tes, different clouds. How does the industry turn into one that is profitable and growing? Well, I mean, obviously it creates new business models and new ways of monetizing software and deploying software. You know, one of the key things that is core to our belief system is that really leveraging and working with and nurturing the community is going to be a key success factor for our business, right? Nurturing that innovation and collaboration across the community to keep up with the rate of pace of change is one of the aspects of being relevant as a business. And then obviously creating a great service experience for our customers so that they know that they can depend on enterprise class support, enterprise class security and governance and operational management in the cloud and on-prem and creating that value proposition along with the advanced and accelerated delivery of innovation is where I think, you know, we kind of intersect uniquely in the industry. And one of the things that I think the people point out and I had this conversation all the time with people who try to squint through the, you know, the Wall Street implications of the value proposition of the industry. And this is something that I want to give you thoughts on because open source at this era that we're living in today is creating so much value outside of just important works in your company. Dave would made a comment on the intro package we were doing is that the practitioners are getting a lot of value, people out in the field. So these are the white spaces of value and they're actually transformative. Can you give some examples where things are getting done that are of real value as use cases that are highlighted that you guys can highlight? Because I think that's the unwritten story that no one's talking about is that there's the rising tide floating all boat happening. Yeah, there is. What are some of those use cases, the white spaces? Yeah, some of those use cases, again, it really involves kind of integrating legacy traditional transactional information, right? Very valuable information about a company, its operations, its customers, its products and all those kinds of things. But being able to combine that with the ability to do real time sensor management and ultimately have a technology stack that enables kind of the connection of all of those sources of data for an analytic. And that's an important differentiation, you know, for the first 25 years of my career, right? It was all about let's pull all this data into a place and then let's do something with it and then we can push analytics back. Not an entirely bad model, but a model that breaks in the world of IoT connected devices. There just, frankly, isn't enough money to spend on bandwidth to make that happen. And as fast as the speed of light is, it creates latency so those decisions aren't going to be able to be made in time. So we're seeing, even in traditional, I mentioned the utility business, think about manufacturing oil and gas, right? Sensors everywhere. Being able to take advantage, not of collecting all the sensor data and all of that, but being able to actually create analytics based on sensor data and push those analytics out to the sensors to make real time decisions that can affect hundreds of millions of dollars of production or equipment, are the use cases that we're seeing be deployed today and that's complete white space that was unavailable before. Right? And customer demand too. I mean, Dave and I were also debating about this not being a new trend. This is just big data happening. The customers are demanding production workloads. So you're seeing a lot more forcing functions driven by the customer and you guys have some news I want to get to and get your thoughts on HTTP, the forward worst data platform, 2.6. What's the key news there? Obviously real time, you've been talking about real time. Yeah, it's about real time flexibility and choice, right? You know, motherhood and apple pie. And the major highlights of that upgrade. So the upgrades really inside of Hive, we now have operational analytic query capabilities where we can do tactical response time, second, sub-second kind of response time. You know, Hadoop and Hive wasn't previously known for that kind of a tactical response. We've been able to now add inside of that technology the ability to do that workload. And we have customers who, building these white space applications who have hundreds or thousands of users or applications that depend on consistency of very quick analytic response time. We now deliver that inside the platform. What's really cool about it in addition to the fact that it works is that we did it inside of Hive. So it didn't create yet another project or yet another thing that a customer has to integrate to or rewrite their application. So any Hive-based application can now take advantage of this performance enhancement and that's part of our thinking of it as a platform. The second thing inside of that that we've done that really accretes to those kinds of workloads is we've really enhanced the ability to do incremental data acquisition, right? Whether it be streaming, whether it be batch upserts, right, on the SQL person, doing upserts. Being able to do that data maintenance in an asset-compliant fashion, completely automatically and behind the scenes so that those applications, again, can just kind of run without any heavy lifting behind them. It's just data in motion kind of thing going on, right? It's anywhere from data in motion, even to batch, to mini-batch, and anywhere kind of in between. But when you're doing those incremental data loads, you know, it's easy to get the same file twice by mistake. You don't want to double count. You want to have sanctity of the transactions. We now handle that inside of Hive with asset compliance. So, layperson question for the CTO, if I may. You mentioned Hadoop was not known for a sort of real-time response. You just mentioned asset. It was never in the early days known for a sort of asset compliance. Others would say, you know, Hadoop, the original big data platform is not designed for the matrix math of AI, for example. Are these misconceptions, and like Tim Berners-Lee, when we met, Tim Berners-Lee, you know, web 2.0, this is what the web was designed for. Would you say the same thing about Hadoop and big data? Yeah, I mean, ultimately, from my perspective, and kind of netting it out, Hadoop was designed for the easy acquisition of data, the easy onboarding of data. And then, once you've onboarded that data, it also was known for enabling new kinds of analytics that could be plugged in. Certainly starting out with MapReduce and HDFS was kind of the core. But the whole idea is I have now the flexible way to easily acquire data in its native form without having to apply a schema, without having to have any format in the store. I can get it exactly as it was and store it, and then I can apply whatever schema, whatever rules, whatever analytics on top of that that I want. So the center of gravity from my mind has really moved up to Yarn, which enables a multi-tenancy approach to having pluggable multiple different kinds of file formats and pluggable different kinds of analytics and data access methods, whether it be SQL, whether it be machine learning, whether it be HBase for lookup and indexing, and anywhere kind of in between. It's that Swiss Army knife, as it were, for handling all of this new stuff that is changing every second we sit here, data has changed. And just a quick follow-up, if I can, just clarification. So you said new types of analytics that can be plugged in by design because of its openness, is that right? By design because of its openness and the flexibility that the platform was built for. In addition to all on the performance, we've also got a new update to Spark and usability, consumability, and collaboration for data scientists using the latest versions of Spark inside the platform. We've got a whole lot of other features and functions that our customers have asked for. And then on the flexibility and choice, it's available public cloud infrastructure as a service, public cloud platform as a service, on-prem x86 and net new on-prem with Power8. It's got a final question for you. Just as the industry evolves, what are some of the key areas that open source can pivot to that really takes advantage of the machine learning, the AI trend that's going on? Because you start to see that really increase the narrative around the importance of data. And a lot of people are scratching their heads going, okay, I need to do the back office things, I need to set up my IT, I need to have all this great stuff, all these open source projects, all the Hadoop data platform. But then I got to get down and dirty, I might do multiple clouds on the hybrid cloud going on. I might want to leverage some of the new cool containers and Kubernetes and microservices and dollars DevOps. Where's that transition happening? As a CTO, what do you see that and how do you talk to customers about that, this transition, this evolution of how the data business is even getting more and more mainstream? Yeah, I think the big thing that people had to get over is we've reversed polarity from, again, 30 years of, I want a stack vendor to have an integrated stack of everything I plug and play. It's integrated end to end, it might not be 100% what I want, but the cost leverage that I get out of the stack versus what I'm going to go do, that's perfect. In this world, it's the opposite, it's about enabling the ecosystem. And that's where having, and by the way, it's a combination of open source and proprietary software that some of our partners have proprietary software, that's okay, but it's really about enabling the ecosystem. And I think the biggest service that we, as an open source community, can do is to continue to kind of keep that standard kernel for the platform and make it very usable and very easy for mini apps and software providers and other folks to plug into our testing. It's a thousand flower bloom kind of concept. And that's what you're talking about, the white spaces as use cases are evolving very rapidly. And then the bigger apps are kind of getting settling into the workload with real time. You know, think about the next generation of IT professional, the next generation of business professional grew up with iPhones, Android phones.  Yeah. And then I want to take those widgets and connect them together to do things that I haven't been able to do before. And that's how this ecosystem is really. Yeah, very DevOps culture, very agile. That's their mindset. Well Scott, congratulations on your 2.6 upgrade and great stuff, asset compliance, really big deal. Again, these compliance things, little things are important in the enterprise, right? Absolutely. All right, thanks for coming on theCUBE. The data works in Germany and Munich. I'm John Furrier, Dave Vellante. Thanks for watching more coverage live here in Germany after this short break.


డ్నీల్కలు మరతివ్విలెన్న్నాౚటిన్నకానాకుంటరెగాణిచిట్నడినాయంధె rather than biological ones. With the gender inequality movement, gender is normally spoken of in that context. Subconsciously, we only think about the word referencing women. It has been a long road to get to this point where women are being treated slightly better and not discriminated against based on their gender. While a lot more work begs to be done, another inequality is looming. A couple of days ago, while at lunch with a colleague, a person passed by wearing a t-shirt with the inscription that referred to the well-being of mother and child. In a burst of emotion, he asked, everything is about women and children who is looking after the welfare of men. Initially, I found him incredulous and dismissed him. I pointed out that the world system is generally the construct of men and his gender benefits largely from it to the detriment of women. He said quietly, all day long, I'm on the streets, hustling to make sure that the women and children in my house are provided for and safe. No one cares to ask me how I'm feeling. He argued that men take part in numbing activities which are harmful to them and even though they know that it is harmful, they indulge in it to keep themselves sane. I wasn't convinced about his argument, but he made a good one. We have a generation of empowered, independent, educated women who are a handful for men. The men are not being equipped to interact successfully with the new-improved women. With most brought up with the old-time training and others having their masculinity diminished and emphasis being placed on them to keep in touch with their feminine side while finding all forms of expression is the man first becoming an indigent species? There is so much focus on the female that we are engaging outside lining, emasculating and diminishing the man. The point is, while it is necessary to correct the wrongs that a male-dominated world inflicted on the female, we are engaging of turning the tables leading to a female-denominated world and men who don't know how to handle this new state of affairs. We need two things to become front and center alongside the movement. Human equality and balance. I cannot emphasize the need for deliberate training of the boy-child that while he maintains his masculinity, he expresses it with the awareness of his female compatriots and that they are first human beings. The female recognizes her newfound expression of being, but in a human equal world, she cannot cry wolf and is expected to show that her responsibility squarely without relying on her gender as a means to an end. Wow, this is... So, this is my interest. Anyway, comfort, personally, I tell people I am a male feminist and then let me say this. Feminism, gender equality is not... People see it from the perspective of gender, everything is talk about women. Gender equality is about the equality of both sexes. That's what it's supposed to be. That's what it is. But people actually flip it and it's a woman thing. That's what it's supposed to be. But we're no longer applying it in that way. Not me. Anyway, let me exempt myself because I'm conscious about that. The sexes should be equal. You use the principle of equity to achieve equality. Now I want to give you some little weeks and which kind of day I want you to respond specifically. I was in a vehicle traveling somewhere during the 2019 election, two women were contesting for presidents before they actually stepped down. And the men were having conversations. Why will a woman want to become president? I was surprised. What if she becomes pregnant? That is one. Number two, I had the opportunity of interacting with a family friend. Who has only daughters? One of the daughters wanted to study law. She discouraged the daughter for reading law. Why? Because she said that that profession is too risky for a woman.   Number three, I can go on and on and on. But number three is why we try to build the woman, just like what she said. We are empowering them with the necessary skills to contribute to the world development as human they are. We are not empowering the boy child or the man with the right mindset to deal with the women. There was a situation of a man saying that his wife would not go for a master's degree because it diminishes his masculinity. How can that be? So, I need that for you to respond, Mr. Kawani. Well, when it comes to gender balance, I always say one thing that I have made part of so many or not so many, one or two associations where you fight for women empowerment and stuff. The Kofian Institute of Kofian and Peacekeeping Institute, the Women Peace and Security Institute, the ANGLE. I'm a member of the Convocations Network in Accra, Ghana and a couple of others like that. But you see, the truth I always say is this, that while we're doing all this work for women, let us make sure that we we're very specific and intentional with the words we use. A lot of times we muddle things up. A lot of times we just confuse the entire sphere. And I would even like to extend it beyond the rhetoric of male and female. Now, because of the approach we have to this, that is why it's breaking down the fabric of the society to the extent that we are we are giving too much laxity to the gender. Just last week, the US approved the first passports for a third gender, which is X was issued. It's because of all this thing for no everybody is selfless. If we want to fight for women, which I dare say way back when it started, it was necessary because you find people like what he said the man said, I always tell people that there is no way I'll send my daughter to study medicine. Seven years. Then a man will say don't work. What are you talking about? So all the years she spent in university you know is for what? Just to prove that she has, it's not you. So, and all that comes to play, but we like right, like Comfort rightly said, there are so many things that are happening around gender that we're not correcting. We're giving so much power to the woman, which is not wrong. We need to enlighten the men rather than the women. We need to enlighten the men to let them know that women have the rights to do whatever they want to do in a society. But not to the extent that, for example, you say okay, there's one complexity that when it comes to gender, before I allow the law to come in, we say okay, we have the same rights. We all go to the market. We all go to the field. We all do things equally, which is right. But you see the approach we give to it makes it look like we are of the same strength. So now when you get to the market space and the man is also hustling with the woman, they say you are a man now, let her go. When we are communicating, we need to balance it that what we are saying is we have the same rights, but the approach and the strength and the physicality, some of these things are different, but for the rights to do, achieve what you are achieving, you're going to medical school. She has the right to go to medical school. She has the right to do this. She has the right to decide on, but the way we put it a lot of times make it look like when you say, she's the lady now, give her a chance. But it's equal, don't get balanced. Equity is also equal. Aha, and those are the things you don't specify. But personally, I make it intentional. When I speak, I say equality to opportunities, law, social justice. That is what it should be. Equity to achieve equality. So, yeah. I get equity over equality. I think I empathize with the man that comfort me about him being on the road hustling and nobody asking him how he's fairing. And they say, I empathize with that man. I have three younger brothers. And my dad and I empathize with them because I say how they go out to hustle. But the truth is, again, I'm going to speak on this part of the world because this is the part of the world I stay. Where we are. Gender equality is still so much beyond, we are still very behind on it, on the girl child having power and having until, you see, woman or girl child in positions of power. Which is already happening. Which is really happening. It is at the very slow pace. It is at the very slow pace. This is what I ask. Sorry, before you come in, before you continue there. This is what we say at the slow pace. I always say, in Nigeria today, I haven't seen any posts that women haven't as powerful except for precedency. And they haven't got that. And it's not because they are women. It's because the way our politics is even formed. Even the youth cannot have a space. Even so many qualified men cannot have a space. So it's not about gender per se. And that's why I need to factor. No, but it's not. But it's all about, let me just take my time.  So I'm saying, until we have women in key positions and giving opportunities to more women, that's when we come out and say like, should we stop with the old female, female, let's start including men. I'm okay like we including men. But the old gender and saying, let's fight for women, let's fight for girls. We still have to keep doing that. We still have to keep pushing that. And we look because we haven't opened. Let me tell you what we've done. We've spoken about it because the world, there was a time when there was me too and that really brought this in on this thing. And then in Nigeria, we piggybacked on that for media and this gender, you see organizations saying girls first and it's all surface level. It's not. It should be strategic. It should be strategic like there should be an impact. To a large extent I disagree. It should be an impact. You know what I disagree to a large extent. Even look at America today. When Hillary Clinton lost, one of the biggest comments that came was that a lot of the white folks, pure white Americans, were not ready for a female president. No, but hold on. Exactly. That's what I'm talking about. That's what I'm talking about. It should continue. I remember when Theresa May was still the prime minister of the UK, she made a statement. There was a woman celebration they were doing. I think well, International Women's Day of Star and she talked about how women were still lagging behind in the UK. So that's what I'm just going to bring that up. I'm just going to bring that up. It's not about it's not about it's global thing. However, when it comes to this women issue, I have, you see, we create a lot of room and we talk a lot about women. And that's why I say in our climate time, it's as if we, I'm saying with the women, at times we're confused because listen, you create, we talk so highly about women rights, which is needed, right? However, then you see the women themselves on the plane themselves. What do I mean? Let's take music videos for example.  Yeah, exactly. You get it. So, while you're saying women empowerment, I expect women to be saying no. I'm not just going to be like your sex slaves in the movie, you to put those are the things we like. I see places like where you talk, let's not respond, there isn't much I know. Let's not respond, let's not respond. Let's not take this off, we'll win out, I know. Let's not take you home then. Bringing this whole thing home, the point is that yes, we might not be where we need to be with the females, but we're not where we need to be with the males either, whether it's in terms of how they respond to the old time woman or even the new time woman. So, bottom line, human equality, we need to bring both of the genders you know, up to speed with what the realities are. So, up next is Felix, stay tuned.


Welcome back everyone. Today we're going to talk about if statements in go. So in prior videos we talked about loops and we showed a for loop and we've already talked about setting variables. Today we're going to talk about if statements and we're going to again be using some variables. So I've already set two integer variables here. Integers are numbers, non-decimal numbers, and then I have two string variables. So here I have int1 equals zero, int2 equals one, string1 equals the word string, string2 equals also the word string. Now an if statement is really useful for checking whether something is true or false. So it's really common to check between two variables to see how they compare to each other. They could be the same, they could be in this case less than, it could be greater than. So we compare two variables to see whether the check is true or not, true or false, and if it's true then we run whatever code is in between the brackets here. So we have our if statement and then we have our check, what we're checking, the check condition, and then we have the bracket and then we have everything inside the bracket is what is ran if that is true. So let's go through and look at this real quick. We have this if statement. So if int1 and int1 is currently equal to zero is less than or equal to, this check here is less than or equal to int2. Well int2's value is one, so if zero is less than or equal to one, that is true because right now int1 is less than int2. So since that's true, we're going to run everything inside this bracket. So we would, we would run format print line and then int1 is less than int2. That's what would print out. Now since this first if statement, this first check is true, we would not check anything else in the rest of this block. So this if statement is all one block of code, but since the first p, so the first check that we have is true, we do not go through and check everything else. So for example, here I have an if statement comparing int1 and int2. And if that's false, then I would go to another if statement and check string1 and string2. If those are equal, then print out string1 is the same as string2. If that is false, then print out that none of them are true. Both the ints was not true and the strings were not true, so none of them were true. Okay, so we have if and else. So if I run that, we have int1 is less than int2. So in this case, our first check was true. So we printed out int1 is less than int2. And then we stopped. We didn't go on to any of the other checks. So now let me put this int1 value to two. So what's going to happen is int1 less than or equal to int2, that's going to be false, which means that this block will be false. And we will move down to the else if check. Okay, so what do you expect will happen while string1 and string2 are currently the same thing, they're equal to the same value. So we should print out string1 is the same as string2. So let's run that again. And string1 is the same as string2. Okay, now what if I add anything to either one of the strings. Now they're not equal. So what we expect to happen, the first check is false. So we do the second check, the second check is false. So we go down to the third check. And the third check is just if none of these were true, do this. Okay, so then what will happen is none are true. Because it was our first check, if int1 is less than int2, false. If string1 is equal to string2, false. So then if none of the others were true, then type none are true. Okay. So that's how we do an if statement. And this is actually an if and then else if else if is relatively common, whenever you want to check something in a particular order. So for example, int1 and int2 are not related to string1 and string2 at all. But maybe for some reason I want to check if this is not true, then do this check as well. Okay, so put these together whenever you want some sort of logical flow between checks. Now what I could do is just put if string1 is equal to equal string2. So let's copy this. And I'll just call this string1 to string2 check. So this is a different if statement. Notice this block of code is separated from this block of code. You can tell by the brackets. So the brackets for this block actually end here. And then I have another if statement. So these are completely separate. First, this entire block will run. We'll get some sort of result out of that. And then the second block will run. So let's go back to our original state. So int1 is zero. So what will happen here is this is true. So what we should print is int1 is less than int2. And then we're done with that block. So we will move down to if string1 equals string2, which it does now. Then we should print string1 string2 check. So we'll get two print statements here with two different blocks. Int1 is less than int2 because this first check was true. And string1 and string2 check because the second block ran and it was also true. So you can put the if statements together if you want to do checks related to each other. Or they can be completely separate if you want them to run one after another. Now, so far we've used equals. And for integers we've used less than or equal to. We could just as easily say less than, but I put less than or equal to. For checking whether strings are the same, we use these double equals sign or an exclamation point. So double equal sign means equal exclamation point equal sign is not equal, not equal. Okay. So here we have, I'll move this to two again. So now we have our strings are the same. And then I have a check where they're equal and I have a check where they're not equal. So we know that either this will print or this will print because they're testing basically for exactly the opposite thing. Which one do you think it is? I think it's going to be string1 is the same as string2. Okay. Let's try that. String1 is the same as string2 because string1 equals equals string2. So they are the same string. String1 is not equal to string2. So that's not true because they're not different. Okay. Now, if we do something like string exclamation point in the string, if we run that again, then we get none are true and string1 string2 check. Why do we get none are true? Because first off int1 is greater than int2. So that's false. So then we move down to the second one string1 equals equals string2. Are they the same? No, they're not. So that's false. So then we get this else statement and none are true because that's the last thing we do if all the checks failed. Okay. Then we go to our next block of code. If string1 is not equal to string2, then print out string1 string2 check. Well, that's true because these are different strings. Okay. Even though they contain the same text, this one contains an extra character, an extra letter. Okay. So that's fine if you want to run simple checks of logic, whether something is the same or less than or equal to or not the same. But sometimes we want to check multiple things at the same time. So for example, maybe I wanted to know whether int1 is less than int2 and string1 equals string2. So I have two checks that I want to do. I can either write that as two if statements or I can combine them all into one if statement. So we can do if int1, I'll just do greater than since our variables are already there, int2. And then instead of just putting my bracket, I can just put and and string1 is not equal to string2. Okay. Now I can put my bracket and say, what are we going to say here? Double test, double test. Okay. So how we read this is if int1 is greater than int2 and string1 is not equal to string2, then print out double test. Okay. So we should see that. And here we have our double test at the bottom. So none are true because both of these were false. We have string1 string2 check because that was checking by itself. And we have double test because int1 is greater than int2 and string1 is not equal to string2. What happens if I just change this? So here we have int1 is greater than int2. That's true. And string1 equals string2. That's false now. But we're using an and statement. So do you expect double test to actually print out? No. Double test doesn't print out because for an and check, both of these have to be true. Okay. But right now one of them is false, one of them is true. If we want only one of them to be true, so either int, the int check could be true or string1 equal string2 could be true. And instead of and, we use or. And that's a double pipe. Okay. Double pipe. So let's run that again. And then we should see double test. So here we have our or statement. int1 is greater than int2 or string1 is equal to string2. Right now this is false and this is true. So as long as one of them are true, then we will print or we will do whatever is inside the brackets. Okay. So this is getting started with if statements. Really powerful. This is kind of where everything happens because you want to check the current state of something going on and react based on how that state is set up. So the if statements are kind of the basic form that you'll need in almost every programming language. And most programming languages look similar to this. A little bit different. They basically all have if statements. Most, I think, yeah, most have else if and then if there's an if they always have an else. So you'll usually see if and else. Sometimes you'll see else if. Sometimes we check just one variable. Sometimes we check the state of multiple variables against each other, either with and or or. And then there's some other ones. But just with these checks that I've shown you here, you can do most of your programming actually. Okay. So that's it for if statements. Thank you very much. Thanks for watching. If this was helpful, please like and subscribe. Also, please consider supporting us on Patreon. Your support lets us focus on making better tutorials for everyone.


Autolight and its 98,000 dealers bring you Mr. Dick Hames in tonight's presentation of Suspense Tonight Autolight presents the story of a man who watched a murder committed and couldn't get away to tell about it It's called pigeon in the cage our star. Mr. Dick Hames This is Harlow Wilcox and I would like Hey half stop horning in but Harlow that horn is part of my car's electrical system And half that electrical system goes to work the instant you press the starter button and Continues every second your engine runs in addition whether your engine is running or not It works every time you blow your horn turn on your lights radio heater or electric windshield wiper must be right at all times Hey Harlow it's your must have so friends That's why it's so important to treat the electrical system of your car to a periodic check-up Regardless of the make-of-car you own make it a point to see your authorized auto light service station or your car dealer Regularly you can quickly locate your nearest authorized auto light service station in the classified section of the phone book under Automobile electrical service or call Western Union by number and ask for operator 25 And remember from bumper to tail light. You're always right with auto light and now Auto light presents transcribed pigeon in the cage starring. Mr. Dick Hames hoping once again to keep you in suspense I'm Gerald Brewer, and I'm 31 years old. I'm a paper hanger, and I've got a wife I got a kid on the way, and I'd like to be home now. I wish I were out of here Right under the button here it says for emergency ring so nothing happens I've been ringing this bell for the last hour or nothing happens Nobody's home. I know that But I don't know what else to do except ring this bell I'm stuck in an elevator between the first and second floor The overhead light went out a few minutes ago. I can hardly see This elevator isn't very big. It'd hold three or four people There's a lever here for floor stops But something's going wrong the elevator won't move There are two buttons here one that rings the bell the other for emergency stops Overhead maybe about eight feet from the floor is a little door Maybe about six inches square. I don't know what that's for It's a pretty old elevator in a pretty old house. I can't squeeze out of it. That's for sure Three walls of this thing's a cherry wood in front of it is a folding iron gate. I Got on it on the fourth floor where I was papering That was five o'clock. I was quit and work And the elevator got stuck and nobody's home been yelling my lungs out ringing on the bell calling for Mrs. Rogers who owns this house pounding on the wall, but nobody's home Nobody's home, and I'm stuck The elevator stuck right on the first floor above the living room So lying down like this I can I can see into it through a gap no bigger than a quarter inch We're a little about my wife because she'll worry But there's nothing I can do but wait and relax And wait that's what woke me Someone was home and talking and I was gonna yell out and let them know I was stuck in the elevator right above their heads You're satisfied now. Aren't you? That's the only way to do it. All right. All right You're nervous you agree to it once killer.  You're all right Janice when your wife's dead. I'll be all right Hey, I'll put on some records relax you help the waiting. What about the gun? Don't worry Do me a favor. Will you Harry? Let me worry.  Look one drink Baby, I don't know. Come on. Let's go to the kitchen. I don't know who the girl is. I never saw her before But I could make out of her looking through the gap that she's a lot younger than mr. Rogers Oh, that was mr. Rogers. I knew that right away without looking at him I Remembered his voice because we'd had a discussion about wallpaper pattern 1216 B Sunday strollers in the park for the library on the fourth floor Well, if he was gonna kill his wife and I just heard about it What do you think he'd do to me All I had to do was yell out and let him know I'd heard Listen, I got a wife and a kid on the way. I'm a guy who figures on hanging a lot more paper before he dies My family expects it of me Besides, what am I supposed to do yell out? Hey, I'm hanging up here in the elevator and I just heard what you said How do I know mr. Rogers wouldn't kill me? What do I do? Just I'll just stay here and hope I can think of something better Better Janice the drink did it. I'm fine. What should we do? What do you mean waiting? No, I don't mind. I feel fine. We left the party. We were we were dancing. I feel fine Hey What's the matter? Nothing. Let's not laugh. That's all it's not doing anything to make the other one.  Just right now Okay, okay, I'll go upstairs and get the gun. Come on That thing stuck again. What are the elevator the door down the basement keeps swinging it open stops it Darn things stuck. I'm sure it's stuck. Hmm.  Oh, yeah Suppose someone's in that elevator.  How could anyman? We'll tell you how it got stuck How do I know how it got stuck someone's on that elevator and heard everything we said Look, it's happened a hundred times before suppose the elevator were upstairs And I stood here and rang for it the elevator'd start But if the basement door swung open the elevator to stop you all right, you're satisfied all right Happen to my wife. She walked instead of closing the door in the basement happens all right. All right Guns in the bedroom. I'll walk upstairs Mr.. Rogers went to get the gun. I could hear him go into his bedroom where yesterday. I papered with the hunters on horseback pattern I watched the girl he called Janice She sat on the sofa for a little while and she got up folded her arms and walked around the room She stopped in front of the elevator anybody in there anybody in there She kept looking at the gap where the floor of the elevator was a quarter inch above the top of the door But the light was out in the elevator and it was black And I hugged the far wall and she couldn't see me Mr.. Rogers came back then Still not satisfied are you what do you mean looking at the elevator? Oh, I'm satisfied. I tell you I'm okay Would it make you feel better if I went down the basement shut the door down there and start the elevator and you'd see forget it Make you feel better wouldn't leave me alone with you Janice stop it Harry. Please you want to forget it Janice Do you go back to the party? No? No? No? No? Listen Harry. I told you listen. I'll go down and close the elevator door down the basement Yes, that's what's upsetting. Isn't it you're afraid someone's in there? Yes Well, why didn't you say so? Please go downstairs and close the Harry That's her you wait Yes, she's got open the garage door make it look like a robbery. All right, Harry. She keeps her jewels in the safe Watch out Janice. Don't push me standing in the way Saves behind that picture. Tell me to move and I'll move don't push me anymore. All right. I'm sorry Talks the right I know it's gone answer what? Answer it say your mrs. Rogers get rid of whoever it is in a hurry One say you'll call back Yes, goodbye. Was there a paper hanger here? Place is being papered. That was his wife mrs. Brewer He's not home She expected him home hours ago She knew he was here. Well, what about a brewer? You in there? Okay, Brewer.  Dick Hames in pigeon in the cage tonight's presentation in radio's outstanding theater of thrills suspense See Harlow auto light has had a lot of experience in building electrical systems, right? Only 42 years half 42 years, that's right back in 1911 auto light developed the first two units six volt electrical system ever used as original equipment and today auto light designs and builds modern and complete electrical systems for many of our finest makes of cars Trucks tractors airplanes and boats that's a lot of electrical systems Harlow It's your is half and yet every unit is precision built to operate as a team That includes the generator starting motor distributor coil voltage regulator spark plugs battery and all their thousands of component parts They're all related by auto light engineering design and manufacturing skill to give you the finest performance money can buy And that's a lot of performance right you are half so friends Be sure you get the best for your auto light equipped car always insist on auto light original service parts when Replacements are needed and remember from bumper to tail light. You're always right with auto light And now auto light brings back to our Hollywood soundstage mr. Dick Hames In Elliott Lewis's production of pigeon in the cage a tail well calculated to keep you in suspense I'm not sure he's in there.  You're in there.  Maybe I stand on I can see him Brewer Brewer you won't be able to hide in there for very long Brewer. I don't know Black in there in this slit. I have to look through turn off that music with you We're getting panicky both of us maybe I'm wrong maybe you're wrong Maybe the paper hanger just stopped at the corner bar and got loaded never got home. We got to find out We've got a We've got to get out of here Janice get back to the party I'll walk down the basement close the elevator door and bring it down. All right. You wait here. All right One pull yourself a drink Janice. You look terrible. Why didn't you just wait to hear what I have to say? All right, what do you want? Take the gun with you in case he's there sometimes Sometimes well when I was gonna say it was my wife's fault for calling For being worried for being such a good wife But she hadn't called mr. Rogers and that girl would have gone away Isn't it a shame the way we always blame somebody else when we're in trouble? One thing I was sure of mr. Rogers had a gun in his hand and the other thing I was sure of he wasn't kidding Positive he wasn't kidding a man who's just killed his wife in the garage isn't a kidding type Here's what he was about to do close the basement elevator gate push the button and bring the elevator down And he was gonna open the door see me and shoot me I'm a man with a family like I said and I got a going business paper hanging a lot of things.  Rogers closes the gate and tries to bring the elevator down to the basement And me inside the elevator. I keep my finger on the emergency stop button And nothing happens The elevator doesn't move I mean What what do you mean pressing a button or anything? I'm not doing anything Harry Something wrong what oh the motor I don't know Just in case I'm gonna leave this door open. Yeah, I'm coming up. Mr. If you're in there Elevator, and you know what's happened? And if there's some way the three of us can get together so that nobody has to get hurt anymore Listen, all right.  You don't know what she was. You don't know what she was. She's What do you do? Maybe we can reason with him if he's in there Maybe all we have to do is explain why it happened and maybe Tell him tell him we're not so bad. You know what Janice? There's no one in there. There is there is. I know it Harry All right, I'll find out for sure. Come on. We'll go upstairs after the second floor. I got a way to make sure I'll climb down into the elevator from the second floor. There's a little trap door on top I'll open it strike a match. I'll find out come on. I'm going to have to She's in there John season there. He grabbed my arm. I reached it with the light.  Let me alone. We've got to get away from me. You're all right now Janice Janice It's all right now. It's all right that he's in there What do you mean? We killed my wife. We were gonna take her jewelry. It didn't make it look like robbery and murder It didn't make it look like she surprised a thief.  Hey, how do you like that bro? Or you'll be the murderer. How do you like that? Just do it Harry. Yeah, it's gonna be all right. Just do it. We're in there mister. That's a couple of feet below Listen, what do you want? And if you think If you think you can get away with this I tried to reason with you all I wanted you to do is go away. I talked to your wife She was worried. Wasn't she you'd listen to me? You could have been home now How could I listen to you? What you did I tried to explain it to you and you wouldn't listen mr. Rogers was a married man You carried on with him and what you did You know what what he shot his wife But you're as much a murderer I know how can you expect me to listen to you?   I saw you What do you mean when you were downstairs in the living room? Was lying down on the floor in here and I saw you I Can't understand how anybody who looks like you can do what you did What is your wife look like? Why What do you look like?  Yes, I am Mr Mr. All right, all right take the rest of the bullets out of this gun. That's all Yeah, wait a minute.  Why did you have to do that for now? There's no more bullets in the gun bullets in the wall You okay Janice now, what do you have to do just climb down there again on top of the elevator that's all Told you to all be over in a minute.  Well, I don't mind.  Oh now look what's happened to me.  Rogers and that girl And here I am stuck in an elevator and there's nothing I can do about it They're on the first floor now, and he's helping her with her coat. She still looks shaky I Can lie down on the floor and look out through that gap and I can see them And hey They're starting to leave hey mr. Rogers You're not gonna get away with it mr. Rogers For you go you'd better think about something. What about the fingerprints? What about the fingerprints on the gun mr. Rogers? Well, I guess you did huh?  Rogers I'm lying down on the floor of the elevator, and I'm looking out of the gap, and I can see you Hello miss I'm in here, and you're out there But you're the one who's trapped now Mr.. Brewer.  Rogers? Mr.. Brewer How are you right isn't it? Your fingerprints are on the gun mr.  Brewer will be able to bring the elevator down Go ahead Janice go on hurry How does it feel? the First thing I want to tell you is that You can keep the jewel. How does it feel to be trapped? Really now we'll we'll talk this over. It's terrible doesn't it when you come out of the elevator.   Do you think I'd? Now you know what a silly question that is don't you? Look I got this gun of yours, and it's proof you killed her No amount of arguing you can think of can change that Money do you want money? I don't think money's important right now. Oh, why is he he won't come out No, sir. I'm not coming out.  Well, I got stuck in an elevator zone I said I got stuck in an elevator No, really Suspense Presented by auto light tonight star mr. Dick Hames This is Harlow Wilcox speaking for auto light world's largest independent manufacturer of automotive electrical equipment Auto light is proud to serve the greatest names in the industry They are members of the auto light family as well as other 98,000 auto light distributors and dealers in the United States and thousands more in Canada and throughout the world Our family also includes the nearly 30,000 men and women in 28 great auto light plants from coast to coast and Auto light plants in many foreign countries as well as the 18,000 people who have invested a portion of their savings in auto light Every auto light product is backed by constant research and precision built to the highest standards of quality and Performance so remember from bumper to tail light. You're always right with auto light next week a Terrifying tale about a man who was able to foresee the future and found in it his own violent death It's called vision of death our star mr. Ronald Coleman That's next week on suspense Suspense is transcribed and directed by Elliot Lewis the music composed by Lucian Morrowick and conducted by Lud Bluskin Pigeon in the cage was written for suspense by Morton fine and David Friedkin in tonight's play Charlotte Lawrence was Janice and Joseph Curran's was Harry and Remember next week mr. Ronald Coleman in Vision of death you can buy auto light electrical parts auto light stay full batteries and auto light resistor or standard type Spark plugs at your neighborhood auto light dealers switch to auto light. Good night This is the CBS radio network


Hello everyone. I am sure you are having a good time. I welcome you once again to MSP lecture series on Interpretive Spectroscopy. In my previous lecture, I discussed it about first-order spin system taking several examples. One such example I consider was styrene. In styrene, although it was appeared in like a first-order spectrum, it's actually it's not first-order spectrum. So that means geminal coupling we came across. Although magnitude was about 1.4 or so. So how that happens and how to interpret let us look into now second-order spin system. Second-order coupling we call it as. So the examples of 1H NMR spectra we discussed in so far involved first-order coupling. So that means that chemical shift difference, we call it as delta-delta between the nucleus considerably greater than the coupling constant, usually five times greater. That means delta-delta is greater than J. Then it is called first-order coupling. When delta J is larger than nuclei involved in the spectrum are designated with letters from extremants of alphabet. That means for example, A and X, AMX, AX2, A2X2 depending upon how many such nuclei are there in a given molecule. That means when delta is larger, the nuclei involved in the spectrum are designated with letters extremants of alphabet that taken from extremants of the alphabet. AX we come across AMX, AX2, A2X2, etc. So when delta J is less than 5J, that means chemical shift difference is much smaller than coupling constant. Then for such a system, we are using letters close together in the alphabet. For example, A, B, A, B, C, A2, B, C, something like that. So in those cases, what happens? The Larmor frequencies of nuclei of different elements are always very large in those cases. In the first-order spectrum, if you consider or in first-order coupling, the Larmor frequencies of nuclei of different elements are always very large. Second-order coupling can occur only between the nuclei of the same isotope. One should remember that one. Nuclei of the same isotope only can exhibit second-order coupling. For example, as I said, protons on same carbon atom, when it is there and they are chemically equivalent and magnetically non-equivalent. In that case, we come across, but we similarly substituted fluorine and hydrogen. So that can never be a second-order coupling. There's always first-order spectrum. That means second-order coupling can occur only between the nuclei of the same isotope. For example, between 2, 1-H nuclei, 3, 19-F are 3 phosphorus. Since the chemical shift differences are very small for 1-H, the majority of second-order couplings are observed in 1-H NMR spectrum. Here, surrounding hydrogen, we have only 1-S electron and it is spherically symmetrical. Hence, chemical shifts are very small range. We have 1 to 10, only in exceptional cases where we have coordination compounds and metal to hydrogen bond is there. In that case, we may come across up to 60 hertz, 60 ppm. Otherwise, in most of the organic molecules, it doesn't go beyond 10 ppm. So that means as a result, what happens? Since the chemical shift differences are very small in 1-H, the majority of second-order couplings are observed only in 1-H NMR spectrum. We also come across in case of phosphorus NMR also. So let us consider a simple second-order spectrum such as AB. Since the chemical shifts of the nuclei in a second-order system are similar, the energy levels are much closer compared to the same in the first order. This is very, very important when we differentiate between first-order coupling and second-order coupling. The chemical shifts of the nuclei in a second-order system are very similar. That means they have chemical shifts much closer. The energy levels are much closer compared to the same in first-order spectrum, a first-order spectrum. So let us now, I have given a series of spectra here. They represent typically AB case. In AB case, the middle energy levels are similar to A2 here. If you see here, they are A2. As this middle level becomes closer, it becomes difficult to tell which nucleus has which MI value. That is the problem we come across in second-order splitting. As this mid-order levels becomes closer, it becomes difficult to tell which nucleus has which MI value, whether it has plus half or minus half. Similar to A2 case, consider the linear combination of two-way functions here. Since these new functions are mixtures, it is no longer possible to designate the transitions whether they are due to change in MI of A or B. As a result, by simply looking into spectrum, it is no longer possible to determine the chemical shifts of A and B. So general patterns of the AB spectrum depends on delta A of A and that of B and the corresponding J value. So to what extent delta J is comparable, delta delta is comparable with delta J. That would tell you the separation. The spectra shown here are for J equals 10 and a variety of delta delta values. So here in all of them, if you just look into it, coupling constant is kept 10 and then a different variety of delta delta values are given. When delta delta is very large relative to J, spectrum appears as a distorted doublet. The intensity of inner lines increases as J by delta increases here. So that means at delta delta equals 0, the spectrum is reduced to a single line as in case of A2 system. So this is how you can correlate and also all these cases are of different AB depending upon the difference in delta delta with respect to J value. Few points to remember in case of second order coupling is in a first order spin system, delta delta must be greater than delta J. That means what one should remember is this one is much greater than delta J, not delta J, J. All chemically equivalent nuclei must also be magnetically equivalent. This is very important. In first order spectrum, all chemically equivalent nuclei also magnetically equivalent. That means if you are considering two geminal hydrogen atoms, so they are chemically equivalent as well as magnetically equivalent. What is the meaning of chemically equivalent and magnetically equivalent? Two or more nuclei are chemically equivalent if they can be interchanged by the operation of some symmetry elements of the molecule. So two or more nuclei are chemically equivalent if they can be interchanged by the operation of some symmetry elements of the molecule. For example, let us say you take phenol. We have ortho-hydrogen atom survey and simply by doing a C2 rotation with respect to OH and para-hydrogen atom by rotating. So what happens? If we cannot distinguish them, then we can say both are chemically equivalent. In case of AB system, we are giving this delta AB equals delta 1 minus delta 4 into delta 2 minus delta 3 and this middle point will be given as delta usually.  This is how the J is determined here and also chemical shift also determined here. Delta AB equals we have to take the middle of this one. Now let us consider some examples here. As I mentioned, if you consider here chlorobenzene and if you consider this as a rotational axis and if you do C2 rotation and 1 and 5 cannot be distinguished or indistinguishable. Similarly, H4 and H2 are indistinguishable. These two are called chemically equivalent and these two are called chemically equivalent. And again if you take in this one all these are chemically equivalent here. And then again if you consider here again they are chemically equivalent here because you cannot distinguish them. Similarly, if you consider this picture I have shown here H on C2 and C4. So this one and whatever the hydrogens we have on C2 and C4 I have not shown here or C2, CH3, CH3 and are equivalent so as H on C2 and C4 trans to CH3 plane. So plane extending through C1 and C3 makes a C2 and C4 equivalent. And similarly if you look into FE to CO9 here the axis through FE-FE bond if you make it terminal and bridging are equivalent these three are equivalent and these three are equivalent. So these are equivalent and these are equivalent. So this is how we can identify whether some symmetry operations can make them indistinguishable after that symmetry operation. So that means now we can have a better understanding of chemical and magnetical equivalence or non-equivalence. So if you say chemically and magnetically equivalent nuclei that means magnetically equivalent means each member of a chemically equivalent set of nuclei must be equally coupled to each member of any other chemically equivalent set in the spin system. So that means H5 are equivalent so as H2 and H4. So these two are identical these two are identical equivalent and the third set is H3 is H1 coupled to H2 ok H1 coupled to H2 same as H5 coupled to H2 answer is no because of the distance. That means if each member of one equivalent set is not equally coupled to each member of second set it cannot be first order. So this how you can determine whether a given molecule would give a first order coupling or second order coupling when you have situation like this. If H1 we are considering the H1 interaction of H1 in H2 is different from H5 and H2 similarly H2 interaction with H1 is different from H2 interaction with H5 or we can consider H4 interaction with H5 is different from H4 interaction with H1. So in this case what happens it cannot be first order. So chlorobenzene is an example of three spin systems if you designate this as A this is A prime and B B prime and C so we call it as this one and then A prime what we say is the one nuclei with prime says that they are not magnetically equivalent. A and A prime are chemically equivalent but they are not magnetically equivalent and similarly B and B prime are chemically equivalent but they are not magnetically. So the prime A here represents chemically equivalent but not magnetically. So letters in the same region or nearby alphabet indicate the similarity in their chemical shifts. That is the reason when we take A, A, B, B and C that means they have almost very similar chemical shift values. If the chemical shifts of H1 are significantly different from that of H2 and H5 then the spin system would be A, B, B prime and X, X prime. That can happen if the magnification is much larger as delta, delta would be larger. So this is where the significance of going from a low field NMR instruments to high field NMR happens. So when you go for higher and higher instrument what happens if you take chemical shift in hertz the separation will be much larger. As a result what would happen they all complicated secondary spectrum can be converted into very simple first order spectrum. This is where people always look for 400, 500, 600 megahertz instruments instead of using 200 or 300 or even 100 megahertz instruments. The moment we designate with prime A, A prime, B, B prime and C that means A and A prime are chemically equivalent but they are not magnetically that one should remember. And that one can understand by simple analogy whatever I shown here and ideal example is chlorobenzene. So remember that one. So now let's look into three spin order system. For calculating spin multiplicity as a number of lines in a peak 2Ni plus 1 is not used for second order spectrum and it only for the first order spectrum. Again the 2Ni plus 1 rule where N is number of identical or equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin this one holds good along with the corresponding Pascal triangle only in case of first order spectrum but in the second order spectrum we cannot use this rule at all. So now let us consider a 19 F NMR spectrum of this molecule here trifluoroethylene for example of AMX spin system consists of three sets of doublets of doublets here. It's a 19 F NMR we are considering and 19 F also is 100% abundant and I equals 19 F if you consider I equals half and 100% abundance is there. So it's as easy as 1H or it's very similar to 1H NMR or R31 P NMR. So now if you just look into FAA we have doublet of doublet FM we have doublet of doublet and FX we have doublet of doublet is there and corresponding coupling is given and MX and MX coupling is there and AM coupling is there and MX coupling is larger again trans coupling is there and then next AM coupling AM coupling is there and that is 56 Hertz and AX coupling is there that is So you can see here, this appears like a first order spectrum. So when two of the three nuclei have similar chemical shifts, I'm repeating again, when two of the three nuclei have similar chemical shifts, the spin system is designated as ABX. When two of the three nuclei have similar chemical shifts, we have three nuclei are there and two of them have very similar chemical shifts. In that case, the spin system should be called as or designated as ABX, in which the relative sign of the coupling constants of the appearance of the spectrum. So AB portion consists of eight lines that resemble two sets of quadrates, often they are overlapped. So AB portion itself will be consisting of eight lines that resemble two sets of quadrates and often they are overlapped and giving a different type of intensities for lines. And the X portion consists of six lines with two lines being very weak and almost there in the baseline. Transition from AB, AMX to ABX is shown in the next spectrum I'm going to show here. So you can see here how AMX spectrum, where it appears like a first order spectrum is converted into a second order spectrum because of the very little difference in the chemical shifts of A and M. So here and here. So now let's look into few points I have listed here. These series of spectra what I have shown from 1 to 4 represent transition of a first order spectrum, AMX to ABX and eventually to A to X. So now these are all simulated spectra. AMX with respective chemical shifts of 4, 2 and 1.1 ppm where JAM coupling is 12 and then JX coupling is 3 and JMX coupling is 10 hertz. Next in the second one, this is about the first one I told you in the second one. Again this ABX system with respective chemical shifts of same 4, 3.6 and 0.1 ppm and JAB value is brought down to 9 and then BX is 3 and AX is 7 here. So now spectrum 3 represents ABX system with AB chemical shifts of 4, X of 0.1 here only 1 and 0.1 ppm and the coupling constants are same as that we saw in case of 2, 9, 3 and 7 hertz. Now in the A to X system here what happens with A chemical shift of 4 here and then this is 0.1 and then JX is only showed that is about 9 hertz. So sometime you can see some of these variations are there and as I said these values depends on the chemical shift difference between A and M and as the chemical shifts of X nuclear moves closer to those of A and B it becomes ABC system. Eventually now we saw M moving very close towards A to become AB in the same fashion if the signal due to X also starts moving towards B it becomes a ABC system. Spectrum can have up to 15 lines here. You can see here this is a typical ABC spectrum here. ABC spin system I have given 2 here. 1 at 100 MHz the chemical shift values for ABC are 4, 3.7 and 3.4 for AB and C and the corresponding coupling constants of AB is 9 hertz, BC 3 hertz and then AC 7 hertz and the same coupling constants are kept and the spectrum recorded at 300 MHz would be something like this. Here you can see clearly as the field strength increases they are moving away from each other. When they are moving away from each other and for example if you go for maybe 400 or 500 MHz they will move even further apart and then it becomes simple AMX system. So this is the advantage of recording spectra at higher magnetic field strength. Let us consider another simulated spectrum with AB X spin system here. You can see here AB X spin system is there and delta AM is delta B equals 10 hertz here and then delta AB equals 10 hertz and since we do not know the sign always if the sign is not known always we represent the magnitude but we are not mentioning the sign and when we look into the sign here so when we are ignoring the sign it is always ideal to represent in modulus. So this one is minus 4 and this is 1 hertz. So that means basically if you consider this AB X spin system X resonance resembles a doublet expected for a first order spectrum here with X only coupled to B. Only X AB X only X is coupled to B. Close examination of expanded version actually shows six lines for X. This one shows six lines and it is not first order in such cases where resonance appears to be not affected by another nucleus HR X has said to be virtually coupled. So that means this a typical system where we have this kind of coupling values and chemical shifts we come across virtual coupling. Let me stop here and continue more discussion on second order system in my next lecture until then have an excellent time.


How to be rich without a college education? Nicole Smart, the owner of Starstaffin, the youngest recipient to be awarded the 40 on the 40 award, recognizing business leaders under the age of 40, only has a high school diploma. Nicole started as an entry-level receptionist and rose through the ranks quickly, becoming a business owner by the age of 25, less than seven years from graduating high school. A company was recently acknowledged by Inc. magazine as one of the fastest growing companies in the U.S. and she has been featured in Forbes, The Huffington Post, Entrepreneur, Wall Street Journal and a good number of other publications. How did Nicole do all of that with just a high school diploma? You see, getting rich and successful is independent on the things you learn in school. It is more about how much knowledge you possess and how valuable it is to men. In this video, I'll share with you how to be rich without a college education. This, I believe, will help you become a successful person. If you're new here, consider subscribing so that you won't miss other interesting videos like this. 1. Be ready to work hard Everyone who desires to become rich and successful must be willing to work hard, with or without a college degree. However, if you do not have a college degree, you must be willing to work harder than everyone else as to catch up and even overtake those who have one. 2. Become a master of one thing Once you have decided that you are willing to put in the work required for success, it is time to determine the means that you want to use to get rich. This is where you ask yourself, how do I want to get rich? Or what do I want to do to get rich? Once you have that sorted out, then you have to work towards attaining mastery in that field. Here's how it works. Either you have a college degree or not. If you want to become rich, you have to be exceptionally good at something such that when people think of your field, your main comes to mind. When that happens, it means that you have become a master in your field, which means that people will easily pay you so much money to either consult for them or get your products or services in their hands. They simply believe that you know what you are doing, better than anyone else in that field. Ben Oberg, a 25-year-old self-made millionaire and founder of Millinear Mafia said, choose to master one thing in your business at a time. Become an absolute technician at one skill until you produce results from it. Once you have produced results, then you can build out from there. Choosing to try and master ten things at a time will set you up for no result for all ten of those things. Two, never stop learning. That you do not have a college degree is not an excuse to be ignorant, especially about your field. You see, if you're going to become an expert in your field and attain mastery, you have to keep learning. That's the only way you can achieve it. You can take courses that can help you hone your skill or read books and do one or two internet researches now and then. The most important thing is to keep reading to make your brain flexible and improve your problem-solving skill abilities. According to Oberg, you always need to learn about your business. If you stop feeding your brain knowledge about new products, trends and software in your field, then your business is going to stop growing. You're going to become old news in your field. Your income is going to play to. Your talents are going to max out at a certain height. Your success will stop while your competitors continue to grow, adapt and refine their expertise while they surpass you. So, make sure you are always learning, so you stay ahead of the curve. Three, learn how to network with people. Learn to network with people both in and out of your field. You know, networking is not just about being recognized for your work. Reputation that builds up around your work, attitude and context will help to grow your network. Also, while networking with people, leverage this network to help others as well. Help them connect, learn and grow. Doing this will increase your network and the reward that comes with this is that people in your network will think of you in situations when your specialties come to mind. Four, hang around supportive and like-minded people. Next to networking with people, both those in your field and those outside your field is hanging around people who are supportive and equally willing to be rich and successful. When you hang around like-minded people, you are easily motivated to push and challenge yourself until you achieve your dreams.  This is not an indictment of your abilities, rather a testament to their fears and limitations. It is critical that you find a community of individuals who are like-minded and have the same goals as you. Five, learn communication or marketing skills. You mastered your field, learn how to network with people and even hang around other supportive and like-minded people. Next, say you sell a product or you offer a service. The only way to become and reach doing that is to sell to a lot of people, isn't it? Hence, the need to learn how to communicate and market your products to people. Again, Oberg said that you must be able to talk about your product or business with confidence and expertise. You must understand the skill set of creating relationships before you shove your product or brand down someone's truth. Many people are not great communicators. It's not something we were taught in formal education. You can master how to communicate with people properly. You are ahead of your game on every level. The biggest tip I can give is to learn how to listen. This is the essential part of any business, listen to what the customers are asking for. Take the likes of Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates who have become highly successful without college degrees. Not only did they invent some of the best products that exist, they learned the art of effective communication and marketing which eventually helped them to become millionaires. Anyone can get rich. Even without a college degree, it's only a matter of determination and proper planning. If you want to become rich, consider the following steps and consistently practice them. Thank you very much for watching our videos. We'll like to give you another interesting video for you to enjoy next but before then, our team will be very happy if you can like this video and share it with your friends on social media. If you're new here, don't forget to subscribe so you won't miss other interesting videos like this. Look at your screen now to see two other videos we handpicked for you to enjoy next. We love you.


This show is a collection of multi-cultural, multi-media, diverse projects that they've spent. As with all cinema experiences, if you could switch your phones, that airplane mode or silent, that would be great.