This lecture is titled performance and script writing and what we are going to do is to provide you some rationale about mime as an art form which provides deep understanding of drama as a performative form. The lecture is divided into four parts. In part one, we would provide you this rationale in some detail. Then we would look at mime and also some process oriented definitions and finally, the relationship between performance and script writing. As I said earlier, we are looking at this material from the point of view of writers and therefore, our focus is on the writing process. To highlight the distinctive nature of drama, we feel strongly that it is necessary to understand some of the forms that are exclusively non-verbal and mime therefore, is the most ancient and also in some ways a very powerful building block for understanding theater, performance, drama, all of these interrelated terms and also processes. What we also would like you to remember is the fact that even when you are performing a mime or you want to write a mime, you have to think about it as an artistic process and also a process which provides your imagined worldview and also the manner in which you want to present it, it should be clearly edged out in the script that you write. So, let us actually start with this process in a slightly different way. Let us first imagine empty space of the stage. We are looking at this empty space, let us move to a mime, it is titled playing by the book and you can play it anywhere, but we would place our actors in a setting that is familiar to us. The actor enters with the chair, places the chair at the center of the stage, sits on the chair. Looks a bit bewildered, a book falls close to him, looks quizzically at the book, picks it up, watches it, opens the pages, seems scripted by it, closes the book and sits silently, picks the book, holds it tightly, slow anger builds up with a sudden impulsive gesture, throws the book, fade out. The audience that is you reads his body language and the stage setting, silence speaks. After watching this performance, what you can do is to record your response and of course, the response cannot be predicted, but I suppose what it would do is to help you understand various strands of the mime. For example, the way the empty space is battled, the way the gestures and the body language is constructed very deliberately, almost modifying your sense of natural social behavior. It sort of modifies it to achieve an artistic intent. It may also help you understand and evaluate whether this particular piece requires words or it is enough to really look at the piece and experience the point of view of the author and the point of view of the actor who is interpreting the script. This is only part of the script right now, the next part will be placed before you towards the end of this session, but I think what we are trying to really help you understand is the physical nature of this mode of representation. So, even while writing the script, I think a playwright vividly imagines the physical gestures. I think there is a slight difference in the imaginative process of let us say short story writer and a playwright. There may be many other reasons as to why a writer decides to write plays as opposed to short stories of fiction or poetry, but at the same time I think the physicality is much more vivid in writing plays and then imagining your characters. So, then what again we have said so far are three things that theatre, mime in particular but theatre in general, it battles empty space and this is battle through a combination of what may seem like natural social imitation of action, but it is modified through the symbolic intent that a playwright wishes to provide to the activity and to the incident or to the situation that is chosen by him or her in order to make a particular artistic point. So therefore, the term mimesis you can begin to note is another term that is used in order to talk about imitation. We will talk about it later during our discussion of Aristotelian ideas and also their contemporary interpretations, but the notion of mimesis or imitation is central to drama and in a way mime helps us understand this blend of the natural activities that are observed and their transformations that occur while performing. We would also like to constantly go back to the childhood forms of play and the state of childhood because again you notice the kind of imitative behavior and the kind of playfulness that is linked to that joyous imitation of various aspects of reality which in a way is very close to human nature. In order to help you understand another example of mime, we thought it would be really nice to look at the work of a mime artist from our own country and this is Jogesh Datta. The excerpt that we would play is titled The Bird and is part of the last act. Quite naturally we would like you to actually see the full clip and if possible the actual performance whenever is possible, but at the same time what this particular illustrative clip points out is the nature of construction. So the bird and the way the bird is constructed and in mime is the artist's body that really has to be used in order to convey the symbolic intent also. So although the symbolic intent will not be fully accessible through just a short clip, but when you see the full piece, I think the illustrative example will help you see the blend very clearly. Now Jogesh Datta, the mime artist whose work we have presented although it is enacted by another mime artist, it is interesting to again notice that his childhood mimicries were so interesting and powerful that actually it is these mimicries which helped him decide that he wanted to be a mime artist and these were performed when he was a child in very trying situations as a refugee during partition and I mention this because this is a point that I have made earlier also that I think watching children in every situation you realize that there is this innate sense of self expression or also various kinds of other cognitive activities that take place which help us understand human nature in a very interesting, exciting way. So it is his childhood activity mimicking people which many children do, but at the same time he began to understand the passion he felt for the form and later on he was influenced by Charlie Chaplin's work. So the written script of a mime therefore, whether it is Jogesh Datta or anybody else, it requires the writing process that is conceiving the sort of sense of what you want to say and fleshing it out so that the artistic intent of the playwright is you know clearly etched out and this is revealed through each activity, each mini activity or you know smallest fragment of the activity, action and gesture. So therefore, it is written in advance. There are also examples of this form from classical Indian tradition and Bharatmani in Natheshastra has talked about Mukh Abhinay and again if you look at this whole idea of Mukh Abhinay, it is really very interesting to note how elaborate it is and also there are contemporary practitioners who are giving it new dimensions. So you can dip into this website that we have mentioned for photo studies and another study that we would like you to look at is the you know study of the Rasa theory which professor Richard Schechner has presented in his book performance studies where he is also contrasted it with Paul Ekman and the work of Paul Ekman on the expression of emotions by the human face. So that kind of trajectory makes for very interesting dimension of how you know the body and the face you know the totality of it helps you really conceive of mime as an art form and as I said we are looking at mime you know for itself but also as sort of glimpse into an important building block of theatre activity because even in a regular play you have the subtext, the body language which is consciously worked out, the expressions, the movements, what is unstated all of these things are worked out. So mime gives you a very good sense of these layers of a regular play with people talking and you know people who are closer to reality, social reality as we comprehend it. So then I would say another example may be quite sort of suitable in order to understand the greatness of this form. In the 20th century it has been explored with great Vega and one of the great examples of contemporary mime is this particular piece by written by Samuel Lebeket titled act without words. This is a short play originally written in French and then translated in English by Becket himself and this of course translation process reflects Becket's artistic need for estrangement for his writing you know it would be very interesting for you to note that he wrote in French and then he translated his artistic work back into English his mother tongue and he felt that for his artistic vision and his artistic process this distancing was important. So this piece was also written in French first and then translated back into English. What it also contains is a sense or the notion of absurdity we have talked about it earlier while discussing Albert Camus. So you have some sense of this notion of absurdity and Becket was exploring it in his own different way and also in this mime then the sense of the absurd is non-verbally performed through a you know play which has a beginning a sense of beginning middle and end. It was written in 1956 and first performed in 1957 at the Royal Court Theatre in London. So we will just play the clip for you first not really show you the written text we will just read the we will just place the short clip before you let us look at the synopsis based on watching this very short clip. Now let us see the synopsis of the play. So let me provide this for you the scene is repeated the same scene is repeated a number of objects are lowered into the set a palm tree with a single bow three cubes of varying sizes a length of knotted rope a tiny carafe labeled water the actor and also then the character the actor who is interpreting the character struggles to use each object after reflection each time the tantalizing object is withdrawn and so let us look at this synopsis again. So each time the tantalizing object is withdrawn and finally and this is a quote from the last part of the play he does not move he looks at his hands curtain. So now this particular play was taught in the elective last year and these are some of the ideas that we considered I like you to read this play the script of the play carefully yourself before responding to these questions. We understand the limitation of this process of teaching and learning you have to do a lot of reading on your own before we can get to talk about many of these scripts. So after you have read the script and it is a short one it will not really take too much of your time and it is very intensely worked out. So after reading it what you can do is to consider these ideas think about the specific dramatic genre and its artistic significance. This is to give you some of the queries that unfolded in the class. What is the man doing? Even if it puzzles you try to sort it out I would say you do not really have to love every piece every new piece that you read but what you should perhaps try to do is to figure out as to what the writer is trying to suggest as a so even if you do not really fully feel comfortable in the beginning it may be a good thing not to feel comfortable because it extends your sensibility in different ways. So the question is what is the man doing? Do the objects have any symbolic value? So why is the palm tree lowered? What are these cubes? What is the scissors and the rope? So you try to figure out if you know it sort of adds up to some interconnected meaning. What is the context or location of this dramatic situation? So desert, dazzling light, why? What do the terms flies, wing, stage refer to? So even if your connection with theatre or drama as an art form is not an easy one because many times people do not read plays. Please remember that all these theatre related elements are often provided by playwrights in the way they locate their characters even within their sense of the space that would be used. In the way the theatre space, the empty space would be used by the players, by the performers. So look at all these details in order to enjoy the greatness of this script and the power of this script. When we did this work in the class, you know the students performed the play. They wanted to. This particular group was very very keen on theatre and drama. So they performed this script really quite well and the character fell on this hard ground very convincingly the main character the protagonist and it was very well done you know. And after that we try to also figure out the meaning. So first it was read then performed and then we try to figure out the meaning. At the end of this process I gave them a test. So here are the questions that were plays before the students and I will also read the response of two students. One is an analytical response. The second one is a creative response. So does the title of the play evoke multiple connotations act without words, spell these out, give the meaning of the term mime, identify the antagonistic forces that the protagonist battles in this play. Now as you know in drama there is the sense of the protagonist and the antagonist. So what are the forces antagonistic forces? Now here is only one character. So what are the antagonistic forces that the protagonist battles in this play? Does this play allude to any myth or anecdote? Now allusion is a very powerful modern device. So is there any allusion which is not visible on surface but it is lurking in the subtext or lurking in the way the play is constructed, identify accurately. And finally does the resolution point towards tragic or comic tradition give reasons. As I said you know these were students who had read plays, they were also I think performers in different ways and they also performed this play and therefore some of this discussion immediately may not be accessible to you but later on when we talk about Aristotle and Aristotelian notion of tragedy, comedy and how it has been transformed in modern drama I think you will be able to relate to Peckett's take on the combination of the tragic and the comic but let us see what Ashwath had to say in terms of an analytical response to the reading of this play. He says and I am quoting parts of his answer, the mind shows the man's struggle. He used his mind and hands in every possible manner to ensure survival. So remember this is the dazzling light in a desert so this man's survival is threatened and he uses his mind and his hands in every possible way to ensure survival. This is what Ashwath fell and then he goes on to say his constant experimenting allows him to learn to use his tools effectively but as soon as he masters them they are confiscated so they are withdrawn from him bringing him back to his starting point. So he strives, he achieves something and then he goes back to a situation which is like going back to square one. He went on to point out that the play act without words seems similar to the myth of Tantalus who stood in a pool of water and every time he bent to drink the water it receded away from him and finally if one takes cue from the absurdist philosophy one realizes that one is unable to find meaning in life and the universe. So there is no pre-given meaning. Now to deal with the absurd one could possibly resort to either suicide to escape the absurd so the rope and the scissors or accept the absurd and continue living with it. So this is what Ashwath had to say and then later on in the same process we allowed for or kept certain windows open for creative response to the script and I am not, I would not be able to read the full answer here but I would certainly like to read an excerpt written by Kanishk Dutt, a play written by Kanishk Dutt and the excerpt from that play. He titled his response as another act without words and I do want to add that later on Kanishk convinced many of his friends to perform this play in IIT although I was not able to see it but I think they rehearsed and they performed this full play. So this is another act without words and somewhat incomplete excerpt I would like to place before you. So this is how it reads, the stage has at the far center four identical chairs three of them in a file and the fourth one in front of the center one all of them facing the audience. The center back chair remains empty always boxing bell rings lights on the center front chair fade in again a person is sitting back on the chair reading a book holding it in front of him with one hand nearly covering the entire face and this goes on to build on this whole process and the point of view also becomes gradually quite clear. But I will have to stop reading this excerpt here and move on to another aspect of our discussion which is to look at the physicality of drama and also therefore the process oriented definitions. These were provided in the 70s and 80s by a lot of theater practitioners because this idea of the performative aspect of theater as opposed to a purely literary one had really preoccupied a lot of academicians, artists and theater practitioners. So now this is from Bernard Beckerman's dynamics of drama and I quite like this definition where he says theater occurs when one or more human beings isolated in time and or space present themselves to another or others in imagined acts and according to him drama he says is organically connected with theater and is in truth but a special form of the art of presentation. So even the verbal behavior is presented and of course the non-verbal dimension we have already talked about. Beckerman considers his standpoint as a departure from the conventional use of the term drama and in order to sort of show the you know his differences from the conventional approach he quotes an author of Fry and his definition of drama as a my masses of dialogue or conversation. The other definition that he does not seem very comfortable with comes from Susan Langer who described drama as essentially an enacted poem. Joggan he really pointed out that his is much more process oriented definition in terms of the organic links between drama in terms of the literary written script and the performative aspect which are vital to this whole process this whole artistic process. Once again I like to point out that this lecture and the approach towards drama was actually undertaken after looking at the student aspirations. This is what Agam Goyal one of the UG elective students had to say about his expectations from the creativity and creative writing course. He says I took this course to enhance my writing skills I am a writer and have written drama and poetry my aim is to enhance these skills. The other idea is to learn more about creativity what exactly could be considered as a form of creativity and all aspects related to it. I like you to emphasize doing a play or drama and then having a discussion about it. I would also like to know more about famous models of drama and script writing as I would like to improve my script writing skills. I like to have more information about theater groups and their functioning. So this is what Agam Goyal had said and as I said this particular group did a lot of performative work as assignments also. Finally I want to end this session with this notion of being and doing and performance and script writing as writing about being doing and let me see how this is described by Beckerman. He points out that the distinguishing characteristic of theater is conscious self-presentation. It is not the presentation of a painting or of a film but of one's very being. Yet being that wholesomeness of life in a person cannot actually be presented in a time bound manner or in a time bound medium because when observed over a span of time being becomes doing. So being becomes doing and then he again quotes from Stanislavski, one of the great practitioners of the art of acting and also is written very important studies. We will talk about it if necessary later on. So he says that one of the first lessons Stanislavski taught was that even if a person sits absolutely still he or she is doing something and he is talking about stage setting. The observer may not be able to interpret the meaning of this doing without an illuminating context. Nevertheless, he or she witnesses not being but doing. That was a profound statement and it again helps us understand the nature of theater. I would end with this second part of the mime alone and together. It is subtitled Voices. The actor enters the empty space he had left temporarily. He has a sheaf of papers and a large pencil in his hand moves with the resolute stride sits on the lone chair deep in thought. The pencil moves on the page. He begins to hum. The humming energizes him enough to stand up with paper and pencil. He begins to shout with the rising crescendo the voice radiating in different directions ending with a triumphant shout curtain. After watching this performance let me say the lecture ends the discussion begins and I hope you will talk to each other and here is the list of the material we have referred to. Thank you very much.


I would like to take this time to acknowledge the profusion students of the Texas Heart Institute of Cardiovascular Profusion Program, and especially like to thank Debbie Adams, Program Director for the invitation to speak. I've always been particularly interested in research of the brain and cerebral blood flow.  I think it is important to understand its relationship to neurologic injury. Extracorporeal life, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be a life saving treatment for patients with severe refractory lung and or heart failure when conventional intensive care fails. However, in addition to the critical condition of the patient, ECMO treatment itself is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. And as you can see from this pic, the neurological complications are among the leading causes of death and disability and ECMO patients. This insult here is a result of a middle cerebral infarct. This is a brief outline of what I'd like to cover in the next 20 minutes. So cerebral blood flow and cardiopulmonary bypass, talking about altered collateral blood flow, regulation of cerebral blood flow, neurologic injury, infarct and hemorrhage, alterations in hemostasis, brain injury and BV versus VA, the ECMO circuit itself, and of course CO2. In 1959, the closest parallel that can be drawn for inside into auto-regulation during ECMO is from cardiopulmonary bypass. Loss of cerebral auto-regulation can result in sphenia or edema and hemorrhage, even with slate changes in cerebral profusion pressure. You can see from this classic Lawson curve that was reported in 1959 and debated and then brought back again as sort of a key standard. The Lawson curve depicts auto-regulation of cerebral blood flow over a range of cerebral profusion pressures. Point A is the lower limit of the curve after which the decrease in cerebral profusion pressure will lead to reductions in cerebral blood flow. Point B is the higher limit of the curve at which an increase in cerebral profusion pressure will increase cerebral blood flow. And the range of cerebral profusion pressure depicted by X is the zone of auto-regulation where the cerebral blood flow remains constant over changes in cerebral profusion pressure. And it is regulated by vasoconstriction and vasotilidation of cerebral arterials. In 1995, Dr. Arthur Schwartz from New York Presbyterian Hospital and anesthesiologist wrote this paper entitled, Cerebral Blood Flows Determined by Arterial Pressure and Not Cardiopulmonary Bypass Flow Rate. Global hypoprofusion of the brain during cardiopulmonary bypass leads to ischemic insult and neurologic injury. Cerebral ischemia depends on collateral circulation. They did independent manipulations of arterial blood pressure and pump flow measured during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. And their findings were that cerebral blood flow was greater at high blood pressure than low pressure during bypass. An alteration of pump flow rate produced no changes in cerebral blood flow. So they concluded that cerebral blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass is regulated by the arterial blood pressure and not pump flow rate. And then in 1994, this original article, current profusion techniques for repair of giant cerebral aneurysms, was something that we created this circuit for clipping of these giant cerebral aneurysms that were unable to be clipped under the conventional method. Femoral cannulation was used, a closed chest approach was used, and the patient was cooled to a brain temperature of 16 to 18 before circulatory arrest. During arrest, blood is then drained into the venous and cardiotomy reservoirs, enabling us to shrink the cerebral vessels and aneurysm for direct bloodless surgical repair under the neurosurgical microscope. In 1996, a doctor Schwarz wrote another paper using a baboon model and the right common carotid artery and the ipsilateral femoral cannulated and joined to a centrifugal pump. Close circuit system of blood was withdrawn from the femoral artery, cooled and re infused into the right common carotid with the external branches occluded. The pump flow was regulated to keep the right common carotid pressure equal to the systemic blood pressure. The cerebral temperature was decreased to less than 25 degrees for three hours. The results for that global brain hypothermia resulted from profound altered collateral cerebral circulation during artificial hypothermic perfusion. Cerebral auto regulation is the ability of the brain to maintain relatively constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure. On cardiopulmonary bypass, it's very similar to VA ECMO and a comparison may be drawn for similar changes in cerebral and systemic chemodynamics leading to changes in cerebral blood flow and auto regulation. There's a lot more data in the pediatric literature for cerebral blood flow changes on ECMO than there is for adults. So more studies are needed to assess cerebral blood flow change in adults. You can see here from the also registry. This is a graft of the annual respiratory adult runs, which happened to be the smallest but most growing population of ECMO patients. This is through 2020. Also from also depicting neurological injury ranges. We see that there are subtle neurocognitive deficits, including intracranial hemorrhage, seizure, ischemic stroke, and brain death. And this injury may be sustained ECLS during ECLS or post ECLS. And you can see from the registry in the year of 2020, a total of 7,161 runs reported of that 51% survived, but 49% had mortality. Now there are about five randomized controlled trials that have been reported for the use of ECMO. I'm just going to talk about four here just to review this evidence. And you can see that the first paper in 1979 was Zepal and ECMO can support gas exchange, but does not increase long term survival was reported. Then the second paper is the Morris paper. It looked at CO2 removal only. And then finally you see the Cesar and the Iolia trial in the Cesar trial, peak studied mechanical ventilation as VA or VV ECMO at a single center. And Elaine Coombs found no statistical difference in mortality at 60 day compared to mechanical ventilation. But what is of note here is there were none of these trials measured neurologic outcome. You can see from the Cesar trial, the exclusion criteria prior to entry was mechanical ventilation greater than seven days, intracranial bleeding, any other contraindication to limited heparinization for patients who were moribund. So no neuro patient was involved and the same in the Iolia trial moribund condition. According to a steps to score current non drug induced coma after cardiac arrest irreversible neurologic injury and decisions to withhold or withdraw life sustaining therapies all these patients were not included. If you look at the factors affecting cerebral blood flow on VV ECMO versus VA you can see that abrupt O2 and CO2 changes during initiation can result in constriction or dilation producing a reduction in sympathetic nerve activity that may lead to brain injury. And incidentally cerebral blood flow changes 4% for each millimeter of mercury changing in CO2. On VA ECMO outflow cannulation sites in the femoral artery flows into the descending aorta and can result in limb ischemia. Also retrograde flow creates afterload on the left ventricle causing distension reduced coronary blood flow or pulmonary edema or hypoxemia. And then we always have the opportunity once the heart begins to beat again a dual circulation which provides deoxygenated blood to the head vessels. This paper is a retrospective analysis of the also database. It's the LaRusso paper utilizing 6,834 patients, and they compare dual lumen and single lumen cannulas for VV ECMO. Dual lumen cannulas are larger with potential to increase cerebral venous congestion and that could be a problem. So their hypothesis was is the dual lumen in VV associated with higher rates of neurologic injury. The dual cannulation has several potential advantages over traditional cannulation, which is why many physicians choose to use it, including easier ambulation and reduced recirculation. The occurrence of neurological complications in this study was not related to the type of cannulation in patients undergoing VV ECMO. And as you can see from the chart on the right hand corner, intracerebral hemorrhage, acute ischemic stroke, seizure and brain death were nearly the same in both groups. Now we move to 2018 where we talk about neurological events are frequent in VA ECMO treated patients ischemic stroke is the most frequent in this particular paper after one week on ECMO support had no specific risk risk factor and is not associated with high higher mortality. Intracranial bleeding occurred earlier and is associated with female sex, central VA ECMO, low platelet count and rapid CO2 change at ECMO start and high mortality. And you can see the common theme here in most of these papers is changes in CO2. This paper also was a comparison of peripheral VA ECMO versus central VA cannulation. Here we see 275 patients, 15 of whom developed a brain injury. This is higher than a 1.7 to 8% incidence reported on other studies and may be explained by their generous CT examination policy. 37% of the lesions were diagnosed from a CT scan performed in the absence of neurologic symptoms. VA ECMO showed sole independent risk association with brain injury development. Pre ECMO cardiac arrest and conversion between ECMO modalities conversions from BV to VA carried a relative risk for development of injury at 7.6 while the relative risk for conversion from VA to VV was 0.66. If you remember the relative risk risk ratio is the ratio of probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. Further explanations on VA ECMO blood is returned directly to the arteries without the lungs as a filter. So thrombi from the ECMO circuit may reach the cerebral circulation. Loss of natural pulsatile flow seen on VA ECMO may also affect cerebral vessels leading to hyper or hypo reactivity which has been suggested to increase the risk for neurologic injury. And then again we have differential hypoxemia or hypo perfusion to the cerebral vessels. Patients who suffered from brain injury had higher APTT at ECMO initiation. The limitations to the study was that it was retrospective and had its inherent limitations. 37% of the patients diagnosed with a brain infarct did not show any neurologic symptoms and the clinical significance predicting these infarcts could be debated. In this paper the frequency of neurologic events shown on VA ECMO are stated as relatively unknown. The study found 135 consecutive VA patients, 7.5% had cerebral bleeding, 2% ischemic stroke and 19% experienced some kind of neurologic event. Intracranial bleed was independently associated with renal failure. And again we see PA CO2 decrease at ECMO initiation was also associated with brain injury. Hemostasis disorders were not associated with intracranial bleed. Whereas in this paper talking about ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury during VA ECMO. It's multifactorial process with multiple vents may injure the brain and vessels leading to bleeding and hemostasis disorders before and at the start of ECMO and rapid CO2 changes being among them. This author recommends to keep a platelet count above 100,000 during VA ECMO insertion and to infuse low dose heparin. Unless the patient's profusely bleeding to avoid circuit clotting that may injure and may induce itself from the side of Pena. Here you can see regulation of cerebral auto regulation by carbon dioxide because of the rapid decrease in CO2 leading to vasoconstriction. The relationships between PA CO2 change and cerebral bleeding is difficult to understand. You can see you have maximum dilation at point A and maximal constriction at point C. Now we have to just briefly touch on disorders of the ECMO circuit. Initiation of ECMO is similar to systemic inflammatory response syndrome. First we have contact activation and coagulation and inflammatory cascades begin to activate and cytokines rise rapidly. Then we have complement and contact activation producing leukocyte activation. All can lead to endothelial injury, disrupted microcirculation and end organ function. Many studies have discussed stairs during cardiopulmonary bypass, but less work has been done for ECMO. So some future research there. And then in addition, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, fibrinolysis and acquired von Willebrand syndrome were found to be the same in VA and VD ECMO. There have been several successful case reports of VD and VA ECMO treatment without systemic anticoagulation in hemorrhagic patients. Other studies have looked at ACT levels at 180 to 220 versus 140 to 160 and reported no difference in oxygenator clotting. Subcutaneous anoxaprin was used for another study of 61 patients and no interest cerebral hemorrhage or clotted oxygenators was found. In the help ECMO study by McQuilton, normal versus low-dose heparin, decreasing PTT and anti-10A levels showed no difference in thromboembodic or bleeding events. ECMO causes platelet dysfunction, so it should be monitored during ECMO if possible. Consider using platelet agrigometry or TAG. The platelet aggregation blood test checks how well platelets in part clump together and cause blood to clot. One of the important things that we need to think about during ECMO that is accomplished in some institution and then not others. Using a near-infrared spectroscopy measures regional cerebral oxygen saturation. It's also used now on the limb, on the leg that is femurally cannulated either on the calf or the thigh to test for regional oxygenation there. Possibly showing the clinician the need for using an additional cannula to provide circulation to the lower limb. Imaging preferred cranial computed tomography in the paper by Marika, 37% of those patients who underwent cranial CT scan during ECMO were found to have either intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke or generalized DEMA. Somatosensory of both potentials are used mainly in, right now I have never seen them used in ECMO but in cranial surgery. The cortical generators of the N2 component are located in the territory of the middle cerebral artery and various studies have correlated decreases in N2 and N20 amplitude by more than 50% with cerebral hyperperfusion. EEG, the presence of EEG background abnormality and certain electro-graphic patterns can aid in the prediction of neurologic outcome after ECMO support. And then there are lab results, biomarkers as predictors of neuronal injury. So for glial activation the S100B protein and adhesion molecules measuring the ICAM5. So just to recap there's a lot of information, hopefully I've sparked your imagination somewhat to what's happening on ECMO and neuro injury. Cerebral blood flow is necessary to maintain auto-regulation, consider monitoring during the ECMO run. Altered collateral blood flow we talked about, cannulation techniques and venous congestion is something that needs to be considered as the physician is cannulating the patient, choosing the right size cannula, placing it in the correct location. Neurologic injury can occur at any time during the ECMO run. Brain infarction, intracranial hemorrhage both occur on VED and VA ECMO. And alterations in hemostasis, so we need to consider circuit components, we need to keep our circuits simple. The more you add to the circuit, the more opportunity you have for clotting in different areas of the circuit. And then monitoring, possibly CT, EEG, nears, evoked potentials in lab tests may alert clinicians to evolving brain injuries during ECMO. And again CO2, avoid large fluctuations upon initiation and during ECMO.  They may result prior to initiation of ECMO during or post ECMO. And failure of ECMO to provide adequate oxygen delivery or abrupt changes in CO2 levels can cause neuro injury. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to limit morbidity and mortality from neurologic injury during ECMO. Thank you for your time.


Welcome to JSA TV and JSA podcast, the newsroom for telecom and data center professionals. I'm Jamie Scott of Kataya, founder and CEO of JSA. Joining me today, we're excited to have Mr. Nick Palmer, who's the vice president of Enterprise Seapast Sales at 8x8 and Warren Rayburn, senior vice president of sales and marketing of Comstar Technologies. Welcome gentlemen. Thank you, Jamie. Thank you for having us here. Well, we are very excited to have you guys. Great conversation lined up for you today. For our viewers who may not already know, Warren, can you tell us a little bit about what makes the partnership between Comstar and 8x8 so unique? Yeah, absolutely. So, you know, for us at Comstar, the big push in 2020 with my arrival and subsequent to that in 2021 and beyond, we're looking to take our business and our client-based sub-market and to partner with a group like 8x8, you know, in terms of their brand recognition, you know, their work, you know, the magic quadrant, and otherwise with Gartner and the recognition they've received within the industry, you know, to tether ourselves to that type of branding and otherwise is extremely beneficial. I would also just compliment them from the standpoint of, you know, and invariably what we're here today to talk about with C-Pass, you know, the development time, energy, and effort that they put towards the platform, you know, frankly holds great appeal for us and enables ourselves on that journey and moving up market and giving ourselves some exposure in the enterprise space, which Nick represents. And talk about all this recognition, Warren. Comstar recently announced it's the first 8x8 channel partner to provide the company's robust C-Pass offerings in the marketplace today. Exciting stuff here. So tell us a little bit about C-Pass and what it means for your current and future customers. Yeah, thank you, Jamie. First and foremost, we're thrilled, you know, to have that distinction and certainly, you know, another avenue on the partnership front with 8x8 that, you know, we're very happy to bring to the marketplace and collaborate on moving forward. So for us, you know, the appeal on the, you know, on this front was really rooted in extending the freedom and customization and otherwise creativity to our base. You know, I touched on initially the desire to take our business up market and, you know, this certainly gives us an additional tool to have a conversation at the enterprise level, as Nick here represents for 8x8, you know, collaborating with him and his team to better penetrate our base and to render some greater, as I said, tools and otherwise for our clients. You know, what I would highlight in particular is, you know, we talk about the freedom and the customization piece and a lot of people ask me, okay, well, what's ultimately, you know, some of the key differentiators between C-Pass and U-Cass and, you know, I would say that U-Cass is more of an out-of-the-box solution, whereas C-Pass empowers the client to have more control and more say over their journey through the API methodology, development kits and otherwise, you know, being able to interconnect with CRM environments, billing engines and otherwise, you know, it provides for a more data-driven engagement. So equipping their back office to be more informed when engaging their customers, giving them greater latitude to communicate via voice, SMS, email and do so in a more seamless fashion, particularly as we all come to grips with, you know, continued work from home environment and otherwise and all of us transitioning between various media and so forth in our communication, it's, you know, it certainly allows for that freedom of flexibility that today's customer demands. So for me, the final point is, you know, overall avoiding technology ops lessons, you know, we still have a large group of customers, thousands, for that matter that are rooted with premise-based and in the premise-based PDF space. So taking this as a first step on their digital transformation journey without the, you know, potential pain and disruption of a physical forklift is absolutely huge. And so we're just, again, thrilled to be a part of this, thrilled to get out on the front foot with this technology and bring this to our base and many more, you know, hopeful subscribers to follow. Well said, well said. Nick, bringing you in here. Can you tell us more about how CPAS addresses pain points across critical industries like healthcare and even telemedicine specifically? Yeah. First of all, thank you to the whole ComSTAR team for being a great channel partner, going with the CPAS services with H8byte. So we are very thankful for that. And when you start thinking about, you know, a year ago as we were thinking about just before the pandemic hit, right? That's when this group was formed. So under H8byte, we have so many different assets around CPAS, video, video analytics, messaging, a whole suite of CPAS products. And when you start thinking about telemedicine or just healthcare, it's such a big topic, right? Or such a diversified portfolio of services which falls under healthcare. But what has kind of peaked the most during the pandemic or the last year is telemedicine. And when you start thinking about telemedicine, it could be an engagement between a doctor and a patient or it could be a healthcare coach. It could be a nutrition coach. It could be just a therapy coach. So it has taken many different forms. So where CPAS kind of helps in the digital transformation or engagement is around different channels it can provide. So let's think about the customer journey here. When you start kind of book and everyone has experienced in many ways one of the services but how kind of CPAS is powering underlying technology underneath that. So first one could be scheduling appointments or appointment reminders, right? Coming through an email is a great tool but text messages kind of come in very handy in those instances because the open rates of text messages is around 95% in less than five minutes, right? Emails, I don't want to even talk about those numbers, you know? And I said there are a lot of data and a lot of, you know, I would say analysis which is done by the gardeners of the world. But look at your own phone. You know, how many hundred emails you have and how many hundred text messages you have. So it's very effective channel. So that's kind of the beginning of the customer journey while booking. And then once you get into telemedicine application, what we have done is we have implemented something called WebRTC in our video technology. And what that is, it's a very standardized way of communication. WebRTC stands for Web Real-Time Communication. And it's become a standard of all the browsers and operating systems. What that means is that you don't have to install anything on your machine or on your mobile phone or your desktops or your iPads of the world or tablets to have that quick call with your doctor which could be five or 55 minutes. So the technology which is powering a lot of this video which we have coming from our JS platform helps and enables doctor and patient communication easy, you know, right? Before this it was install this, install that, you know, plugins and unplugs and what kind of all the issues we had to just have a simple call, right? So that's the first portion. And the second after that also we have analytical tools behind that which allows us to kind of identify if there were any issues during the call in terms of bandwidth or something of what needs to be fine tuned to make this engagement. And it's a very critical engagement when you think about healthcare. It's not a easy topic or something which you're like, hey, we're just having a fun call like, you know, happy hour call on one of the video conferences, but this is very something serious, very tangible. It has needs to be measured properly and we provide end to end tools. And in the end we have something called SMS engage which is a survey product which can be bolted. And as soon as the call is done you can send out a text message and we can design the surveys. Customers can respond to that and it's easily collected. So from the beginning to the end and in the end also we can say, hey, by the way, you have a follow-up, would you like to schedule? And this can be all done through text messaging as well. So we touch the patients and the doctor engagement at different points and this is just on a higher level. So all the CPAS APIs which we provide has been kind of used and consumed at different various pain points or to resolve some of these pain points in a customer journey in telemedicine. I love that. I love that. And taking the patient journey and now Warren moving into the business's environment, how does CPAS enable businesses to stay connected with their customers at any point to use and export that customer journey? How is this so vital in today's evolving environment and how are we addressing this with this new CPAS product? Yeah, great question. And I think there's a number of things that appeal to ComSTAR as it relates to this partnership on the CPAS front. On behalf of our clients, you think about it, for me at least, I start down that path of the security component and the way in which this environment is managed otherwise, the HIPAA compliance, you go all the way down the list, GDPR compliance and otherwise. So you're able to deploy this transformational strategy, this cloud-oriented strategy with the peace of mind that again, you have a backing of a network like 8x8 for that matter and the compliance elements and otherwise. So that's a big component for me. You're able to do this and you're able to do it securely. The uptime also, that's a major, major point that shouldn't be lost here in any conversation around CPAS to follow. I think it's four nines and three. I think it's 99.993% uptime. So that's absolutely tantamount to maintaining a positive customer experience. To Nick's example, think about the sensitivity of a medical consideration, consultative or otherwise, to know and go into that engage with the peace of mind that you can rely on the technology to make for that as little disruption as possible. And I would end by saying for us at Comstar, the ability to match that flexibility, that security and the uptime alongside of an offering at the edge that allows us to bridge together multiple WAN connections with our SASE offering. So ultimately giving clients access to two or more WAN link connections at the same time. You could do so remotely, secure VPN considerations and tunneling elements. So all of those things coming together to ensure that you're online and up as in an optimal fashion, you're doing so and engaging securely. And all the while going back to my initial point around it's overwhelming to some extent how much interconnectivity is available. As I said, Billing and CRM, I neglected to touch on the major chat environments that this solution is equipped to engage immediately off the bat. All of them that we think of on a daily basis for one SAP and others that we call on more revenue, all out of the box and ready to go. And then there's frankly more available as Nick alluded to with the APIs and otherwise. So that for me is really how it meets that demand and ensures that that customer journey is a stable one and a secure one. That's a great transition to my next question actually, Nick. What role does C-PASS play in digital transformation that Key Buzz raised, particularly during the pandemic, but how are we helping businesses transform? Yeah, just to piggybacking on what Warren was saying around security and communication through WhatsApp, C-PASS literally breaks all the barriers when it comes to communication. And when I mean by barriers, it's around not only the way you can communicate, but also global communication, right? Customers and users are looking to communicate in their preferences or their channel of preferences, right? So what we provide here in digital transformation, digital transformation in my, it has a lot of definitions around how you view. Some people look at this thing as systems and processes. I see this thing more as starting with people, right? And how people are going to, you can have the best system and solution out there, but if your people are not used to it or not trained to it, your digital transformation is incomplete without that. So it all starts with that. And when you start talking about people, what comfort level do they have and how they want to communicate or how digitized they want to be in this scenario? I mean, look at us. Two years ago, video conferencing was not a big thing. It was there, but now you see people being on video and people cooking in the background and kids walking by and it's become a norm, right? So this is all digital transformation. People has bought this digital transformation into our everyday, whether it's personal or work-life. Talking about technology, how CPAS is powering digital transformation. So from security perspective, we of course provide a lot of encryption in our video and our other analytical tools, but also we can provide a simple two-factor authentication. A lot of businesses, when you talk about CPAS, is two-factor authentication. That's how 10 years ago, all these big companies have built their future or their fortune, I would say, on that. And so simple, you might have seen in the Ubers of the world or banking application or any of those things where you're trying to enter your phone number and you get a pin code or you lost your password or how many times we forget our password many times. So it's a simple technology, but it's been there and it's effective. It works out of box, right? When we kind of fast forward into other areas and I'm not touching on telemedicine, let's say LMS, education, right? Has become a big element on how we educate our kids these days. There was a joke, running joke on like now we had to, now that everything is opening, I think so we might have to train our kids how to be back in class. Because they are now used to kind of like being on Zoom and doing their own thing. So when you start thinking about these different applications, even within LMS could be mass notifications, video, video analytics, different tools, which we provide, that's one thing. When I was talking about cross-border or breaking the barriers, I'm talking about border barriers here also, where we have one something called a strat app API, which is very powerful because it's a single API which allows you to send a message through the channel of your choice. It could be WhatsApp, WeChat, which is very popular in China, Line, Kick, Facebook Messenger, Zalo, Viber and SMS. And there's an orchestration built inside this API. What that means is that you can send to one channel, wait for some time, if you don't get a response, try something different and so on. So this API is very powerful, but I like to call this thing as a breaking barrier cross-border powerful API, because guess what? Many people in Latin or in Asia, they don't use text messaging, they use WhatsApp. So now we are reaching out to customers in their channel of preference and the journey could start that customer services or even now WhatsApp is opening up to other non-transactional messages. Originally it was designed around only consumer-oriented support or customer query kind of messages. Now they're sending out, they're allowed, just recently, and I'm talking about just last week, they're opening up because they see this, that has become a more powerful engagement channel. And this is just a tip of, and I can go on and on, on how CPAS kind of a digital transformation, but I think so you get the picture where anytime people want to communicate, we can provide in that. We still have a wise API also. So you can have all different kind of APIs to communicate and the preferences of their customer. Unbelievable. Yeah, well said, breaking down those borders, right? Yeah. People as well as systems. Warren, can you tell us how CPAS will drive new revenue for ComStar while also playing into your client attention strategy? Yeah, thank you. So I would start, I mean, there's a number of trends before us in 2021. The one that stands out for me and one of our previous JSA roundtables, I was asked what I felt would be the most compelling trend in 2021. And for me, it's M&A, mergers and acquisitions. And Nick and I were having this conversation while going through the launch together. And for me, so often we're confronted with situations where a client will approach us through the renewal process and inform us that they've been acquired by another body or they're in the process of acquiring another group themselves. So from our attention standpoint or in that second example of potential cross-sell matter, for me, CPAS is the key to bringing all of those things under one corporate umbrella arguably. It quips us to in turn, perhaps downplay the existing environment being an influencing factor in those organizations coming together and rather unite them under this CPAS consideration ultimately. So you can bolt on, you can have various back office considerations, various software tools at your disposal. And as Nick has reinforced here, it ultimately gives you the ability to bring all those things together. The exchange of information as you link together disparate billing systems or disparate CRM environments and equipping now arguably call center representatives who've worn different hats under different logos, now bringing them all under one umbrella. I also get back to the platform agnostic angle. As I mentioned earlier, having thousands of premise-based PBX clients still under our care, to be able to then now go to them and say, let's get on this first step together on your digital transformation journey. And it's all, again, from a security standpoint I touched on earlier, the analytics that are available, the call stats, the ability to generate campaigns as well to equip them to drive new revenue, arguably. I mean, this tool covers and checks a lot of boxes from a business development standpoint. So that's another element that I'm enamored with. And then finally for us, it's complimentary of so many Cloud voice solutions we have deployed historically. So whereby at CommStar we have five different voice partners, frankly, 8x8 is, we've added thousands of seats over the last six months with 8x8. That is by and large, far and away, pardon me, our largest growth segment in the business currently. So to take it from that standpoint, but also look at what we have available to us with cross-selling upsell in these other areas, and not be limited by other platform considerations. Now again, we bring that in over the top. So for us, it really removes a lot of limitations, a lot of barriers. And I would argue it's not all that dissimilar from what we're discussing with our clients. I think even as Nick touched on telemedicine, I would wrap up by saying, we're developing messaging around how this impacts certain verticals. And a quick one is education for me, the ability to send out mass notification through a variety of mediums, SMS, email components, paging integration, all of the above. And then obviously the calling component of it as well. And that's powerful. Sadly with today's environment that we find ourselves in, it's a necessity. And for me, again, this opportunity with CPAS solves that problem. And vertically speaking, many, many others. And we're just really scratching the surface of it from a messaging and application standpoint. Clearly, CPAS is streamlining these omnichannel communications. It's incredible. And Nick, I'm not sure. Just to be fair, Warren gave a great CPAS versus UCAS definition. Did you have one that you wanted to conclude with here? Well, yeah. So if you've been kind of watching the media, you know, the new concept or the new go to market, which we have from our new CEO DayScipes is around XCAS. So it's a customer experience as a platform. Right. So we want to get away from the U and the C and the other C passes. But what is it we can do as a company to bring this customer experience as a platform? Right. So our definition around what that exactly means, right? So it all means down to a customer experience, either we are delivering through our unified communication through our contact center. And those are, I would call them as boxed solutions, right? They do what they are designed to do with some flexibility around modules and APIs to integrate with your backend or other systems. And anything which is not available in those can be accomplished using CPAS, right? So the edge use cases, there will be always something with somebody will come to you and say, I wish this came in pink, you know, just using an example, but I want to send out mass notifications, but I also want to have a survey after this. And I also want to do the survey through text messaging and an IVR. I want to give them an option. Or you know what, in that text message, if they're not happy, I want to send them a link to do a video call right away without any, any going back and forth, right? And they can instantly have that because of the WebRTC concept, right? So think about CPAS as the Lego pieces of the communication.  So this is like, you're designing your own communication or the product or an application, which will suffice your business needs or business processes. So the XCAS, which we are super excited about at 8x8, includes all that concept, which is going to make customer experience as a platform. So that's our, I would say, new definition around, you know, the the passage of our platforms as a service. Well, you heard it here first, ladies and gentlemen, XCAS. Love it. Okay, one final question for each of you, Warren. I'll start with you. What else is coming up in 2021 for Homestar?  That is at the forefront of our development process, while also at the same time, interesting enough simplifying our environment, you know, we're a 30 plus year organization.  And in the sense that, you know, at the same time, pardon me, we've also overextended ourselves slightly. So we're retracting some things in areas for simplifying things for staff. And again, it couldn't have been better timed in terms of the arrival of CPAS for us, because it gives us a lot of options in terms of, you know, if it's, if it's legacy or sunsetting certain environments or otherwise, you know, providing options for clients to graduate into new areas and advance their own business at the same time. So for us, it's really hyper focused on growth, simplifying our environment. And, you know, we couldn't be more thrilled with the partnership with 8x8. Sincerely, you know, been there to support us every step of the way through our evolution, you know, giving us the tools and otherwise to, to continue to progress and succeed. You know, I touched on the seed ads that we've had, and I only envisioned much more that to follow here with Nick's help and the team at large at 8x8. So, you know, we're anxious to see folks here over the course of the next several months. I think I would only wrap up by saying, you know, now with, you know, thankfully, the vaccine period in the rearview mirror and getting back out into the wilds. We'll see everybody at IT Expo later this month, hopefully channel partner there to follow. And, you know, just some mutual events, co-sponsored and otherwise with our friends at 8x8 to get the word out. So we're very, very excited for 2021 and beyond. Wouldn't be surprised to see us also launch into the M&A space ourselves. We picked up and proud to partner with an organization in the Buffalo Market. So continue to focus on, you know, our tier two and tier three city targets. That's, you know, for us strategically, you know, we want to bring more opportunity and more engagement opportunities that that diversify the carrier experience and otherwise and some of those what we feel to be underserved marketplaces. So Buffalo was September 2020, and we're hopeful of bringing some additional talent into this organization organically and organically here over the next several months. So very exciting time here and we're looking and looking forward. Exciting stuff. All right, Nick, 8x8, what do you have in store for the rest of 2021? First of all, thank you for the great partnership which, you know, we have between the two companies. So we are really thankful for that and looking to help you on your expansion where we can. 2021 has been very exciting for us in terms of not only the that people are getting vaccinated, it's opening. I think so the digital transformation and a lot of the products and processes which we have kind of helped grow in this pandemic is are here to stay. Meaning if you look and watch any of the media, that's what they're saying, right? So I think it will help accelerate and actually fine tune on how people are working to the fact that, you know, we keep on running into sudden product requirements and exciting products are coming on the API side also. Healthcare industry is a little bit, I would say acquainted, a little bit older, but still has some very rigid requirements. So we are actually going to announce something exciting pretty soon, which is going to help accelerate in that industry. Our video jazz platform is keeps on maturing, which is what we did with our video technology. Actually, I didn't emphasize on that was to make the video adding video much easier with few line of codes. Everybody else out there provides like a very low level API, whereas we want to just give you full few line of code. And you can embed that. So it's great. So people are rolling our products much faster than six, nine months. So we are talking about less than a month rollout. So super excited about that. Our analytics product, you know, works with, it's an aware body see analytic product, which works with Amazon connect, which is a contact center solution. So we are agnostic to that as a CPAS player, but we'll keep on adding more and more like this, where we feel that there is no tool of which kind of really helps you analyze the video and voice. So more to announce announcements coming in 2021 in terms of partnership. And then we'll just keep on maturing our SMS and voice and other products as the market needs. So the team is kind of more focused on going after this niche out of box use cases, which, you know, UCAS or CCAS does not focus on. So thank you again for having me here on this call and super excited to partner with you on future projects as well. Thank you guys. I'm feeling so optimistic listening to you both. It's like we're coming out of this pandemic tunnel and seeing a bright horizon. So before we go, where can our viewers go to learn more for a start with you, Warren? Yes. So please check us out. It's www.comstar-usa.com. And we actually with the help of our team here at JSA just launched a new website in December. So thrilled with the outcome there and encourage everybody to go check out the new book and feel the ComStar technology. So thank you, Jamie. Thank you, Warren. And Nick, where can we go? Yeah, you can find us on 8by8.com. And if you want to go specifically into the CPAS services, just click on product and you'll see APIs underneath that. And we will take you to a lot of different API product pages. Thank you guys so much for your time and insight here and the partnership together, bringing such great innovative products to the marketplace, really emboldening those companies to take that digital transformation necessary if they happen already. So thank you, gentlemen, and thank you viewers for tuning in to JSA TV and JSA Podcasts. As always, stay safe and happy networking.


I think one thing here do we have to like pop out of this link and go to another or just it's one link here and we're all in space we need to be. Yes, correct and just flying for everyone, you should see that it's live right now it's not actually live it's just making sure that it's restreaming to our custom streaming service so you're good okay. Any questions for me. Any thoughts anything you want to say. i'll go the. Okay, are you going to talk about your experience in Afghanistan can this. No, I mean so that's why I say it should be conversationally should we should talk about. sort of. I don't know if i'm going to talk about my experience in Afghanistan, maybe. Okay. You can ask me about it. Okay yeah maybe I will. Although I mean the one thing I will say is that I am going to try to be even more concise than I normally try to be in these events, because I really want to foreground mirror and humira. As the whole project has been about and so yeah i'm excited to be here, but I want to.


Hi, John. You look worried. What's wrong? I have a problem. Really? What kind of problem? My bicycle keeps breaking. The tires go bad. The chain breaks. The gears won't shift. I'm sorry to hear that. Maybe we can use some phrasal verbs to solve your problem. How so? Phrasal verbs involve a verb and another short word or words. Together, they have a different meaning from what the individual words suggest. And some phrasal verbs have a strong connection with problem-solving. Like what? Figure out. The first step in problem-solving is to develop an understanding of what the problem actually is. Okay, okay. So, you said your bike keeps breaking. Yes. Who repairs the bike? I do. I put on a new chain yesterday and it is already broken. I think I figured out why your bike keeps breaking. It's not the bike. It's you, the mechanic. You're not good at repairing bikes. Well, I guess you could be right. So, now you need to work out a way to correctly fix your bike. Work out is another phrasal verb. And yes, my cousin is a great mechanic. You should go ahead with your plan to call him. Yes, go ahead is another phrasal verb. Wow! Figure out, work out, go ahead. All of these are phrasal verbs. And all of them connect with problem-solving. It's too bad your bike fixing skills aren't as strong as your grammar skills. And that's everyday grammar.


I'm using Golang and JavaScript. So quite an interesting combination. My PDF is online here at this URL, so later you can download it. It will be also shown at the end at the link in my email and search. So I was a system developer doing kernel development, drivers, platforms for quite a while now, and then more recently been doing silicon design, silicon verification, and now owning the last couple of years doing some front-end web work. What I'd say is it's interesting, almost quite enlightening, going from being more low-level than getting in the end to more high-level JavaScript front-end systems. Kind of interesting. Often perhaps it could be people that are working only at a single layer. So I'm going to talk about one of the projects I worked on recently, like the last two years. It's going to go through the problem statements, different ways I could have solved it, and then looking at how I looked at the project design. Going to give a demonstration. Also even have a look at the code as well, and see how it actually looks, some of the core parts of the code. Then also talk about some of the limitations. So in our company I was working on some project to expose the silicon chip counters. So typically silicon chips run at high frequency. They then have other counters that increment many megahertz. So how do you count events? How do you then show that live? Like a kind of graffing or dashboard so that engineers can then use that or customers can then use that? How is my system working? Is it working efficiently? Obviously having a lot of data like that, how do you capture it efficiently? And then how do you graph it in real time? So that was the goal here. And then of course having like a high rates of data being streamed in real time with recently a little latency actually presents quite a conflicting problem there because it's like latency and volume of data is hundreds of megabytes and of course you want to stream like a matter of kilobytes onto your front end. So how do we solve that? Well obviously cloud services are like the future and like now trust boundaries are established and security is there. So there's no issues with pushing this data through onto your front end via like service running in the cloud. So it's obviously the solution you want. Now in terms of choosing different languages there's of course a few newer languages more recently these days but in the past you had things like C which were like more mechanical, you had libraries, you had a lot of integration work to do to use those libraries. Like C++ you had more layering, of course perhaps Java also like many libraries you can integrate and of course so on but then as you get to the higher level languages like Python then you'll end up with slower performance, less scalability, more like memory overhead. And so here of course obviously something is missing here and of course JavaScript and so that's one of the key things here. So if you offload a lot of the processing onto the front end like data reduction or that kind of thing then of course you can have quite a responsive efficient dashboard or interface.  Whereas previously you'd have PHP running under Apache and then you'd have other like separate middleware running and so on. So here of course with like Go or Rust you can integrate things which like makes it much more efficient and easier managing it. So here I chose Go and then let's see I'd say that there's now like a huge amount of information out there so it's pretty good choice, pretty well supported and also you can cross compile to different architectures. How many people have heard about ARM in the cloud? Exactly yeah a few of us good actually half the audience that's really good. That's the future and it's happening now so now you have many hosting, many companies making chips with 80, 64 cores, 128 cores in one single chip. It's going to take off in the next few years. Anyway so of course one of the key things there is with Go you can very easily cross compile onto ARM so and therefore you can deploy your services efficiently. Now in terms of the architecture that I used for my application pretty simply we need some communication between the client and the server, two-way communication so that the server can send data. Asynchronously back to the client so because HTTP will only request when the client wants then you need a cross channel back from the server so we're going to use like WebSockets for that. So key thing about of course like Golang is it's compiled unlike Python so it's actually quite efficient with CPU usage. Easy to integrate with different libraries either from GitHub or like built-in libraries and you have pretty rapid build times and times to run it. Unlike for example if anyone has used a boost build times can be like many minutes. You have built-in language concurrency which is really really nice and then channels for communicating states and data and then also it has lower like everything is built into the binary so you don't have all these libraries you've got to ship.  So actually you can actually secure and isolate your binary as it's a single binary. Okay so here of course JavaScript obviously it's really mature, very well known so easy pool of talent available so very good choice for this approach. And then here the key thing perhaps when you're developing such an application is you then you like map out your protocol so your message is probably encoded in JSON that happened between the client and the server. Once you've worked out okay the message flow and all the kind of behaviours surrounding that then you can begin to implement. Here what it did is I actually have like a very simple kind of like a handshake for signing on like from the clients then I send states for example any information needed for drawing the UI on the clients and then also the client will then ask okay I want these events to be shown. And so then we'll then like transmit these events out like regular intervals and then rendering will occur on the clients. So in terms of the actual structure of the code it's broken up into different modules in the different files and we have various threads here. So the kind of main thing is events being read from different sources in this case we have our silicon chip and also kernel VM counters and also processor counters as well. So we can when we're running like a workload with our silicon chip then you can see okay what is the kernel doing, the page faults, how is the processor core load. That data is then ingested and sent to a like a file that is mapped in memory so that you have data like history information and encoded into a like a fixed binary format so it's efficient. And then that's then sent also via JSON to the HTML clients there. Likewise we have let's see we have I'm sorry it's sent via the web server threads here rather. That's also for static content so everything is self hosting. And then we also have like a SSH client so that you can easily in your session logged into a server you can monitor these like stats. So like you can very easily see what's happening on a system here. Okay so I'll show a live demonstration. All right so here I'm logged into a system here which has a lot of these processes. Okay so here I'm running an H-top here. H-top shows 144 cores here so that's one of our like our larger servers with our silicon chips inside. Going to run my numerscope project which is there for monitoring the Cashke here into events in our chips. So I'll run that it's now listening here. Not sure if you guys can see that okay. Is that clear? Yeah okay so better now right so it's listening now on port 80. I'm forwarding the port over SSH so I can connect from my browser to this this process running here. What's happening is it's now it's now showing live updates from our silicon there. And we can see since this is showing Cashke here into events occurring on the actual CPU interconnect it's quite hard to explain the meaning of each of the events. But right now we can see there's something like 50,000 occurring like that. Right now there isn't any workload as we can see on H-top. So we're going to run a benchmark. This is the NASA NAS parallel benchmarks which are doing some mathematical operations and we should see the load here climbs significantly. So we have like real time graffing here via D3 OJS. And so we can see now actually different different things happening. We can pause this thing and we can zoom in. And yeah there's 17 million events happening right now. In the meanwhile this is now updating down here as well and we can resume the scrolling here. Now I just want to show you guys there's kernel VM stats here that I'm capturing. This is all done in bootstrap actually and actually pretty simple. And here I'm showing some interesting VM events for example how many page faults are happening which tells you when there's memory allocated and consumed. Also I can select all these different event counters on my silicon chips. So we can get a lot of interesting stats from this about our silicon chip and like if for example it's working as we expect. Just finally we can also right now it's averaging these over all of the six servers that we have. Because our chip lets you boot many servers as one big server. So we have six servers there. I'm just going to show you how it looks when I disable that averaging and then it's broken down per server. So that explains why there's 144 calls. And then we can see there's actually some workload imbalance here. We can see the workload from this of course benchmark occurs differently on different servers. So on two servers it's like two million reads of cache lines a second. And then on four servers it's only like 30,000. So you can see that this is not utilising, the benchmark here is not utilising all the service resources efficiently. Good and in fact I'll go on to show you a little bit of the structure of how I serve these files. The JavaScript, the HTML and also the actual code line as well. So go back to the presentation. Okay so we'll actually look at some of the code here. We have these different files. Generally it's nice breaking things down into files because then you can manage it. Then the Git history you can get logged on a certain file and then it's easier tracking changes. So I have these two files here interact.js and index HTML which is served by the built-in code line web server. And so those are the only content that is served. That means you can actually run this application on an internal network which isn't exposed on the internet. There are no external files and resources needed. Then the actual events and the measurement of the samples is done via these three different files here. So there's the events test file here. That then lets me run go test and then it'll run some automatic verification of the different functions. So then it's easier to then address bugs and everything. And then here I have also my live web version and also a sampling version which I can run offline. So I can then later save a trace that I can load later. I'll also show that as well. And then the top level files here for the argument handling. So I'm going to show you some of the cool things here with go. So here in main.go we have the argument handling. Very simple just with passing any flags that you pass when you run any of the different modes of the binary. So here live is the one that I was showing there for the web interface. Start is like a client version which shows you on the terminal information. And then of course record. Record then gives you the captures like all those stats on the disk so later you can load them. Here we have the function which then starts the HTTP server. In effect all it's doing is calling HTTP file server and then on a certain directory. And saying if the client accesses slash monitor then call function monitor. Monitor then will handle web sockets. And then and then it go here this like prefix go then makes this function HTTP listen and serve makes that one asynchronous. So it's now serving HTTP requests. So here monitor is used for handling incoming connections for the JSON web socket. And then it reads the like any kind of message that was written down it and then compares the string. If it matches the secret key then it'll kind of fall through and if not then it'll just terminate like terminate that connection. After that then it'll send down a bit of state here in like a map that's produced of events. So then the UI can then build those lists of events. So on to the the connection the sampling of the the events here. So how do we actually how do we access the the registers on silicon chips? Well what we do is we call we open Dev Mem and then we we mmap Dev Mem. A map will will let you access from your application like from an array your any any silicon registers any registers in your in your silicon. It could be in any part of the system. And so you then cast this in an array in go. Which is can be considered unsafe because then you can you can access registers you're meant to. And then it like checks is this really our chip does the vendor and like device ID match. And then after that it simply will like access some of the registers here. And then and then later on it's then abled then then to actually sample the the events by accessing this array later in like start control. And then looking at the elapsed the number of cycles elapsed since it like last sampled and then reaching out each of the each of the events of interest. And then a normalising that like by the clock speed like those samples of course then a pass back and marshaled back to the client. And so so then what are the issues that actually that you found well if you're if you're like sending data at like say a thousand hertz via a socket back to the client then it's a lot of congestion. I mean it isn't efficiently parked in Jason also when the the like JavaScript then is passing it. It's it's like doing only like a like very very small loops. So it's like doing a lot of work for a little data. So batching. So batching the the actual these events into like blocks really helps obviously like their time stamps. And then when actually when the graph is drawn then you like scroll it.  And then it's it's it's definitely smooth enough. But also it isn't being like drawn a thousand times like a thousand hertz. Also clearly like choosing like choosing like a library that will be efficient for graphing. So a D2JS is quite mature. Some of the other ones aren't as like mature and therefore cannot handle millions of points. And then also in the future one thing I have to to also implement is is a loading loading in like blocks because if I like load like a like a really large trace file it'll it'll like jam the the kind of main loop for. For many many seconds and then it will block the the rendering thread. In fact I'll just show you the loading traces here. So here we can we can simply just access here. I have some traces here. Actually this one is anyway this one has an issue but then also we summarize various stats as well so we can see how many events occurred. And also like the rate of events. And then normally you'd be able to zoom around here. And activated and deactivate different different traces here. And here all of the events are captured so on the chip so then you can really figure out what you want to see. Yep. Plus when I'm in live mode you can vary the the sample rate on the slider here. And that's why that's why when you're sampling at like high frequency like every say like a few milliseconds then you really really must batch the updates. Finally I'll demonstrate the the actual clay based output because that's of course quite useful as well. So here it's now running like a default set of events here. So page false at the end here shows you how many like pages are being being used by the kernel across all applications running. And then here these these events here these end to victim blocks send and so on. These are all cash coherent events. So if I run my workload then we'll see definitely those are going to spike. Let's just resize this. There we go. So we can see that they went from like say 50,000 now to like 1.3 million 2 million that kind of thing. So yep. And finally I can actually record this for later collect like later analysis. So I'll just do a quick capture and then I'll load that into the UI and you can see. Okay I've copied it across now I can just load it. Let's see what's going on. Okay so here now we can analyze the events that have occurred here and here I can average across all servers and if I load that again it will make it easier. Okay good so here we can see it's like something interesting here. So the number of weight cycles if I zoom in a little bit. Yep so we can see that actually on average there was probably about 80% per server waiting for our interconnect for resources. So in this case we can see during this like time period during this benchmark our interconnect is slow and blocking like reducing the throughput of the execution. Good so that wraps it up. This is all published on GitHub along with the history here so I show you that. Yep and this has also all the documentation here as well and then you can of course clone it and then build it something like that. And then you have to run into root because it accesses and maps the chip counters. And then also it tells you how to run it so very good. Thank you guys.


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