Wow, what's up everybody. Once again, it's brand man, Sean. And today I want to talk about something that's pretty serious to me. And that is why I stopped doing my fast growing music festival. Because so many people have actually asked me this over time, so I decided to do a video specifically talking about it. I touched on it in some places, but we went from zero to 1,000 pretty quickly in terms of attendees. We went from $900 in production costs to $10,000 in production costs by the time the last one occurred over a three year span. And then I just stopped doing it, right? At least that's how most people see it. But for those of you who might have heard some of the other backstories in terms of the personal life things, there's actually also a very real business sense in the way, in the reasoning that I stopped doing it. So I'm gonna talk about that in this video. First, we're gonna do three things because this isn't just for artists, right? This is for music entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs in general in the way I wanna break down this particular video. So one, I'm gonna show a clip where I just answer somebody telling them my whole thoughts on the festival industry period. But after that, I'm gonna talk about some formulas and some things that I think anybody should consider. If you really wanna have a career, especially as an entrepreneur, but it's some things that apply to life period, how you should think about making moves and what businesses you choose to partake in, what do you cut out of businesses, and just how you succeed them in them in general. So without further ado, here's the clip. Well, I have some drawbacks about the festival industry as well, but if we get to talk about it. I would love to hear those. All right, so one of the reasons, when I got into that, I didn't initially plan it to be a full-on festival. I kinda actually was working with my homies who wanted to be artists and they're collective. I was the only person who didn't wanna be seen, right? Everybody, there was all these different front-facing brands except for me, I didn't care. And I threw the festival almost as a bigger event, a better way to market them initially, but they didn't have their stuff together first time around. Everybody's an experience, cool in that regard. But as the festival was super dope and people wanted me to bring it back, now I'm like, this might be an actual business, but now I instantly start to go look at the business and understand it as a whole. So you gotta remember, I'm coming from a tech background and I'm like, I'm not the most people person. I'm more introverted really. So there's low margins, festivals are low margins, right? In comparison to especially looking at tech where you can have something like WhatsApp, have 19 or 50 employees and sell for 19 billion, not that that's the most common thing in the world, but you understand the difference of margin and scale, which is where I was used to, to now I'm dealing with hundreds of people, all these kinds of risks and things like that. Just, this is just a personal thing for me and the margin wasn't great. And I was profitable from the very beginning because I didn't know any other way. To me, it's just like you're running a business or doing the kind of event you have to profit. I learned after as it started to grow and a lot of grimy stuff started to happen and festivals started to see us as a threat, which I didn't even understand why at that period of time. To me, it's just like, I don't know, I didn't understand why at the time. I didn't, so I didn't know things like most of these festivals had investors behind them and a lot of money behind them. I did not, cause I had my money and my homeboy who was working at Domino's and my other homeboy was a valet, right? And then I didn't, and then also even looking at bigger festivals when we look at, like all the way to tomorrow world and all these things, right? Still smaller margins in comparison to a lot of other products. However, it's just on a far bigger scale but that's a lot of different moving pieces to move with. So to me, that was why I eventually stopped doing it because it took, it takes so much effort and for it to not be my main business. The margins small, I believe the industry is just becoming more and more saturated. I watched the bubble happen in Europe and so many people are doing these festivals and events and then regular parties and events are starting to become, start to be called festivals and differentiation is becoming more and more difficult and so many people fund their festivals with sponsors and I'm looking at bigger festivals that are far more established that have still have trouble getting sponsors. So there was like, there's so many things business model wise that I didn't necessarily appreciate about it unless I wanted to dedicate myself to it. Okay, so I wanna start off by saying this isn't a festival bashing video. I actually think festivals work for certain people but if you hear me stay in this video that I just show is not for me, right? It wasn't something that I wanted to do. I wasn't gonna commit to it long term which is something that I think that you had to be if you wanted to actually be successful to the fullest, right? So let me break down one of the categories. So we're gonna start off with just personality, things that work for me. When it comes to events, you gotta deal with a whole lot of people for relatively low margins and it could seem like a lot of money if you're not used to money at the time, right? But just generally speaking, all of the resources, all of the people you have to bring together for people and the frequency in which events and festivals in general can happen creates a pretty low margin business, right? And it's not extremely repeatable month over month, especially at a certain scale. For me, that's not attractive when I've just seen more money for less things or I've looked at business models I could bring more for less, especially when that's just not my thing, right? That's not who I want to be long term in a career and we'll get deeper into some of the margins later. Cause another thing about it though is a huge part of business model is raising money not only through sponsors but then also a lot of these people as I kind of mentioned had investors, right? And for me, I actually bootstrapped mine from ground zero pretty much 90% of it was all my money, right? So probably 95% of the last time. And the thing about that is that's a lot of risk to be throwing in based off of how these festivals are ran. They can be pretty stressful. It's almost an accepted thing that people won't buy tickets to the last minute. That's just the event space in general. Even if you can get a lot of front end tickets, the majority of the money won't come in to pretty close to the actual event. So you have a lot of money floating and you're putting that all up yourself and you're not necessarily in a position to you know, whether that storm then it could be pretty stressful and then managing the artists and all those things. And granted, I like to say I was doing a lot of this stuff a lot more work than I should have been. I could have had a lot better systems in place or a lot more people in place to take as much responsibility. But that was just the nature of how this thing grew didn't expect it to really grow as fast as it did. So that's another part of it, right? Just the personality in general, I'm not trying to deal with as many people on a regular basis, that's just not me. And then the stress that it brings and I wanna make sure I don't even skip anything. So the fact that big festivals struggle sponsors period. Not just any festival who is trying to get sponsors. A lot of big well-known names have issues getting sponsors. It's still a game that you have to play and that's just not a thing for my personality as well. Like that selling, selling, selling, trying to ask people for money. Again, you see, I bootstrapped. I'm more the personality where I'm gonna go do it myself as opposed to waiting for people to kind of improve it or green light it or support it, all right? So those primary things just personality wise make it a little more or a little less attractive to me. But again, that's just me. So I don't fault people who really pursue that industry and do it at full time. But also it became a question of impact, right? And impact is the huge part for me. That was the biggest, biggest part because at the end of the day, even though it was only one time a year, it took about three months, at least of a lot of focus and prep and leading up to that event and then even at least two weeks, at least two weeks afterwards to kind of close everything in, make sure everybody was paid, get all the production, we'll post production ready and have things tied in the bowl just in case it got ran another year, all right? All that takes a lot of time and there were other areas that I was a far more impact outside of being a festival. So that means I have to deal with these switching costs. And let me break it down like this.  All right, check this out. Here's the model. You got two things. One thing is over here. One thing is over there, all right? We can call this thing the festival and this thing, let's just call it other stuff for now. The other things that I'm doing. And as I said, the ceiling was a lot higher. It's greater impact for me over here, all right?  Cost, the cost of time, money and resources. So you can say I'm over here and when you're over here, you're not spending the energy that you have or could be spending over here. That alone can be detrimental, especially if you have some competitors and you need to be moving alone because while you're over here, all right? Somebody's moving ahead over here or they're catching up. And then while you're over here, somebody over here is getting that much further ahead of you, right? But that's what a lot of people can easily understand. What a lot of people miss out on is something even greater. You think you're super efficient with your time, right? All right, I start this at five o'clock and then I start doing this at 5.30, all right? Nah, it sounds great. But at the end of the day, there's that switching cost, that 30 minutes. How long did it take you to get there? How long did it take you to get from starting one thing to starting up the next one? Because it's not just on switch, off switch, all right? You have this additional cost, the switching cost of your mind having to stop focusing on one thing and then starting to take in the information to begin to focus on another thing. And then if the worlds are too attached, at least there's some synergy between festivals and some of the other stuff I was doing in music. But if it's too unattached, then you're really starting over. It was like if I'm doing something in festivals and then some other space in music and tech, which I was at some point, right? Like tech or real estate, right? Like things that have nothing to do with each other. There's an additional cost, but again, another thing unseen other than switching costs is the big one, which is momentum. You cannot undervalue momentum when it comes to business and when it comes to competition, sports, any of these things, because when you have momentum, that's when you start to get an exponential result, right? One starts to equal 10 versus one equaling one and then one equaling two and then one equaling three. Like you build that momentum to the point that you put in an input of one and you get back 10.  Or you lose half of that momentum at the very least, just some of that momentum. And when you're starting with very few resources, you don't have the ability to split those resources up into too many things, because you also have to consider your regular life and whatever else you're doing, you split those resources up into too many things, then you'll never get to a level of excellence. And if you never get to a level of excellence, then you're not gonna be able to truly do multiple things and take advantage of those new things because now you have resources to invest in them other than your literal physical presence and time. So that's the way I thought about it and how I started to make that decision. And that's what I was left with, right? Could I get more impact by continuing to do these things, even though I can do it eight months out of the year without any distraction from the festival? What happens when, let's say I have a competitor, and I'm not even, there was really no competitors to really think about in that way at that time, but what if I had a competitor, right? In that time where I'm stopping and they're still going and they're either catching up or getting that much further ahead of me, right? Or just the fact that I'm that much further away from my goals and I could be that much closer. Like that simple formula and thought process for me is paramount in understanding what I'm gonna put my energy into and what I'm not going to because at the end of the day, like nobody can do this multitasking thing like people say they can. Like when you're thinking about one thing, then you're not thinking about another thing. When you're focused on too many things, then you're not focused. It's a lie, right? Like distractions exist the moment you choose something to focus on without focus, then there is no distraction. So if you're just doing all these things, you're literally not focusing, you're probably not doing anything well. And that's what I found myself getting to because everything started to get to a point where it was on such a high level that for anything to move forward, something had to go. And the festival is what was the choice. And that was actually not just a festival. It was like two or three other things that I was doing that. Well, some of them just, I mean, it wasn't that I shouldn't have been doing them. It was just that I just didn't have the capacity to do everything, just period. I didn't have the capacity and I felt like I was gonna let a lot of people down. And I'm never gonna put myself in a position knowingly where I can't give people the energy and commitment that I think that they're worth, right? Especially when they're committed to doing their goals. So that's how we get to choosing the festival. Well, choosing the festival to be the thing that went. I'm not gonna get into the other things, but last but not least, a huge thing that I wanna talk about is business models. And this is something that reminds me of what a lot of music professionals really need to avoid. This is super prevalent in music. I see a lot of entrepreneurs on this in general, but it's super prevalent in music where people think they need to have four or five different business. They think they're popping because they have one LLC and another LLC and I managed some artists and I got this and I got that. You're doing too many things, especially alone. Because again, when I talk about switching costs and the level of being great, you're not gonna be doing that many things, especially when you're starting from ground zero and you don't have the resources. Breaking through to another level, right? It takes concentration, like a nail breaking through the wall. It's concentrated at that point so it can break through and then you can start to spread out a little bit. So that's the thought process that I had to go through, but why I say music professionals in general is because everybody thinks that they're a owner, right? And everybody's coming from an entrepreneur perspective, but if you really start to look at the landscape, it's a lot less entrepreneur, entrepreneur, or a lot less companies and a lot more self-employed people, right? There's a lot of contractors for hire and yes, you own your LLC on paper, but it's just you and there's nothing wrong with that either. I don't knock anybody who wants that for themselves because again, I know a lot of people who do that, they love that and that's what they want, but there's a lot of people who think they're in process of building an empire. They think they're in process of building a business or a company when they don't realize you don't have any assets that you can sell. You don't have any systems that you can sell because that's what gets sold. People buy systems, people buy assets. You can't just have yourself and a lot of these people, if you start to look, right? Even people that are successful, you might consider them successful. They have all these great artists that are associated with them and they're in their 40s and they make good money. They're really living a day-to-day middle-class life or a month-to-month middle-class life, which again, especially if you come from a certain environment, is nothing wrong with that either. But the truth is though, when you have a moment happen, when you have something like all touring stops or when you have something happen like whatever, like anything major that stops the money in that way, they're in the same place as so many other people that are working regular nine to five jobs. And the whole point for me, especially if entrepreneurship is, yes, to have the freedom in terms of my day-to-day work. I love that aspect of it, but when I think about money, I'm talking about generating wealth that doesn't have to be threatened by one month of no paycheck, right? Or one client leaving, right? Like actually building something that's not completely reliant on connections and that's what most businesses, that's the biggest intellectual property, right? That a lot of these businesses or movers and shakers in the industry typically have. It's like, oh, okay, yeah, I got this connection and this connection and because you know these people, you get this business, but at some point you have to transfer that because I'm not saying that you need to leave that be. That's a real thing that you can use to your advantage. It is leverage, but at some point, you gotta move that over into real assets, right? Something that can be sold. And that's my goal when I think about companies. I don't really care to build a business just to be a lifestyle business, but I can build a lifestyle business to help me have the leverage or time to build a business that I believe that can give me true wealth. So there's a process. And the reality that you can get yourself to in the same way I even looked at the music, not the music industry, the music festival, is at some point you have to understand business models and have realistic expectations because a lot of these business models, well, pretty much all business models, they have their limitations. They have a ceiling. And the ceiling that I was looking at when it comes to the festival was a lot lower than the ceiling of what I wanted to achieve. So let's look at Coachella Festival. We know that's pretty much biggest festival out there. In 2017, they made $114 million, I believe in those weekends or those days that it happened, that's great. That's a lot of money, but there's a lot of that money that goes into overhead and so many things. And there's so many people connected to it. But even if we look further back, Coachella was started by the promoters who own Golden Voice. It was a promotion company, right? And that's something I would have had to do, right? I would have had to really to make this really, this thing work as a festival. It couldn't have been one festival. Those guys were throwing like 50 punk rock shows in a year, right or over two years, so maybe 25 a year. That's a lot of shows and that's one thing I realized. Oh, to extend this business model, since my festival exists one time a year, I'm gonna have to do more events to make more money because this is my circle of confidence now. And that means I should create a promotion company. I don't wanna be a promoter. I never wanted to be a promoter. My festival was really just a way to get my creativity and do a really, really dope idea. I just happened to be somebody who knows how to market very well. And a lot of people even mistook me for a promoter, right? So understanding that those guys did that in 1981, that's when they started. And then in 2001, I believe, two years after Coachella, they were bought out by AEG, right? On shoots, they were bought out, $7 million, 20 years, $7 million. That's too low of a margin for me, right? Just because I come from, probably there's a bias of coming from the tech world and things like that where I've seen numbers, certain numbers happen faster, but also that's a long time to be in something that I don't like and is a lot harder for me to do just because I can be good at it. We all know after a certain period of time, there's a ceiling when that's just not, there's not a certain level of passion or joy attached to it or, you know? So I knew that wasn't gonna be something I wanted to stay in that long to make, granted it might be a little bit more money now because of inflation and the saturated market of events, but that wasn't something I wanted to do. But if you look at that again, 20 years, $7 million, that shows you some sense of a ceiling and they were bought out, right? So they were bought out for only $7 million and they had to be bought out by this investor group to scale over another 10 years, 15, well, maybe, well shoot, almost 20 years now to get to that $100 plus million. Now you have to say, okay, what really are the margins? Because that means the investor group is probably funding most of that and I would be in the founder role. So going that long just to sell out or relatively speaking, that little, even though it goes to a higher multiple, what is my actual ownership in that? That's just not the business that I'm looking to run, right? And it's not worth my particular time and what you should do is always understand the limitations of your business model. It's nothing wrong with any business model, in and of itself. But it's you understanding the business model because the problem comes when your goals exceed the actual business model you have and you think your business model will help you achieve that. Again, like I said, lifestyle business. I can create a lifestyle business and a lifestyle business essentially, it's a company that you can't sell, right?  Without you, it really doesn't exist or it's not worth somebody else's time and you see this a lot on shows like Shark Tank. People are like, ah, yeah, that's cool. It's a great company but that's a $5 million a year business. I'm an investor, I'm never gonna make my money back, right? I'd rather build business ultimately that if needed I can exit for a certain amount of money. But a lifestyle business could put me in a position where I'm still free in my own time. I'm making a certain amount of money and I take some of that extra money to then start the other business, right? So again, you can use these business models as tools but if you don't pay attention to the limitations that exist in certain places like, I'm not gonna even get into certain nuances of businesses in the music industry or certain types of businesses because I'm moving through certain things right now and I wanna save that after I do certain things. So you can hear me talk about certain things and I can even show and speak on my own experience but that's the overview and that's how you should start thinking about your business. You have to walk through these logic. You have to walk through this logic because there's a lot of traps that make you feel like you're an owner, a boss, a CEO or whatever it is especially in music when at the end of the day, even if you are, the limitation and the ceiling is so low that it's not even worth it. That's it for this particular video. I'll be doing more videos every once in a while from this type of voice in terms of just like, look man, I made certain mistakes or I went through certain things that made some decisions you guys can learn from it and also make sure you subscribe to the channel, hit that notification button. We will be giving out every once in a while some subscribers, some subscriber prizes.  And other than that, as always, if you like this video, hit that like button. If you like it, might as well share it and if you're not subscribed, baby, you know what to do. Hit that subscribe button.


Do you like the Satchit? Ah! Photo I put up there? I do. I don't like how you pronounce his name. Satchit. But I do like the, uh, I do like that photo a lot. Oh my god. Isn't that nice? Like a sig. Yup. You gotta have that for him. Gotta be ash with a sig too. Yup. Yeah. Lada. Yup. Lada G. That was, um, uh, I noticed the, the dedication when we saw Gungobai at the very beginning. We all went, aww, cause they showed up. Oh yeah. Lada. I miss you. Uh, a little tribute in the beginning of Gungobai. That's the only part of the film Rick liked. That's not true. That's not true. Just it's for all of you! No! Back to where she directed it, of course. I'm Rick. What? Those shouldn't go hand in hand. Pun intended. Today we got a Cricut video. Hey! Uh, this is Insane Boundary Line Fielding Moments. Good. This is actually one of my favorite parts of Cricut, uh, cause it's so unlike every other sport. Agreed. I like that they can hit something out, but obviously they can't step out with it. No. But then they can come back in. The closest in any sport that I've seen that this makes me think of is when, um, outfielders and sometime infielders have to go take home runs or foul balls away from out of stand. But even then, they don't have to go out and come back in. They go out and they're usually out. There's actually something in American football. I understand it shouldn't be called football. I didn't make the name. We agree. Um, but the dumb name of that sport. Like you can't actually go out and be, come back in. That's true. Once a receiver, for example, if a receiver goes out of bounds on their path and comes back in, they're ineligible that they can't go in and out. But you know what they could do if they caught it in bounds and they're going out of bounds and they let the ball go.  But I think they would then have to give it to someone in a lateral back. They couldn't recover the ball once they're out of bounds. Um, could they? I mean, unless it was a fumble. No. I mean, like they know they're going out of bounds and so they let it go. Go out of bounds and then come back in. It'd have to be a backwards line. Anyway, this is all. You guys love this football talk. Yeah.  Anyways, but yeah, it's one of my favorite actually things. There's a lot of acrobatic stuff that happens. Basketball, it doesn't apply. Basketball, you can go out of bounds and it doesn't make you disqualified to get back in play. Here we go. Blacked it. It's the incredible four upsiding one. Talk about awareness of the whole team. It's catchable. Now it's not. Great save. One of the world's great fielders. So that would just be like a run as opposed to a six or four. That's not even a four. He couldn't catch the ball. As soon as he caught it, it was six. Ouch. He's going to be bruised on his tailbone. Ah! Now you can just kind of like... Wow. You Michael Jordan that. Well, I'll just let you get a look at it. What an incredible play. It's brilliant. So if his knee would have touched out there, he would have been six. Any part of his body touches and he's got the ball in hand. Nice. Wow. Those are my favorite. When they catch it, throw it up and get back and get it. What if they touch that? Is that the same thing? The question, the boundary? Yeah. If they touch the batteries until six or four? They know. But he just caught it. That was just a great catch. It would have been a four. Oh, ringer tip catch right there too. Look at the spite of that catch. Look at the spite of that catch. Do they like practice that? Like bounce? I'm sure they do, right? I'm sure they do. That's why he came over there to be an assist. Yeah, they talk to each other. Look out, fielders. Practice those kinds of plays. Oh, my goodness. That was like six feet out.  Right before his knee went down. That's crazy. Wow. Marking the boundary line. On the other. Should be another six. Yes, it is. No, it's not. Well, he feels that he is there. Oh, he threw it. Wow, behind his back. Smart man. I think he's done well. No way he's getting that. No way he's getting that. Oh. Wow. He was running like a 4-4 there. Wow. Right before it hit it. Well, that's in the air. And it's caught. It's a loopy bullet. Such awareness. Such athleticism to be able to do stuff like that. Nice. Full stretch outs are insane. Just a push drive. Oh. And he does it again. And that was even more spectacular than what it was. He hit the deck. He's managed to balance where he was. Brilliant. So well. I still keep control of the ball when he hit the 3rd hit. I did not see that. Where'd it go? Where did he get rid of it? Wow. All he needed was someone... Right there would have been... He's the only man. Hey. That's him again. That's a photograph moment right there. Just him sprawled out. I'd like to try to do this. Yes. Nice. Because I doubt I can. Over the rope so he gets rid of it. There. Brilliant. Just yes. That's unbelievable. Obviously if his foot was out... That probably hurts his back. His foot was almost down. There's a lot about it. That's what it was about. Look at this. Look at how nonchalant he is when he throws it. He's like, well, he has to be safe. Yeah, we're good now. I got that. It's flat and hard and six all day long. Up goes one hand. The only concern is whether any of the padding was hit. Of course.  Look at that. Look at that. He's like five feet ahead of his head. That's a nice stroke. That's just tight. Your way of running that down. Oh, is he? That's quite brilliant. Both of them. How did he get there? Is this safe? Wow. That was brilliant. That was brilliant. That was brilliant. Great one to end on. That last one. I don't know how he got there. I was watching it thinking there's no way he's getting to that one. That was insane. These are some of my favorite things in All of Cricket, actually. And it would be, for me, the thing that I would enjoy doing the most is the defensive side of things. And not up close without a glove. I don't know that I would want to be right up close. I would want to be farther away because it'd be less likelihood for me to break my fingers. And the thought of having to... Because I love playing outfield too. I loved infield, especially shortstop, because I love just the speed of it and being involved in every play that way. But it's particularly the leaving the ball off the bat, quickness of stuff. And that would be... That's a whole other world, though, to have to do that entire... Not letting it go out and come back in and catch it. Yeah, there's nothing in sport like it. No. Nothing is obviously in baseball. If something's out, but you can still catch it out of bounds, obviously. You can stay out of bounds. You can literally climb on... If the outfielder were to go to the fence and it's a home run, and they catch it and fall over the fence... And they caught it. It's an out. It's an out. Same thing on the foul line. It's an out. This, you can't go out with it. It's crazy. It's so different than everything else. Yeah, that was really good. And they call it presence of mind. And it's true. A lot of these are. There's so much you have to take into consideration because you have to know where the boundary is in relationship to where you're running and they have no warning track like you do in baseball. So the grass feels exactly the same. You don't have anything visual to go off of except your peripheral down here. You have to keep your eye on the ball wherever that is. And you also have to have the presence of mind of knowing where your teammate is. That way you can throw it to them in those instances where they do that. And the fact that you also have to be aware of like if you are about to go out of bounds, how if you obviously, if a momentum is not against you, you want to throw it so you can hopefully go back in and catch it. Right. You have to throw it up high, close to you. That was a lot of stuff going on. I guarantee I'd go out and I'd catch it and I'd throw it up and I'd go running back in and it'd be over there in the crowd. That was good. I'd still love to be able to play a game. A full-on game of cricket. I think it'd be a lot of fun to try all the different positions and all that kind of stuff. I think it'd be a lot of fun. Anyway, let us know what other cricket videos we can react to. Put them down below a bottom so I can see it. And yeah, that's it. That was fun.


Hello, I'm Rachel Zimbary, Chair of the Arlington Redevelopment Board, also known as the ARB, and I will be taking you through one article 36 related to large additions for the 2022 annual town meeting. This amendment was brought to the ARB by the zoning Board of Appeals and the zoning bylaw working group and eliminates dual and potentially conflicting requirements in the zoning bylaw and improves clarity for the ZBA applicants staff and the general public. The text of the amendment includes clarification of the calculation by which the determination of a large addition is made, specification that the more respective, more restrictive requirements apply. This amendment provides clarity to the zoning bylaw and does not alter the substance of the bylaw. The ARB voted 5 to 0 at our April 4 meeting to recommend favorable action on article 36. Thank you.


One of the most common complications of simple morphological analysis is that morphemes may have different shapes and different circumstances. This phenomenon is referred to as morphological alternation. The subfield within morphology is called allomorphine. Languages differ enormously with regard to allomorphine. For this reason, this unit exemplifies the phenomena of morphological alternation, not only on the basis of English, but in a cross-linguistic fashion. Consider the following example, the indefinite article in English. We have three variants. We have the variant, which you might want to transcribe as a. We have the variant a, and we have this variant. Now, you see I have to represent this phonologically. Now, the first variant can be found in examples like a book. This one can be found in particular contexts where you say something like, I saw a fantastic concert. So, this is where you emphasize the article, and this one can occur in contexts like an idea. In other words, we have three allomorphs that represent the same morpheme, which we might want to write down like this. How do we know when to use which allomorph? Well, here we can clearly find conditions which I'm not going into now. Depending on the type of allomorphy, various conditions for the occurrence of particular allomorphs may be defined. So, look at them in more detail. We have, for example, phonological allomorphy. That is, the alternation can be described in terms of a phonological rule. Now, our example were, of course, our three variants where we know that this one here occurs before vowels like an idea, an answer. This one occurs in stress environments like a concert, and this one occurs elsewhere. So, here we have a phonological condition. Weak, supportive allomorphy is a kind of morphological alternation where the allomorphs exhibit some phonological similarity, but their relationship cannot be described by a phonological rule. So, in English, we have examples like by and bought. So, phonologically, you have this I becoming or by bought. But that's, of course, nothing completely regular, so we cannot set up a phonological rule or alternatively in meet and met. That's impossible. However, there's some sort of similarity, isn't it? Even less similar are the allomorphs of a particular morpheme if we have the case of strong, sublative allomorphy. So, here examples would be go and went or cases like B is R and so on. Here we have morphs belonging to the same paradigm, but they do not exhibit any similarity at all. You call this type of allomorphy strong, sublative allomorphy. Now, in addition to these main types, we can now define various conditions under which a particular allomorph is selected. For example, phonological conditioning where the sound structure conditions the choice of allomorph. For example, in English we have things like, and now I'm using transcription, horses versus cats. So, the choice of the pluromorph depends on a phonological rule. A case of morphological conditioning can be found if the morphological context determines the choice of a particular allomorph. So, for example, if you look at the, and now again I'm using phonetic transcription, wife. The genitive requires wife, so let's write down genitive here. Whereas in the plural, you have wives, so this is the plural form. The genitive is clearly phonologically conditioned, whereas the plural form is a special morphological context which determines the choice of the allomorph. And finally, we have lexical conditioning. Now here, again, we can use our example by and bought, where the choice of an allomorph clearly depends on a particular lexeme. So, in by and bought, we have this sort of vocaliic relationship, but if we contrast that with cry, it is of course cried. And not as we might want to have assumed crot, which is of course not the past tense form of cry. So, here we have lexical conditioning where the choice depends on a particular lexeme. Let's now look at these cases in more detail. Phonological conditioning is the first of these. Consider the following word pairs, so let's use cat and cats. I'm now using orthography, dog and dogs, and horse, horses. So, we have plural, affixes, sir, sir, and is. Now, in all three words, the plural morph is phonologically different. However, the distribution of these allomorphs is complementary and can be predicted on the basis of the final stem consonant. So, in cats, we have a t that precedes. In dog, we have a g and in horses, we have a sir. Now, if you look at these in more detail, you will find that the t, this one is voiceless. The g is voiced plus voice, and the sir is a special case. It is an alveolar fricative consonant, and this consonant, a voiceless fricative consonant, requires that is is added. Observations of this kind can be generalized and can be converted into morphological rules. Let us look at some other languages now. In Hungarian, the morphine that denotes the locative relationship in, like in the book, has two allomorphs, ben and barn. Here they are. So, in the wall versus in the air. The occurrence of these two allomorphs is clearly phonologically conditioned. Ben occurs if the final stem vowel is a front vowel, barn has to be chosen if the final stem vowel is a back vowel. In Turkish, we have a very similar situation. Now again, the choice depends on the type of stem. We have gözler, in which case we have a front vowel and ler, and we have dudaklar, which is a back vowel and lar. This phenomenon that we have just seen in Hungarian and in Turkish is a phenomenon where the vowel of an allomorph has to be harmonized with a stem vowel. And this phenomenon has become known as vowel harmony. Let us look at morphological conditioning next. Morphological conditioning occurs if the choice of allomorphs is determined by the morphological context. Here is an example from Latin. We have the base form loud, which means to praise in laudare, which is the infinitive. Now, the first person singular present tense is laudo. The first person in the simple past is laudabam. And the first person in the present perfect is this one. In other words, we have three morphs that denote the first person singular. Now, the choice of these three forms is of course dependent on the morphological context. If we have just the base form that precedes in the present tense, we have just o as the marker for the first person singular. If the past tense occurs, then m has to be the realization of the first person singular. And if we have the present perfect variant, then we have to add e. The choice of a particular allomorph is dependent on the morphological context. In English, this can be typically found in forms such as wife, where we either have wives, the genitive, or wives, which is the plural form. So here, the choice of a particular form depends again on the morphological context. Let's finally look at lexical conditioning. Now, cases of lexical conditioning occur where the choice of an affix is dependent on other properties of the base, for example, on semantic properties. Here is an example from Persian, where plural marking depends on the semantic properties, human versus non-human, of the base. So we have a form, and now I'm using alphabetical transcript, mer'd, which means man, and we have gorbe, which means cat. Now, if we want to turn these into their plural forms, we have to add an mer'dan to mer'd to man, and we have to add ha, which is also the plural, to the base form of cat, gorbe ha. The choice here, or the determining factor, is human plus human and minus human in cat. Lexical conditioning is also defined for cases where the choice of alomorphs cannot be derived by any rule at all, and has to be learned. This applies to the English past participle affix en, where speakers have to learn which verbs take this suffix, taken, seen, given, and so on. So let's summarize. Several conditions can be postulated that allow us to determine the choice of alomorphs and to set up morphological rules. The discovery of such rules, especially phonological rules, so rules of this type here, phonological conditioning, the discovery of such rules is one of the major goals in the morphological analysis of the languages of the world.


Pixar movies are forms of escapism for all ages. Kids can enjoy the outstanding animation and character design while older audiences can enjoy the big picture behind the story. Besides having a beautiful color palette, Finding Nemo is a beautiful story about a father and son reconnecting, and most Pixar movies have these deep undertones like this. Up isn't about adventures but who you make them with. Bugs life is about standing up to your oppressors. Cars is about how egotism and fame can't compare to having genuine friends and family. Pixar movies are more than just little kids films and they earn respect for a reason, no matter how much they diminished over the years. Pixar has had bad sequels and uninspired new titles, but the most underrated and overlooked Pixar movie was Monsters University. Monsters University is a prequel film and a Monsters Incorporated has been pushed away due to the belief of it not being able to stand up to its first film. But those people are wrong because besides having great animation, character design, and voice acting, Monsters University has a terrifying message. I love Monsters Inc finding Nemo in cars, but Monsters University has the most impactful and relatable story to me, especially as I grow older and I feel people never gave it the respect it deserves. Monsters University is a story about a group of outcasts who want to prove themselves which comes off basic but where it shines is in its characters, specifically Mike Wazowski and James Sullivan. Mike Wazowski is one of the saddest stories in Pixar. You don't belong on a scare floor.  As kids we believe we could do anything so we become fueled by dreams. And dreams are necessary because without them nothing motivates or pushes us. But what children don't have is reality. Reality comes when you're older and you realize those dreams are unobtainable or not true sometimes.  That's the terrifying story of Monsters Mike Wazowski is physically incapable to be a scarer and that's not his fault he was just born that way. But after being inspired by idols he works as hard as he can to prove himself when in reality there's just no chance. Maybe you love basketball and you put 10 hours a day of just practice and practice and you have all this admiration for the sport but you're 5'7 and at tryouts he loses somebody who's 6'5 and puts no effort in comparison. Maybe you love film and spend all your time consuming and learning all the technicalities and you inspire to be like your favorite directors only to not be able to afford this passion or have someone who has a better living situation get an opportunity that you can't. Maybe you try to find a platform to express your thoughts and feelings in a creative expression for no one to listen or to give you a chance. This happens to millions of people all the time but sometimes we become in denial because we don't want to lose the kid in us. The kid that gave us optimism to take on the world but in reality sometimes we're just not fitted for it and when Mike Wazowski earns an A on every test puts his life into something puts his life into this art of scaring like the legends who've inspired him he's out shined by somebody who was born with an upper hand. He uses that motivation to prove everyone wrong and after getting confidence he's then kicked from the scare program for not being scary. So he enters the scare games to prove everyone that told him that he's not scary wrong. And then when he wins he finds out it was because Sullivan cheated for him. So then he faces the reality that he feared most. You were right. They weren't scared of me. I did everything right. I wanted it more than anyone. And I thought I thought if I wanted it enough, I could show everybody that that Mike Wazowski is something special. And I'm just not. Sullivan has the advantage with his physical nature and family name. But with that name comes the pressure to honor it.  He's only strong so he's being scary with little effort and he brings shame to his friends, his family and himself.  Maybe you don't have a high paying job like your friends and the pressure from society to live up to those expectations could be hard. And the fear of being a failure can be terrifying. Look, Mike, I know how you feel. Don't do that. Please don't do that. You do not know how I feel calm down monsters like you have everything. You don't have to be good. You can mess up over and over again. And the whole world loves you. Mike, you'll never know what it's like to fail because you were born a Sullivan. I'm a Sullivan. I'm the Sullivan who flunked every test. The one who got kicked out of the program, the one who was so afraid to let everyone down that I cheated and I lied. Mike, I'll never know how you feel. But you're not the only failure here. I act scary, Mike. But most of the time, I'm terrified. How come you never told me that before? Because we weren't friends before. Mike Wazowski doesn't live his dream. He does what's fitted for him and plays his part to the people equipped for it and supports his best friend by the end of the movie, just like so many people do in reality. Maybe these scenes are only scary and relatable to me. Maybe it's scary because I'm an adult now and that the dreams I will have will start fading into reality. Maybe I'm just scared of failing my family, my passions and myself. Maybe I fear that I won't live up to my dreams. Maybe I fear about playing a part in society. But what I am terrified is about the future. And maybe I'm chasing a dream right now instead of reality. That's why I find this movie relatable because it truly does scare me.


Okay, good afternoon, folks, Larry Pesavento for TFNN and welcome to the Christmas week. We've got, you know, a very slow volume and a lot of things. So be careful of liquidity because it can really get scary, especially this week. And as we get into Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, it gets really slow. And that's where you've got to because you can see these markets run, but not that they need any help to running. As you can see, we're making new highs in the NASDAQ, the Dow Jones and the S&P 500. I don't believe it's made it yet, but it's very, very close. And but I believe the NASDAQ has made it. And I believe the, I know the Dow Jones has made it for sure. So those are just a couple that we have going up on the chart here that you're looking at today. This is a ABCD pattern in the E-mini S&P that we're going to cover when the first break comes up. And I think the big news today from a technical standpoint, we'll just get it up here so you can see it. You can see the Treasury bonds here. They are just made a 61% retracement today at 12405. The number we were selling at was 12403. They're now down to 12307, so that started in the right direction. This is an eight-week rally, folks. The biggest rally we've had uninterrupted since the big bear market started way, way back there when the bonds were at 162 that was a couple of years ago. So we're still in the bear market and we are getting a little bit of relief. Treasury notes have backed off just a little bit. I think the yield got down to 4.1. It's a little bit higher than that right now. But eventually the Treasury bonds, I believe, will go lower. The problem in the economy, folks, has nothing to do with the Fed or anything like that. It's the amount of money that is owed by the United States Treasury, $34 trillion. Do you realize that's 15 zeros, boys and girls?  Anyway, we're going to have a good show today. Tomorrow, Tim Bost will be our guest. I'm hoping we'll have Mike Moore on Wednesday and on Thursday. I believe we're going to have the Shane Mann himself. So we'll hopefully have a full schedule. So let's stay with it and make sure that you take care of your neighbors and relatives and strangers during the holidays because we're all in this planet for one reason, folks. And that's to get to the promised land and you don't get there unless you help others. It says that right there in the Bible. I don't remember which Bible it's in, but it's in one of those chapters. So let's take a break here, take pay a few bills and we'll come back. And then we will start our show with the S&P 500 trying to make a few bucks. So we'll be right back.


Nothing, oh, I just I just might you know how your eyes get watery and stuff. All right anyways What do you I'm filming? Let's go nothing. Oh, I literally just watch my feet. It's really strong. Okay, buddy I'm mint. That was not a minute. That tastes like oh, okay. All right. Why are you being brewed? Can you stop? I know you have a sensitive nose, but can you stop? I'm trying to start the video Are you good? Yes, okay What is good Marvel Squad and welcome back to our channel So Mariah was scrolling on tiktok and she found out that they make weighted stuffed animals For people that have anxiety. We're gonna try to find one of these and target right now Dude, which I'm gonna explain to you guys in the car because I needed who needs a weighted stuffed animal though I don't I don't understand. I don't understand What the point is? What's the point of having a weighted stuffed animal? Why not just a regular stuffed animal? Why does that have to be heavy? She saw one tiktok of a girl sleeping with it and said that it made her anxiety go in now She wants it. This is what tiktok tiktok always controls our life.  I'm just gonna be eating random stuff I'm gonna try to buy an onion at target eat an onion just whenever I'm up against mariah I want to have the worst breath possible for this girl and let me tell you if you don't know mariah She has a sonar nose.   So I'm gonna go get some water and start pranking my girl. Let's go All right guys, so I wanted to give you guys a little update So we have a story for you and it happened this morning and it was honestly really scary I'm still like oh I need food like I still feel like that nasty feeling in my stomach So basically me and bill try this new pre-workout and I usually eat pre-workout or drink it before I go to the gym It usually doesn't affect me mariah doesn't like it because it makes her really like energetic tingling kind of feeling And she hates it. So we try this new pre-workout this morning guys all I have to say is No, no, no, no, no. It was terrible. So I do my pull-up I do a pull-up and I'm like, whoa that knocked the wind out of me and bill was like because bill Had a pull-up too and he was like, yeah, it knocked the wind out of me too And so then I do my squats and then I was like, oh I'm like I'm like feeling weird the moment we started working out Our bodies just went into like shock. So then I was like baby I'm starting to not hear very well like my hearing got really muffly and then he was like it's okay Just breathe and then um my vision started getting blurry and I'm like, oh my god We got to get out of here And basically what would happen is the same feeling of right before you pass out when your body gets really overwhelmed Really super hot. You can't hear that was the feeling that me and mariah had we felt like we were gonna pass out Even though we probably wouldn't we had that exact feeling we had to leave the gym We were only in there for like 10 minutes. Yeah, and I like chugged water and I was just peeing it out I laid down for a good like two hours. Yeah, so we honestly started filming today way later. It's already 140 Yeah, it just started happening at around like 10 23. Yeah, we have to take a break like a couple hours Luckily we're able to film today though. Yeah, I know and I was like nauseous.  I'm really excited because this is really gonna soak it up even more like I'm kind of I'm feeling fatigued right now. I feel good now And you took a you took the same amount as me and I am double her body weight So it hit her twice as much as it hit me. I can't even imagine how that felt But I'm just glad that you do feel better. I'm just saying guys I'm done with pre-workout and if you're like me and have a sensitive body I don't want you to have the same experience and I hope you don't so be careful and take it in small amounts If you're starting pre-workout pre-workout, I always heard isn't even really good for you Anyways caffeine isn't good for you So I'm really glad like I kind of had this experience because it opened my eyes That it's just not worth it to me and it really only just gets you pumped for the moment And I don't even like that. I don't even like that pump feeling. I don't like the itchy my ears Might as well just do nothing because it helps your heart. It's way better to not have it rather than to have it I feel like I was having a heart attack to be honest with you. It was bad. It was bad But luckily we're good now. Yes, so we made it to target. We've been looking for these weighted stuffed animals forever When we can't find them, but we're not giving up yet We're checking every kid's aisle everywhere Until we find it unless they don't have it and we can't get it So we just talked to an employee and they said that they didn't have it in stock But mariah insists to keep checking the same aisle. We've checked two times in a row. We've checked this out twice She's dead like she when the employee said they're out of stock mariah was like oh, well, okay She's so sad you know Let's see. I don't think dude. Is there anything back there mama squad? I don't think so. I think they're all out, babe I'm sorry. I'm sorry. It's okay. We'll get you. We'll get you one some other time Or you order it online if you want one that bad I can order it and then she's So hard it's okay. It is what it is. They're blown up on tiktok. So I'm not surprised that they're gone, you know And it would be in this aisle. This would be the perfect aisle for it, right? Yeah So I guess we're gonna have to order one or come back some other time Baby, did we find your weighted guys? Guess what he just dropped? What? Okay, my phone always falls in these seat cracks I don't know if any of you guys also drive But my phone perfectly fits in the crack of the seat and it literally happens to me like every single time I drive Also, if I'm blinking a lot because I have something like white eyeliner on my contact So I need to like rinse it off because it's like blocking my vision like really bad But we did not find her weighted Stuffed animal it comes in on friday Oh, you did. Oh, so she's gonna get it either way. So we'll be able to show you guys Next week's video. How amazing a weighted stuffed animal is comforting.  So I don't know why it is But the nearest location that had him was three hours away.  No, we are not doing that Three hours, then they don't have it probably yeah, they'll sell their last one before we get there I know literally, but we did get another tree. Yeah, so we did get another six foot fake plant, which I had Our guests wanted to the vanity room and then I just feel like the guest room needs it does Well, we could put one back now. I'm probably gonna put this one in my bag They're just so expensive. They're like 130 dollars each. They are expensive. Fake plants are expensive But you also have to understand they last forever So real plants that might have been like what 20 bucks?  So Honestly a good investment because we can use these anywhere we go. So we just made it home We're gonna do a quick fit check for the day. Um to see what we're wearing I'm still not feeling good guys. Like I'm debating if I want to go out a little fit check So mariah's rocking these sexy pink shorts nice casual outfits or outfits outfit. Was that white fox?  Why are you even on me now? Why are you even on me out? Because I'm making food What are you making? I'm making you just ate making lunch We just ate we just ate a man's always hungry. Okay, mariah. Let me tell you Men do not get these ginormous muscles in this rocking body without eating a lot.  She's texting on her phone right now here Do you even know what I said? Exactly this is what I have to do with that This looks good. You ever try onion Hey, this will make our stomach hurt It tastes good. I got I took an onion pizza.  Oh my god. Why? What's wrong What did I do? I don't want to smell it. Why are you off camera? Why are you being like this?  And you're I was hungry close to me. Ew. I was hungry. It's not even bad We're good. Let's vlog a little. Oh, baby. Please stop. Why do you have to make fun of my breath? Maybe I'm already nauseous as it is from this pre-workout stuff. This is not I don't even want to film with you today. Oh my god. Wait actually, babe Please go away because I'm about to throw up. What I'm not even doing anything Oh, what's wrong mariah? What's wrong, baby? What's wrong? Why are you actually wait?  Babe, are you actually serious?  Can we just film this video I want to babe, please come on Why I'm like I'm getting dizzy again. Oh my god I'm just trying to make dinner like I'm sorry for liking onion Is it so bad to to like onion? I'm telling you right now that onion killed all the bacteria. I do not need to brush my teeth It's not that bad Where are you going? Why Does your stomach still hurt from earlier? My onion breath is so bad right now. I don't know if you can smile through the camera, but it's terrible Now I'm going to go on to round three. I'm going to try squeezing a lemon into my mouth And even though it's going to be very sour.  I'm going to attempt to kiss her after this This is going to be disgusting Maybe I should do it into a cup That'd be way smarter. I don't know what I'm thinking This is fresh, baby. How you doing in there? All right, do you want to come out? We got to finish this video dude We barely filmed today. We've only been vlogging around like are we going to do something fun?   Can we please finish this video? Let's go on a golf cart. Let's do something fun.   All right.  Come here. Come here. Come here. Kiss me. This will be so cute. Look at it. Look at how cute this is Isn't that cute? What come back? What is so bad with my drink lemon juice and ate sriracha Did you hear me? What did you just say? I said I ate sriracha. Like my diet today has been sriracha onion and lemon juice That's disgusting. Wait, how do you think my stomach feels? I'm sorry.  Come here. No, we have to end in a distance. We haven't even done anything today So what did you do? What what what? I think we should go out and I think we should go on a golf cart ride Can we do a sit down video? Please Yeah, I'm tired. I'm tired of your Okay, let's do a sit down video and let's go. Let's go. Let's do our routine first. Please for me Baby, I can't handle it. I'm really sensitive right now. Can you just stop? I'm sorry. I'll stop. Just please just not blow this way. We have to share our exciting news. What's the exciting news? Our giveaway. Oh, all right. Are you ready? What We're not putting this in the video. So it doesn't matter You just I'm like very nauseous and you're not taking that into consideration. Ready knocks for good luck. Boom Why did you even eat onion and why did you have a lemon? I was just your factor. Come on Can you at least go brush your teeth? It's like actually my mouth is pretty clean It is not clean. I could smell it from you talking like that. It's disgusting I can't finish the video sit next to you with that with that. Just stop talking. Just stop actually stop I'm gonna talk guys. We're doing a huge giveaway. We're giving away my iphone 13 pink iphone 13. It's basically Oh What's wrong? It's you were doing so good You were doing so good. Just keep going. How can I smell it if you're not even talking? Just keep going. No, please stop All right. I'll keep it on the shot. So we're giving away my iphone 13. It's basically brand new I've only had it for like six months. So um, we're gonna be giving it away. All you have to do is follow us on instagram We're actually going to be making a post tomorrow Tell them how they have to follow us on instagram to be honest. I just said that Okay, you guys have to follow us on instagram.  It's really like making me nauseous. What's wrong? What's wrong? This is wrong. Oh, I'm sorry. Do I know what's wrong? Do you want to know what's wrong? You're not taking my feelings in the consideration piece Want to know what's wrong? Why am I doing this? I don't know. Why did I bad breath? Huh?  She pulled it on me. So are you okay? Fine Dude, my breath smells so bad right now. Can you tell mother squad?  How bad? You don't know how scared I was When I came home and I heard you crying in the shower. I thought I thought you held a mental breakdown or something Okay, I'll stop because my breath is actually rancid. I actually feel bad. I'm sorry. All right. Stay there. Stay there I'm gonna go here. Okay. Guys. I don't feel good right now I'm actually feeling really weak from earlier and we have dinner plans tonight, but I don't know if I'm gonna I just honestly just want to like relax like I'm honestly just feeling really sick and you doing that to me How do you feel about getting pranked though? You didn't mention anything The prank I did yesterday was way better than having a damn steamy breath. Oh, it was way better Stop blowing in my are you sure about that? Are you sure about that because I feel like this is annoying you way more than you annoyed me So this is a better prank. That's what you're saying You're making me want to throw up Guys, thank you so much for watching this video. Give it a thumbs up We did a lot today.  What why are you backing up?  All right guys. We're gonna the video here Dude, what is Thor doing? He's right by the lemon.    Are you really up to do it? Yeah. All right. First.  Okay, Thor come here. Let's see.  Thank you so much for watching this video I'm gonna go brush my teeth and gargle mouthwash for the next hour I really hope you enjoyed this payback prank on mariah Subscribe for more because there will be and also like we said earlier. We are doing a giveaway We're giving away an iphone 13 To one of you lucky winners that is following both of us on instagram That's the only thing you have to do to be entered in this contest is follow mariah on instagram And me on instagram and you're set. We're gonna see you guys and we're gonna pick out of them If you're already following us on instagram, you're already entered into the giveaway So don't even worry about it, but we will see you in the next in the next video Peace love you guys


In the early morning hours of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay took off from the island of Tennian and headed north by northwest toward Japan. The bomber's primary target was the city of Hiroshima. Hiroshima had a civilian population of almost 300,000 and was an important military center containing about 40,000 soldiers. We all know what happens next. Those closest to the bomb died instantly. Within minutes, 9 out of 10 people, half a mile or less from ground zero, were dead. The firestorm eventually engulfed 4 square miles of the city, killing anyone who had not escaped in the first minutes after the attack. Some 70,000 people probably died as a result of the initial blast, heat, and radiation effects. By the end of 1945, because of the lingering effects of radioactive fallout and other after effects, the Hiroshima death toll was probably over 100,000. The five-year death toll may have reached or even exceeded 200,000 as cancer and other long-term effects took hold. What medical lessons can we learn from atomic catastrophes such as Hiroshima, Chernobyl, and K-19? We know that the closer you are to a radiation source and the longer you remain, the higher the dose you get. The higher the dose you get, the greater your risk of health effects. We could draw a line on a graph to represent this relationship. My question to you is, can we assume that the relationship is linear across the whole range of exposures? One unit of absorb radiation is called a REM. 1000 REM is probably 100% lethal within a few weeks. 500 REMs is about 50% lethal within 30 days. Can we then assume that one REM is 0.1% lethal within a longer period? Is this, in scientific terms, a model that is linear, or at least monotonic, right down to zero radiation exposure? Is it right to determine the effects of low doses by observing the effects of high doses and extrapolating down? That is, can we make decisions about normal radiation exposure from the victims of Hiroshima? The Department of Energy initially rejected such conclusions. There were two reasons. One, the results of such a linear model with no threshold of exposure meant that every source of radiation had to be treated as a threat to human health, which was going to be economically inconvenient. And two, there wasn't much data on the health effects of low doses of radiation. There still isn't much data on this topic. It could be that the model is linear down to a single neutron or x-ray, although that seems unlikely. It could be linear down to a threshold that our bodies are capable of coping with, a safe level of radiation exposure. And it could actually be a non-monotonic U or J-shaped curve. This last is based on an idea called hormesis, that small amounts of radiation are actually good for us, because they stimulate repair mechanisms without causing much harm themselves. Here's what we do know about radiation exposure. We know that a single ionizing event can lead to DNA changes that can give rise to cancer. We know that we are constantly exposed to radiation sources, about 360 millirims per year on average in the U.S. We know that people who have a higher exposure don't necessarily have a higher risk of cancer. But we have to be careful with those kinds of associations. As I pointed out in my previous video, they don't always equal causation. We've also got some good data in live mice and human cells grown in culture, that we have a capacity to absorb and repair low level doses of radiation. So there's no obvious answer to which model best represents the health effects of radiation exposure. LNT, linear non-threshold, linear threshold or hormesis, non-monotonic curve. The linear no-threshold model is the current model used by the DOE, primarily because it is the most conservative of the three choices. But the downside is that we as a society treat the smallest exposure to radiation as an incremental risk. But this video isn't just about radiation exposure. It's about all the other ways we apply the linear non-threshold model in our lives. We make an assumption about toxic substances that isn't justified by observation. This has led to a lot of pseudoscience and irrational fear about health effects from toxins in our environment, mercury in vaccines, fluoridation in our drinking water and pesticides in our food. In some cases, alarm is warranted. There are genuine reasons to fear toxins. But we need to guard ourselves against the false assumption of extrapolating high dose effects to low dose effects. Toxicologists have a saying, the dose makes the poison. By this, they mean any substance in the proper amount is poisonous to our bodies. The measure used most frequently to express toxicity is the median lethal dose, or LD50, the dose at which 50% of a population is killed. The LD50 for sodium cyanide is 6.4 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. The LD50 for sodium chloride is 3,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Even sucrose or table sugar has an LD50, 30,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. If we imagine a hypothetical adult weighing 80 kilograms, about 175 pounds, to be reasonably certain of killing him, I would need to give him about 480 milligrams of cyanide, about the size of a large tablet pill, or 240 grams of table salt, over half a pound. I would need 10 times that, about 5 pounds of pure cane sugar to kill him. So where does thimeros all fit into this picture, the substance that has so many people upset about health risks? Well, the LD50 is around 50 milligrams per kilogram body weight. So our hypothetical person would be killed by ingesting about 4,000 milligrams in one sitting, which would be a solid pallet about the weight of a US quarter dollar coin. Thimerosal is broken down to ethyl mercury, which rapidly clears the body with a half-life in blood, of less than four days. So unless you're taking a medium dose every day, it's unlikely to build up. This could be a problem if you eat ocean fish or shellfish every day of your life. So the LD50 is 50 milligrams per kilogram. How much is in a flu shot? 25 micrograms, or 0.025 milligrams. That's the equivalent in toxicity of 15 milligrams of table salt, about 45 grains.  Or is there a safe threshold of thimerosal?  The concern is that it has the capability to produce autism or neurological problems, and it does. But it does so at doses far in excess of what is found in vaccines. An industrial dumping incident in Japan at a place called Minimata Bay claimed over 2,000 victims of mercury poisoning. Daily dietary intake there was about 225 milligrams of methylmercury. Methylmercury has a much longer half-life in the blood than methylmercury from thimerosal, and is therefore more toxic over time. And they were getting the equivalent of 900 flu vaccines worth of mercury every day.


SCP-070 appears to be a human male of Native American descent, with a normal appearance, save for a pair of rusty metal wings emerging from his back. Each wing is composed of several flat iron bars, about 6 cm wide, connected end to end by rotating rivets, to form an articulated length of metal over 2 meters long. Hanging from these bars are chains of various lengths, 22 on each wing, each tipped with a barbed arrowhead. SCP-070 appears to have no other anomalous properties besides these wings. The wings of SCP-070 appear to act independently of the person they are attached to, and SCP-070 has stated repeatedly that it has no control over them.


Welcome to Civil Speedia, the current affairs digital library powered by Shankara IAS Academy. As part of today's discussion, we will look at global environmental facilities, small grants program, and Kankesanthurai, Harbor and Sri Lanka and minor forest produce. And then we will discuss National Productivity Council established in the year 1958. And finally, we will discuss the main article published in the Hindu newspaper wherein three authors have commented their opinion in the ways of yes, no, and it is complicated. We will discuss unemployment crisis, whether it is happening or not. First we will discuss this global environmental facilities small grants program. Before entering into this, let us discuss this global environmental facility was established in the year 1992, the year 1992 is special because of the Rio Environmental Summit. And in this year, the World Bank, but or in other words, the International Bank for Bank for Reconstruction and Development are the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program, Development Program and United Nations Environmental Program. These three agencies came together and established this global environmental facility to provide funds and financial and technical assistance to developing countries and those countries whose economies are in the transition phase, so as to meet out their commitments under international environmental agreements, convention and treaties. Say for example, a minimata convention on Mercury or Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer and you know, Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, etc. And in the same year, 1992, this small grants program was also established as a corporate program of this global environmental facility. This small grant program works on the basis that certain environmental problems can be addressed more effectively through, you know, community driven or community based and civil society led programs or projects or changes, all right. Therefore, small grants will be given to these community based organizations or civil society organizations, so as to bring environmental positive change, right. And the implementing agency for this small grants program is the United Nations Development Program. And in India, we have a national host institution that is Center for Environmental Education. This institution was set up in the year 1984 by the government of India along with the type with a non-governmental organization and establishing a Center for Excellence, which is the primary focus at that time was to promote environmental awareness among the masses in India. And this institution has taken the role of national, was given the role of national host institution. This national host institution, in order to maintain impartiality and transparency, they cannot obtain any grants from this small grants program, rather they will coordinate all the issues other than, you know, providing those issues that deal with grants, getting grants from this program, they will assist the UNDP office related to the program updates, etcetera. But they will not be getting any grant from small grants program, right. And this is our national host institution in India. And the five, six focal areas within which this small grant program aims to work, its biodiversity, as we all know, the United Nations General Assembly has announced the decade from 2011 to 2020 to be the decade for biodiversity, all right. And the much, much importance and much special focus have been given to this biodiversity. And other focal areas climate change wherein they will taking up issues related to reducing emissions, reducing carbon emissions, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting low carbon growth plans, etcetera. And in land degradation, which is also one of the focus area where they will combat desertification. And in international waters, this in, in this area, they will be focusing about, you know, the conserving or protecting the health of marine waters or the, also fresh water. And under persistent organic pollutants, they will take necessary steps as under various pollutants such as DDT, e-waste and mercury and other greenhouse gas, this other chemicals that come under persistent organic pollutants, right. And also sustainable forest management. These are the six focal areas. And to be very precise, even the global environmental facility also works in all these areas. And one important fact related to all projects that come under biodiversity, come under the focal area of biodiversity is that, no, the small grants program will not, has not yet started providing grants for any exit to conservation program. That means any project which, which, which talks about in situ conservation, conserving within the geographical area of a particular, you know, particular plant or animal will be given grant. But any exit to conservation will not be given grant of as of now. These are, this is about this small grants program, which is a corporate program of global environmental facility. And the funds for small grants program comes from the global environmental facility trust fund, right. Next, we'll discuss this Kankesanthore harbor in Sri Lanka. Before entering into this, we'll look at the northern province. One of the nine provinces in Sri Lanka, like as we have states in India. And this northern province in Sri Lanka consists of five districts. They are Manar district, Vavunia districts, Vavunia district, Mulaitivu district, Kilinochi district. And in the north, we have Jaffna district, all right. In the northern coast of Jaffna, we could see this Kankesanthore harbor, right. And some of the important ports in Sri Lanka, which are, which come under the Sri Lankan Port Authority. And this image is taken from the website of Sri Lankan Port Authority. And here we could see this Kankesanthore and Point Pedro port. And here, Trincomali port and Oluwil seaport and Mahinda Rajapaksa port. And this is also called as Hambanthota seaport and Gully and Colombo seaport. These are some of the important seaports or simply the seaports that come under Sri Lankan Port Authority. And recently this Kankesanthore harbor was in news because the Sri Lankan government has actually started to discuss various plan to implement or to develop this Kankesanthore seaport so that it could be developed into a commercial port so that the entire economic infrastructure of the northern province could be developed and also the Jaffna peninsula so that the economic infrastructure and also the economic development will be a bit quicker at least in the northern province. And also if this in the last year, India has announced a developmental assistance of 45 million US dollars, which they will be they were they are yet to start the implementation process implementation process for development in this particular harbor. India aims to develop this harbor into a commercial port so that the northern province particularly Jaffna peninsula will be able to have communication through various countries through different sea routes. And it will also facilitate India because if we have a if Sri Lanka has a commercial port here in the northern province in Jaffna peninsula, then most of the ports in the eastern eastern coast of India will be able to have a less or minimal transit route to take bring in products or take products from the state from the country of Sri Lanka. And we should also keep in mind that this Hamanthota airport Hamanthota seaport of Sri Lanka was currently you know currently manned by the Chinese firms along with Sri Lankan government Sri Sri Lanka Port Authority because earlier Sri Lanka has got dipped from China but since Sri Lanka could not pay off the debts therefore Sri Lanka has given this Hamanthota airport not airport Hamanthota seaport or in other words Mahindra Raj Paksha seaport to China for 99 year lease alright and for one another benefit for China's Chinese firms have a stake of around 70% in this in this seaport and for next 32 years they need not pay any taxes to the Sri Lankan government and there is also one another airport near this Mahindra Raj Paksha seaport called as Matala Matala seaport Matala airport which which was actually a loss making entity for the Sri Lanka government where India has stepped in for the Sri Lanka to support to assist to have a joint venture with Sri Lankan government so as to promote air services from the Matala airport alright and in the north in near Jaffna there is also a Jaffna airport in other words also called as Palali Airport wherein also India has extended its willingness to support modernization of the particular airport which which was very much interesting for the Sri Lanka and strategically also this Kankeshwantra Rehabar is a very vital scheme and it also develops India-Sri Lanka relation further and with this we come to the end of this discussion about Kankeshwantra Rehabar which India wants to develop into a commercial port so that the Sri Lankan economic infrastructure gets a new development. Next we will discuss about this minor forest produce alright the scheduled tribes and the other traditional forest dwellers act of 2006 has defined minor forest produce as all non-timber forest produce of plant origin that includes bamboo, canes, cocoon, honey etc right this is the definition for minor forest produce and the act of 2006 alright the scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers act of 2006 has granted this right of ownership access to collect and use and dispose of minor forest produce to those individual forest dwellers are the scheduled tribes and other traditional forest dwellers and that is one of the special thing related to this act and in the year 2010 a report of the National Committee on Forest Rights Act 2011 has stated that the almost 100 million or almost 100 million people belonging to scheduled tribes or other traditional other traditional forest dwellers are in a way benefited because of this minor forest produce by way of selling or by way of having it for subsistence right and recently particularly in the year 2014 the government of India has launched this minimum support price for minor forest producers so as to help these forest dwellers and forest dwellers and scheduled tribes so that it was it was commonly found that these people who live in forests or those who have the right of ownership and access to collect and use and dispose these minor forest produce have were significantly lacking the support systems for transportation and storage of these minor forest produce and therefore the scheme of a minimum support price wherein a fair price will be provided to the gatherers under the scheme was enacted in launched in the year 2014 at that time it was for only eight states coming under the schedule five of Indian constitution however in the year 2016-17 it was launched nationwide all over India where in all states and union territories could participate all all those forest dwellers could benefit from the minimum support price that is being launched by the the program launched by the government and another objective of this minimum support price is to ensure sustainable harvesting of minimum minor forest producers and also the scheme will have a huge social development for these minor forest produce gatherers on majority of whom are tribals all right and we should keep in mind that triford triford has also developed a minor forest produce net so as to assist so as to assist and also to connect various stakeholders the sellers the buyers the government etc so as to and it also be helpful to get to know all the information related to minor forest produce the selling and also the buying thing related to minor forest produce with this we come to the end of this topic minor forest produce next we will discuss national productivity council all right this national productivity council was not something new but it was even established in their 1958 by the ministry of industry as established as a autonomous society under the registration under the society registration act of 1860 all right we will discuss who is the president the the minister the minister in charge of the minister of state who is of independent charge associated with minister ministry of commerce and industry is the president and the secretary for department of industrial policy and promotion is the chairman of this national productivity council this council was established to promote a culture or a consciousness of productivity and to stimulate productivity in all sectors of Indian economy and the mission the vision is to be the knowledge leader in productivity to provide state of art services to Indian economy to be globally competitive and the mission was to contribute to the sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development of the country by enhancing the productivity all right and it was established on february 12 1958 the day february 12 is important because every year from february 12 to february 18 a celebrated as national productivity week and therefore it was recently news and this year's theme of the national productivity week is circular economy for productivity and sustainability all right and one important institute that we have to keep in mind is that doctor ambedkar institute of productivity located in ambatur in chennai was one of the was the premium long-term training wing of this national productivity council and let us discuss the objectives of the council objective is to increase awareness of productivity in general and to function as a think tank of government on measures of measures needed to enhance focus on productivity and all other aspects related to that and to be among the premium productivity consultancy and training agency of the country in the first phase and of the south and southeast asian region in the long-term and the it also provides various courses related to industrial engineering and also for consultants in economic services etc and it also offers various services related to productivity one another objective is also to promote innovation led productivity as well all right and with this come to the end of this topic next we'll discuss the mains in a mains perspective particularly the article that has come in the hindu newspaper the title is the unemployment crisis for real wherein we have found we can find three authors giving three different opinion like yes it is a crisis or no it is not and it is complicated let us look into that the author that it was in news because you know the even in the year 2018 the world employment and social outlook trend report of 2018 published by the international labour organization has stated that in the year 2019 it is predicted that around three lakh people will lose their jobs or will become unemployed and if one goes through the if one goes through the report one could find in the year 2017 it is around 18.3 million unemployed in India and in the year 2018 it is 18.6 million unemployed and it was predicted in the year 2019 it will be 18.9 million and however very recently and another report by the the centre for monitoring Indian economy CAPEX database has revealed that during the period of one year from December 2017 to December 2018 around one crore were made unemployed or one crore or 10 million people have become unemployed it was very much shocking and the report also had few other things to say and very recently a leaked report of government of India as stated in various newspapers has also stated since 1972 this is the first time the India has reached an unemployment rate of 6.1 percent this in this backdrop there were various discussions debates and you know editorials in various newspapers let us discuss in this regard the author who says yes there is a matter of serious concern although it is not a crisis to be looked upon in an emergency manner there is a matter of serious concern related to this unemployment the author states that since the year 2010-11 wherein there was the value of new investment proposals where around rupees 25 trillion and it has come down to by the end of around 2018 it was just 9 trillion all right from 25 trillion rupees to 9 trillion rupees that is the new investment proposals the value of new investment proposals therefore the author was saying with decrease in the investment opportunities with decrease in investments there is a strong correlation with decrease in increase in unemployment all right and that is that is one of the reason as stated by the author since December 2017 to December 2018 between this period we could find according to the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy CAPEX database 11 million people have become unemployed all right in the in the year in December 2017 it was 408 million who are employed and it came down to 397 million by the by December 2018 and author states it is because of the reduction or decrease in the investments wherein the author highlights the new investment proposal values all right and if you look at the average employment in the year 2017 and 2018 we can find the number of unemployment persons those people between 2017 and 2018 is around 4.5 million all right this is a matter of serious concern the author says and if this being getting be unemployed is if the unemployment increases that is very bad but if people you know leave from labor participation that will be worse for an economy because that means people are not interested to work people are not interested to participate in labor activity or in the contribution of nation building process all right this was the opinion of the author therefore according the author also highlights that the nation the government of India should not should use statistically sound principles whenever it collects data and also it should not you know disregard those reports wherein the sample size was larger particularly the national sample survey organization surveys which are for which the samples sample size is larger the author states the government of India should not disregard those reports all right therefore the author says it is a matter of serious concern see the he also says that every year the it is working very gradually and it may lead to a significant crisis in the future although it is not the right time for a crisis but it is a it can happen in future if not arrested accordingly and let us now discuss about the next author who says that there is no problem as of an unemployment crisis because according to the author there is no depth of formal jobs the author states every year 2.5 crore Indians attain the age of 21 and according to the author one crore of this 2.5 crore Indians who attained the age of 21 or 40 percent of them will take agriculture or will become a house make homemakers after the marriage it is of course disputable and contestable and therefore according to the author it is you know for 1.5 crore people we have to give a formal employment the author states that if you look at the social security estimates or database there is a there is a possibility that in companies where there are more than 20 employees there are around 70 lakh job formal jobs are created and similarly in transport sector around 30 to 35 lakh jobs are created and so also in a professional sectors therefore author say this itself comes around 1.1 crore all right and also if because of various programs like make in India and of ease of improvement of Indian governments various provisions related to ease of doing business have made around 30 to 40 lakh job opportunities every year which will thrive because of various schemes like make in India and therefore according to author now 70 lakh plus 30 to 35 lakh or 6 to 12 lakh in professional sector and you know by venture own venture if people are going to start then it will around up it is around 1.5 crore if we leave that one crore who are going to be homemakers or going to take profession in agriculture which is according to the author is a non non formal employment then there is no depth of formal employment say the other this particular other however also states that there is a deficit of skilled labour and also there is a deficit of ins there is a deficit of providing adequate compensation for the skilled labourers all right and therefore according to the other there is no problem as of unemployment however there is a problem related to wages this is what the author here means to say and the author has also criticized the report given by the center center for monitoring Indian economies CAPEX database stating that they have given excessive weights to states where population is more or which are of more land area rather than giving higher weights to the states where there is more potential of creating jobs for example Maharashtra Tamil Nadu and the author also states weights higher weight should have been given to cities because in cities there is more opportunity for formal job opportunities but the particular database given by the center for monitoring Indian economy CMIE has been given biased weights and also coming to sample size of the particular study conducted by CMIE the author says it is just 1.4 lakhs for a nation of around 1.3 billion even a decent comes around 0 it just comes around 0.01% all right of the overall nation it is just 0.01% of Indian population the author says how it can be how it can represent the ground realities what we have and therefore one need not worry about the report which says between the period of December 2017 to December 2018 around 1 crore people have become unemployed only not worry about that because the study was biased because the sample size sampling biases and they have used biased weights according to the author and this is about the opinion of the second author and finally the one author who talks who talked about it is complicated all right he the author says more than the problem of unemployment it is the problem of under employment that is haunting India all right and according to the author it says that the author says that this unemployment is higher among those who were educated well and also those who can afford higher education or education and those who cannot afford education or those who haven't got you know higher education or like that they have they have to make their ends meet and they have to go for work however unskilled or less quality the particular jobs are and this is one fact about this unemployment and coming to the author is also telling that this informal economy 90% of both farm and non-form sector jobs are informal and even if we come into non-form sector 66% of the jobs are informal and one of the biggest problem with the informal economy according to the author is it is characterized with low levels of productivity and low wages and that is what the author means this because because of under employment in under employment there the person is given a job but not up to the potential of his or her qualification the author cites an explanation say for example a mechanical engineer is working as a bike mechanic all right he or she is not aptly working here she not given a job getting a job so as to utilize their full potential according to their qualification of mechanical engineering all right this is what we mean by under employment and the author also says that if this under employment becomes persistent then it will affect the labor workforce participation rate because when there is persistent under employment people will leave workforce because they will be frustrated because they haven't found the job which fit which fulfill their skill requirement or their their actual requirement therefore they they lack interest in finding a job itself all right when we talk about labor workforce the labor workforce means those who are working and those who are willing to work it excludes those who are not willing to work and if if the if the number of people who are not willing to find a job or not willing to work is increasing that means it's a bad sign according to the leaked report the labor workforce participation has come down from around 55. some percentage till to 49. something which means a matter of serious very however the government of India has stated it is just a draft report and nothing to worry but we have to wait and watch how far the the report related to this labor works labor workforce participation comes out in the near future these are the various opinions given by the author in this but authors in the particular article we request you to like our video comment our video and also to subscribe to our Shankar IAS academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil services preparation