I would have removed the chair to have gone out, but her nephew came and sat in it. This provoked me, for I thought I should be unworthy of the honor I was raised to, though I was afraid to own it, if I did not show some spirit, and I said, What, sir, is your pretense in this house to keep me a prisoner here? Because, said he, I like it. Do you so, sir? replied I. If that is the answer of a gentleman to such an one as I, it would not, I daresay, be the answer of a gentleman to a gentleman. My lady, my lady, said he, a challenge, a challenge, by Gad. No, sir, said I, I am of a sex that gives no challenges, and you think so too, or you would not give this occasion for the word. Said my lady, don't be surprised, nephew, the wench could not talk thus if she had not been her master's bed-fellow. Pamela, Pamela, said she, and tapped me upon the shoulder two or three times in anger. Thou hast lost thy innocence, girl, and thou hast got some of thy bold master's assurance and art fit to go anywhere. Then, and please your ladyship, said I, I am unworthy of your presence and desire I may quit it. No, replied she, I will know first what reason you can give for not accepting my proposal if you are innocent. I can give, said I, a very good one, but I beg to be excused. I will hear it, said she. Why, then, answered I, I should perhaps have less reason to like this gentleman than where I am. Well, then, said she, I'll put you to another trial. I'll set out this moment with you to your father and mother, and give you up safe to them. What do you say to that? I, Mrs. Pamela, said her nephew. Now what does your innocence say to that? For, gad, madame, you have puzzled her now.  Your kindness in these proposals makes me think you would not have me baited. I'll be didn't, said he, if she does not make me a bulldog. Why, she'll toss us all by and by. Sir, said I, you indeed behave as if you were in a bear-garden. Jackie, be quiet, said my lady. You only give her a pretense to evade my questions. Come answer me, Pamela. I will, madame, said I, and it is thus I have no occasion to be beholden to your ladyship for this honour, for I am to set out tomorrow morning on the way to my parents. Now again, thou liest wench, I am not of quality, said I, to answer such language. Once again, said she, provoke me not by these reflections and this pertness. If thou dost, I shall do something by thee unworthy of myself. That, thought I, you have done already, but I ventured not to say so. But who is to carry you, said she, to your father and mother? Whom my master pleases, madame, said I? I, said she, I doubt not thou wilt do everything he pleases, if thou hast not already. Why, now tell me, Pamela, from thy heart, hast thou not been in bed with thy master? Ha, wench! I was quite shocked at this and said, I wonder how your ladyship can use me thus. I am sure you can expect no answer, and my sex and my tender years might accept me from such treatment from a person of your ladyship's birth and quality, and who, be the distance ever so great, is of the same sex with me. Thou art a confident wench, said she, I see. Pray, madame, said I, let me beg you to permit me to go. I am waited for in the town to dinner.  And you may excuse it too, young lady would be, if you consider that it is the unexpected coming of your late lady's daughter and your master's sister that commands your stay. But a pre-engagement your ladyship will consider is something. I so it is, but I know not what reason waiting-mates have to assume these heirs of pre-engagement. O Pamela, Pamela, I am sorry for thy thus aping my betters and giving thyself such heirs. I see thou art quite spoiled, of a modest innocent girl that thou wasst and humble too. Thou art now fit for nothing in the world, but what I fear thou art. Why, please your ladyship, said her kinsman, what signifies all you say? The matter's over with her no doubt, and she likes it, and she is in a fairy dream, and his pity to awaken her before her dreams out. Bad as you take me to be, madame, said I, I am not used to such language or reflections as this gentleman bestows upon me, and I won't bear it. Well, Jackie, said she, be silent, and shaking her head.  I could cry over her if that would do her good. But she is quite lost, quite undone, and then has assumed a carriage upon it that all those creatures are distinguished by. I cried sadly for vexation, and said, Say what you please, madame, if I can help it, I will not answer another word. Mrs. Jukes came in, and asked if her ladyship was ready for dinner. She said yes. I would have gone out with her, but my lady said, taking my hand, she could not spare me. And Miss, said she, you may pull off your gloves and lay your fan by, for you shan't go, and if you behave well, you shall wait upon me at dinner, and then I shall have a little further talk with you. Mrs. Jukes said to me, madame, may I speak one word with you? I can't tell Mrs. Jukes, said I, for my lady holds my hand, and you see I am a kind of prisoner. What you have to say, Mrs. Jukes, said she, you may speak before me. But she went out and seemed vexed for me, and she says I looked like the very scarlet. The cloth was laid in another parlor, and for three persons, and she led me in. Come, my little dear, said she with a sneer, I'll hand you in, and I would have you think it as well if it was my brother. What a sad case, thought I, should I be in, if I were as naughty as she thinks me. It was bad enough as it was. Jackie, said my lady, come let us go to dinner. She said to her woman, do you, Bec, help Pamela to tend us? We will have no men-fellows. Come, my young lady, shall I help you off with your white gloves? I have not, madame, said I, deserved this at your ladyship's hands. Mrs. Jukes, coming in with a first dish, she said, do you expect anybody else, Mrs. Jukes, that you lay the cloth for three? Said she, I hoped your ladyship and madame would have been so well reconciled that she would have sat down, too. What means this clownish woman, said my lady in great disdain? Could you think the creature should sit down with me? She does, madame, and please your ladyship with my master. I doubt it not, good woman, said she, and lies with him, too. Does she not?  If she does, madame, said she, there may be a reason for it, perhaps, and went out. So, said she, has the wench got thee over too?  Oh, my dear God! said she, if the wench has not got a ring. Well, this is a pretty piece of foolery, indeed. Does't know, my friend, that thou art miserably tricked? And so, poor innocent, thou hast made a fine exchange, hast thou not, thy honesty for this bobble? And I'll warrant, my little dear, has topped her part, and paraded it like any real wife, and so mimics still the condition. Why, said she, and turned me round, thou art as mincing as any bride, no wonder thou art thus tricked out, and talkest of thy pre-engagements. Prithee, child, walk before me to that glass, survey thyself, and come back to me, that I may see how finely thou canst act the theatrical part given thee. I was then resolved to try to be silent, though most sadly vexed, so I went and sat me down in the window, and she took her place at the upper end of the table, and her saucy Jackie, flearing at me most provokingly, sat down by her. Said he, shall not the bride sit down by us, madame? I well thought of, said the lady, pray, Mrs. Bride, your pardon for sitting down in your place. I said nothing. Said she, with a poor pun, thou hast some modesty, however, child, for thou canst not stand it, so must sit down, though in my presence. I still kept my seat, and said nothing. Thought I, this is a sad thing, that I am hindered to from showing my duty where it is most due, and shall have anger there, too, maybe, if my dear master should be there before me. So she ate some soup, as did her kinsmen, and then, as she was cutting up a fowl, said, if thou longest my little dear, I will help thee to opinion or breast or anything. But, may be, child, said he, thou likeest the rump, shall I bring it thee?  For he is the son of Lord Blank, and his mother, who was Lord Davors's sister, being dead, he has received what education he has from Lord Davors's direction. Poor wretch, for all his greatness, he'll never die for a plot, at least of his own hatching. If I could then have gone up, I would have given you his picture. But, for one of twenty-five or twenty-six years of age, much about the age of my dear master, he is a most odd mortal. Pamela, said my lady, helped me to a glass of wine. No back, said she, you shan't, for she was offering to do it. I will have my lady bride confer that honor upon me, and then I shall see if she can stand up. I was silent and never stirred. Dust here, chastity, said she, helped me to a glass of wine when I bid thee. What, not stir? Then I'll come and help thee to one. Still I stirred not, and fanning myself continued silent. Said she, when I have asked thee, meek one, half a dozen questions to gather, I suppose thou wilt answer them all at once. Pretty creature is not that it. I was so vexed, I bid a piece of my fan out, not knowing what I did. But still I said nothing, and did nothing but flutter it, and fan myself. I believe, said she, my next question will make up half a dozen, and then, modest one, I shall be entitled to an answer. He rose and brought the bottle in glass. Come, said he, Mrs. Bride, be pleased to help my lady, and I will be your deputy. Sir, replied I, it is in a good hand, help my lady yourself. Why, creature, said she, dost thou think thyself above it? And then flew into a passion. Insolence, continued she, this moment when I bid you know your duty and give me a glass of wine, or so I took a little spirit then. Thot I, I can but be beat. If, said I, to attend your ladyship at table, or even kneel at your feet, was required of me, I would most gladly do it, were I only the person you think me. But if it be to triumph over one who has received honors, that she thinks require her to act another part, not to be utterly unworthy of them, I must say I cannot do it. She seemed quite surprised and looked now upon her kinsmen and then upon her woman. I'm astonished, quite astonished. Well, then, I suppose you would have me conclude you my brother's wife, could you not? Your ladyship, said I, compels me to say this. Well, returned she, but dost thou thyself think thou art so? Silence, said her kinsmen, gives consent, to his plain enough she does. Shall I rise, madame, and pay my duty to my new aunt? Tell me, said my lady, what in the name of impudence possesses thee to dare to look upon thyself as my sister? Madame, replied I, that is a question will better become your most worthy brother to answer than me. She was rising in great wrath, but her woman said, Good your ladyship, you'll do yourself more harm than her, and if the poor girl has been deluded so, as you have heard, with the sham marriage, she'll be more deserving of your ladyship's pity than anger. True back, very true, said my lady, but there's no bearing the impudence of the creature in the meantime. I would have gone out at the door, but her kinsmen ran and set his back against it. I expected bad treatment from her pride and violent temper, but this was worse than I could have thought of, and I said to him, Sir, when my master comes to know your rude behavior, you will maybe have caused her to repent it, and went and sat down in the window again. Another challenge by Gad, said he, but I am glad she says her master. You see, madame, she herself does not believe she is married, and so has not been so much deluded as you think her. And coming to me with a most barbarous air of insult, he said, kneeling on one knee before me, my new aunt, your blessing or your curse, I care not which, but quickly give me one or other that I may not lose my dinner. I gave him a most contemptuous look. Tinseled toy, said I, for he was laced all over. Twenty or thirty years hence, when you are at age, I shall know how to answer you better. Meantime, sport with your footmen and not with me. And so I removed to another window nearer the door, and he looked like a sad fool as he is. Back, back, said my lady, this is not to be born. Was ever the like heard? Is my kinsman and Lord Davers' to be thus used by such a slut? And was coming to me, and indeed I began to be afraid, for I have but a poor heart after all. But Mrs. Juke's hearing high words came in again with the second course, and said, pray your ladyship, don't so discompose yourself. I am afraid this day's business will make matters wider than ever between your good ladyship and your brother, for my master dotes upon madame. Woman, said she, do thou be silent. Sure, I that was born in this house may have some privilege in it without being talked to by the saucy servants in it. I beg pardon, madame, replied Mrs. Juke's, and turning to me, said, madame, my master will take it very ill if you make him wait for you thus. So I rose to go out. But my lady said, if it was only for that reason she shan't go. And went to the door and shot it, and said to Mrs. Juke's, woman, don't come again till I call you. And coming to me took my hand and said, find your legs miss if you please. I stood up and she tapped my cheek. Oh, says she, that scarlet glow shows what a rancorous little heart thou hast if thou durst show it. But come this way. And so led me to her chair. Stand there, said she, and answer me a few questions while I dine, and I'll dismiss thee till I call thy impudent master to account. And then I'll have you face to face, and all this mystery of iniquity shall be unraveled. For between you I will come to the bottom of it. When she had sat down I moved to the window on the other side of the parlor, looking into the private garden. And her woman said, Mrs. Pamela, don't make my lady angry. Stand by her ladyship as she bids you. Said I, pray good now, let it suffice you to attend your lady's commands, and don't lay yours upon me.  Said I, her ladyship has a very good plea to be free in the house that she was born in, but you may as well confine your freedoms to the house in which you had your breedings. Why, how now, Mrs. Pamela, said she, since you provoke me to it, I'll tell you a piece of my mind. Hush, hush, good woman, said I, alluding to my lady's language to Mrs. Jukes, my lady wants not your assistance, besides I can't scold. The woman was ready to flutter with vexation, and Lord Jackie laughed as if he would burst his sides. Good didn't meet Beck, said he. You'd better let her alone to my lady here, for she'll be too many for twenty, such as you and I. And then he laughed again and repeated, I can't scold Quotha. But by Gad, Miss, you can speak dint spiteful words, I can tell you that. Poor Beck, poor Beck, for Gad she's quite dumbfounded. Well, but Pamela, said my lady, come hither and tell me truly, does thou think thyself really married? Said I, and approached her chair, my good lady, I'll answer all your commands, if you'll have patience with me, and not be so angry as you are, but I can't bear to be used thus by this gentleman and your ladyship's woman. Child, said she, thou art very impertinent to my kinsmen, thou canst not be civil to me, and my ladyship's woman is much thine betters. But that's not the thing. Does thou think thou art really married? End of Section 26B. Section 26C of Pamela or Virtue Rewarded. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Pamela or Virtue Rewarded by Samuel Richardson. Section 26C. I see, madame, said I, you are resolved not to be pleased with any answer I shall return. If I should say I am not, then your ladyship will call me hard names, and perhaps I should tell a fib. If I should say I am, your ladyship will ask how I have the impudence to be so, and will call it a sham marriage. I will, said she, be answered more directly. Why what, madame, does it signify what I think your ladyship will believe as you please? But canst thou have the vanity, the pride, the folly, said she, to think thyself actually married to my brother, he is no fool-child and libertine enough of conscience, and thou are not the first in the list of his credulous harlots. Well, well, said I, and was in a sad flutter. As I am easy and pleased with my lot, pray, madame, let me continue so as long as I can. It will be time enough for me to know the worst when the worst comes, and if it should be so bad, your ladyship should pity me rather than thus torment me before my time. Well, said she, but dost not think I am concerned that a young wench whom my poor dear mother loved so well should thus cast herself away and suffer herself to be deluded and undone after such a noble stand as thou madeest for so long a time? I think myself far from being deluded and undone, and am as innocent and virtuous as ever I was in my life. Thou liest child, said she. So your ladyship told me twice before. She gave me a slap on the hand for this, and I made a low curtsy and said, I humbly thank your ladyship, but I could not refrain tears, and added, Your dear brother, madame, however, won't thank your ladyship for this usage of me, though I do. Come a little nearer me, my dear, said she, and thou shalt have a little more than that to tell him of if thou thinkest thou hast not made mischief enough already between a sister and brother. But child, if he was here, I would serve thee worse and him too. I wish he was, said I. Does thou threaten me, mischief-maker, and insolent as thou art? Now pray, madame, said I, but got to a little distance. Be pleased to reflect upon all that you have said to me, since I have had the honor, or rather misfortune, to come into your presence, whether you have said one thing befitting your ladyship's degree to me, even supposing I was the wench and the creature you imagine me to be. Come hither, my pert dear, replied she, come but within my reach for one moment, and I'll answer thee as thou deservedest. To be sure she meant to box my ears, but I should not be worthy my happy lot if I could not show some spirit. When the cloth was taken away, I said, I suppose I may now depart your presence, madame? I suppose not, said she. Why I'll lay thee a wager child, thy stomach's too full to eat, and so thou mayest fast till thy mannerly master comes home. Pray your ladyship, said her woman, let the poor girl sit down at table with Mrs. Jukes and me. Said I, you are very kind, Mrs. Warden. But times, as you said, are much altered with me, and I have been of late so much honored with better company that I can't stoop to yours. Was ever such confidence, said my lady. Poor Beck, poor Beck, said her kinsman, why she beats you quite out of the pit. Will your ladyship, said I, be so good as to tell me how long I am to tarry? For you'll please to see by that letter that I am obliged to attend my master's commands. And so I gave her the dear gentleman's letter from Mr. Carlton's, which I thought would make her use me better, as she might judge by it of the honor done me by him. I, said she, this is my worthy brother's hand. It is directed to Mrs. Andrews. That's to you, I suppose, child? And so she ran on, making remarks as she went along in this manner. My dearest Pamela, mighty well. I hope my not coming home this night will not frighten you. Vastly tender indeed, and did it frighten you, child? You may believe I can't help it. Know to be sure a person in thy way of life is more tenderly used than an honest wife, but mark the end of it. I could have wished, prithee Jackie, mind this, we, mind the significant we, had not engaged to the good neighborhood at Sir Simon's for tomorrow night. Why, does the good neighborhood and Sir Simon permit thy visit's child? They shall have none of mine, then, I'll assure them. But I am so desirous to set out on Wednesday for the other house. So, Jackie, but we just nicked it, I find. That as well as in return for the civilities of so many good friends, who will be there on purpose, I would not put it off. Now mind, Jackie. What I beg of you? Mind the wretch that could use me in your uncle as he has done. He has turned beggar to this creature. I beg of you, therefore, my dear. My dear, there's for you. I wish I may not be quite sick before I get through. What I beg of you, therefore, my dear, and then she looked me full in the face, is that you will go down in the chariot to Sir Simon's the sooner in the day the better. Your heart, and why so, when we were not expected till night? Why, pray, observe the reason, hum, said she.  Now he'd have been hanged before he would have said so complacent a thing had he been married, I'm sure. Very true, Aunt, said he, a plain case that. Thought I, that's hard upon poor matrimony, though I hope my lady don't find it so, but I durst not speak out. Who all so much admire you, said she, I must repeat that, pretty miss. I wish thou wasst as admirable for thy virtue as for that baby face of thine. And I hope to join you there by your tea-time in the afternoon. So you're in very good time, child, an hour or two hence, to answer all your important pre-engagements. Which will be better than going home and returning with you, as it will be six miles difference to me. And I know the good company will excuse my dress on this occasion. Very true, any dress is good enough, I'm sure, for such company as admire thee, child, for a companion in thy ruined state. Jackie, Jackie, mind, mind again, more fine things still. I count every hour of this little absence for a day. There's for you, let me repeat it. I count every hour of this little absence for a day. Mind, too, the wit of the good man. One may see love as a new thing to him. Here is a very tedious time gone since he saw his dearie. No less than, according to his amorous calculation, a dozen days and nights at least. And yet, tedious as it is, it is but a little absence. Well said my good, accurate and consistent brother. But wise men in love are always the greatest simpletons. But now comes the reason for why this little absence, which at the same time is so great an absence, is so tedious. For I am, I now for it, with the utmost sincerity my dearest love,owed upon dearest love. I shall never love the word again. Pray bid your uncle never call me dearest love, Jackie. Forever yours, but brother thou liest, thou knowest thou dust. And so, my good lady Andrews, or what shall I call you? Your dearest love will be forever yours, and hast thou the vanity to believe this? But stay, here's a post-script. The poor man knew not when to have done to his dearest love. He sadly in for it truly. Why his dearest love, you are mighty happy in such a lover. If you could go to dine with them, cry you mercy, my dearest love. Now comes the pre-engagement. It will be a freedom that will be very pleasing to them, and the more as they don't expect it. Well, so much for this kind letter. But you see, you cannot honor this admiring company with this little expected, and but in complacence to his folly, I dare say, little desired freedom. And I cannot forbear admiring you so much myself, my dearest love, that I will not spare you at all, this whole evening, for it is a little hard if thy master's sister may not be blessed a little bit with thy charming company. So I found I had shown her my letter to very little purpose, and repented it several times as she read on.  Pretty creature, said she, and wantest thou thy good master to come and quarrel with his sister on thy account? But thou shalt not stir from my presence, and I would now ask thee what it is thou meanest by showing me this letter. Why, madame, said I, to show your ladyship how I was engaged for this day and evening. And for nothing else, said she, why I can't tell madame, said I, but if you can collect from it any other circumstances I might hope I should not be the worst treated. I saw her eyes begin to sparkle with passion, and she took my hand and said, grasping it very hard, I know, confident creature, that thou showedest me to insult me. You showed it me to let me see that he could be similar to a beggar born than to me, or to my good lord Davers. You showed it me as if you'd have me to be as credulous a fool as yourself to believe your marriage true, when I know the whole trick of it, and have reason to believe you do too, and you showed it me to upgrade me with his stooping to such painted dirt to the disgrace of a family ancient and untainted beyond most in the kingdom, and now I will give thee one hundred guineas for one bold word that I may fell thee at my foot. Was not this very dreadful, to be sure, I had better have kept the letter from her. I was quite frightened, and this fearful menace and her fiery eyes and rageful countenance made me lose all my courage. So I said, weeping, good your ladyship pity me. Indeed I am honest, indeed I am virtuous, indeed I would not do a bad thing for the world. Though I know, said she, the whole trick of thy pretended marriage and thy foolish ring here, and all the rest of the wicked nonsense, yet I should not have patience with thee if thou shouldst but offer to let me know thy vanity prompts thee to believe thou art married to my brother. I could not bear the thought. So take care, Pamela, take care, beggarly brat, take care. Good madame, said I, spare my dear parents, they are honest and industrious, they were once in a very creditable way, and never were beggars. Miss fortunes may attend anybody, and I can bear the cruelest imputations on myself because I know my innocence, but upon such honest industrious parents, who went through the greatest trials without being beholden to anything but God's blessing and their own hard labor, I cannot bear reflection. What? Art thou setting up for a family, creature as thou art? Give me patience with thee. I suppose my brother's folly and his wickedness together will, in a little while, occasion a search at the herald's office to set out thy wretched obscurity. Provoke me, I desire thou wilt. One hundred guineas will I give thee, to say but thou thinkest thou art married to my brother.  She gave me a slap on the hand, and reached to box my ear. But Mrs. Jukes, harkening without, and her woman, too, they both came in at that instant, and Mrs. Jukes said, pushing herself in between us, your ladyship knows not what you do. And you don't. My master would never forgive me, if I suffered in his house, when he so dearly loves to be so used, and it must not be, though you are, Lady Davers. Her woman, too, interposed and told her I was not worth her ladyship's anger, but she was like a person beside herself. I offered to go out, and Mrs. Jukes took my hand to lead me out, but her kinsmen set his back against the door, and put his hand to his sword, and said, I should not go, till his aunt permitted it. He drew it half way, and I was so terrified that I cried out, Oh, the sword, the sword! And not knowing what I did, I ran to my lady herself, and clasped my arms about her, forgetting just then how much she was my enemy, and said, sinking on my knees, Defend me, good your ladyship, the sword, the sword! Mrs. Jukes said, Oh, my lady will fall into fits! But Lady Davers was herself so startled, at the matter being carried so far, that she did not mind her words, and said, Jackie, don't draw your sword. You see, as great as her spirit is, she can't bear that. Come, said she, become fritted, he shan't frighten you. I'll try to overcome my anger, and will pity you. So, Wench, rise up, and don't be foolish. Mrs. Jukes held her salts to my nose, and I did not faint. And my lady said, Mrs. Jukes, if you would be forgiven, leave Pamela and me by ourselves. And Jackie, do you withdraw? Only you backstay. So I sat down in the window, all in a sad fluster, for, to be sure, I was sadly frightened. Said her woman, you should not sit in my lady's presence, Mrs. Pamela. Yes, let her sit till she is a little recovered of her fright, said my lady, and do you set my chair by her. And so she sat over against me, and said, To be sure, Pamela, you have been very provoking with your tongue, to be sure you have, as well upon my nephew, who is a man of quality too, as me. And palliating her cruel usage, and beginning, I suppose, to think herself she had carried it further than she could answer it to her brother, she wanted to lay the fault upon me.  Tis injurious to me, madame, said I, to imagine I am not honest. And she, have you not been a bed with my brother, tell me that. Your ladyship, replied I, asks your questions in a strange way, and in strange words. Oh, your delicacy is wounded, I suppose, by my plain questions. This niceness will soon leave you, Wench, it will indeed, but answer me directly. Then your ladyship's next question, said I, will be, am I married, and you won't bear my answer to that, and will beat me again. I hadn't beat you yet, have I, back? said she. So you want to make out a story, do you? But indeed I can't bear thou should so much as think thou art my sister. I know the whole trick of it, and so tis my opinion dust thou. It is only thy little cunning that it might look like a cloak to thy yielding, and get better terms from him. Prithee, prithee, Wench, thou seest I know the world a little, almost as much at thirty-two, as thou dusted sixteen. Remember that. I rose from the window, and walking to the other end of the room. Beat me again, if you please, said I, but I must tell your ladyship I scorn your words, and am as much married as your ladyship. At that she ran to me, but her woman interposed again.  She is not worthy to be in it. She will but vex your ladyship. Stand away, beck, said she. That's an assertion I would not take from my brother. I can't bear it. As much married as I, is that to be borne? But if the creature believes she is madame, said her woman, she is to be as much pitied for her credulity as despised for her vanity. I was in hopes to have slipped out at the door, but she caught hold of my gown and pulled me back. Pray your ladyship, said I, don't kill me, I have done no harm. But she locked the door and put the key in her pocket. So seeing Mrs. Jukes before the window, I lifted up the sash and said, Mrs. Jukes, I believe it would be best for the chariot to go to your master and let him know that Lady Davies is here and I cannot leave her ladyship. She was resolved to be displeased. Let me say what I would. End of section 26c.


Josh, a disappointing defeat here at Southend, what's your take on that? Yeah look, it wasn't good enough, as simple as that. We need to change, we need to adapt very, very quickly. We lost a battle, if you like, and if you don't turn up and win the first and foremost, the most important thing is the battle and the simple things in football, you know, the little simple things. If you don't get a foothold in the game, you give yourself no chance and we didn't do that for a minute one today. Because we didn't do that, we got punished and it was coming. We would have set it half-time and we needed to see a reaction but before you know it, Paul's in the back of your net. And then another one's in the back of your net, two very soft goals and it's pretty much game over and we've let ourselves down, but most importantly we've let Mickey and his staff down and the fantastic travelling fans because, as I say, Mickey and his staff are giving us absolutely everything they can give, every bit of detail and I feel for them because they're giving us everything we need but we're not taking it out onto the pitch, we're not doing those small little details and we won't win football games so we need to adapt very quickly. The mid-fast start, South End, did that rattle city a little bit? Was that where you perhaps felt the game was won and lost early on? It can do, you could say that but you expect that. I've played here, I'd said that, the staff had told us that, we knew it was going to be a fast start from them, it always is at away grounds because teams are going to try and take it to you but, OK, we stood up, we defended but there's only so long you can defend, we've got our own right to play. It's as simple as that, you've got to be better but you've got our own right to play so you've got to win your second ball, you've got to win your head as stop crosses, pick up, win first head as second, it tackles whatever it is and until you win those small little details in the battle if you're like, you're never going to do it, you're not going to be able to get a foot holding the game and take the game to a side and because we didn't do that today because we didn't turn up as a whole as a team, that's the reason why we lost the football match. So Michael's called the game, the performance unacceptable, he's obviously unhappy with the performance, what's your take on that? I'm guessing you feel that as a captain as well? Listen, he's spot on and he always is spot on. He's given his heart and soul into this football club, every bit of his detail and his life he's given to this club at the moment and as I say, we're letting him down and he's staffed and it's not right. You've got to do more, you have to do more as a team and until we do that it won't change but believe me the best thing, not the best thing but a good thing about football is when you do lose a football game is another game around the corner it'd be killing me now if I was standing here and there wasn't a game till next Saturday but there's a game Tuesday night and we need to see a reaction and believe me there will be a reaction from everyone at this football club that's involved in that game on Tuesday night and we can't wait for that already, we've got to dust ourselves down rightly or wrongly, we've got to move on very quickly we'll look at this, where we went wrong, which we know a lot's been said we'll be ready and raring to go Tuesday night. Just on Tuesday obviously is an important game even at this early stage in the season, momentum's going to be crucial isn't it? Of course it is, we've got two big home games to come now and it's a fantastic football stadium to play football at and you should thrive off the size of it and the size of the crowd that turns up and it's a great fan base here and we need to get them on our side very very quickly we need to start showing them what we're about first and foremost that fight and grit to win a football game secondly once you do that you can then start showing your quality and with quality comes goals, comes chances and exciting football and that's what we've got to start showing very very quickly and if we can do that starting from Tuesday night I'm sure we can put a very very good run together


So, all these operators that we've been talking about with add, multiply, divide and also the functions and or anything that is a binary operation. It takes two, two operands. They're what are called universal functions in numpy. And so they have these extra set of methods on them. So if we look over here on add, you know, you might think add is what's called a u-funk and you can take a, we have our array here add a comma a. It's going to add those two values together. That's exactly the same thing that happens if you take a plus a. But also if we look here, there are all these strange little methods here and I'm going to talk about four of them. This accumulate method, this reduce method, reduce at, we won't talk about that too much, but outer. So those four methods are special methods that are available on these operations. And so here's what they do. The reduce operation and this takes the operation, think about it, add is an easy one to think about. Add.reduce, if you like math, then you can look at the formula here and see what it does. It's just a summation of all the elements in that array a. Add takes two arrays and adds them together or it can do a reduction on a single array by doing an element, adding all the elements together individually. So add.reduce of a adds those together. But look what happens if you have a, it works on list as well. And these universal functions work on any sequence and they're going to try to do a reduction of those elements by performing the add operation. So here we have strings. A is a list of strings and if we do the reduce, you remember that if you added strings together, it was a concatenation operation. So we're taking our a, b, c, d, e, f and squeezing them together into a single, form of single string. There's also logical operation. So you can do a logical and reduction. And that's the same thing as doing a all operation, right? All values being one. And a logical or.reduce is going to be the same thing as the any function that we saw earlier. So reductions, if you define your own u-funk that takes a binary operation, then you can add these methods as well and they'll work on individual arrays doing the reduction. And it's called a reduction because it takes an array of indimensions and returns an array that's in minus one dimensions. It's a reduction along some dimension. All right. So if we just do this, if I, I'll create an array here, a equal a range. Let's do 20, a dot shape. We'll reshape this guy where it's equal to four by five. So we have that. And if we do add.reduce, a, then the default behavior then you see is a summing along the columns here. It's a reduction along this axis. If we spent, or along the row axis, if we specify axis equal negative one, the last axis is the column axis. We'll reduce all of those down. And, and now we reduced one, two, three, four is added, zero, one, two, three, four is added to ten. So visually, if you look at these, you can look at it this way. It's just the reductions either occur along the columns or along the row, or you're summing up the columns with a reduction actually along the rows. You're reducing all the rows to one row. Or you're reducing all the columns to a single column. So there's an accumulation operation as well. And this is very similar. The only difference is you noticed we did this, these are a reduction operation, right? We're reducing the, the number of values. It's almost as if we're going along when we have our array here. One plus two is equal to three. But then we immediately add three to three. That's six. And we throw away the fact that one plus two is equal to three. Well, a lot of times you want to keep up with that. You want to keep a running sum of well, what, what happens if I just add the one to the two? Well, that's what accumulation does. Accumulation is not a reduction. Your array is exactly the same size as the previous array. And so here we have accumulate one, one in itself. I mean one plus nothing, which is what you originally had is one. And then one plus two is three. And that three plus this three is six. So we're accumulating and keeping those values in the location where the element was before. All right. And you can do the add, accumulate with strings just as well. You sit here and you add those up and you get the accumulation. A, B by itself is the first value. A, B accumulated with C, D is that string. And now you accumulate them all and that becomes your third string here. In the string, oh, the O. So that's an artifact from these slides originally being developed for numeric. So this should actually be and we can sit here and do it. If we do this actually, let's do it in UNC. Thank you for catching that. A, B, C, D, E, F. Now if I do add dot accumulate, A, what's that? Oh, maybe I need to. I would have thought that worked, but we'll do. So that's interesting. So it's changed. It has changed since from numpy numeric to numpy. That actually looks like a bug to me. So you can see what it's doing. It's actually accumulating from the other direction, right? It's adding, instead of pre-adding, it's post-adding. So logical ops that work the same way. It's just doing a logical accumulation along the way of ands or ors as it may be. If you use op dot outer, this is going to take the outer, we usually think about outer products, right? But it's the outer operation. And so here, if we do add dot outer, A, B, then you can see what happens. It's almost as if A gets turned down this axis and B is along this axis. And then we add the element out of this row to each element in B and then so we have the zeroth element of A added to B zero and then to B one and then to B two and the same for this row. And you'll note that outer products order matters, right? And so we add A comma B here. And if we do B comma A, then we're going to end up with a different shaped array as the output and different results obviously as well. So all of those functions are available and you can use them. We obviously have talked about, okay, well let's move on to a few more functions for doing selections out of an array. And this is a slide that it's almost better if you just look at it and I don't say anything. I don't think that's quite true but it seems that way. This is a really funny function. It's called choose. And as you look at it, you may wonder why the heck do they even bother to have this function but I'll show you why in just a minute in an example. Okay, so we have the choice array here. We have the function choose and the first argument is this choice array. And then as a second argument, we give a list of arrays that are basically what we're going to choose values out of. And so here's how it works. In the choice array, we have two things that are important. There's the value of an element in the choice array and there's the position that it's in in that array. So we have this choice array zero, zero, zero. Well what happens here is this index is saying I want to choose from array C zero, the zero index element in this list of values. So it's going to pull this zero right here and copy it down into Y. And now we come down and we say well we have another choice or a choice. We again want to choose from C zero but notice when we copy a value down, we copy the value out of the same location as this array. And the same if we come along and same for this one. So zero, one, two go across the top row. And now the one is selected out of this C one array. And again it's going to pick whichever element. These are all the same elements so or the same value but it pulled that five and stuck it down here. Two pulls from here and then you can also just stick a scalar in if you want to. And so now position doesn't matter right. It's just saying if you have a three over here it's always going to choose nine and copy it into your output array. So now we have nines in this little section because of these threes. Does that make sense? Now the question is why do you care right? And why would you ever do this? And the answer is we talked about clip a few minutes ago right? So how do you implement clip? Well you can do it in C but you can also just write a simple function in Python. So what would that function look like? Well let's see how you might do this. We have our original array has a set of values and then this is equivalent of saying a less than 10 right? I'm just if I have a what does my array look like? See a equals a range 25 a dot shape. Oh I didn't that's good enough. Let's do. Alright so I have my array here and I can either do less a and say four less a four and that's going to return all the values that are less than four or I can do a less than four which is probably a little prettier mathematically but I've chosen to use the less here and I've created an array that's basically this mask right? We're using ones here instead of true false but the same same basic purpose. Alright so what would happen if I then come in and say okay I've created this mask I want to use this array that I just created. I want to use this array that I just created as my choice array and so these become indexes right? Zero and one are my indexes into a and into 10 or into this array so anywhere there's a zero here we're going to choose a value out of a anywhere where there's a one we're just going to choose 10 and if you look down here look what happens anywhere where we were less than 10 the values are 10 anywhere we're not less than 10 we just get our old values kind of a nice behavior well if you want to expand this actually handle clip we got a clip at the lower end and at the upper end right? So how do we do that we have to we're creating indices that we have and so we have our less than array that we had we want greater than 15 we create another greater than array and then we need to do a little math here because these greater thans are just going to be one zero values well we want what we can do is multiply those by two and this is going to create this array that you see here where we had the same ones that we had on the less than but wherever there were greater thans we now have two because we multiplied those times two and then we have zeros in the middle now you use that as your index and now you have a comma 10 comma 15 you've clipped it at both the low end and at the high end so this is starting you start getting a feeling of if you're not a MATLAB user which some of you I know are but if you're used to writing Fortran and C there's a bit of a change you're not thinking about four loops anymore right everything starts happening in these vector operations you have to think about things how do I how do I create vectors that represent these things you know that the operations I want to do and use special indexing or use these choice operators or use these clipping tools all of these different things instead of thinking for loops that's how we think in the C in the Fortran world so when you go to the lab today hint hint when you sit down to do exercises starting with the for loop is probably not the answer all of the examples I want you to think about indexing all right so where I had mentioned earlier we talked of there was a where function version one that I showed you this is the version two and and the slides here almost just for the purpose of documentation or whatever so you can look at it there's no difference between how this where works really in the choice array before it's just a simple version that only allows you to have a false and a true value here so your condition if you know if you have zeros and ones the first array that you pass in as the false the second array is the true and you're getting the same kind of behavior as the choice where I don't use this very much always use the choice array and whenever I use the where I'm using the first version that just takes a single argument and returns to you the indices of where that argument was true remember if we do where if we have a equals a range 10 and I do a where and so a is that and if I do a where a is greater than five then it just gives you back the indices on the other hand you can use it in this way where you pass in three arguments where I just passed in a single argument here and you have this this functional behavior we talked about concatenate we showed a few other methods that are maybe simpler concatenates there and you can use it if you if you would like x comma y if you want to concatenate two arrays together they have to be it takes a list or a sequence of arrays as its argument but when you concatenate x comma y it defaults to concatenating along the zero thaxis and so that's the row axis and so it concatenates those together you want to concatenate along the first axis or the column axis in two dimensions then you just specify as the second argument acts as equal one now if you want to stack these things in a third dimension then the way that you do that is just using the standard array function conversion and if you just put those elements in a two in a two-pole or any kind of sequence then the default behavior I mean the way that the nesting occurs is to concatenate those along another dimension so all of those work alright so broadcasting this is a really cool feature in in numpy and it takes a little bit of getting used to and once you learn it it also takes a little restraint not to use it too much so we'll point that out in a few minutes but here's an example we've already talked about what happens if I have two arrays that are the same shape in this case we have four by three plus a four by three and we're just adding the elements together so this array or this operation here is just duplication of that one there's no difference well what happens though if you come along and you have a four by three and you add it through an array that just has a one-dimensional array that has three elements well one of the one of the choices would be it fails it won't allow you to do that Python actually does something slightly different it's called a broadcast operation and so what it does is it says ah I notice that the last two dimensions of these arrays match they're both three so then I'll take the elements here and add each of the elements here into the elements on this row as well as this row as well as this row so it's as if it stretched these values down this array or down this dimension and then it just added those to each of the rows and so this happens to be equivalent to this up here but you haven't had to duplicate all of these values right on this one well what if you come along and instead of having a four by three you have a four by one matrix and you add that to this three element array well the last dimensions don't match do they so it doesn't quite follow this rule but there's a second rule in broadcasting and that is if either of the dimensions are one then that then the broadcast matches and what it does is it stretches that one to be the same size as this one so what happens here is you have two stretching operations where you've duplicated these values across and you've duplicated these values down and then you add them together and you end up with this array and so you'll notice what operation is this we had the add dot outer it's the same thing if you don't want to put add dot outer in the middle of your equation you can have arrays that are like this and use broadcasting and your mass still looks kind of pretty and clean as you're writing out your equations and you haven't also this is kind of painful if you have to create you know in the end you just want this array right this is 2d it might be big it might be a zillion by a zillion and in rows and columns just to do the operation of creating this array I don't want to have to create two more arrays that are you know now you have two a zillion by a zillion you have three zillion by a zillion matrixes here right instead of having one and you could do it just with one vector here and one vector here so it's much more efficient memory wise to do this so that's a handy trick now Python doesn't try to be too smart about things it doesn't go ah I noticed you have a four by three and I see a four and I could take this array this vector and broadcast it down this way and that would work there's a mismatch here because the three it's not going to try to match this four with this four this three and this four don't match and so because of that it's going to return to you a frame's not aligned there if you actually want to use this this brings out two things you remember we talked a little earlier about indexing with none and that looked a little strange why would you ever care to do that well this is why you might want to do that right you can take two arrays that you just create in a normal way a and b and then you you ask for a to have all of its values put along the rows add an extra column that creates this or just basically turns that array on its head then you add that to your original be and you end up with this array so that's a lesson in how to do broadcasting I'll show you an example of where you might do it and then show you why this was a bad idea so here's a problem set and this one is is how many people are in information theory do so there are a few people okay so vector quantization is one of the typical algorithms that you might do to try to do classification on objects or whatever else you might imagine that you have a set of of any any attributes that you might imagine each of these elements here is a sample and you have feature one and feature two and they could be any feature I mean if you're looking at basketball players those features might be their height and their armspan or something like that plotted against each other and what you've learned is that people that are in this category if they're in zero or three way or people up here tend to be good people down here tend to be bad that doesn't quite work with the attributes that I gave there but but you can you can have an idea of wanting to be able to separate if you have this large population wanting to be able to separate them into two groups well the notion of vector quantization what you do is say you know people that are close to zero and three are in one class people that are close to one two and four are in another class and so to be able to pull that off what you have to be able to do is calculate the distance from each of these elements to all of those individual codes or what we call them and find out which one's the minimum distance so let's look at this if you imagine you take one of your your observations or your basketball players one of your data points if you want to know which which code does this item belong to you have to calculate its distance to all of the codes that you've defined and then this one's the minimum distance so this one falls in the category of one and then basically you have categories one two and four a good zero and three are bad or one is one target one is another target any of these kind of ideas that makes sense to people all right so how would you do this well say you have a new data set you know you've trained this you kind of created this data set based on a training data set or created your codes position them based on a training data set now you get a whole lot you know you go to you have a no I maybe a basketball is the wrong example here right I should be using cricket I guess so you have a whole new set of cricket players come in you want to find out who's good and who's bad and so now you just need to classify them based on these features well how do you do it well you have two things you have all these observations in here these gray dots and you have your codes and you can array if you organize these you might organize them in this way you have your set of observations here I've done three dimensions instead of two you know this is x and y you can do this in the end dimensions it doesn't matter how many dimensions you have so here we have x y and z so each of these is an observation or each of these is is a measurement that you've made on a specific observation so observation zero has this x value this y value and this c value and you have that duplicated over and over again so you have a thousand new players in this case we have ten new players and then you have your codes that you trained originally to determine which which class somebody was in C zero one two three or four so how do you do the math of this well the first thing we need to do is take a difference right so what we can do is take these color these arrays there are two arrays here we can turn one this way and one this way and now that's done with this indexing process of none colon we've added one zero dimension in the depth dimension it has one and then we just turn the ten and three oh excuse me that's this we've added one dimension and then put the ten along the rows and the three along the columns here done the same with the other one now when we add them we end up with this cube in the middle or subtract them excuse me we end up with this cube and each of these is the difference between the code elements if you look here this is going to be observation zero this row right here is going to be the difference between observation zero and code zero this is observation zero minus code one and code two all the way down so once we've done that one of these is really the difference the distance from the vector so what we can do is we can square that value and what we're going to want to do is compress it along that the depth axis here so that we get the distance value now this value is going to be the distance of observation zero from code zero this is the distance from observation from observation zero from code one and on down the way and what we need to do then is find out which one is the min so you do arg min and along the zero thaxis it compresses which one of these is the lowest one and that's going to give us the index so object zero now this will say either zero one two three or four in that place and we've reduced this actually fairly complicated algorithm into a fairly short amount of code so this is really cool right I'm going to show you how fantastic this is all right so how fast does it run well so here's the MATLAB version of it and that really fancy thing that I MATLAB doesn't have this notion of being able to do broadcasting so we ought to be better right well doesn't look so good here right we have a speed up a point seven one usually you want speed ups greater than one speed up a point seven one means you're slower so that's not a good thing so we just ran slower if we go to floating point types we do a little bit better you know float float 32s are a little more efficient than float 64 we're still not much of a speed up so why what went wrong here here's the problem if you look at this I start with this data right and really what I want is this data well in between here what have I done I've created this massive 3d array and as an intermediate step I'm just going to throw that thing away so the allocating this 3d array just is killing me it's sucking up all the time and so this is the this is the don't be too clever with broadcasting is that the the the moral of this story because if you are then you end up with vectors that are much larger than the pre original vectors and especially if you're reducing back down you can kill yourself on speed and so I took a second approach to this if you look at this you can say well maybe I don't want to broadcast and create this 3d array I'll just do the broadcasting on a code by or an observation by observation basis so I'll turn this instead of taking this whole row I'll just take just this one element just this one observation multiplied here and so then I'm just getting 2d slabs instead of this 3d slab and I kind of walk through the array like this right and I can do that and that's that's a good idea that's that solves some of our memory problem and we almost get back up to the speed to the matlab version in here and it's for floating point values it's still better but we're it's still not that great and so this is kind of to what your appetite for tomorrow if you just go back and go listen I know how to write this little algorithm it's only about 10 lines I'm going to write this and see how fast does it go well goes fairly fast get a factor of 25 speed up over the matlab version so the nice thing is you can do it you can write a quick algorithm in python and get it working and you can test all your code and do that sort of thing and and then when you need to you can switch over and write your little algorithm and see that you need link that in these algorithms by the way are now if you look in the I think there's a cluster module in sci-pi and so we use these are the vector quantization methods that are in that cluster library so if you're doing this in your information theory stuff don't write your own just use these they're already blazingly fast pickling you didn't talk about pickling yesterday at all okay quickly so there's this notion in programming or in in many languages of serialization and so if you have an object a and you need to store it out the state that it's in on the disk or send it over the network through TCP IP or whatever it is then you need to get some representation of that object state right well serialization is the common word for doing that you're going to take this object state its memory and serialize it out write it out in some format that can then be interpreted in the future or someplace at a different location where you can reconstitute your object and be able to manipulate it again so python has a serialization method called pickling and you know the reference here is you're saving it out right and so and it they further it by the module that you use if you're pickling things and storing them out is the shelf module so you store your pickles on your shelves well python that there are multiple different notions of pickling you can either pickle out to an ASCII format or you can pickle out to binary formats and they're actually two binary formats so there's the old version and the new version the point here is when you're storing out your arrays be careful about what you're doing or pay a little attention if you if you make sure that you store out the default is to store out an ASCII and you can see what happens here we have an array of zeros here it's 40,000 bytes long dump s will allow us that that just pickles the array to a string so now we have this ASCII representation of our array look how long it is it's a hundred and sixty thousand so you had a 4x ballooning and that's because it's having to write out the characters that represent that floating point number instead of just storing the the four bytes of the floating point number or the in and in yeah in this case four bytes of the floating point number it has to write out a lot of characters you know eight dot four three two one e negative sixteen or whatever it is negative ten so it explodes in size on the other hand if you pick a line the binary format you can see it's very compact it's almost exactly the same size it just has the little extra information we talked about about having to store out the header information about how the array is organized so be careful about that so controlling the output format you'll notice if I do on an array if I do a is equal to array and I make this zero one two one e to the negative six when I print that out it prints out a whole lot of digits here right on these things and so what you can do is come in and there's a set print options flag that you can set up so that a lot of times it's pretty hard to read this it takes up a lot of space and you can't really tell if that's a zero or not and in that sort of thing so if you want to control that you can set the precision this will show how many digits it's going to show out of the floating point numbers the other thing is that you can you can set the threshold if I have an array that's a hundred elements long and I asked to print it it prints it for me if I come in though and I give it an L an array I think a thousand it will it print all of those as well but as soon as I put a thousand and one elements in my array so there's a threshold that's been set at some point you can't watch all of that stuff streaming by and make any sense of it right and so you just want to see a representation of what my array is especially if it's a gigabyte then you're just you know you've you wait in half the day for it to stream by and that actually used to be a problem it would actually I Python would lock as it sat there and streamed all million elements by you so there's also the ability to suppress really small floating point values so if we come in and a is equal to array and we do 0 2 3 1 e to the negative 15 so that's a pretty small value if we do set print options suppress equal true now it doesn't print out that teeny teeny value it just says ah that must have been a zero I'm not sure where the threshold flag is set but it's it's on floating point values is probably down at 10 in the negative 14 or so I mean on double precision so that's kind of a handy feature so you can tweak these however you want to get the output that you need there's some examples right quick I think we've walked through those there's also error handling and what I'm going to do is I'll leave that for you to look at this is just explaining about floating point errors if you have you know when you you do floating point operations you can have overflow and underflow how is that handled by default numpy warns about it but you can set it where it throws errors whenever it sees a man or all of these different things so what I the reason I went through that quickly is I do want to talk about composite data structures if only in a very small way here so we we've said that arrays have a D type and it's usually been float 32 or float 64 or something like that but a lot of instruments especially things like the Hubble for example when they stream data back the data that comes back from an instrument isn't just an array of values it may be an array that has the first four bytes or a floating point value the next byte is an unsigned integer value and then the next three bytes are a string you know it's a very complex data type that comes in in memory well Python allows you to find data types or D types that actually describe a block of memory in a more interesting way it doesn't you don't have to say it's all floating point and so what you do in a D type is you just split you describe how an element what is the packing of an element and here in this case what I've done is I've described a D type where the first element I'm saying is a float for element or a four byte floating point number and the second element is a four byte floating point number and both of them have names were naming the first one mass and the second one velocity so I can create a particle here equal to this array and we created this and I've specified the data type to be a particle type so what happens here is these values are the masses and these values are the velocities in the description of how this is put together and you don't have to do this through Python right this can be reading a data structure in that's a C data structure and this actually specifies how it will treat the individual bytes in this so I'm gonna all right so we created a D type cut and paste didn't work very well and then I'll create a particle and this is a nested or a list of lists and one one I'm gonna make another particle here to one and then a third one that's two three and then spent my D type to be particle type save that as a array we'll make that our particles all right not sure why it doesn't take list but it doesn't so there's our array and now I can index into this if I ask for particle zero I grab the particle zero and it gives me both of those elements back but I can also do this which is kind of cool and that just gives me the masses of that array so it treats those as if they're fields this becomes really really powerful when you start thinking about a database this is nothing more than a database table but you have it in memory you have all these slice operations you have all these reduction methods you have all of these capabilities so instead of having to do all your operations in SQL you can on the on the server side you can select out your data set that you want put it in one of these tables and then go to town doing all kinds of math and slicing and operations on it very very handy very very fast it's not used very much yet actually because it's brand new but it's very slick all right so that does it for arrays


Brilliant. He's a partner, says he's got some point to his fellow riot from Texas. I ain't right, uh, awfully good. He's not a name. Oh no, he says he's the best lawyer though. Spirit was important. I don't, uh, I haven't had that close contact with him. I don't know. I haven't heard that, but I think he's barred because he's from Texas. That's temporary. Yeah, he's not really in Texas, and he's a Yale man. He's, uh, he's pretty highly regarded, but he's, uh, in terms of name, he wouldn't compare with, uh, say Archie Cough. Archie Cough's with Archie Clark. Well, Archie was, uh, the distinguished professor at Harvard. Oh, that's right. Oh, that's right. Archie was a huge, he's been thought of as kind of an academic cook by most lawyers. Right, and he was, uh, regarded up there as just a kind of a burry at, uh, a pompadour cut to clerk Kennedy's like Ted Scharke. That's the way he was regarded. He sat back down on the row and tried to explain to Kennedy what was on the bill. Later, he was there. I don't think he had any great reputation. Well, he was, I would say that in the academic field, he would have been looking upon as, uh, in the top three at Harvard. I think he had, uh, left here the hell of a reputation as a blister. I see, I hope, uh, I see that, uh, the blisters one nine lost five. I guess you go up and suggest those you can win, don't you? Well, you can, but, uh, third is not that kind.  I've had him say at least twice that he just wouldn't give that case to anybody else in the office. I said, well, listen, uh, we have a lot more interested in you than anybody in that office. You've got, uh, you've got a tradition that your people and the president and all these other things to live up to. He said, well, I'll tell you, I just think that part of the office would be to argue that case. The court would just, uh, whip somebody else on this thing. There'd need to be gentleness and it'd be wrong. He's changed the balance of the court, though, on he just being the liberal spunky up there a hundred percent of the time.  I think there are probably three up there whose place he would take that would be more liberal than he. There's no doubt it's how you vote on civil rights cases, but on other cases, uh, reflects an older generation's attitude. But if he took Black or Harlan or Clark, uh, he would be, uh, less liberal than one and more liberal than two, wouldn't he? That's right. That's right. He would be, uh, on Black. He would be considerably less liberal on everything except civil rights. He would be more liberal on civil rights than Black's been for two years. Do you think he would be an attorney general than your daddy on the court? Well, I think, uh, I guess I think other people ought to judge that, really. I know as far as I'm personally concerned that that would not affect my judgment. I don't think it would affect dad's judgment. I'd hate to see dad get off the court. I think he's at the height of his judicial power. I'm a little concerned, too, because I think he, uh, more than any other member of the court stands for a lot of things that the American public is pretty strong for right now, tough law enforcement, things that, where I really don't agree with him. But, uh, I think Europe is a police community and some other fair to liberal, uh, would hurt you to beat down the, uh, Hollywood crime bill here in D.C. The people that were... But if, uh, my judgment is, if you were, if you became an attorney general, you'd have to leave the court. No other reason than the public and parents' boys' case. They were taxing drivers in the country, and, uh, he'd tell me that the old man, the judge, had barely had his own voice. The eyes of every member of the court. That's number one. When we got on the court, I mean, the best. So, it's something. I think he believes about what I believe. I think he or two, they have right. In the rest of Chicago. Probably right. Yeah, that's it. Well, we tried to track him. I was keeping busy working like a dog, but I got a liberal on that court, and they, uh, they longed off as much hell about a wiretap, and I saw each one of them when he hit on this other kid.  That's saying he's not the best you can make me do that. I wouldn't have any part of it. I'm a free man.   He just, uh, went up there and played hell, and then got humiliated, and then came back, and back to the field. Uh, I didn't like, I didn't think he, I didn't think he was a very strong character. But he, he was beyond there, and my judgment is, would you go by Bill Douglas, Chief the Chief, and Abe Fortress, just to help field him? Well, I would, uh, I would think that they would, uh... Thank you for sending a man to the penitentiary by God for raping a woman if you had it. If you had, if you had a photograph of it. He would tend to line up that side of the court. I don't think they'd doubt about that. I think, uh, he would be less liberal, and he would swing over some. That side doesn't, it's solid anyway. They fractured up somewhat. He would be, certainly, uh, far to the left, or conservative to the left today.  Because some professor doesn't agree with it. Well, he would, uh, he would tend to be, uh, liberal on those cases. He'd go along with, uh, with, uh, Douglas or Fortress. It's hard for me to say. I don't know if I really know. You know this difference, don't you? Sure. He, uh, he doesn't, uh, he doesn't do his homework, and, uh, he goes somewhat, uh, by sentiment, by guest, by golly. But I think that he would tend to be, uh, center of Douglas. He's, uh... That's something I feel more strongly about as much as wiretapping. I just think you ought to belt you a damned empire where you've got the veto power over the president of the United States. I think it's outrageous. I don't think you've got a goddamn bit of business telling the controller what to do or FCC what to do or anything else. You just set yourself up as a great policeman.  And I think it, uh, you've got to assume when the president appoints a man to run the Federal Power Commission that he ought to, he ought to know more about that than some damn professor that happened to be an assistant attorney general. And the same thing's true with the control of the currency. The same thing's true with the chairman of the FCC. And the same thing's true with the chairman of the FCC. And I just think that they're beholden to a bunch of damn little column leakers over there that have neither principle or judgment or character or justice. I just think that they're just crusaders. And, um, I know that that's an extreme viewpoint and I'm expressing it extreme because I definitely feel that way. Now, if I'm going to mold, put my image on what I feel, I can't do it on what Grant failed or what Kennedy failed or Eisenhower got to do the way I feel. I may be all completely wrong and they may disagree with it. And they may all want to write a better history for myself than I'm willing to write. But I guess that the man's entitled to write his own history and ought to after he hears everything. And that's the way I feel about this thing. And I think I'm just the absolute captive of a guy I've never seen. Or maybe I saw him once. I think I saw him once. And it's all right for him to go out to gush his bushes and mess around here. But then he just fires by God's play without rhyme or reason. And I don't agree with it. I think he's got a lot more power than he ought to have and apparently more than the Attorney General's got and apparently more than the President's got because I express myself on the three of these things. It's just, it seems to be dicting. Well, it's not all that it should be. It's a fairly irrational process. But it's just one intersection in the whole system. It's not the whole system. They don't get into... The ones they get into, they've got tremendous power but they don't get into... It's a very many... Oh, just a pen. They didn't get into Ford and Philco. Bill Green went down and Bobby told him not to. And I told Ford to go get Bill Green and Philadelphia and let them merge. And they don't get into that. And they wouldn't get into it if Buckley was involved.  But he's the Buckley General of the Bay, you know. He's full of chrome and he never has lived down going to Penegras. Penegras was an honorable man compared to Buckley.  And I happen to know about the bank merger in Houston. The hell of a lot bigger bank. And I know Albert Thomas did it. And I happen to know about the bank merger with, I mean, the Ford and Philco merger because I directed it and told them how to do it and what to do, and they did it. I just don't understand how they can be so conscientious and have some such great conviction on some of these matters that affect us. Like Bobby Baker, but not have a goddamn bit about Meyer Feldman that refused to report 40,000. He got over here on the record in Chex. And Nick didn't have a damn bit of trouble washing it out. He just cleaned it up and he smelled like a rose. You're familiar with that, aren't you? Well, I've heard about it. I don't know all the details. He wasn't a little clerk for Majority Leader. He was a counsel for the President of the United States like Jim Landy. And he came in here and he received in Chex $38,900 as payments for fees from television companies and didn't report it. And I had to get him out here and got him out here quick and Nick just took it and wrapped it up and just got it in good shape. And I'm glad he did. I didn't want to see Kennedy humiliated and I didn't want to see Feldman humiliated and I didn't want to be embarrassed myself. But that actually happened. And it wasn't anybody could defend it. I had our best tax people trying to figure out some way. All he did was just get the cheque, endorse the cheque, deposit it in his account. They charged it as an expense and he didn't report it.


headline news update. Welcome folks we have the Dow Industries right now trading down a hundred and fifteen we get the Nasdaq up ninety three SAPs are up one and a half gold gold contract up six dollars ten cents trading out at the seventeen ninety nine point five zero you get the silver contract up twelve cents trading at twenty four twenty one ten year note up seventeen ticks one thirty one oh four thirty a bond up two ticks at two full points folks okay the bottom lines that we take a look at this here bring this thirty year up right now and take a look at it because what you're looking at here when you take a look at this thirty year is that number one you've come off the bottom and now what was happened is that you are coming off the bottom with conviction you got wide price spread you get accelerated volume in a huge way bottom line is that higher price lower yield if we look at the ten year right now the ten years at one point five three pretty wild folks I think that what you have happening here is that we're setting up what the market did out here today is that you had the S&P's at all time highs the Dow back down the NDX 100 went up and tested the high of yesterday now it looks like what we're going to have is going to have a replay of yesterday meaning that you tested the high couldn't handle the price backed off the price right now you get the cues up three dollars and twelve cents you're trading at three eighty two three eighty two twenty seven we hit the three eighty three fifteen and the way this sets up folks is this what you have is this you have a you have a failure on price and volume if you close under two three eighty two point one seven that's how that baby set up so we'll see how the rest of this shakes out gold gold contract wants higher price as do the gold and silver equities right now you're five seventy really really it's a sideways move out here today what we did do is that we rejected lower price at seventeen eighty four here at seventeen ninety nine this baby bottom line looks like it's going to get up and into the top of the consolidation which is that eighteen thirty nine and then we take a look at it's going to be good old King dollar King dollar is not back inside its lower frame yet bottom line real close okay it's ninety three seven twenty nine and we're ninety three eight thirteen say right there folks come right back


So today we went through water survival training, ensuring that they understood the five basic needs while living on a life raft, but also the in-between things of when coming down under a parachute and hitting the water and having to deal with the canopy over your head, to dealing with if the winds pick up to blow and drag you across the water, with that parachute still attached to how to de-attach from that, how to get onto your life raft, and then maintaining life. So if it's going through the five basic needs of health and then personal protections, sustenance, then we definitely moved into travel as well as recovery and signaling. As a MC-130 pilot, this training is critical, operating this AOR. We are out here in the Pacific Ocean, it's vast and unforgiving, and having these water survival skills makes it so that if the worst thing happens, we are able to survive and come home happy and healthy.


So these are all steps that I'm talking about. One is reporting level, which is the basic one. Then it comes to dashboarding, creating the dashboards, whether that's in Power BI, Tableau, Click or any other tool, right? So that comes the next level. Then it comes the analyst or a senior analyst position where somebody can do some coding and then do some automation on the next level and then have an integration or a pipeline with other tools, for example, with your ERP system or with Salesforce who extract data from one side, where it also involves sometimes you're cleaning the data, right? So extracting, cleaning and then prioritizing, then it comes to a level where you're predicting the data, right? Now this we're talking about on the level of a senior data analyst. When you're talking about predicting levels, now that is the level of senior data analyst and then comes the data science.


Welcome to WTIS 16, Haberoni and Botswana. I'm very pleased to be joined in the studio today by Vincent Bryon, who is the Attorney General, the Ministry of Justice, Legal Affairs and Communications for St Kitts and Neemers. Just to thank you very much indeed, being with us in the studio today. Thank you very much for having me, Max. Now, I'd like to start off by talking about the Measuring the Information Society report. It's our flagship report. It's just been released. And I wanted to find out why is this report important to your country? Well, it gives a measure of how well we have done over the last year in relation to the investments in the use and access of ICTS by our citizens, our people. And it does impact upon our economic performance. It justifies in a very tangible way the strides that we have made economically. We have exhibited, for instance, four or five percent growth over the last year. This next year, we estimate that we'll be above three percent so that in terms of our management of our economy, our finances, and the type of work we have done in our various sectors, this just helps to reinforce the fact that as a small island developing state that we have had prudent management of our affairs. And I think, as I said this morning at the award ceremony, I think it can act as a beacon, not just for saying it's a nevus going forward, but other small states that it can be done, that we can sit at the table and show that we have the way with all to add to the quality of life of our citizens and the world in general. Now you've done tremendously well, I think in this report, I think you can perhaps share with us the fact that you've actually won two awards, and you've had an incredible success. I just wanted to find out what have you done differently? Well, I think that we are part of a small sub-region in the Eastern Caribbean and we signed the treaty some way back in the late 1990s, and so from 2000, we have been on the one regulatory framework, we passed the Telecommunications Act in 2000, and so the legal framework that established that it was this group and for us, our own local national telecommunications regulatory commission set the platform on which we could have built on. It liberalized our telecom sector, and so whereas previously to that we had had one monopoly, one major company that had more or less a monopoly, the fact that we now have competitors in the environment who have been able to invest and so have our people respond. We feel that they have a good sense of education and they are very well connected through cell phones, access and use of telephony as well as access and use of broadband. And you came away with two awards? That's correct. This last year we have done very well. There have been where our sub-spirited have invested in 4G equipment and so on. So that has been a major advance as well as there has been much competition in the broadband, fixed broadband in particular, but also very much in mobile broadband as well. And so we moved up the rankings. We were 54th in 2015 and that ranking for the 2016th saw us move 20 places worldwide and up to 34th we are very proud of what we have done as a people and we think that is a foundation that we can build on as we move forward. I should also point out the awards were not just for the rank, the change in rank, but also when you combine a number of different indicators that the question was also one of an award for the value of what we have done as well. Congratulations for that. Now I wanted to find out you've been here for a couple of days now. What's the message that you think you'll be taking home from this year's WCIS imposing? Well, the networking with fellow ministers and people in the ICT sector has been exceptionally good for me, for one, but the actual focus of this symposium on the question of measuring the developments in ICTs has been particularly of significant use. We know, for instance, the need to constantly measure what we do for households, what we do with individuals as well, so that you can get a sense of the gaps that need to be felt. We know, for instance, that we have done quite well at home in the linkages of secondary schools. All of them are linked by broadband, and so in education we have done significant work. We also have work to do in our hospitals. We work in the hospital information system to link our three, four hospitals at home, and so once we can do the measurements of the growth, the access, the use of broadband and other forms in the sector, it allows us as a government to make the type of policies that could help us to go even further. Next year we hope we can even move further up the ranking. So the constant, the need to measure what we do as policymakers, the need to be with indicators that are standardized, that with statistical data that is used around the world for comparability, so that we just don't see where we have done ourselves, but where we compare ourselves with other economies worldwide, that that would be of a great benefit to us. Now you've partially covered it, but I wanted to ask you my final question. In what ways are ICTs assisting St. Kitts and Nevis in the drive towards the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals? Well, one of the goals clearly of the Sustainable Development Goals, the SDG, has been that we leave no one behind, that all of us citizens be able to benefit from their place in our societies. And so whether you are elderly, informed, differently abled, whether you are a young person, we all should be able to access the benefits to be derived from the ICT. And so we have to ensure that we have the proper legislation and regulations in place to keep a strong framework. We have to ensure that we invest in those areas that we have lagged in. And so I think very much so, it is something that we as a country, we as a government are very much committed to do, to ensure that all our people have a quality of life that would assist us to be one of the most beautiful places in the world to live and work. And we hope and hope that for people to visit as well. We welcome you at any time. Thank you very much. We wish you the very best of the future. And Sabana, thank you very much for joining us in the studio today. And we look forward to catching up with you again very soon. Perhaps another 20 places higher than the next one. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. And thank you for joining us. And please check out our other videos on the ITU YouTube channel.


We've been here for two and a half months, you've obviously eaten in a lot of the different dining halls. What is your favorite dining hall other than TD, obviously, because we all love TD. So I'd say it was really hard. Honestly it's between three. I really like the J.E. dining hall. The Jonathan Edwards College dining hall, the Berkeley dining hall, and Morse. I eat in Morse a lot because it's right next to the gym where the fencing room is. Berkeley, I don't know, I really like Berkeley and J.E. just because the aesthetics of the dining halls are really nice. I spend most of my time eating in TD. Yeah, at least for me, I really like, I like Berkeley because they have the best pizza. And then Morse is always good. Morse and Styles both, they may look really ugly, but they have really good food. I feel like Morse has better pizza than Berkeley. I don't know. Maybe. I've tried them both. I'm not completely sure. But then I eat at Davenport. A lot of our Magic Society meetings over the last couple of weeks were in Davenport. I haven't been to any of the Davenport or Pearson dining halls yet. Pearson's all right. I like Davenport a lot. Davenport in general just gives it like a real homey vibe. Oh cool. And they have a nice courtyard and everything.  They're nice. Both the new colleges have nice dining halls, but they look like Ikea. They do. Yeah, they're really new. Okay. Favorite food at the dining hall? Okay. We all love our Yale food. I don't know if I have like a single favorite food. I really like it whenever they do like steak or pot roast because I'm a meat kind of guy. You know you're a meat kind of guy. But one of my weaknesses is whenever they have like this hot brownie thing, and it's like warm so it's almost like fudge. And then I like take a bowl of that and then I put vanilla ice cream on top of it.  Yeah, that's really good. Yeah, I love any night when they have the mac and cheese. The mac and cheese is really good. And then they don't have fries a lot. So anytime they have french fries, I load up a full plate. So obviously we like as Yale students, we're constantly on that grind study, getting ready for class, staying up till 5 a.m. writing papers. What's your favorite study spot, Jake? I spend a lot of time in the TD library because it's right next door and it's got like three floors of study space. So there's like a couch where I can read because I like to be comfy when I read, but then there's also desks at which I can write. So if I'm not in the TD library, I'm either in Bass, which is the underground library on cross campus, or in one of the reading rooms in the big library, which is Sterling. Cool. Yeah. I'm one to just... You're in the room. Yeah, I'm in the room all the time. I like transfer between like sitting at my desk with my laptop or monitor like working on like computer science or like writing essays and then I'll like get tired, head over to the bed, power nap for 30 minutes and then get back to work.  I don't know. Some people like to separate. They're like studying space and they're like home, like rest space, but I don't know. I don't have a problem with that. Last question. So obviously Yale is in New Haven, Connecticut. We've had a little bit of a chance to explore the city so far. What do you think of New Haven and more specifically, how do you like... What's your favorite restaurant here? So I like New Haven. It's definitely an interesting relationship because it's a really kind of, it's a pretty small city and it's a city that's like gone through a lot of tough times. And so it's a really interesting relationship between Yale and the city. But I honestly overall, I really like it. It feels like a place where there's a lot of community and people really like... People really are from the city. They think of themselves as from New Haven. I really like, there's this one place called House of Naan, which is a really good Indian place. And then I went to, obviously went to Pepe's. I really like Pepe's. Yeah, I went to Pepe's too. Yeah. My parents were here. Yeah. Scoop really good pizza. Yeah, by the way, New Haven pizza is like legendary. It's a thing. You're like, if you ever come here, you have to try the pizza. What is it? Pepe's? Pepe's Sally's is modern. Yeah. Those are the big pizza places. Yeah. I went to modern. I didn't think it was as good as Pepe's. Yeah. I like Pepe's. Big pizza sizes. All right. So, Jake, now that we've kind of got through most of the questions, any like last pieces of advice you'd give to anyone that's like trying to go to one of these top schools or like any advice for high schoolers as they apply to college? Definitely. This is going to sound a little bit cheesy, but do what you love. This is easily what got me through high school and what got me where I am today. If you do the things that genuinely bring you enjoyment, they don't feel like work and they don't feel like hard and you'll write well about them. You'll have a lot of interesting ideas about them. So if you're writing like a college essay, write about something you really, really want to write about. Don't make it about something that is a chore for you to write about. If you're looking to do extracurriculars, do extracurriculars that you love. If you enjoy what you do, it's going to show and people are going to be able to tell and that's the best thing, that's the best advice I can give. That's really good advice, Jake. All right. I guess that's about it. Cue the magic montage. And I'm on the block.