Section 1 of Esperanto Self-Tort with Phonetic Pronunciation Volume 2 by William W. Mann This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater Esperanto Self-Tort with Phonetic Pronunciation Volume 2 Section 1. Elementary Grammar The Article The definite article THE is in Esperanto represented by LA. Like the article in English, LA does not vary with the number or gender of the noun before which it is placed. E.g. LABRICO The brick LABRICO LABRICOI The bricks LABRICOI LA PATRO The father LA PATRO LA PATRINOI The mothers LA PATRINOI The indefinite article A is not expressed in Esperanto. Thus FILO is SON or ESON FILO, the noun. In Esperanto, every noun in the singular ends in O. Thus VIRO, a man, VIRO. LA LIBRO, the book, LA LIBRO. The plural is formed from the singular by adding the termination YO. Thus VIRO, a man, VIRO. LA LIBRO, the books, LA LIBRO. In order to allow each nation to construct its sentences in the order to which it is accustomed, every noun in Esperanto has two forms or cases. One, the nominative, or unchanged form. And two, the accusative, which is formed from the nominative by adding the termination NO. This is merely to distinguish between subject and object. The accusative form is also used to indicate motion towards, etc. Every noun in Esperanto has two forms or cases. One, the nominative, or unchanged form. And two, the accusative, which is formed from the nominative by adding the termination NO. This is merely to distinguish between subject and object. The accusative form is also used to indicate motion towards, etc. The adjective. All adjectives end in the nominative singular in A. They may be placed either before or after the noun. As in the case of the noun, the plural is formed by adding the termination YO. And the accusative is formed by adding NO to the nominative. The adjective agrees in number and case with the noun which it qualifies. For example, BLUE LIBRO, or LIBRO BLUE, a blue book. BLUE LIBROI BLUE BOOKS. LA VIRO LEGAS BLUAN LIBROI. The man reads a blue book. LA VIROI LEGAS BLUAN LIBROI. The men are reading blue books. Thanks to the accusative case, one might say without loss of clearness, BLUAN LIBROI LEGAS LA VIRO. OR LA VIRO BLUAN LIBROI LEGAS. OR BLUAN LIBROI LA VIRO LEGAS, etc. Degrees of comparison. There are three degrees of comparison, as in English. The positive as BONA, GOOD, BELLA, BEAUTIFUL, GRANDA, BIG, GREAT. The comparative is formed by placing PLI, MORE, OR, MALPLI, LESS before the positive. Thus, BONA, GOOD. PLI, BONA, BETTER. BELLA, BEAUTIFUL. MALPLI, BELLA, LESS BEAUTIFUL. The comparison may be heightened by using MULTE, MUCH. Thus, MULTE, PLI, BELLA, OR, MULTE, MALPLI, BELLA. VAN is translated by ALL. Thus, PLI, OR, MALPLI, BELLA, ALL, MORE, OR, LESS BEAUTIFUL, VAN. The superlative degree is formed by using PLAY, MOST with the positive, as BELLA, BEAUTIFUL, PLAY, BELLA, MOST BEAUTIFUL. OF, where the superlative is translated by the preposition EL, OUT OF. LA PLAY, GRANDA, EL, CHIYUY, THE GREATEST OF ALL.  Thus, YOU PLI, ONI, STUDA, DES PLI, ONI, LERNAS. The more one studies, the more one learns.  The more I speak to him, the less I esteem him. Cardinal Numbers. The cardinal numbers may be used as nouns by the addition of the ending ALL.  Note that MILIONO is always used as a noun. When a number or any other word is used as a noun of quantity, the noun which follows it must be preceded by the quantitative preposition DA. DECDUO DA OVOI, A DOZEN EGGS. MILO DA SOLDATOI, A THOUSAND SOLDIERS. One might of course also say DECDUOVOI, MIL SOLDATOI, DU METROI DA DRAPO, 2 METERS OF CLOTH, TRI FUNTOI DA SUQUERRO, 3 Pounds OF SUGAR. ORDINAL NUMBERS The ordinal numbers are formed by adding the adjectival ending R to the cardinals. In compound ordinal numbers, the groups of hundreds, tens, units, etc. are joined by hyphens. And the ending R is added to the unit numeral. Thus UNU, ONE, UNUWA, FIRST, TRIA, THIRD, DECUNUWA, ELEVENTH, TRIDECCEPA, THIRTY-SEVENTH, QUARZINTSES, DECDUO, 460 SECOND, and so on. Written in figures these would be 1A, 3A, 11A, 37A, 462A. The ordinals are of course inflected like adjectives, see page 77. FRACTIONS Fractionals are formed by adding the suffix ON, plus the endings O, A, or E as required to the cardinal numbers. Thus UNU, DUONU, ONE, HALF, TRI, QUARZINTSES, THREE, QUARZINTSES, DECCEP, DEC, NAWONU, SEVENTEEN, NINETINTS, DECDU, TRI, QUARZINTSES, TRI, DEC, NAWONU, 23, 4,539. DUONEVERA, OR DUONVERA, HALF-TRUE, TRIQUARONOIDAFUNTO, OR TRIQUARONFUNTOI, 3 fourths of a pound. DUONODAFUNTO, OR DUONFUNTO, 1 half pound. Multiples, collectives, and distributives. Multiple numbers are formed from the cardinals by adding the subject OBL with the requisite grammatical ending O, A, or E. Thus DUOBLA, DOUBLE. DUOBLO, A DOUBLE. DUOBLE, DOUBLEY. TRI DECOBLE, THIRTY FOLD. SE SOBLENAU, ESTAS, OR FARAS, QUINTEK, QUAR. SIX NINES, OR FIFTY FOUR. DUOBLE DU, ESTAS, QUAR. TWICE TWO, OR FOUR. Collective numerals are formed by the addition of the suffix OP, plus the grammatical termination required. Thus DUOBLE, TWO AT A TIME, TWO TOGETHER. NOW OBLE, NINE AT A TIME. ILLIVENADIS DECOBLE. THE CAME IN TENS. DUMILOPPA TACCHMENTO. A RETACHEMENT TWO THOUSAND STRONG. Distributives are shown by the preposition B, meaning at the rate of. Thus LI ACCETIS POR CIU INFANO POSSE SPOMOI. He bought six apples for each child. LI RITSEVAS POD DEC CHILINGOI POR CIU TAGO. He gets ten shillings a day. LA VAGONARO VETURA SPOSESTEK MAYLOI EN CIU HORRO, OR CIU HORRE. The train travels at the rate of sixty miles an hour. End of section one. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Recorded in London, England. Section two of Esperanto Self-Tort with phonetic pronunciation. Volume two by William W. Mann. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Esperanto Self-Tort with phonetic pronunciation. Volume two. Section two. The pronoun. The personal pronouns are, in the nominative, me, I, me, V, U, singular and plural, V, knee, we, knee, li, he, li, she, she, she, g, it, g, eely, they, eely. The archaic English thou may be translated by Tsi. The accusative case of the personal pronouns is formed like that of nouns and adjectives by adding no.  The reflexive pronoun of the third person is C, accusative, seen, being for himself, herself, itself, oneself, or themselves, as the case may be. There is no special reflexive form for the pronouns of the first and second person, I, we, and you. The indefinite personal pronoun is, or knee, same as the French on. One, people, they, you, for example, li amas seen, he loves himself, li amas seen, she amas seen, she loves herself, she amas seen, g montras seen, it shows itself, g montras seen, li diras al si, they say to themselves, li diras al si.  Possessive adjectives or pronouns. By adding the adjectival ending A to the personal pronouns, the possessive adjectives and pronouns are obtained. Thus, mia, my, mine, mia, sia, thy, thine, sia, via, your, yours, via, nia, our, ours, nia, liya, his, liya, shia, her, hers, shia, giya, its, giya, sia, reflexive, his, hers, its, theirs, ones, sia. Note the following use of sia. In English, the sentence, he saw his friend with his brother is not clear. Does it mean that he saw his friend, one, with his friend's brother, or two, with his own brother? In Esperanto, the use of sia makes the meaning quite clear. One would be lividi sianamikon kun liya frato, and two would be lividi sianamikon kun sia frato. The word mem, meaning self or selves, mem, may be added to a personal pronoun to give emphasis. Thus, konu vin mem. Know thyself, li iris mem. He went himself, konu vin mem. li iris mem. He went himself, li iris mem. li mem himself, li mem. li parolis al si mem. He spoke to himself, li parolis al si mem. Like other adjectives, possessives agree in case and number with the noun to which they refer. For example, liya libro, his book liya libro. liai libroi his books liai libroi. She havas lian, kai li havas sian. She has his, and he has hers. She havas lian, kai li havas sian. Liai estas la plei bonai libroi. His are the best books. Liai estas la plei bonai libroi. Mi preferas miain. I prefer mine. Mi preferas miain. Li preferas siain. He prefers his. Li preferas siain. I li preferas siain. They prefer theirs. I li preferas siain. Demonstrative adjective or pronoun. The demonstrative adjective or pronoun. That is rendered in Esperanto by the word diú. Accusative diún. Plural diúi. Accusative diúin. Those. The addition, either before or after, of the particle ci to the singular and plural respectively gives this and these. For example, diú viro. That man diú viro. Diú estas mia. That one is mine. Diú estas mia. Mi electas diúin. I choose that one. Mi preferas diún ci or ci tiúin. I prefer this one. Mi preferas diún ci or ci tiúin. Diúi ci or ci tiúin estas mia. These are mine. Diúi ci or ci tiúin estas mia. Mi portos diúin ci. I will carry these. Mi portos diúin ci. Interrogative pronouns. Ciú, who, which, ciú. Plural ciúi. Ciú, what, ciú. Ciyes, who's, ciyes. Alchiú, to whom, alchiú. Ciún, whom, accusative. Ciún, ciúin. Accusative plural, ciúin. For example, ciú estas tiú. Who is that? Ciú estas tiú. Ciún vi desiras vidi. Whom do you desire to see? Ciún vi desiras vidi. Ciúi foriris. Which ones went away? Ciúi foriris. Ciúin vi vidis. Which ones did you see? Ciúin vi vidis. Ciú is also used with adjectival meaning. Thus, ciú libro estas via. Which book is yours? Ciú libro estas via. Ciún librón vi preferas. Which book do you prefer? Ciún librón vi preferas. Ciúi domoi apartenas al vi. Which houses belong to you? Ciúi domoi apartenas al vi. Ciúin stratuin vi conas. Which streets do you know? Ciúin stratuin vi conas. Ciú estas tiú. What is that? Ciú estas tiú. Ciún livolas. What does he want? Ciún livolas. The English ever is translated by ein. For example, Ciú ein liestas ne parolu al li. Whoever he be, do not speak to him. Ciú ein liestas ne parolu al li. Ci es ein. Who's so ever? Ci es ein. Ciún ein. Whomever. Ciún ein. Or Ciúin ein. Relative pronouns. The relative pronouns are identical with the interrogative. Ciú, Ciúi. Who, that, which. Ciún, Ciúin. Whome, that, which. For example, la Libro, Ciún vi legas. The book, which you are reading. La Libro, Ciún vi legas. Tiú, Ciú parolis al vi. The one who spoke to you. Tiú, Ciú parolis al vi. La Personoi, Ciúin li conas. The persons whom he knows. La Personoi, Ciúin li conas. Tiú, Ciún li diras ne estas vera. What he says is not true. Tiú, Ciún li diras ne estas vera. La Arbo, Ciú supron vi vidas. The tree whose top you can see. La Arbo, Ciú supron vi vidas. Indefinite pronouns. Iú, accusative, Iún. Anyone, someone or other. Iú, accusative, Iún. Yes, anyone's, someone's. Yes. Iúi, accusative, Iúin. Any persons, some persons or other. Iúi, accusative, Iúin. Iú, accusative, Iún. Anything, something. Iú, accusative, Iún. Ciú, accusative, Ciún. Everyone, each. Ciú, accusative, Ciún. Ciú, yes, everyone's. Everybody's, each one's. Ciú, yes. Ciúi, accusative, Ciúin. Everybody, all, Ciúi. Accusative, Ciúin. Ciú, accusative, Ciún. Everything, all, Ciú. Accusative, Ciún. None of you, accusative, none of you. No one, nobody. None of you, accusative, none of you. None of you, nobody. None of you, nobody. None of you, accusative, none of you. Nothing, not anything. None of you, accusative, none of you. Note, Iú, Ciú and none of you are also used with nouns. Thus, Kiún Libron vides iras. Which book do you desire? Kiún Libron vides iras. Iún ein Libron. Any book. Iún ein Libron. Iú homo. Any man. Some man or other. Iú homo. Ciú bona patro ama siáin infánoin. Every good father loves his children. Ciú bona patro ama siáin infánoin. Ciúi lia amíkoi. Or Ciú lia amíko. All his friends, every friend of his. Ciúi lia amíkoi. Or Ciú lia amíko. Mi renkontis neniún amíkon. I met no friend. Mi renkontis neniún amíkon. Other pronominal words and expressions are multay, multain, many, multay. multo, multon, much, multo. malmultay, malmultain, malmulteda. A few. malmultay, malmulteda. For example, malmultaí personoí. Few persons. malmultaí personoí. Malmultaí das tzío. Little knowledge. Malmultaí das tzío. Kelkain. Som, several. Kelkain. Kelkida. Som, kelkida. For example, kelkai personoí. Som persons, several persons. Kelkai personoí. Kelkida libroí. Som quantity of books. Kelkida libroí. Aléa, aléan. Another, other. Aléaí, aléain, others. Aléaí. For example, Ili parolis unu al aléa. They spoke to one another. Ili parolis unu al aléa. Ni parolis unu al la aléa. We spoke to each other. Ni parolis unu al la aléa. Unu al la aléa taugos. Neither one or the other will do. Unu al la aléa taugos. Nec unu nec la aléa convenas. Neither one or the other is suitable. Nec unu nec la aléa convenas. Ambao. Invariable, both. For example, Ambao venis. Both came. Ambao venis. Mi conas Ambao fratoin. I know both brothers. Mi conas Ambao fratoin. Mi vidis ilin Ambao. I saw both of them. Mi vidis ilin Ambao. Mi chatas Ambao. I like both. Mi chatas Ambao. End of section two. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Recorded in London, England. Section three of Esperanto Self-Tort with phonetic pronunciation. Volume two by William W. Mann. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Esperanto Self-Tort with phonetic pronunciation. Volume two by William W. Mann. Section three. The verb. Tenses. The verb in Esperanto has three main tenses. The present, past and future. These are denoted by means of the verbal endings us, ease and os. Thus from the root vid, si are formed present. Mi vidas. I see. Mi vidas. Past. Mi vidis. I saw. Mi vidis. Future. Mi vidos. I shall see. Mi vidos. Moods. Every Esperanto verb has three moods. The conditional, the imperative and the infinitive, which are formed respectively by means of the endings us, u and i. Thus conditional. Mi vidos. I should see. Mi vidos. Imperative. Vidos. Si vidos. Infinitive. Vidi to si vidi. The conditional mood is used to express supposition. The three tenses on the other hand are used to express facts or actual happenings. For examples, see conjunctions page 83. The imperative mood is used to express an order, desire, wish, will, etc. See page 84. Used with the personal pronouns of the first and second persons, the mood corresponds to the English let, used as an expression of a wish. Thus mi penso. Let me think. Mi penso. Liveno morgao. Let him come tomorrow. Liveno morgao. Ili parolu. Let them speak. Ili parolu. Let that let sometimes means to allow to give leave, in which case the verb lassi is used. Thus let allow him come. Lasulin veni. Leave it there. Lasulin veni. Thus let allow him come. Lasulin veni. Lasulin veni. Leave it there. Lasugin tie. Lasugin tie. The imperative may be used interrogatively to translate the English shall with an idea of wish or desire. Thus what shall I give you? Chion mi donu alvi. Chion mi donu alvi. What shall we do today? Chion nifaru ho diao. Chion nifaru ho diao. What will he do would of course be simply Chion li faros. Chion li faros. For there is here no question of desire or wish, but merely a question of future action. The infinitive mood is used to express the mere idea of the verb without any limit of person or number and corresponds to the English to before the verb. Thus kuri to run. Kuri. Paroli to speak. Paroli. Note, in Esperanto, as is largely the case in English, the mood and tense endings of the verb do not vary according to person or number. For instance mi vidas. I see mi vidas. Li vidas. He sees li vidas. Also ni vidis. We saw ni vidis. I li vidis. They saw I li vidis. Vi vidos you will see. Vi vidos. Oni vidos. One will see. Oni vidos. She vidus. She would see. She vidus. Vi vidus you would see. Vi vidus. Participals. There are in Esperanto six participals, three active and three passive, corresponding to three tenses. They are formed in the active by means of the endings aunt, int and ont. And in the passive by means of the endings at, it and ot. With the addition of the adjectival termination are thus active, present, vidanta, seeing, vidanta, passive, vidata, being seen, vidata, past, vidinta, having seen, vidinta, passive, vidita, having been seen, vidita, future, vidanta, about to see, vidanta, passive, vidota, about to be seen, vidota. The participals may be used either as nouns, adjectives or adverbs, the terminations or are a being added to the participial endings as required. When used as nouns or adjectives, they of course take the sign of the plural, your, and of the accusative, nor, when the construction of the sentence so requires. For example, one, active, in la vinonta, yarro, in the coming year, in la vinonta, yarro, la parolanto, the speaker, la parolanto, la auscultantoy, the audience, literally listeners, la auscultantoy. Mi vidislin scribantan, I saw him writing. Mi vidislin scribantan, li foriris curante, he went off at a run, li foriris curante, li revenis nevidinte sian amicon, li revenis nevidinte sian amicon, he returned without having seen his friend, li revenis nevidinte sian amicon.  Estimata signoro, dia literally esteemed sir. Estimata signoro. Frappote li sin defendis, about to be struck, he defended himself. Frappote li sin defendis, mi audis tiun himnon gantatan, I heard that him sung. Mi audis tiun himnon gantatan. Compound tenses. The compound tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb esti, to be, esti. Thus by the combination of the participles with the six tenses and moods we obtain 36 compound tenses, enabling us to express with the utmost precision any time relation whatsoever. We have in all li estas o estis o estos o estus o estu o esti vidanta o vidata vidinta o vidita The use of the participles is very easy when once one grasps the fact that the auxiliary esti serves to denote the particular division of time, or the particular manner of the occurrence of the action denoted by the participle. For example, li estis cribanta chiam mi vidis liin. He was writing when I saw him, li estis cribanta chiam mi vidis liin. li estis fininta chiam mia amico al venis. He had finished, literally was having finished, when my friend arrived. li estis fininta chiam mia amico al venis. mi estis tui fori ronta chiam vi aperis. I was just about to go out when you appeared. li estis tui fori ronta chiam vi aperis. li estis nunmomente parolanta. He is speaking at this very moment. li estis nunmomente parolanta. li estis mortonta. He is about to die. li estis mortonta. li estus jam fori ronta. He would have already departed, literally would be already gone away. li estus jam fori ronta. The word by after a passive is translated by the preposition de. Thus the word was being chopped by the boy. li ligno estis hakata de lacnavo. li ligno estis hakata de lacnavo. He has been seen by all. li estis vidita de chiioi. li estis vidita de chiioi. Note, the compound tenses should not be used if the simple tenses suffice to show the meaning clearly. Thus I have seen him is merely expressed by mi am vidis lin than by mi estis vidinta lin. li am foriris might stand for either he had gone or he has gone according to the circumstances and the context would clearly show which was meant. li parolas is generally quite right for he is speaking. li estas parolanta should be used only when it is particularly intended to show that he is actually engaged in the act of speaking. End of section three. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater recorded in London, England. Section four of Esperanto self-taught with phonetic pronunciation, volume two by William W. Mann. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Esperanto self-taught with phonetic pronunciation, volume two. Section four. The adverb. In Esperanto, adverbs are denoted by the ending e and may be placed in any position either before or after the verb. Thus bella beautiful bele beautifully vera true vere truly li parolas sagé he speaks wisely li parolas sagé li rapide cu-ras he runs quickly li rapide cu-ras Adverbial numbers Adverbial numbers are formed by adding e to the cardinals. Thus unue firstly unue trié thirdly trié sépé seventhly etc. sépé seventhly sépé etc. The preposition. In English, one preposition often has many different meanings in Esperanto on the contrary every preposition with the exception of the word ye has one precise and fixed meaning. The preposition ye is the only one in Esperanto without a definite meaning. It sometimes happens that one wishes to use a preposition of some sort or other but is uncertain just which preposition will precisely express the idea. In such cases ye is used Thus he laughed at me li ridis ye me li ridis ye me full of water pléna ye aquvo pléna ye aquvo six meters long long six meters long long six meters long fear of him timo ye li timo ye li etc. Use of accusative When there is no ambiguity to be feared the preposition ye or even other prepositions are often omitted in Esperanto and the word to which the preposition if expressed would have referred is put into the accusative. Thus instead of saying li ridis ye me he is laughing at me one might say li ridis mean li ridis mean Similarly du metroin alta would stand for alta je du metroi alta je du metroi je kostis je tri shilingoi is more usually expressed je kostis tri shilingoiin mi ridis tie dum kvin horroi I stay there for five hours could be mi ridis tie kvin horroin and so on Certain prepositions namely kil, before, quotao late, at, never see in in sub under sub sur an sur contrao against contrao super over super and trans across trance often used to denote movement towards, whereas of themselves, they only express rest at. In order to make it quite clear whether motion or rest is intended, use is made of the accusative. Thus, li promenis en laurbo. He took a walk in the city. Li promenis en laurbo. But li promenis en laurbon, he took a walk into the city. Li promenis en laurbon. Li curis antaumi. He ran along before or in front of me. Li curis antaumi. But li pasis antaumi. He stepped in front of me. Li pasis antaumi. And so on. Adverbs are sometimes used with prepositional force, thus proxime de la domo. Near the house, proxime de la domo. Dextre de la arbo. On the right of the tree, dextre de la arbo, etc. The conjunction. A full list of conjunctions will be found on page 72. The following constructions should be noted. Tenses after che. That. Mi vidis che sciploras. I saw that she was crying. Mi vidis che sciploras. Mi scis che li venis. I knew that he would come. Mi scis che li venis. Mi scis che li am al venis. I knew that he had already arrived. Mi scis che li am al venis. Li diris che se li estus tiel granda chiel mi li facile farustion. He said that if he were as tall as I, he would easily do that. Li diris che se li estus tiel granda chiel mi li would easily do li facile farustion. Note that in Esperanto the verb is put in the exact time or tense used by the speaker. Thus mi scis che li venis. I did not know whether he would literally will come. Mi scis che li venis. I li nediris che li ven rencontis. They did not say whether they had met you. I li nediris che li ven rencontis. Use of imperative. After verbs expressing wish, intention, will or desire or command, the verb following is put in the imperative mood. Thus mi ordonis che li venu. I order that he come, him to come. Mi ordonis che li venu. Mi tre desiris che li vivu. I very much wanted him to live. Mi tre desiris, the verb. Che li vivu. I li intensis che li perdu. They intended us to lose. I li intensis che li perdu. Here the actual expressions used were li venu, li vivu, li perdu. Use of conditional after se. Se vi tiel diris vi malprave faris. If you spoke thus you did wrong. If you tiel diris vi malprave faris. If you tiel dirus vi estus malprava. If you said were to say thus you would be wrong. If you tiel dirus vi estus malprava. If you venus vividos. If you will come, you will see. If you venus vividos. Interjections. The following are the principle interjections. Adiau. Adieu farewell. Adiau. Ah. Ah. Ah. Antaun. Forward. Antaun. Attenzi. Attentu. Look out. Attentu. Bees. Encore. Bees. Bane. Good. Boene. Certe. Certainly. Certe. Ciu ne? O ciu ne vere? Is that not so? Ciu ne? O ciu ne vere? Ciu vere? Is Junivere. Ciuvere. Is that so? Ciuvere. Effective. Indeed. Effective. Phi. Phi. Phi. Phi. Four. Away. Be off. Four. Ha. Ha. Ha. Halt. Halt. Halt. Hey. Hey. Hey. Hello. Hey. Ho. Oh. Ho. Hove. Alas. Hove. Hontinde. Shameful. Hontinde. Yen. Ver. Yen. Compreneble. Naturally. Of course. Compreneble. Ne. No. Ne. Neble. Impossible. Neble. New. Well. New. Rapide. Quick. Rapide. Rapido. Hurry up. Rapido. End of Section 4. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Recorded in London, England. Section 5 of Esperanto Self-Tort with phonetic pronunciation volume 2 by William W. Mann. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Esperanto Self-Tort with phonetic pronunciation volume 2 by William W. Mann. Section 5. Formation of Words. In Esperanto, considerable use is made of prefixes and suffixes, every one of which has a clear, fixed meaning. Great economy of vocabulary is thus affected. One root word in Esperanto, sufficing when modified by suitable affixes, to translate many English words. Many of the affixes are often met with as single words. In such cases, the English translation is added after the various examples of the affix in question. Prefixes. Bo, denotes relationship by marriage.  Ek, denotes a beginning of an action, a momentary action. Irri, to go, irri, ekirri, to begin to go, to start, ekirri, brili, to shine, brili, ek brili, to begin to shine, to flash, ek brili, ge, denotes two sexes taken together. Patro, father, patro, ge patroi, father and mother, parents, ge patroi, frato, brother, frato, ge fratoi, brothers and sisters, ge fratoi, ge senoroi bo, mister and mrs. b, ge senoroi bo, mal, denotes the opposite of an idea, bona, good, bona, malbona, bad, malbona, shati, to like, shati, malshati, to dislike, malshati, amigo, friend, amigo, mal amigo, enemy, mal amigo, lauta, laud, lauta, mal laute, softly, mal laute, malo, an opposite, malo, male, on the contrary, male. Bra is a prefix of relationship corresponding to the English for great, patro, father, patro, bra patro, forefather, ancestor, bra patro, avo, grandfather, avo, bra avo, great grandfather, bra avo, nepo, grandson, nepo, pra nepo, great grandson, pra nepo, re, denotes returning and repetition, iri to go, iri, re-iri to go back, or to go again, re-iri, repre-ni to take back, repre-ni, revidi to see again, revidi, re-e again, re-e, suffixes, arch, denotes that a word is used in a bad sense with disparagement, do-mo, a house, do-mo, do-macho, a hovel, do-macho, re-di to laugh, re-di, ri-dachi to snia, ri-dachi, ad, denotes continuation or duration of an action, paroli to speak, paroli, paroladi to make a speech, paroladi, canto a son, canto, cantado, singing, cantado, voyaggio a voyage, voyaggio, voyageado, traveling, voyageado, riddo a laugh, riddo, ridado, laughter, ridado, age, denotes some concrete thing characterized by the idea contained in the root, bella, beautiful, bella, belaggio, a beautiful thing, belaggio, nutri to feed, nourish, nutri, nutragio or nutrantaggio, food, nutragio or nutrantaggio, gentila, polite, gentila, gentilaggio, a polite act, act of politeness, gentilaggio, bovo, ox, bovo, bovaggio, beef, bovaggio, agro, a thing, agro, an, denoting a partisan of, a member, an inhabitant, cristo, christ, cristo, cristano, a christian, cristano, eclesio, a church, eclesio, eclesiano, a churchman, eclesiano, londonano, a londonano, londonano, ano, a member, ano, ar, denotes a collection of, a number of, arbo, tree, arbo, arbaro, a forest, arbaro, homo, a human being, homo, homaro, mankind, homaro, vorto, a word, vorto, vortaro, a dictionary, vortaro, arro, a collection, number, gathering, arro, ch, added to the first two to five letters of a word is used to denote masculine diminatives of endearment. Johano, John, Johano, Jocho, Jack, Jocho, Batro, Father, Batro, Baccio, Papa, Daddy, Baccio. Abel denotes possibility and corresponds to the English suffixes able, able, credit, to believe, credit, credeble, credible, credeble, videble, visible, videble, ul, to, ul, eerie, to go, eerie, alireble, accessible, alireble. It's denotes abstract ideas, qualities, and corresponds to the English suffixes, ness, ship, etc. Felicia, happy, felicia, felicezzo, happiness, felicezzo, alta, high, alta, altezzo, height, altezzo, regio, king, regio, reggezzo, kingship, reggezzo. Egg denotes augmentation, intensity of degree, grande, big, great, grande, grandega, enormous, grandega, bella, beautiful, bella, bella, magnificent, bella, stono, stone, stono, stonego, rock, stonego, baffilo, a gun, baffilo, baffilego, cannon, baffilego. Ehi denotes a place specially set apart for, or allotted to, breggi, to pray, breggi, breggio, a church, breggio, mangi, to eat, mangi, mangio, refactory, mangio, quireio, kitchen, quireio, enireio, entrance, enireio, elireio, exit, elireio. Aime denotes propensity, inclination, disposition, paroli, to talk, paroli, parolema, talkative, parolema, mensogi, to lie, mensogi, mensogema, untruthful, mensogema. Er denotes an element of a unit, a grain, bolvo, dust, bolvo, bolvero, a grain of dust, bolvero, fireero, a spark, fireero, haylero, hailstone, haylero, mono, mani, mono, monero, a coin, monero, aero, particle, grain, element, estro, denotes a chief, leader, head, regno, state, regno, regnestro, head of the state, ruler, regnestro, lerneio, school, lerneio, lerneiestro, headmaster, lerneiestro, estro, leader, chief, estro, estraro, the authorities, estraro, estri, to act as chief, estri, id, denotes a descendant, offspring, young of, bolvo, ox, bolvo, bovido, calf, bovido, shafo, a sheep, shafo, shafido, lamb, shafido, israelido, israelite, israelido, lahomidoi, the sons of man, lahomidoi, signoro, brown, kai, la brownidoi, mr. brown and the little browns, ido, a descendant, child, ido, idaro, descendants, offspring, idaro, et, denotes diminution of degree, compare egg above, bela, beautiful, bela, beleta, pretty, beleta, venteto, breeze, venteto, ready to laugh, ready, rideti, to smile, rideti, bona, good, bona, boneta, fairly good, mediocre, boneta, eta, tiny, eta, ig, denotes a making, rendering, causing to be, granda, great, granda, grandigi, to enlarge, grandigi, venigi curaciston, to send for, cause to come a doctor, venigi curaciston, halti, to stop in transitive, halti, haltigi, to stop transitive, haltigi, trancigi al si, laharoyn, to get one's hair cut, trancigi al si, laharoyn, iggi, to make render, iggi, iggi, denotes a becoming, getting, growing, being made, hella, bright, hella, heligi, to grow or become bright, heligi, rugia, red, rugia, rugigi, to redden, blush, rugigi, desigi, to separate in transitive, desigi, iggi, to become, iggi. With transitive verbs, ig is used to make intransitive verbs, thus renversi, to overthrow, turn upside down, renversi, renversigi, to turn intransitive upside down, to get overthrown, renversigi, fari, to make, fari, farigi, to become, farigi, perdigi, to get lost, perdigi, vidigi, to be seen, vidigi. Used with intransitive verbs, each gives the idea of a becoming, a gradual transition from one state to another, morti, to die, morti, mortigi, to become dead, to die away, to expire, mortigi, sedi, to be seated, sedi, sedigi, to become seated, to sit down, sedigi. Note that since verbs in each are of necessity in transitive, their participles should only be used in the active form, thus renversiginta, having become overthrown, and not renversigita, perdiginta, having become lost, not perdigita, and so on. One might of course simply say renversita, overthrown, and perdita, lost, though the meaning would, in that case, not be quite the same. Il denotes an instrument, tool, or means, drunchi, to cut, drunchi, drunchilo, a knife, drunchilo, filtri, to filter, filtri, filtrilo, a filter, filtrilo, deni, to hold, deni, denilo, a handle, denilo, ilo, tool, instrument, ilo, ilaro, set of tools, ilaro. Ind denotes worthiness, English worthy, laudi, to praise, laudi, laudinda, praiseworthy, laudinda, vidinda, worth seeing, vidinda, vidinda joy, things worth seeing, vidinda joy. Inda ye, worthy of, inda ye, indetso, worthiness, indetso. Ing denotes the holder of a single object, compare we below, plumo, pen, plumo, plumbingo, pen holder, plumbingo, fingro, finger, fingro, fingringo, symbol, fingringo, cigaringo, cigar holder, cigaringo, ingo, a socket holder, ingo. In denotes feminins, virro, a man, virro, virino, a woman, virino, patro, father, patro, patrino, mother, patrino, ino, a female, ino. East denotes trade occupation, profession. Labori to work, labori, laboristo, workman, laboristo, curazzi to treat medically, curazzi, curazzisto, doctor, curazzisto. Nya added to the first two to five letters of a word is used to form feminine diminutives of endearment, compare cia above, Johannino, Jane, Johannino, Johannio, Jenny, Johannio, patrino, mother, patrino, bagno, mama, bagno. Ui denotes a receptacle which contains or bears a collection or a quantity of things or material, compare ing above, mono, money, mono, monuio, purse, monuio, inko, ink, inko, inkuyo, ink stand, inkuyo, uyo, a utensil case, bin, uyo. The suffix ui is also used to denote trees bearing certain fruits, bomo, apple, bomo, bomuio, apple tree, bomuio, cerizuio, cherry tree, cerizuio, rosuio, rose bush, rosuio. The word arbo however is more frequently used in such cases, pomarbo, rosarbeto, etc. Ui is also used to denote the names of countries, anglo, Englishman, anglo, angluio, England, angluio, franzo, a Frenchman, franzo, franzuio, France, franzuio, c footnote 4, page 40, where a country is called after its inhabitants, the Esperanto name for it is formed by adding the suffix ui, that which contains, see page 85, or lando, land, to the root denoting the inhabitant, thus belgo, Belgian, belgo, belguio, Belgium, belguio, Brito, Britain, Brito, Grand Brituio, Great Britain, Grand Brituio, Swiss, Swiss, Swissuio, Switzerland, Swissuio, or belgolando, Scotlando, Anglolando, Switzerlando, etc. Where the name of the inhabitants is formed from that of the country, use is made of the suffix ano, member of, thus Europa, Europe, Europa, Europano, European, Europano, Irlando, Ireland, Irlando, Irlandano, Irishman, Irlandano. Ull denotes a being characterised by the idea contained in the root word, bella, beautiful, bella, belulino, a beautiful woman, a beauty, belulino, colpo, blame, colpo, culpulo, culprit, culpulo, laudindulo, one worthy to be praised, laudindulo, bonulo, a good fellow, bonulo, bonegulo, a jolly good fellow, bonegulo. Um is an indefinite suffix, like the word ye, among the prepositions, thus pleni, to fill, pleni, plenumi, to fulfil, plenumi, compare, plenigi, to fill, plenigi, colo, neck, colo, columo, a cola, columo, aero, air, aero, aerumi, to air, a room, clothes, etc. aerumi, aerumi, words containing um should be learnt as independent roots. Compound words. In Esperanto any word can be combined with any other word or words to form a compound word. Considerable use is made of prepositions for this purpose. The requisite grammatical ending must of course be added in each case. The student should carefully study the following words, and also those given above, and endeavour to form words for himself. For this purpose the small penny Esperanto key which contains the fundamental roots of the language will be found useful. It may be obtained from any Esperanto bookseller. Ability to form words readily is absolutely necessary to fluent speech or composition in the language. In the examples given below the component parts of the words are separated by a small stroke, but these are of course omitted in ordinary usage. El iri to go out, el iri. Antao giambro, anti-chamber, antao giambro. Pri pensi to think over, reflect upon, pri pensi. Preter basci to pass by, preter basci. Per labori to earn gain by working. Per labori. Per forto, violence. Per forto. Tra vivi to live through experience. Tra vivi suprenderi to go up, ascend. Inter rompi to interrupt. Inter rompi. Cunveno, an assembly meeting. Cunveno. Al paroli to address a cost. Al paroli. Inter rilati to relate one with another. Inter rilati. Inter rilatoi. Inter relations. Inter rilatoi. Inter nazia. International. Inter nazia. Scrib tablo. Writing table. Scrib tablo. O, scribo tablo. Writing table. Scribo tablo. Dorm ciambro. Bedroom. Dorm ciambro. O, dormo ciambro. Bedroom. Dormo ciambro. Naz tuko. Handkerchief. Naz tuko. Ter tremo. Earthquake. Ter tremo. Glit iri to skate. Glit iri. Glit veturilo as lei. Glit veturilo. Pied iranto. A pedestrian. Pied iranto. Bru fermi to slam. Bru fermi. Facil mova. Agile easy moving. Facil mova. Home amo. Philanthropy. Home amo. Buon faranto. Benefactor. Buon faranto. Strat lanterno. Street lamp. Strat lanterno. Bot faristo. Bookmaker. Bot faristo. Sam professi anui. Members of the same profession. Sam professi anui. Cio potenza. All powerful. Cio potenza. Libra manto. A book lover. Libra manto. Doctor ezzino. Doctor's wife. Doctor ezzino. Mon acirilo. A means of getting money. Mon acirilo. Cion faranta. All doing. Cion faranta. Alt anima. High soul. Alt anima. Vivi pova. Capable of life. Vivi pova. Ali landulo. Foreigner. Ali landulo. Ali maniere. In another way. Ali maniere. Tio spezza. Of that kind. Tio spezza. End of section five. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Recorded in London, England. Section six of Esperanto self-taught with phonetic pronunciation volume two by William W. Mann. This is a LibraVox recording. All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibraVox.org. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Esperanto self-taught with phonetic pronunciation volume two. Section six. Corelative words. Quality indefinite. Ia. Some kind of. Any kind of. Ia. Quality interrogative. Kia. What sort of? Kia. Quality demonstrative. Tia. That sort of. Such a. Tia. Quality distributive. Chia. Each kind of. Every kind of. Chia. Quality negative. Nenia. No kind of. Nenia. Reason indefinite. Ia. For some reason. For any reason. Ia. Reason interrogative. Kia. For what reason? Why. Kia. Reason demonstrative. Tia. For that reason. Therefore. Tia. Reason distributive. Tia. For every reason. On every account. Tia. Reason negative. Nenia. For no reason. On no account. Nenia. Time indefinite. Ia. At some time. Sometimes. Ever. Time interrogative. Kia. At what time. When. Kia. Time demonstrative. Tia. At that time. Then. Tia. Time distributive. Chia. At all times. Always. Each time. Chia. Time negative. Neniam. At no time. Never. Neniam. Place indefinite. Ia. At any place. Somewhere. Ia. Place interrogative. Kia. At what place. Where. Kia. Place demonstrative. Tia. In that place. There. Tia. Place distributive. Tia. At each place. Everywhere. Tia. Place negative. Nenia. At no place. Nowhere. Nenia. Manor indefinite. Ia. In some way. Anyhow. Ia. Manor interrogative. Kia. In what way. How. Like. As. Kia. Manor demonstrative. Tia. In that way. So. Thus. As. Tia. Manor distributive. Tia. In every way. In each way. Tia. Manor negative. Neniam. In no way. Nowhow. Neniam. Possession indefinite. Ia. Somebody's. Anybody's. Ia. Possession interrogative. Kia. Whose. What. Persons. Kia. Possession demonstrative. Tia. That. Ones. That. Persons. Tia. Possession distributive. Tia. Everyone's. Each. One's. Tia. Possession negative. Nenia. Nobody's. No one's. Nenias. Thing indefinite. Ia. Something. Anything. Ia. Thing interrogative. Kia. What. Thing. Kia. Thing demonstrative. Tia. That. Thing. Tia. Thing distributive. Tia. All. Tia. Thing negative. Nenia. Nothing. Nenia. Quantity indefinite. Ia. Some. A little. Ia. Quantity interrogative. Kia. How much. What. Quantity. Kia. Diyom. Quantity demonstrative. Diyom. So much. That quantity. Diyom. Quantity distributive. Chiyom. All. The whole quantity. Chiyom. Quantity negative. Nenium. None. Nenium. Individuality indefinite. Iu. Anyone. Iu. Individuality interrogative. Kia. What person. Kia. Individuality demonstrative. Tia. That. Person. Tia. Individuality distributive. Chiyu. Everyone. Every. Chiyu. Individuality negative. Neniu. Nobody. No one. Neniu. End of section six. End of Esperanto self-taught with phonetic pronunciation. Volume two by William W. Mann. Recording by Nicholas James Bridgewater. Recorded in London, England.